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054b11e8ea59caeb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth', 'title': 'List of Chinese by net worth', 'header': ['China Rank', 'Name', 'Net worth ( USD )', 'Sources of wealth', 'Age', 'Global Rank 2013'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zong Qinghou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zong_Qinghou', 'summary': "Zong Qinghou ( Chinese : 宗庆后 ; born 1945 ) is a Chinese billionaire businessman , and the founder , chairman and CEO of the Hangzhou Wahaha Group , the leading beverage company in China . He was ranked as China 's richest man in 2012 and second-richest in 2013 , according to the China Rich List , published by Hurun Report . On the Global Rich List , he is 35th richest man in the world , with an estimated net worth of US $ 20 billion . Zong is a delegate to the Chinese National People 's Congress ."}]}, {'value': '$ 10 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wahaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hangzhou_Wahaha_Group', 'summary': 'The Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co. , Ltd. ( WHH ; Chinese : 杭州娃哈哈集团有限公司 ) is a private group of companies , and the largest beverage producer in China . The company is headquartered in Hangzhou , Zhejiang province . Wa ha ha signifies laughing child . Wahaha has roughly 150 subsidiary companies and 60 manufacturing bases scattered throughout China . Wahaha employs about 60,000 staff . The company was originally a local government owned sales company founded in 1987-8 . For most of the time since creation , it has been run by Zong Qinghou ( 宗慶後 ) , who exercises operational control over the day-to-day operations .'}]}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Li', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Li', 'summary': "Robin Li Yanhong ( Chinese : 李彦宏 ; pinyin : Lǐ Yànhóng ; born 17 November 1968 ) is a Chinese computer scientist and internet entrepreneur . He is the co-founder of the search engine Baidu , and one of the richest people in China , with a net worth of US $ 18.5 billion as of October 2017 . Li is a member of the 12th Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference . He also invented RankDex , the first web search engine with page-ranking and site-scoring algorithms , which inspired Google 's PageRank algorithm . [ citation needed ] Li studied information management at Peking University and computer science at the State University of New York at Buffalo . In 1996 , he invented RankDex , the first web search engine with page-ranking and site-scoring algorithms . In 2000 , he founded Baidu with Eric Xu . Li has been CEO of Baidu since January 2004 . The company was listed on NASDAQ on August 5 , 2005 . Li was included as one of the 15 Asian Scientists To Watch by Asian Scientist Magazine on 15 May 2011 . On August 29 , 2014 , Robin Li was appointed by the United Nations Secretary General , Mr. Ban Ki-Moon , as co-chair of the Independent Expert Advisory Group on Data Revolution for Sustainable Development ."}]}, {'value': '$ 8.1 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baidu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baidu', 'summary': "Baidu , Inc. ( Chinese : 百度 ; pinyin : Bǎidù , anglicized /ˈbaɪduː/ BY-doo ) is a Chinese multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products and artificial intelligence ( AI ) , headquartered in Beijing 's Haidian District . It is one of the largest AI and internet companies in the world . The holding company of the group is incorporated in the Cayman Islands . Baidu was incorporated in January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu . The Baidu search engine is currently the fourth largest website in the Alexa Internet rankings . Baidu has origins in RankDex , an earlier search engine developed by Robin Li in 1996 , before he founded Baidu in 2000 . Baidu offers various services , including a Chinese search engine , as well as a mapping service called Baidu Maps . Baidu offers about 57 search and community services , such as Baidu Baike ( an online encyclopedia ) and a keyword-based discussion forum . Baidu Global Business Unit ( GBU ) is responsible for Baidu 's international products and services for markets outside of China . Baidu GBU 's product portfolio includes keyboard apps Simeji and Facemoji Keyboard , content recommendation platform popIn , augmented reality network OmniAR , Japanese smart projector popIn Aladdin , and ad platform MediaGo , which is focused on Chinese advertisers looking to reach overseas users . In 2017 , Baidu GBU entered into a partnership with Snap Inc. to act as the company 's official ad reseller for Snapchat in Greater China , South Korea , Japan and Singapore . The partnership was extended in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '172', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wang Jianlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wang_Jianlin', 'summary': "Wang Jianlin ( Chinese : 王健林 ; pinyin : Wáng Jiànlín ; born 24 October 1954 ) is a Chinese billionaire businessman , politician , and philanthropist . He is the founder of Dalian Wanda Group , China 's largest real estate development company , and the world 's largest movie theater operator . He owns 15% of the Spanish football club Atlético Madrid . In 2016 , Wang reached a deal with FIFA to launch the China Cup , in which national football teams compete in Asia each year . Wang has been the economic consultant for Yunnan province , as well as a construction consultant of the Guiyang government , and was named honorable citizen of Changchun city , and outstanding contributor to the construction of Dalian city . As of November 2019 , Wang is estimated by Forbes to have a net worth of $ 12.5 billion , making him one of the richest men in China ."}]}, {'value': '$ 8 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dalian Wanda Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalian_Wanda_Group', 'summary': "Wanda Group ( Chinese : 万达集团 ; pinyin : Wàndá Jítuán ) , or Dalian Wanda ( Chinese : 大连万达 ) , is a Chinese multinational conglomerate based in Beijing . It is a private property developer and owner of Wanda Cinemas and the Hoyts Group , as well as a majority shareholder of AMC Theatres . With investments within Mainland China and globally , the Dalian Wanda group has investments across many industries including construction , entertainment , media , industrial manufacturing , financial services , high technology , hospitality , real estate , retail , healthcare , and sports . It was established in Dalian , Liaoning and is now headquartered in Beijing . It ranked 380th on the Fortune Global 500 List in 2017 . In 2017 , its assets amounted to 700 billion yuan and an annual revenue 227.4 billion yuan ( $ 35.29 billion ) . Wanda Cultural Industry Group is one of China 's cultural enterprises , includes movie theaters as well as sports and film production assets , and contributed 28% or $ 10.85 billion to overall revenue ."}]}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '128', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ma Huateng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ma_Huateng', 'summary': "Ma Huateng ( Chinese : 马化腾 ; pinyin : Mǎ Huàténg , born on October 29 , 1971 ) , also known as Pony Ma , is a Chinese business magnate , investor , politician , and philanthropist . He is the founder , chairman and chief executive officer of Tencent , Asia 's most valuable company , one of the largest Internet and technology companies , and the biggest investment , gaming and entertainment conglomerates in the world . The company controls China 's biggest mobile instant messaging service and its subsidiaries provide media , entertainment , payment systems , smartphones , internet-related services , value-added services and online advertising services , both in China and globally . In 2007 , 2014 , and 2018 , Time magazine called him one of the world 's most influential people , while in 2015 , Forbes credited him as one of the world 's most powerful people . In 2017 , Fortune ranked him as among the top businessmen of the year . In 2018 , he was named one of the Most Powerful People In The World by the CEOWORLD magazine . Ma is a deputy to the Shenzhen Municipal People 's Congress and is a delegate in the 12th National People 's Congress . Being one of Fortune world 's greatest leaders , Ma is known for his low profile personality as compared to fellow Chinese businessman Jack Ma 's outgoing personality . Ma has been closely compared to American investor Warren Buffett for their similar investment philosophies , and often described as an aggressive acquisitor . As of August 2019 [ update ] , he is China 's richest man , and the 20th wealthiest in the world , with a net worth of US $ 37.7 billion . On 21 November 2017 , he surpassed both Larry Page and Sergey Brin to become the ninth richest man in the world , and the first citizen from the People 's Republic of China to enter Forbes ' top 10 richest men list ."}]}, {'value': '$ 6.4 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tencent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tencent', 'summary': "Tencent Holdings Ltd. ( Chinese : 腾讯控股有限公司 ; pinyin : Téngxùn Kònggǔ Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī ) is a Chinese multinational conglomerate holding company founded in 1998 , whose subsidiaries specialise in various Internet-related services and products , entertainment , artificial intelligence and technology both in China and globally . Its twin-skyscrapers headquarters Tencent Seafront Towers ( also known as Tencent Binhai Mansion ) are based in Nanshan District , Shenzhen . Tencent is the world 's largest video game company , one of the world 's most valuable technology companies , one of the world 's largest social media companies , and one of the world 's largest venture capital firms and investment corporations . Its many services include social network , music , web portals , e-commerce , mobile games , internet services , payment systems , smartphones , and multiplayer online games , which are all among the world 's biggest and most successful in their respective categories . Offerings in China include the instant messenger Tencent QQ and one of the largest web portals , QQ.com . It also owns the majority of China 's music services ( Tencent Music Entertainment ) , with more than 700 million active users and 120 million paying subscribers . The company surpassed the market value of US $ 500 billion in 2018 , becoming the first Asian technology company to cross the valuation mark . It has since then emerged as one of Asia 's most valuable companies , and among the world 's top technology companies by market value . Tencent has been credited as one of the world 's most innovative companies by numerous media and firms . As of 2018 , Tencent has the 5th highest global brand value . Tencent controls hundreds of subsidiaries and associates in numerous industries and areas , creating a broad portfolio of ownerships and investment across a diverse range of businesses including search engine , e-commerce , retail , video gaming , real estate , software , virtual reality , ride-sharing , banking , financial services , fintech , consumer technology , computer technology , automobile , film production , movie ticketing , music production , space technology , natural resources , smartphones , big data , agriculture , medical services , cloud computing , social media , IT , advertising , streaming media , artificial intelligence , robotics , UAVs , food delivery , courier services , e-book , internet services , education and renewable energy . [ citation needed ] It is one of the most active investment corporations in the world , with stakes in over 600 companies , and recent focus on start-ups within Asias tech scene ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '173', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wu Yajun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wu_Yajun', 'summary': "Wu Yajun ( Chinese : 吴亚军 ; born 1964 ) is a Chinese billionaire businesswoman , and the world 's richest self-made woman . She is the co-founder , chairwoman , and former CEO of Longfor Properties . From humble origins , she worked as a journalist and editor before moving into real estate in the 1990s , later investing in technology companies including Uber and Evernote . As of October 2019 , Wu has an estimated net worth of US $ 11.2 billion ."}]}, {'value': '$ 6.2 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longfor Properties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longfor_Properties', 'summary': 'Longfor Properties Co. Ltd ( 龙湖地产股份有限公司 ) is an investment holding company , and part of the Forbes Global 2000 companies , at number 345 in the 2019 list . It manages numerous subsidiaries which are involved in property investment , development and management in China as well as relative services . As of December 2011 , the total land property of the company was 33.76 million square meters , with major subsidiaries being Beijing Huicheng Investment Limited and Beijing Longhu Properties Company Limited . Wu Yajun is the co-founder , CEO and Chairwoman of Longfor Properties . The company founded in Chongqing， headquartered in Beijing , with a Market Cap US $ 8.62 Billions and 7,374 employees . Products include high-rise apartment buildings , luxury villas , office buildings , residential buildings , business complexes and large scale shopping malls . Cities the company has operations in Beijing , Changzhou , Chengdu , Chongqing , Hangzhou , Qingdao , Shenyang , Shanghai , Xian and Wuxi .'}]}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '299', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liang Wengen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liang_Wengen', 'summary': 'Liang Wengen ( Chinese : 梁稳根 ; pinyin : Liáng Wěngēn ; born 1956 ) is a Chinese entrepreneur who founded and serves as the chairman of Sany Heavy Industry . In 2011 , he became the richest man in mainland China with a net worth of about US $ 8 billion . As of November 2018 , he is the 68th richest person in China , with a net worth of about $ 3.5 billion .'}]}, {'value': '$ 5.9 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sany', 'summary': 'Sany Heavy Industry Co. , Ltd. ( SSE : 600031 ) is a Chinese multinational heavy equipment manufacturing company headquartered in Changsha , Hunan Province . It is the sixth-largest heavy equipment manufacturer in the world , and the first in its industry in China to enter the FT Global 500 and the Forbes Global 2000 rankings . Its founder and main shareholder is Liang Wengen . Sany has a dozen industrial parks in China plus manufacturing facilities in Australia , Belarus , Brazil , Canada , Germany , India , Indonesia , Kazakhstan , Russia , Ukraine and in the United States . The company has approximately 90,000 employees worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '158', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liu Yongxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liu_Yongxing', 'summary': 'Liu Yongxing ( Chinese : 刘永行 , born June 1948 ) is a Chinese businessman . He is the founder , chairman and CEO of East Hope Group , a Chinese company active in the agribusiness as well as chemical and non-ferrous metal industries . He is the honorary president of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce in Sichuan , a part-time professor at China Agricultural University , MBA lecturer , and a member of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC .'}]}, {'value': '$ 5.8 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hope Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '198', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xu Jiayin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xu_Jiayin', 'summary': "Xu Jiayin ( Chinese : 许家印 ; born 9 October 1958 ) , or Hui Ka Yan in Cantonese , is a Chinese billionaire businessman and chairman of Evergrande Group , a Chinese real estate developer . Hui is the largest shareholder of China Evergrande Group . It has more than 700 projects in more than 240 cities in China including Beijing , Shanghai , Guangzhou and Shenzhen . In 2017 , Evergrande Real Estate Group will achieve a sales amount of RMB 450 billion . The Guangzhou-based company has become China 's biggest property developer in 2016 based on sales volume and had revenue of 211.4 billion yuan ( $ 31.8 billion ) in 2016 . As of June 2019 , Xu has a net worth of US $ 30.4 billion , making him the third-richest person in China ."}]}, {'value': '$ 4.9 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evergrande Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evergrande_Group', 'summary': "The Evergrande Group or the Evergrande Real Estate Group ( previously Hengda Group ) is China 's second-largest property developer by sales . It is based in southern China 's Guangdong Province , and sells apartments mostly to upper and middle-income dwellers . As of 2018 , it is the world 's most valuable real estate company . The holding company of the group is incorporated in the Cayman Islands . In 2017 , Evergrande stocks , share price , profits and revenue , surged to almost three to four times in value , propelling founder Hui Ka Yan to one of China 's richest men , as well as one of the wealthiest people in Asia ."}]}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '209', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yang Huiyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Huiyan', 'summary': "Yang Huiyan ( simplified Chinese : 杨惠妍 ; traditional Chinese : 楊惠妍 ; pinyin : Yáng Huìyán ; born 1981 ) is a Chinese billionaire businesswoman . She is a property developer and the majority shareholder of Country Garden Holdings , a stake largely transferred to her by her father Yang Guoqiang in 2007 . She is the richest woman in Asia . Her father Yang Guoqiang started the real estate company Country Garden in 1997 and transferred 70% of Country Garden 's shares to her before its IPO in 2007 . Country Garden 's initial offering raised about $ 1.6 billion , or as much as Google raised in 2004 in the United States . As of June 2019 , Yang had a net worth of US $ 21.2 billion . Yang is vice chairman of the board 's governance committee and helped raise $ 410 million selling new shares in 2014 , according to Forbes . Yang is a 2003 graduate of Bachelor of Arts/Science , Ohio State University ."}]}, {'value': '$ 4.4 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country Garden Holdings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_Garden_Holdings', 'summary': "Country Garden ( Chinese : 碧桂园 ; pinyin : Bìguìyuán ; SEHK : 2007 ) is a property development company based in Guangdong Province , China , owned by Yang Guoqiang 's family . In 2018 , it is ranked 353rd in Fortune Global 500 List . Country Garden features a market capitalization of over US $ 29.84 billion as of 2018 ; with more than 200 high-end township developments throughout China , Malaysia and Australia among its vast international project portfolio ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '211', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xu Rongmao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xu_Rongmao', 'summary': 'Xu Rongmao , JP ( simplified Chinese : 许荣茂 ; traditional Chinese : 許榮茂 ; born 1950 ) , or Hui Wing Mau in Cantonese , is a Chinese-Australian entrepreneur and billionaire , and the founder and the chairman of Shimao Property . Xu is the 8th richest man in mainland China , according to the Hurun Report China Rich List , with a net worth of 7 billion . Xu is estimated to be one of the largest property developers in Shanghai .'}]}, {'value': '$ 4 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shimao Property', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimao_Property', 'summary': "Shimao Property Holdings Ltd. ( SEHK : 0813 ) is a diversified real estate development company that specializes in property development , property investment , and hotel operations in the People 's Republic of China . The group develops large-scale residential projects , hotels , and other commercial buildings in prime locations , and it is one of the largest property developers in the People 's Republic of China . As of February 2013 , Shimao Property Holdings Ltd. owned a bank of land totaling 36.2 million square meters , making it one of the top real estate developers in China in terms of land bank size . The group 's projects have been well received by property buyers and investors in China and internationally , and they have won several awards . The group is headquartered in Wan Chai , Hong Kong , and Shanghai ."}]}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': '262', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Ma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Ma', 'summary': "Jack Ma , or Ma Yun ( Chinese : 马云 ; [ mà y̌n ] ; born 10 September 1964 ) , is a Chinese business magnate , investor , politician , and philanthropist . He is the co-founder and former executive chairman of Alibaba Group , a multinational technology conglomerate . Ma is a strong proponent of an open and market-driven economy . A prominent business leader , Ma is seen as a global ambassador for Chinese business and as such is frequently listed as one of the world 's most powerful people , with Forbes ranking him 21st on its World 's Most Powerful People list . He also serves as a role model for startup businesses . In 2017 , Ma was ranked second in the annual World 's 50 Greatest Leaders list by Fortune . In September 2018 , he announced that he would retire from Alibaba and pursue educational work , philanthropy , and environmental causes ; the following year , Daniel Zhang succeeded him as executive chairman . As of February 2020 , Ma is China 's richest man , with a net worth of $ 43.9 billion , as well as one of the wealthiest people in the world , ranked 20th by Bloomberg Billionaires Index and Forbes . In 2019 , Forbes named Ma in its list of Asias 2019 Heroes of Philanthropy for his work supporting underprivileged communities in China , Africa , Australia , and the Middle East ."}]}, {'value': '$ 3.4 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alibaba Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alibaba_Group', 'summary': "Alibaba Group Holding Limited ( also known as Alibaba Group and as Alibaba ) is a Chinese multinational conglomerate holding company specializing in e-commerce , retail , Internet , and technology . Founded on 4 April 1999 in Hangzhou , Zhejiang , the company provides consumer-to-consumer ( C2C ) , business-to-consumer ( B2C ) , and business-to-business ( B2B ) sales services via web portals , as well as electronic payment services , shopping search engines and cloud computing services . It owns and operates a diverse array of businesses around the world in numerous sectors , and is named as one of the world 's most admired companies by Fortune . At closing time on the date of its initial public offering ( IPO ) - US $ 25 billion - the world 's highest in history , 19 September 2014 , Alibaba 's market value was US $ 231 billion . It is one of the top 10 most valuable and is the 59th biggest public companies in the world by Global 2000 list . In January 2018 , Alibaba became the second Asian company to break the US $ 500 billion valuation mark , after its competitor Tencent . As of 2018 [ update ] , Alibaba has the 9th highest global brand valuation . Alibaba is the world 's largest retailer and e-commerce company , is on the list of largest Internet companies and artificial intelligence companies , is one of the biggest venture capital firms , and one of the biggest investment corporations in the world . The company hosts the largest B2B ( Alibaba.com ) , C2C ( Taobao ) , and B2C ( Tmall ) marketplaces in the world . Its online sales and profits surpassed all US retailers ( including Walmart , Amazon , and eBay ) combined since 2015 . It has been expanding into the media industry , with revenues rising by triple percentage points year after year . It also sets the record on the 2018 edition of China 's Singles ' Day , the world 's biggest online and offline shopping day ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '395', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He Xiangjian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/He_Xiangjian', 'summary': "He Xiangjian ( Chinese : 何享健 ; pinyin : Hé Xiǎngjiàn , born October 5 , 1942 ) is the co-founder of Midea , one of China 's largest appliance makers . With a net worth of $ 9.3 billion in January 2015 , he was the ninth richest person in China , and 136th richest in the world , according to Forbes . He previously ranked # 6 for Forbes list of 2010 Chinese billionaires and # 9 in Forbes list of Chinese billionaires of 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 3.3 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midea Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midea_Group', 'summary': "Midea Group ( Chinese : 美的集团 ; pinyin : Měidì Jítuán ) is a Chinese electrical appliance manufacturer , headquartered in Beijiao , Shunde , Foshan , Guangdong and listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange . As of 2018 , the firm employs approximately 135,000 people in China and overseas with 200 subsidiaries and over 60 overseas branches . Midea Group is listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange since 2013 . It has been listed on the Fortune Global 500 since July 2016 . Midea produces wide ranges of lighting , water appliances , floor care , small kitchen appliances , laundry , large cooking appliances , and refrigeration appliances . It also has a long history in producing home and commercial solutions [ buzzword ] in air conditioning and heating ( HVAC ) . In the summer of 2016 , Midea made a highly publicized move to acquire German robotics company KUKA . It is the world 's largest producer of robots and appliances ."}]}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '262', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhang Jindong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Jindong', 'summary': 'Zhang Jindong ( simplified Chinese : 张近东 ; traditional Chinese : 張近東 ; pinyin : Zhāng Jìndōng ; born March 1963 ) is a Chinese billionaire entrepreneur . He is one of the founders and the current largest shareholder of the Suning.com , headquartered in Nanjing , Jiangsu Province . He also owned 100% stake in Suning Holdings Group , 65% stake in Suning Real Estate as well as 48.1% stake in Suning Appliance Group as the second largest shareholder . His company also holds the majority of shares of Italian football giants Inter Milan . He was also the managing director and general manager of Suning Holdings Group , chairman of Suning.com .'}]}, {'value': '$ 3.2 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suning Appliance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suning_Appliance', 'summary': 'Suning.com Co. , Ltd. formerly Suning Commerce Group Co. , Ltd. is one of the largest non-government retailers in China , headquartered in Nanjing , Jiangsu Province . Suning has more than 1600 stores covering over 700 cities of China ( the mainland China and Hong Kong S.A.R . ) and Japan and its e-commerce platform , Suning.com ranks among top three Chinese B2C companies . The operation categories include physical merchandise , such as home appliances , 3C products , books , general merchandise , household commodities , cosmetics and baby care products , content products and service merchandise with the total number of SKU exceeding 3 million . It was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '412', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Guangxin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Guangxin', 'summary': 'Sun Guangxin ( Chinese : 孙广信 ; born 1962 ) is a Chinese businessman , investor and philanthropist .'}]}, {'value': '$ 3.1 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xinjiang Guanghui Industry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '329', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Ding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Ding', 'summary': "Ding Lei ( Chinese : 丁磊 ; pinyin : Dīng Lěi ; born 1 October 1971 ) , also known as William Ding , is a Chinese billionaire businessman , and the founder and CEO of NetEase ( 163.com ) . Ding made significant contributions to the development of computer networks in mainland China . In late 2016 , Ding was looking into investing in the property sector , and travelled to Zimbabwe in December , and to the United Kingdom . As of June 2019 , Ding 's fortune was estimated to be $ 15.3 billion . In 2019 , he was ranked at # 79 on Forbes 's billionaires list ."}]}, {'value': '$ 2.95 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netease', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netease', 'summary': "NetEase , Inc. ( simplified Chinese : 网易 ; traditional Chinese : 網易 ; pinyin : WǎngYì ) is a Chinese Internet technology company providing online services centered on content , community , communications and commerce . The company was founded in 1997 by Ding Lei . NetEase develops and operates online PC and mobile games , advertising services , email services and e-commerce platforms in China . It is one of the largest Internet and video game companies in the world . The company also owns several pig farms . Some of NetEase 's games include the Westward Journey series ( Fantasy Westward Journey , Westward Journey Online II , Fantasy Westward Journey II , and New Westward Journey Online II ) , as well as other games , such as Tianxia III , Heroes of Tang Dynasty Zero and Ghost II . NetEase also partners with Blizzard Entertainment to operate local versions of Warcraft III , World of Warcraft , Hearthstone , StarCraft II , Diablo III : Reaper of Souls , Overwatch in China , The RPG game Onmyoji , and The Onmyoji Arena MOBA.They are also developing their very first self-developed VR multiplayer online game with an open world setting , which is called Nostos ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '458', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2012 Chinese billionaires top 15 list', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth_4', 'intro': 'The following are partial lists of the Forbes list of Chinese billionaires (converted into USD) and is based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes magazine in 2019. In 2019 China had over 300 billionaires which put the country second in the world, after the United States.'} | null | null | Which African country did the Chinese person worth $ 2.95 billion travel to ? | Zimbabwe |
054b6e24ae0489ba | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sonne', 'title': 'Jonathan Sonne', 'header': ['Season', 'Event type', 'Location', 'Format', 'Date', 'Rank'], 'data': [{'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2002-03', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 Pro Tour season was the eighth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 24 August 2002 the season began with Grand Prix Sapporo . It ended on 10 August 2003 with the conclusion of the 2003 World Championship in Berlin . The season consisted of 21 Grand Prixs and 6 Pro Tours , held in Boston , Houston , Chicago , Venice , Yokohama , and Berlin . Also Master Series tournaments were held at four Pro Tours . At the end of the season Kai Budde was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year for the third time in a row .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-29 September 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochester Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9-10 October 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Magic:_The_Gathering_national_champions', 'summary': 'The Magic : The Gathering national champions are the players who won National Championships ( Nationals ) that year . ( with the exception of champions between 2012-16 , which were awarded to players with the most Pro Points at the end of a Pro Tour season ) Nationals took place around the world usually in summer or autumn . Eligibility to play in a national championship was determined on residence instead of nationality . In addition , Nationals required eligible players to qualify . ( prior to 2011 , countries with smaller populations of Magic players open nationals were held , meaning that any eligible player could compete in this tournament ) After 2011 Nationals were discontinued by Wizards of the Coast when they restructured their Magic : The Gathering organized play program , abandoning national championships , and restructuring the World Championship . From 2012 to 2016 the title of National Champion was awarded to the player with the most Pro Points of any given country at the end of a Pro Tour season . At the end of 2018 Wizards of the Coast announced that in 2019 there would be no National Championships . As of April 2019 it is unclear whether Nationals are on hiatus or abandoned . The title National Champion will not be awarded in 2019 . In 2018 , National Champions were determined in 74 nations and regions . In most cases these regions line up with countries , but special exemptions were made in some cases , for example Puerto Rico and the countries of the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12-14 August 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12-13 November 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Worlds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_World_Championship', 'summary': "The Magic : The Gathering World Championships ( Worlds ) have been held annually since 1994 . It is the most important tournament in the game of Magic : The Gathering , offering cash prizes of up to $ 100,000 to the winners . With the exception of the first edition , Worlds is an invitation-only event , and from 1996 to 2011 World was the last event of each Pro Tour season . The invitees were mostly top finishers from the National championships , the top-ranked players of the DCI and high-level pro players . Since 2012 the World Championships are held after the season and the most successful 16 or 24 players have been invited to the tournament . After the first five World Championships were all held in the United States , Worlds have since been held in Japan , Australia and various countries in Europe . Besides the main event Worlds were always a huge gathering of Magic players , who came to watch the pros and compete in side events . After the 2011 season , the World Championship was briefly replaced by the Magic Players Championship . The top 16 pro players selected due to various criteria were invited to the Players Championship . In 2013 the tournament was renamed to 'World Championship ' once again . From 2014 to 2018 the tournament was expanded to 24 competitors , but is going back to 16 players for the 2019 Worlds . The large World Championships , held until 2011 , also included a national team portion where the top players from each National Championship engaged in a separate competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National team', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 November-4 December 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond , Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4-5 February 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Madison , Wisconsin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25-26 March 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3-4 June 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15-16 March 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18-19 October 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Achievements', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Jonathan_Sonne_0', 'intro': 'Jonathan Sonne is an American Magic: The Gathering player. He has reached the top eight of a Pro Tour once, and has won two Grand Prix. He was also part of the US national team that placed second at the World Championship in 2005.'} | null | null | What cities was the Pro Tour held in 2002-03 ? | Boston |
054ef7840d618eb4 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of New York University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Relation to NYU', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Victoria Loke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_Loke', 'summary': 'Victoria Loke ( Chinese : 陆詠怡 ; pinyin : Lù Yǒngyí ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Lio̍k Éng-î ; born 11 February 1992 ) is a Singaporean actress , activist , and model . She is best known for her role as Fiona Tung-Cheng in the 2018 romantic comedy-drama film Crazy Rich Asians .'}]}, {'value': 'GAL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study', 'summary': "The Gallatin School of Individualized Study ( commonly referred to as Gallatin ) is a small interdisciplinary college within New York University . Students design their own interdisciplinary program that meets their specific interests and career goals . Coursework can be taken at any of the schools that comprise NYU in addition to the school 's own offerings ."}]}, {'value': 'Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sean Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Baker_(filmmaker)', 'summary': 'Sean Baker ( born February 26 , 1971 ) is an American film director , cinematographer , producer , screenwriter and editor . He is best known for the independent feature films Starlet , Tangerine , and The Florida Project .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Director best known for Tangerine and The Florida Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tangerine_(film)', 'summary': 'Tangerine is a 2015 American comedy-drama film directed by Sean Baker , and written by Baker and Chris Bergoch , starring Kitana Kiki Rodriguez , Mya Taylor , and James Ransone . The story follows a transgender sex worker who discovers her boyfriend and pimp has been cheating on her . The film was shot with three iPhone 5S smartphones . Tangerine premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival on January 23 , 2015 . It had a limited release on July 10 , 2015 , through Magnolia Pictures .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Florida_Project', 'summary': "The Florida Project is a 2017 American slice of life drama film directed by Sean Baker and written by Baker and Chris Bergoch . It stars Willem Dafoe , Brooklynn Prince , Bria Vinaite , Valeria Cotto , Christopher Rivera , and Caleb Landry Jones . It was the first film appearance for many of the cast . The plot follows a six-year-old girl living with her rebellious single mother in a motel in Kissimmee , Florida , as they try to stay out of trouble and make ends meet , so they may keep ahead of impending homelessness . The misery and squalor of their life in Kissimmee is contrasted with nearby Walt Disney World , which can be seen at a distance in one shot . The Florida Project refers to both their effort to stay fed and safe ( a project ) , and the original name of the theme park . The Florida Project premiered in the Directors ' Fortnight section of the 2017 Cannes Film Festival , and was theatrically released in the United States on October 6 , 2017 , by A24 . The film was praised for Baker 's directing and the performances , particularly Prince and Dafoe . It was chosen by both the National Board of Review and American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year . Dafoe earned Best Supporting Actor nominations at the Academy Awards , Golden Globes , SAG Awards , and BAFTA Awards . Prince won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Alibar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Alibar', 'summary': 'Lucy Alibar ( born Lucy Harrison in 1983 ) is an American screenwriter and playwright best known for co-writing the 2012 film Beasts of the Southern Wild with Benh Zeitlin .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Beasts of the Southern Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beasts_of_the_Southern_Wild', 'summary': "Beasts of the Southern Wild is a 2012 American drama film directed , co-written , and co-scored by Benh Zeitlin . It was adapted by Zeitlin and Lucy Alibar from Alibar 's one-act play Juicy and Delicious . It stars Quvenzhané Wallis and Dwight Henry . After playing at film festivals , it was released on June 27 , 2012 , in New York and Los Angeles , and later distribution was expanded . Beasts of the Southern Wild was met with commercial success and acclaim from critics , with praise going to the filmmaking and Wallis 's performance . The film was nominated for four Academy Awards at the 85th Academy Awards , in the categories Best Picture , Best Director ( Benh Zeitlin ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( Lucy Alibar , Benh Zeitlin ) , and Best Actress ( Quvenzhané Wallis ) . At age 9 , Wallis became the youngest Best Actress nominee in history ."}]}, {'value': 'AnnaSophia Robb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AnnaSophia_Robb', 'summary': "AnnaSophia Robb ( born December 8 , 1993 ) is an American actress , singer and model . She began as a child actress on television , making her leading debut as the titular role in Samantha : An American Girl Holiday ( 2004 ) . She made her feature film debut in Because of Winn-Dixie ( 2005 ) , followed by the supporting role of Violet Beauregarde in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) . Her performance as Leslie Burke in Bridge to Terabithia ( 2007 ) garnered her recognition and praise , and two Young Artist Awards . Her subsequent film roles include Race to Witch Mountain ( 2009 ) , Soul Surfer ( 2011 ) , and The Way , Way Back ( 2013 ) . She received wider recognition and praise for playing the lead role of Carrie Bradshaw on The CW 's series The Carrie Diaries ( 2013-2014 ) . In 2019 , she played the role of Gypsy Rose Blanchards neighbor Lacey in the Hulu miniseries The Act ."}]}, {'value': 'GAL , current student', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study', 'summary': "The Gallatin School of Individualized Study ( commonly referred to as Gallatin ) is a small interdisciplinary college within New York University . Students design their own interdisciplinary program that meets their specific interests and career goals . Coursework can be taken at any of the schools that comprise NYU in addition to the school 's own offerings ."}]}, {'value': 'Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billie Lourd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billie_Lourd', 'summary': 'Billie Catherine Lourd ( born July 17 , 1992 ) is an American actress . She is known for starring as Chanel # 3 in the Fox horror comedy series Scream Queens ( 2015-2016 ) and for her roles in the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story ( 2017-present ) . She also appears as Lieutenant Connix in the Star Wars sequel trilogy ( 2015-2019 ) . Lourd is the only child of actress Carrie Fisher .'}]}, {'value': 'GAL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study', 'summary': "The Gallatin School of Individualized Study ( commonly referred to as Gallatin ) is a small interdisciplinary college within New York University . Students design their own interdisciplinary program that meets their specific interests and career goals . Coursework can be taken at any of the schools that comprise NYU in addition to the school 's own offerings ."}]}, {'value': 'Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demetri Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demetri_Martin', 'summary': 'Demetri Evan Martin ( Greek : Δημήτριος Ευάγγελος Μάρτιν ; born May 25 , 1973 ) is an American comedian , actor , director , cartoonist and musician . He was a contributor on The Daily Show . In stand-up , he is known for his deadpan delivery , playing his guitar for jokes , and his satirical cartoons . He currently stars as Ice Bear in the Cartoon Network animated series We Bare Bears .'}]}, {'value': 'Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedian , actor , artist , musician , writer , and humorist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Indelicato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Indelicato', 'summary': 'Mark Indelicato ( born July 16 , 1994 ) is an American actor , singer , fashion blogger , and photographer best known for his role in the ABC comedy series Ugly Betty , as Justin Suarez , the fashion-obsessed nephew of series protagonist Betty Suarez .'}]}, {'value': 'GAL , current student', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study', 'summary': "The Gallatin School of Individualized Study ( commonly referred to as Gallatin ) is a small interdisciplinary college within New York University . Students design their own interdisciplinary program that meets their specific interests and career goals . Coursework can be taken at any of the schools that comprise NYU in addition to the school 's own offerings ."}]}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dwayne McDuffie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwayne_McDuffie', 'summary': 'Dwayne Glenn McDuffie ( February 20 , 1962 - February 21 , 2011 ) was an American writer of comic books and television , known for creating the animated television series Static Shock , writing and producing the animated series Justice League Unlimited and Ben 10 , and co-founding the pioneering minority-owned-and-operated comic-book company Milestone Media . McDuffie earned three Eisner Award nominations for his work in comics .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Television , film , and comic book writer , producer , and editor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Baena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Baena', 'summary': 'Jeff Baena ( born June 29 , 1977 ) is an American screenwriter and film director known for Life After Beth , Joshy , The Little Hours , and for co-writing I Heart Huckabees with David O. Russell .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Film writer and director', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Gordon', 'summary': 'Mark Gordon ( born October 10 , 1956 ) is an American television and film producer . He is a former President of the Producers Guild of America . In January 2018 , Gordon was named President and Chief Content Officer of Film , and Television of Entertainment One , which had acquired his namesake production studio .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Television and film producer ; former President of the Producers Guild of America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America', 'summary': "The Producers Guild of America ( PGA ) is a trade association representing television producers , film producers and New Media producers in the United States . The PGA 's membership includes over 7,000 members of the producing establishment worldwide . Its co-presidents are Gail Berman & Lucy Fisher . The PGA is overseen by a National Board of Directors . Vance Van Petten has served as the organization 's National Executive Director since 2000 . The Producers Guild of America offers several benefits to its members , including health insurance and pension benefits ; seminars and mentoring programs ; entrance to special screenings of movies during Oscar season ; and assistance with working conditions and screen credits . As of 2015 , the gender ratio of the PGA 's membership is 57% male and 43% female ."}]}, {'value': 'Javier Muñoz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Muñoz_(actor)', 'summary': 'Javier Muñoz is an American actor and singer . Muñoz is best known for his performances on Broadway as Usnavi de la Vega in the 2008 musical In the Heights and as Alexander Hamilton in the 2015 musical Hamilton , in which he played the title role from July 11 , 2016 until January 14 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Actor who played Usnavi in the Broadway musical In the Heights ; currently playing the titular role in the Hamilton musical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadway_theatre', 'summary': "Broadway theatre , [ nb 1 ] also known simply as Broadway , refers to the theatrical performances presented in the 41 professional theatres , each with 500 or more seats , located in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway , in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Broadway and London 's West End together represent the highest commercial level of live theater in the English-speaking world . The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City . According to The Broadway League , for the 2018-2019 season ( which ended May 26 , 2019 ) total attendance was 14,768,254 and Broadway shows had US $ 1,829,312,140 in grosses , with attendance up 9.5% , grosses up 10.3% , and playing weeks up 9.3% . The majority of Broadway shows are musicals . Historian Martin Shefter argues that 'Broadway musicals ' , culminating in the productions of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein , became enormously influential forms of American popular culture and contributed to making New York City the cultural capital of the Western Hemisphere ."}, {'url': '/wiki/In_the_Heights', 'summary': 'In the Heights is a musical with music and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda and a book by Quiara Alegría Hudes . The story is set over the course of three days , involving characters in the largely Hispanic-American neighborhood of Washington Heights in New York City . After a 2005 tryout in Waterford , Connecticut and a 2007 Off-Broadway run , the show opened on Broadway in March 2008 . It was nominated for thirteen Tony Awards and won four , including the 2008 Best Musical , Best Original Score , and Best Choreography awards . A film adaptation of the musical is set for release on June 26 , 2020 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)', 'summary': 'Hamilton is a musical with music , lyrics , and book by Lin-Manuel Miranda . It is inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow . The musical tells the story of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton through music that draws heavily from hip hop , as well as R & B , pop , soul , and traditional-style show tunes ; the show also incorporates color-conscious casting of non-white actors as the Founding Fathers and other historical figures . Through this use of modern storytelling methods , Hamilton has been described as being about America then , as told by America now . The show premiered at the Public Theater Off-Broadway on February 17 , 2015 , where its engagement was sold out ; it won eight Drama Desk Awards , including Outstanding Musical . It then transferred to the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway , opening on August 6 , 2015 , where it received uniformly positive reviews and strikingly high box office sales . At the 2016 Tony Awards , Hamilton received a record-setting 16 nominations , eventually winning 11 awards , including Best Musical . It received the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Drama . The Chicago production of Hamilton began preview performances at the CIBC Theatre in September 2016 and officially opened the following month . The West End production of Hamilton opened at the Victoria Palace Theatre in London in December 2017 , winning seven Olivier Awards in 2018 , including Best New Musical . The first U.S. national tour of the show began performances in March 2017 . A second U.S. tour opened in February 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rachel Chavkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Chavkin', 'summary': 'Rachel Chavkin is an American stage director , best known for directing the musicals Natasha , Pierre , & The Great Comet of 1812 and Hadestown , receiving Tony Award nominations for both and winning for the latter .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Award nominated director of the Broadway musical Natasha , Pierre , & the Great Comet of 1812', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Award', 'summary': "The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre , more commonly known as the Tony Award , recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre . The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at an annual ceremony in Midtown Manhattan . The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances , and an award is given for regional theatre . Several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given , including a Special Tony Award , the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre , and the Isabelle Stevenson Award . The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry , co-founder of the American Theatre Wing . The trophy consists of a medallion , with a face portraying an adaptation of the comedy and tragedy masks , mounted on a black base with a pewter swivel . The rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wing 's Tony Awards , which applies for that season only . The Tony Awards are considered the highest U.S. theatre honor , the New York theatre industry 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( Oscars ) for film , the Emmy Awards for television , and the Grammy Awards for music . It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT , that is , someone who has won all four major annual American entertainment awards . The Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Awards in the United Kingdom and the Molière Awards in France . The 73rd annual ceremony was held on June 9 , 2019 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and was broadcast live on CBS . James Corden served as the host ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Natasha,_Pierre_&_The_Great_Comet_of_1812', 'summary': "Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 is a sung-through musical adaptation of a 70-page segment from Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace written by composer/lyricist Dave Malloy and directed by Rachel Chavkin . It is based on Volume 2 , Part 5 of Tolstoy 's novel War and Peace , focusing on Natasha 's affair with Anatole and Pierre 's search for meaning in his life . The musical originally ran at the Ars Nova in 2012 , followed by 2013 stagings in both the Meatpacking District and the Theater District of Manhattan , a 2014 Spanish-language staging in Quito , Ecuador , and a 2015 remounting at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Great Comet premiered on Broadway in November 2016 at the Imperial Theatre , and closed in September 2017 . The original Off-Broadway production of the show had Dave Malloy playing Pierre Bezukhov , the lead . Once the show was taken to Broadway , Josh Groban made his Broadway debut as he took over the role of Pierre . The musical received positive reviews , particularly for Phillipa Soo , Denée Benton , and Josh Groban 's leading performances , as well as for the production 's score , direction , and scenic design . The show was nominated for 12 awards - the highest number of nominations in the 2016-2017 season - for the 2017 Tony Awards , including Best Musical , Best Original Score , Best Book of a Musical , Best Actress in a Musical for Benton , Best Actor in a Musical for Groban , Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Lucas Steele , and Best Direction of a Musical for Chavkin . It won two awards : Best Scenic Design for Mimi Lien and Best Lighting Design in a Musical for Bradley King ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeremy Piven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Piven', 'summary': "Jeremy Samuel Piven ( born July 26 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian , and producer . He is known for his role as Ari Gold in the comedy series Entourage , for which he won a Golden Globe Award and three consecutive Emmy Awards . He also starred in the British period drama Mr Selfridge , which tells the story of the man who created the luxury English department store chain Selfridges , and portrayed Spence Kovak on Ellen DeGeneres 's sitcom Ellen ."}]}, {'value': 'TSOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Actor and producer ; best known for his role as Ari Gold in the comedy series Entourage , for which he won a Golden Globe Award and three consecutive Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ari_Gold_(Entourage)', 'summary': 'Ari Gold is a fictional character on the comedy-drama television series Entourage . He is played by Jeremy Piven .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Entourage_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "Entourage is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on HBO on July 18 , 2004 , and concluded on September 11 , 2011 , after eight seasons . The series was created and largely written by Doug Ellin and chronicles the acting career of Vincent Chase , a young A-list movie star , and his childhood friends from Queens , New York City , as they attempt to further their nascent careers in Los Angeles . Mark Wahlberg and Stephen Levinson served as the show 's executive producers , and its premise is loosely based on Wahlberg 's experiences as an up-and-coming film star . The series deals with themes of male friendship and real-life situations in modern-day Hollywood . The show is known for its array of famous guests , having featured several actors , athletes , and other celebrities in guest star and cameo roles , often playing fictionalized versions of themselves ."}]}, {'value': 'Joya Powell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joya_Powell', 'summary': 'Joya Powell ( born January 15 , 1979 in Manhattan ) , also known as Joya Powell-Goldstein , is a Bessie Award-winning choreographer , educator , and activist . As the founding artistic director of Movement of the People Dance Company , she is known for creating politically scorching dance-theatre that confronts issues of race and justice .'}]}, {'value': 'STEINHARDT 2005 , M.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bessie Awards winning choreographer and educator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bessie_Awards', 'summary': 'The New York Dance and Performance Awards , also known as the Bessie Awards are awarded annually for exceptional achievement by independent dance artists presenting their work in New York City . The broad categories of the awards are : choreography , performance , music composition and visual design . The Bessie Awards were established in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'Joshua Safran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joshua_Safran', 'summary': 'Joshua Safran is an American television writer/executive producer and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'TSOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Executive producer and writer of Gossip Girl ; executive producer and showrunner for the second season of Smash ; creator , executive producer and showrunner of Quantico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gossip_Girl', 'summary': "Gossip Girl is an American teen drama television series based on the book series of the same name written by Cecily von Ziegesar . The series , created by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , originally ran on The CW network for six seasons from September 19 , 2007 , to December 17 , 2012 . Narrated by the omniscient blogger Gossip Girl ( voiced by Kristen Bell ) , the series revolves around the lives of privileged upper-class adolescents living in Manhattan 's Upper East Side ( UES ) . The series begins with the return of Upper East Side teenage it girl Serena van der Woodsen ( Blake Lively ) from a mysterious absence . She is reunited with her frenemy Blair Waldorf ( Leighton Meester ) and her mother Lily ( Kelly Rutherford ) , while she also meets Dan Humphrey ( Penn Badgley ) , an aspiring writer from Brooklyn . Other main characters are played by Chace Crawford , Ed Westwick , Taylor Momsen , Jessica Szohr , Matthew Settle , Connor Paolo and Kaylee DeFer . The success of Gossip Girl led to adaptations outside the United States . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning 18 Teen Choice Awards . The CW officially renewed Gossip Girl for a sixth and final season on May 11 , 2012 . The final season , consisting of 10 episodes , premiered on October 8 , 2012 and ended on December 17 , 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Smash_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': 'Smash is an American musical drama television series created by playwright Theresa Rebeck and developed by Robert Greenblatt for NBC . Steven Spielberg served as one of the executive producers . The series was broadcast in the US by NBC and produced by DreamWorks Television and Universal Television . The series revolves around a fictional New York City theater community and specifically the creation of a new Broadway musical . It features a large ensemble cast , led by Debra Messing , Jack Davenport , Katharine McPhee , Christian Borle , Megan Hilty , and Anjelica Huston . The show debuted on February 6 , 2012 , and its first season ended on May 14 , 2012 . Its second season premiered on February 5 , 2013 , and ended on May 26 , 2013 . NBC announced a change in their lineup in March 2013 and moved the show to Saturdays starting April 6 , 2013 . The series was cancelled on May 10 , 2013 . Second-season executive producer-show runner Josh Safran said the final episode of season two worked as a series finale . The series , especially the pilot episode , enjoyed critical success . The first season received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography among four nominations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Quantico_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Quantico is an American television drama thriller series which aired on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) from September 27 , 2015 , to August 3 , 2018 . Produced by ABC Studios , the series was created by Joshua Safran , who also served as the showrunner . Mark Gordon , Robert Sertner , Nicholas Pepper and Safran are its executive producers . Priyanka Chopra stars as Alex Parrish , who joins the Federal Bureau of Investigation after graduating from the FBI Academy and becomes a prime suspect in a terrorist attack on Grand Central Terminal . Quantico initially had two timelines : the present , when Parrish flees from captivity to prove her innocence , and the past , with her and her fellow recruits training at the academy , during which details of their individual lives are learned . The series switched to a single timeline from the middle of the second season onward . In addition to Chopra , the first South Asian to headline an American network drama series , the original cast - which changed significantly as the series progressed - included Jake McLaughlin , Yasmine Al Massri , Johanna Braddy , Tate Ellington , and Graham Rogers as her fellow recruits , with Josh Hopkins and Aunjanue Ellis as their trainers at the FBI Academy in Quantico , Virginia . The series ' first season was produced primarily in Montreal , with downtown Montreal and Sherbrooke , Canada standing in for New York City and Quantico , Virginia in the United States . Production moved to New York during the second season . Quantico received positive reviews from critics , with praise for Chopra 's performance and the diversity of the cast . The confusing dual timelines were criticized by some . The series was nominated for four People 's Choice Awards , with Chopra winning two : Favorite Actress in a New TV Series in 2016 - making her the first South Asian to win a People 's Choice Award - and Favorite Dramatic TV Actress in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Aziz Ansari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aziz_Ansari', 'summary': 'Aziz Ismail Ansari ( /ənˈsɑːri/ ; born February 23 , 1983 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , director , and comedian . He is known for his role as Tom Haverford on the NBC series Parks and Recreation ( 2009-2015 ) , and as creator and star of the Netflix series Master of None ( 2015-2017 ) for which he won several acting and writing awards , including two Emmys and a Golden Globe for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy . With his Golden Globe win , Ansari became the first actor of Asian descent to win a Golden Globe for acting in television . Ansari began his career performing stand-up comedy in New York City in mid-2000 while attending New York University . In 2007 , he created and starred in the MTV sketch comedy show Human Giant , which ran for two seasons . This led to acting roles in feature films , including Funny People ; I Love You , Man ; Observe and Report ; and 30 Minutes or Less . He has provided voice work in Ice Age : Continental Drift and Epic . As a stand-up comedian , Ansari released his debut comedy special , Intimate Moments for a Sensual Evening , in January 2010 on Comedy Central Records , and tours nationally between acting commitments . In 2010 and 2011 , he performed his Dangerously Delicious tour , which was self-released for download on his website in March 2012 and debuted on Comedy Central in May 2012 . He completed his third major tour , Buried Alive , in the summer of 2013 . His fourth comedy special , Live at Madison Square Garden , was released on Netflix in 2015 . His first book , Modern Romance : An Investigation , was released in June 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Stern 2004 , B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , Parks and Recreation , Master of None , Human Giant , Scrubs ; stand-up comedian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Everett Horton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Everett_Horton', 'summary': 'Edward Everett Horton Jr. ( March 18 , 1886 - September 29 , 1970 ) was an American character actor . He had a long career in film , theater , radio , television , and voice work for animated cartoons .'}]}, {'value': 'POLY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NYU_Poly', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': 'Character actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Hampden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Hampden', 'summary': 'Walter Hampden Dougherty ( June 30 , 1879 in Brooklyn - June 11 , 1955 in Los Angeles ) , known professionally as Walter Hampden , was an American actor and theatre manager . He was a major stage star on Broadway in New York who also made numerous television and film appearances .'}]}, {'value': 'POLY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NYU_Poly', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Thomas Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson', 'summary': "Paul Thomas Anderson ( born June 26 , 1970 ) is an American filmmaker . Born in Los Angeles , Anderson developed an interest in filmmaking from a young age . An alumnus of the Sundance Institute , Anderson made his feature film debut with Hard Eight in 1996 . He found critical and commercial success with Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) , set during the Golden Age of Porn , and received further accolades with Magnolia ( 1999 ) , an ensemble piece set in the San Fernando Valley , and Punch-Drunk Love ( 2002 ) , a romantic comedy-drama film . Anderson 's 2007 film There Will Be Blood , about an oil prospector during the Southern California oil boom , achieved major critical and commercial success and was often cited as one of the greatest films of the 2000s . This was followed by The Master in 2012 and Inherent Vice in 2014 . Anderson 's ninth film , Phantom Thread , was released in 2017 . Anderson 's films are often characterized by their depiction of flawed and desperate characters , explorations of themes such as dysfunctional families , alienation and loneliness , a bold visual style that utilizes moving camera and long takes , as well as memorable use of music . He is noted for his frequent and successful collaborations with actors Philip Seymour Hoffman and Daniel Day-Lewis , cinematographer Robert Elswit , musicians Jon Brion and Jonny Greenwood , and costume designer Mark Bridges . Anderson is often considered one of the foremost directors of his generation , and his films have consistently garnered critical acclaim . He has been nominated for eight Academy Awards , one Golden Globe Award and five BAFTA Awards , and has won a Best Director Award at Cannes , a Silver Bear at Berlin and a Silver Lion at Venice ."}]}, {'value': 'TSOA 1993* , dropped out after two days', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts', 'summary': "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts ( commonly referred to as Tisch ) is the performing , cinematic and media arts school of New York University . Founded on August 17 , 1965 , Tisch is a training ground for artists , scholars of the arts , and filmmakers ; the school merges the technical training of a professional school with the academic resources of a major research university to immerse students in their intended artistic disciplines . The school is divided into three Institutes : Performing Arts , Emerging Media , and the Kanbar Institute of Film & Television . Many undergraduate and graduate disciplines are available for students , including : acting , dance , drama , performance studies , design for stage and film , musical theatre writing , photography record producing , game design and development , and film and television studies . The school also offers an inter-disciplinary collaborative arts program , high school programs , continuing education in the arts for the general public , as well as the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , which teaches entrepreneurial strategies in the music recording industry . A dual MFA/MBA graduate program is also offered , allowing students to take coursework at both Tisch and NYU 's Stern School of Business . It is located at 721 Broadway ( the intersection of Broadway St. and Waverly Place ) , adjacent to the University 's Department of Philosophy building and the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . In 2013 , NYU opened a new technology hub on its Brooklyn campus called the Media and Games Network ( MAGNET ) . Located at 2 MetroTech Center and , beginning in 2019 , 370 Jay Street , MAGNET houses three Tisch programs : the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music , the Interactive Telecommunications/Interactive Media Arts programs ( ITP & IMA ) , and the Game Center ; these programs work in collaboration with departments in media technology from NYU 's Tandon School of Engineering and Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development . As of 2017 [ update ] , the school had more than 25,000 alumni working in the arts and related professions , and has more alumni in Broadway theatre than any other school for theater in the United States . Also in 2017 alone , six members of the Tisch alumni community were nominated for an Oscar . Over the past 10 Student Academy Award ceremonies , it is one of only two US schools to have double-digit wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Magnolia , Boogie Nights , There Will Be Blood', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley Argota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Argota', 'summary': "Ashley Argota ( born January 9 , 1993 ) is an American actress and singer . She is known for her roles on television , such as Lulu on the Nickelodeon sitcom True Jackson , VP , and Kelly Peckinpaugh on the Nickelodeon sitcom Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ."}]}, {'value': 'NURSING , current student', 'urls': []}, {'value': "True Jackson , VP , Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Entertainment', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_University_alumni_7', 'intro': "New York University (NYU) is one of the world's premier residential research and teaching institutions. This partial list of notable New York University alumni includes a sampling of the many graduates who are leaders in their respective fields, non-graduate former students, fictional students, and current students of New York University. The list is abridged - only a representative few are listed. NYU ranks 7th among the World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires, as compiled by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. NYU ranks 5th globally among universities with the highest number of alumni worth $30 million or more, as compiled by ABC News. CNBC ranks NYU 4th globally among universities with the most billionaire graduates. National Academy of Inventors ranks NYU 19th in the world based on the number of patents generated. In 2016, a study based on a computerized analysis of the number of times institutions of higher education are mentioned in Wikipedia and the number of times people search for them on Google, ranked NYU #19 among all universities in the world. NYU also is the second top feeder school for analyst careers in finance and investment banking, after University of Pennsylvania, on Wall Street."} | null | null | What is the relation to NYU of the alumnus who currently stars as Ice Bear in the Cartoon Network animated series We Bare Bears ? | Law |
05526c764079d879 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Student_Sport_Federation', 'title': 'Quebec Student Sport Federation', 'header': ['Institution', 'Nickname', 'Location ( Quebec )'], 'data': [{'value': "Cégep de l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cégep_de_l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue", 'summary': "Cégep de l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue is a public college-level institute of education ( CEGEP ) with its main campus located in Rouyn-Noranda , Quebec , Canada . The CEGEP has two additional campuses , in Amos and Val-d'Or . It was founded in 1967 , and 2,500 students are currently enrolled . Programs are offered in mining and forestry , as well as social , technical , industrial and communications professions ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaillards ( mens ) Astrelles ( womens )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rouyn-Noranda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rouyn-Noranda', 'summary': 'Rouyn-Noranda ( 2011 population 41,012 ) is a city on Osisko Lake in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of Quebec , Canada . The city of Rouyn-Noranda is a coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec of the same name . Their geographical code is 86 .'}]}, {'value': 'Collège Ahuntsic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collège_Ahuntsic', 'summary': 'Collège Ahuntsic is a Francophone public college situated in the Ahuntsic-Cartierville borough of Montreal , Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': "Collège d'Alma", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Collège_d'Alma", 'summary': "Collège d'Alma is a Cégep ( public educational institution ) in Alma , Quebec , Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeannois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alma,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Alma ( 2011 Town population : 30,904 ; CA Population 33,018 ; UA Population 26,016 ) is a town in the Canadian province of Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Collège André-Grasset', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collège_André-Grasset', 'summary': "Collège André-Grasset is a private college in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It is located near the Quebec Autoroute 40 and the Crémazie metro station . The college was founded in 1927 by the priests at St. Sulpice of Montreal and named after priest André Grasset . The school was built at the request of the Archbishop of Montreal . In 1975 , the school opened a gym , and a multipurpose room was inaugurated in 1990 . Since 2003 , the college offers technical training courses at the Institute Grasset . The school 's president is Isabelle Foisy and its director is Patrick Caron ."}]}, {'value': 'Phénix', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Cégep André-Laurendeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cégep_André-Laurendeau', 'summary': 'The Cégep André-Laurendeau is a public French-language college located at 1111 Lapierre Street in Montreal ( LaSalle ) , Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Boomerang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Cégep de Baie-Comeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cégep_de_Baie-Comeau', 'summary': 'Cégep de Baie-Comeau is a CEGEP in Baie-Comeau , Quebec , Canada . Cégep de Baie-Comeau , a pre-university and technical college , is affiliated with ACCC , and CCAA .'}]}, {'value': 'Trappeurs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baie-Comeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baie-Comeau', 'summary': 'Baie-Comeau ( [ be.kɔ.mo ] ; 2016 city population 21,536 ; CA population 27,692 ) is a city located approximately 420 kilometres ( 260 mi ) north-east of Quebec City in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec , Canada . It is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River near the mouth of the Manicouagan River , and is the seat of Manicouagan Regional County Municipality . There are two urban area population centres within the city limits : Baie-Comeau proper , with a population of 9,610 , and Hauterive , with a population of 11,549 , as of the 2016 Canadian Census . The city is named after the adjacent Comeau Bay , which is named in honour of Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau , a Québécois naturalist . Former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney is a native of the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Cégep Beauce-Appalaches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cégep_Beauce-Appalaches', 'summary': 'Cégep Beauce-Appalaches is a CEGEP in Saint-Georges , Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Condors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Georges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Georges,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Saint-Georges is a city in the province of Quebec . It is the seat of Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality , part of the Chaudière-Appalaches region . The population was 31,173 as of the Canada 2011 Census . Route 173 runs through Saint-Georges Est ( where it is known as Boulevard Lacroix ) and heads south to the border with Maine , USA . The name of the parish and of the city , Saint-Georges , is in homage to George Pozer , the fourth seigneur of Aubert-Gallion . The Beauce-Etchemin School Board ( Commission scolaire de la Beauce-Etchemin ) has its headquarters on 118th Street . Saint-Georges is home to the Cégep Beauce-Appalaches . In 2002 , it amalgamated with Saint-Georges-Est ( pop . 4,110 ) , Aubert-Gallion ( pop . 2,444 ) and Saint-Jean-de-la-Lande ( pop . 786 ) . It is home to one of the few inflatable dams , introduced to raise the water level of the Chaudière River for water-based activities and to make the riverside more attractive .'}]}, {'value': 'Collège de Bois-de-Boulogne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collège_de_Bois-de-Boulogne', 'summary': 'The Collège Bois-de-Boulogne is a public pre-university and vocational college ( CEGEP ) located on Bois de Boulogne Street in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It has an enrollment of approximately 2,700 students in 7 pre-university and technical programmes and 4400 participants in adult education and corporate programmes . The staff consists of over 450 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Cavaliers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': "Centre d'études collégiales Matapédien", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alizé', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amqui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amqui', 'summary': 'Amqui ( /ɒmkwiː/ ) is a town in eastern Quebec , Canada , at the base of the Gaspé peninsula in Bas-Saint-Laurent . Located at the confluence of the Humqui and Matapédia Rivers , it is the seat of La Matapédia Regional County Municipality . The main access road is Quebec Route 132 .'}]}, {'value': "Centre d'études collégiales de Montmagny", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Combattants', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montmagny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montmagny,_Quebec', 'summary': "Montmagny ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔ̃maɲi ] ) is a city in the Montmagny Regional County Municipality within the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec . It is the county seat and had a population , as of the Canada 2011 Census , of 11,491 . The city is on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River , east of Quebec City , and was founded more than 350 years ago . It is Canada 's Snow Goose Capital , and festivals include the International Accordion Festival in September and the Festival of the Snow Geese in October . The city was named after Charles de Montmagny , the first to have the title of governor of New France . ( Samuel de Champlain was commander in chief . ) Montmagny was the county seat of the former Montmagny County ."}]}, {'value': 'Champlain College Lennoxville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champlain_College_Lennoxville', 'summary': "Champlain College Lennoxville is the Champlain Regional College campus serving the Eastern Townships ( Estrie ) . The campus is located in the borough of Lennoxville , of Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada . Like the other campuses of Champlain Regional College , the Lennoxville campus is an English-language public post-secondary institution . Champlain College Lennoxville shares a campus with its neighbour , Bishop 's University ."}]}, {'value': 'Cougars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lennoxville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lennoxville,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Lennoxville is an arrondissement , or borough , of the city of Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada . Lennoxville is located at the confluence of the St. Francis and Massawippi Rivers approximately five kilometres south of downtown Sherbrooke . Lennoxville had previously existed as an independent city until Jan. 1 , 2002 , when the city of Lennoxville , along with several other formerly independent towns and cities in the region , were merged with the city of Sherbrooke . A demerger referendum held on June 20 , 2004 failed to attract the required majority of votes to reestablish Lennoxville as an independent city .'}]}, {'value': 'Champlain College Saint-Lambert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champlain_College_Saint-Lambert', 'summary': 'Champlain College Saint-Lambert is a public College in Saint-Lambert , Quebec , Canada . It is a campus of Champlain Regional College , and primarily serves the South Shore of Montreal . Like the other campuses of Champlain Regional College , the Saint-Lambert campus is an English-language public post-secondary institution that offers both pre-university and career programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Cavaliers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Lambert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Lambert,_Quebec', 'summary': "Saint-Lambert is a city ( French : ville ) in southwestern Quebec , Canada , located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River , opposite Montreal . It is part of the Urban agglomeration of Longueuil of the Montérégie administrative region . It was home to 21,861 people according to the Canada 2016 Census . Saint-Lambert is divided into two main sections : the original city of Saint-Lambert and the Préville neighbourhood . The original city of Saint-Lambert ( as it existed prior to 1969 ) is located from the Country Club of Montreal golf course to the border of the Le Vieux-Longueuil borough . It includes the city 's downtown , known as The Village . On the other side of the Country Club of Montreal is the former city of Préville , which merged with Saint-Lambert in 1969 . It extends to the borders of the city of Brossard and the Longueuil borough of Greenfield Park . Saint-Lambert was named for the early French Canadian hunter Lambert Closse ."}]}, {'value': 'Champlain College St. Lawrence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champlain_College_St._Lawrence', 'summary': 'St. Lawrence College is a campus belonging to Champlain Regional College . The campus is in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada , and is the only English-language Cégep to serve the region .'}]}, {'value': 'Lions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quebec City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec_City', 'summary': "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ."}]}, {'value': 'Cégep de Chicoutimi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cégep_de_Chicoutimi', 'summary': 'The Cégep de Chicoutimi is a post-secondary institution in the province of Quebec , Canada . It is located in the Chicoutimi borough of the City of Saguenay . It is one of four CEGEPs in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region . The Cégep de Chicoutimi has approximately 3,000 students and 600 employees . In addition to providing educational training , it also serves as a social and cultural complex with community services such as a physical training centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Couguars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saguenay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Saguenay ( /ˈsæɡəneɪ , ˌsæɡəˈneɪ/ SAG-ə-nay , -\u2060NAY , French : [ saɡnɛ ] , locally [ -ne ] ) is a city in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec , Canada , on the Saguenay River , about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) north of Quebec City by overland route . It is about 126 kilometres ( 78 mi ) upriver and northwest of Tadoussac , located at the confluence with the St. Lawrence River . It was formed in 2002 by merging the cities of Chicoutimi and Jonquière and the town of La Baie . Chicoutimi was founded by the French in 1676 . The city of Saguenay constitutes a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) ; its geographical code is 941 . Together with the regional county municipality of Le Fjord-du-Saguenay , it forms the census division ( CD ) of Le Saguenay-et-son-Fjord ( 94 ) . The mayor of Saguenay is Josée Néron . Prior to its use as the name of the city , the term the Saguenay or ( less commonly ) Saguenay Valley had already been used for the whole Saguenay River region ( see Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean ) . Saguenay is the seat of the judicial district of Chicoutimi . The city is divided into three boroughs : Chicoutimi ( which includes the former city of Chicoutimi , as well as Laterrière and Tremblay township ) , Jonquière ( which includes the former city of Jonquière , Lac-Kénogami , and Shipshaw ) and La Baie ( which corresponds to the former city of La Baie ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cégep de Drummondville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cégep_de_Drummondville', 'summary': 'Cégep de Drummondville is a CEGEP in Drummondville , Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Voltigeurs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drummondville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drummondville', 'summary': 'Drummondville is a city in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec , located east of Montreal on the Saint-François River . The population as of the Canada 2016 Census was 68,601 . The mayor of Drummondville is Alexandre Cusson . Drummondville is the seat of Drummond Regional County Municipality , and of the judicial district of Drummond .'}]}, {'value': 'Collège Édouard-Montpetit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collège_Édouard-Montpetit', 'summary': "Cégep Édouard-Montpetit is a public Francophone college in Longueuil , Quebec , Canada . Approximately 7,300 ( fall 2016 ) students ( as much in the Continuing Education programs ) are enrolled in the 2 campuses , the main one located in Longueuil and the École nationale d'aérotechnique in St-Hubert campuses . It is affiliated with the ACCC , and CCAA ."}]}, {'value': 'Lynx', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longueuil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longueuil', 'summary': "Longueuil ( /lɒŋˈɡeɪl/ ; French : [ lɔ̃ɡœj ] ) is a city in the province of Quebec , Canada . It is the seat of the Montérégie administrative region and the central city of the urban agglomeration of Longueuil . It sits on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River directly across from Montreal . The population as of the Canada 2016 Census totalled 239,700 , making it Montreal 's second largest suburb , the fifth most populous city in Quebec and twentieth largest in Canada . Charles Le Moyne founded Longueuil as a seigneurie in 1657 . It would become a parish in 1845 , a village in 1848 , a town in 1874 and a city in 1920 . Between 1961 and 2002 , Longueuil 's borders grew three times , as it was amalgamated with surrounding municipalities ; there was a strong de-amalgamation in 2006 ( see 2000-2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec ) . Longueuil is a residential , commercial and industrial city . It incorporates some urban features , but is essentially a suburb . Longueuil can be classified as a commuter town as a large portion of its residents commute to work in Montreal . Most buildings are single-family homes constructed in the post-war period . The city consists of three boroughs : Le Vieux-Longueuil , Saint-Hubert and Greenfield Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Cégep François-Xavier-Garneau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Élans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quebec City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec_City', 'summary': "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ."}]}, {'value': 'Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cégep_de_la_Gaspésie_et_des_Îles', 'summary': 'Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles is a bilingual english and french college of general and vocational education ( known by the French acronym CEGEP ) , with an English section , in Gaspé , Quebec , Canada . The CEGEP is affiliated with the ACCC , and CCAA .'}]}, {'value': 'Bleu Marin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaspé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaspé,_Quebec', 'summary': "Gaspé is a city at the tip of the Gaspé Peninsula in the Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine region of eastern Quebec in Canada . Gaspé is located about 650 km ( 400 mi ) northeast of Quebec City , and 350 km ( 220 mi ) east of Rimouski . As of the 2011 Canadian Census , the city had a total population of 15,163 . In addition to the city , Gaspé 's territory includes the communities of Cap-aux-Os , Cap-des-Rosiers , Douglastown , Haldimand , Jersey Cove , L'Anse-à-Fugère , L'Anse-à-Valleau , L'Anse-au-Griffon , Penouille , Petit-Cap , Petite-Rivière-au-Renard , Pointe-Jaune , Rivière-au-Renard , Rivière-Morris , Sandy Beach , Saint-Majorique , Saint-Maurice-de-l'Échouerie , Wakeham , and York Centre . The city 's territory occupies 1,440 km2 ( 560 sq mi ) and borders the sea and the St. Lawrence River for some 130 km ( 81 mi ) . French is the first language learnt by most of Gaspé 's population where nearly 90% of the population is French Canadian . Gaspé is where Jacques Cartier took possession of New France ( now part of Canada ) in the name of François I of France on July 24 , 1534 ."}]}, {'value': 'Collège Gérald-Godin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cégep_Gérald-Godin', 'summary': 'Cégep Gérald-Godin is a French-language public college located in Sainte-Geneviève , Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It is the first and only French-language public college on the West Island of Montreal . It is located on Gouin Boulevard overlooking the Rivière des Prairies . Its building , designed in 1932 by Lucien Parent , was formerly a novitiate of the Congregation of Holy Cross . It is named after poet and separatist politician Gérald Godin .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladiateurs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Cégep de Granby Haute-Yamaska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cégep_de_Granby_Haute-Yamaska', 'summary': "The Cégep of Granby is part of Quebec 's CEGEP junior college network . It is located in the city of Granby . Almost 1800 students attend classes there full-time ."}]}, {'value': 'Inouk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Granby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Granby,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Granby is a town in southwestern Quebec , located east of Montreal . The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 63,433 . Granby is the seat of La Haute-Yamaska Regional County Municipality . It is the fourth most populated town in Montérégie after Longueuil , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , and Brossard . The town is named after John Manners , Marquess of Granby ; today it is most famous for the Granby Zoo and its landmark fountain of lake Boivin .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Member schools -- CCAA member schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Quebec_Student_Sport_Federation_2', 'intro': "The Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ; literal translation: Quebec Student Sports Network) is the current name for the organisation formerly known as the Quebec Student Sports Federation (QSSF) in English. RSEQ is the governing body of primary and secondary school, collegiate and university sport in Quebec. It also serves as a regional membership association for Canadian universities which assists in co-ordinating competition between their university level athletic programs and providing contact information, schedules, results, and releases about those programs and events to the public and the media. This is similar to what would be called a college athletic conference in the United States. The RSEQ, which covers Quebec, is one of four such bodies that are members of the country's governing body for university athletics, U Sports. The other three regional associations coordinating university-level sports in Canada are Ontario University Athletics (OUA), Atlantic University Sport (AUS), and the Canada West Universities Athletic Association (CW). The RSEQ was initially known as the Quebec Universities Athletic Association (QUAA) when it was founded in 1971 with the reformulations of three university athletic associations spanning the universities of Ontario and Quebec. After the merger between the university, collegiate and high school governing bodies in 1989, the amalgamated association was named to the QSSF and then renamed RSEQ in November 2010. As with all of Canada's provincial high school athletics associations, the RSEQ is an affiliate member of the United States-based National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS)."} | null | null | What is the Location for the Institution that has 2,700 students in 7 pre-university and technical programmes ? | Montreal |
0552854f0c1f5328 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cortland_County,_New_York', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Cortland County, New York', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnatus Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnatus_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Cincinnatus Historic District is a historic district in Cincinnatus , New York that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . It consists of 14 properties with 27 contributing structures dating from c.1830 to 1930 : a former church , a library , and 12 residences , plus related outbuildings . The properties included are :'}]}, {'value': 'September 7 , 1984 ( # 84002208 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main St. and Taylor Ave. 42°32′31″N 75°54′16″W / 42.541944°N 75.904444°W / 42.541944 ; -75.904444 ( Cincinnatus Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnatus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnatus,_New_York', 'summary': 'Cincinnatus is a town in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population was 1,056 at the 2010 census . The town is named after the Roman general Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus . It is in the eastern part of the county and is east of the city of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland_County_Courthouse', 'summary': 'Cortland County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Cortland in Cortland County , New York . It was built in 1924 and is a three-story building in the shape of a Latin cross built of Indiana limestone . It is located within a three-acre park . It features a distinctive cupola and corresponding rotunda , which rests on an octagonal base , above which are 24 Corinthian columns . It was designed by James Riely Gordon in the Beaux Arts style . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1974 ( # 74001228 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courthouse Park 42°35′56″N 76°10′37″W / 42.598889°N 76.176944°W / 42.598889 ; -76.176944 ( Cortland County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland County Poor Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland_County_Poor_Farm', 'summary': 'Cortland County Poor Farm , also known as County Farm , is a historic poor farm complex located at Cortland in Cortland County , New York . The complex consists of 13 well preserved vernacular buildings , a concrete block piggery , and several frame outbuildings sheathed in clapboard or board and batten siding . The county purchased the original farm in 1836 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1982 ( # 82001115 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast of Cortland off NY 13 42°37′36″N 76°08′14″W / 42.626667°N 76.137222°W / 42.626667 ; -76.137222 ( Cortland County Poor Farm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_13', 'summary': 'New York State Route 13 ( NY 13 ) is a state highway that runs mainly north-south for 152.30 miles ( 245.10 km ) between NY 14 in Horseheads and NY 3 west of Pulaski in Central New York in the United States . In between , NY 13 intersects with Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) in Cortland and Pulaski and meets the New York State Thruway ( I-90 ) in Canastota . NY 13 is co-signed with several routes along its routing , most notably NY 34 and NY 96 between Newfield and Ithaca ; NY 80 between DeRuyter and Cazenovia ; and NY 5 between Chittenango and Canastota . The most heavily traveled section of the route is the 50-mile ( 80 km ) northeast-southwest section between Horseheads and Cortland . Situated midway between the two locations is the city of Ithaca ; here , a small section of NY 13 follows an expressway alignment around much of the city . Much of the route , however , is a two-lane highway that passes through rural areas . When NY 13 was originally assigned in the 1920s , it extended only from Elmira to Cazenovia . It was significantly extended in 1930 , stretching from Lindley in the south to Richland in the north . The southern terminus was moved back to Elmira in the 1940s and has been located at various points in the city since then .'}]}, {'value': 'Cortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland Fire Headquarters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland_Fire_Headquarters', 'summary': 'Cortland Fire Headquarters is a historic fire station located at Cortland in Cortland County , New York . It is a three-story , predominantly rectangular structure , consisting of stepped gables , square bell tower , yellow faced brick , and tiled roof , built in 1914 . The first floor housed apparatus , the second served as quarters for firefighters , and the third was a meeting hall . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1974 ( # 74001229 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 Court St. 42°35′57″N 76°10′46″W / 42.599167°N 76.179444°W / 42.599167 ; -76.179444 ( Cortland Fire Headquarters )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland Free Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland_Free_Library', 'summary': 'Cortland Free Library is a historic library building located at Cortland in Cortland County , New York . It consists of one colossal story , seven bays wide , that stands on a high basement . It is constructed of brick in the Georgian Revival style and built in 1928 . The entrance is marked by a projecting portico with four columns . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 2008 ( # 08000469 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32 Church Street 42°35′59″N 76°10′41″W / 42.599853°N 76.177936°W / 42.599853 ; -76.177936 ( Cortland Free Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crescent Corset Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 21 , 2016 ( # 16000391 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '166-177 Main St. 42°35′39″N 76°10′48″W / 42.594266°N 76.180061°W / 42.594266 ; -76.180061 ( Crescent Corset Company )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Preble,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church , also known as Preble Congregational Church , is a historic Presbyterian church located at Preble in Cortland County , New York . It was built in about 1831 as a conventional meetinghouse in the Federal style . It was moved to its present location in 1859 , renovated in the Gothic Revival style in 1865 , and thoroughly remodeled again in 1923 to the present Colonial Revival style . The two stage bell tower dates to 1831 . The interior features furnishings by Gustav Stickley and stained glass by Henry Keck . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 24 , 2002 ( # 01001502 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courtland Cty Rd . 108B 42°44′06″N 76°08′47″W / 42.735°N 76.146389°W / 42.735 ; -76.146389 ( First Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preble,_New_York', 'summary': 'Preble is a town in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population was 1,393 at the 2010 census . The town is named after Commodore Edward Preble , a naval hero . Preble is on the north border of Cortland County and is north of the city of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_Complex_(Cortland,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church Complex , also known as United Presbyterian Church , is a historic Presbyterian church located at Cortland in Cortland County , New York . It was built in 1889-1890 and is a solid massed masonry building consisting of a central hip-roofed main block fronted by steeply pitched gable projections . Major additions to the original church were completed in 1922 and 1958 . The church features a stout , multi stage bell tower with a tall steeple and prominent cross on the spire . Also on the property is a Queen Anne style manse completed in 1903 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 6 , 2002 ( # 02000142 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 Church St. 42°35′57″N 76°10′41″W / 42.599167°N 76.178056°W / 42.599167 ; -76.178056 ( First Presbyterian Church Complex )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glen Haven District No . 4 School and Public Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_Haven_District_No._4_School_and_Public_Library', 'summary': 'Glen Haven District No . 4 School and Public Library is a historic school and library building located at Fair Haven in Cortland County , New York . It is a one-story irregularly shaped structure constructed in 1901 in the Shingle Style . It contains the classroom on the south end and the library on the north end . It features a hipped roof with boxed eave overhangs . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . It was designed by Rossiter & Wright and built by Andrew Lieber .'}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1997 ( # 97000420 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7325 Fair Haven Rd . 42°45′39″N 76°16′04″W / 42.760833°N 76.267778°W / 42.760833 ; -76.267778 ( Glen Haven District No . 4 School and Public Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fair Haven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott,_New_York', 'summary': 'Scott is a town in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population was 1,176 at the 2010 census . The town was named after General Winfield Scott . It is in the northwest corner of Cortland County and is northwest of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenwood Cemetery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 31 , 2019 ( # 100003395 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51 S. West St. 42°37′58″N 76°11′32″W / 42.632710°N 76.192136°W / 42.632710 ; -76.192136 ( Glenwood Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homer_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Homer is a village in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population was 3,291 at the 2010 census . The village name is derived from the surrounding town , which was named after the poet Homer . The village of Homer lies mostly within the town of Homer , except for a small section on the south side which is in the town of Cortlandville . Homer is north of the city of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William J. Greenman House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_J._Greenman_House', 'summary': 'William J. Greenman House is a historic home located at Cortland in Cortland County , New York . It was built in 1896 , and based on a pattern book plan by architect George Franklin Barber . It is a 2½-story , Queen Anne-style frame dwelling . It is sheathed in clapboard and sits on a stone foundation . It features exuberant wood trim , decorative shingles and half-timbering ; a wraparound porch with a circular section topped by a bell-shaped roof ; and projecting bay windows . Also on the property is a contributing carriage house . :3 It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 18 , 2011 ( # 11000542 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 N. Church St. 42°36′15″N 76°10′40″W / 42.604167°N 76.177778°W / 42.604167 ; -76.177778 ( William J. Greenman House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hatheway Homestead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hatheway_Homestead', 'summary': "Hatheway Homestead , also known as Tinelli 's Hathaway House , is a historic home located at Solon in Cortland County , New York . It consists of a \u200b2 1⁄2-story main block built in 1844 , with a later 2-story wing addition , in the Greek Revival style . It was built by Major General Samuel G. Hathaway ( 1790-1867 ) . The main block is constructed of smooth-surfaced fieldstone and wing of random ashlar stone blocks . The main block features a distinctive parapet of alternating balustrade and panels . It was later converted for use as a restaurant . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1978 ( # 78001848 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 41 42°35′50″N 76°01′10″W / 42.597273°N 76.019526°W / 42.597273 ; -76.019526 ( Hatheway Homestead )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_41', 'summary': 'New York State Route 41 ( NY 41 ) is a north-south state highway in Central New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at an interchange with NY 17 ( Future Interstate 86 ) in the town of Sanford . Its northern terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) in the village of Skaneateles . The route is almost 100 miles ( 161 km ) long and passes through Broome , Chenango , Cortland , and Onondaga counties . NY 41 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , replacing New York State Route 70 from Homer to Skaneateles . The route initially extended as far north as Jordan ; however , NY 41 was cut back to its current northern terminus c. 1933 .'}]}, {'value': 'Solon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solon,_New_York', 'summary': 'Solon is a town in Cortland County , New York , United States . The town had a total population of 1,079 as of the 2010 census . The name of the town comes from the Greek lawmaker Solon . The town is in the center of the county , east of the city of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little York Pavilion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_York_Pavilion', 'summary': "Little York Pavilion ' , also known as Dwyer Memorial County Park , Main Pavilion , is an historic trolley park pavilion located at Preble in Cortland County , New York . It was built about 1906 , with later additions and modifications , and is a two-story Stick/Eastlake style structure , rectangular at the core , with surrounding verandahs and a jutting pavilion at each corner . The central hip-roofed section contains a single large room at each level . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . The Pavilion was originally designed as part of a resort destination by the Cortland Traction Company . Little York Lake provided the only resort area between Binghamton and Syracuse , NY . Besides the Pavilion the park housed several boathouses , an observation deck above a water tower , and amusement rides . The Pavilion itself housed a restaurant on the ground floor and a dance hall on the second floor . In 1932 , the New York Power Corporation , successor to the Cortland County Traction Company , abandoned the park . Attempted revivals met with little success . At the urging of the Little York Garden Club in the late 1930s , the County Board of Supervisors eventually purchased the property . But not until 1951 , under County Highway Superintendent William Dwyer , were improvements seriously begun ."}]}, {'value': 'July 27 , 1979 ( # 79001575 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South of Preble off NY 281 42°42′37″N 76°09′11″W / 42.710278°N 76.153056°W / 42.710278 ; -76.153056 ( Little York Pavilion )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_281', 'summary': 'New York State Route 281 ( NY 281 ) is a north-south state highway in central New York in the United States . It extends for 16.56 miles ( 26.65 km ) across Cortland and Onondaga counties . The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 13 in the town of Cortlandville . Its northern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 11 and NY 80 near the village of Tully . NY 281 meets NY 90 in the village of Homer and connects to Interstate 81 twice . The route parallels I-81 for all but the southernmost 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) of its routing .'}]}, {'value': 'Preble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preble,_New_York', 'summary': 'Preble is a town in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population was 1,393 at the 2010 census . The town is named after Commodore Edward Preble , a naval hero . Preble is on the north border of Cortland County and is north of the city of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main Street Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Main_Street_Historic_District_(McGraw,_New_York)', 'summary': 'Main Street Historic District is a national historic district located at McGraw in Cortland County , New York . The district includes 33 contributing buildings , one contributing site , and one contributing structure . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 25 , 1986 ( # 86002773 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly on Main St. between South and Washington Sts . 42°35′46″N 76°05′35″W / 42.596111°N 76.093056°W / 42.596111 ; -76.093056 ( Main Street Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McGraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McGraw,_New_York', 'summary': 'McGraw is a village in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population was 1,053 at the 2010 census . The village is named after Samuel McGraw and is in the eastern part of the town of Cortlandville , east of the city of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Homer Village Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Homer_Village_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Old Homer Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Homer in Cortland County , New York . The district includes the historic core of the village of Homer centered on the village green . It includes a mix of residential , commercial , civic , and religious structures . Residences are primarily 2-story frame structures and commercial structures are 2- and 3-story structures constructed of brick . Included within the district is the Homer Town Hall ( 1908 ) , the \u200b3 1⁄2-story Jebediah Barber building ( 1863 ) , 3-story Brockway Block ( 1887-1888 ) , and residences dating to the 1810s . Also located within the district boundaries is the U.S. Post Office ( Homer , New York ) . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 2 , 1973 ( # 73001176 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N.and S. Main St. , Central Park , Clinton , James , Cayuga , and Albany Sts . 42°38′11″N 76°10′50″W / 42.636389°N 76.180556°W / 42.636389 ; -76.180556 ( Old Homer Village Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homer_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Homer is a village in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population was 3,291 at the 2010 census . The village name is derived from the surrounding town , which was named after the poet Homer . The village of Homer lies mostly within the town of Homer , except for a small section on the south side which is in the town of Cortlandville . Homer is north of the city of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peck Memorial Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peck_Memorial_Library', 'summary': 'Peck Memorial Library is a historic library building located at Marathon in Cortland County , New York . It is a \u200b2 1⁄2-story brick structure constructed in 1894-1895 . It is eclectic in style and typical of Late Victorian architecture . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 19 , 1992 ( # 92000557 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 E. Main St. 42°26′28″N 76°02′00″W / 42.441111°N 76.033333°W / 42.441111 ; -76.033333 ( Peck Memorial Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Marathon is a village within the town of Marathon in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population of the village was 919 at the 2010 census , out of 1,967 in the entire town .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presbyterian Church of McGraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_McGraw', 'summary': 'Presbyterian Church of McGraw is a historic Presbyterian church located at McGraw in Cortland County , New York . It was built in 1901 and is a one-story structure , irregular in plan and massing , built of Canandaigua gold brick . It features a tower that is square in plan at the base , but above the roofline rises in two octagonal stages built of wood with round arched louvered belfry openings and elliptical windows . It is topped by an octagonal spire crowned by a cast metal finial . The interior features an octagonally shaped auditorium and Palladian windows . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 11 , 1986 ( # 86002517 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 W. Main St. 42°35′44″N 76°05′45″W / 42.595556°N 76.095833°W / 42.595556 ; -76.095833 ( Presbyterian Church of McGraw )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McGraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McGraw,_New_York', 'summary': 'McGraw is a village in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population was 1,053 at the 2010 census . The village is named after Samuel McGraw and is in the eastern part of the town of Cortlandville , east of the city of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randall Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randall_Farm_(Cortland,_New_York)', 'summary': 'Randall Farm is a historic farm and national historic district located at Cortland in Cortland County , New York . The district includes six contributing buildings and one contributing structure . It includes a cobblestone farmhouse built between 1825 and 1840 with a distinctive Colonial Revival porch added about 1920 . Also on the property is a \u200b1 1⁄2-story frame cottage , a dairy barn , garage , playhouse , carriage barn , smokehouse , saltbox shaped barn , small gabled barn , sugar shack , and milk house . The property also includes distinctive landscape elements . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 2 , 2000 ( # 00000573 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3713 Page Green Rd . 42°35′06″N 76°10′49″W / 42.585°N 76.180278°W / 42.585 ; -76.180278 ( Randall Farm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage Coach Inn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stage_Coach_Inn_(Lapeer,_New_York)', 'summary': 'Stage Coach Inn , also known as Royal Johnson House , is a historic inn located at Lapeer in Cortland County , New York . It was built about 1830 and is a two-story , rectangular five bay center entrance frame building . It features a full Greek Revival style entrance with pilasters , a full entablature , and two-paneled door with sidelights . It served as a home , hostelry for stage coach travelers , a post office , as well as a dance hall . The second floor dance hall remains intact . It remained in the Johnson family from the time of its construction to the early 21st century . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 2009 ( # 09001080 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2548 Clarks Corners Rd . 42°26′27″N 76°06′03″W / 42.440811°N 76.100972°W / 42.440811 ; -76.100972 ( Stage Coach Inn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lapeer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lapeer,_New_York', 'summary': 'Lapeer is a town in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population was 767 at the 2010 census . Lapeer is on the south border of Cortland County and is south of the city of Cortland .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarbell Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarbell_Building', 'summary': 'The Tarbell Building is a historic commercial building located in the Village of Marathon in Cortland County , New York . It is a three-story brick structure constructed in 1885 in the Queen Anne style . It has retail storefronts on the first floor and apartments and storage on the second and third . A rock-faced foundation pierced with basement windows is exposed on the south side . The Tarbell Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 . It was built by Gage E. Tarbell ( 1856-1936 ) , who rose from poor boy to become , over time , a jeweler , lawyer , mining promoter and insurance broker . He served as vice president of the Equitable Assurance Company . Tarbell again commissioned fine architecture at Garden City , a model suburb he later helped develop on Long Island .'}]}, {'value': 'November 22 , 2000 ( # 00001408 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Cortland St. 42°26′31″N 76°01′58″W / 42.441944°N 76.032778°W / 42.441944 ; -76.032778 ( Tarbell Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Marathon is a village within the town of Marathon in Cortland County , New York , United States . The population of the village was 919 at the 2010 census , out of 1,967 in the entire town .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Listings county-wide', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cortland_County,_New_York_0', 'intro': 'List of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Cortland County, New York:\n This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Cortland County, New York. The locations of National Register properties and districts (at least for all showing latitude and longitude coordinates below) may be seen in a map by clicking on Map of all coordinates.'} | null | null | What is the city or town of the historic place that includes 33 contributing buildings , one contributing site , and one contributing structure ? | McGraw |
05553f653fe6ef14 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Point', 'title': 'Cedar Point', 'header': ['Coaster', 'Opened', 'Manufacturer', 'Description', 'Thrill level'], 'data': [{'value': 'Blue Streak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Streak_(Cedar_Point)', 'summary': "Blue Streak is a wooden roller coaster located at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . Built by Philadelphia Toboggan Company , Blue Streak opened to the public on May 23 , 1964 , and is the park 's oldest roller coaster . In 2013 , it achieved its highest ranking of 27 among the world 's top wooden roller coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication by Amusement Today ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Toboggan_Coasters', 'summary': 'Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters , commonly referred to as PTC , is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world . Based in Hatfield , Pennsylvania , it was established in 1904 by Henry Auchey and Chester Albright under the name Philadelphia Toboggan Company . The company manufactured carousels , wooden roller coasters , toboggans ( roller coaster cars ) and later , roller coaster trains .'}]}, {'value': 'A wooden roller coaster . It is the oldest operating roller coaster at Cedar Point', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar Creek Mine Ride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Creek_Mine_Ride', 'summary': 'Cedar Creek Mine Ride is a mine train roller coaster at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky , Ohio . Built by Arrow Dynamics , the roller coaster opened in 1969 in the Frontiertown section of the park . It is the second oldest roller coaster at Cedar Point behind Blue Streak . Cedar Creek Mine Ride is one of two roller coasters at Cedar Point to utilize two separate lift hills - the other is Iron Dragon .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrow Dynamics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics', 'summary': "Arrow Dynamics was an American manufacturing and engineering company that specialized in designing and building amusement park rides , especially roller coasters . Based in Clearfield , Utah , the company was the successor to Arrow Development ( 1946-1981 ) and Arrow Huss ( 1981-1986 ) , which were responsible for several influential advancements in the amusement and theme park industries . Among the most significant was tubular steel track , which provided a smoother ride than the railroad style rails commonly used prior to the 1960s on wooden roller coasters . The Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland , built in 1959 , was Arrow 's first roller coaster project . In 1975 , Arrow Development introduced the first corkscrew style track Corkscrew , at Knott 's Berry Farm that sent riders through a series of corkscrews . Arrow created several other firsts over the years , introducing the first suspended roller coaster in almost a century , The Bat , in 1981 , and the world 's first hypercoaster , Magnum XL-200 , which opened in 1989 . They built the first 4th Dimension roller coaster , X2 , which was designed by Alan Schilke in 2002 . Arrow Development 's ownership changed three times between the 1950s and 1980s . Arrow Dynamics would eventually survive two bankruptcies and spin off a sister company , Fabriweld , primarily to build track , by 1988 . Arrow Dynamics eventually closed on December 3 , 2001 . S & S Worldwide purchased part of Arrow 's remaining assets on October 28 , 2002 , and the remainder of the company was dissolved . In 2012 , Sansei Yusoki Co. of Osaka , Japan , acquired a 77.3% interest in S & S - Arrow ."}]}, {'value': 'A steel mine train Hybrid roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mine_train_roller_coaster', 'summary': "A mine train roller coaster is a steel roller coaster whose trains often depict a set of mine carts , with the forward-most car or portions of it sometimes resembling a small steam locomotive . Most mine train roller coasters are themed in the style of a mine , a Western scene , or simply a mountain range . Traditional mine train roller coaster track elements include several banked turns and helices . There are sometimes level straightaway sections , but few large drops . Most include more than one lift hill . Often , a mine train roller coaster will make its way through trees , tunnels , rock formations , and over small bodies of water . Some feature scenes with animatronic figures . The first mine train roller coaster of its kind was Runaway Mine Train ( Run-A-Way Mine Train until 1995 ) at Six Flags Over Texas . Built by Arrow Development in 1966 , Mine Train is the oldest roller coaster in the park . With Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland ( built in 1959 also by Arrow ) , it is one of the first roller coasters with tubular steel tracks . Other notable Mine Trains are Colorado Adventure in Phantasialand , the Big Thunder Mountains in various Disney parks , Thunder Run in Canada 's Wonderland , Cedar Creek Mine Ride at Cedar Point , and Thunderation in Silver Dollar City near Branson , Missouri ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corkscrew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corkscrew_(Cedar_Point)', 'summary': "Corkscrew is a steel roller coaster built by Arrow Development at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio , United States . When built in 1976 , it was the first roller coaster in the world with 3 inversions . The coaster , which features Arrow 's first vertical loop , was built during the same time period as The Great American Revolution at Magic Mountain . However , Revolution opened seven days prior and is therefore credited as the first modern-day coaster to feature a vertical loop ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrow Dynamics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics', 'summary': "Arrow Dynamics was an American manufacturing and engineering company that specialized in designing and building amusement park rides , especially roller coasters . Based in Clearfield , Utah , the company was the successor to Arrow Development ( 1946-1981 ) and Arrow Huss ( 1981-1986 ) , which were responsible for several influential advancements in the amusement and theme park industries . Among the most significant was tubular steel track , which provided a smoother ride than the railroad style rails commonly used prior to the 1960s on wooden roller coasters . The Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland , built in 1959 , was Arrow 's first roller coaster project . In 1975 , Arrow Development introduced the first corkscrew style track Corkscrew , at Knott 's Berry Farm that sent riders through a series of corkscrews . Arrow created several other firsts over the years , introducing the first suspended roller coaster in almost a century , The Bat , in 1981 , and the world 's first hypercoaster , Magnum XL-200 , which opened in 1989 . They built the first 4th Dimension roller coaster , X2 , which was designed by Alan Schilke in 2002 . Arrow Development 's ownership changed three times between the 1950s and 1980s . Arrow Dynamics would eventually survive two bankruptcies and spin off a sister company , Fabriweld , primarily to build track , by 1988 . Arrow Dynamics eventually closed on December 3 , 2001 . S & S Worldwide purchased part of Arrow 's remaining assets on October 28 , 2002 , and the remainder of the company was dissolved . In 2012 , Sansei Yusoki Co. of Osaka , Japan , acquired a 77.3% interest in S & S - Arrow ."}]}, {'value': 'A steel roller coaster that spans the midway . It was the first coaster with 3 inversions and the first coaster to span a midway when it opened', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GateKeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GateKeeper_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "GateKeeper is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky , Ohio . Designed by Bolliger & Mabillard ( B & M ) , it was the fifth Wing Coaster installation in the world . The ride opened on May 11 , 2013 , on the most successful opening weekend to date in the park 's history . GateKeeper featured the highest inversion in the world when it opened , with its 170-foot ( 52 m ) Wing Over drop . It also broke several Wing Coaster records , including those for height , speed , track length , drop height and number of inversions . The coaster has a 170 ft ( 52 m ) , 40-degree inclined lift hill with a 164 ft ( 50 m ) drop and features two support towers with keyhole elements that the trains travel through . Its maximum speed is approximately 67 mph ( 108 km/h ) . Construction began in September 2012 and took roughly eight months to complete . Cedar Point built a new entrance plaza featuring the keyhole towers as the centerpiece . The roller coaster replaced Disaster Transport and Space Spiral , both demolished during mid-2012 . It was Cedar Point 's first new roller coaster since Maverick debuted in 2007 , and the third B & M coaster in the park following Raptor ( 1994 ) and Mantis ( 1996 ) . In 2013 , GateKeeper was the most frequently-ridden roller coaster at Cedar Point , and it ranked 28th among steel roller coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards poll from Amusement Today ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolliger & Mabillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolliger_&_Mabillard', 'summary': 'Bolliger & Mabillard , officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers , Inc. and often abbreviated B & M , is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey , Switzerland . The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard , both of whom had worked for Giovanola . B & M has pioneered several new ride technologies , most notably the inverted roller coaster and the box-section track . In 2016 , the company completed its 100th roller coaster . B & M produces nine types of coaster models : Stand-Up Coaster , Inverted Coaster , Floorless Coaster , Flying Coaster , Hyper Coaster , Dive Coaster , Sitting Coaster , Wing Coaster and Family Coaster .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel wing coaster that travels from the beach through the main gate . It is the tallest and longest Wing Coaster as well as having the second highest inversion on any roller coaster in the world , after the Steel Curtain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wing_coaster', 'summary': 'A wing coaster is a type of steel roller coaster with a seat configuration that places riders in open air outside the edges of the track , in which nothing sits above or below the rider . Bolliger & Mabillard ( B & M ) manufacturers the most common form that places all riders to the side of the track , with rows of four that seat two on each side of the track . Their model , called Wing Coaster , made its debut in 2011 when Raptor opened at Gardaland amusement park . There are 13 installations around the world . Another manufacturer , Intamin , has two model variants of wing coasters and has three installations of them in operation . Their most recent model , also titled Wing Coaster , uses a different seat layout that places only the two outer seats of every four-person row in a wing configuration .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steel_Curtain_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Steel Curtain is a steel roller coaster at Kennywood amusement park in West Mifflin , Pennsylvania , near Pittsburgh . Themed to the Pittsburgh Steelers , the ride is located on the former site of the Log Jammer , a flume ride which closed in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gemini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gemini_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Gemini is a racing roller coaster with a wooden structure and steel track , located at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . Built in 1978 by Arrow Dynamics and designed by Ron Toomer , it is one of the oldest roller coasters in the park . When the ride opened , it was marketed as the tallest , fastest and steepest roller coaster in the world . All three record-breaking claims were falsely made as other coasters around the world already beat Gemini . The all-steel Loch Ness Monster at Busch Gardens in Williamsburg , Virginia , opened earlier that year before Gemini and was taller but had a shorter drop . Screamin ' Eagle at Six Flags St. Louis opened two years prior to Gemini and was faster at 62 mph ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrow Dynamics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics', 'summary': "Arrow Dynamics was an American manufacturing and engineering company that specialized in designing and building amusement park rides , especially roller coasters . Based in Clearfield , Utah , the company was the successor to Arrow Development ( 1946-1981 ) and Arrow Huss ( 1981-1986 ) , which were responsible for several influential advancements in the amusement and theme park industries . Among the most significant was tubular steel track , which provided a smoother ride than the railroad style rails commonly used prior to the 1960s on wooden roller coasters . The Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland , built in 1959 , was Arrow 's first roller coaster project . In 1975 , Arrow Development introduced the first corkscrew style track Corkscrew , at Knott 's Berry Farm that sent riders through a series of corkscrews . Arrow created several other firsts over the years , introducing the first suspended roller coaster in almost a century , The Bat , in 1981 , and the world 's first hypercoaster , Magnum XL-200 , which opened in 1989 . They built the first 4th Dimension roller coaster , X2 , which was designed by Alan Schilke in 2002 . Arrow Development 's ownership changed three times between the 1950s and 1980s . Arrow Dynamics would eventually survive two bankruptcies and spin off a sister company , Fabriweld , primarily to build track , by 1988 . Arrow Dynamics eventually closed on December 3 , 2001 . S & S Worldwide purchased part of Arrow 's remaining assets on October 28 , 2002 , and the remainder of the company was dissolved . In 2012 , Sansei Yusoki Co. of Osaka , Japan , acquired a 77.3% interest in S & S - Arrow ."}]}, {'value': 'A steel racing Hybrid roller coaster . It was marketed as the tallest , fastest and longest when it opened', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A dual-tracked roller coaster is a roller coaster which consists of two tracks . There are three types of dual-tracked roller coasters : racing , dueling , and Möbius Loop roller coasters . Not all parks choose to operate both sides of their dual-tracked coasters ; Rolling Thunder and Colossus are two examples of this . Other parks operate one side frontwards and one side backwards .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iron Dragon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iron_Dragon_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Iron Dragon is a steel suspended roller coaster located at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . Built in 1987 by Arrow Dynamics , it is located in the Celebration Plaza section of the park .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrow Dynamics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics', 'summary': "Arrow Dynamics was an American manufacturing and engineering company that specialized in designing and building amusement park rides , especially roller coasters . Based in Clearfield , Utah , the company was the successor to Arrow Development ( 1946-1981 ) and Arrow Huss ( 1981-1986 ) , which were responsible for several influential advancements in the amusement and theme park industries . Among the most significant was tubular steel track , which provided a smoother ride than the railroad style rails commonly used prior to the 1960s on wooden roller coasters . The Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland , built in 1959 , was Arrow 's first roller coaster project . In 1975 , Arrow Development introduced the first corkscrew style track Corkscrew , at Knott 's Berry Farm that sent riders through a series of corkscrews . Arrow created several other firsts over the years , introducing the first suspended roller coaster in almost a century , The Bat , in 1981 , and the world 's first hypercoaster , Magnum XL-200 , which opened in 1989 . They built the first 4th Dimension roller coaster , X2 , which was designed by Alan Schilke in 2002 . Arrow Development 's ownership changed three times between the 1950s and 1980s . Arrow Dynamics would eventually survive two bankruptcies and spin off a sister company , Fabriweld , primarily to build track , by 1988 . Arrow Dynamics eventually closed on December 3 , 2001 . S & S Worldwide purchased part of Arrow 's remaining assets on October 28 , 2002 , and the remainder of the company was dissolved . In 2012 , Sansei Yusoki Co. of Osaka , Japan , acquired a 77.3% interest in S & S - Arrow ."}]}, {'value': 'A steel suspended roller coaster . Supports were painted yellow for the 2004 season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suspended_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A suspended roller coaster is a type of steel roller coaster in which the car hangs from the bottom of the rolling stock by a pivoting fulcrum or hinge assembly . This allows the car and riders to swing side to side as the train races along the track . Due to the swing designs , these roller coasters can not invert riders .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnum XL-200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnum_XL-200', 'summary': 'Magnum XL-200 , colloquially known as simply Magnum , is a steel roller coaster built by Arrow Dynamics at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . When it opened in 1989 , it was the tallest , fastest , and steepest complete-circuit roller coaster in the world as well as the first hypercoaster - a roller coaster that exceeds 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height . Some have credited Magnum with starting a period in the industry known as the roller coaster wars , in which amusement parks competed with one another at a rapid pace to build the next tallest and fastest roller coaster . More than 40 million people had ridden Magnum as of 2009 . Magnum XL-200 held the title of tallest roller coaster in the world until 1994 when Pepsi Max Big One opened at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in the United Kingdom . Amusement Today presented Magnum with its Best Steel Roller Coaster Golden Ticket Award for three consecutive years from 1998 to 2000 . As of 2014 [ update ] , it was ranked thirteenth in the world by the same publication .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrow Dynamics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics', 'summary': "Arrow Dynamics was an American manufacturing and engineering company that specialized in designing and building amusement park rides , especially roller coasters . Based in Clearfield , Utah , the company was the successor to Arrow Development ( 1946-1981 ) and Arrow Huss ( 1981-1986 ) , which were responsible for several influential advancements in the amusement and theme park industries . Among the most significant was tubular steel track , which provided a smoother ride than the railroad style rails commonly used prior to the 1960s on wooden roller coasters . The Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland , built in 1959 , was Arrow 's first roller coaster project . In 1975 , Arrow Development introduced the first corkscrew style track Corkscrew , at Knott 's Berry Farm that sent riders through a series of corkscrews . Arrow created several other firsts over the years , introducing the first suspended roller coaster in almost a century , The Bat , in 1981 , and the world 's first hypercoaster , Magnum XL-200 , which opened in 1989 . They built the first 4th Dimension roller coaster , X2 , which was designed by Alan Schilke in 2002 . Arrow Development 's ownership changed three times between the 1950s and 1980s . Arrow Dynamics would eventually survive two bankruptcies and spin off a sister company , Fabriweld , primarily to build track , by 1988 . Arrow Dynamics eventually closed on December 3 , 2001 . S & S Worldwide purchased part of Arrow 's remaining assets on October 28 , 2002 , and the remainder of the company was dissolved . In 2012 , Sansei Yusoki Co. of Osaka , Japan , acquired a 77.3% interest in S & S - Arrow ."}]}, {'value': 'A steel hyper roller coaster . It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hypercoaster', 'summary': 'A hypercoaster is any complete circuit roller coaster with a height measuring greater than 200 feet ( 61 m ) . The term was first coined by Arrow Dynamics and Cedar Point in 1989 with the release of the first full-circuit hypercoaster in the world , Magnum XL-200 . Other roller coaster manufacturers developed their own models with custom names , including Mega Coasters from Intamin , Hyper Coasters from Bolliger & Mabillard , and Hyper-Hybrid Coasters from Rocky Mountain Construction . The competition between amusement parks to build increasingly taller roller coasters eventually led to giga coasters which exceed 300 feet ( 91 m ) and strata coasters which exceed 400 feet ( 120 m ) .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maverick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maverick_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Maverick is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . Manufactured by Intamin at a cost of $ 21 million , it was the 500th roller coaster designed by German engineer Werner Stengel and the first to feature a twisted horseshoe roll element . There are two launch points along the 4,450-foot ( 1,360 m ) track that utilize linear synchronous motors ( LSM ) . Maverick features a beyond-vertical drop of 95 degrees and reaches a maximum speed of 70 mph ( 110 km/h ) . Maverick was originally scheduled to open on May 12 , 2007 , but the opening was delayed after testing revealed that its heartline roll element , which followed the second launch , was too intense and placed excessive stress on the trains . It was replaced in favor of an s-curve element that joins two banked turns , and the coaster opened to public on May 26 , 2007 . The slogan used in the ride 's promotion was The Old West Was Never This Wild ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel launched roller coaster . With its 95-degree drop , it is the steepest roller coaster in the park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Launched_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'The launched roller coaster is a modern form of roller coaster which has increased in use in the last two decades . In place of a traditional chain lift , the launched coaster initiates a ride with high amounts of acceleration via one or a series of linear induction motors ( LIM ) , linear synchronous motors ( LSM ) , catapults , or other mechanisms employing hydraulic or pneumatic power . This mode of acceleration powers many of the fastest rollercoasters in the world .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millennium Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millennium_Force', 'summary': "Millennium Force is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky , Ohio . Manufactured by Intamin , it was the park 's fourteenth roller coaster dating back to the opening of Blue Streak in 1964 . Upon completion in 2000 , Millennium Force broke six world records and was the world 's first giga coaster , a term coined by Intamin and Cedar Point to represent roller coasters that exceed 300 feet ( 91 m ) in height and complete a full circuit . It was briefly the tallest and fastest in the world until Steel Dragon 2000 opened later the same year . The ride is also the third-longest roller coaster in North America following The Beast at Kings Island and Fury 325 at Carowinds . Millennium Force features a 310-foot-tall ( 94 m ) cable lift hill with a 300-foot ( 91 m ) drop , two tunnels , three overbanked turns , and four hills . The coaster also has a top speed of 93 mph ( 150 km/h ) . Since its debut , Millennium Force has been voted the number one steel roller coaster ten times in Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards ; as of 2019 , it had never been ranked lower than second place . Although Millennium Force has been surpassed in height and speed , it remains one of the tallest and fastest in the world ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel giga roller coaster . It set several records when it opened such as the tallest , fastest and steepest roller coaster in the world', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giga_coaster', 'summary': 'A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride that employs a form of elevated railroad track designed with tight turns , steep slopes , and sometimes inversions . People ride along the track in open cars , and the rides are often found in amusement parks and theme parks around the world . LaMarcus Adna Thompson obtained one of the first known patents for a roller coaster design in 1885 , related to the Switchback Railway that opened a year earlier at Coney Island . The track in a coaster design does not necessarily have to be a complete circuit , as shuttle roller coasters demonstrate . Most roller coasters have multiple cars in which passengers sit and are restrained . Two or more cars hooked together are called a train . Some roller coasters , notably Wild Mouse roller coasters , run with single cars .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Millennium_Force', 'summary': "Millennium Force is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky , Ohio . Manufactured by Intamin , it was the park 's fourteenth roller coaster dating back to the opening of Blue Streak in 1964 . Upon completion in 2000 , Millennium Force broke six world records and was the world 's first giga coaster , a term coined by Intamin and Cedar Point to represent roller coasters that exceed 300 feet ( 91 m ) in height and complete a full circuit . It was briefly the tallest and fastest in the world until Steel Dragon 2000 opened later the same year . The ride is also the third-longest roller coaster in North America following The Beast at Kings Island and Fury 325 at Carowinds . Millennium Force features a 310-foot-tall ( 94 m ) cable lift hill with a 300-foot ( 91 m ) drop , two tunnels , three overbanked turns , and four hills . The coaster also has a top speed of 93 mph ( 150 km/h ) . Since its debut , Millennium Force has been voted the number one steel roller coaster ten times in Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards ; as of 2019 , it had never been ranked lower than second place . Although Millennium Force has been surpassed in height and speed , it remains one of the tallest and fastest in the world ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raptor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raptor_(Cedar_Point)', 'summary': 'Raptor is a steel inverted roller coaster designed by Bolliger & Mabillard at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio , United States . When built in 1994 , it broke many records and held many firsts when it opened . Instead of having a short layout designed to fit into a compact area like Batman : The Ride , Raptor was designed with a larger , 3,790-foot ( 1,160 m ) layout , making it the tallest , fastest and longest inverted roller coaster in the world when it opened . It features six inversions , including a cobra roll , a first for inverted roller coasters . The ride is themed as a bird of prey .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolliger & Mabillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolliger_&_Mabillard', 'summary': 'Bolliger & Mabillard , officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers , Inc. and often abbreviated B & M , is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey , Switzerland . The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard , both of whom had worked for Giovanola . B & M has pioneered several new ride technologies , most notably the inverted roller coaster and the box-section track . In 2016 , the company completed its 100th roller coaster . B & M produces nine types of coaster models : Stand-Up Coaster , Inverted Coaster , Floorless Coaster , Flying Coaster , Hyper Coaster , Dive Coaster , Sitting Coaster , Wing Coaster and Family Coaster .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel inverted roller coaster . It was the tallest , fastest and longest inverted roller coaster in the world when it opened . It was also the first inverted roller coaster with a cobra roll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster', 'summary': "An inverted roller coaster is a roller coaster in which the train runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage . This latter attribute is what sets it apart from the older suspended coaster , which runs under the track , but swings via a pivoting bar attached to the wheel carriage . The coaster type 's inverted orientation , where the passengers ' legs are exposed , distinguishes it from a traditional roller coaster , where the passengers ' arms are instead exposed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cobra_roll', 'summary': 'Roller coaster elements are the individual parts of roller coaster design and operation , such as a track , hill , loop , or turn . Variations in normal track movement that add thrill or excitement to the ride are often called thrill elements .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rougarou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rougarou_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Rougarou , formerly known as Mantis , is a floorless roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky , Ohio . Designed and built by Bolliger & Mabillard , the roller coaster originally opened in 1996 as a stand-up roller coaster called Mantis , which at the time was the tallest , fastest , and longest of its kind in the world . Cedar Point had planned to name the ride Banshee , but due to negative publicity following the announcement , the name was later changed to Mantis . In September 2014 , Cedar Point announced the pending closure of Mantis , scheduled for the following month . The park later revealed that Mantis would not be removed but would be transformed into a floorless roller coaster design for the 2015 season . It reopened as Rougarou on May 9 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolliger & Mabillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolliger_&_Mabillard', 'summary': 'Bolliger & Mabillard , officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers , Inc. and often abbreviated B & M , is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey , Switzerland . The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard , both of whom had worked for Giovanola . B & M has pioneered several new ride technologies , most notably the inverted roller coaster and the box-section track . In 2016 , the company completed its 100th roller coaster . B & M produces nine types of coaster models : Stand-Up Coaster , Inverted Coaster , Floorless Coaster , Flying Coaster , Hyper Coaster , Dive Coaster , Sitting Coaster , Wing Coaster and Family Coaster .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel floorless coaster previously known as Mantis , which was the tallest , fastest and steepest stand-up roller coaster in the world when it opened in 1996 . Rougarou opened in 2015 as a renovated version of Mantis featuring new trains , new colors , and a new theme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floorless_coaster', 'summary': "A floorless roller coaster is a type of steel roller coaster manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard where riders sit with no floor underneath them , allowing their feet to swing freely just above the track . Development of the floorless coaster model began between 1995 and 1996 with Medusa ( now known as Bizarro ) at Six Flags Great Adventure opening on April 2 , 1999 , making it the world 's first floorless coaster . Floorless coasters also tend to have 3 to 7 inversions incorporated in the layout of the coaster . Recently , Bolliger & Mabillard have used floorless trains on their dive coasters , such as Griffon and SheiKra . Though they contain floorless trains , the coasters are still not considered floorless coasters as B & M classifies them as another model . Maurer Söhne has designed their own version of the floorless coaster , a variant of their X-Car called X-Car Floorless , but currently do not have any installations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stand-up_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A stand-up roller coaster is a roller coaster designed to have the passengers stand through the course of the ride .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel Vengeance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_Vengeance', 'summary': "Steel Vengeance , formerly known as Mean Streak , is a steel roller coaster at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . The roller coaster was manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction ( RMC ) and opened to the public on May 5 , 2018 . It features RMC 's patented I-Box Track technology utilizing a significant portion of Mean Streak 's former support structure . Upon completion , Steel Vengeance set 10 world records . Originally constructed by the Dinn Corporation , Mean Streak opened to the public on May 11 , 1991 , as the tallest wooden coaster in the world with the longest drop height . After more than 25 years of operation , Cedar Point closed Mean Streak on September 16 , 2016 , casting doubt and uncertainty regarding the ride 's future . Over time , the park dropped subtle hints about a possible track conversion , which was officially confirmed in August 2017 . It was marketed as the world 's first hybrid hypercoaster - a wooden and steel roller coaster at least 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height - and reemerged as Steel Vengeance . On opening day , a minor collision led to a temporary closure and eventually modifications made by the manufacturer ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rocky Mountain Construction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Construction', 'summary': 'Rocky Mountain Construction ( also abbreviated as RMC ) is a manufacturing and construction company based in Hayden , Idaho , United States . The company is best known for its I-Box track and Topper Track for wooden roller coasters .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel hybrid coaster that opened as the tallest , longest , and fastest of its kind in the world', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Top Thrill Dragster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Top_Thrill_Dragster', 'summary': "Top Thrill Dragster is a steel accelerator roller coaster located at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . Manufactured by Intamin , it was the sixteenth roller coaster to be built at the park since Blue Streak in 1964 . It opened in 2003 as the tallest roller coaster in the world and the first full-circuit roller coaster to exceed 400 feet ( 120 m ) in height . Its height record was later surpassed by Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure in 2005 . Top Thrill Dragster , along with Kingda Ka , are the only strata coasters in existence . It was the second hydraulically launched roller coaster built by Intamin , following Xcelerator at Knott 's Berry Farm . The tagline for Top Thrill Dragster is Race for the Sky ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel strata accelerator roller coaster . It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strata_coaster', 'summary': 'A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride that employs a form of elevated railroad track designed with tight turns , steep slopes , and sometimes inversions . People ride along the track in open cars , and the rides are often found in amusement parks and theme parks around the world . LaMarcus Adna Thompson obtained one of the first known patents for a roller coaster design in 1885 , related to the Switchback Railway that opened a year earlier at Coney Island . The track in a coaster design does not necessarily have to be a complete circuit , as shuttle roller coasters demonstrate . Most roller coasters have multiple cars in which passengers sit and are restrained . Two or more cars hooked together are called a train . Some roller coasters , notably Wild Mouse roller coasters , run with single cars .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Accelerator_Coaster', 'summary': "An Accelerator Coaster is a hydraulically launched roller coaster model from Intamin . The model usually consists of a long , straight launch track , a top hat tower element , and magnetic brakes that smoothly stop the train without making contact . The technology was developed by Intamin engineers as an alternative to electromagnetic launch systems , such as the Linear Induction Motor ( LIM ) and Linear Synchronous Motor ( LSM ) , that are found on earlier launched roller coasters like the Flight of Fear and The Joker 's Jinx . Unlike the earlier linear induction motors , the Accelerator Coaster 's launch system exhibits constant acceleration and is capable of reaching greater speeds . Accelerator Coasters with the top hat element are known to perform an occasional rollback - when the train is unable to complete the top hat element and rolls back to the starting point - which can occur due to a number of different factors . Despite this , Accelerator Coasters have a great track record for safety and are extremely power efficient , especially compared to older technologies such as the classic chain lift found on most roller coasters . Formula Rossa , the world 's fastest Accelerator Coaster , and Kingda Ka , the world 's tallest , are some of the most well-known installations around the world ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valravn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valravn_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Valravn is a steel roller coaster at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky , Ohio . Built and designed by Bolliger & Mabillard ( B & M ) , it is the first Dive Coaster model in the Cedar Fair chain of parks and opened on May 7 , 2016 , as the tallest , fastest , and longest of its kind in the world . It remains the tallest , sharing its height record with Yukon Striker at Canada 's Wonderland . Valravn is also the first Dive Coaster to use B & Ms vest-style , over-the-shoulder restraints and the third Dive Coaster overall to open in the United States . The installation marked the hundredth roller coaster from B & M , dating back to the company 's founding in 1988 . Following on the heels of Rougarou , which opened at Cedar Point in 2015 , Valravn also takes its name from cultural folklore . The ride 's theme is based on a mythological bird from Danish folklore called the valravn , which means raven of the slain ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolliger & Mabillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolliger_&_Mabillard', 'summary': 'Bolliger & Mabillard , officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers , Inc. and often abbreviated B & M , is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey , Switzerland . The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard , both of whom had worked for Giovanola . B & M has pioneered several new ride technologies , most notably the inverted roller coaster and the box-section track . In 2016 , the company completed its 100th roller coaster . B & M produces nine types of coaster models : Stand-Up Coaster , Inverted Coaster , Floorless Coaster , Flying Coaster , Hyper Coaster , Dive Coaster , Sitting Coaster , Wing Coaster and Family Coaster .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel Dive Coaster that opened as the tallest , fastest , and longest of its kind in the world', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dive_Coaster', 'summary': "The Dive Coaster is a steel roller coaster model developed and engineered by Bolliger & Mabillard . The design features one or more near-vertical drops that are approximately 90 degrees , which provide a moment of free-falling for passengers . The experience is enhanced by unique trains that seat up to ten riders per row , spanning only two or three rows total . Unlike traditional train design , this distinguishing aspect gives all passengers virtually the same experience throughout the course of the ride . Another defining characteristic of Dive Coasters is the holding brake at the top of the lift hill that stops the train momentarily right as it enters the first drop , suspending some passengers with a view looking straight down and releasing suddenly moments later . Development of the Dive Coaster began between 1994 and 1995 with Oblivion at Alton Towers opening on March 14 , 1998 , making it the world 's first Dive Coaster . The trains for this type of coaster are relatively short consisting of two to three cars . B & M also uses floorless trains on this model to enhance the experience . As of May 2019 , fourteen Dive Coasters have been built , with the newest being Yukon Striker at Canada 's Wonderland . Featuring a height of 68 metres ( 223 ft ) , a length of 1,105 metres ( 3,625 ft ) , and a maximum speed of 130 km/h ( 81 mph ) , Yukon Striker is the world 's tallest , longest , and fastest Dive Coaster ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wicked Twister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wicked_Twister', 'summary': 'Wicked Twister is a second generation steel Inverted Impulse roller coaster at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel inverted impulse roller coaster . It is currently the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverted_Impulse_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'An Impulse roller coaster is a form of a launched inverted roller coaster manufactured by Intamin . The first Impulse roller coaster appeared in Japan , and the ride type has since evolved to include four specific layouts , three of these varieties being built in the United States . It uses LIMs to launch a train out of the station and ( in most installations ) up a vertical spiral . The train then falls backwards , is powered again through the station , and heads up a back tower . The train then falls forwards , and continues in this fashion for a total of 2½ cycles per ride ( three forward launches , two backwards ) . On the final forward launch , with a slightly reduced speed , the train is sent up the front tower , and brakes then deploy on the launch track . The train then slows down and heads back into the station .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilderness Run', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilderness_Run', 'summary': "Wilderness Run ( formerly Jr. Gemini ) is a steel masters roller coaster built by Intamin at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . Built in 1979 , it was previously named after the ride that sits across the midway from it , Gemini . In 2014 , Cedar Point renovated the Gemini Midway including Wilderness Run . Instead of blue paint , they used brown supports with green track to match the nearby Camp Snoopy children 's area . After exiting the 19-foot-tall lift hill , the coaster train goes through a 270-degree turn to the left , followed by a small hill over the beginning of the lift hill . The train then goes through a 270-degree turn to the right which leads to the station ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': "A steel children 's roller coaster , previously known as Jr. Gemini until 2014 . It was the first roller coaster manufactured by Intamin . Entrance was moved to Camp Snoopy and renamed Wilderness Run in 2014", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiddie_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride that employs a form of elevated railroad track designed with tight turns , steep slopes , and sometimes inversions . People ride along the track in open cars , and the rides are often found in amusement parks and theme parks around the world . LaMarcus Adna Thompson obtained one of the first known patents for a roller coaster design in 1885 , related to the Switchback Railway that opened a year earlier at Coney Island . The track in a coaster design does not necessarily have to be a complete circuit , as shuttle roller coasters demonstrate . Most roller coasters have multiple cars in which passengers sit and are restrained . Two or more cars hooked together are called a train . Some roller coasters , notably Wild Mouse roller coasters , run with single cars .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodstock Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodstock_Express_(Cedar_Point)', 'summary': "Woodstock Express is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . Built in 1999 by Vekoma , and is a junior roller coaster . Woodstock Express has a 540-degree downward helix and a 270-degree downward helix . Since the ride debuted in 1999 , attendance has steadily declined . This is in partially caused by the park restricting seat belts so only ride operators can release them , which causes a longer load/unload time . Unlike Flying Unicorn which has two trains , Woodstock Express only has one . Riders must be taller than 36 inches ( 910 mm ) to ride with an adult and 48 inches ( 1,200 mm ) tall to ride alone . Woodstock Express is not to be confused with Woodstock 's Express , a kiddie coaster found at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom , in Allentown , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vekoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vekoma', 'summary': 'Vekoma Rides Manufacturing is a Dutch amusement ride manufacturer . Vekoma is an abbreviation of Veld Koning Machinefabriek ( Veld Koning Machine Factory ) and was established in 1926 by Hendrik op het Veld . They originally manufactured farm equipment and later made steel constructions for the coal mining industry in the 1950s , After the closure of Dutch mines in 1965 , they manufactured steel pipes for the petrochemical industry . Since the 1970s , they have manufactured amusement rides . In 2018 , Vekoma was acquired by Sansei Technologies , the parent company of American ride manufacturer S & S Sansei .'}]}, {'value': 'A steel junior roller coaster . It is located within Camp Snoopy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'The Vekoma Junior Coaster is a model of steel roller coaster built by Vekoma . It is commonly referred to as a Roller Skater due to the roller skate shaped cars found on some of the installations .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of attractions -- Roller coasters', 'section_text': "As of May 2018 [ update ] , Cedar Point features 17 roller coasters . [ 68 ] It is tied with Canada 's Wonderland for second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain , which has 19 . [ 69 ] [ 70 ]", 'uid': 'Cedar_Point_0', 'intro': "Cedar Point is a 364-acre (147 ha) amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky, Ohio. Opened in the late-1800s, it is reported to be the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce. Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain. Known as America's Roller Coast, the park features a world-record 72 rides, including 17 roller coasters - the second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain. Its newest roller coaster, Steel Vengeance, opened to the public on May 5, 2018. Cedar Point's normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September. The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends. Other attractions near the park include a one-mile-long (1.6 km) white-sand beach, an outdoor water park called Cedar Point Shores, an indoor water park called Castaway Bay, two marinas, an outdoor sports complex called Cedar Point Sports Center, and several nearby resorts. The park has reached several milestones. It is the only amusement park in the world with six roller coasters that are at least 200 feet (61 m) in height - Magnum XL-200, Millennium Force, Wicked Twister, Top Thrill Dragster, Valravn, and Steel Vengeance - as well as the only one with roller coasters in all four height classifications. Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013. The park is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.6 million visitors in 2017."} | null | null | Between Corkscrew and raptor , which one has a higher number of inversions ? | Raptor |
0555f86dddaffca0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Region_(WFTDA)', 'title': 'West Region (WFTDA)', 'header': ['League', 'Metro area', 'Country', 'Admitted'], 'data': [{'value': 'Angel City Derby Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_City_Derby_Girls', 'summary': "Angel City Derby is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 2006 by a collective of skaters , the league is composed of nearly 200 members divided into four teams who skate on a flat track and compete against teams from the state of California and internationally . The league is skater-owned and operated , by the skater , for the skater , a volunteer-fueled effort by the women and men in the organization . Angel City is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) . In recent years Angel City 's all-star team , the Hollywood Scarlets , has been considered one of the top teams in the WFTDA ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_CA', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 June 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Roller Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Roller_Derby', 'summary': "Arizona Roller Derby is Arizona 's first all female roller derby league . It was founded in 2003 making it one of the oldest resurgence roller derby leagues in America . Arizona Roller Derby , abbreviated as AZRD , is one of the founding members of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association . AZRD is based in Phoenix , Arizona and holds their games at Ability 360 ."}]}, {'value': 'Phoenix , AZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_AZ', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ark Valley High Rollers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ark_Valley_High_Rollers', 'summary': "Ark Valley High Rollers ( AVHR ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Salida , Colorado . Founded in 2010 , the league currently consists of two mixed teams which compete against teams from other leagues . Ark Valley is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) . The league started training together in March 2010 , and played its first full bout in January 2011 , losing to Pikes Peak Derby Dames ' B team . Ark Valley was accepted into the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program in April 2011 , and became a full member of the WFTDA in December 2011 . It claims to be the WFTDA member with the smallest population base ."}]}, {'value': 'Salida , CO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salida,_CO', 'summary': 'Salida ( /səˈlaɪdə/ sə-LY-də ; Spanish : [ saˈliða ] , exit ) is a statutory city that is the county seat and most populous city of Chaffee County , Colorado , United States . The population was 5,236 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 December 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.ay A.rea D.erby Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B.ay_A.rea_D.erby_Girls', 'summary': "Bay Area Derby , formerly B.ay A.rea D.erby Girls , is a women 's flat-track roller derby league based in the San Francisco Bay Area . Bay Area Derby ( BAD ) was founded in 2004 and is a founding member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) . BAD is a skater-owned and -operated 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit league . The league is composed of four teams for intra-league play , and an all-star travel team that competes nationally . As of 2016 , BAD was ranked in the top 20 overall in WFTDA ."}]}, {'value': 'Oakland , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland,_CA', 'summary': "Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County , California , United States . A major West Coast port city , Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , the third largest city overall in the San Francisco Bay Area , the eighth most populated city in California , and the 45th largest city in the United States . With a population of 428,827 as of 2018 [ update ] , it serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area ; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port in the San Francisco Bay , the entirety of Northern California , and the fifth busiest in the United States of America . An act to incorporate the city was passed on May 4 , 1852 , and incorporation was later approved on March 25 , 1854 , which officially made Oakland a city . Oakland is a charter city . Oakland 's territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie , oak woodland , and north coastal scrub . Its land served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco . Oakland 's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region . In the late 1860s , Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland , enlarging the city 's population , increasing its housing stock , and improving its infrastructure . It continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port , shipyards , and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bellingham Roller Betties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bellingham_Roller_Betties', 'summary': "The Bellingham Roller Betties is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Bellingham , Washington . Founded in 2006 , Bellingham is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bellingham , WA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bellingham,_WA', 'summary': "Bellingham ( /ˈbɛlɪŋhæm/ BEL-ing-ham ) is the county seat and most populous city of Whatcom County in the U.S. state of Washington . Located 52 miles ( 84 km ) southeast of Vancouver , 90 miles ( 140 km ) north of Seattle , and 21 miles ( 34 km ) south of the U.S.-Canada border , Bellingham is in between two major metropolitan areas , Seattle and Vancouver , British Columbia . The city 's population was 80,885 at the 2010 United States Census . With a 2018 population estimate of 90,665 per the Washington State Office of Financial Management , Bellingham is the twelfth-most populous city in the state of Washington . The city of Bellingham was incorporated in 1903 through the consolidation of Fairhaven , Whatcom , Sehome and Bellingham : four historic towns that settled beside Bellingham Bay . The bay , where the present-day city and the former town of the same name derive their names from , was named Bellingham Bay by George Vancouver upon arriving to it in June 1792 . Its namesake , Sir William Bellingham , was the Controller of Storekeeper Accounts of the Royal Navy during the Vancouver Expedition . Today , Bellingham is the northernmost city with a population of more than 50,000 people in the contiguous United States . The city is a popular tourist destination known for its easy access to outdoor recreation in the San Juan Islands and North Cascades . Bellingham is undergoing redevelopment on more than 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of former industrial land in its Waterfront District with a hotel , conference center , condos , retirement living , retail and commercial development planned for the site ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castle Rock n Rollers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle_Rock_n_Rollers', 'summary': "Castle Rock ' n ' Rollers is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Castle Rock , Colorado . Founded in 2008 , as of 2017 the league consists of a single team which competes against teams from other leagues . Castle Rock is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) . The league played its first home bout in June 2009 , against the Naughty Pines Derby Dames . and took their first win against the same opposition , in September . The league was accepted into the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program in April 2010 , and became a full member of the WFTDA in June 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Castle Rock , CO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle_Rock,_CO', 'summary': "Castle Rock is an affluent home rule municipality that is the county seat of Douglas County , Colorado , United States . The most populous municipality of the county , the community 's population was 48,231 at the 2010 United States Census , with an estimated population of 64,827 as of 2018 . It is named for the prominent , castle tower-shaped butte near the center of town . Located midway between Denver and Colorado Springs , Castle Rock is part of the Denver metropolitan area and the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Coast Roller Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Roller_Derby', 'summary': "Central Coast Roller Derby is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Paso Robles , California . Founded in 2006 , Central Coast Roller Derby is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Paso Robles , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paso_Robles,_CA', 'summary': 'Paso Robles ( /ˌpæsə ˈroʊbʊlz/ PASS-oh ROH-buulz ; full name : El Paso de Robles The Pass of the Oaks ) is a city in San Luis Obispo County , California , United States . Located on the Salinas River north of San Luis Obispo , California , the city is known for its hot springs , its abundance of wineries , its production of olive oil , almond orchards , and for playing host to the California Mid-State Fair .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherry City Derby Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherry_City_Derby_Girls', 'summary': "Cherry City Roller Derby ( CCRD ) is a flat track roller derby league based in Salem , Oregon and a 501c Non-Profit Organization . Cherry City is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Salem , OR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salem,_OR', 'summary': "Salem /ˈseɪləm/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Oregon , and the county seat of Marion County . It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River , which runs north through the city . The river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties , and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County . Salem was founded in 1842 , became the capital of the Oregon Territory in 1851 , and was incorporated in 1857 . Salem had a population of 169,798 in 2017 , making it the second-largest city in the state after Portland . Salem is a little under an hour 's driving distance away from Portland . Salem is the principal city of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area , a metropolitan area that covers Marion and Polk counties and had a combined population of 390,738 at the 2010 census . A 2013 estimate placed the metropolitan population at 400,408 , the state 's second largest . This area is , in turn , part of the Portland-Vancouver-Salem Combined Statistical Area . The city is home to Willamette University , Corban University , and Chemeketa Community College . The State of Oregon is the largest public employer in the city , and Salem Health is the largest private employer . Transportation includes public transit from Cherriots ( legally known as Salem Area Mass Transit District ) , Amtrak service , and non-commercial air travel at McNary Field ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 December 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheyenne Capidolls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheyenne_Capidolls', 'summary': "Cheyenne Roller Derby is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Cheyenne , Wyoming . Founded in 2010 , the league consists of two travel teams , which compete against teams from other leagues . Cheyenne is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) . The Capidolls remained undefeated for more than a year . The league attracted attention by raising money for the local animal shelter , and undertaking voluntary work , such as planting flowers in the city 's downtown area . The league was accepted into the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program in January 2012 , and became a full member of the WFTDA in September 2012 - the first from Wyoming ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheyenne , WY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheyenne,_WY', 'summary': 'Cheyenne ( /ʃaɪˈæn/ shy-AN or /ʃaɪˈɛn/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Wyoming and the county seat of Laramie County . It is the principal city of the Cheyenne , Wyoming , Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Laramie County . The population was 59,466 at the 2010 census . Cheyenne is the northern terminus of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front , which extends southward to Albuquerque , New Mexico and includes the fast-growing Front Range Urban Corridor . Cheyenne is situated on Crow Creek and Dry Creek . The Cheyenne metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 91,738 , making it the 354th-most populous metropolitan area in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 September 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Choice City Rebels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Choice_City_Rebels', 'summary': "The Choice City Rebels was a roller derby league based in Fort Collins , Colorado . Founded in 2009 , the league last fielded a single team which competed against teams from other leagues . The league was founded in October 2009 by ten established skaters , who had previously played for FoCo Girls Gone Derby , and it held its first bout in December , against the Slaughterhouse Derby Girls . In 2011 , it reached the final of the roller derby tournament at the Greeley Stampede , where it again faced the Slaughterhouse team . Choice City was accepted into the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program in July 2010 , and became a full member of the WFTDA in March 2011 . At the end of 2012 Choice City refocused as a co-ed and banked track league ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Collins , CO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Collins,_CO', 'summary': "Fort Collins is a municipality in northern Colorado , which serves as the seat of Larimer County . Situated on the Cache La Poudre River along the Colorado Front Range , Fort Collins is located 56 mi ( 90 km ) north of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver . With a 2018 estimated population of 167,830 , it is the fourth most populous city in Colorado after Denver , Colorado Springs , and Aurora . Fort Collins is a midsize college city , home to Colorado State University and Front Range Community College 's Larimer campus ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 March 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver Roller Dolls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver_Roller_Dolls', 'summary': "Denver Roller Derby ( DRD ) is a flat-track roller derby league based in Denver , Colorado . The league was founded in December 2005 . Denver Roller Derby is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) , joining in December 2007 as Denver Roller Dolls . In January 2015 , the league changed its name to Denver Roller Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver , CO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver,_CO', 'summary': 'Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derby Revolution of Bakersfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derby_Revolution_of_Bakersfield', 'summary': "Derby Revolution of Bakersfield ( DRB ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Bakersfield , California . Founded in 2008 , DRB consists of a single travel team which competes against teams from other leagues , and is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bakersfield , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield,_CA', 'summary': "Bakersfield is a charter city in Kern County , California , United States . It is the county seat and largest city of Kern County . The city covers about 151 sq mi ( 390 km2 ) near the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley and the Central Valley region . Bakersfield 's population is around 380,000 , making it the 52nd-most populous city in the United States of America and the 9th-most populous city in California . The Bakersfield-Delano Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Kern County , had a 2010 census population of 839,631 , making it the 62nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States . The more built-up portion of the metro area that includes Bakersfield and areas immediately around the city , such as East Bakersfield , Oildale and Rosedale , has a population of about 520,000 . Bakersfield is a significant hub for both agriculture and energy production . Kern County is the most productive oil-producing county and the fourth-most productive agricultural county ( by value ) in the United States . Industries in and around Bakersfield include natural gas and other energy extraction , mining , petroleum refining , distribution , food processing , and corporate regional offices . The city is also the birthplace of the country music genre known as the Bakersfield sound ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dockyard Derby Dames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dockyard_Derby_Dames', 'summary': "The Dockyard Derby Dames ( DyDD ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Tacoma , Washington . Founded in 2005 , the league currently consists of three teams , and a mixed team which competes against teams from other leagues , and is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tacoma , WA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tacoma,_WA', 'summary': "Tacoma ( /təˈkoʊmə/ tə-KOH-mə ) is a mid-sized urban port city and the county seat of Pierce County , Washington , United States . The city is on Washington 's Puget Sound , 32 miles ( 51 km ) southwest of Seattle ( of which it is the largest satellite city ) , 31 miles ( 50 km ) northeast of the state capital , Olympia , and 58 miles ( 93 km ) northwest of Mount Rainier National Park . The population was 198,397 , according to the 2010 census . Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third-largest in the state . Tacoma also serves as the center of business activity for the South Sound region , which has a population of around 1 million . Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier , originally called Takhoma or Tahoma . It is locally known as the City of Destiny because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century . The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacoma 's neighboring deep-water harbor , Commencement Bay . By connecting the bay with the railroad , Tacoma 's motto became When rails meet sails . Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma , a center of international trade on the Pacific Coast and Washington 's largest port . Like most industrial cities , Tacoma suffered a prolonged decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization and divestment . Since the 1990s , downtown Tacoma has undergone a slow and steady revitalization ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emerald City Roller Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerald_City_Roller_Girls', 'summary': 'The Emerald City Roller Girls ( ECRG ) is a roller derby league based in Eugene , Oregon . Founded in 2007 , the league currently consists of three teams , and a mixed team which competes against teams from other leagues . Emerald City was founded in January 2007 by a group of women who had met through a knitting circle , and a posting on Craigslist . By January 2010 , the league had around 80 skaters . The Junior Gems junior roller derby league is an offshoot of Emerald City .'}]}, {'value': 'Eugene , OR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene,_OR', 'summary': "Eugene ( /juːˈdʒiːn/ yoo-JEEN ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon , in the Pacific Northwest . It is at the southern end of the verdant Willamette Valley , near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of the Oregon Coast . As of the 2010 census , Eugene had a population of 156,185 ; it is the county seat of Lane County and the state 's third most populous city after Portland and Salem , though recent state estimates suggest its population may have surpassed Salem 's . The Eugene-Springfield , Oregon metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) is the 146th largest metropolitan statistical area in the US and the third-largest in the state , behind the Portland Metropolitan Area and the Salem Metropolitan Area . The city 's population for 2018 was estimated to be 171,245 by the US Census . Eugene is home to the University of Oregon , Northwest Christian University , and Lane Community College . The city is also noted for its natural environment , recreational opportunities ( especially bicycling , running/jogging , rafting , and kayaking ) , and focus on the arts . Eugene 's official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors . It is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town , USA . The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene . In 2021 , the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabulous_Sin_City_Rollergirls', 'summary': "Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls or Sin City Rollergirls ( SCRG ) , is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Las Vegas , Nevada . Founded in 2004 , Sin City is a founding member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Vegas , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada', 'summary': "Las Vegas ( Spanish for The Meadows ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city , known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino-hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction was earned by Chicago in the 19th century ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2% . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had 648,224 residents in 2018 , with a metropolitan population of 2,227,053 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairbanks Rollergirls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairbanks_Rollergirls', 'summary': "Fairbanks Rollergirls ( FBXRG ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league , located in Fairbanks , Alaska . Founded in 2008 , FBXRG is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairbanks , Alaska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Fairbanks is a home rule city and the borough seat of the Fairbanks North Star Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska . Fairbanks is the largest city in the Interior region of Alaska . 2018 estimates put the population of the city proper at 31,516 , and the population of the Fairbanks North Star Borough at 97,121 , making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Alaska ( after Anchorage ) . The Metropolitan Statistical Area encompasses all of the Fairbanks North Star Borough and is the northernmost Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States , located 196 driving miles ( or 140 air miles ) south of the Arctic Circle . Fairbanks is home to the University of Alaska Fairbanks , the founding campus of the University of Alaska system .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FoCo Girls Gone Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FoCo_Girls_Gone_Derby', 'summary': "FoCo Roller Derby , formerly FoCo Girls Gone Derby , is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Fort Collins , Colorado . Founded in 2006 , the league currently consists of two teams , and two mixed teams which compete against teams from other leagues . FoCo is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Collins , CO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Collins,_CO', 'summary': "Fort Collins is a municipality in northern Colorado , which serves as the seat of Larimer County . Situated on the Cache La Poudre River along the Colorado Front Range , Fort Collins is located 56 mi ( 90 km ) north of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver . With a 2018 estimated population of 167,830 , it is the fourth most populous city in Colorado after Denver , Colorado Springs , and Aurora . Fort Collins is a midsize college city , home to Colorado State University and Front Range Community College 's Larimer campus ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 January 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humboldt Roller Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humboldt_Roller_Derby', 'summary': "Humboldt Roller Derby is a roller derby league based in Eureka , California . Founded in 2007 , the league currently consists of two teams which compete against teams from other leagues . Humboldt Roller Derby was founded in February 2007 by Jennifer McMahon , skating under the name Jenneral Ms. Chief . Reaching out to others with community sports experience , such as John Fesler and Jerry Nutter of the Humboldt Crabs baseball organization , helped HRD to become successful . In 2009 HRD formed a community ran board of directors and in 2010 McMahon officially donated Humboldt Roller Derby to the community of Humboldt . Jennifer McMahon also reached out to established roller derby skater Bonnie D.Stroir , who had posted a craigslist ad in the Humboldt Region seeking someone to help her establish a league for her expected move . McMahon responded to Beck and soon McMahon would travel to meet Beck and learn the details of starting a league . Humboldt played its first bout in May 2008 . It gradually strengthened , and by mid-2010 was able to finish fourth in a tournament hosted by Central Coast Roller Derby . In April 2010 , it was accepted into the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program , and it became a full member of the WFTDA in January 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eureka , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_CA', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 January 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jet City Rollergirls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jet_City_Rollergirls', 'summary': "Jet City Roller Derby ( JCRD ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Everett , Washington . Founded in 2006 , Jet City is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Everett , WA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everett,_WA', 'summary': "Everett is the county seat of and the largest city in Snohomish County , Washington , United States . It is located 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Seattle and is one of the main cities in the metropolitan area and Puget Sound region . Everett is the seventh-largest city in Washington state and had a total population of 103,019 at the 2010 census . The city is located at the mouth of the Snohomish River along Port Gardner Bay , an inlet of Possession Sound ( itself part of Puget Sound ) . American settlement on the Everett peninsula began in the 1860s , with several sawmills built to serve the area 's growing timber industry . Everett was platted by a group of investors seeking to build an industrial city and named for the son of co-founder Charles L. Colby . The city was incorporated in 1893 , shortly after the arrival of the Great Northern Railway , and prospered as a major industrial center . Everett 's economy transitioned away from lumber and towards aviation after World War II , with the construction of Boeing 's aircraft assembly plant at Paine Field in 1967 . Boeing remains the city 's largest employer , alongside the U.S. Navy , which has operated Naval Station Everett since 1992 . Everett received an All-America City Award in 2002 . Everett remains a major employment center for Snohomish County , but has also become a bedroom community for Seattle in recent decades . It is connected to Seattle by Interstate 5 and various public transit services at Everett Station , including the Sounder commuter train , Amtrak , and commuter buses ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction City Rollergirls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junction_City_Rollergirls', 'summary': "Junction City Roller Dolls ( JCRD ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Ogden , Utah . Founded in 2008 , the league consists of a WFTDA ranked travel team ( Trainwrecks ) and a team consisting of new skaters and other experienced skaters unable to travel often . Junction City is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ogden , UT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ogden,_UT', 'summary': "Ogden /ˈɒɡdən/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County , Utah , United States , approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Salt Lake City . The population was 87,325 in 2018 , according to the US Census Bureau , making it Utah 's 7th largest city . The city served as a major railway hub through much of its history , and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce . Ogden is also known for its many historic buildings , proximity to the Wasatch Mountains , and as the location of Weber State University . Ogden is a principal city of the Ogden-Clearfield , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , which includes all of Weber , Morgan , Davis , and Box Elder counties . The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159 . In 2010 , Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family . Ogden has had a sister city relationship to Hof ( Germany ) since 1954 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 March 2011', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Member leagues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'West_Region_(WFTDA)_0', 'intro': "The Women's Flat Track Derby Association's (WFTDA) West Region was formed in 2006. In 2009, teams from the eastern part of the region were moved into the North Central and South Central Regions. For 2011, the region was reduced in size, with teams in New Mexico moving to the South Central Region."} | null | null | What is the name of the league the was admitted in 2006 and operates as a skater-owned non-profit ? | B.ay A.rea D.erby Girls |
0557282454f98ae0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_transmitting_station', 'title': 'Oxford transmitting station', 'header': ['Frequency', 'UHF', 'kW', 'Service', 'System'], 'data': [{'value': '538.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arqiva', 'summary': 'Arqiva /ɑːrˈkiːvə/ is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure and broadcast transmission facilities in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , along with commercial WiFi and smart meter facilities for Scotland and the north of England . The company headquarters is located at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire , just outside Winchester . Its main customers are broadcasters and mobile phone network operators , and its main asset is a network of over 1,000 radio and television transmission sites . It is owned by a consortium of investors led by CPP ( Canada Pension Plan ) and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank . Arqiva is a patron of The Radio Academy . Through its NOW Digital subsidiary , it operates various local digital radio ensembles .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '578.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC ( Mux 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '679.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Six TV ( The Oxford Channel until 2003 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_TV', 'summary': 'Six TV was the sixth free to air terrestrial television channel in the United Kingdom , broadcast in Oxford and Southampton . It was the final analogue network to have been launched after BBC One , BBC Two , ITV , Channel 4 and Channel 5 . It operated under a set of Restricted Television Service Licences , broadcasting on UHF channel 47 in Oxford and channel 29 in Southampton . It was owned by Oxford Broadcasting , who launched the channel in 1999 ; Oxford Broadcasting was sold to Milestone Group in 2001 , who closed all operations by April 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PAL', 'summary': 'Phase Alternating Line ( PAL ) is a colour encoding system for analogue television used in broadcast television systems in most countries broadcasting at 625-line / 50 field ( 25 frame ) per second ( 576i ) . It was one of three major analogue colour television standards , the others being NTSC and SECAM . Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in the process of conversion , or have already converted standards to DVB , ISDB or DTMB . This page primarily discusses the PAL colour encoding system . The articles on broadcast television systems and analogue television further describe frame rates , image resolution and audio modulation .'}]}, {'value': '690.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux C )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '695.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Channel 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)', 'summary': "Channel 5 is a British free-to-air television channel . It was launched in 1997 , and was the fifth national terrestrial analogue channel in the United Kingdom . The station was branded as Five between 2002 and 2011 , when it was owned by the RTL Group . Richard Desmond purchased the station from RTL on 23 July 2010 , announcing plans to invest more money in programming and return to the name Channel 5 with immediate effect , and it was relaunched on 14 February 2011 . On 1 May 2014 the channel was acquired by Viacom ( now ViacomCBS ) for £450 million ( US $ 759 million ) . Channel 5 is a general entertainment channel that shows both internally commissioned programmes such as Fifth Gear , Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother , The Gadget Show , The Hotel Inspector , Ca n't Pay ? We 'll Take It Away ! and Gibraltar : Britain in the Sun and foreign programmes . The station has been very successful with imports from the United States in particular , including the CSI franchise , the NCIS franchise , the first three series in the Law & Order franchise , Power Rangers , The Mentalist , Body of Proof , Once Upon A Time , Dallas and Under the Dome ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PAL', 'summary': 'Phase Alternating Line ( PAL ) is a colour encoding system for analogue television used in broadcast television systems in most countries broadcasting at 625-line / 50 field ( 25 frame ) per second ( 576i ) . It was one of three major analogue colour television standards , the others being NTSC and SECAM . Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in the process of conversion , or have already converted standards to DVB , ISDB or DTMB . This page primarily discusses the PAL colour encoding system . The articles on broadcast television systems and analogue television further describe frame rates , image resolution and audio modulation .'}]}, {'value': '713.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '51-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDN ( Mux A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks', 'summary': 'S4C Digital Networks ( SDN ) is a company that operates one of the six multiplexes of channels on digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom . It is now wholly owned by ITV plc .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '721.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '52-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC ( Mux B )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '727.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Channel 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Channel_4', 'summary': 'Channel 4 is a British public-service free-to-air television network headquartered in Leeds , United Kingdom . The channel was established to provide a fourth television service to the United Kingdom in addition to the licence-funded BBC One and BBC Two , and the single commercial broadcasting network ITV . It began transmission on 2 November 1982 . Although largely commercially self-funded , it is ultimately publicly owned ; originally a subsidiary of the Independent Broadcasting Authority ( IBA ) , the station is now owned and operated by Channel Four Television Corporation , a public corporation of the Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport , which was established in 1990 and came into operation in 1993 . In 2010 , Channel 4 extended service into Wales and became a UK-wide television channel .'}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '759.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_One', 'summary': "BBC One ( or BBC1 and BBC 1 ) is the first and flagship television channel of the BBC in the United Kingdom , Isle of Man and Channel Islands . It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service , and was the world 's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution . It was renamed BBC TV in 1960 , using this name until the launch of the second BBC channel BBC2 in 1964 , whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1 , with the current spelling adopted in 1997 . The channel 's annual budget for 2012-13 was £1.14 billion . The channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBC 's other domestic television stations , and shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising . It is currently the most watched television channel in the United Kingdom , ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership , ITV . As of June 2013 [ update ] , the channel is headed by Charlotte Moore , the BBC 's Director of Content ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '783.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ITV1 ( Central until 2002 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ITV1', 'summary': "ITV is a British free-to-air television channel . Previously a network of separate uniquely identifiable regional television channels , ITV currently operates in England , Wales , Scotland , the Isle of Man , and the Channel Islands . From 2001 until 2013 , the primary ITV channel was called ITV1 . In 2004 , Granada Television acquired Carlton Communications to form ITV plc . ITV is the biggest and most popular commercial television channel in the United Kingdom . ITV , and its predecessor channels have contended with BBC One for the status of the UK 's most watched television channel since the 1950s . However , in line with other terrestrial channels , ITV 's audience share has fallen as a result of availability of multi-channel television in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '807.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC Two', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Two', 'summary': "BBC Two is the second flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) in the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . It covers a wide range of subject matter , but tends to broadcast more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream and popular BBC One . Like the BBC 's other domestic TV and radio channels , it is funded by the television licence , and is therefore free of commercial advertising . It is a comparatively well-funded public-service network , regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public-service networks worldwide . Originally styled BBC2 , it was the third British television station to be launched ( starting on 20 April 1964 ) , and from 1 July 1967 , Europe 's first television channel to broadcast regularly in colour . It was envisaged as a home for less mainstream and more ambitious programming , and while this tendency has continued to date , most special-interest programmes of a kind previously broadcast on BBC Two , for example the BBC Proms , now tend to appear on BBC Four instead ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '850.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital 3 & 4 ( Mux 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_3&4', 'summary': 'Digital 3 & 4 is a consortium consisting of ITV plc , STV Group plc and the Channel Four Television Corporation , which operates a multiplex broadcasting from a number of transmitter sites in the United Kingdom , carrying television and radio channels , together with interactive services , from both ITV and Channel 4 . Unlike other multiplexes , the regional ITV broadcaster has control over which services are to be broadcast on their allotted amount of the capacity , leading to small regional differences across the country .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Historical Analogue and Digital television transmissions listed by frequency -- Analogue and digital television 1998 – 2011', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Oxford_transmitting_station_11', 'intro': 'The Oxford transmitting station (sometimes known as the Beckley transmitter) is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility, situated on land 129.5 metres (425 ft) above Ordnance Datum (mean sea level) to the north east of the city of Oxford, in Oxfordshire, England (grid reference SP567105). It has a guyed steel lattice mast which is 154.4 metres (507 ft) in height to the top of the main steel structure. The UHF television antenna, which consist of a vertical array of transmitting panels, is mounted above the steel structure. The total height of the mast to the top of this UHF antenna is 165.7 metres (544 ft). It is owned and operated by Arqiva.'} | null | null | What does the abbreviation for the system used by the U.K. 's fifth national terrestrial analogue channel stand for ? | Phase Alternating Line |
05578e4795b3039e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Torneo_Apertura_(Chile)', 'title': '2011 Torneo Apertura (Chile)', 'header': ['Team', 'Home city', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Audax Italiano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audax_Italiano', 'summary': 'Audax Club Sportivo Italiano ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈauðaks itaˈljano ] ) is a Chilean football club based in La Florida . Founded in 1910 , it plays in the Campeonato Nacional and has spent most of its history in the top tier of Chilean football . Audax has been national champions four times , joint sixth alongside Magallanes . The club also achieved two Copa Chile runners-up in 1981 and 1988 . The club had their first major success in 1936 , when they won the league tournament . During the 1940s , Audax won two leagues in 1946 and 1948 , reaching a fourth in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago,_Chile', 'summary': "Santiago ( /ˌsɒntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ /ˌsæntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ sanˈtjaɣo ] , derived from Saint-James ) , also known as Santiago de Chile , is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas . It is the center of Chile 's largest and most densely populated conurbation , the Santiago Metropolitan Region , whose total population is 7 million . The city is entirely located in the country 's central valley . Most of the city lies between 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) and 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) above mean sea level . Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , Santiago has been the capital city of Chile since colonial times . The city has a downtown core of 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets , dotted by art deco , neo-gothic , and other styles . Santiago 's cityscape is shaped by several stand-alone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River , lined by parks such as Parque Forestal . The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city . These mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem , particularly during winter . The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within an hour of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santiago is the cultural , political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations . The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago , but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': 'Bicentenario de La Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Bicentenario_de_La_Florida', 'summary': "Estadio Bicentenario Municipal de La Florida is a multi-purpose stadium , located in La Florida , in eastern Santiago , Chile . It is the home stadium of Chilean football team Audax Italiano . The stadium was built in 1986 and rebuilt in 2008 . The stadium also hosts a variety of events such as summer theatre festivals and music concerts , such as the KISS concert in early 2009 . Faith No More performed at the stadium on October 30 , 2009 as part of their The Second Coming Tour . The stadium has also been used for concerts by System of a Down , Primus , Rage Against the Machine , The Mars Volta , The Black Eyed Peas , Green Day , Rammstein among others , and also hosted the concert of Faith No More 's The Second Coming Tour after over 30,000 people signed an online petition for the band to close the tour in Chile . In 2007 , La Florida was selected as a venue for the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup . In order to comply with FIFA standards , the old stadium was torn down and a completely new venue was built . The capacity of the latter was increased from 7,000 to 12,000 people . The new stadium was inaugurated on November 12 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cobreloa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cobreloa', 'summary': "Club de Deportes Cobreloa S.A.D.P . ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ ðe ðe.ˈpoɾ.tes ko.βɾe.ˈlo.a ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Cobreloa , is a Chilean football professional club based in Calama , Región de Antofagasta , Chile . That competes in the Primera B de Chile , the second tier flight of Chilean Football . The club 's home ground is the Estadio Zorros del Desierto . Founded on January 7 , 1977 , by the initiative of various local groups and the Chilean state-owned enterprise , CODELCO . This club was created starting from the Legal Personality of the local club , Deportes El Loa . On March 30 , 2006 , the club changed to a Limited sports company with the unanimous approval of 56 of its socios ( members ) . According to the 2018 year public report , the capital of the club is $ 4.534 billion CLP ( 6.697.624,8 $ USD ) spread on 1.000.000 shares of stock without nominal value , mostly owned by the socios ( members of club ) with 999,999 of them and the chairman of the club with 1 share . In 2018 the first team budget was $ 100 millon CLP . The club 's professional debut in Segunda división professional de Chile was in 1977 , achieving the promotion to Primera División in the same year . The club has won the Primera División title in 8 times , and the 1986 Copa Polla Lan Chile . Some of its rivalries are with Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo team in the Clásico Albo-Loíno , Club de Deportes Cobresal who dispute the Clasico del Cobre and Deportes Antofagasta in the Clasico de la región de Antofagasta ."}]}, {'value': 'Calama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calama,_Chile', 'summary': "Calama is a city and commune in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile . It is the capital of El Loa Province , part of the Antofagasta Region . Calama is one of the driest cities in the world with average annual precipitation of just 5 mm ( 0.20 in ) [ citation needed ] . The River Loa , Chile 's longest , flows through the city . Calama has a population of 147,886 ( 2012 census ) . The commune also encompasses the Quechuas communities of Estación San Pedro , Toconce and Cupo ; and the Lickan-antay communities of Taira , Conchi Viejo , Lasana , San Francisco de Chiu Chiu , Aiquina-Turi , and Caspana . In 2003 the nearby town of Chuquicamata , once the largest open-pit copper mine in the world , was dismantled citing environmental reasons and encroachment from the mine 's expansion . Residents of Chuquicamata then moved to Calama , away from company-owned residences , to find housing on their own ."}]}, {'value': 'Municipal de Calama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_de_Calama', 'summary': 'Estadio Municipal de Calama was a multi-use stadium in Calama , Chile . It is currently used mostly for football matches and it was the home stadium of Cobreloa until 2012 . The stadium held 13,000 people ( seating capacity ) , it was built in 1952 and was demolished in 2013 , to be replaced for the new Estadio Zorros del Desierto .'}]}, {'value': '13,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cobresal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cobresal', 'summary': "Club de Deportes Cobresal or simply Cobresal , is a Chilean football club based in El Salvador , Atacama , a Chilean mining camp , and participates in Campeonato Nacional . The team was founded on 5 May 1979 , and the name of the club comes from the local copper mine establishment . Since its inception , the club has played its home games at the El Cobre Stadium , which has a capacity of approximately 12,000 , which is more than the entire population of the village ( 7,000 persons ) . During the history of Cobresal , the club has been champion once ( 2015 Clausura ) and achieved one Copa Chile title in 1987 , with players like the Chilean legend Iván Zamorano , Rubén Martínez and the club 's historic top-scorer Sergio Salgado , footballers that also played in the 1986 Copa Libertadores , until this moment the unique international tournament of the club . Cobresal 's classic rival was Regional Atacama , where both teams disputed the III Region derby , but since the disappearance of that team as a result of financial problems , the team now plays the Copper derby with Cobreloa of Calama ."}]}, {'value': 'El Salvador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Salvador,_Chile', 'summary': 'El Salvador is a mining town in the commune of Diego de Almagro , Chañaral Province , Atacama Region , Chile . Located at an elevation of more than 2,400 meters in the foothills of the Andes and in the middle of the Atacama Desert , it has a population of approximately 7,000 inhabitants . At its peak , El Salvador once had a population of 24,000 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio El Cobre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_El_Cobre', 'summary': 'Estadio El Cobre is a multi-use stadium in El Salvador , Chile . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Cobresal . The stadium holds 12,000 people , which is more than the population of the town it is in , and was built in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colo-Colo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colo-Colo', 'summary': "Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˌkolo ˈkolo ] ) is a Chilean football club based in Macul , Santiago . Founded in 1925 by David Arellano and Guido Torres Henríquez , they play in the Chilean Primera División , from which they have never been relegated . The team has played its home games at Estadio Monumental David Arellano since 1989 . Colo-Colo is regarded as the most successful club of Chilean football . Colo-Colo has won more Primera División de Chile ( 32 ) than any other Chilean club and a record eleven Copa Chile titles . It was the first Chilean team to win a continental tournament conquering the 1991 Copa Libertadores after beating Club Olimpia 3-0 on 5 June with Mirko Jozić as manager . Next year , the club went on to win two international titles that were 1992 Recopa Sudamericana and 1992 Copa Interamericana , completing the club 's three international honours . The club 's most successful player is Luis Mena with eleven titles , the historic top scorer is Francisco Valdés with 208 goals , and the player with most appearances is the former goalkeeper Misael Escuti with 417 games . Colo-Colo is the team with most supporters in Chile , and holds a long-standing rivalry with Universidad de Chile . The club also holds a traditional rivalry in matches against Cobreloa and Universidad Católica . The IFFHS ranked the team in 14th place in 2007 . In 2009 , that same institution named the team as the 20th century 's top club of its country , and also within the top twenty clubs in South American football history ."}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago,_Chile', 'summary': "Santiago ( /ˌsɒntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ /ˌsæntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ sanˈtjaɣo ] , derived from Saint-James ) , also known as Santiago de Chile , is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas . It is the center of Chile 's largest and most densely populated conurbation , the Santiago Metropolitan Region , whose total population is 7 million . The city is entirely located in the country 's central valley . Most of the city lies between 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) and 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) above mean sea level . Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , Santiago has been the capital city of Chile since colonial times . The city has a downtown core of 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets , dotted by art deco , neo-gothic , and other styles . Santiago 's cityscape is shaped by several stand-alone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River , lined by parks such as Parque Forestal . The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city . These mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem , particularly during winter . The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within an hour of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santiago is the cultural , political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations . The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago , but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Monumental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_David_Arellano', 'summary': 'The Estadio Monumental is a soccer Stadium in Macul , south-east of the centre of the Chilean capital Santiago . It serves as the home ground of Colo-Colo , and on occasions also for other clubs and the national football team . The stadium has a current spectator capacity of 47,347 . The actual playing field is named after David Arellano , the founder of Colo-Colo , therefore , on occasions the whole stadium is referred to as Estadio Monumental David Arellano . The stadium was first opened in 1975 with a double-header in front of 25,599 people . In the first match Santiago Morning and Santiago Wanderers drew 1-1 and in the main event Colo-Colo defeated Deportes Aviación 1-0 , Carlos Orellana being the scorer . However , the stadium proved unsuitable for ongoing use , and therefore only five more matches took place there for the time being . Completed in its current form in 1989 , it was reopened in September of that year with a match between Colo-Colo and CA Peñarol from Uruguay , which the hosts won 2-1 , thanks to goals by Marcelo Barticciotto and Leonel Herrera . The official capacity of the stadium then was between 62,500 and 65,000 spectators . The highest ever recorded attendance when 69,305 spectators saw a league match between Colo-Colo and Club Universidad de Chile in 1992 . In the 2016-17 season , Colo-Colo drew an average home league attendance of 21,509 for the Apertura and 23,229 for the Clausura . The stadium was in 1991 home to the second Copa Libertadores final , won by Colo-Colo 3-0 , making it the sole Chilean club to win the trophy .'}]}, {'value': '47,017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huachipato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CD_Huachipato', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Huachipato is a Chilean football club based in Talcahuano that is a current member of the Chilean Primera División . The club was founded June 7 , 1947 and plays its home games at the Estadio CAP , which has a capacity of 10,500 people ( all-seated ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Talcahuano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talcahuano', 'summary': 'Talcahuano ( Spanish pronunciation : [ talkaˈwano ] ) is a port city and commune in the Biobío Region of Chile . It is part of the Greater Concepción conurbation . Talcahuano is located in the south of the Central Zone of Chile .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio CAP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_CAP', 'summary': 'Estadio Huachipato-CAP Acero ( Compañía de Acero del Pacífico ) , is a football stadium in Talcahuano , Chile . It is the home field of the Huachipato football team . Until 2012 , Naval also played its home matches there until 2012 . Opened in 2009 , it replaced the old Estadio Las Higueras , which was demolished in 2008 . The stadium capacity is 10,500 people ( all-seated ) .'}]}, {'value': '10,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportes Iquique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportes_Iquique', 'summary': "Club de Deportes Iquique S.A.D.P . is a Chilean football club based in Iquique that is a current member of the Campeonato Nacional . Founded in 1978 , the club 's home stadium is the Estadio Tierra de Campeones , which has a 13,171 capacity . Iquique has spent 19 seasons in the Primera División , its longest spell lasting ten years ( 1980-90 ) . The team has spent 13 seasons in Primera B and four in the third-tier Tercera División . Among its titles , Iquique has won three Copa Chile titles ( 1980 , 2010 and 2013-14 ) . They have a local rivalry with San Marcos de Arica , disputing the derby since early 1980s ."}]}, {'value': 'Iquique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iquique', 'summary': "Iquique ( Spanish pronunciation : [ iˈkike ] ) is a port city and commune in northern Chile , capital of both the Iquique Province and Tarapacá Region . It lies on the Pacific coast , west of the Pampa del Tamarugal , which is part of the Atacama Desert . It had a population of 191,468 according to the 2017 census . It is also the main commune of Greater Iquique . The city developed during the heyday of the saltpetre mining in the Atacama Desert in the 19th century . Once a Peruvian city with a large Chilean population , it was conquered by Chile in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-1883 ) . Today it is one of only two free ports of Chile , the other one being Punta Arenas , in the country 's far south ."}]}, {'value': 'Tierra de Campeones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Tierra_de_Campeones', 'summary': 'Estadio Tierra de Campeones is an athletics and football stadium in Iquique , Tarapaca Region , Chile . It is the home stadium of Deportes Iquique . The stadium which was built in 1993 , was demolished in 2016 , and re-opened in 2020 . In 1997 the stadium was one of the venues for the 1997 South American U-20 Championship . In April and May 2009 it hosted 2009 South American Under-17 Football Championship as the main and only venue .'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportes La Serena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportes_La_Serena', 'summary': 'Club de Deportes La Serena S.A.D.P. , is a Chilean football club based in the city of La Serena , Coquimbo Region . The club was founded 9 December 1955 and plays in the second division of the Chilean football league . Their home games are played at the La Portada stadium , which has a capacity of 17,194 seats . Their biggest rival is Coquimbo Unido . They are nicknamed Los Papayeros , because of the papayas that are grown near La Serena in the Elqui Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'La Serena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Serena,_Chile', 'summary': "La Serena ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la seˈɾena ] ) is a city and commune in northern Chile , capital of the Coquimbo Region . Founded in 1544 , it is the country 's second oldest city after the national capital , Santiago . As of 2012 , it had a communal population of roughly 200,000 , and was one of the fastest-growing areas of Chile . The city is an important tourist destination , especially during the summer , where people go to visit the beaches . It is in the headquarters of the University of La Serena and also is home to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of La Serena , one of five Catholic Archdioceses of the Catholic Church in Chile ."}]}, {'value': 'La Portada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_La_Portada', 'summary': 'Estadio La Portada ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la poɾˈtaða ] ) is a multi-use stadium in La Serena , Chile . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Deportes La Serena . The stadium holds 18,243 people , was built in 1952 , and completely renovated in 2015 , in time for the 2015 Copa America .'}]}, {'value': '14,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ñublense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ñublense', 'summary': "Deportivo Ñublense S.D.A.P ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ɲuˈβlense ] ) is a professional football team based in Chillán , Ñuble Province , Chile . The club was formed in 1916 under the name of Liceo Fútbol Club . They compete in Chile 's Primera B league ."}]}, {'value': 'Chillán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chillán', 'summary': "Chillán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tʃiˈʎan ] or [ tʃiˈʝan ] ) It is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about 400 km ( 249 mi ) south of the country 's capital , Santiago , near the geographical center of the country . It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015 . Within the city are a railway station , an inter-city bus terminal , an agricultural extension of the University of Concepción , and a regimental military base . The city includes a modern-style enclosed shopping mall in addition to the multi-block open-air street market where fruits , vegetables , crafts and clothing are sold . The nearby mountains are a popular skiing destination ."}]}, {'value': 'Municipal Nelson Oyarzún Arenas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nelson_Oyarzún', 'summary': "Estadio Municipal de Chillán Nelson Oyarzún Arenas is a stadium located in Chillán , Chile and owned by the Chillán municipality . It is home to Ñublense football club . It is named after Nelson Oyarzún Arenas , a Ñublense coach . It was inaugurated in 1961 and has a capacity of 12,000 . In 2007 the stadium was selected as a venue for the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , and to comply with FIFA standards , it was completely demolished and rebuilt ( even the direction the pitch is facing was altered ) , its capacity was decreased from 17,500 to 12,000 ; and a roof covering all seats was built . The stadium was re-inaugurated on November 2 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'Higgins", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'Higgins_F.C.", 'summary': "O'Higgins Fútbol Club ( Spanish : [ oˈxiɣins ˈfutβol ˈkluβ ] ) also known as O'Higgins de Rancagua , is a Chilean football club based in Rancagua , that is a current member of the Campeonato Nacional . The club 's home stadium is the Estadio El Teniente , opened in 1945 and renovated for the 2015 Copa América , which was hosted by Chile . Founded in 1955 , the club was named in honour of the country 's founding father and supreme director Bernardo O'Higgins , after the merger of the clubs O'Higgins Braden and América de Rancagua . O'Higgins has won two Primera B titles , and in 2013 they won their first top-flight championship against Universidad Católica , coached by Eduardo Berizzo ; they later won the 2014 Supercopa de Chile on penalty kicks against Deportes Iquique . The team has competed four times in the Copa Libertadores , once in the Copa Sudamericana in 2012 , and once in the Copa Conmebol in 1992 . The club emblem is a phoenix standing upon the club 's colours . The club has a long-standing rivalry with regional neighbours Rangers de Talca and Curicó Unido , as well as with clubs from Santiago ."}]}, {'value': 'Rancagua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rancagua', 'summary': "Rancagua ( Spanish pronunciation : [ raŋˈkaɣwa ] ) is a city and commune in central Chile and part of the Rancagua conurbation . It is the capital of the Cachapoal Province and of the O'Higgins Region , located 87 km ( 54 mi ) south of the national capital of Santiago . Its first name was Santa Cruz de Triana . In 2012 , its population was 232,211 . The main economic activities range from mining , tourism , agriculture , timber , food production and services to minor industrial activities . The city also serves as the administrative and legal center of the region . Next to Machalí and Gultro forms the Rancagua conurbation ; and next to Curicó , Talca and Concepción , is one of the most important and populated cities of the south central zone of Chile ."}]}, {'value': 'El Teniente de Rancagua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_El_Teniente', 'summary': "Estadio El Teniente , also known as Estadio El Teniente-Codelco for sponsorship reasons , is a multi-purpose stadium in Rancagua , Chile . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium actually holds approximately 13,000 people and was built in 1945 with the name Braden Copper Company Stadium ( Estadio Braden Copper Co. ) . The stadium is the home stadium for O'Higgins , the team of the city of Rancagua . The stadium hosted seven matches of 1962 FIFA World Cup , where played matches of the group stage and quarter-finals . In 2013 , the stadium was renovated for hosting the 2015 Copa América , to be played in Chile . Two matches of the group stage will be played in this stadium ."}]}, {'value': '14,450', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palestino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palestino', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Palestino is a professional football club based in the city of Santiago , Chile . The club was founded in 1920 and plays in the Primera División de Chile . They play their home games at the Estadio Municipal de La Cisterna stadium , which has a capacity of approximately 8,000 seats .'}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago,_Chile', 'summary': "Santiago ( /ˌsɒntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ /ˌsæntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ sanˈtjaɣo ] , derived from Saint-James ) , also known as Santiago de Chile , is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas . It is the center of Chile 's largest and most densely populated conurbation , the Santiago Metropolitan Region , whose total population is 7 million . The city is entirely located in the country 's central valley . Most of the city lies between 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) and 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) above mean sea level . Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , Santiago has been the capital city of Chile since colonial times . The city has a downtown core of 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets , dotted by art deco , neo-gothic , and other styles . Santiago 's cityscape is shaped by several stand-alone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River , lined by parks such as Parque Forestal . The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city . These mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem , particularly during winter . The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within an hour of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santiago is the cultural , political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations . The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago , but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': 'La Cisterna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_de_La_Cisterna', 'summary': 'Estadio Municipal de La Cisterna is a multi-use stadium in Santiago , Chile . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches for Palestino . The stadium currently holds 8,000 people and was built in 1988 . The highest attendance at the Municipal de La Cisterna was 11,680 for a 0-0 Primera Division league match between Palestino and Universidad de Chile on October 16 , 1988'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago Morning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_Morning', 'summary': "Club de Deportes Santiago Morning ( popularly known as Chaguito Morning or Morning ) is a Chilean professional football club based in Recoleta , Santiago . They compete in the Primera B. Santiago Morning was one of Primera División de Chile founding members in 1933 , being champion for first ever time in 1942 . The club was founded in 1903 when Santiago established its own association of football thanks to the management of Santiago College 's students on 19 October , under the name of Santiago Football Club . Three days later , the club played his first game against the teacher 's team . Years later , the club was one of Primera División de Chile founder teams in 1933 , being the first team on play a Chilean top-tier professional match against Audax Italiano . In 1936 , the club was renamed with current name of Santiago Morning , after the merger between Santiago Football Club and Morning Star . During the 1930s , the club was one of the most popular teams in Chile . Santiago Morning 's traditional rival is Magallanes , disputing the 'Metropolitan Derby ' . The major shareholder of the club is the former footballer Miguel Nasur , since Demetrio Marinakis left the club in 2005 . Among other facts , the team play his home games at Estadio Municipal de La Pintana and is part of CONMEBOL 's 'Club de los 100 ' ( Centerary 's Club ) alongside other Chilean clubs like Audax Italiano , Everton , Unión Española , Fernández Vial , Magallanes and Santiago Wanderers ."}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago,_Chile', 'summary': "Santiago ( /ˌsɒntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ /ˌsæntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ sanˈtjaɣo ] , derived from Saint-James ) , also known as Santiago de Chile , is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas . It is the center of Chile 's largest and most densely populated conurbation , the Santiago Metropolitan Region , whose total population is 7 million . The city is entirely located in the country 's central valley . Most of the city lies between 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) and 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) above mean sea level . Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , Santiago has been the capital city of Chile since colonial times . The city has a downtown core of 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets , dotted by art deco , neo-gothic , and other styles . Santiago 's cityscape is shaped by several stand-alone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River , lined by parks such as Parque Forestal . The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city . These mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem , particularly during winter . The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within an hour of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santiago is the cultural , political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations . The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago , but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': 'Municipal de La Pintana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_de_La_Pintana', 'summary': 'Estadio Municipal de La Pintana is a multi-use stadium in La Pintana , Santiago , Chile . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Santiago Morning and former home stadium for Deportes Pintana . The stadium holds 5,000 people . In 2016 and 2018 the stadium hosted some games of the Americas Rugby Championship . In May 2017 it hosted two South American Rugby Championship ( which also served as qualifiers for the Rugby World Cup ) , games between hosts nation Chile against Brazil and Paraguay . Chile won both games .'}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago Wanderers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_Wanderers', 'summary': "Club de Deportes Santiago Wanderers is a football club in Valparaíso , Chile , which plays in the Primera B de Chile , the second tier of the Chilean Football Federation , after being relegated from the Campeonato Nacional at the end of the 2017 Transición tournament . Their home ground , Estadio Elías Figueroa Brander , is in the north-west of the city . Wanderers have played their games there since 1931 after moving from Barrio Puerto . Founded on 15 August 1892 , it 's the country 's oldest club and the oldest football team in Latin America as well . There are four clubs older than Wanderers in Peru and Argentina , but none of those started out as football clubs and all of their football branches started after 1892 . For this reason , Wanderers is known in Chile as the Decano del fútbol chileno ( The dean of Chilean football ) and forms part of Conmebol 's Club de los 100 , section which congregates Latin-American teams founded over 100 years ago . In 2007 , the club was declared as part of Valparaíso 's intangible heritage . The club 's home colours are green shirts and socks with white shorts , which are based on the colors of the Irish Football Association team . Wanderers have a fierce rivalry with neighbors Everton and the two sides contest the Clásico Porteño ( Seaport Derby ) , the oldest derby in Chile , which started in 1916 . Wanderers are historically the working-class club whereas Everton are considered to be from the richer tourism-orientated areas . In the club 's early history , the club was a member of the local championship held in the Valparaíso Region called Liga Valparaíso , where it won seven titles . In 1926 , the football associations in Chile were unified , and Valparaíso went into decline as the administrative center of the Chilean football ."}]}, {'value': 'Valparaíso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valparaíso,_Chile', 'summary': "Valparaíso ( /ˌvælpəˈraɪzoʊ , -soʊ/ ; Spanish : [ balpaɾaˈiso ] ) is a major city , seaport , and educational centre in the commune of Valparaíso , Chile . Greater Valparaíso is the third largest metropolitan area in the country . Valparaíso is located about 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) northwest of Santiago by road and is one of the South Pacific 's most important seaports . Valparaíso is the capital of Chile 's second most populated administrative region and has been the headquarters for the Chilean National Congress since 1990 . Valparaíso has two state-owned and several private universities . Valparaíso played an important geopolitical role in the second half of the 19th century , when the city served as a major stopover for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by crossing the Straits of Magellan . Valparaíso mushroomed during its golden age , as a magnet for European immigrants , when the city was known by international sailors as Little San Francisco and The Jewel of the Pacific . In 2003 , the historic quarter of Valparaíso was declared a United Nations Educational , Scientific , and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) World Heritage site . Notable features include Latin America 's oldest stock exchange , the continent 's first volunteer fire department , Chile 's first public library , and the oldest Spanish language newspaper in continuous publication in the world , El Mercurio de Valparaíso . The second half of the twentieth century was unfavorable to Valparaíso , as many wealthy families abandoned the city . The opening of the Panama Canal and reduction in ship traffic dealt a serious blow to Valparaíso 's port-based economy . Over the first 15 years of the twenty-first century the city reached a recovery , attracting artists and cultural entrepreneurs who have set up in the city 's hillside historic districts ."}]}, {'value': 'Regional Chiledeportes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Regional_Chiledeportes', 'summary': 'Estadio Elías Figueroa Brander ( Spanish pronunciation : [ eˈli.as fiɣeˈɾoa ] ) , formerly known as Estadio Regional Chiledeportes and Estadio Municipal de Valparaíso , is a multi-purpose stadium in Valparaíso , Chile . It is commonly known as Estadio Playa Ancha , due to the suburb where it is located . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Santiago Wanderers . The stadium holds 20,575 , was built in 1931 and renovated in 2014 . The highest attendance at the Elías Figueroa , then Municipal de Valparaiso , was 23,109 for a Primera Division league match between Santiago Wanderers and Colo-Colo ( 0-2 ) on October 25 , 1953 .'}]}, {'value': '18,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unión Española', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_Española', 'summary': "Club Unión Española S.A.D.P is a professional Chilean football based in Independencia , Santiago de Chile . Founded by a group of Spanish immigrants on May 18 , 1897 , Unión Española have participated in the top-tier of Chilean football for all of their existence , except two seasons ( 1997 and 1998 ) . Unión Española has won Primera División seven times , behind Colo-Colo ( 31 ) , Universidad de Chile ( 18 ) and Universidad Católica ( 14 ) , as well as winning two Copa Chile titles . On the South American stage Unión has participated nine times in Copa Libertadores , one time in Copa Sudamericana and one time in the Copa Ganadores de Copa . Unión also was runner-up in the Copa Libertadores of 1975 . In July 2008 , the club was purchased by the Spanish entrepreneur and owner of SEK University , Jorge Segovia . Segovia purchased all rights federative , the lower divisions , the pass of the players and the logo of the club , for a fee of 2.5 billion Chilean pesos ( US $ 1.25 million ) . Home games have been played at the Estadio Santa Laura since their 1922 opening . After Segovia 's arrival in May 2008 , the stadium was remodeled at a cost of 4 billion pesos . In 2009 , the stadium was renamed as Estadio Santa Laura-Universidad SEK . The club 's traditional rivals are Palestino , a team founded by members of the Palestinian diaspora living in Chile and Audax Italiano , which originated from their local Italian counterpart . With Palestino and Audax , the team plays the so-called Clásico de Colonias ( Diaspora Derby ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago,_Chile', 'summary': "Santiago ( /ˌsɒntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ /ˌsæntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ sanˈtjaɣo ] , derived from Saint-James ) , also known as Santiago de Chile , is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas . It is the center of Chile 's largest and most densely populated conurbation , the Santiago Metropolitan Region , whose total population is 7 million . The city is entirely located in the country 's central valley . Most of the city lies between 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) and 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) above mean sea level . Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , Santiago has been the capital city of Chile since colonial times . The city has a downtown core of 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets , dotted by art deco , neo-gothic , and other styles . Santiago 's cityscape is shaped by several stand-alone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River , lined by parks such as Parque Forestal . The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city . These mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem , particularly during winter . The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within an hour of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santiago is the cultural , political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations . The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago , but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Laura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Santa_Laura', 'summary': 'Estadio Santa Laura is a football stadium in Independencia , Santiago , Chile . It is the home stadium of Unión Española . The stadium holds 19,000 people and was built in 1922 . It is a multi-use stadium , also used for concerts . Coordinates : 33°24′16.39″S 70°39′32.46″W / 33.4045528°S 70.6590167°W / -33.4045528 ; -70.6590167'}]}, {'value': '22,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unión San Felipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_San_Felipe', 'summary': 'Unión San Felipe is a Chilean Football club , their hometown is San Felipe in the V Región of Valparaíso . They play in the second level of the Chilean football league , the Primera B . They were the Copa Chile champions , and played the 2010 Copa Sudamericana . The club was founded on October 16 , 1956 with the merger of Internacional and Tarcisio . The club is the only team in Chile ever to win the second level and then the first level in consecutive seasons ( 1970 and 1971 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'San Felipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Felipe,_Chile', 'summary': "San Felipe ( Spanish pronunciation : [ saɱ feˈlipe ] ; St. Philip in Spanish ) is a commune and the capital city of the San Felipe de Aconcagua Province in central Chile 's Valparaíso Region . It is located 88 km ( 55 mi ) north of the national capital of Santiago . The commune spans an area of 185.9 km2 ( 72 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Municipal de San Felipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_de_San_Felipe', 'summary': 'Estadio Municipal de San Felipe is a football stadium in San Felipe , Chile . It is the home stadium of Unión San Felipe . The stadium was opened in 1958 , and currently holds 12,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unión La Calera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_La_Calera', 'summary': "Unión La Calera is a Chilean football club based in La Calera and competes the Primera División de Chile . It was founded as Club de Deportes La Calera on 26 January 1954 , after the merger of three teams from the city : Condor , Calera Comercio and Tifón . The following year , Deportes La Calera joined Club de Deportes Melón ( originated by the merger between Cemento Melón and Minas Navío ) to form Unión La Calera . After spending six seasons in second level , the club obtained its first promotion to Primera División de Chile in 1961 , category where they remained until 1974 . In 1985 , they returned to top-tier , but they were relegated the incoming season . From there , they wandered through second level and third level , until returning to the top category in 2011 , and in 2018 , after a brief stint in the promotion division ( Primera B ) . In its palmares , Unión La Calera counts with three second division titles ( the 1961 and 1984 Segunda División de Chile titles ; and a 2017 Primera B title ) and two Tercera División de Chile honors ( 1990 and 2000 ) . The color that identifies the club is red ( present in their uniform since the formation as Union La Calera ) and disputes their home games at the Estadio Municipal Nicolás Chahuán Nazar . Nevertheless , due to its reconstruction , around 2017 and 2018 they moved to Estadio Municipal Lucio Fariña Fernández in neighboring Quillota ( which has a capacity for 7703 spectators ) . Their main local rivals are San Luis de Quillota . The club is well known for be the team when Sergio Jadue began his sports manager career before coming to power in the ANFP in 2011 . He assumed Unión La Calera Corporation 's presidency in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'La Calera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Calera,_Chile', 'summary': "La Calera is a city and commune in the Quillota Province of central Chile 's fifth region of Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicolás Chahuán Nazar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_Nicolás_Chahuán', 'summary': 'Estadio Municipal Nicolás Chahuán is a multi-use stadium in La Calera , Valparaiso Region , Chile . It is currently used mostly for football matches , and is the home ground of Unión La Calera of the Chilean Primera División . The stadium was opened in 1950 , but it was demolished and completely rebuilt in 2019 , with a seating capacity of 9,200 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universidad Católica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_Católica', 'summary': "Club Deportivo Universidad Católica is a professional football club based in Santiago , Chile , which plays in the Primera División , the top flight of Chilean football . Universidad Católica is one of the most successful and popular Chilean football clubs and considered one of Chile 's Big Three . Its traditional rival is Universidad de Chile . They contest the Clásico Universitario . Colo-Colo is the other big rival of the club . Its official fight song is the Hymn of the Sports Club of the Catholic University , based on the song Tramp ! Tramp ! Tramp ! ."}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago,_Chile', 'summary': "Santiago ( /ˌsɒntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ /ˌsæntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ sanˈtjaɣo ] , derived from Saint-James ) , also known as Santiago de Chile , is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas . It is the center of Chile 's largest and most densely populated conurbation , the Santiago Metropolitan Region , whose total population is 7 million . The city is entirely located in the country 's central valley . Most of the city lies between 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) and 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) above mean sea level . Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , Santiago has been the capital city of Chile since colonial times . The city has a downtown core of 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets , dotted by art deco , neo-gothic , and other styles . Santiago 's cityscape is shaped by several stand-alone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River , lined by parks such as Parque Forestal . The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city . These mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem , particularly during winter . The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within an hour of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santiago is the cultural , political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations . The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago , but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': 'San Carlos de Apoquindo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_San_Carlos_de_Apoquindo', 'summary': "Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo is a football stadium , in Las Condes in the metropolitan region of Santiago de Chile . It is used mostly for home matches stadium of the Chilean top club CD Universidad Católica which also owns the stadium . The stadium was built in 1988 and currently holds 14,118 people . At the club 's beginning , all sports were on Santa Rosa de las Condes Stadium , which is a big sport centre that is going to be demolished and transported to San Carlos . The club president of the time Manuel Vélez Samaniego decided to open this sports complex . By 1945 , the club played as the home team at the Independencia Stadium which was demolished because of the financial problems of the club , and started to play at Unión Española Stadium , the Santa Laura . In 1980 , the idea of a new stadium comes out , the stadium was opened on September 4 , 1988 , the football stadium was not the whole complex , the stadium had also rugby , athletics and some other sport fields . The highest attendance for a football match at San Carlos de Apoquindo to date is 20,936 , for a 0-0 tie between Universidad Católica and Cobreloa on November 1 , 1992 ."}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universidad de Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universidad_de_Chile', 'summary': "Club Universidad de Chile ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ uniβeɾsiˈðað ðe ˈtʃile ] ) is a professional football club based in Santiago , Chile , that plays in the Primera División . The club was founded on May 24 , 1900 . Universidad de Chile is one of the most successful and popular football clubs in Chile , having won the league title 18 times . In the last 10 years , the team has been crowned champion six times , including their undefeated run to the 2011 Copa Sudamericana title . The team has been throughout its history associated with the blue colour , also present on the logo , which was officially adopted in 1943 . The club rivalries are with Colo-Colo and Universidad Católica , with whom they regularly contest the Santiago derbies known as Clásicos . Despite not owning its stadium , the club usually plays its home games at the Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos , in the commune of Ñuñoa in Santiago . The Estadio Nacional 's modernization process , forced the team to play home games in various stadiums across Chile in 2010 . Universidad de Chile made a return to the Estadio Nacional on August 2010 against Guadalajara of Mexico during the 2010 Copa Libertadores semi-finals . Universidad de Chile was the champion of the Copa Sudamericana 2011 ( the first international title of its history ) . In this tournament , the club had an excellent performance : was n't defeated , won all their matches in Chile and had the top scorer of the tournament 's history ( Eduardo Vargas ) . Universidad de Chile has reached semi-finals in the Copa Libertadores four times ( years 1970 , 1996 , 2010 and 2012 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago,_Chile', 'summary': "Santiago ( /ˌsɒntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ /ˌsæntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ sanˈtjaɣo ] , derived from Saint-James ) , also known as Santiago de Chile , is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas . It is the center of Chile 's largest and most densely populated conurbation , the Santiago Metropolitan Region , whose total population is 7 million . The city is entirely located in the country 's central valley . Most of the city lies between 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) and 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) above mean sea level . Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , Santiago has been the capital city of Chile since colonial times . The city has a downtown core of 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets , dotted by art deco , neo-gothic , and other styles . Santiago 's cityscape is shaped by several stand-alone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River , lined by parks such as Parque Forestal . The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city . These mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem , particularly during winter . The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within an hour of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santiago is the cultural , political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations . The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago , but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Julio_Martínez_Prádanos', 'summary': "Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( originally known as Estadio Nacional ) is the national stadium of Chile , and is located in the Ñuñoa district of Santiago . It is the largest stadium in Chile with an official capacity of 48,665 . It is part of a 62 hectare sporting complex which also features tennis courts , an aquatics center , a modern gymnasium , a velodrome , a BMX circuit , and an assistant ground/warmup athletics track . Construction began in February 1937 and the stadium was inaugurated on December 3 , 1938 . The architecture was based on the Olympiastadion in Berlin , Germany . The stadium was one of the venues for the FIFA World Cup in 1962 , and hosted the final where Brazil defeated Czechoslovakia 3-1 . In 1948 , the stadium hosted the matches of the South American Championship of Champions , the competition that inspired the creation of the UEFA Champions League and of the Copa Libertadores . The stadium was notoriously used as a prison camp and torture facility by the military regime following the Chilean coup d'état . In 2009 , a complete modernization plan was unveiled for the stadium and surrounding facilities . President Michelle Bachelet said it would become the most modern stadium in South America . The stadium will be the opening and closing ceremonies , athletics , and football venue for the 2014 South American Games and the 2023 Pan American Games ."}]}, {'value': '49,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universidad de Concepción', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Universidad_de_Concepción', 'summary': "Club Deportivo Universidad de Concepción also known as Universidad de Concepción , are a Chilean football club based in Concepción , that is a current member of the Campeonato Nacional . The club 's home stadium is the Estadio Ester Roa de Concepción , that has a 30,480 spectators capacity ."}]}, {'value': 'Concepción', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Concepción,_Chile', 'summary': "Concepción ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kon.sepˈsjon ] ( listen ) ; in full : Concepción de la Madre Santísima de la Luz , Conception of the Blessed Mother of Light ) is a city in central Chile and the core of the commune and metropolitan area of Greater Concepción , the country 's second largest urban conurbation . It has a significant impact on domestic trade being part of the most heavily industrialized region in the country . Its location is in the called Zona Centro Sur ( Central South Zone ) , in the geographic center of the country , and it is the capital of the Concepción Province and Bío Bío Region . It sits about 500 km south of Santiago , the country 's capital . Greater Concepción ( Gran Concepción , including Talcahuano , San Pedro de la Paz , Hualpén , Chiguayante , Penco , Tomé , Lota , Coronel , Hualqui and Concepción ) is the second-largest conurbation in the country , with 945,650 inhabitants ( 2012 census ) . Individually , it is the 11th largest commune in the country , with a population of 229,665 ."}]}, {'value': 'Municipal de Concepción', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_de_Concepción', 'summary': "Estadio Alcaldesa Ester Roa Rebolledo is a multi-purpose stadium in Concepción , Chile . It is used mostly for football matches . The stadium was built in 1962 , as Estadio Regional , with an original capacity of 35,000 people . In 2015 , it was completely renovated with new seats and a roof ; currently has a capacity of 30,448 seats . Until 2010 it was known as Estadio Municipal de Concepción . The stadium took its new name , Ester Roa Rebolledo , who was a former Concepción city mayor . The stadium was being renovated by Spanish company COPASA , but in May 2014 , after continuing delays , the contract was terminated . In September 2014 the municipality of Concepción hired Chilean company Claro Vicuña Valenzuela to finish the works . The stadium was not completed in time to host two 2015 Copa América group stage matches , which were moved to Santiago 's Estadio Monumental David Arellano . It was finally reopened on 25 June 2015 , in time to host three Copa América matches . The Ester Roa is currently the home stadium for Universidad de Concepción , Fernández Vial and Deportes Concepcion ; Huachipato and Lota Schwager has also played some important home games at the stadium . The highest ever recorded attendance was 43,340 in November 12 , 1967 at the Primera Division match between Huachipato and Colo-Colo ."}]}, {'value': '29,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Stadia and locations', 'section_text': "CobreloaCobresalHuachipatoDeportes IquiqueDeportes La SerenaÑublenseO'HigginsWanderersUniversidad de ConcepciónUnión La CaleraUnión San FelipeSantiagoSantiago teams : Audax ItalianoColo-ColoPalestinoSantiago MorningUnión EspañolaUniversidad CatólicaUniversidad de Chile Locations of the 2011 Torneo Apertura teams", 'uid': '2011_Chilean_Apertura_Tournament_0', 'intro': "The 2011 Torneo Apertura or LXXXVIII Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de la Primera División de Chile was the 88th season of Chilean Primera División. The season started on Friday 28 January with Católica's 2-0 inaugural match win over Deportes Iquique, and concluded on Sunday 12 June in the tournament final won by Universidad de Chile over the same Universidad Católica which didn't repeat its title from previous season."} | null | null | What football club has been national champions the same number of times as the team whose home stadium hosted the band KISS in 2009 ? | Magallanes |
055a3c53334314eb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_Wales', 'title': '2010 in Wales', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dai Greene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dai_Greene', 'summary': "David Dai Greene ( born 11 April 1986 ) is a Welsh hurdler who specialises in the 400 metres hurdles , competing internationally for both Wales and Great Britain . In a 'golden ' sixteen-month period between 2010 and 2011 , Greene won the World , European , Diamond League and Commonwealth titles in the event , in addition to winning the event as part of both the European Team Championships and the IAAF Continental Cup . He is the second fastest British man over the 400 m hurdles , behind the British record holder , Kriss Akabusi ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The athletics competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held in New Delhi , India between 6 and 14 October . The track and field events took place between 6-12 October at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium while the marathon contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October . A total of 46 athletics events were contested , which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the aquatics competition . The programme was almost identical to that of the 2006 edition , with the sole exception being the men 's 50 km race walk , which was dropped . As in 2006 , three men 's and three women 's disability athletics events were contested alongside the open competition . Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events . Kenya topped the medal table , with eleven gold medals and 29 medals in total . This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat , beating the typically dominant nations Australia ( eleven golds , but 20 overall ) and England ( seven golds , 26 medals ) . Canada and Jamaica rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games , taking home two golds and eleven medals altogether . Four failed doping tests have so far been announced : Nigerian Oludamola Osayomi was stripped of the women 's 100 m title , and her compatriot Samuel Okon , a 110 m hurdler , was also disqualified . Both athletes tested positive for methylhexanamine . Rani Yadav , India 's representative in the women 's 20 km walk , was the third athlete to fail a test as 19-Norandrosterone was detected in her sample ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400 m hurdles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_400_metres_hurdles", 'summary': "The Men 's 400 metres hurdles at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on Saturday 9 October and Sunday 10 October 2010 . The top two runners in each of the initial three heats automatically alongside the two fasters runners qualified for the final ."}]}, {'value': '10 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Weale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Weale', 'summary': 'Robert Arthur Weale ( born in Hereford on 3 April 1963 ) , is a Welsh international lawn and indoor bowls player . Weale is originally from Presteigne and was educated at John Beddoes School , but now lives in Hereford , Herefordshire .'}]}, {'value': 'Lawn bowls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawn_bowls_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Lawn bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Yamuna Sports Complex . The events were held from 4 to 13 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lawn_bowls_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_singles", 'summary': "The men 's singles competition began on October 9 , 2010. and finished on October 13 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '13 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jazmin Carlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazmin_Carlin', 'summary': 'Jazmin Roxy Jazz Carlin ( born 17 September 1990 ) is a British competitive swimmer , who represents Wales and the Great Britain swimming team . She competes primarily in freestyle events , and is currently based at the University of Bath . She won gold for Wales at the 2014 Commonwealth Games , and two silver medals for Great Britain in the 2016 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquatics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 200 m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_200_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The Women 's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 4 , 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Four heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The heat in which a swimmer competed did not formally matter for advancement , as the swimmers with the top eight times from the entire field qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '5 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carys Parry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carys_Parry', 'summary': 'Carys Parry ( born 24 July 1981 ) is a Welsh hammer thrower . Parry was born in Church Village , Rhondda Cynon Taf . She finished sixth at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne with a personal best throw of 61.80 metres . Her current personal best throw is 66.31 metres , achieved in June 2008 in Birmingham . This is a Welsh record and places Parry fourth amongst British hammer throwers , behind Commonwealth champions Lorraine Shaw and Shirley Webb , as well as Zoe Derham . She won the Silver medal at the Commonwealth Games in Dehli . Having missed out on qualification for the London 2012 Olympic Games , coming third in qualifiers to Sophie Hitchon , she later qualified for the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The athletics competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held in New Delhi , India between 6 and 14 October . The track and field events took place between 6-12 October at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium while the marathon contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October . A total of 46 athletics events were contested , which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the aquatics competition . The programme was almost identical to that of the 2006 edition , with the sole exception being the men 's 50 km race walk , which was dropped . As in 2006 , three men 's and three women 's disability athletics events were contested alongside the open competition . Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events . Kenya topped the medal table , with eleven gold medals and 29 medals in total . This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat , beating the typically dominant nations Australia ( eleven golds , but 20 overall ) and England ( seven golds , 26 medals ) . Canada and Jamaica rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games , taking home two golds and eleven medals altogether . Four failed doping tests have so far been announced : Nigerian Oludamola Osayomi was stripped of the women 's 100 m title , and her compatriot Samuel Okon , a 110 m hurdler , was also disqualified . Both athletes tested positive for methylhexanamine . Rani Yadav , India 's representative in the women 's 20 km walk , was the third athlete to fail a test as 19-Norandrosterone was detected in her sample ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's Hammer Throw", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_hammer_throw", 'summary': "The Women 's hammer throw at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on Wednesday 6 October and Thursday 7 October 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '6 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Becky James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Becky_James', 'summary': "Rebecca Angharad Becky James ( born 29 November 1991 ) is a Welsh former professional racing cyclist specialising in track cycling . James was the 2013 world sprint and keirin champion . She is a 2016 Rio Olympics double silver medalist . James rode for Wales and the Great Britain Cycling Team , and rode for the Velosure-Giordana . First spotted by the Welsh Talent Team , she was a member of British Cycling 's Olympic Podium Programme ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The cycling competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games comprised two disciplines : road cycling and track cycling . The track events were held at the Indira Gandhi Arena , while the road events were held at Noida-Greater Noida Expressway . Track events were held from 5-9 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_sprint", 'summary': "The Women 's individual sprint took place at 6 and 7 October 2010 at the Indira Gandhi Arena ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michaela Breeze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michaela_Breeze', 'summary': 'Michaela Alica Breeze MBE ( born 17 May 1979 ) is a British former weightlifter . Breeze was born in Watford and raised in Cornwall and educated at Wadebridge School . She started weightlifting under the guidance of PE teacher Dave Allen . [ citation needed ] Breeze then went on to Bodmin Community College before attending the University of Wales Institute , Cardiff . After nearly eighteen months of starting weightlifting she was put in touch with a new coach , Ken Price . She sustained a back injury in 2000 , which saw her miss international competition and training for over a year . After taking a silver at the 2010 Commonwealth Games , Breeze retired from the sport and opened a gym in Aberdare . However , she made a comeback for the 2014 Commonwealth Games , motivated by a desire to push athletes she was coaching towards qualifying for the Games themselves . Breeze won a bronze medal in the 58 kg competition , setting a new Commonwealth Games snatch record and subsequently announced her second retirement . Breeze also taught PE at Ivybridge Community College in Devon . She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to weightlifting .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Delhi from 4 to 12 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 63 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_63_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 63 kg weightlifting event was an event at the weightlifting competition , limiting competitors to a maximum of 63 kilograms of body mass . The whole competition took place on 7 October at 18:30 . The event took place at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Delhi ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenny McLoughlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jenny_McLoughlin', 'summary': 'Jenny McLoughlin ( born 3 October 1991 ) is a British Paralympian track and field athlete competing mainly in T37 sprint events . She has represented Great Britain in the 2008 Summer Paralympics and in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . After moving to Wales at the age of 14 , she became eligible to join the Wales team for the Commonwealth Games , winning silver in the T37 sprint in India .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The athletics competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held in New Delhi , India between 6 and 14 October . The track and field events took place between 6-12 October at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium while the marathon contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October . A total of 46 athletics events were contested , which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the aquatics competition . The programme was almost identical to that of the 2006 edition , with the sole exception being the men 's 50 km race walk , which was dropped . As in 2006 , three men 's and three women 's disability athletics events were contested alongside the open competition . Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events . Kenya topped the medal table , with eleven gold medals and 29 medals in total . This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat , beating the typically dominant nations Australia ( eleven golds , but 20 overall ) and England ( seven golds , 26 medals ) . Canada and Jamaica rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games , taking home two golds and eleven medals altogether . Four failed doping tests have so far been announced : Nigerian Oludamola Osayomi was stripped of the women 's 100 m title , and her compatriot Samuel Okon , a 110 m hurdler , was also disqualified . Both athletes tested positive for methylhexanamine . Rani Yadav , India 's representative in the women 's 20 km walk , was the third athlete to fail a test as 19-Norandrosterone was detected in her sample ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100m T37", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The athletics competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held in New Delhi , India between 6 and 14 October . The track and field events took place between 6-12 October at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium while the marathon contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October . A total of 46 athletics events were contested , which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the aquatics competition . The programme was almost identical to that of the 2006 edition , with the sole exception being the men 's 50 km race walk , which was dropped . As in 2006 , three men 's and three women 's disability athletics events were contested alongside the open competition . Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events . Kenya topped the medal table , with eleven gold medals and 29 medals in total . This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat , beating the typically dominant nations Australia ( eleven golds , but 20 overall ) and England ( seven golds , 26 medals ) . Canada and Jamaica rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games , taking home two golds and eleven medals altogether . Four failed doping tests have so far been announced : Nigerian Oludamola Osayomi was stripped of the women 's 100 m title , and her compatriot Samuel Okon , a 110 m hurdler , was also disqualified . Both athletes tested positive for methylhexanamine . Rani Yadav , India 's representative in the women 's 20 km walk , was the third athlete to fail a test as 19-Norandrosterone was detected in her sample ."}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sean McGoldrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_McGoldrick', 'summary': 'Sean McGoldrick ( born 3 December 1991 ) is a Welsh professional boxer who was awarded the gold medal for the Bantamweight division at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Delhi , India , . McGoldrick lost to Manju Wanniarachchi of Sri Lanka in the final and was initially awarded the silver medal . On 10 March 2017 , Matchroom Sport and McGoldrick both announced the signing of a professional promotion contract .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Talkatora Stadium . The training venue for the event was in Delhi University 4 Rings . The events took place on 5 - 11 , 13 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Bantamweight', 'summary': 'The Bantamweight class is an even on the Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games competition . Bantamweights were limited to those boxers weighing under 56 kilograms ( 123 lb ) , 21 boxers competed . Like all Olympic boxing events , the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament . Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals , so no boxers competed again after their first loss . Bouts consisted of three rounds of three minutes each , with one-minute breaks between rounds . Punches scored only if the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent . Five judges scored each bout ; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score . The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout . On 8 May 2011 Manju Wanniarachchi was provisionally disqualified by the Commonwealth Games Federation after testing positive for Norandrosterone during the Games . He had 21 days to appeal the decision but on 26 May announced that he did not wish to file an appeal and retired from the sport . On 6 June 2011 the Commonwealth Games Federation announced Sean McGoldrick of Wales as the new gold medallist . Tirafalo Seoko of Botswana was upgraded from bronze to silver on the basis that he had lost to Wanniarachchi in the semi-finals .'}]}, {'value': '13 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francesca Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francesca_Jones', 'summary': 'Francesca Jones ( born 9 November 1990 ) is a retired Welsh rhythmic gymnast who represented Wales at three successive Commonwealth Games . At the 2014 Commonwealth Games Jones won both the Ribbon event in rhythmic gymnastics and the David Dixon Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Gymnastics event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at Indira Gandhi Arena .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's rhythmic individual hoop", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_rhythmic_individual_hoop", 'summary': "The Women 's rhythmic individual hoop event took place on October 14 , 2010 at the Indira Gandhi Arena ."}]}, {'value': '14 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Becky James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Becky_James', 'summary': "Rebecca Angharad Becky James ( born 29 November 1991 ) is a Welsh former professional racing cyclist specialising in track cycling . James was the 2013 world sprint and keirin champion . She is a 2016 Rio Olympics double silver medalist . James rode for Wales and the Great Britain Cycling Team , and rode for the Velosure-Giordana . First spotted by the Welsh Talent Team , she was a member of British Cycling 's Olympic Podium Programme ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The cycling competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games comprised two disciplines : road cycling and track cycling . The track events were held at the Indira Gandhi Arena , while the road events were held at Noida-Greater Noida Expressway . Track events were held from 5-9 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 500 m Time Trial", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_500_m_time_trial", 'summary': "The Women 's 500 m time trial took place at 5 October 2010 at the Indira Gandhi Arena ."}]}, {'value': '5 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jemma Lowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jemma_Lowe', 'summary': "Jemma Louise Lowe ( born 31 March 1990 ) is a British international butterfly swimmer and British record holder . She has competed for Wales in the Commonwealth Games , and was a member of Great Britain 's 2008 and 2012 Olympic teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquatics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100 m Butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_100_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The Women 's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 6 and 7 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Four heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The top sixteen times qualified for the semi-finals and , the top eight from there qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jazmin Carlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazmin_Carlin', 'summary': 'Jazmin Roxy Jazz Carlin ( born 17 September 1990 ) is a British competitive swimmer , who represents Wales and the Great Britain swimming team . She competes primarily in freestyle events , and is currently based at the University of Bath . She won gold for Wales at the 2014 Commonwealth Games , and two silver medals for Great Britain in the 2016 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquatics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 400 m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_400_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The Women 's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 8 , 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Three heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The heat in which a swimmer competed did not formally matter for advancement , as the swimmers with the top eight times from the entire field qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia Beth Davies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquatics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50 m backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_50_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The Women 's 50 metre backstroke event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 7 and 8 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Five heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The top sixteen advanced to the semifinals and the top eight from there qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Malcolm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Malcolm', 'summary': 'Christian Sean Malcolm ( born 3 June 1979 ) is a retired Welsh athlete specialised in the 200 metres .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The athletics competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held in New Delhi , India between 6 and 14 October . The track and field events took place between 6-12 October at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium while the marathon contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October . A total of 46 athletics events were contested , which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the aquatics competition . The programme was almost identical to that of the 2006 edition , with the sole exception being the men 's 50 km race walk , which was dropped . As in 2006 , three men 's and three women 's disability athletics events were contested alongside the open competition . Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events . Kenya topped the medal table , with eleven gold medals and 29 medals in total . This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat , beating the typically dominant nations Australia ( eleven golds , but 20 overall ) and England ( seven golds , 26 medals ) . Canada and Jamaica rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games , taking home two golds and eleven medals altogether . Four failed doping tests have so far been announced : Nigerian Oludamola Osayomi was stripped of the women 's 100 m title , and her compatriot Samuel Okon , a 110 m hurdler , was also disqualified . Both athletes tested positive for methylhexanamine . Rani Yadav , India 's representative in the women 's 20 km walk , was the third athlete to fail a test as 19-Norandrosterone was detected in her sample ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_200_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's 200 metres at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on Saturday 9 October and Sunday 10 October 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '10 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhys Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhys_Williams_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Rhys Williams ( born 27 February 1984 ) , is a Welsh professional track and field athlete , specializing in the 400 m hurdles . He is a previous European champion in the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The athletics competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held in New Delhi , India between 6 and 14 October . The track and field events took place between 6-12 October at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium while the marathon contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October . A total of 46 athletics events were contested , which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the aquatics competition . The programme was almost identical to that of the 2006 edition , with the sole exception being the men 's 50 km race walk , which was dropped . As in 2006 , three men 's and three women 's disability athletics events were contested alongside the open competition . Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events . Kenya topped the medal table , with eleven gold medals and 29 medals in total . This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat , beating the typically dominant nations Australia ( eleven golds , but 20 overall ) and England ( seven golds , 26 medals ) . Canada and Jamaica rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games , taking home two golds and eleven medals altogether . Four failed doping tests have so far been announced : Nigerian Oludamola Osayomi was stripped of the women 's 100 m title , and her compatriot Samuel Okon , a 110 m hurdler , was also disqualified . Both athletes tested positive for methylhexanamine . Rani Yadav , India 's representative in the women 's 20 km walk , was the third athlete to fail a test as 19-Norandrosterone was detected in her sample ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400 m hurdles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_400_metres_hurdles", 'summary': "The Men 's 400 metres hurdles at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on Saturday 9 October and Sunday 10 October 2010 . The top two runners in each of the initial three heats automatically alongside the two fasters runners qualified for the final ."}]}, {'value': '10 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anwen Butten & Hannah Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anwen_Butten', 'summary': "Margaret Anwen Butten ( born 29 August 1972 in Carmarthen ) is a Welsh international Bowls competitor for Wales . At the 2002 Commonwealth Games she won a bronze medal along with Joanna Weale in the women 's pairs event . Butten competed at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne but was unsuccessful in winning a medal . She then competed at the 2010 Commonwealth Games along with Hannah Smith in the women 's pairs and won a bronze medal . Her passion for bowls began at the age of 13 after watching her Mother play for the Welsh International team . Seeing her mother play inspired her to play . During the run up to the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow she was chosen for the Commonwealth Games Queen 's Baton Relay in Carmarthen . The Baton carries a message from the Head of the Commonwealth , currently Queen Elizabeth II . The Relay traditionally begins at Buckingham Palace in London as a part of the city 's Commonwealth Day festivities . The Queen entrusts the baton to the first relay runner . At the Opening Ceremony of the Games , held at Glasgow 's Celtic F.C . stadium , the final relay runner , Chris Hoy , handed the baton back to the Queen , who read the message aloud to officially open the Games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hannah_Smith_(lawn_bowls)', 'summary': 'Hannah Smith ( born 1986 ) is a Welsh international lawn and indoor bowler . Smith from Carmarthen won a bronze medal in the pairs at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi and two years later won another bronze in the triples at the 2012 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Adelaide .'}]}, {'value': 'Lawn bowls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawn_bowls_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Lawn bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Yamuna Sports Complex . The events were held from 4 to 13 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's pairs", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lawn_bowls_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_pairs", 'summary': "The women 's pairs competition in Lawn Bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth Games began on October 4 , 2010 and finished on October 11 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '11 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keiran Harding', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Talkatora Stadium . The training venue for the event was in Delhi University 4 Rings . The events took place on 5 - 11 , 13 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Middleweight ( 75kg )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Middleweight', 'summary': 'The Middleweight class in the boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games competition is a class . Middleweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than 75 kilograms ( 165 lb ) . 27 boxers competed . Like all Olympic boxing events , the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament . Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals , so no boxers competed again after their first loss . Bouts consisted of four rounds of two minutes each , with one-minute breaks between rounds . Punches scored only if the white area on the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent . Five judges scored each bout ; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score . The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout .'}]}, {'value': '11 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jermaine Asare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jermaine_Asare', 'summary': 'Jermaine Asare ( born 22 September 1983 ) is a Welsh professional boxer .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Talkatora Stadium . The training venue for the event was in Delhi University 4 Rings . The events took place on 5 - 11 , 13 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Light Heavyweight ( 81kg )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Light_heavyweight', 'summary': 'The light heavyweight class is an event on the Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games competition . Light heavyweights were limited to those boxers weighing under 81 kilograms ( 179 lb ) , 20 boxers competed . Like all Olympic boxing events , the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament . Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals , so no boxers competed again after their first loss . Bouts consisted of three rounds of three minutes each , with one-minute breaks between rounds . Punches scored only if the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent . Five judges scored each bout ; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score . The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout .'}]}, {'value': '11 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johanne Brekke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Shooting events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range from 5 to 13 October 2010 . The Full Bore events were held at the CRPF Campus ( Kadarpur ) from 9 to 13 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50m Rifle Prone ( Singles )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 October', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_in_Wales_0', 'intro': 'This article is about the particular significance of the year 2010 to Wales and its people.'} | null | null | What sport did the man originally from Presteigne and educated at John Beddoes School participate in ? | Lawn bowls |
055a862dade522ae | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Finals', 'title': 'EuroLeague Finals', 'header': ['Head Coach', 'Championships Won', 'Finals Appearances', 'Years In Finals ( wins in bold )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Željko Obradović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Željko_Obradović', 'summary': 'Želimir Željko Obradović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Желимир Жељко Обрадовић ; born March 9 , 1960 ) is a Serbian professional basketball coach and former professional basketball player . He currently serves as a head coach for Fenerbahçe , of the Turkish Super League and the EuroLeague . Generally considered as the best European head coach , and regarded by many as the greatest European head coach of all time , Obradović has won 41 club titles in his coaching career , including nine EuroLeague titles with five different clubs , and has also made 18 EuroLeague Final Four appearances , during his coaching career . His list of professional titles won is unmatched by any other European head coach . In addition to his success at the club level , he has also won major trophies as the head coach of the senior FR Yugoslavian national team , most notably winning the gold medals at the 1997 EuroBasket and the 1998 FIBA World Championship . Among his individual coaching awards , he has won three EuroLeague Coach of the Year and four Greek Basket League Best Coach awards . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors , as a head coach .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 FIBA SuproLeague† , 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_FIBA_European_Championship', 'summary': "The 1991-92 FIBA European League , also shortened to 1991-92 FIBA EuroLeague , was the 35th installment of the European top-tier level professional club competition for basketball clubs ( now called EuroLeague ) . The competition 's Final Four was held at the Abdi İpekçi Arena in Istanbul , Turkey . It was won by Partizan , who defeated Montigalà Joventut , by a result of 71-70 . This season of the competition also marked an end to the era of European national domestic league champions only participation , as it featured an expanded competition , that included national domestic league champions , the current league title holders , and some other teams from the most important national domestic leagues . That also was in accordance with the league being renamed , and being called the FIBA European League ( or shortened to FIBA EuroLeague ) championship for men 's clubs . This was because the new competition format was closer to a true European League in style . It was a name the competition would keep for the next four editions of the competition as well ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1993–94_FIBA_European_Championship', 'summary': "The 1993-94 FIBA European League , also shortened to 1993-94 FIBA EuroLeague , was the 37th installment of the European top-tier level professional club competition for basketball clubs ( now called EuroLeague ) . It began on September 9 , 1993 , and ended on April 21 , 1994 . The competition 's Final Four was held at Tel Aviv ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1994–95_FIBA_European_Championship', 'summary': "The 1994-95 FIBA European League , also shortened to 1994-95 FIBA EuroLeague , was the 38th installment of the European top-tier level professional club competition for basketball clubs ( now called EuroLeague ) . It began on September 8 , 1994 , and ended on April 13 , 1995 . The competition 's Final Four was held at Zaragoza ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1999-2000_FIBA_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 1999-2000 FIBA EuroLeague was the 43rd installment of the European top-tier level professional club competition for basketball clubs ( now called simply EuroLeague ) . It began on September 23 , 1999 , and ended on April 4 , 2000 . The competition 's Final Four was held at PAOK Sports Arena , Thessaloniki , with Panathinaikos defeating Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv in the EuroLeague Final , in front of 8,500 spectators . Efes Pilsen finished in the third position , and FC Barcelona finished fourth ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2001–02_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2001-02 Euroleague was the second season of the professional basketball competition for elite clubs throughout Europe , organised by Euroleague Basketball Company , and it was the 45th season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs overall . The season started on October 10 , 2001 , and ended on May 5 , 2002 . The Final Four was hosted in the PalaMalaguti in Bologna , Italy . A number of 32 teams competed for the championship , which was won by Panathinaikos . Mirsad Türkcan was named Regular season MVP , while Dejan Bodiroga was awarded EuroLeague Top 16 MVP and EuroLeague Final Four MVP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2006–07_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2006-07 Euroleague was the 7th season of the professional basketball competition for elite clubs throughout Europe , organised by Euroleague Basketball Company , and it was the 50th season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs overall . The season featured 24 competing teams from 13 different countries . The competition began on October 24 , 2006 , at the Olympic Pavilion in Badalona , Spain , with Panathinaikos winning 82-79 against DKV Joventut . The final of the competition was held on May 6 , 2007 , in the Olympic Indoor Hall in Athens , Greece , the home court of Panathinaikos , with Panathinaikos defeating the defending champions , CSKA Moscow , by a score of 93-91 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2008–09_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2008-09 Euroleague was the 9th season of the professional basketball competition for elite clubs throughout Europe , organised by Euroleague Basketball Company , and it was the 52nd season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs overall . The season , which featured 24 teams from 13 different countries , culminated in the 2008-09 Euroleague Final Four at the new O2 World arena in Berlin , Germany . It was won by Panathinaikos , who defeated in the final , the defending champions , CSKA Moscow . While the general structure of the competition was identical to that used in recent seasons , changes were made to the format for two of its phases , the Regular Season and Quarterfinals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010–11_Euroleague', 'summary': "The Turkish Airlines Euroleague 2010-11 was the 11th season of the modern era of professional Euroleague Basketball , and the first under the title sponsorship of Turkish Airlines . Including the competition 's previous incarnation as the FIBA Europe Champions Cup , this was the 54th season of the premier first-tier competition for European men 's clubs . The format featured 24 teams , beginning with Game 1 of the first qualifying round on September 21 , 2010 , and culminating at the Final Four in the Palau Sant Jordi , Barcelona . It was won by the Athenian club Panathinaikos ( 6th title ) , who defeated Maccabi Electra in the championship game of May 8 , 2011 . Montepaschi Siena , finished 3rd by holding off Real Madrid in the third-place game . At the individual level , the season was marked by Dimitris Diamantidis of Panathinaikos . Not only did the Greek point guard lift the trophy for the third time in five years and receive the Euroleague Final Four MVP award , but he also became the first player ever to win three end-of-season awards : Euroleague MVP , Euroleague Best Defender , and All-Euroleague First Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2016–17_EuroLeague', 'summary': "The 2016-17 Turkish Airlines EuroLeague was the 17th season of the modern era of Euroleague Basketball and the seventh under the title sponsorship of the Turkish Airlines . Including the competition 's previous incarnation as the FIBA Europe Champions Cup , this was the 60th season of the premier level competition for European men 's professional basketball clubs . This was the first season in which the competition changed to a league format , with sixteen teams playing each other in a home-and-away round-robin competition . Regular season groups were abolished , as well as the Top 16 group stage . The Final Four was hosted by the Sinan Erdem Dome in Istanbul , Turkey . Fenerbahçe won its inaugural European championship in its home city after defeating Olympiacos in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Ettore Messina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ettore_Messina', 'summary': "Ettore Messina ( born 30 September 1959 ) is an Italian professional basketball coach who is the head coach of Olimpia Milano of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) . He has won four EuroLeague championships as a head coach . Messina is regarded as one of the best European basketball coaches of all time , having been named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors in 2008 . He was named the Italian League 's Best Coach three times , in the years 1998 , 2001 , and 2005 . Furthermore , he has been named EuroLeague 's Coach of the Year twice , in 2006 and 2008 . He was inducted into the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame in 2008 , and into the Russian VTB United League Hall of Fame , in 2019 . Messina also previously worked with the San Antonio Spurs , as an assistant coach for Gregg Popovich , from 2014 to 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '4†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 , 1999 , 2001 Euroleague Basketball † , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997–98_FIBA_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 1997-98 FIBA EuroLeague was the 41st installment of the European top-tier level professional club competition for basketball clubs ( now called simply EuroLeague ) . It began on September 18 , 1997 , and ended on April 23 , 1998 . The competition 's Final Four was held at Palau Sant Jordi , Barcelona , with Kinder Bologna defeating AEK in the EuroLeague Final , in front of 11,900 spectators . Benetton Treviso finished in the third position , while Partizan finished fourth ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2000–01_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2000-01 Euroleague was the inaugural basketball season of the EuroLeague , under the newly formed Euroleague Basketball Company 's authority , and it was the 44th season of the premier competition for European men 's professional basketball clubs overall . It started on October 16 , 2000 , with a regular season game between hosts Real Madrid Teka and Olympiacos , which was held at the Raimundo Saporta Pavilion , in Madrid , Spain , and it ended with the last championship finals game on May 10 , 2001 , which was held at the PalaMalaguti arena , in Bologna , Italy . This season did not feature all of the top-tier level European club basketball teams , as some of them opted to compete in the 2000-01 FIBA SuproLeague competition instead , after the row erupted between the previous EuroLeague governing body , FIBA , and the newly established Euroleague Basketball Company . A total of 24 teams competed for the EuroLeague title , which was in the end won by Kinder Bologna . Dejan Tomašević was the EuroLeague Regular season MVP , and Manu Ginóbili was the EuroLeague Finals MVP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2005–06_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2005-06 Euroleague was the 6th season of the professional basketball competition for elite clubs throughout Europe , organised by Euroleague Basketball Company , and it was the 49th season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs overall . The 2005-06 season featured 24 competing teams from 13 different countries . The Final Four was held at the Sazka Arena in Prague , Czech Republic in April 30 , 2006 . CSKA Moscow defeat the defending champions , Maccabi Elite by a score of 73-69 in the Final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2007–08_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2007-08 Euroleague was the 8th season of the professional basketball competition for elite clubs throughout Europe , organised by Euroleague Basketball Company , and it was the 51st season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs overall . The 2007-08 season featured 24 competing teams . The Euroleague Regular Season draw was held on 30 June 2007 , in Jesolo , Italy , during the inaugural Euroleague summer league . The official inauguration was held on October 22 , at Hala Olivia in Gdańsk , Poland , before the season 's opening game between Prokom Trefl Sopot and CSKA Moscow . The 2008 Final Four was held on May 2-4 , 2008 , at the Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid in Madrid , Spain . Russian power CSKA Moscow became the champion for the sixth time , placing them second in all-time European championships to Real Madrid ."}]}, {'value': 'Pedro Ferrándiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Ferrándiz', 'summary': 'Pedro Ferrándiz González ( born 20 November 1928 in Alicante , Spain ) is a retired Spanish basketball coach . He is most famous for coaching Real Madrid basketball club in the 1960s and 1970s . The International Olympic Committee awarded him the Olympic Order in 1977 . He was made an inductee of the Basketball Hall of Fame in April 2007 . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors . He was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1975', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964–65_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1964-65 FIBA European Champions Cup was the eighth season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by Real Madrid , for the second straight time . Real defeated CSKA Moscow in the two-legged EuroLeague Finals , after losing the first game in Moscow , 88-81 , and winning the second game at Madrid , 62-76 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1966–67_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1966-67 FIBA FIBA European Champions Cup was the tenth season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The trophy was won by Real Madrid , for the third time , at their home venue Pavilion at the Sports City of Real Madrid , after they defeated Simmenthal Milano 91-83 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1967–68_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': '1967-68 FIBA European Champions Cup was the eleventh installment of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Palais des Sports , Lyon , France , on April 11 , 1968 , and it was won by Real Madrid , who defeated Spartak ZJŠ Brno , by a result of 98-95 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1973–74_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1973-74 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 17th edition of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Palais des Sports de Beaulieu , in Nantes , France , on April 3 , 1974 . It was won by Real Madrid , who defeated Ignis Varese in the finals , by a result of 84-82 . This was the 5th consecutive final for Varese , and the first of three consecutive finals played between these two teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Gomelsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Gomelsky', 'summary': 'Alexander Yakovlevich Gomelsky ( Russian : Гомельский , Александр Яковлевич ; 18 January 1928 - 16 August 2005 ) was a Soviet and Russian professional basketball player and coach . The father of Soviet and Russian basketball , he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995 and the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007 . Alexander Gomelsky was awarded the Olympic Order by the International Olympic Committee in 1998 . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1971 , 1973', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1958_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': "The 1958 FIBA European Champions Cup was the inaugural season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by Rīgas ASK , after they won both EuroLeague Finals games against Academic . Previously , they had not played the semifinals , as Real Madrid was not allowed to travel to Soviet Riga by the Francoist authorities . The first game was held on February 22 , 1958 , in Brussels , Belgium , where Belgian League champion Royal IV , defeated the Luxembourger League champions , Etzella Ettelbruck , by a score of 82-43 . The most notable contributors to Riga 's first title included center Jānis Krūmiņš and head coach Alexander Gomelsky ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1958–59_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': "The 1958-59 FIBA European Champions Cup ' was the second season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by Rīgas ASK for the second straight time , after they again beat Academic , in both EuroLeague Finals games ( 79-58 & 69-67 ) . Riga defeated Lech Poznań in the semifinals , and Honvéd in the quarterfinals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1959–60_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1959-60 FIBA European Champions Cup was third season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by Rīgas ASK for the third straight time , an accomplishment only achieved again by Jugoplastika in the late 1980s , in 1989-1991 . In the EuroLeague Finals , Riga defeated the Soviet Union League club , Dinamo Tbilisi , in both final games ( 51-61 & 62-69 ) . Riga defeated Slovan Orbis Prague in the semifinals , and AŠK Olimpija in the quarterfinals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1970–71_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1970-71 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 14th installment of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Arena Deurne , in Antwerp , Belgium , on April 8 , 1971 . It was won by CSKA Moscow , who defeated Ignis Varese , by a result of 67-53 .'}]}, {'value': 'Božidar Maljković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Božidar_Maljković', 'summary': "Božidar Boža Maljković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Божидар Божа Маљковић ; born 20 April 1952 ) is a Serbian former professional basketball coach and current president of the Olympic Committee of Serbia . He is one of the most successful basketball coaches in Europe , having won league titles with practically all the clubs he trained ; including four EuroLeague titles with three clubs ( Jugoplastika , Limoges , and Panathinaikos ) . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors . His daughter Marina is a Serbian professional basketball coach , currently coaching Serbia women 's national team ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988–89_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1988-89 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 32nd season of the European top-tier level professional FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) , which was won by Jugoplastika , after they beat Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv 75-69 . The culminating 1989 EuroLeague Final Four was held at Olympiahalle , Munich , West Germany , on 4-6 April 1989 . Dino Rađja was named Final Four MVP .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1989–90_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': "The 1989-90 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 33rd season of the European top-tier level professional FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by Jugoplastika , after they beat FC Barcelona Banca Catalana 72-67 . It was the club 's second title overall . The culminating 1990 EuroLeague Final Four was held at Pabellón Príncipe Felipe , Zaragoza , Spain , on 17-19 April 1990 . Toni Kukoč was named Final Four MVP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1992–93_FIBA_European_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1992-93 FIBA European League , also shortened to 1992-93 FIBA EuroLeague , was the 36th season of the European top-tier level professional club competition for basketball clubs ( now called EuroLeague ) . It featured 42 competing teams from 33 different countries . The final of the competition was held on April 15 , 1993 , at the Peace and Friendship Stadium in Piraeus , Greece , with Limoges CSP defeating Benetton Treviso , by a score of 59-55 . The defending title holder , Partizan , was not allowed in the competition because of United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 , which imposed sanctions against Yugoslavia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1995–96_FIBA_European_Championship', 'summary': "The 1995-96 FIBA European League , also shortened to 1995-96 FIBA EuroLeague , was the 39th installment of the European top-tier level professional club competition for basketball clubs ( now called EuroLeague ) . It began on September 7 , 1995 , and ended on April 11 , 1996 . The competition 's Final Four was held at Paris . It was the last season of the competition that took place under the name of FIBA European League , as the competition was renamed to FIBA EuroLeague , starting with the next season ."}]}, {'value': 'Pini Gershon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pini_Gershon', 'summary': 'Pinhas Pini Gershon ( Hebrew : פנחס פיני גרשון , born 13 November 1951 ) , is an Israeli former professional basketball player and coach . He won three top-level European-wide club championships as the head coach of Maccabi Tel Aviv . He won the FIBA SuproLeague championship in 2001 , and the EuroLeague championship in 2004 and 2005 . He was named the EuroLeague Coach of the Year in 2005 . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors , as a coach . He was also the head coach of the senior Bulgarian national team .'}]}, {'value': '3†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000 , 2001 FIBA SuproLeague † , 2004 , 2005 , 2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SuproLeague', 'summary': "The 2000-01 FIBA SuproLeague was the FIBA European professional club basketball Champions ' Cup for the 2000-01 season . Up until that season , there was one cup , the FIBA European Champions ' Cup ( which is now called the EuroLeague ) , though in this season of 2000-01 , the leading European teams split into two competitions : the FIBA SuproLeague and Euroleague Basketball Company 's Euroleague 2000-01 . The season started on October 18 , 2000 , and ended on May 13 , 2001 . The competition 's Final Four took place at Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy , in Paris , France ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2003–04_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2003-04 Euroleague was the fourth season of the professional basketball competition for elite clubs throughout Europe , organised by Euroleague Basketball Company , and it was the 47th season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs overall . The 2003-04 season featured 24 competing teams from 13 different countries . The final of the competition was held in Nokia Arena , Tel Aviv , Israel , with hosts Maccabi Elite , defeating Skipper Bologna , by a score of 118-74 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2004–05_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2004-05 Euroleague was the fifth season of the professional basketball competition for elite clubs throughout Europe , organised by Euroleague Basketball Company , and it was the 48th season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs overall . The 2004-05 season featured 24 competing teams , from 13 different countries . The final of the competition was held in Olimpiisky Arena , Moscow , Russia , with the defending champions , Maccabi Elite , defeating Tau Cerámica by a score of 90-78 ."}]}, {'value': 'Aca Nikolić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandar_Nikolić', 'summary': "Aleksandar Aca Nikolić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Александар Аца Николић ; 28 October 1924 - 12 March 2000 ) was a Serbian professional basketball player and coach . He was also a professor at the University of Belgrade 's Faculty of Sport and Physical Education . He is often referred to as the Father of Yugoslav Basketball . The future basketball coaches taught by Nikolić include Božidar Maljković , Dušan Ivković , Bogdan Tanjević , Željko Obradović , etc . Nikolić was nicknamed The Professor , Iron Sergeant , and The father of Yugoslav basketball . Nikolić was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 1998 , and into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007 . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1969–70_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1969-70 FIBA European Champions Cup was the thirteenth installment of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Sportska Dvorana Skenderija , in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , on April 4 , 1970 . It was won by Ignis Varese , who defeated CSKA Moscow , by a result of 79-74 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1971–72_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1971-72 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 15th installment of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Yad Eliyahu Arena , in Tel Aviv , Israel , on March 23 , 1972 . It was won by Ignis Varese , who defeated Jugoplastika , by a result of 70-69 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1972–73_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1972-73 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 16th installment of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Country Hall du Sart Tilman , in Liège , Belgium , on March 22 , 1973 . It was won by Ignis Varese for the second time in a row . They defeated CSKA Moscow in the finals , by a result of 71-66 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lolo Sainz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lolo_Sainz', 'summary': 'Manuel Lolo Sainz Márquez ( born 28 August 1940 , in Tetuan ) , is a Spanish former professional basketball player and coach . Sainz spent most of his career with Real Madrid , either as a player , or a head coach . He did however , also coach the senior Spain national team , between 1993 and 2001 . On 3 February 2008 , he was chosen as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors , over the previous half-century , by the EuroLeague Basketball Experts Committee .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1977–78_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1977-78 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 21st season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Olympiahalle , in Munich , West Germany , on April 6 , 1978 . Real Madrid defeated Mobilgirgi Varese , by a result of 75-67 ; both teams qualified for 1978 FIBA Intercontinental Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1979–80_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1979-80 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 23rd season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Deutschlandhalle , in West Berlin , on March 27 , 1980 . Real Madrid defeated Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv , by a result of 89-95 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandro Gamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandro_Gamba', 'summary': 'Alessandro Sandro Gamba ( born 3 June 1932 ) is an Italian former professional basketball player and coach . Gamba was a finalist for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2005 , and was elected as a member in 2006 . He is also a member of the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame , inducted in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974–75_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': "The 1974-75 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 18th edition of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Arena Deurne , in Antwerp , Belgium , on April 10 , 1975 . In a reprise of a previous year 's final , Ignis Varese defeated Real Madrid , by a result of 79-65 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1975–76_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1975-76 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 19th edition of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Patinoire des Vernets , in Geneva , Switzerland , on April 1 , 1976 . In a third consecutive final for these two teams , Mobilgirgi Varese defeated Real Madrid , by a result of 81-74 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pablo Laso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pablo_Laso', 'summary': 'Pablo Laso Biurrún ( born October 13 , 1967 ) is a Spanish professional basketball head coach of the Real Madrid basketball team , and a former professional player .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2014-15 Turkish Airlines Euroleague was the 15th season of the modern era of Euroleague Basketball and the fifth under the title sponsorship of the Turkish Airlines . Including the competition 's previous iteration as the FIBA Europe Champions Cup , this was the 58th season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs . The city of Madrid hosted the Final Four from May 15 to 17 , 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2017–18_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2017-18 Turkish Airlines EuroLeague was the 18th season of the modern era of Euroleague Basketball and the eighth under the title sponsorship of the Turkish Airlines . Including the competition 's previous incarnation as the FIBA Europe Champions Cup , this was the 61st season of the premier competition for European men 's professional basketball clubs . The 2018 EuroLeague Final Four was played at the Štark Arena , in Belgrade , Serbia . Real Madrid won its record tenth EuroLeague title , after defeating defending champions Fenerbahçe Doğuş in the championship game ."}]}, {'value': 'Evgeny Alekseev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evgeny_Alekseev_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Evgeny Nikolaevich Alekseev ( Russian : Евгений Николаевич Алексеев ; 22 March 1919 - 28 February 2005 ) was a Soviet and Russian professional basketball player and coach .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961 , 1963 , 1965', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960–61_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1960-61 FIBA European Champions Cup was the fourth season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by CSKA Moscow , after they defeated Rīgas ASK , the reigning three time defending champions , and the first major dynasty of European professional club basketball . CSKA lost the first game 66-61 , but won the second 87-62 , and thus became the fourth straight European champions from the Soviet Union League .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1962–63_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1962-63 FIBA European Champions Cup was the sixth season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by CSKA Moscow , after they beat Real Madrid in a three-legged EuroLeague Finals , after the two first games ended with an aggregate two-legged tie . CSKA won the third and decisive game , by a score of 99-80 , and thus won its second European Champions Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Valerio Bianchini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valerio_Bianchini', 'summary': 'Valerio Bianchini ( born in Torre Pallavicina , July 22 , 1943 ) is an Italian professional basketball coach . He was the first coach in the history of Italian basketball who won three championship titles with three clubs ( Cantù , Virtus Roma and Victoria Libertas Pesaro ) . His nickname is the prophet .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 , 1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981–82_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1981-82 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 25th season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Sporthalle , in Cologne , West Germany , on March 25 , 1982 . Squibb Cantù defeated the defending title holders , Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv , by a result of 86-80 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1983–84_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1983-84 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 27th season of the European Champions Cup club competition ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Patinoire des Vernets in Geneva , Switzerland on March 29 , 1984 . Banco Roma won its first title , defeating Spanish side , FC Barcelona , by a result of 79-73 .'}]}, {'value': 'Željko Pavličević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Željko_Pavličević', 'summary': 'Željko Pavličević ( born 26 March 1951 ) is a Croatian professional basketball coach and former player .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986 , 1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985–86_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1985-86 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 29th edition of the FIBA European Champions Cup club competition ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Sportcsarnok in Budapest , Hungary , on April 3 , 1986 . It was won by Cibona for the second time in a row . They defeated Žalgiris in the finals , by a result of 94-82 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1990–91_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': "The 1990-91 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 34th season of the European top-tier level professional FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by Pop 84 , after they beat FC Barcelona Banca Catalana 70-65 . It was their second championship triumph over the Spanish team , and their third straight championship overall . A feat previously achieved only by Rīgas ASK , who won the first three editions of the trophy . The culminating 1991 FIBA European Champions Cup Final Four was held at Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy , Bercy , Paris , on 16-18 April 1991 . Toni Kukoč was named Final Four MVP for the second straight year . This season of the competition also marked an end to the era of European national domestic league champions only participation , as the next season featured an expanded competition , that included national domestic league champions , the current league title holders , and some other teams from the most important national domestic leagues . That also was in accordance with the league being renamed for the next season , and being called the FIBA European League ( or shortened to FIBA EuroLeague ) championship for men 's clubs . A name the competition would keep for the next five editions of the competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Dušan Ivković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dušan_Ivković', 'summary': 'Dušan Duda Ivković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Душан Дуда Ивковић ; born 29 October 1943 ) is a Serbian retired professional basketball player and coach . He served as head coach of the senior Serbian national basketball team from 2008 to 2013 , and of the senior Yugoslavian national basketball team , from 1987 ( Serbia and Montenegro competed as the FR Yugoslavia national team following the breakup of Yugoslavia ) to 1995 . He is also the current president of the Serbian club BKK Radnički . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors . He was elected to the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2017 . He was also named a EuroLeague Basketball Legend in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997 , 2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996–97_FIBA_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 1996-97 FIBA EuroLeague was the 40th installment of the European top-tier level professional club competition for basketball clubs ( now called simply EuroLeague ) . It was organized by FIBA Europe . It began on September 19 , 1996 , and ended on April 24 , 1997 . The competition 's Final Four was held at Rome . In the previous 5 seasons of the competition , the competition 's official name was FIBA European League , or shortened to FIBA EuroLeague . This season was the first edition of the competition that took the shortened name of FIBA EuroLeague , as the league 's official name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Euroleague_2011-12', 'summary': "The 2011-12 Turkish Airlines Euroleague was the 12th season of the modern era of Euroleague and the second under the title sponsorship of Turkish Airlines . Including the competition 's previous incarnation as the FIBA Europe Champions Cup , this was the 55th season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs . The Final Four was held at the Sinan Erdem Dome in Istanbul , in 11-13 May 2012 . It was won by the Piraeus club Olympiacos ( 2nd title ) , who defeated CSKA Moscow in the championship game . It was the 5th final involving a Greek club in the last six seasons , and 3rd Greek win in that time ."}]}, {'value': 'Dimitrios Itoudis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dimitrios_Itoudis', 'summary': 'Dimitrios Itoudis ( alternate spelling : Dimitris ) ( Greek : Δημήτριος Ιτούδης , born September 8 , 1970 ) is a Greek professional basketball coach , who currently serves as head coach of CSKA Moscow of the VTB United League .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2015-16 Turkish Airlines Euroleague was the 16th season of the modern era of Euroleague Basketball and the sixth under the title sponsorship of the Turkish Airlines . Including the competition 's previous incarnation as the FIBA Europe Champions Cup , this was the 59th season of the premier competition for European men 's professional basketball clubs . The 2016 Euroleague Final was played between CSKA Moscow and Fenerbahçe at the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Berlin , Germany . CSKA Moscow defeated Fenerbahçe 101-96 on extra time in the final to win their seventh European Cup/Euroleague title . Real Madrid were the title holders , but they were eliminated by Fenerbahçe in the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Euroleague', 'summary': "The 2018-19 Turkish Airlines EuroLeague was the 19th season of the modern era of Euroleague Basketball and the eighth under the title sponsorship of the Turkish Airlines . Including the competition 's previous incarnation as the FIBA Europe Champions Cup , this was be the 62nd season of the premier competition for European men 's clubs . The season started on 11 October 2018 and finished in May 2019 with the 2019 EuroLeague Final Four at Fernando Buesa Arena in Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain . CSKA Moscow won the championship after defeating Anadolu Efes in the championship game ."}]}, {'value': 'Ralph Klein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Klein_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Ralph Klein , also known as Rafael Ralph Ram was an Israeli professional basketball player and coach . In Israel , he was known as Mr. Basketball .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976–77_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1976-77 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 20th edition of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Pionir Hall , in Belgrade , Yugoslavia , on April 7 , 1977 . Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv defeated Mobilgirgi Varese , by a result of 78-77 . This year saw a competition system change , as FIBA opted to replace classic knock-out round qualifications with a group stage .'}]}, {'value': 'Otar Korkia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otar_Korkia', 'summary': "Otar Korkia ( Georgian : ოთარ ქორქია , Russian : Отар Михайлович Коркия ; May 10 , 1923 in Kutaisi - March 15 , 2005 in Tbilisi ) was a Georgian professional basketball player and coach . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players , in 1991 . He was also named the Best Georgian Basketball Player of the 20th Century , and the Best Georgian Sportsman of the 20th Century ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960 , 1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1961–62_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1961-62 FIBA European Champions Cup season was the fifth season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by Dinamo Tbilisi , after they beat Real Madrid , in the first ever single game EuroLeague Final , by a result of 90-83 , in Geneva , Switzerland . For the first time , only one finals game was played , on a neutral court , due to the unstable political situation at the time .'}]}, {'value': 'Joaquín Hernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaquín_Hernández_Gallego', 'summary': 'Joaquín Hernández Gallego ( born 5 February 1933 - 20 January 1965 ) was a Spanish basketball player and coach .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963 , 1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1963–64_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': "The 1963-64 FIBA European Champions Cup was the seventh season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by Real Madrid , marking the first of the club 's 10 EuroLeague championships in its history . Real defeated Spartak ZJŠ Brno in the two-legged EuroLeague Final , after losing the first game in Brno , 110-99 , and winning the second game at Madrid , 84-64 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cesare Rubini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cesare_Rubini', 'summary': 'Cesare Rubini ( 2 November 1923 - 8 February 2011 ) was an Italian professional basketball player and coach , and a water polo player . He was considered to be one of the greatest European basketball coaches of all time , Rubini was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1994 , making him the first , and to this day , just one of three Italian basketball figures to receive such an honour , alongside Dino Meneghin and Sandro Gamba . He was also inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 2000 . In 2002 , he was awarded the FIBA Order of Merit . He was inducted into the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame , in 2006 . He was also inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame , in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966 , 1967', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1965–66_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': "The 1965-66 FIBA European Champions Cup was the ninth season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . It was won by Simmenthal Milano , for the first time in its history , the first of the club 's three EuroLeague championships . Simmenthal defeated Slavia VŠ Praha , by a score of 77-72 , in the final of the first ever Champions Cup Final Four held in the EuroLeague competition , with two venues used : a venue in Milan , and the Palazzo dello sport arena in Bologna , Italy . The Italian team , featuring future the Basketball Hall of Fame member Bill Bradley , defeated the favorites and former champs , CSKA Moscow , in the semifinal , by a score of 57-68 ."}]}, {'value': 'Armenak Alachachian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenak_Alachachian', 'summary': "Armenak Alachachian ( alternate spelling : Armenak Alatchatchan ) ( Armenian : Արմենակ Միսակի Ալաջաջյան , December 25 , 1930 - December 4 , 2017 ) was an Armenian basketball player and coach . A point guard , he reached European stardom with CSKA Moscow and the senior men 's Soviet Union national team . He was born in Alexandria , Egypt ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969 , 1970', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968–69_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1968-69 FIBA European Champions Cup was the twelfth installment of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at Palau dels Esports , in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain , on April 24 , 1969 , and it was won by CSKA Moscow , who defeated Real Madrid 103-99 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Head coaches with the most finals appearances and players with the most championships -- Finals appearances by head coach', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Euroleague_Finals_3', 'intro': 'The EuroLeague Finals are the championship finals of the EuroLeague competition. The EuroLeague is the highest level tier, and most important professional club basketball competition in Europe.'} | null | null | What city hosted the EuroLeague Finals that were the 12th Installment , played at the time it was known as FIBA European Champions Cup , and the only championship won by the coach named Armenak born in Alexandria , Egypt ? | Barcelona |
055be6fc9ead35e2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Alpert_Foundation_Prize', 'title': 'Warren Alpert Foundation Prize', 'header': ['Year', 'Recipient ( s )', 'Citation', 'Nationality'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Boyden , Karl Deisseroth , Peter Hegemann , Gero Miesenböck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Boyden', 'summary': 'Edward S. Boyden is an American neuroscientist at MIT . He is the Y. Eva Tan Professor in Neurotechnology , a faculty member in the MIT Media Lab and an associate member of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research . In 2018 he was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator . He is recognized for his work on optogenetics . In this technology , a light-sensitive ion channel such as channelrhodopsin-2 is genetically expressed in neurons , allowing neuronal activity to be controlled by light . There were early efforts to achieve targeted optical control dating back to 2002 that did not involve a directly light-activated ion channel , but it was the method based on directly light-activated channels from microbes , such as channelrhodopsin , emerging in 2005 that turned out to be broadly useful . Optogenetics in this way has been widely adopted by neuroscientists as a research tool , and it is also thought to have potential therapeutic applications . Boyden joined the MIT faculty in 2007 , and continues to develop new optogenetic tools as well as other technologies for the manipulation of brain activity . Previously , Boyden received degrees in electrical engineering , computer science , and physics from MIT . During high school , Boyden attended the Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth', 'summary': 'Karl Alexander Deisseroth ( born 18 November 1971 ) is the D. H. Chen Professor of Bioengineering and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University . He is known for creating and developing the technologies of CLARITY and optogenetics , and for applying integrated optical and genetic strategies to study normal neural circuit function as well as dysfunction in neurological and psychiatric disease .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Hegemann', 'summary': 'Peter Hegemann ( born 11 December 1954 in Münster , West Germany ) is Professor and Head of the Department for Biophysics at the Humboldt University of Berlin , Germany . He studied chemistry in Münster and Munich and earned his PhD 1984 in Munich with an investigation into the structure and function of halorhodopsin , a light-driven chloride pump in Halobacterium halobium . As a postdoc , he worked in the research groups of Dieter Oesterhelt ( 1984 to 1985 ) and with Kenneth W. Foster at Syracuse University ( 1985 to 1986 ) . In 1986 , he started a research group in the Department of Membrane Biochemistry at the Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry in Frankfurt , Germany . He became professor at the University of Regensburg and was appointed full professor at the Humboldt-University of Berlin in 2004 . In 2015 , he was awarded a Senior Research Professor position in Neuroscience by the Hertie Foundation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gero_Miesenböck', 'summary': 'Gero Andreas Miesenböck ( born 1965 ) FRS is Waynflete Professor of Physiology and Director of the Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour ( CNCB ) at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Magdalen College , Oxford .'}]}, {'value': 'For pioneering work in the field of optogenetics , a revolutionary technique that uses light and genetic modification to control the activity of cells in the brain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Optogenetics', 'summary': "Optogenetics ( from Greek optikós , meaning 'seen , visible ' ) most commonly refers to a biological technique that involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue , typically neurons , that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels . As such , optogenetics is a neuromodulation method that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control the activities of individual neurons in living tissue - even within freely-moving animals . In some usages , optogenetics also refers to optical monitoring of neuronal activity and control of biochemical pathways in non-neuronal cells , although these research activities preceded the use of light-sensitive ion channels in neurons . As optogenetics is used by some authors to refer to only optical control of the activity of genetically defined neurons and not these additional research approaches , the term optogenetics is an example of polysemy . Neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin , halorhodopsin , and archaerhodopsin , while optical recording of neuronal activities can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium ( GCaMPs ) , vesicular release ( synapto-pHluorin ) , neurotransmitters ( GluSnFRs ) , or membrane voltage ( Quasars , ASAPs ) . Control ( or recording ) of activity is restricted to genetically defined neurons and performed in a spatiotemporal-specific manner by light . In 2010 , optogenetics was chosen as the Method of the Year across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods . At the same time , optogenetics was highlighted in the article on Breakthroughs of the Decade in the academic research journal Science ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Germany Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Collins , Paul Negulescu , Bonnie Ramsey , Lap-Chee Tsui , Michael Welsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Collins', 'summary': 'Francis Sellers Collins ( born April 14 , 1950 ) is an American physician-geneticist who discovered the genes associated with a number of diseases and led the Human Genome Project . He is director of the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) in Bethesda , Maryland , United States . Before being appointed director of the NIH , Collins led the Human Genome Project and other genomics research initiatives as director of the National Human Genome Research Institute ( NHGRI ) , one of the 27 institutes and centers at NIH . Before joining NHGRI , he earned a reputation as a gene hunter at the University of Michigan . He has been elected to the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences , and has received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science . Collins also has written a number of books on science , medicine , and religion , including the New York Times bestseller , The Language of God : A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief . After leaving the directorship of NHGRI and before becoming director of the NIH , he founded and served as president of The BioLogos Foundation , which promotes discourse on the relationship between science and religion and advocates the perspective that belief in Christianity can be reconciled with acceptance of evolution and science , especially through the advancement of evolutionary creation . In 2009 , Pope Benedict XVI appointed Collins to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lap-Chee_Tsui', 'summary': 'Lap-Chee Tsui , FRS , GBM , OC , O.Ont , JP ( Chinese : 徐立之 ; pinyin : Xú Lìzhī ; Jyutping : ceoi4 laap6 zi1 ; born 21 December 1950 ) is a Chinese-born Canadian geneticist and served as the 14th Vice-Chancellor and President of the University of Hong Kong .'}]}, {'value': 'For identifying faulty gene behind devastating disease , development of precision-targeted therapies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arlene Sharpe , Harvard Medical School , Gordon Freeman , Dana Farber Cancer Institute , Lieping Chen , Yale University , James P. Allison , University of Texas M.D . Anderson Cancer Center , Tasuku Honjo , Kyoto University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlene_Sharpe', 'summary': 'Arlene Helen Sharpe ( born in 1953 ) is an American immunologist and George Fabyan Professor of Comparative Pathology at Harvard Medical School . In 2017 , she received the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize with Gordon Freeman , Lieping Chen , James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their collective contributions to the pre-clinical foundation and development of immune checkpoint blockade , a novel form of cancer therapy that has transformed the landscape of cancer treatment . She served as the hundredth president of the American Association of Immunologists from 2016 to 2017 and served as an AAI Council member from 2013 to 2016 . She is the Co-Director of the Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Womens Hospital . She graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Medical School .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School', 'summary': "Harvard Medical School ( HMS ) is the faculty of medicine and graduate medical school of Harvard University . It is located in the Longwood neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . Founded in 1782 , HMS is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States and is consistently ranked first for research among medical schools by U.S. News & World Report . Unlike most other leading medical schools , HMS does not operate in conjunction with a single hospital but is directly affiliated with several teaching hospitals in the Boston area . HMS-affiliated teaching hospitals and institutes include Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Massachusetts General Hospital , Brigham and Women 's Hospital , and Boston Children 's Hospital . The HMS faculty has approximately 2,900 full- and part-time voting faculty members consisting of assistant , associate , and full professors , and over 5,000 full- and part-time , post-doctoral researchers and non-voting instructors . The majority of the faculty receive their appointments through an affiliated teaching hospital ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dana_Farber_Cancer_Institute', 'summary': "Dana-Farber Cancer Institute is a comprehensive cancer treatment and research institution in Boston , Massachusetts . Dana-Farber is the founding member of Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center , Harvard 's Comprehensive Cancer Center designated by the National Cancer Institute , and one of the 15 clinical affiliates and research institutes of Harvard Medical School . Dana-Farber has two Nobel laureates in Physiology and Medicine among its past and present faculty . Dana-Farber 's research discoveries include the development of the highly successful Gleevec to treat chronic myeloid leukemia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_P._Allison', 'summary': 'James Patrick Allison ( born in August 7 , 1948 ) is an American immunologist and Nobel laureate who holds the position of professor and chair of immunology and executive director of immunotherapy platform at the MD Anderson Cancer Center at the University of Texas . His discoveries have led to new cancer treatments for the deadliest cancers . He is also the director of the Cancer Research Institute ( CRI ) scientific advisory council . He has a longstanding interest in mechanisms of T-cell development and activation , the development of novel strategies for tumor immunotherapy , and is recognized as one of the first people to isolate the T-cell antigen receptor complex protein . In 2014 , he was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences ; in 2018 , he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Tasuku Honjo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_M.D._Anderson_Cancer_Center', 'summary': 'The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ( colloquially MD Anderson Cancer Center ) is a comprehensive cancer center in Houston , Texas . It is the largest cancer center in the US and one of the original three comprehensive cancer centers in the country . It is both a degree-granting academic institution and a cancer treatment and research center located at the Texas Medical Center in Houston . It is affiliated with The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo', 'summary': 'Tasuku Honjo ( 本庶 佑 , Honjo Tasuku , born January 27 , 1942 ) is a Japanese physician-scientist and immunologist . He shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology and is best known for his identification of programmed cell death protein 1 ( PD-1 ) . He is also known for his molecular identification of cytokines : IL-4 and IL-5 , as well as the discovery of activation-induced cytidine deaminase ( AID ) that is essential for class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation . He was elected as a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences , USA ( 2001 ) , as a member of German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina ( 2003 ) , and also as a member of the Japan Academy ( 2005 ) . In 2018 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with James P. Allison . He and Allison together had won the 2014 Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science for the same achievement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_University', 'summary': "Kyoto University ( 京都大学 , Kyōto daigaku ) , or Kyodai ( 京大 , Kyōdai ) is a national university in Kyoto , Japan . It is the second oldest Japanese university , one of Asia 's highest ranked universities and one of Japan 's National Seven Universities . One of Asia 's leading research-oriented institutions , Kyoto University is famed for producing world-class researchers , including 19 Nobel Prize laureates , 2 Fields medalists and one Gauss Prize winner . It has the most Nobel laureates of all universities in Asia ."}]}, {'value': 'For their collective contributions to the pre-clinical foundation and development of immune checkpoint blockade , a novel form of cancer therapy that has transformed the landscape of cancer treatment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodolphe Barrangou , North Carolina State University , Philippe Horvath , DuPont , Jennifer Doudna , University of California , Berkeley , Emmanuelle Charpentier , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology and Umeå University , Virginijus Šikšnys , Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodolphe_Barrangou', 'summary': 'Rodolphe Barrangou is an Associate Professor of Food Science and the Todd R. Klaenhammer Distinguished Scholar in Probiotics Research at North Carolina State University . His research focuses on CRISPR-Cas9 in bacteria . In 2017 , Barrangou was named Editor-in-Chief of The CRISPR Journal , a peer-reviewed journal covering the field of genome editing and CRISPR research , which debuted in February 2018 . He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University', 'summary': "North Carolina State University ( also referred to as NCSU , NC State , or just State ) is a public research university in Raleigh , North Carolina . It is part of the University of North Carolina system and is a land- , sea- , and space-grant institution . The university forms one of the corners of the Research Triangle together with Duke University in Durham and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The North Carolina General Assembly founded the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts , now NC State , on March 7 , 1887 , as a land-grant college . Today , NC State has an enrollment of more than 35,000 students , making it the largest university in the Carolinas and among the largest in the country . NC State has historical strengths in engineering , statistics , agriculture , life sciences , textiles and design and offers bachelor 's degrees in 106 fields of study . The graduate school offers master 's degrees in 104 fields , doctoral degrees in 61 fields , and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Horvath', 'summary': 'Philippe Horvath is a French scientist working for DuPont Nutrition and Health . His work was integral to the development of CRISPR-Cas , a versatile biochemical method for targeted genetic engineering . For this work , he was awarded the 2015 Massry Prize along with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna , as well as the 2016 Canada Gairdner International Award , with his Massry co-laureates in addition to Feng Zhang , Rodolphe Barrangou , Anthony Fauci , and Frank Plummer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/DuPont', 'summary': "DuPont de Nemours , Inc. , commonly known as DuPont , is an American company formed by the merger of Dow Chemical and DuPont on August 31 , 2017 , and then subsequent spinoffs of Dow Inc. and Corteva . Prior to the spinoffs it was the world 's largest chemical company in terms of sales . Within 18 months of the merger the company was split into three publicly traded companies with focuses on the following : agriculture , materials science , and specialty products . The agriculture division is named Corteva , the materials science spin-off is named Dow Inc. , and the specialty products division is named DuPont . Jeff Fettig is executive chairman of the company , and Edward Breen is the CEO . The merger has been reported to be worth an estimated $ 130 billion . With 2018 total revenue of $ 86 billion , DowDuPont ranked No . 35 on the 2019 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States public corporations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna', 'summary': 'Jennifer Anne Doudna ( born February 19 , 1964 ) is an American biochemist . She is a Li Ka Shing Chancellor Chair Professor in the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California , Berkeley . Doudna has been an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute ( HHMI ) since 1997 , and since 2018 she holds the position of senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes as well as that of professor at the University of California , San Francisco . Doudna has been a leading figure in what is referred to as the CRISPR revolution for her fundamental work and leadership in developing CRISPR-mediated genome editing . In 2012 , Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier were the first to propose that CRISPR-Cas9 ( enzymes from bacteria that control microbial immunity ) could be used for programmable editing of genomes , which is now considered one of the most significant discoveries in the history of biology . Doudna has made fundamental contributions in biochemistry and genetics and received many prestigious awards and fellowships including the 2000 Alan T. Waterman Award for her research on the structure as determined by X-ray crystallography of a ribozyme , and the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology ( with Charpentier ) . She has been a co-recipient of the Gruber Prize in Genetics ( 2015 ) , the Canada Gairdner International Award ( 2016 ) , and the Japan Prize ( 2017 ) . Outside the scientific community , she has been named one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2015 ( with Charpentier ) , and she was listed as a runner-up for Time Person of the Year in 2016 alongside other CRISPR researchers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier', 'summary': 'Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier ( born 11 December 1968 ) is a French professor and researcher in microbiology , genetics and biochemistry . Since 2015 , she has been a Director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin , Germany . In 2018 , she founded an independent research institute , the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Infection_Biology', 'summary': 'The Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology ( MPIIB ) is a non-university research institute of the Max Planck Society located in the heart of Berlin in Berlin-Mitte . It was founded in 1993 . Arturo Zychlinsky is currently the Managing Director . The MPIIB is divided into four internal research groups , two partner groups and an Emeritus Group of the founding director Stefan H. E. Kaufmann . The Regulation in Infection Biology department headed by Emmanuelle Charpentier was hived off as an independent research center in May 2018 . The Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens is now administratively independent of the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology . In October 2019 , Igor Iatsenko and Matthieu Domenech de Cellès established new research groups at the institute .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Umeå_University', 'summary': "Umeå University ( Swedish : Umeå universitet ; Ume Sami : Ubmeje Universitiähta ) is a university in Umeå in the mid-northern region of Sweden . The university was founded in 1965 and is the fifth oldest within Sweden 's present borders . As of 2015 , Umeå University has nearly 31,000 registered students ( approximately 16,000 full-time students ) , including those at the postgraduate and doctoral level . It has more than 4,000 employees , half of which are teachers/researchers , including 368 professors . Internationally , the university is known for research relating to the genome of the Populus tree and the Norway Spruce , and its highly ranked Institute of ( industrial ) Design ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginijus_Šikšnys', 'summary': 'Virginijus Šikšnys ( born January 26 , 1956 ) is a Lithuanian biochemist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vilnius_University_Institute_of_Biotechnology', 'summary': 'Vilnius University ( Lithuanian : Vilniaus universitetas ; former names exist ) is the oldest university in the Baltic states , one of the oldest and most famous in Central Europe , preceded only by the universities of Prague , Kraków , Pécs , Budapest , Bratislava and Königsberg . Founded in the 16th century , it was the easternmost university in the world . Today it is the largest university in Lithuania . The university was founded in 1579 as the Jesuit Academy ( College ) of Vilnius by Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland , Stephen Báthory . It was the third oldest university ( after the Cracow Academy and the Albertina ) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . In the aftermath of the Third Partition of Poland ( 1795 ) and the November Uprising ( 1830-1831 ) , the university was closed down and suspended its operation until 1919 . In the aftermath of World War I the university saw failed attempts to restart it by Lithuania ( December 1918 ) and invading Soviet forces ( March 1919 ) . It finally resumed operations as Stefan Batory University in Poland ( August 1919 ) , a period followed by another Soviet occupation in 1920 , and the less than two-years of the Republic of Central Lithuania , incorporated into Poland in 1922 . Following the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 , the university was briefly administered by the Lithuanian authorities ( from October 1939 ) , and then after Soviet annexation of Lithuania ( June 1940 ) , punctuated by a period of German occupation after German invasion of the Soviet Union ( 1941-1944 ) , administrated as Vilnius State University by the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic . In 1945 the Polish community of students and scholars of Stefan Batory University was transferred to Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń . After Lithuania regained its independence in 1990 , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , it resumed its status as one of the prominent universities in Lithuania . The wide-ranging Vilnius University ensemble represents all major architectural styles that predominated in Lithuania : Gothic , Renaissance , Baroque and Classicism .'}]}, {'value': 'For their remarkable contributions to the understanding of the CRISPR bacterial defense system and the revolutionary discovery that it can be adapted for genome editing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France United States Lithuania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lithuania', 'summary': 'The first known record of the name of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuva ) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle . The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva : Litua ( pronounced [ litua ] ) . Due to the lack of reliable evidence , the true meaning of the name is unknown . Nowadays , scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few plausible versions . Since Lietuva has a suffix ( -uva ) , the original word should have no suffix . [ citation needed ] A likely candidate is Lietā . Because many Baltic ethnonyms originated from hydronyms , linguists have searched for its origin among local hydronyms . Usually , such names evolved through the following process : hydronym → toponym → ethnonym . Lietava , a small river not far from Kernavė , the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the eventual Grand Duchy of Lithuania , is usually credited as the source of the name . However , the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation . On the other hand , such naming is not unprecedented in world history . Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis , that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai ( plural of leitis ) .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig and Victor Nussenzweig , NYU Langone Medical Center , Tu Youyou of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruth_Sonntag_Nussenzweig', 'summary': 'Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig ( 20 June 1928 - 1 April 2018 ) was an Austrian-Brazilian immunologist specializing in the development of malaria vaccines . In a career spanning over 60 years , she was primarily affiliated with New York University ( NYU ) , as C.V. Starr Professor of Medical and Molecular Parasitology at Langone Medical Center , Research Professor at the NYU Department of Pathology , and finally Professor Emerita of Microbiology and Pathology at the NYU Department of Microbiology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NYU_Langone_Medical_Center', 'summary': "NYU Langone Medical Center is an academic medical center located in New York City , New York , United States , affiliated with New York University . The Medical Center comprises the NYU School of Medicine and several hospitals : Tisch Hospital , the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine , the Hospital for Joint Diseases , NYU Langone Hospital - Brooklyn , NYU Winthrop Hospital , and most recently , Hassenfeld Children 's Hospital . NYU Langone Medical Center also operates over thirty ambulatory facilities in Manhattan , Brooklyn , Queens and Long Island . In early 2016 , NYU Langone had approximately 25,000 employees , and over 8,000 more employees were gained after the acquisition of Long Island 's Winthrop-University Hospital . The main campus of NYU Langone Medical Center overlooks the East River . It was placed on the Honor Roll of U.S. News & World Report Best Hospitals in the nation for 2012-2015 , and was named the # 12 Hospital in the nation on the 2015-2016 Best Hospitals Honor Roll . In the 2016-2017 rankings , NYU Langone claimed the number 10 spot , overtaking Barnes-Jewish Hospital of Washington University in St. Louis . In 2019 , the hospital was once again moved up the list to the # 9 hospital in the U.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tu_Youyou', 'summary': "Tu Youyou ( Chinese : 屠呦呦 ; pinyin : Tú Yōuyōu ; born 30 December 1930 ) is a Chinese pharmaceutical chemist and malariologist . She discovered artemisinin ( also known as qinghaosu 青蒿素 ) and dihydroartemisinin , used to treat malaria , a breakthrough in twentieth-century tropical medicine , saving millions of lives in South China , Southeast Asia , Africa , and South America . For her work , Tu received the 2011 Lasker Award in clinical medicine and the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura . Tu is the first Chinese Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine and the first female citizen of the People 's Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize in any category . She is also the first Chinese person to receive the Lasker Award . Tu Youyou was born , educated and carried out her research exclusively in China ."}]}, {'value': 'For their pioneering discoveries in chemistry and parasitology , and their personal commitment to translating these discoveries into effective chemotherapeutic and vaccine-based approaches to controlling malaria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Oleh Hornykiewicz , Medical University of Vienna , Roger A. Nicoll , University of California , San Francisco , Dr. Solomon H. Snyder , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oleh_Hornykiewicz', 'summary': 'Oleh Hornykiewicz ( born 17 November 1926 ) is an Austrian biochemist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Medical_University_of_Vienna', 'summary': "The Medical University of Vienna ( German : Medizinische Universität Wien ) is a public university located in Vienna , Austria . It is the direct successor to the faculty of medicine at the University of Vienna , founded in 1365 by Rudolf IV , Duke of Austria . As one of the oldest medical schools in the world , it is the oldest in the German-speaking countries , and was the second medical faculty in the Holy Roman Empire , after the Charles University of Prague . The Medical University of Vienna is the largest medical organisation in Austria , as well as one of the top-level research institutions in Europe and provides Europe 's largest hospital , the Vienna General Hospital , with all of its medical staff . It consists of 31 university clinics and clinical institutes , and 12 medical-theoretical departments , which perform around 48,000 operations each year . The Vienna General Hospital has about 100,000 patients treated as inpatients and 605,000 treated as outpatients each year . There have been seven Nobel prize laureates affiliated with the medical faculty , and fifteen in total with the University of Vienna . These include Robert Bárány , Julius Wagner-Jauregg and Karl Landsteiner , the discoverer of the ABO blood type system and the Rhesus factor . Sigmund Freud qualified as a doctor at the medical faculty and worked as a doctor and lecturer at the General Hospital , carrying out research into cerebral palsy , aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy . In the 2014-15 Times Higher Education Rankings , the Medical University of Vienna is listed among the top 15 medical schools in Europe and 49th in the world . ( Clinical , Pre-Clinical and Health ) . In 2019 , there were 8,217 applicants for 660 places in medicine proper and 80 in dentistry , which corresponds to an admission rate of about 9,01% Admission is based upon ranking in an admission test called MedAT , which is carried out every summer in conjunction with the three other public medical schools of Austria : the Medical University of Graz , the Medical University of Innsbruck and the Medical Faculty at the Johannes Kepler University Linz ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roger_A._Nicoll', 'summary': 'Roger A. Nicoll ( born 1941 ) is an American neuroscientist at the University of California , San Francisco where he is professor at the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology . Nicoll grew up in Princeton , New Jersey . He studied biology and chemistry at Lawrence University in Appleton , Wisconsin before he shifted to medical studies at University of Rochester School of Medicine where he obtained a M.D in 1968 . In between he studied electrophysiology for one year at National Institutes of Health where he later returned to work as a researcher . Subsequently , he got a position with the State University of New York in 1973 where he worked with John Eccles whose work he had got interested in after reading a book by Eccles about using electrodes to record impulses from neurons . Nicoll has served on the editorial board of the Journal of Physiology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco', 'summary': 'The University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) is a public research university in San Francisco , California . It is part of the University of California system and it is dedicated entirely to health science . It is a major center of medical and biological research and teaching . UCSF was founded as Toland Medical College in 1864 , and in 1873 it affiliated itself with the University of California , becoming its Medical Department . In the same year , it incorporated the California College of Pharmacy and in 1881 it established a dentistry school . Its facilities were located in both Berkeley and San Francisco . In 1964 , the school gained full administrative independence as a campus of the UC system headed by a chancellor , and in 1970 it gained its current name . Historically based at Parnassus Heights and several other locations throughout the city , in the early 2000s it developed a second major campus in the newly redeveloped Mission Bay . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates have been affiliated with UCSF as faculty members or researchers , and the University has been the site of many scientific breakthroughs . The UCSF School of Medicine is the oldest medical school in the Western United States and is highly ranked by international and national rankings of prestige and funding . The UCSF Graduate Division offers 19 PhD programs , 11 MS programs , two certificates and a physical therapy program . UCSF is ranked 5th among research-oriented medical schools in the United States and ranked 3rd for primary care by U.S. News and World Report and is ranked 1st among medical schools in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities ( Clinical Medicine , 2019 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder', 'summary': "Solomon Halbert Snyder ( born December 26 , 1938 ) is an American neuroscientist who is known for wide-ranging contributions to neuropharmacology and neurochemistry . He studied at Georgetown University , and has conducted the majority of his research at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . Many advances in molecular neuroscience have stemmed from Dr. Snyder 's identification of receptors for neurotransmitters and drugs , and elucidation of the actions of psychotropic agents , making him one of the most highly cited biologists in the world . He is most famous for his research on the opioid receptor , for which he received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1978 . He is one of the most highly cited researchers in the biological and biomedical sciences , with the highest h-index in those fields for the years 1983-2002 , and then from 2007-2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': 'The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ( JHUSOM ) , located in Baltimore , Maryland , United States ( founded in 1893 ) is the academic medical teaching and research arm of the Johns Hopkins University , founded in 1876 . The School of Medicine shares a campus with the Johns Hopkins Hospital , established in 1889 . Johns Hopkins has consistently ranked among the top medical schools in the United States and in the number of research grants awarded by the National Institutes of Health . Its main teaching hospital , the Johns Hopkins Hospital , was ranked the number one hospital in the United States for 22 years by U.S. News & World Report .'}]}, {'value': 'For seminal contributions to our understanding of neurotransmission and neurodegeneration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. David Botstein , Princeton University , Ronald W. Davis , Stanford University School of Medicine , and Dr. David Hogness , Stanford University School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Botstein', 'summary': 'David Botstein ( born 8 September 1942 ) is an American biologist serving as the chief scientific officer of Calico . He served as the director of the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics at Princeton University from 2003-2013 , where he remains an Anthony B. Evnin Professor of Genomics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Princeton_University', 'summary': "Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ronald_W._Davis', 'summary': 'Ronald Wayne Ron Davis ( born July 17 , 1941 ) is Professor of Biochemistry & Genetics , and Director of the Stanford Genome Technology Center at Stanford University . Davis is a researcher in biotechnology and molecular genetics , particularly active in human and yeast genomics and the development of new technologies in genomics , with over 30 biotechnology patents . In 2013 , it was said of Davis that A substantial number of the major genetic advances of the past 20 years can be traced back to Davis in some way .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': "Stanford University School of Medicine is the medical school of Stanford University and is located in Stanford , California . It predates the rest of the university and can trace its roots to the Medical Department of the University of the Pacific , founded in San Francisco in 1858 . This medical institution , by then called Cooper Medical College , was acquired by Stanford in 1908 . The medical school moved to the Stanford campus near Palo Alto , California in 1959 . The School of Medicine , along with Stanford Health Care and Lucile Packard Children 's Hospital , is part of Stanford Medicine . It is a research-intensive institution that emphasizes medical innovation , novel methods , discoveries , and interventions in its integrated curriculum . Stanford Health Care was named the third best hospital in California , after the UCSF Medical Center and the UCLA Medical Center ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Hogness', 'summary': 'David Swenson Hogness ( November 17 , 1925 - December 24 , 2019 ) was an American biochemist , geneticist , and developmental biologist and emeritus professor at the Stanford University School of Medicine in Stanford , California .'}]}, {'value': 'For their seminal contributions to the concepts and methods of creating a genetic map in the human , and of positional cloning , leading to the identification of thousands of human disease genes and ushering in the era of human genetics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Julian Adams , Infinity Pharmaceuticals , Dr. Kenneth C. Anderson , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Dr. Alfred L. Goldberg , Harvard Medical School , and Dr. Paul G. Richardson , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dana-Farber_Cancer_Institute', 'summary': "Dana-Farber Cancer Institute is a comprehensive cancer treatment and research institution in Boston , Massachusetts . Dana-Farber is the founding member of Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center , Harvard 's Comprehensive Cancer Center designated by the National Cancer Institute , and one of the 15 clinical affiliates and research institutes of Harvard Medical School . Dana-Farber has two Nobel laureates in Physiology and Medicine among its past and present faculty . Dana-Farber 's research discoveries include the development of the highly successful Gleevec to treat chronic myeloid leukemia ."}]}, {'value': 'For the discovery , preclinical and clinical development of bortezomib to FDA approval and front line therapy for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Alain Carpentier , Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou , and Dr. Robert Langer , Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Carpentier', 'summary': 'Alain Frédéric Carpentier M.D . Ph.D. ( born 11 August 1933 ) is a French surgeon whom the President of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery calls the father of modern mitral valve repair . He is the recipient of the 2007 Lasker Prize .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hôpital_Européen_Georges-Pompidou', 'summary': 'The Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou ( HEGP ) ( Georges Pompidou European Hospital ) is a French hospital located in Paris . The HEGP is under the aegis of the Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris ( AP-HP ) . Opened in 2001 , the HEGP is the last-born Parisian hospital resulting from the merger of three older hospitals ( Boucicaut Hospital , Broussais Hospital and Laënnec Hospital ) . The hospital architect was Aymeric Zublena . The HEGP is located near the city gate called the Porte de Sèvres , in the southwestern part of the 15th arrondissement . ( There is also a Museum of Modern Art in the Centre Georges Pompidou in the 4th arrondissement of Paris . ) The HEGP can be reached by the Métro station Balard on Line 8 , the station Pont du Garigliano on both RER C and Tramway T3 and the Buses 42 , 88 and 169 . In 2013 , French Professor Alain Carpentier developed the first 100% artificial heart , using biomaterials and electronic sensors . The device was successfully implanted by a team at the hospital on 18 December 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Langer', 'summary': "Robert Samuel Langer , Jr. FREng ( born August 29 , 1948 in Albany , New York ) is an American chemical engineer , scientist , entrepreneur , inventor and one of the twelve Institute Professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He was formerly the Germeshausen Professor of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and maintains activity in the Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Biological Engineering at MIT . He is also a faculty member of the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research . He is a widely recognized and cited researcher in biotechnology , especially in the fields of drug delivery systems and tissue engineering . His publications have been cited over 305,000 times and his h-index is 272 . According to Google Scholar , Langer is one of the 10 most cited individuals in history . ( Tied for 7th most cited in history ; he is the 5th most cited of any living individual ) . He is the most cited engineer in history . Langer 's research laboratory at MIT is the largest biomedical engineering lab in the world ; maintaining over $ 10 million in annual grants and over 100 researchers . In 2015 , Langer was awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) is a private research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Institute is a land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant university , with an urban campus that extends more than a mile ( 1.6 km ) alongside the Charles River . The Institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory , the Bates Center , and the Haystack Observatory , as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes . Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States , MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering . It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science , engineering , mathematics , and technology , and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength , making it one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 96 Nobel laureates , 26 Turing Award winners , and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni , faculty members , or researchers . In addition , 58 National Medal of Science recipients , 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients , 50 MacArthur Fellows , 73 Marshall Scholars , 48 Rhodes Scholars , 41 astronauts , and 16 Chief Scientists of the US Air Force have been affiliated with MIT . The school also has a strong entrepreneurial culture , and the aggregated annual revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni ( $ 1.9 trillion ) would rank roughly as the tenth-largest economy in the world ( 2014 ) . MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) .'}]}, {'value': 'For their application of bioengineering principles to fundamental improvements in human health', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2009-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Howard Green , Harvard Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Green_MD', 'summary': 'Howard Green ( September 10 , 1925 - October 31 , 2015 ) was an American scientist , and George Higginson Professor of Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School . He was the first to culture human cells in a laboratory setting for therapeutic use . He is one of the founding fathers of stem-cell research and regenerative medicine . One famous case involving Doctor Green concerned Jamie and Glenn Selby , two children from Wyoming who were burned over 95% of their bodies . Green cut small patches of undamaged skin from the boys , grew them in a lab and was able to harvest skin grafts to cover their burns .'}]}, {'value': 'For development of methodologies for the expansion and differentiation of human keratinocyte stem cells for permanent skin restoration in victims of extensive burns', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Lloyd Aiello , Joslin Diabetes Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joslin_Diabetes_Center', 'summary': 'Joslin Diabetes Center is the worlds largest diabetes research center , diabetes clinic , and provider of diabetes education . It is located in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston , Massachusetts , United States . Among the Harvard Medical School affiliated institutions , Joslin is unique in its sole focus on diabetes . Joslin has the worlds largest team of board-certified physicians treating diabetes and its complications , as well as the largest staff of Certified Diabetes Educators anywhere in the world . Joslin also supports the worlds largest diabetes research team with more than 40 faculty investigators and more than 300 researchers .'}]}, {'value': 'For the discovery , characterization and implementation of laser panretinal photocoagulation , which is used to treat proliferative diabetic retinopathy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harald zur Hausen and Lutz Gissmann , German Cancer Research Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen', 'summary': 'Harald zur Hausen ( German : [ ˈhaʁalt tsuːɐ̯ ˈhaʊzn̩ ] ; born 11 March 1936 ) is a German virologist and professor emeritus . He has done research on cancer of the cervix , where he discovered the role of papilloma viruses , for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/German_Cancer_Research_Center', 'summary': 'The German Cancer Research Center ( known as the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum or simply DKFZ in German and also known as the German Cancer Consortium ) , is a national cancer research center based in Heidelberg , Germany . It is a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres , the largest scientific organization in Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'For work leading to the development of a vaccine against human papillomavirus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Slamon , UCLA , Robert Weinberg , MIT , Michael Shepard , Receptor BioLogix , Inc , and Axel Ullrich , Center for Molecular Medicine ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Slamon', 'summary': "Dennis Joseph Slamon ( born August 8 , 1948 ) , is an American oncologist and chief of the division of Hematology-Oncology at UCLA . He is best known for his work identifying the HER2/neu oncogene that is amplified in 25-33% of breast cancer patients and the resulting treatment Herceptin . Slamon is the son of a West Virginia coal miner . He attended Washington & Jefferson College for its pre-med program . He currently serves as director of Clinical/Translational Research at UCLA 's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center , and as director of the Revlon/UCLA Women 's Cancer Research Program at JCCC . He is a professor of medicine , chief of the Division of Hematology/Oncology and executive vice chair for research for UCLA 's Department of Medicine . Slamon also serves as director of the medical advisory board for the National Colorectal Cancer Research Alliance , a fund-raising organization that promotes advances in colorectal cancer . In 1986 Axel Ulirich , a German scientist working at Genentec , first discovered the Her-2 protein and gave a conference about it in which Slamon was present and afterwards Slamon proposed to work together , since he suspected that a mutation in Her-2 might cause cancer , eventually they found a kind of aggressive breast cancer with a mutation in the gene responsible for the Her-2 protein and started working on producing an antibody to block that protein , hoping to create a new breast cancer treatment , however Genentec had serious administrative conflicts regarding the direction of their research at the time and they refused to fund their research , with Ullrich leaving the company . Despite not working at Genentec Slamon kept insisting , which lead to him being known and disliked among the staff , but eventually he convinced a group of Genentec scientists and got funds to do a small study , which proved the efficacy of the Her-2 antibody in fighting breast cancer which convinced Genentec to launch a full scale research and development effort , which concluded in the creating of new more effective breast cancer treatments . For 12 years , Dr. Slamon and his colleagues conducted the laboratory and clinical research that led to the development of the new breast cancer drug Herceptin , which targets a specific genetic alteration found in about 25 percent of breast cancer patients . To acknowledge Slamon 's accomplishments , President Bill Clinton appointed Slamon to the three-member President 's Cancer Panel in June 2000 . A 1975 honors graduate of the University of Chicago 's Pritzker School of Medicine , Slamon earned his Ph.D. in cell biology that same year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/UCLA', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Weinberg', 'summary': 'Robert Allan Weinberg ( born November 11 , 1942 ) is a biologist , Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , director of the Ludwig Center of the MIT , and American Cancer Society Research Professor . His research is in the area of oncogenes and the genetic basis of human cancer . Robert Weinberg is also affiliated with the Broad Institute and is a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research . He teaches at MIT including course 7.012 ( introductory biology ) with Eric Lander . Weinberg and Lander are among the co-founders of Verastem , which is a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat cancer by targeting cancer stem cells .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MIT', 'summary': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) is a private research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Institute is a land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant university , with an urban campus that extends more than a mile ( 1.6 km ) alongside the Charles River . The Institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory , the Bates Center , and the Haystack Observatory , as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes . Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States , MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering . It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science , engineering , mathematics , and technology , and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength , making it one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 96 Nobel laureates , 26 Turing Award winners , and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni , faculty members , or researchers . In addition , 58 National Medal of Science recipients , 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients , 50 MacArthur Fellows , 73 Marshall Scholars , 48 Rhodes Scholars , 41 astronauts , and 16 Chief Scientists of the US Air Force have been affiliated with MIT . The school also has a strong entrepreneurial culture , and the aggregated annual revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni ( $ 1.9 trillion ) would rank roughly as the tenth-largest economy in the world ( 2014 ) . MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Axel_Ullrich', 'summary': "Axel Ullrich ( born October 19 , 1943 in Lauban , Silesia ) is a German cancer researcher and has been the director of the molecular biology department at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried , Germany since 1988 . This department 's research has primarily focused on signal transduction . Ullrich has received Hamdan Award for Medical Research Excellence , awarded by Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences , Dubai , United Arab Emirates in 2008 and Ullrich and his team received the Wolf Prize in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'For their work in identifying HER-2/neu as an oncogene and development of the anti-HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody Herceptin for breast cancer therapy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herceptin', 'summary': "Trastuzumab , sold under the brand name Herceptin among others , is a monoclonal antibody used to treat breast cancer and stomach cancer . It is specifically used for cancer that is HER2 receptor positive . It may be used by itself or together with other chemotherapy medication . Trastuzumab is given by slow injection into a vein and injection just under the skin . Common side effects include fever , infection , cough , headache , trouble sleeping , and rash . Other severe side effects include heart failure , allergic reactions , and lung disease . Use during pregnancy may harm the baby . Trastuzumab works by binding to the HER2 receptor and slowing down cell duplication . Trastuzumab was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . As of 2014 [ update ] , the wholesale price in the developing world is between US $ 1,800 and US $ 1,955 per 440 mg vial . In the United Kingdom , a 150 mg vial costs the NHS £407.00 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': "M. Judah Folkman , Harvard Medical School and Boston Children 's Hospital", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M._Judah_Folkman', 'summary': 'Moses Judah Folkman ( February 24 , 1933 - January 14 , 2008 ) was an American medical scientist best known for his research on tumor angiogenesis , the process by which a tumor attracts blood vessels to nourish itself and sustain its existence . He founded the field of angiogenesis research , which has led to the discovery of a number of therapies based on inhibiting or stimulating neovascularization .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School', 'summary': "Harvard Medical School ( HMS ) is the faculty of medicine and graduate medical school of Harvard University . It is located in the Longwood neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . Founded in 1782 , HMS is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States and is consistently ranked first for research among medical schools by U.S. News & World Report . Unlike most other leading medical schools , HMS does not operate in conjunction with a single hospital but is directly affiliated with several teaching hospitals in the Boston area . HMS-affiliated teaching hospitals and institutes include Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Massachusetts General Hospital , Brigham and Women 's Hospital , and Boston Children 's Hospital . The HMS faculty has approximately 2,900 full- and part-time voting faculty members consisting of assistant , associate , and full professors , and over 5,000 full- and part-time , post-doctoral researchers and non-voting instructors . The majority of the faculty receive their appointments through an affiliated teaching hospital ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Boston_Children's_Hospital", 'summary': "Boston Children 's Hospital ( called Children 's Hospital Boston until 2012 ) is a 404-licensed-bed children 's hospital in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area of Boston , Massachusetts . At 300 Longwood Avenue , Children 's is adjacent both to its teaching affiliate , Harvard Medical School , and to Dana-Farber Cancer Institute . Dana-Farber and Children 's jointly operate the Dana-Farber/Boston Children 's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center to deliver comprehensive care for all types of childhood cancers ."}]}, {'value': 'For discovering tumor angiogenesis , and for pioneering work in the development of antiangiogenic therapies for cancer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angiogenesis', 'summary': 'Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels , formed in the earlier stage of vasculogenesis . Angiogenesis continues the growth of the vasculature by processes of sprouting and splitting . Vasculogenesis is the embryonic formation of endothelial cells from mesoderm cell precursors , and from neovascularization , although discussions are not always precise ( especially in older texts ) . The first vessels in the developing embryo form through vasculogenesis , after which angiogenesis is responsible for most , if not all , blood vessel growth during development and in disease . Angiogenesis is a normal and vital process in growth and development , as well as in wound healing and in the formation of granulation tissue . However , it is also a fundamental step in the transition of tumors from a benign state to a malignant one , leading to the use of angiogenesis inhibitors in the treatment of cancer . The essential role of angiogenesis in tumor growth was first proposed in 1971 by Judah Folkman , who described tumors as hot and bloody , illustrating that , at least for many tumor types , flush perfusion and even hyperemia are characteristic .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Band Horwitz , Albert Einstein College of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susan_Band_Horwitz', 'summary': "Susan Band Horwitz is an American biochemist and professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine where she holds the Falkenstein chair in Cancer Research as well as co-chair of the department of Molecular Pharmacology . Horwitz is a pioneer in dissecting the mechanisms of action of chemotherapeutic drugs including camptothecin , epipodophyllotoxins , and bleomycin , and taxol . Horwitz 's work on taxol in particular has brought her international recognition . Horwitz discovered that taxol binds to microtubules , resulting in arrest of the cell cycle in metaphase . Her work paved the way to using taxol and other microtubule binding agents as chemotherapeutics . Taxol remains widely used today , as a means to treat ovarian , breast , and lung cancer . However , since taxol is in short supply , Horwitz is directing studies in her lab to identify similar therapies in natural products ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine', 'summary': 'Albert Einstein College of Medicine is a medical school located in the Morris Park neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City . Einstein currently operates as an independent degree-granting institute under the Montefiore Medical Center ; it was part of Yeshiva University until 2016 . It is well-rated in care and research , and its NIH funding per investigator ranks high . Einstein offers a M.D . program and a Ph.D. program in the biomedical sciences and clinical investigation , and two Master of Science ( M.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': 'For her seminal contributions to the understanding of how the antitumor agent Taxol kills cancer cells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taxol', 'summary': "Paclitaxel ( PTX ) , sold under the brand name Taxol among others , is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of types of cancer . This includes ovarian cancer , breast cancer , lung cancer , Kaposi sarcoma , cervical cancer , and pancreatic cancer . It is given by injection into a vein . There is also an albumin-bound formulation . Common side effects include hair loss , bone marrow suppression , numbness , allergic reactions , muscle pains , and diarrhea . Other serious side effects include heart problems , increased risk of infection , and lung inflammation . There are concerns that use during pregnancy may cause birth defects . Paclitaxel is in the taxane family of medications . It works by interference with the normal function of microtubules during cell division . Paclitaxel was first isolated in 1971 from the Pacific yew and approved for medical use in 1993 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US $ 7.06-13.48 per 100 mg vial ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sidney Pestka , University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , David Goeddel , Tularik , Inc. , and Charles Weissmann , Imperial College School of Medicine , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidney_Pestka', 'summary': 'Sidney Pestka ( May 29 , 1936 - December 22 , 2016 ) was an American biochemist and geneticist . A recipient of the National Medal of Technology , he is sometimes referred to as the father of interferon for his groundbreaking work developing the interferons as treatments for major diseases such as hepatitis , multiple sclerosis , and cancer . Pestka was part of the team working on research involving the genetic code , protein synthesis and ribosome function that led to the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine received by Marshall Warren Nirenberg .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Goeddel', 'summary': "David V. Goeddel ( born 1951 ) is an American molecular biologist who , employed at the time by Genentech , successfully used genetic engineering to coax bacteria into creating synthetic human insulin , human growth hormone , and human tissue plasminogen activator ( tPA ) for use in therapeutic medicine . Recruited by Bob Swanson in 1978 , he was the first non-university scientist to be hired at Genentech , and the company 's third employee . Goeddel became legendary in the biotechnology and molecular biology fields by cloning virtually all of Genentech 's early products and/or processes , including synthetic insulin , growth hormone , and tPA , often beating out bigger and more established laboratories in the process . Besides being perhaps the single most important contributor to Genentech 's rise to one of the nation 's premier biotech companies , his extraordinary drive and competitive work ethic embodied Genentech 's early Clone or Die culture Together with Steve McKnight and Robert Tjian , he founded Tularik in 1991 , and was their president and CEO until Tularik was acquired by Amgen for $ 1.3 billion in 2004 . Goeddel earned his bachelor 's degree in chemistry from the University of California , San Diego , and his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Colorado , Boulder . He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences , and is a recipient of the Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry and the Scheele Award from the Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Weissmann', 'summary': 'Charles Weissmann ( born 14 October 1931 ) is a Hungarian-born Swiss molecular biologist . Weissmann is particularly known for the first cloning and expression of interferon and his contributions to the unraveling of the molecular genetics of neurogenerative prion diseases such as scrapie , Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mad cow disease . Weissmann went to University of Zurich and obtained his MD in 1956 and Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry in 1961 . In 1978 , Weissmann co-founded the biotech company Biogen in Geneva . Biogen is considered one of the pioneers of the biotechnology industries . Weissmann was director of the Institute for Molecular Biology in Zurich , President of the Roche Research Foundation and co-founder and Member of the Scientific Council of Biogen . He was Chairman of the Department of Infectology , Scripps Florida until 2011 . Weissmann won several awards , including the Otto Warburg Medal ( 1980 ) and the Scheele Award ( 1982 ) . A member of the American Society of Biological Chemistry and the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina he is also a Foreign Associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , the Royal Society ( UK ) and the Pour le Mérite ( Germany ) . On May 16 , 2011 Weissmann became Doctor of Science Honoris Causa at New York University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Imperial_College_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': "Imperial College School of Medicine ( ICSM ) is the medical school of Imperial College London in England , and one of the United Hospitals . It is part of the college 's Faculty of Medicine , and was formed by the merger of several historic medical schools , with core campuses at South Kensington , St Mary 's , Charing Cross , Hammersmith and Chelsea and Westminster . The school ranked 4th in the world for medicine in the 2018 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'For purification and characterization of interferon alpha ; cloning of the human interferon alpha gene and mass production of recombinant interferon alpha for cancer treatment and treatment of hepatitis C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Interferon_alpha', 'summary': 'Human type I interferons ( IFNs ) are a large subgroup of interferon proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system . Interferons bind to interferon receptors . All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN-α receptor ( IFNAR ) that consists of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains . Type I IFNs are found in all mammals , and homologous ( similar ) molecules have been found in birds , reptiles , amphibians and fish species .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hepatitis_C', 'summary': 'Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) that primarily affects the liver . During the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms . Occasionally a fever , dark urine , abdominal pain , and yellow tinged skin occurs . The virus persists in the liver in about 75% to 85% of those initially infected . Early on chronic infection typically has no symptoms . Over many years however , it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis . In some cases , those with cirrhosis will develop serious complications such as liver failure , liver cancer , or dilated blood vessels in the esophagus and stomach . HCV is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use , poorly sterilized medical equipment , needlestick injuries in healthcare , and transfusions . Using blood screening , the risk from a transfusion is less than one per two million . It may also be spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth . It is not spread by superficial contact . It is one of five known hepatitis viruses : A , B , C , D , and E. Diagnosis is by blood testing to look for either antibodies to the virus or its RNA .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Sommer , Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Sommer', 'summary': 'Alfred ( Al ) Sommer is a prominent American ophthalmologist and epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health . His research on vitamin A in the 1970s and 1980s revealed that dosing even mildly vitamin A deficient children with an inexpensive , large dose vitamin A capsule twice a year reduces child mortality by as much as 34 percent . The World Bank and the Copenhagen Consensus list vitamin A supplementation as one of the most cost-effective health interventions in the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bloomberg_School_of_Public_Health', 'summary': "The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health ( JHSPH ) is part of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore , Maryland , United States . As the first independent , degree-granting institution for research in epidemiology and training in public health , and the largest public health training facility in the United States , the Bloomberg School is a leading international authority on the improvement of health and prevention of disease and disability . The school 's mission is to protect populations from illness and injury by pioneering new research , deploying its knowledge and expertise in the field , and training scientists and practitioners in the global defense of human life . The school is ranked first in public health in the U.S. News and World Report rankings and has held that ranking since 1994 ."}]}, {'value': 'For epidemiologic insight into the effects of Vitamin A deficiency , and the resulting reduction in childhood mortality worldwide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitamin_A', 'summary': 'Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds that includes retinol , retinal , retinoic acid , and several provitamin A carotenoids ( most notably beta-carotene ) . Vitamin A has multiple functions : it is important for growth and development , for the maintenance of the immune system , and for good vision . Vitamin A is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of retinal , which combines with protein opsin to form rhodopsin , the light-absorbing molecule necessary for both low-light ( scotopic vision ) and color vision . Vitamin A also functions in a very different role as retinoic acid ( an irreversibly oxidized form of retinol ) , which is an important hormone-like growth factor for epithelial and other cells . In foods of animal origin , the major form of vitamin A is an ester , primarily retinyl palmitate , which is converted to retinol ( chemically an alcohol ) in the small intestine . The retinol form functions as a storage form of the vitamin , and can be converted to and from its visually active aldehyde form , retinal . All forms of vitamin A have a beta-ionone ring to which an isoprenoid chain is attached , called a retinyl group . Both structural features are essential for vitamin activity . The orange pigment of carrots ( beta-carotene ) can be represented as two connected retinyl groups , which are used in the body to contribute to vitamin A levels . Alpha-carotene and gamma-carotene also have a single retinyl group , which give them some vitamin activity . None of the other carotenes have vitamin activity . The carotenoid beta-cryptoxanthin possesses an ionone group and has vitamin activity in humans .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugene Braunwald , Harvard Medical School , and Barry Coller , Rockefeller University School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Braunwald', 'summary': 'Eugene Braunwald ( born August 15 , 1929 in Vienna , Austria ) is an American cardiologist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rockefeller_University', 'summary': "The Rockefeller University is a private graduate university in New York City . It focuses primarily on the biological and medical sciences and provides doctoral and postdoctoral education . Rockefeller is the oldest biomedical research institute in the United States . The 82-person faculty ( tenured and tenure-track , as of 2018 ) has 37 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 17 members of the National Academy of Medicine , seven Lasker Award recipients , and five Nobel laureates . As of October 2019 , a total of 36 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Rockefeller University . The university is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , between 63rd and 68th streets on York Avenue . Richard P. Lifton became the university 's eleventh president on September 1 , 2016 . The Rockefeller University Press publishes the Journal of Experimental Medicine , the Journal of Cell Biology , and The Journal of General Physiology ."}]}, {'value': 'For work in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology , leading to the use of monoclonal antibodies to platelet surface antigens in antithrombotic therapy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiac_physiology', 'summary': 'Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy , unimpaired function of the heart : involving blood flow ; myocardium structure ; the electrical conduction system of the heart ; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pathophysiology', 'summary': 'Pathophysiology ( a.k.a . physiopathology ) - a convergence of pathology with physiology - is the study of the disordered physiological processes that cause , result from , or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury . Pathology is the medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during a disease state , whereas physiology is the biological discipline that describes processes or mechanisms operating within an organism . Pathology describes the abnormal or undesired condition , whereas pathophysiology seeks to explain the functional changes that are occurring within an individual due to a disease or pathologic state .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies', 'summary': 'Monoclonal antibodies ( mAb or moAb ) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell . Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity , in that they bind to the same epitope ( the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody ) . In contrast , polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell ( antibody secreting immune cell ) lineages . Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered , by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes . Given almost any substance , it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance ; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance . This has become an important tool in biochemistry , molecular biology , and medicine . When used as medications , non-proprietary drug names end in -mab ( see Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies ) and many immunotherapy specialists use the word mab anacronymically .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Baltimore , California Institute of Technology , Brian Druker , Oregon Health Sciences University , Nicholas Lydon , Amgen , Inc. , Alex Matter , Novartis Pharma AG , and Owen Witte , University of California , Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Baltimore', 'summary': 'David Baltimore ( born March 7 , 1938 ) is an American biologist , university administrator , and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine , he is a Professor of Biology at the California Institute of Technology , where he served as president from 1997 to 2006 . He also serves as the director of the Joint Center for Translational Medicine , which joins Caltech and UCLA in a program to translate basic science discoveries into clinical realities . He served as president of the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) from 1997 to 2006 , and is currently the President Emeritus and Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology at Caltech . He also served as president of Rockefeller University from 1990 to 1991 , and was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007 . Baltimore has profoundly influenced international science , including key contributions to immunology , virology , cancer research , biotechnology , and recombinant DNA research , through his accomplishments as a researcher , administrator , educator , and public advocate for science and engineering . He has trained many doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows , several of whom have gone on to notable and distinguished research careers . In addition to the Nobel Prize , he has received a number of awards , including the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1999 . Baltimore currently sits on the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and is a consultant to the Science Philanthropy Alliance .'}, {'url': '/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': "The California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) is a private doctorate-granting research university in Pasadena , California . Known for its strength in natural science and engineering , Caltech is often ranked as one of the world 's top-ten universities . Although founded as a preparatory and vocational school by Amos G. Throop in 1891 , the college attracted influential scientists such as George Ellery Hale , Arthur Amos Noyes and Robert Andrews Millikan in the early 20th century . The vocational and preparatory schools were disbanded and spun off in 1910 and the college assumed its present name in 1920 . In 1934 , Caltech was elected to the Association of American Universities , and the antecedents of NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory , which Caltech continues to manage and operate , were established between 1936 and 1943 under Theodore von Kármán . The university is one among a small group of institutes of technology in the United States which is primarily devoted to the instruction of pure and applied sciences . Caltech has six academic divisions with strong emphasis on science and engineering , managing $ 332 million in 2011 in sponsored research . Its 124-acre ( 50 ha ) primary campus is located approximately 11 mi ( 18 km ) northeast of downtown Los Angeles . First-year students are required to live on campus and 95% of undergraduates remain in the on-campus House System at Caltech . Although Caltech has a strong tradition of practical jokes and pranks , student life is governed by an honor code which allows faculty to assign take-home examinations . The Caltech Beavers compete in 13 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division III 's Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . As of November 2019 [ update ] , Caltech alumni , faculty and researchers include 74 Nobel Laureates ( chemist Linus Pauling being the only individual in history to win two unshared prizes ) , 4 Fields Medalists , and 6 Turing Award winners ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_Druker', 'summary': "Brian J. Druker ( born April 30 , 1955 ) is a physician-scientist at Oregon Health & Science University , in Portland , Oregon . He is the director of OHSU 's Knight Cancer Institute , Jeld-Wen Chair of Leukemia Research , and professor of medicine . In 2009 , he won the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award and the Meyenburg Award for his influential work in the development of Imatinib ( or STI571 ) , commonly known as Gleevec , for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia ( CML ) . He has been called Oregon 's best-known scientist ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oregon_Health_Sciences_University', 'summary': 'Oregon Health & Science University ( OHSU ) is a public university in Oregon with a main campus , including two hospitals , in Portland , Oregon . The institution was founded in 1887 as the University of Oregon Medical Department and later became the University of Oregon Medical School . In 1974 , the campus became an independent , self-governed institution called the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center , combining state dentistry , medicine , nursing , and public health programs into a single center . It was renamed Oregon Health Science University in 1981 and took its current name in 2001 , as part of a merger with the Oregon Graduate Institute ( OGI ) , in Hillsboro . The university has several partnership programs including a joint PharmD Pharmacy program with Oregon State University in Corvallis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Lydon', 'summary': 'Nicholas B. Lydon FRS ( born 27 February 1957 ) is a British scientist and entrepreneur . In 2009 , he was awarded the Lasker Clinical Award and in 2012 the Japan Prize for the development of Gleevec , also known as Imatinib , a selective BCR-ABL inhibitor for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia ( CML ) , which converted a fatal cancer into a manageable chronic condition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amgen', 'summary': "Amgen Inc. ( formerly Applied Molecular Genetics Inc. ) is an American multinational biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Thousand Oaks , California . One of the world 's largest independent biotechnology companies , Amgen was established in Thousand Oaks , California in 1980 . Amgen 's Thousand Oaks staff in 2017 numbered 5,125 ( 7.5% of total city employment ) and included hundreds of scientists , making Amgen the largest employer in Ventura County . Focused on molecular biology and biochemistry , its goal is to provide a healthcare business based on recombinant DNA technology . In 2018 , the company 's largest selling product lines were Neulasta , an immunostimulator used to prevent infections in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy and Enbrel , a tumor necrosis factor blocker used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases . Other products include Epogen , Aranesp , Sensipar/Mimpara , Nplate , Vectibix , Prolia and XGEVA . Amgen sponsors the Tour of California ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Novartis', 'summary': 'Novartis International AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel , Switzerland . It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies by both market capitalization and sales . Novartis manufactures the drugs clozapine ( Clozaril ) , diclofenac ( Voltaren ) , carbamazepine ( Tegretol ) , valsartan ( Diovan ) , imatinib mesylate ( Gleevec/Glivec ) , ciclosporin ( Neoral/Sandimmun ) , letrozole ( Femara ) , methylphenidate ( Ritalin ) , terbinafine ( Lamisil ) , and others . In 1996 , Ciba-Geigy merged with Sandoz ; the pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of both companies formed Novartis as an independent entity . Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz businesses were sold , or , like Ciba Specialty Chemicals , spun off as independent companies . The Sandoz brand disappeared for three years , but was revived in 2003 when Novartis consolidated its generic drugs businesses into a single subsidiary and named it Sandoz . Novartis divested its agrochemical and genetically modified crops business in 2000 with the spinout of Syngenta in partnership with AstraZeneca , which also divested its agrochemical business . Novartis is a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations ( EFPIA ) , the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations ( IFPMA ) , and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America ( PhRMA ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'For Development of Abl kinase inhibitors for use in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia', 'summary': 'Chronic myelogenous leukemia ( CML ) , also known as chronic myeloid leukemia , is a cancer of the white blood cells . It is a form of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow and the accumulation of these cells in the blood . CML is a clonal bone marrow stem cell disorder in which a proliferation of mature granulocytes ( neutrophils , eosinophils and basophils ) and their precursors is found . It is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm associated with a characteristic chromosomal translocation called the Philadelphia chromosome . CML is largely treated with targeted drugs called tyrosine-kinase inhibitors ( TKIs ) which have led to dramatically improved long-term survival rates since 2001 . These drugs have revolutionized treatment of this disease and allow most patients to have a good quality of life when compared to the former chemotherapy drugs . In Western countries , CML accounts for 15-25% of all adult leukemias and 14% of leukemias overall ( including the pediatric population , where CML is less common ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein , University of Texas Southwestern Medical School , Akira Endo ( biochemist ) , Tokyo Noko University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_S._Brown', 'summary': 'Michael Stuart Brown ForMemRS ( born April 13 , 1941 ) is an American geneticist and Nobel laureate . He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph L. Goldstein in 1985 for describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein', 'summary': 'Joseph Leonard Goldstein ForMemRS ( born April 18 , 1940 ) is an American biochemist . He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985 , along with fellow University of Texas Southwestern researcher , Michael Brown , for their studies regarding cholesterol . They discovered that human cells have low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) receptors that remove cholesterol from the blood and that when LDL receptors are not present in sufficient numbers , individuals develop hypercholesterolemia and become at risk for cholesterol related diseases , notably coronary heart disease . Their studies led to the development of statin drugs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_School', 'summary': "The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center ( UT Southwestern or UTSW ) is a public medical school in Dallas , Texas . With approximately 13,568 employees and 2,445 faculty and over 2.7 million outpatient visits per year , UT Southwestern is the largest medical school in the University of Texas System and state of Texas . UTSW 's operating budget in 2019 was more than $ 3.152 billion , and is the largest medical institution in the Dallas Metroplex ( and therefore north Texas ) , annually training about 3,700 medical , graduate , and health professions students , residents , and postdoctoral fellows . Ongoing support from outside sources provides approximately $ 422.6 million per year for more than 5,700 research projects . In 2017 , the school had the largest federal expenditure funding of all UT medical institutions at $ 204.5 million dollars . UTSW 's three-part mission is to : educate leaders in patient care , biomedical science , and disease prevention ; conduct research ; and deliver patient care . It incorporates three major degree-granting institutions - UT Southwestern Medical School , UT Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , and UT Southwestern School of Health Professions . UTSW has four major affiliated hospitals : Parkland Memorial Hospital , Dallas Children 's Medical Center , Zale Lipshy Pavilion - William P. Clements Jr. University Hospital , and William P. Clements Jr. University Hospital . However UT Southwestern 's faculty also provide services at Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children , VA North Texas Health Care System , and other affiliated hospitals and community clinics in the Metroplex . Faculty and residents care for more than 100,000 hospitalized patients and oversee approximately 2.2 million outpatient visits a year , including more than $ 106.7 million in unreimbursed clinical services annually . Through the four major hospitals affiliated with UT , the medical center also has a large presence in Plano and Frisco , prominent suburbs in the Dallas area . Furthermore , in 2016 , UT Southwestern began providing additional care through Southwestern Health Resources , a new network combining the systems of Texas Health Resources and UT Southwestern ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Akira_Endo_(biochemist)', 'summary': 'Akira Endo ( 遠藤 章 , Endō Akira , born 14 November 1933 ) is a Japanese biochemist whose research into the relationship between fungi and cholesterol biosynthesis led to the development of statin drugs , which are some of the best-selling pharmaceuticals in history . He received the Japan Prize in 2006 , the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 2008 , the Canada Gairdner International Award in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'For Development of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMG_CoA', 'summary': 'β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA ( HMG-CoA ) , also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA , is an intermediate in the mevalonate and ketogenesis pathways . It is formed from acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA by HMG-CoA synthase . The research of Minor J. Coon and Bimal Kumar Bachhawat in the 1950s at University of Illinois led to its discovery . HMG-CoA is a metabolic intermediate in the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acids , which include leucine , isoleucine , and valine . Its immediate precursors are β-methylglutaconyl-CoA ( MG-CoA ) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA ( HMB-CoA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Warren Alpert Foundation Prize Recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Warren_Alpert_Foundation_Prize_0', 'intro': 'The Warren Alpert Foundation Prize is awarded annually to scientist(s) whose scientific achievements have led to the prevention, cure or treatment of human diseases or disorders, and/or whose research constitutes a seminal scientific finding that holds great promise of ultimately changing our understanding of or ability to treat disease. The prize was established in 1987 by the late philanthropist and businessman Warren Alpert and the Warren Alpert Foundation. The Warren Alpert Prize is given internationally and since its inception, 10 winners have gone on to win Nobel Prizes. The prize is administered in concert with Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts and the Warren Alpert Foundation, located in Providence, Rhode Island. An annual symposium is held at Harvard Medical School each fall where the recipient(s) present their work. The prize currently includes $500,000, a citation and plaque.'} | null | null | The college rcognized in 2004 was originally part of what university ? | Yeshiva University |
055dc1829bd74f4a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRU_Challenge_Cup', 'title': 'WRU Challenge Cup', 'header': ['Team', 'Winners', 'Runners-up'], 'data': [{'value': 'Llanelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llanelli_RFC', 'summary': "Llanelli Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Llanelli ) is a Welsh rugby union club founded in 1875 ( though often recorded as 1872 ) . The club began the 2008-09 season at their historic home ground of Stradey Park in Llanelli , but moved in November 2008 to the new Parc y Scarlets in adjacent Pemberton . The club 's nickname is Sosban Fach , a Welsh song meaning Little Saucepan , which is sometimes sung by the club 's fans during matches as the club anthem . The team colours are scarlet and white . Following the 2003 regionalisation of Welsh rugby , Llanelli are now a feeder club to the Scarlets regional team ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff_RFC', 'summary': 'Cardiff Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Caerdydd ) is a rugby union football club based in Cardiff , the capital city of Wales . The club was founded in 1876 and played their first few matches at Sophia Gardens , shortly after which relocating to Cardiff Arms Park where they have been based ever since . They built a reputation as one of the great clubs in world rugby , largely through a series of wins against international touring sides . Cardiff have beaten both South Africa and New Zealand , and Australia have failed to beat the club in six attempts . Through its history Cardiff RFC have provided more players to the Welsh national side and British and Irish Lions than any other Welsh club . Following the 2003 regionalisation of Welsh rugby , Cardiff RFC are a feeder side to the Cardiff Blues regional team .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neath_RFC', 'summary': "Neath Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Castell-Nedd ) is a Welsh rugby union club which plays in the WRU Championship . The club 's home ground is The Gnoll , Neath . The team is known as the All Blacks because of the team colours : black with only a white cross pattée as an emblem . Neath RFC is the oldest rugby club in Wales , having been formed in 1871 . They are feeder club to the Ospreys regional team ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pontypridd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontypridd_RFC', 'summary': "Pontypridd RFC are generally accepted to have been formed in 1876 by a number of young local men who had moved into the area during the Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century . They were represented at a meeting in Tenby in 1880 that would later lead to the formation of the Welsh Rugby Union in 1881 and had a player , Edward Treharne , named in the very first Welsh International side also in 1881 , who also played for Cowbridge Grammar School as a student . Pontypridd supplied two more players to the Welsh team before the turn of the century , Tom Williams and Ernie George . In their early days , Pontypridd RFC played their home games at Taff Vale Park in Treforest , the current home of their junior section , before moving to the People 's Park alongside the River Rhondda . However , in 1908 they moved once more to a new home in Ynysyngharad Park in Pontypridd itself , where they would stay for 65 years ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swansea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea_RFC', 'summary': "Swansea Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union team which plays in the Welsh Premiership . The club play at St Helen 's Rugby and Cricket Ground in Swansea and are also known as The Whites , in reference to their home kit colours ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgend_RFC', 'summary': 'Bridgend Ravens ( Welsh : Cigfrain Pen-y-bont ) ( formerly Bridgend RFC ) are a semi-professional rugby union club based in Bridgend , South Wales . They currently play in the Welsh Premier Division and are a feeder club to the Ospreys regional team .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport_RFC', 'summary': "Newport Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Casnewydd ) is a Welsh rugby union club based in the city of Newport , South Wales . They presently play in the Welsh Premier Division . Newport RFC are based at Rodney Parade situated on the east bank of the River Usk . Every major rugby union touring team to visit Wales has played at Rodney Parade , and all of them were beaten at least once in the twentieth century by a side who , in 1951 , played in the match at Cardiff RFC that attracted what was , a world-record crowd of 48,500 for a rugby union match between two clubs . In addition to matches against all the major national sides a highlight of the Newport season was the annual match against the Barbarians , ensuring that the Newport fans enjoyed watching world-class players to supplement the Welsh internationals who were a common feature of the 'Black and Ambers ' . Newport supplied over 150 players to the Wales national team and international players to England , Scotland , Ireland , South Africa , Czech Republic , Canada and Fiji as well as over 80 Barbarians . Following the regionalisation of Welsh rugby in 2003 , Newport RFC are now a feeder club to the Dragons regional team ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Llandovery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llandovery_RFC', 'summary': 'Llandovery RFC ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Llanymddyfri ) is a Welsh rugby union club based in Llandovery , Carmarthenshire , Wales . The club is an inaugural member of the Welsh Rugby Union , currently play in the Welsh Premier Division and is a feeder club for the Scarlets , a Pro14 club .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pontypool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontypool_RFC', 'summary': "Pontypool Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union team based in the town of Pontypool . They play in the WRU Championship ( Known as SWALEC Championship for sponsorship purposes ) and due to the regionalisation of Welsh rugby in 2003 Pontypool RFC is now a feeder club to The Dragons regional team . Pontypool play their home matches at Pontypool Park . Their traditional home kit is Red , White and Black hooped shirt and socks with white shorts , although they did gradually shift to wearing black shorts post-2003 . Pontypool RFC has a long history within Welsh rugby and is one of the most notable clubs , being present at the formation of the Welsh Rugby Union in 1881 , but disbanding before the turn of the 19th century . The club reformed in 1901 , the club 's accepted formation date , and produced many notable Wales and British Lions international players ; most notably the Jones brothers in the early 20th century and the Pontypool Front Row of Charlie Faulkner , Graham Price and Bobby Windsor in the 1970s . The club 's 'Golden Era ' is generally accepted as the 1970s and 1980s when under the coaching of Ray Prosser the first team won the Welsh Club Championship in 1973 and 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross Keys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross_Keys_RFC', 'summary': 'Cross Keys RFC ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Pont-y-Cymer ) is a rugby union club located in the Welsh village of Crosskeys . The club is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union , and is a feeder club for the Dragons regional team .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merthyr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merthyr_RFC', 'summary': 'Merthyr RFC is a Welsh rugby union club based in Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales . Merthyr RFC are members of the Welsh Rugby Union , playing in the Principality Premiership , and are a feeder club for the Cardiff Blues .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RGC 1404', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RGC_1404', 'summary': 'RGC 1404 , formerly Gogledd Cymru ( Welsh : [ ˈgɔglɛð ˈkəmrɨ ] , North Wales ) , is a rugby union team founded in 2008 and based in Colwyn Bay , Conwy . They currently play in the Welsh Premier Division ; after winning Division 1 East at the first attempt in 2012-13 , they spent three seasons in the Welsh Championship before earning promotion to the Premier Division in 2015-16 . They finished fourth in their first season in the top flight , but also won the WRU Challenge Cup for the first time . They play at Eirias Stadium , which has a capacity of 6,000 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aberavon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberavon_RFC', 'summary': "Aberavon RFC ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Aberafan ) is a rugby union club located in the Welsh town of Port Talbot , though the club 's name refers to the older settlement of Aberavon which lies on the western side of the town . The club was founded in 1876 as Afan Football Club , and changed names several times before settling on Aberavon Rugby Football Club . They joined the Welsh Rugby Union in 1887 and are feeder club to the Ospreys region ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carmarthen Quins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmarthen_Quins_RFC', 'summary': 'Carmarthen Quins Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Cwins Caerfyrddin ) are one of two Welsh rugby union clubs based in Carmarthen in West Wales , the other being Carmarthen Athletic . They currently play in the Welsh Premier Division and are a feeder club for the Scarlets regional team .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caerphilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caerphilly_RFC', 'summary': "Caerphilly Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union team founded in 1887 . Their home ground is Virginia Park in Caerphilly and their nickname is The Cheesemen . Caerphilly RFC currently play in the WRU Division Two East Central and are a feeder club for the Newport Gwent Dragons . Caerphilly RFC also run a thriving Mini and Junior Section with teams from Under 6 's up to Youth . The Youth compete in the Dragons A League whilst the Seconds ( known as the Diamonds ) compete in a mid district 2nds league ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ebbw Vale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_RFC', 'summary': 'Ebbw Vale Rugby Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Rygbi Glyn Ebwy ) is a Welsh Rugby Union Club based in the town of Ebbw Vale , Blaenau Gwent , South Wales . The club play in the Welsh Premiership and act as a feeder club for the Dragons regional team .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Total finals by club', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'WRU_Challenge_Cup_0', 'intro': "The WRU Challenge Cup (currently known as the Specsavers Cup due to sponsorship), or its full name of the Welsh Rugby Union Challenge Cup, is Wales' premier knockout rugby union competition and is organised by the Welsh Rugby Union. On 26 February 2007, the WRU agreed a new £1 million three-year sponsorship deal with SWALEC, who had previously sponsored the event from the 1992-93 season until the 1998-99 season; the Cup will again become the SWALEC Cup. The SWALEC Cup is a three tier competition with Cup, Plate and Bowl winners. In the inaugural year the SWALEC Plate was competed for by clubs who are knocked out of the SWALEC Cup in the first two rounds, while the SWALEC Bowl was competed for by clubs who are knocked out of the first round of the plate competition. In its second year of the WRU split the three competitions directly with teams from Division 4-6 competing for the Bowl, teams from Division 2-3 competing for the Plate and teams from the Premiership and Division 1 competing for the Cup. The current champions are Cardiff who defeated Merthyr at the Principality Stadium on 28 April 2018 by 25 points to 19."} | null | null | Which team with six or less combined Winners and Runners-up is known as the Ravens ? | Bridgend |
055e1c3350a1f4f6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_Music_Prize', 'title': 'Choice Music Prize', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Album', 'Shortlisted nominees & albums', 'Judges'], 'data': [{'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julie Feeney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Feeney', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}]}, {'value': '13 songs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Feeney', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell X1 - Flock Cane 141 - Moonpool The Chalets - Check In Joe Chester - A Murder of Crows Duke Special - Adventures in Gramophone Hal - Hal Nick Kelly - Running Dog Emmett Tinley - Attic Faith Turn - Turn LP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_X1_(band)', 'summary': 'Bell X1 is a musical group from County Kildare , Ireland . The group consists of Paul Noonan ( lead vocals , guitar , percussion , keys ) , David Geraghty ( guitar , vocals , keys , percussion , banjo , piano , harmonica ) and Dominic Phillips ( bass , vocals ) . In their native Ireland , Bell X1s longevity , emotional resonance and headliner status has seen the group referred to as national treasures . Meanwhile , the band has generated a reasonable audience in the United States , UK , Canada , Europe , Australia , Mexico and the Middle East . In the US , their profile was boosted on the back of regular touring , high-profile TV slots such as The Late Show with David Letterman and their music appearing in popular drama series such as Greys Anatomy and The OC . Bell X1 are known for regular changes in sound from album to album , their range taking in alternative , indie , hard rock , post-punk , acoustic , lo-fi , folk rock , ballad , pop , synth-pop , new wave and electronica . They have been compared to The Blue Nile , Talking Heads , David Bowie , Radiohead , The Flaming Lips , Coldplay , U2 , Animal Collective , Elbow and Talk Talk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Flock_(album)', 'summary': "Flock is the third studio album by Irish band Bell X1 . It was released on 14 October 2005 in Ireland , 20 March 2006 in the UK and February 19 , 2008 in North America . The album was ranked # 15 in Planet Sound 's top albums of 2006 . Flock was Bell X1 's first ever # 1 album in Ireland . Three singles were released from the album in Ireland , Bigger Than Me ( 30 September 2005 in Ireland and 10 October 2005 in the UK ) , Flame ( 16 March 2006 ) and Rocky Took a Lover , which was eventually released on 28 August 2006 after gaining cult popularity from radio airplay ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Chalets', 'summary': 'The Chalets were a five-piece band from Dublin , Ireland , active from 2001 to 2008 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Check_In', 'summary': 'Check In is the sole album by The Chalets , released in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_Special', 'summary': 'Duke Special ( born Peter Wilson ; 4 January 1971 ) is a songwriter and performer based in Belfast , Northern Ireland . A piano-based songwriter with a romantic style and a warm , distinctly accented voice , he has distinctive long dreadlocks , eyeliner and outfits he describes as hobo chic . His live performances have a theatrical style inspired by Vaudeville and music hall , and often incorporate 78s played on an old-fashioned gramophone , or sound effects from a transistor radio . He is most often accompanied by percussionist Temperance Society Chip Bailey , who plays cheese graters and egg whisks , a Stumpf fiddle and a Shruti box , as well as the more typical drums and cymbals . Other musicians who perform with Wilson from time to time include Paul Pilot ( guitar ) , Réa Curran ( trumpet , backing vocals , accordion ) , Ben Castle ( clarinet , saxophone ) , Ben Hales ( bass guitar ) , Gareth Williams , Professor Ger Eaton ( keyboards ) , Dan Donnelly ( mandoline , backing vocals ) and Serge Archibald III ( saxophone , ethereal background sounds , vibes ) . His albums include Adventures in Gramophone ( 2005 ) , Songs from the Deep Forest ( 2006 ) , both of which were nominated for the Choice Music Prize , I Never Thought This Day Would Come ( 2008 ) , Little Revolutions ( 2009 ) , The Silent World of Hector Mann ( 2010 ) , Mother Courage and Her Children ( 2010 ) , Under the Dark Cloth ( 2011 ) , Oh Pioneer ( 2012 ) , and Look Out Machines ! ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adventures_in_Gramophone', 'summary': 'Adventures in Gramophone is an album by the Northern Ireland based artist Duke Special . It was released on Hag Records in 2005 and collects all twelve tracks from two previous EP releases - Lucky Me and My Villain Heart . It was nominated for the 2006 Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year , losing out to 13 Songs by Julie Feeney .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hal_(band)', 'summary': "HAL are a band from Dublin , Ireland , composed of brothers Dave Allen ( vocals/guitar ) and Paul Allen ( vocals/bass ) and Stephen O'Brien ( keyboards , occasional guitars and backing vocals ) ( drums ) , who formed in 2003 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hal_(album)', 'summary': 'Hal is the eponymous debut of Irish band Hal , released by Rough Trade Records on May 10 , 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turn_(band)', 'summary': 'Turn are an Irish band .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turn_LP', 'summary': "Turn is the eponymously titled third full-length offering from the Irish indie trio Turn . Turn offered a more pop/singer songwriter direction for Meath based band . Their first album , Antisocial , had shown a strong Pixies style influence , their second album , Forward , offered an even darker side to the band 's sound , but with Turn they showed they were not getting any darker . The album was a mixture of catchy pop tunes such as It 's About Nothing and Stop , and also more Elliott Smith inspired tunes , such as Close Your Eyes and Wildside . Opinions were very mixed about the album among fans and critics . Some [ who ? ] called it a mile stone in musical growth for the band , others [ who ? ] claimed it was a last-ditch effort by the band to become more commercial and popular on the Irish airwaves . However , the strength of the songs proved themselves and became live favourites instantly on the tours that followed ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Divine Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_(band)', 'summary': 'The Divine Comedy are a chamber pop band from Northern Ireland formed in 1989 and fronted by Neil Hannon . Hannon has been the only constant member of the group , playing , in some instances , all of the non-orchestral instrumentation except drums . To date , twelve studio albums have been released under the Divine Comedy name . The group achieved their greatest commercial success in the years 1996-99 , during which they had nine singles that made the UK Top 40 , including the top ten hit National Express .'}]}, {'value': 'Victory for the Comic Muse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victory_for_the_Comic_Muse', 'summary': "Victory for the Comic Muse is the ninth studio album by The Divine Comedy . It was released by EMI on 19 June 2006 . Neil Hannon did not choose the title as a reference to the group 's 1990 debut Fanfare for the Comic Muse . It 's actually a quote from the book A Room with a View ( I have won a great victory for the comic muse ) . On 28 February 2007 , Victory for the Comic Muse won the Choice Music Prize at a ceremony that took place in Dublin 's Vicar St. venue . The Choice Music Prize is Ireland 's equivalent to the Mercury Music Prize . The judging panel was made up of 12 representatives from the Irish music industry . The prize consisted of a trophy as well as a cheque for €10,000 . The Divine Comedy 's victory was unexpected as the album had received some lukewarm reviews and there was strong competition from the likes of The Immediate , Duke Special and Snow Patrol . A special edition version of the album , officially available only on the first day of release , came with second DVD and an additional cardboard sleeve ."}]}, {'value': 'Director - We Thrive on Big Cities Duke Special - Songs from the Deep Forest The Immediate - In Towers and Clouds David Kitt - Not Fade Away Messiah J and the Expert - Now This I Have to Hear Fionn Regan - The End of History Republic of Loose - Aaagh ! Si Schroeder - Coping Mechanisms Snow Patrol - Eyes Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Director_(band)', 'summary': "Director were an Irish art rock quartet from Malahide in County Dublin . The group consisted of Michael Moloney ( vocals/guitars ) , Eoin Aherne ( guitars ) , Shea Lawlor ( drums ) and Rowan Averill ( bass guitar ) . The band 's 2006 debut album We Thrive On Big Cities was a critical and commercial success in Ireland . A follow-up album , I 'll Wait For Sound was released in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Thrive_on_Big_Cities', 'summary': 'We Thrive on Big Cities is the debut studio album by the Irish pop rock quartet , Director . It was released on October 6 , 2006 in the Republic of Ireland . It peaked at # 2 on the Irish Albums Chart , and since its release , the album has gone multi-platinum in Ireland . It was nominated for the 2006 Choice Music Prize Irish Album of the Year . The song Big Cities was used in an internet trailer for Halo 3 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_Special', 'summary': 'Duke Special ( born Peter Wilson ; 4 January 1971 ) is a songwriter and performer based in Belfast , Northern Ireland . A piano-based songwriter with a romantic style and a warm , distinctly accented voice , he has distinctive long dreadlocks , eyeliner and outfits he describes as hobo chic . His live performances have a theatrical style inspired by Vaudeville and music hall , and often incorporate 78s played on an old-fashioned gramophone , or sound effects from a transistor radio . He is most often accompanied by percussionist Temperance Society Chip Bailey , who plays cheese graters and egg whisks , a Stumpf fiddle and a Shruti box , as well as the more typical drums and cymbals . Other musicians who perform with Wilson from time to time include Paul Pilot ( guitar ) , Réa Curran ( trumpet , backing vocals , accordion ) , Ben Castle ( clarinet , saxophone ) , Ben Hales ( bass guitar ) , Gareth Williams , Professor Ger Eaton ( keyboards ) , Dan Donnelly ( mandoline , backing vocals ) and Serge Archibald III ( saxophone , ethereal background sounds , vibes ) . His albums include Adventures in Gramophone ( 2005 ) , Songs from the Deep Forest ( 2006 ) , both of which were nominated for the Choice Music Prize , I Never Thought This Day Would Come ( 2008 ) , Little Revolutions ( 2009 ) , The Silent World of Hector Mann ( 2010 ) , Mother Courage and Her Children ( 2010 ) , Under the Dark Cloth ( 2011 ) , Oh Pioneer ( 2012 ) , and Look Out Machines ! ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Songs_from_the_Deep_Forest', 'summary': 'Songs from the Deep Forest is an album by the Northern Irish artist Duke Special . In May 2006 it was released as a limited edition set of six 7 vinyl discs and then re-released as a single CD in October of the same year . It has been nominated for a 2007 Meteor Music Award for best Irish album , and for the 2007 Choice Music Prize . On October 1 , 2007 , a special 2-disc edition was released which included the new song Our Love Goes Deeper Than This which featured Neil Hannon and Romeo Stodart . A bonus second disc was included in this edition and includes songs from the live BBC performance recorded in Belfast .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Immediate', 'summary': "The Immediate were an avant-garde Irish rock quartet , based in Malahide . They made a considerable impact on the Irish music scene despite releasing only one album during the span of their association together . The album was In Towers and Clouds ( 2006 ) . It received primarily positive critical feedback and was nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2006 . Alongside their sole album , several extended plays and singles were also released by the band . They split suddenly in May 2007 , citing existential differences . The final line-up of the band consisted of David Hedderman ( vocals , guitar , bass ) , Conor O'Brien ( vocals , guitar , drums ) , Peter Toomey ( vocals , drums , bass ) and Barra Heavey ( keys , guitar , bass , drums , backing vocals ) . The band was known for swapping instruments regularly throughout sets ."}, {'url': '/wiki/In_Towers_and_Clouds', 'summary': "In Towers and Clouds is the first and only album released by the Dublin quartet The Immediate . The album received generally positive reviews on its launch and was nominated for the 2007 Choice Music Prize . Shortly after the album 's launch , Jim Carroll , a journalist with the Irish Times , wrote an article in the newspaper 's weekly entertainment supplement praising the band for choosing to release the album independently . He described the album as containing cracking songs and one which gets bigger , better , bolder and brighter with every listen . This was in contrast with another Dublin based band Humanzi whose major label debut was considered a disaster . After the group 's disbandment critics collectively regarded In Towers & Clouds as the finest Irish debut album in the past decade . The band performed A Ghost In This House at the 2007 Meteor Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Kitt', 'summary': 'David Kitt ( born 1975 in Dublin , Ireland ) is an Irish musician . He has released six studio albums to date : Small Moments , The Big Romance , Square 1 , The Black and Red Notebook , Not Fade Away and The Nightsaver . He is the son of former Irish politician Tom Kitt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Not_Fade_Away_(David_Kitt_album)', 'summary': "Not Fade Away is the fifth album recorded by Irish singer-songwriter David Kitt , and was released on August 18 , 2006 . The album was also nominated for the Choice Music Prize as an album of the year but lost out to The Divine Comedy 's album Victory for the Comic Muse . The album spawned the popular single , Say No More , which received extensive airplay on national radio in summer 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Messiah_J_and_the_Expert', 'summary': 'Messiah J & The Expert are a rapper/producer duo based in Dublin , Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fionn_Regan', 'summary': "Fionn Regan ( born 1981 ) is an Irish folk musician and singer-songwriter . Born and raised in Bray , Regan came to prominence with the release of his debut studio album , The End of History in 2006 . He had been releasing extended plays for six years on independent record labels prior to the album 's release . Regan 's second studio album , The Shadow of an Empire was released in 2010 to positive reviews and his third studio album , 100 Acres of Sycamore , was released in 2011 . His fourth studio album , The Bunkhouse Vol . 1 : Anchor Black Tattoo , was released in 2012 . Among the accolades Regan has received nominations for the Choice Music Prize in Ireland , the Mercury Prize in the United Kingdom and the Shortlist Music Prize in the United States . Regan has cited Bob Dylan and Neil Young as influences on his music and has been referred to by Lucinda Williams as his generation 's answer to Bob Dylan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_End_of_History_(album)', 'summary': 'The End of History is the debut studio album by the Irish folk musician Fionn Regan , released on 7 August 2006 on Bella Union . The album was nominated for the 2007 Mercury Prize , and was also named Best Irish Album of 2006 by the Irish Independent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Loose', 'summary': "Republic of Loose were an Irish funk rock band from Dublin . Formed in 2001 , the band formerly consisted of lead vocalist Mick Pyro , bass guitarist and vocalist Benjamin Loose , keyboardist Darragh , guitarists and vocalists Dave Pyro and Darach O ' Laoire and drummer and percussionist Coz Noelen . Additional percussion and vocals were provided by Orla La and Emily Rose . With a self-described musical style of the stuff your dad likes , the band signed to Big Cat Records in 2003 , recording their debut album This is the Tomb of the Juice which was released in 2004 . They were named Hope for 2004 at the 2004 Meteor Awards . In 2005 , the singles Comeback Girl and You Know It received significant airplay on Irish radio . Republic of Loose 's second album Aaagh ! , released in April 2006 , reached number two in the Irish Albums Chart , achieving platinum sales and a Choice Music Prize nomination in the process . It spawned several more successful singles , including Break which achieved notoriety in South Africa where a radio station banned it following complaints regarding its allegedly explicit lyrics . Vol IV : Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil , Republic of Loose 's third album , was released in 2008 . That album produced their highest chart performer to date , The Steady Song , which peaked at number twelve and stayed in the Irish Singles Chart for thirteen weeks . Bounce at the Devil , the band 's fourth album , was released in 2010 . Having earned the admiration of several musicians , including members of Snow Patrol and U2 , as well as Sinéad O'Connor - with whom they recorded , released and performed a duet at the 2008 Meteor Awards - the band have had their music played on radio stations in Africa , Asia , Europe and North America ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aaagh!_(Republic_of_Loose_album)', 'summary': "Aaagh ! is the second album by the Irish funk-rock band Republic of Loose . It was released 7 April 2006 . At a cost of €70,000 to make , it was their most expensive album to date . Sunday Tribune journalist Una Mullally called it one of the most original and progressive Irish albums ever made . Aaagh ! reached number two in the Irish Albums Chart , going platinum in the process , it received regular airplay on Irish radio and produced five singles , including The Idiots , a song about Mick Pyro 's former girlfriend which also features her on vocals . Break made top forty singles chart in South Africa , and was temporarily banned by South African radio station 5fm when a female DJ declared on air that it promoted anal sex without contraception , a comment which led to several complaints from listeners . The band 's 2006 summer tour included a performance where fans danced outside despite the lashing rain at Oxegen 2006 , with the Irish Independent 's Larissa Nolan saying their scheduling on the main stage was a testament to just how big their army of fans is , and Castlepalooza . In 2007 , Republic of Loose performed at several festivals in Ireland and the United Kingdom , including Reading and Leeds Festivals , Cois Fharraige and a headline slot at Indie-pendence . Aaagh ! was released in the United Kingdom on 15 October 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Si_Schroeder', 'summary': "Si Schroeder ( born Dublin , Ireland ) is the alias of Irish music artist Simon Kenny . He has released one studio album , Coping Mechanisms , and the singles Clocked , Jump Ship , C4 and Brailowsky to date as Si ( rhymes with sigh ) Schroeder . The single Clocked was released on 1 June 2012 and is the second release from the forthcoming Si Schroeder LP Holding Patterns , following the release of the previous single Jump Ship on 22 July 2011 . Coping Mechanisms was nominated for the 2006 Choice Music Prize Irish album of the year and released on Irish independent record label Trust Me I 'm A Thief . Influential Irish blogger Nialler9 named Coping Mechanisms his blog 's No 1 Irish album of 2006 , as did the Foggy Notions magazine . Si Schroeder was one of four music acts selected to represent Ireland at the 2008 Eurosonic Festival held annually in Groningen . Simon Kenny has also recorded and performed under the alias Schroedersound . Throughout most of the 1990s he was one half of Irish indie rock band Schroeder 's Cat whose eponymous four-track EP was released in 1998 on the LA label Emperor Norton Records . Si Schroeder 's current band members are Mark Jordan ( guitar ) and Bryan O'Connell ( drums ) . Previous band members include Ger Griffin ( formerly of Rollerskate Skinny ) , Joss Moorkens , Jimmy Eadie and Brian Mooney ( both formerly of The Idiots and Into Paradise ) , Kevin Brew and Fiachra Lennon . Irish electronica artist Somadrone , aka Neil O'Connor , also a member of The Redneck Manifesto , has also been part of Si Schroeder 's live set-up as has Chequerboard . Si Schroeder has performed on a number of Irish television shows including on RTÉ One 's The View presented by John Kelly , RTÉ Two 's Two Tube and RTÉ Two 's Other Voices on which he was interviewed by BBC Radio 1 DJ Annie Mac ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coping_Mechanisms', 'summary': "Coping Mechanisms is the debut album by Irish music artist Si Schroeder . It was released in 2006 by Irish independent record label Trust Me I 'm A Thief . In an interview with The Irish Times at the time of its release Si Schroeder explained that the title 'comes from observing how friends and colleagues of his deal with living in 21st-century Dublin . The nature of living in Dublin has definitely influenced the themes on this record . There 's no doubt that it has become increasingly difficult to live here , so people use mechanisms and quirks to cope with living here and staying sane . '"}, {'url': '/wiki/Snow_Patrol', 'summary': "Snow Patrol are a Northern Irish-Scottish rock band , formed in Dundee , Scotland in 1994 , consisting of Gary Lightbody ( vocals , guitar ) , Nathan Connolly ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Paul Wilson ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) , Jonny Quinn ( drums ) , and Johnny McDaid ( piano , guitar , backing vocals ) . Initially an indie rock band , the band rose to prominence in the early-mid 2000s as part of the post-Britpop movement . The band were founded at the University of Dundee in 1994 by Lightbody , Mark McClelland , and Michael Morrison as Shrug . After briefly using the name Polarbear , releasing the EP Starfighter Pilot ( 1997 ) and losing Morrison as a member , the band became Snow Patrol in 1997 and added Quinn to its line-up . Their first two studio albums , Songs for Polarbears ( 1998 ) and When It 's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up ( 2001 ) , were commercially unsuccessful and were released by the independent record label Jeepster Records . The band then signed to the major record label Polydor Records in 2002 . Connolly joined Snow Patrol in 2002 , and after their major-label debut album , Final Straw , the following year , the band rose to national fame . The album was certified 5× platinum in the UK and eventually sold over 3 million copies worldwide . Their next studio album , Eyes Open ( 2006 ) , and its hit single , Chasing Cars - the most widely played song of the 21st century on UK radio - propelled the band to greater international fame . The album topped the UK Albums Chart and was the best-selling British album of the year , selling over 6 million copies worldwide . In 2008 , the band released their fifth studio album , A Hundred Million Suns ; then , in 2009 , they released their first compilation album , Up to Now ; and , in 2011 , released their sixth studio album , Fallen Empires . The band released their seventh album , Wildness , on 25 May 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eyes_Open_(album)', 'summary': "Eyes Open is the fourth studio album by Northern Irish-Scottish alternative rock band Snow Patrol . Produced by Jacknife Lee , it was released in the UK on 1 May 2006 , and 9 May 2006 in the US . It was the band 's first album without bassist Mark McClelland and the first to feature bassist Paul Wilson and keyboardist Tom Simpson . Recording for the album took place between October and December 2005 at Grouse Lodge Studios in Ireland , The Garage in Kent , and The Garden and Angel Recording Studios , both in London . Six singles were released from the album , including top 10 hits You 're All I Have and Chasing Cars , the latter of which came to worldwide attention when it was featured during the season 2 finale of the American medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . It went on to sell over 5 million copies worldwide and has spent a total of 166 weeks on the UK Singles Chart , more than any other song in history . Eyes Open was the best-selling album of 2006 in the UK , selling 1.5 million copies and 6 million worldwide . It was also the 15th best-selling album of the 2000s , and is one of the best-selling albums in UK chart history ."}]}, {'value': "John Caddell ( Phantom FM ) Stuart Clark ( Hot Press ) Alison Curtis ( Today FM ) Neil Dunphy ( Sunday Tribune ) Sinéad Gleeson ( The Ticket ) Rick O'Shea ( RTÉ 2fm ) Nick Kelly ( Irish Independent ) Mike Knightson ( Limerick 's Live 95fm ) Padraic Kileen ( Irish Examiner ) Eamon Sweeney ( Foggy Notions ) Tanya Sweeney ( Irish Daily Star ) Jonny Tiernan ( Alternative Ulster magazine )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phantom_FM', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hot_Press', 'summary': 'Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin , Ireland , founded in June 1977 . The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it had a circulation of 17,084 during 2014 . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alison_Curtis', 'summary': "Alison Ally Curtis ( born 1 November 1977 in Kingston , Ontario , Canada ) is a presenter of radio on Irish radio station Today FM and a respected figure on the Irish music scene . She currently presents her own show , Saturday Breakfast with Alison Curtis on Today FM which airs every Saturday morning from 7am to 10am and since July 2016 , has also presented Sunday Breakfast with Alison Curtis which airs every Sunday morning from 7am to 9am . She previously presented The Last Splash on Sunday nights and The Alison Curtis Show . The Last Splash and , later , The Alison Curtis Show , earned Curtis her three Best DJ Meteor nominations , though she narrowly lost out on the first two occasions to her Today FM colleague Ray D'Arcy and lost again in 2009 , this time to her Today FM colleague Ray Foley . Curtis has written for Hot Press . She is married to Anton Hegarty , the former bassist for Future Kings of Spain with whom she has a daughter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sunday_Tribune', 'summary': 'The Sunday Tribune was an Irish Sunday broadsheet newspaper published by Tribune Newspapers plc . It was edited in its final years by Nóirín Hegarty , who changed both the tone and the physical format of the newspaper from broadsheet to tabloid . Previous editors were Conor Brady , Vincent Browne , Peter Murtagh , Matt Cooper and Paddy Murray . The Sunday Tribune was founded in 1980 , closed in 1982 , relaunched in 1983 and entered receivership in February 2011 after which it ceased to trade .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sinéad_Gleeson', 'summary': "Sinéad Gleeson is an Irish Book Award-winning writer , editor and freelance broadcaster . Having edited the work of others , in 2016 's The Long Gaze Back and 2017 's The Glass Shore , she released her first book Constellations , a collection of personal essays , in 2019 . Some of the essays in this work document Gleeson 's struggle through illness Gleeson has been a book and music reviewer for The Irish Times ' The Ticket arts supplement and presents The Book Show on RTÉ Radio 1 . She has been a judge for the Choice Music Prize . She was a writer in residence at University College Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Irish_Times', 'summary': "The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper launched on 29 March 1859 . The editor is Paul O'Neill who succeeded Kevin O'Sullivan on 5 April 2017 ; the deputy editor is Deirdre Veldon . The Irish Times is published every day except Sundays . Though formed as a Protestant nationalist paper , within two decades and under new owners it had become the voice of British unionism in Ireland . It is no longer marketed as a unionist paper ; it presents itself politically as liberal and progressive , as well as promoting neoliberalism on economic issues . The editorship of the newspaper from 1859 until 1986 was controlled by the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority , only gaining its first nominal Irish Catholic editor 127 years into its existence . The paper 's most prominent columnists include writer and arts commentator Fintan O'Toole and satirist Miriam Lord . The late Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald was once a columnist . Senior international figures , including Tony Blair and Bill Clinton , have written for its op-ed page . Its most prominent columns have included the political column Backbencher , by John Healy , Drapier ( an anonymous piece produced weekly by a politician , giving the 'insider ' view of politics ) , Rite and Reason ( a weekly religious column , edited by Patsy McGarry , the 'religious affairs ' editor ) and the long-running An Irishman 's Diary . An Irishman 's Diary was written by Patrick Campbell in the forties ( under the pseudonym 'Quidnunc ' ) ; by Seamus Kelly from 1949 to 1979 ( also writing as 'Quidnunc ' ) ; and more recently [ when ? ] by Kevin Myers ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Rick_O'Shea", 'summary': "Paul Crossan ( born 7 May 1973 , also known as Rick O'Shea ) is an Irish radio personality . He was born in Drimnagh , Dublin 12 , and attended Drimnagh Castle Secondary School and later UCD . He has been a presenter on RTÉ 2fm since 2001 . O'Shea has also presented The Poetry Programme on RTÉ Radio 1 in 2015 and 2016 . Since 2017 he has been presenting the morning show on RTÉ Gold . He is currently presenting The Book Show on RTÉ Radio 1 since 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Independent', 'summary': "The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper , and online publication via Independent.ie , which is owned by Independent News & Media ( INM ) who are a subsidiary of mediahuis . The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines . Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper , it introduced an additional compact size in 2004 and in December 2012 ( following O'Brien 's takeover ) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Limerick's_Live_95fm", 'summary': 'Live 95 is a radio station in Ireland owned by Wireless Group , broadcasting to Limerick city and county'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Examiner', 'summary': 'The Irish Examiner , formerly The Cork Examiner and then The Examiner , is an Irish national daily newspaper which primarily circulates in the Munster region surrounding its base in Cork , though it is available throughout the country .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Foggy_Notions', 'summary': "Foggy Notions was an independently published Irish music magazine founded by Leagues O ' Toole and Myles Claffey , which focused on the more esoteric elements of electronica , indie , and folk music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Daily_Star', 'summary': 'The Irish Daily Star ( formerly known simply as The Star ) is a tabloid newspaper published in Ireland by the Independent Star Limited , a joint venture between Reach plc , which owns the British Daily Star , and Independent News & Media . The Irish Daily Star became known for its comprehensive in-depth coverage of and thorough focus on crime , often featuring sensational coverage . It also focuses heavily on celebrity matters , and has a large sports section . Between 2003 and 2011 , a Sunday edition was published , as Irish Daily Star Sunday . Like its British tabloid counterpart , the Irish Daily Star has a red-top mast head .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alternative_Ulster', 'summary': 'AU ( formerly Alternative Ulster ) was a magazine written , designed and published in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Although predominantly a music magazine , AU covered other aspects of popular culture , such as movies , comics , games and the arts . The magazine was launched in June 2003 . 81 issues were published in total , with the final issue being published in March 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Extra Bonus Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Extra_Bonus_Party', 'summary': "Super Extra Bonus Party are a Choice Music Prize winning indie-electronica band , formed in November 2005 and based in Kildare , Ireland . Their music spanned various genres such as electronica , indie and hip hop . Their debut album Super Extra Bonus Party LP was released to widespread critical acclaim , winning the 2007 Choice Music Prize and considered the most inventive Irish album this decade . Aside from headline shows , the band played with the likes of The Go ! Team , Cadence Weapon , Bonde do Rolê , Subtle and Alec Empire as well as slots at Electric Picnic in 2007 and 2008 . The band 's second album , Night Horses , was released in 2009 . Super Extra Bonus Party announced an indefinite hiatus in 2011 . They returned with new single 'Switzerland ' on November 17 , 2017 with the promise of a new album due in late 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Extra Bonus Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Extra_Bonus_Party_LP', 'summary': "Super Extra Bonus Party LP is the title of Super Extra Bonus Party 's debut Choice Music Prize winning album . It was released on April 13 , 2007 . It has received much critical acclaim in Ireland and has been called the most inventive Irish album this decade and contender for Irish album of the year . It was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in January 2007 , subsequently winning on February 27 ."}]}, {'value': "Adrian Crowley - Long Distance Swimmer Cathy Davey - Tales of Silversleeve Delorentos - In Love with Detail Dry County - Unexpected Falls The Flaws - Achieving Vagueness David Geraghty - Kill Your Darlings Kíla - Gamblers ' Ballet Róisín Murphy - Overpowered Stanley Super 800 - Louder & Clearer", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Crowley', 'summary': "Adrian Crowley is a singer , composer , songwriter , lyricist from Galway , based in Dublin and was born in Sliema , Malta . Crowley has released eight albums to date , with his debut A Strange Kind arriving in 1999 . He followed this with When You Are Here You Are Family ( 2002 ) , A Northern Country ( 2004 ) , Long Distance Swimmer ( 2007 ) , Season of the Sparks ( 2009 ) and I See Three Birds Flying ( 2012 ) In a 2005 Rolling Stone interview , Ryan Adams cited Crowley when asked Who 's the best songwriter that no one 's heard of . The Irish Times placed this artist at number eight in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 . Crowley has won the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year on one occasion for Season of the Sparks and been nominated on two another occasion for Long Distance Swimmer and I See Tree Birds Flying ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Long_Distance_Swimmer', 'summary': "Long Distance Swimmer is the fourth studio album released by Irish singer-songwriter Adrian Crowley . It was recorded during a one-week period in the home of Crowley 's sister in the suburb of Foxrock , County Dublin , was released on the Tin Angel record label , and features contributions from other musicians , such as James Yorkston ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cathy_Davey', 'summary': "Catherine Cathy Davey ( born 1979 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter . She has released one extended play , Come Over ( 2004 ) , and four albums , Something Ilk ( 2004 ) , Tales of Silversleeve ( 2007 ) , The Nameless ( 2010 ) and New Forest ( 2016 ) . Her second album garnered her a Choice Music Prize nomination , Meteor Award for Best Irish Female , and spawned a number of successful singles including Reuben , Moving and Sing for Your Supper . The Nameless was the top selling album in Ireland upon the week of its release . It was also nominated for the Choice Music Prize . Davey has performed at several international events , including representing Ireland at the Eurosonic Festival in Groningen , the Netherlands , and performing at the South by Southwest festival in Austin , Texas . She has also performed at other large exhibitions and festivals in Ireland , including Electric Picnic , Indie-pendence and The Music Show . Davey has worked with Autamata , Elbow and The Duckworth Lewis Method as well as providing support for Graham Coxon , R.E.M . and Supergrass . She appears prominently on the 2016 album Foreverland by The Divine Comedy . The Irish Times placed Davey third in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 , saying There 's no better female songwriter in Irish music right now . Tales of Silversleeve was named sixth best Irish album of 2007 by John Meagher of the Irish Independent and ninth best album of the decade by Jim Carroll , Tony Clayton-Lea and Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tales_of_Silversleeve', 'summary': "Tales of Silversleeve is the second album released by Irish-born singer Cathy Davey . It was released on 12 October 2007 as the follow-up release to Davey 's 2004 debut Something Ilk . The album contains eleven tracks , including the singles Reuben , Sing for Your Supper and Moving . Tales of Silversleeve led to several award wins and nominations for Davey and her album , including a win in the Best Irish Female category at the Meteor Music Awards . There was also a Choice Music Prize nomination for Irish Album of the Year 2007 . Although the album failed to chart , Davey received positive remarks from newspapers , radio stations and members of the general public alike , being described as a bright , bold and breezy rush of imagination , creativity and sheer glorious sounds by journalist and blogger Jim Carroll ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Delorentos', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/In_Love_with_Detail', 'summary': 'In Love with Detail is the debut album by Delorentos released on 21 April 2007 . It reached # 7 in the Irish Singles Chart and was subsequently nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Flaws', 'summary': 'The Flaws were an Irish indie-rock quartet , hailing from Carrickmacross in County Monaghan . The band released their self entitled debut EP in the Summer of 2005 which attracted a flurry of label attention and eventually culminated in the signing of a 5 album contract to Polydor UK/ Universal Music in December 2005 . The flaws released three full-length studio albums between 2007 and 2016 . The Flaws consist of : Paul Finn on Vocals/Guitar , Paul Mallon on Bass/Backing Vocals , Shane Malone , Lead Guitar and drummer Colin Berrill .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Achieving_Vagueness', 'summary': "Achieving Vagueness ( # 18 Irish Charts ) is the title of The Flaws ' debut album . It was released on September 14 , 2007 . The album was originally to be titled Lost in a Scene . It was nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Geraghty', 'summary': 'David Geraghty ( born 30 September 1975 ) is an Irish , Multi-Instrumentalist , Composer and Songwriter . He is a founding member of Bell X1 . Since 2014 , he has been performing under the moniker Join Me in the Pines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kill_Your_Darlings_(album)', 'summary': "Kill Your Darlings is the debut studio album by Irish singer-songwriter David Geraghty ( also a member of Bell X1 ) . The album was released in Ireland in September 2007 . Following the album 's release Geraghty went on a nationwide tour of Ireland . Shortly after its release it received critical acclaim . David Geraghty was nominated for 3 awards in the Irish music industry these included the Meteor Awards - Best Irish Male 2007 , Meteor Awards - Best Irish Album 2007 and Choice Music Prize - Best Irish Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kíla', 'summary': 'Kíla are an Irish folk music/world music group , originally formed in 1987 in the Irish language secondary school Coláiste Eoin in County Dublin .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Gamblers'_Ballet", 'summary': "Gamblers ' Ballet is a 2007 album by the Irish folk band Kíla . It was nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2007 . The opening track Leath Ina Dhiaidh A hOcht/Half Eight was the first single taken from the album . Cardinal Knowledge was used as the outro music for the Cartoon Saloon , Oscar nominated animation The Secret of Kells , and Dúisigí and Cabhraigí Léi were used in the Japanese film Kadokawa , which was directed by Ryuichi Hiroki ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Róisín_Murphy', 'summary': "Róisín Marie Murphy ( /roʊˈʃiːn/ ; Irish pronunciation : [ ɾˠoːˈʃiːnʲ ] ; born 5 July 1973 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter and record producer . She first became known in the 1990s as one-half of the UK-Irish trip hop duo Moloko with her partner Mark Brydon . After the breakup of Moloko , Murphy embarked on a solo career , releasing her debut solo album , Ruby Blue , written and produced with experimental musician Matthew Herbert , to critical praise in 2005 . Her second solo album , Overpowered , was released in 2007 . After an eight-year hiatus ( which nonetheless included several singles , vocal features , and side projects ) , her third album Hairless Toys was released in 2015 ; it was subsequently nominated for the Mercury Music Prize and Ireland 's Choice Music Prize . The following year , she released her fourth album Take Her Up to Monto ( 2016 ) . In 2018 , she released four 12 releases in collaboration with producer Maurice Fulton to critical praise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Overpowered', 'summary': "Overpowered is the second solo studio album by Irish singer and songwriter Róisín Murphy . It was released on 11 October 2007 by EMI . Receiving widespread critical acclaim , the album was more commercially successful than its predecessor , Ruby Blue ( 2005 ) , debuting at number 20 on the UK Albums Chart with 9,656 copies sold in its first week . Overpowered was shortlisted for the 2007 Choice Music Prize in Murphy 's native Ireland . As of May 2015 , the album had sold 65,532 copies in the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stanley_Super_800', 'summary': "Stanley Super 800 is an Irish band , from Cork . The group 's second album , Louder & Clearer , received a nomination for the 2007 Choice Music Prize ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Louder_&_Clearer', 'summary': 'Louder & Clearer is the second album by band Stanley Super 800 . It was nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2007 .'}]}, {'value': "Brian Boyd ( The Irish Times ) Michael Carr ( Cork 's 96FM and Cork Independent ) Ronan Casey ( Westmeath Examiner ) Alan Corr ( RTÉ Guide ) Dan Hegarty ( 2FM ) Anne Marie Kelly ( Today FM ) Sheena McGinley ( entertainment.ie ) Una Mullally ( Sunday Tribune and the Una Rocks blog ) Paul McClean ( BBC Northern Ireland ) Nadine O'Regan ( The Sunday Business Post , Phantom 105.2 and blogger ) Leagues O'Toole ( Foggy Notions ) Jon Richards ( Galway Bay FM )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Irish_Times', 'summary': "The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper launched on 29 March 1859 . The editor is Paul O'Neill who succeeded Kevin O'Sullivan on 5 April 2017 ; the deputy editor is Deirdre Veldon . The Irish Times is published every day except Sundays . Though formed as a Protestant nationalist paper , within two decades and under new owners it had become the voice of British unionism in Ireland . It is no longer marketed as a unionist paper ; it presents itself politically as liberal and progressive , as well as promoting neoliberalism on economic issues . The editorship of the newspaper from 1859 until 1986 was controlled by the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority , only gaining its first nominal Irish Catholic editor 127 years into its existence . The paper 's most prominent columnists include writer and arts commentator Fintan O'Toole and satirist Miriam Lord . The late Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald was once a columnist . Senior international figures , including Tony Blair and Bill Clinton , have written for its op-ed page . Its most prominent columns have included the political column Backbencher , by John Healy , Drapier ( an anonymous piece produced weekly by a politician , giving the 'insider ' view of politics ) , Rite and Reason ( a weekly religious column , edited by Patsy McGarry , the 'religious affairs ' editor ) and the long-running An Irishman 's Diary . An Irishman 's Diary was written by Patrick Campbell in the forties ( under the pseudonym 'Quidnunc ' ) ; by Seamus Kelly from 1949 to 1979 ( also writing as 'Quidnunc ' ) ; and more recently [ when ? ] by Kevin Myers ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Cork's_96FM", 'summary': "96FM is one of three local radio stations licensed by the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland for Cork City and County in Ireland ( the other two being its sister station C103 and youth music station Red FM ) . It broadcasts from studios at Broadcasting House , St. Patrick 's Place in Cork City . 96FM is operated as a dual franchise with C103 by County Media Limited which is owned by Wireless Group . The station 's sound broadcasting contract ( and thus its broadcasting licence ) is advertised together with that of C103 and one company is required to operate the two stations , in a similar situation to that of Shannonside FM and Northern Sound Radio in the north-west of Ireland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cork_Independent', 'summary': 'The Cork Independent is a free newspaper in Cork , Ireland . The paper is published weekly and contains local news , health and beauty , business , opinion , social events , entertainment , motoring and property as well as input from a number of columnists . The Cork Independent is published by the IFN Group , which previously published the Galway Independent until the Galway Independent went into liquidation in September 2017 . The newspaper has been published under the Cork Independent masthead since 2007 , having previously operating under the name Inside Cork . The newspaper is printed ( but not owned ) by Celtic Media Group'}, {'url': '/wiki/Westmeath_Examiner', 'summary': 'The Westmeath Examiner is a weekly newspaper in Westmeath , Ireland . It was founded in 1882 . The Westmeath Examiner is a sister paper of the Westmeath Independent which circulates in the Athlone area of the county . The Westmeath Examiner circulates in the north of the county and is based in Mullingar , the capital town of Westmeath . In May 2004 , both papers were sold by their owners Martin Nally and Ronald Carroll to Celtic Media Group - a subsidiary of the Scottish owned Dunfermline Press - along with the third sister paper Offaly Independent . On May 16 2015 , The Westmeath Examiner saw a change from broadsheet to compact format . In June 2012 , the Irish management team of Celtic Media Group acquired the business and assets of the group for €5.5 million . Other Irish newspaper titles that are part of the same stable include The Anglo Celt , in Cavan ; The Meath Chronicle in Navan ; and , since May 2014 , The Connaught Telegraph . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , the paper had an average weekly circulation of 9,687 during the first six months of 2006 . For the same period in 2011 , it had an average weekly circulation of 5,719 , a fall that was in line with industry trends , which , broadly , endured sudden sharp declines in paid-for sales . However , following a move from a Wednesday publication date to a Tuesday , and a concerted effort to drive its digital offering , the newspaper has renewed growth in paid-for sales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_Guide', 'summary': 'The RTÉ Guide is a television and radio listings magazine in Ireland published by RTÉ Commercial Enterprises Ltd , a subsidiary of Raidió Teilifís Éireann . The magazine offers detailed programme listings for RTÉ channels , as well as Virgin Media One ( TV3 ) , TG4 ( TnaG ) , Virgin Media Two ( 3e ) , BBC One , BBC Two , UTV , and Channel 4 , as well as less detailed listings for variations of BBC Wales , ITV Wales , S4C and a number of satellite and cable channels . RTÉ Radio programme listings are also published . Lifestyle and celebrity articles are also included in the magazine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dan_Hegarty', 'summary': 'Dan Hegarty is an Irish radio presenter employed by RTÉ . He presents his show The Alternative on RTÉ 2fm Monday to Thursday from 00:00 pm - 03:00am ( the show is broadcast live each morning on RTÉ 2XM at 10am to 1pm ) . He is regularly dispatched to important musical events such as the Eurosonic Festival in The Netherlands , Electric Picnic and Oxegen for live broadcasting purposes , as well as being sent around the country to present the 2fm 2moro 2our . In 2008 Hegarty featured on the panel of judges for the Choice Music Prize and was sent to The Music Show to distribute advice .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Entertainment.ie', 'summary': 'Entertainment.ie is an Irish web company . It is based in Dublin City Centre . The company provides news and reviews of the programs and films for TV and cinema . It provides information on upcoming comedy , festivals and theater shows and music in Ireland , as well as celebrity news and gossip . The site was developed in 1997 by Fusio . The Irish Times acquired a 30% stake in the company in May 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Una_Mullally', 'summary': 'Una Mullally is an Irish journalist and broadcaster . She is a columnist with The Irish Times and The Guardian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sunday_Tribune', 'summary': 'The Sunday Tribune was an Irish Sunday broadsheet newspaper published by Tribune Newspapers plc . It was edited in its final years by Nóirín Hegarty , who changed both the tone and the physical format of the newspaper from broadsheet to tabloid . Previous editors were Conor Brady , Vincent Browne , Peter Murtagh , Matt Cooper and Paddy Murray . The Sunday Tribune was founded in 1980 , closed in 1982 , relaunched in 1983 and entered receivership in February 2011 after which it ceased to trade .'}, {'url': '/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland', 'summary': 'BBC Northern Ireland ( Irish : BBC Thuaisceart Éireann ; Ulster-Scots : BBC Norlin Airlan ) is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland . It is one of the three BBC national regions , together with BBC Scotland and BBC Cymru Wales . Based at Broadcasting House , Belfast , it provides television , radio , online and interactive television content . BBC Northern Ireland currently employs 700 people , largely in Belfast . BBC Northern Ireland has two TV channels - BBC One Northern Ireland , BBC Two Northern Ireland ; and two radio stations - BBC Radio Ulster and BBC Radio Foyle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Sunday_Business_Post', 'summary': 'The Business Post ( formally called The Sunday Business Post ) is a Sunday newspaper distributed nationally in Ireland and an online publication and is focused mainly on business and financial issues in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phantom_105.2', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Foggy_Notions', 'summary': "Foggy Notions was an independently published Irish music magazine founded by Leagues O ' Toole and Myles Claffey , which focused on the more esoteric elements of electronica , indie , and folk music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Galway_Bay_FM', 'summary': 'Galway Bay FM is an Irish independent local radio station and operates under a licence from the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland . Established in 1989 , the station broadcasts from studios in Galway , serving the city and County Galway .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jape_(band)', 'summary': "Jape is an Irish electronic-rock band from Dublin . Formed as a side project by Richie Egan whilst part of The Redneck Manifesto , they have released five albums to date ; Cosmosphere ( 2003 ) , The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me ( 2004 ) , Ritual ( 2008 ) , Ocean of Frequency ( 2011 ) , and This Chemical Sea ( 2015 ) . Jape 's wider discography includes the EP , Jape is Grape ( 2007 ) , as well as a number of singles , including Floating and Phil Lynott . The band have performed at festivals and events such as Glastonbury , Electric Picnic , Lovebox and Hard Working Class Heroes and provided support for The Flaming Lips at Belsonic in Belfast in August 2008 . The first and second albums received airplay on alternative national radio in Ireland . The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me 's opening track , Floating , became a popular single on late night alternative music radio shows and attracted the attention of Brendan Benson during a visit to Dublin . Benson now covers the track whilst performing live with his band The Raconteurs , as do the Belgian bastard pop duo Soulwax during their DJ sets . Jape 's third album , Ritual , was released in June 2008 , later winning the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2008 . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , the latter of which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named Ireland 's Christmas number one single in December 2008 . The album Ocean of Frequency was released in 2011 and won Jape their second Choice Music Prize in March 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ritual', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ritual_(Jape_album)', 'summary': "Ritual is the third studio album from electronic rock band Jape , released on Co-op Records in 2008 . It won the Choice Music Prize for the 2008 Irish Album of the Year in March 2009 . A video for the song Graveyard , which was filmed in an actual graveyard in Dublin , was released in May 2008 prior to the release of the album . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named the Christmas number one in Ireland in December 2008 . When squinted at , the cover album art reveals a skull . The Irish Independent 's John Meagher named Ritual his twentieth best Irish album of the 2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Fight Like Apes - Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion Mick Flannery - White Lies Halfset - Another Way of Being There Lisa Hannigan - Sea Sew David Holmes ( musician ) - The Holy Pictures Messiah J and the Expert - From the Word Go Oppenheimer - Take the Whole Midrange and Boost It R.S.A.G . - Organic Sampler The Script - The Script', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fight_Like_Apes', 'summary': "Fight Like Apes ( also referred to as FLApes or FLA ) were an Irish alternative rock band formed in Dublin in 2006 . Their final lineup consisted of Mary-Kate MayKay Geraghty ( vocals and synth ) , Jamie Pockets Fox ( keyboard and vocals ) , Conor Garry ( bass ) , Peter O'Shea ( drums ) and Frog Cullen . Original members Adrian Mullan ( drums ) and Tom Ryan ( bass ) left the band in 2010 . They are known for their elongated record titles , usually inspired by B movies . They have released three EPs , How Am I Supposed to Kill You If You Have All the Guns ? ( 2007 ) , David Carradine is a Bounty Hunter Whos Robotic Arm Hates Your Crotch ( 2007 ) and Whigfield Sextape ( 2014 ) , and two albums , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion ( 2008 ) and The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner ( 2010 ) . In 2009 , they released an EP for the American market titled You Filled His Head with Fluffy Clouds and Jolly Ranchers , What Did You Think Was Going to Happen ? . Fight Like Apes have toured the UK with The Von Bondies , The Ting Tings , New Found Glory , The Prodigy and Kasabian and have played several Irish and European festivals throughout their career . They have appeared on several television shows in Ireland , including Tubridy Tonight , WeTV , The View , Other Voices and The Cafe . They have also had some success in Asia , where they have been signed up by Sony Music Entertainment Japan for an album release on that continent in April 2009 . The band have been nominated for five Meteor Music Awards , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion was nominated for the Choice Music Prize and was named 31st best album of the decade by Phantom FM at the end of 2009 . Fight Like Apes were named the fourth best Irish musical act of their generation by The Irish Times in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fight_Like_Apes_and_the_Mystery_of_the_Golden_Medallion', 'summary': 'Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion is the debut studio album of Fight Like Apes . It was released in Ireland on 26 September 2008 , the UK on 26 January 2009 and Japan in April 2009 . The album charted in the top ten of the Irish Albums Chart upon its release , at # 9 . It was nominated in the Best Irish Album category at the 2009 Meteor Awards , as well as for the Choice Music Prize in the same year . Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion was named 31st best album of the decade by Phantom FM at the end of 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mick_Flannery', 'summary': "Mick Flannery ( born 28 November 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . His debut album Evening Train resulted from his time spent studying music and management at Coláiste Stiofáin Naofa in Cork . It featured tracks which had previously won Flannery two categories at the International Songwriting Competition in Nashville , Tennessee . He was the first Irish musician to win in this event . In 2019 this album premiered as a musical by the same name . Flannery 's second studio album White Lies was released on 12 September 2008 , achieving a top ten position on the Irish Albums Chart . It later went platinum and was nominated for the Choice Music Prize . The Irish Times placed him at number forty-six in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 . Also that year Flannery won Best Irish Male at the 2009 Meteor Awards . Influences include Kurt Cobain , Leonard Cohen and Bob Dylan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/White_Lies_(Mick_Flannery_album)', 'summary': "White Lies is the second studio album released by Irish singer-songwriter Mick Flannery . The album was released on September 12 , 2008 . It achieved a top ten position on the Irish Albums Chart and featured prominently on the country 's national radio stations . White Lies went platinum in Ireland . It also received a nomination for the Choice Music Prize . When The Irish Times placed Flannery at number forty-six in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now it published in April 2009 it referenced the album White Lies in its comments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Halfset', 'summary': 'Halfset were an Irish electronica/post-rock band based in Dublin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Hannigan', 'summary': "Lisa Margaret Hannigan ( born 12 February 1981 ) is an Irish singer , songwriter , musician , and voice actress . She began her musical career as a member of Damien Rice 's band . Since beginning her solo career in 2007 she has released three albums : Sea Sew ( 2008 ) , Passenger ( 2011 ) , and At Swim ( 2016 ) . Hannigan 's music has received award nominations both in Ireland and the USA . Hannigan is also the voice actress for the character Blue Diamond in Steven Universe , an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sea_Sew', 'summary': "Sea Sew is the Mercury and Choice Music Prize-nominated solo debut album released by Lisa Hannigan . It was released in Ireland on 12 September 2008 , with the lead single , Lille , made available as a free download on lisahannigan.ie on 25 August . Sea Sew was a critical success , earning rave reviews and being named by some music critics amongst the best Irish albums of the year . It garnered airtime on American radio station KCRW and earned early praise from press across the US , including the western Los Angeles Times , which called it charmingly idiosyncratic and the eastern publication , The New York Times , which described it as exquisitely ethereal . Lead single Lille , released on 25 August 2008 , became an airplay hit on Irish and American radio stations . Her song I Do n't Know was also featured as free single of the week by iTunes UK in 2009 . The admiration of Jason Mraz led to Hannigan supporting the Grammy-nominated Californian singer-songwriter on a 42-date US tour in late 2008 Hannigan signed with ATO Records in the US , where the album was released on 3 February 2009 . Sea Sew was released in the United Kingdom in May 2009 , where The Daily Telegraph described it as wonderfully creaky and raw , a record of welcoming intimacy and ear-pleasing consistency ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Holmes_(musician)', 'summary': 'David Holmes ( born 14 February 1969 ) is an electronic musician and composer from Northern Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Holy_Pictures', 'summary': 'The Holy Pictures is a 2008 studio album by David Holmes . The album departs from the eclectic soundtrack-to-an-imaginary-film style of his previous studio albums , in favour of a more personal approach . It was nominated for the 2008 Choice Music Prize , awarded to the best Irish album of the year . The tracks I Heard Wonders and Holy Pictures were released as singles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Messiah_J_and_the_Expert', 'summary': 'Messiah J & The Expert are a rapper/producer duo based in Dublin , Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/From_the_Word_Go', 'summary': 'From the Word Go is the second album by alternative rock group Alien Crime Syndicate released in 2000 through Collective Fruit . Recorded nearly two years before debut Dust to Dirt but released months after and produced by Gil Norton . Originally the album was to be released on Revolution Records , a subsidiary of Giant Records , however after recording had finished , the record label folded and ACS lost the rights to their album . The rights were later bought by Will Records who released the album in July 2000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oppenheimer_(band)', 'summary': "Oppenheimer were an indie pop band from Belfast , Northern Ireland . The band was made up of musicians Shaun Robinson and Rocky O'Reilly . Robinson and O'Reilly were previously members of the now disbanded Belfast group , Torgas Valley Reds . They met in 2003 , in Belfast . O'Reilly had been mixing sound and recording Torgas Valley Reds , whom Robinson drummed for . Inspired by their mutual love for Moog synthesizers , vocoders , and airhorns , O'Reilly and Robinson formed Oppenheimer in late 2004 , using O'Reilly 's spare room to record 3 songs , which they sent to their favourite labels . Oppenheimer 's music has been used in various North American television shows , including How I Met Your Mother , in the episode Lucky Penny , Ugly Betty , and Gossip Girl ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Take_the_Whole_Midrange_and_Boost_It', 'summary': 'Take the Whole Midrange and Boost It is the second studio album by the Belfast indie-pop duo Oppenheimer , released on 3 June 2008 through Fantastic Plastic in the UK and Bar/None Records in the US . The album was nominated for the 2008 Choice Music Prize .'}, {'url': '/wiki/R.S.A.G.', 'summary': 'Jeremy Hickey ( also known as Rarely Seen Above Ground - abbreviated as R.S.A.G . - ) is an Irish multi-instrumentalist from Kilkenny . He has three albums : Rarely Seen Above Ground ( 2007 ) Organic Sampler ( 2008 ) and Be It Right Or Wrong ( 2010 ) . Rotate EP ( 2013 ) . Following a performance at Electric Picnic in 2008 , he appeared on the television series Other Voices . The double album Organic Sampler received a Choice Music Prize nomination for Irish Album of the Year 2008 in 2009 . Hickey later appeared on the interactive music television programme The Raw Sessions , reaching the final where he lost to The Infomatics . He has performed at several music festivals , including Castlepalooza , Electric Picnic and Oxegen and is rumoured to be one of the most innovative and astonishing Irish musicians around . He came thirteenth in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published by The Irish Times in April 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Script', 'summary': "The Script is an Irish rock band formed in 2007 in Dublin , Ireland . They first released music in 2008 . It consists of lead vocalist and keyboardist Daniel O'Donoghue , lead guitarist Mark Sheehan , and drummer and bassist Glen Power . The band moved to London after signing to Sony Label Group imprint Phonogenic and released its eponymous debut album in August 2008 , preceded by the successful singles The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved and Breakeven . The album peaked at number one in both Ireland and the UK . Their next three albums , Science & Faith ( 2010 ) , # 3 ( 2012 ) and No Sound Without Silence ( 2014 ) , all topped the album charts in Ireland and the UK , while Science & Faith reached number three in the US . Hit singles from the albums include For the First Time , Nothing , Hall of Fame and Superheroes . The band 's fifth studio album , Freedom Child , was released on 1 September 2017 , and features the UK Top 20 single Rain . The Script 's music has been featured in television programmes such as 90210 , Ghost Whisperer , The Hills , Waterloo Road , EastEnders , Made in Chelsea and The Vampire Diaries . Frontman Danny O'Donoghue was also a coach on The Voice UK for seasons 1 and 2 , before leaving the show in order to focus more on the band . The band has won three Meteor Ireland Music Awards and two World Music Awards and have received two Brit Award nominations . The Script have sold over 20 million albums worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Script_(album)', 'summary': 'The Script is the debut album by Irish pop rock band the Script , which was released in the Republic of Ireland on 8 August 2008 and was released in the UK on 11 August 2008 by Phonogenic Records . Following success in the Republic of Ireland , the album was released elsewhere in Europe in September 2008 . The album topped the UK charts and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 on 4 March 2010 . The album was nominated for a Choice Music Prize-Irish Album of the Year 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Niall Byrne ( State /Nialler9 blog ) Edel Coffey ( Irish Independent ) Ian Dempsey ( Today FM ) James Foley ( Record of the Day ) Andrew Hamilton ( Clare People ) Kieran Hurley ( Cork Campus Radio ) Paul Mallon ( Irish Daily Star Sunday ) Lauren Murphy ( entertainment.ie ) Sinead Ni Mhorda ( Phantom FM ) Ed Power ( Freelance ) Rigsy ( BBC Northern Ireland ¹s Across The Line/ATL TV ) Ian Wilson ( RTÉ 2fm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/State_(magazine)', 'summary': "State.ie ( formerly State Magazine ) is an Irish website and formerly a monthly music magazine , which launched in April 2008 and ceased to print in January 2009 having published a total of ten issues . The magazine continues online and was voted Best Music Site in 2008 and Best Web Publication in 2010 in the Irish Web Awards . Originally the concept of the magazine involved a hard copy of which there was a charge to purchase , however after six issues it was decided to make the magazine 's content free both online and in print . The first issue , April 2008 , appeared on Irish shelves on 6 March 2008 and featured Michael Stipe of R.E.M . on the cover . This immediately garnered comparisons between the new magazine 's similarities with Hot Press who featured Stipe on their cover at the same time , a move widely thought to be an attempt by Hot Press to stifle State 's status as a serious 'alternative ' to the more established local magazine . At a price of €5.50 , State charged €2 more than Hot Press . State is published by Roger Woolman and edited by Hot Press alumni Phil Udell . Contributors include Evening Herald columnist , The Irish Times reviewer and blogger Sinéad Gleeson , Rolling Stone writer Kara Manning , award-winning blogger Niall Byrne ( a.k.a . Nialler9 ) , Event Guide writer David O'Mahony and The Star feature writer Tanya Sweeney . The magazine 's art director , Simon Roche , was named designer of the year by the Periodical Publishers Association of Ireland in December 2008 . From October 2008 until January 2009 the magazine was made available for free of charge from a number of venues around Ireland 's major cities and online from the magazine 's website , following a number of other magazines such as Mongrel , Connected and Analogue Magazine in providing their print content free of charge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Independent', 'summary': "The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper , and online publication via Independent.ie , which is owned by Independent News & Media ( INM ) who are a subsidiary of mediahuis . The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines . Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper , it introduced an additional compact size in 2004 and in December 2012 ( following O'Brien 's takeover ) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ian_Dempsey', 'summary': "Ian Dempsey ( born 16 January 1961 ) is an Irish presenter of television and breakfast radio . He is the long-running presenter of the breakfast show on Today FM , self-titled The Ian Dempsey Breakfast Show , which runs from 7-9am each weekday . He has won several major awards for his programmes and was the Republic of Ireland 's tenth most-listened-to broadcaster in 2007 . On 9 June 2010 , he co-hosted the opening ceremony of the 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games Irish heats at Thomond Park with Des Cahill ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clare_People', 'summary': "The Clare People was an Irish weekly regional newspaper founded in 2005 . It was published every Tuesday and sold mainly in County Clare . It published Clare related news , sport and events . It announced that it had published its final print edition on 13 August 2019 . The newspaper 's headquarters were located in Ennis Co Clare ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Daily_Star', 'summary': 'The Irish Daily Star ( formerly known simply as The Star ) is a tabloid newspaper published in Ireland by the Independent Star Limited , a joint venture between Reach plc , which owns the British Daily Star , and Independent News & Media . The Irish Daily Star became known for its comprehensive in-depth coverage of and thorough focus on crime , often featuring sensational coverage . It also focuses heavily on celebrity matters , and has a large sports section . Between 2003 and 2011 , a Sunday edition was published , as Irish Daily Star Sunday . Like its British tabloid counterpart , the Irish Daily Star has a red-top mast head .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Entertainment.ie', 'summary': 'Entertainment.ie is an Irish web company . It is based in Dublin City Centre . The company provides news and reviews of the programs and films for TV and cinema . It provides information on upcoming comedy , festivals and theater shows and music in Ireland , as well as celebrity news and gossip . The site was developed in 1997 by Fusio . The Irish Times acquired a 30% stake in the company in May 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phantom_FM', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland', 'summary': 'BBC Northern Ireland ( Irish : BBC Thuaisceart Éireann ; Ulster-Scots : BBC Norlin Airlan ) is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland . It is one of the three BBC national regions , together with BBC Scotland and BBC Cymru Wales . Based at Broadcasting House , Belfast , it provides television , radio , online and interactive television content . BBC Northern Ireland currently employs 700 people , largely in Belfast . BBC Northern Ireland has two TV channels - BBC One Northern Ireland , BBC Two Northern Ireland ; and two radio stations - BBC Radio Ulster and BBC Radio Foyle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adrian Crowley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Crowley', 'summary': "Adrian Crowley is a singer , composer , songwriter , lyricist from Galway , based in Dublin and was born in Sliema , Malta . Crowley has released eight albums to date , with his debut A Strange Kind arriving in 1999 . He followed this with When You Are Here You Are Family ( 2002 ) , A Northern Country ( 2004 ) , Long Distance Swimmer ( 2007 ) , Season of the Sparks ( 2009 ) and I See Three Birds Flying ( 2012 ) In a 2005 Rolling Stone interview , Ryan Adams cited Crowley when asked Who 's the best songwriter that no one 's heard of . The Irish Times placed this artist at number eight in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 . Crowley has won the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year on one occasion for Season of the Sparks and been nominated on two another occasion for Long Distance Swimmer and I See Tree Birds Flying ."}]}, {'value': 'Season of the Sparks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Season_of_the_Sparks', 'summary': 'Season of the Sparks is the fifth studio album released by Irish singer-songwriter Adrian Crowley . On March 3 , 2010 it was announced as the winner of the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2009 at Vicar Street , Dublin . It was released on April 24 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'And So I Watch You from Afar - And So I Watch You From Afar Bell X1 - Blue Lights on the Runway Codes - Trees Dream in Algebra Dark Room Notes - We Love You Dark Matter The Duckworth Lewis Method - The Duckworth Lewis Method Julie Feeney - Pages Valerie Francis - Slow Dynamo Laura Izibor - Let the Truth Be Told The Swell Season - Strict Joy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/And_So_I_Watch_You_from_Afar', 'summary': 'And So I Watch You from Afar is a Northern Irish instrumental rock band from Belfast , composed of guitarists Rory Friers and Niall Kennedy , bassist Johnny Adger and drummer Chris Wee . The band released two albums and three EPs with former member Tony Wright , who was replaced by Niall Kennedy in 2011 . The band signed with Richter Collective , and in October 2011 announced a deal in North America with management and record label Sargent House . They released their self-titled debut studio album on April 13 , 2009 . Their second studio album , Gangs ( 2011 ) , was met with critical acclaim . The band released their third studio album , All Hail Bright Futures , on March 15 , 2013 on Sargent House . Their fourth studio album , Heirs ( 2015 ) . Their fifth studio album , The Endless Shimmering , was released on October 20 , 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/And_So_I_Watch_You_From_Afar_(album)', 'summary': 'And So I Watch You From Afar is the self-titled , first studio album from the Irish instrumental band And So I Watch You From Afar , released in April 2009 . It was re-released in 2013 as a special edition and now included the 4 tracks from the Letters EP .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bell_X1_(band)', 'summary': 'Bell X1 is a musical group from County Kildare , Ireland . The group consists of Paul Noonan ( lead vocals , guitar , percussion , keys ) , David Geraghty ( guitar , vocals , keys , percussion , banjo , piano , harmonica ) and Dominic Phillips ( bass , vocals ) . In their native Ireland , Bell X1s longevity , emotional resonance and headliner status has seen the group referred to as national treasures . Meanwhile , the band has generated a reasonable audience in the United States , UK , Canada , Europe , Australia , Mexico and the Middle East . In the US , their profile was boosted on the back of regular touring , high-profile TV slots such as The Late Show with David Letterman and their music appearing in popular drama series such as Greys Anatomy and The OC . Bell X1 are known for regular changes in sound from album to album , their range taking in alternative , indie , hard rock , post-punk , acoustic , lo-fi , folk rock , ballad , pop , synth-pop , new wave and electronica . They have been compared to The Blue Nile , Talking Heads , David Bowie , Radiohead , The Flaming Lips , Coldplay , U2 , Animal Collective , Elbow and Talk Talk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Blue_Lights_on_the_Runway', 'summary': "Blue Lights On The Runway is the fourth studio album by Irish band Bell X1 . It was released in Ireland on 20 February 2009 , and on March 3 , 2009 , in North America . It is a Choice Music Prize nominated album for Best Irish album in 2009 . The first single from the album was The Great Defector ( 30 January 2009 in Ireland and 3 February 2009 , in the UK and the US ) . The album 's title comes from a line of the lyrics of The Great Defector : Blue lights on the runway , I love the colour of it all . It has been certified Platinum in Ireland with record sales exceeding 15,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Codes_(band)', 'summary': 'Codes are an Irish indie electronic quartet from Dublin , consisting of Daragh Anderson , Eoin Stephens , Niall Woods and Raymond Hogge . Their debut album Trees Dream in Algebra was nominated for the 2010 Choice Music Prize . The band have established themselves swiftly as a very exciting and energetic live act .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trees_Dream_in_Algebra', 'summary': 'Trees Dream in Algebra is the first studio album from Irish alternative-rock group Codes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dark_Room_Notes', 'summary': "Dark Room Notes were an Irish electro/synthpop group . The three founding members , Ronan Gaughan , Ruairi Ferrie and former drummer Ruairi Cavanagh originally hail from Galway . Later members Arran Murphy is from Wicklow , and Darragh Shanahan , who was the band 's drummer for four years , comes from Dublin . The band 's music has been described as electro/synthpop with a slightly sombre overtone and introverted lyrical sensibility . According to Village they seem to gather comparisons with the murkier side of electro pop , usually bands like New Order , Interpol or Joy Division . While the comparisons have some basis , DRN are far from gloomy , just a bit . cool . But this cool does not translate into pretension , just humorous and knowledgeable asides to their favourite artists , photographers and filmmakers . The band 's debut album We Love You Dark Matter was nominated for the Choice Music Prize ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Duckworth_Lewis_Method', 'summary': "The Duckworth Lewis Method are an Irish pop group formed by Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy and Thomas Walsh of Pugwash . The Duckworth Lewis Method is also the title of the group 's first album , which was released on 3 July 2009 , a few days before the start of the 2009 Ashes series . A concept album about cricket , the album has 12 tracks , one of which is an instrumental . The album was mixed and recorded in Dublin and was mastered at Abbey Road Studios . Hannon and Walsh have described their album as a kaleidoscopic musical adventure through the beautiful and rather silly world of cricket . The track Jiggery Pokery is a comic retelling of the Ball of the Century incident involving Shane Warne and Mike Gatting , and features guest cameo performances from Phill Jupitus , Alexander Armstrong , Matt Berry and more . Berry also features on the track Mason on the Boundary . On 9 September 2009 the band were put on hiatus . They wrote and recorded the theme song for the ESPNcricinfo video blog The Two Chucks . In April 2010 The Duckworth Lewis Method album was nominated for an Ivor Novello Award . In an interview with the BBC , Neil Hannon confirmed that he and Thomas Walsh would be working together again in the future . In late October 2012 Hannon and Walsh confirmed they were working on a second Duckworth Lewis album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Julie_Feeney', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pages_(Julie_Feeney_album)', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laura_Izibor', 'summary': "Laura Elizabeth Arabosa Izibor ( born 13 May 1987 ) is an Irish recording artist , musician and producer . She won the RTÉ 2fm song contest while still in secondary school . She went on to win an award at the 2006 Meteor Music Awards . She also performed at that year 's Electric Picnic music festival and Music Ireland 2007 . Izibor has opened for Aretha Franklin , India.Arie , Estelle , Maxwell , and John Legend on tour . Her debut album , Let the Truth Be Told , was released in Ireland on 8 May 2009 . Izibor has appeared in The CW television show , One Tree Hill , where she plays Erin Macree ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Let_the_Truth_Be_Told_(Laura_Izibor_album)', 'summary': 'Let the Truth Be Told is the debut album by Irish recording artist Laura Izibor . It was released on 8 May 2009 , under Atlantic Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Swell_Season', 'summary': "The Swell Season is a folk rock duo formed by Irish musician Glen Hansard and Czech singer and pianist Markéta Irglová . The Swell Season name is derived from Hansard 's favourite novel by Josef Škvorecký from 1975 bearing the same title . Their debut album , released in 2006 , carried the same name . The duo rose to prominence following the success of the 2007 film Once , , directed by John Carney , in which the pair starred depicting a dramatised version of their own musical pairing . Their song Falling Slowly from the film took the Oscar for Best Song at the 80th Academy Awards . They increasingly referred to themselves as The Swell Season in promotion of their performances until it became the formal name of their collaboration in 2008 . ( They still used their separate names when they contributed their cover of Bob Dylan 's You Ai n't Goin ' Nowhere to the 2007 soundtrack of I 'm Not There . ) From 2007 through 2010 , a documentary film was made about Irglova and Hansard called The Swell Season . The documentary premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in June 2011 to positive reviews ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Strict_Joy', 'summary': 'Strict Joy is the second and final album by The Swell Season ( Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ) . It was released in Ireland on October 23 , 2009 , the rest of Europe on October 26 , and on October 27 in North America on the ANTI- record label . The title of the album was derived from a 1931 book of poems written by Irish poet James Stephens . The album reached number 15 on the Billboard 200 .'}]}, {'value': "Martin Burns ( News of the World ) Josh Clarke ( I102-104FM , Galway ) Roisin Dwyer ( Hot Press ) Tony Fenton ( Today FM ) Cathal Funge ( Phantom 105.2 , Dublin ) Padraic Halpin ( Ragged Words ) Sophie Gorman ( Irish Independent ) John McMahon ( RTÉ 2fm ) Rob O'Connor ( Beat 102 103 , Waterford ) Eva Staic ( Spin 1038 , Dublin ) Chris Wasser ( Evening Herald ) Aoife Woodlock ( Other Voices )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News_of_the_World', 'summary': "The News of the World was a weekly national red top tabloid newspaper published every Sunday in the United Kingdom from 1843 to 2011 . It was at one time the world 's highest-selling English-language newspaper , and at closure still had one of the highest English-language circulations . It was originally established as a broadsheet by John Browne Bell , who identified crime , sensation and vice as the themes that would sell most copies . The Bells sold to Henry Lascelles Carr in 1891 ; in 1969 it was bought from the Carrs by Rupert Murdoch 's media firm News Limited . Reorganised into News International , a subsidiary of News Corporation , the newspaper was transformed into a tabloid in 1984 and became the Sunday sister paper of The Sun . The News of the World concentrated in particular on celebrity scoops , gossip and populist news . Its somewhat prurient focus on sex scandals gained it the nickname News of the Screws . In its last decade it had a reputation for exposing celebrities ' drug use , sexual peccadilloes , or criminal acts , by using insiders and journalists in disguise to provide video or photographic evidence , and covert phone hacking in ongoing police investigations . Sales averaged 2,812,005 copies per week in October 2010 . From 2006 , allegations of phone hacking began to engulf the newspaper . These culminated in the revelation on 4 July 2011 that , nearly a decade earlier , a private investigator hired by the newspaper had intercepted the voicemail of missing British teenager Milly Dowler , who was later found murdered . Amid a public backlash and the withdrawal of advertising , News International announced the closure of the newspaper on 7 July 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/I102-104FM', 'summary': "i102-104FM was a regional station in Ireland , launched on 7 February 2008 . The station had won a licence - as part of a strategy by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland to create a network of regional youth stations across the Republic - to operate a 'youth ' oriented station that would broadcast across seven counties in the northwest and west of Ireland , targeting listeners aged between 15 and 34 . In 2011 , i102-104FM merged with its sister station i105-107FM ; the combined station now broadcasts as iRadio . i102-104FM had its studios originally in Galway City , and towards the end of the station 's life , Athlone . It was licensed to cover Counties Donegal , Galway , Leitrim , Longford , Mayo , Roscommon and Sligo . It was also popular in the neighbouring regions of counties Clare , Limerick , Tipperary , Offaly , Westmeath , Cavan , Monaghan and the border areas of the North . In County Donegal , because local radio station Highland Radio was already broadcasting on 103.3 MHz , i102-104 used the frequency of 96.9 MHz . High-profile figures such as the comedian Tommy Tiernan and the presenter Hector Ó hEochagáin were signed up in an effort to raise the profile of the station . There had been five competitors for the lucrative northwest licence , with bids coming from Dublin 's SPIN 1038 , Cork 's Red FM , and the northwest station Ocean FM , through 'Vibe FM ' , and the €20m licence was granted to i105-107FM in November 2006. i102-104FM was owned by the iRadio consortium that has applied for several other of the regional youth licences on offer from the BAI , winning the northeast and midlands licence through i105-107FM . In August 2009 i102-104 was rated the fastest growing 15-to-34 radio station in the country , reaching over 166,000 people each week . It was also the regional radio station most listened to by 18- to 34-year-olds in Ireland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Galway', 'summary': 'Galway ( /ˈɡɔːlweɪ/ GAWL-way ; Irish : Gaillimh , pronounced [ ˈɡal̠ʲɪvʲ ] ) is a city in County Galway in the West of Ireland , in the province of Connacht . It lies on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay , and is the sixth most populous city in Ireland , with a population at the 2016 Census of 79,934 . Galway is renowned for its vibrant lifestyle and for hosting numerous festivals , celebrations and events such as The Galway Arts Festival . The city is currently the European Capital of Culture for 2020 , alongside Rijeka , Croatia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hot_Press', 'summary': 'Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin , Ireland , founded in June 1977 . The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it had a circulation of 17,084 during 2014 . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tony_Fenton', 'summary': "Tony Fenton ( born Anthony James Fagan ; 25 March 1961 - 12 March 2015 ) was an Irish radio presenter and DJ . For 18 years until he left in 2003 , he worked with RTÉ 2fm ; then joined Today FM in 2004 , where he worked until his death 11 years later . Fenton won Music Broadcaster of the Year at the 2008 PPI Radio Awards . He also appeared on television , including a 2007 guest appearance on The Panel , plus a four stars from five meal cooked on The Restaurant . Fenton was one of Ireland 's favourite pop DJs . Louis Walsh described him as one of the kings of Irish broadcasting ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phantom_FM', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Independent', 'summary': "The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper , and online publication via Independent.ie , which is owned by Independent News & Media ( INM ) who are a subsidiary of mediahuis . The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines . Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper , it introduced an additional compact size in 2004 and in December 2012 ( following O'Brien 's takeover ) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only ."}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beat_102_103', 'summary': 'Beat 102 103 is an independent regional radio station in Republic of Ireland licensed by the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland covering counties Waterford , Carlow , Kilkenny , Wexford and Tipperary in South East Ireland . It began broadcasting on 1 July 2003 from studios at The Broadcast Centre , Ardkeen , Waterford City ( shared with Waterford station WLR FM ) , becoming the first station to operate under a regional licence . The station is a Top 40 Hit/CHR station aimed at listeners aged between 15 and 35 . On 13 April 2007 , Cork based Thomas Crosbie Holdings ( TCH ) announced it had acquired 75% ownership of both Beat 102 103 and WLR FM , in a deal worth a combined €14 million with WLR FM managing director Des Whelan keeping 25% of each . TCH already had a media presence in the South East , owning several newspapers in the region . Thomas Crosbie Holdings went into receivership in March 2013 . The 75% stake was acquired by Landmark Media Investments . In December 2017 , a sale was agreed to The Irish Times pending regulatory approval . In July 2018 , the sale of the station to The Irish Times was complete . A second stream , Noughty Beats , was launched in 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waterford', 'summary': "Waterford ( from Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr [ ˈweðrɑˌfjɒrðr̩ ] , meaning ram ( wether ) fjord ; Irish : Port Láirge [ pˠɔɾˠt̪ˠ ˈl̪ˠaːɾʲ ( ə ) ɟə ] ) is a city in Ireland . It is in County Waterford in the south east of Ireland and is part of the province of Munster . The city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour . It is the oldest and the fifth most populous city in the Republic of Ireland . It is the tenth most populous settlement on the island of Ireland . Waterford City and County Council is the local government authority for the city . According to the 2016 Census , 53,504 people live in the city , with a wider metropolitan population of 82,963 . Today , Waterford is known for Waterford Crystal , a legacy of the city 's former glass making industry . Glass , or crystal , was manufactured in the city from 1783 until early 2009 , when the factory there was shut down after the receivership of Waterford Wedgwood plc . The Waterford Crystal visitor centre in the Viking Quarter , under new owners , opened in June 2010 , after the intervention of Waterford City Council and Waterford Chamber of Commerce , and resumed production . Waterford is also known for being the starting point of Ryanair 's first flight ; a 14-seat Embraer Bandeirante turboprop aircraft flying between Waterford and Gatwick Airport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spin_1038', 'summary': "SPIN 1038 ( or simply SPIN ; pronounced spin one-oh-three-eight ) is a Local Radio station in Dublin , Ireland . It is owned by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp group and broadcasts under a sound broadcasting contract with the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland . Despite their name , they do not broadcast on the medium wave band ( 1038 not being a valid mediumwave frequency , anyway ) , but on 103.8 FM . SPIN 1038 is mostly heard in Dublin but can also be heard in such towns as Naas , Celbridge , Leixlip , Maynooth , Drogheda and Bray due to their close proximity to Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Evening_Herald', 'summary': 'The Herald is a nationwide mid-market tabloid newspaper headquartered in Dublin , Ireland and published by Independent News & Media who are a subsidiary of Mediahuis . It is published Monday-Saturday . The paper was known as the Evening Herald until its name was changed in 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Other_Voices_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Other Voices is a live music series which broadcasts on Irish public service broadcaster RTÉ2 . The show ( previously called Other Voices : Songs from a Room ) first aired in 2003 . It is currently Ireland 's leading live music series which focuses mainly on alternative music from Irish and international artists . Each December over three days a season is filmed in Dingle , County Kerry , Ireland during the Other Voices Music Festival . Season 16 started broadcasting on 22 February 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Door Cinema Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club', 'summary': "Two Door Cinema Club is a band from Northern Ireland . The band formed in 2007 and is composed of three members : Alex Trimble ( vocals , rhythm guitar , beats , synths ) , Sam Halliday ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , and Kevin Baird ( bass , synths , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album , Tourist History , was released on 1 March 2010 by French independent record label Kitsuné Music . In the United States , where the band are signed to Glassnote Records , the album was released on 27 April 2010 . Tourist History was selected for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year ( 2010 ) the following year . The band 's second album Beacon was released on 3 September 2012 , debuted at number one on the Irish Albums Chart and reached number two in the UK Albums Chart . The band 's third album Gameshow was released on 14 October 2016 . The first single , Are We Ready ? ( Wreck ) was released on 14 June 2016 and was debuted on Annie Mac 's Hottest Record on BBC Radio 1 . Two more singles , 'Bad Decisions ' and the title track 'Gameshow ' were released prior to the album and are also included on the track list ."}]}, {'value': 'Tourist History', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tourist_History', 'summary': "Tourist History is the debut studio album by Northern Irish indie rock band Two Door Cinema Club . It was released on 17 February 2010 by Kitsuné . The album is named for the reputation of the band 's hometown , Bangor , as a tourist attraction . Tourist History won the Choice Music Prize for the 2010 Irish Album of the Year . The band said it was the first award they had ever won and donated the €10,000 prize money to charity ."}]}, {'value': 'Adebisi Shank - This Is the Second Album of a Band Called Adebisi Shank The Cast of Cheers - Chariot Cathy Davey - The Nameless Fight Like Apes - The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner Halves - It Goes , It Goes ( Forever & Ever ) Imelda May - Mayhem James Vincent McMorrow - Early in the Morning O Emperor - Hither Thither Villagers - Becoming a Jackal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adebisi_Shank', 'summary': 'Adebisi Shank were a three-piece instrumental rock trio from Wexford , Ireland consisting of guitarist Larry Kaye , bass guitarist Vincent McCreith and drummer Michael Roe . The band was signed to Richter Collective in Ireland , before the record label closed in December 2012 , Big Scary Monsters in the United Kingdom , Sargent House in the United States and Parabolica in Japan . Their name is a reference to the Oz character Simon Adebisi . Their style of music was described as seriously upbeat math-rocky craziness . In September 2014 , the band announced their breakup , with each member pursuing different paths . They released three studio albums and one extended play in their career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/This_Is_the_Second_Album_of_a_Band_Called_Adebisi_Shank', 'summary': 'This Is the Second Album of a Band Called Adebisi Shank is the second studio album by Irish math rock band Adebisi Shank . It was released on 20 August 2010 through Richter Collective .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Cast_of_Cheers', 'summary': 'The Cast of Cheers are a four-piece indie/math rock band from Sligo and Dublin , Ireland composed of Conor Adams ( vocals , guitar ) , Neil Adams ( guitar , vocals ) , John Higgins ( bass , vocals ) and Kevin Curran ( drums ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cathy_Davey', 'summary': "Catherine Cathy Davey ( born 1979 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter . She has released one extended play , Come Over ( 2004 ) , and four albums , Something Ilk ( 2004 ) , Tales of Silversleeve ( 2007 ) , The Nameless ( 2010 ) and New Forest ( 2016 ) . Her second album garnered her a Choice Music Prize nomination , Meteor Award for Best Irish Female , and spawned a number of successful singles including Reuben , Moving and Sing for Your Supper . The Nameless was the top selling album in Ireland upon the week of its release . It was also nominated for the Choice Music Prize . Davey has performed at several international events , including representing Ireland at the Eurosonic Festival in Groningen , the Netherlands , and performing at the South by Southwest festival in Austin , Texas . She has also performed at other large exhibitions and festivals in Ireland , including Electric Picnic , Indie-pendence and The Music Show . Davey has worked with Autamata , Elbow and The Duckworth Lewis Method as well as providing support for Graham Coxon , R.E.M . and Supergrass . She appears prominently on the 2016 album Foreverland by The Divine Comedy . The Irish Times placed Davey third in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 , saying There 's no better female songwriter in Irish music right now . Tales of Silversleeve was named sixth best Irish album of 2007 by John Meagher of the Irish Independent and ninth best album of the decade by Jim Carroll , Tony Clayton-Lea and Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Nameless_(album)', 'summary': "The Nameless is the third album released by Irish singer Cathy Davey . It was released on 7 May 2010 in Ireland as the follow-up to her 2007 second album Tales of Silversleeve . The first single from the album Little Red debuted on Cathy Davey 's My Space page ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fight_Like_Apes', 'summary': "Fight Like Apes ( also referred to as FLApes or FLA ) were an Irish alternative rock band formed in Dublin in 2006 . Their final lineup consisted of Mary-Kate MayKay Geraghty ( vocals and synth ) , Jamie Pockets Fox ( keyboard and vocals ) , Conor Garry ( bass ) , Peter O'Shea ( drums ) and Frog Cullen . Original members Adrian Mullan ( drums ) and Tom Ryan ( bass ) left the band in 2010 . They are known for their elongated record titles , usually inspired by B movies . They have released three EPs , How Am I Supposed to Kill You If You Have All the Guns ? ( 2007 ) , David Carradine is a Bounty Hunter Whos Robotic Arm Hates Your Crotch ( 2007 ) and Whigfield Sextape ( 2014 ) , and two albums , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion ( 2008 ) and The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner ( 2010 ) . In 2009 , they released an EP for the American market titled You Filled His Head with Fluffy Clouds and Jolly Ranchers , What Did You Think Was Going to Happen ? . Fight Like Apes have toured the UK with The Von Bondies , The Ting Tings , New Found Glory , The Prodigy and Kasabian and have played several Irish and European festivals throughout their career . They have appeared on several television shows in Ireland , including Tubridy Tonight , WeTV , The View , Other Voices and The Cafe . They have also had some success in Asia , where they have been signed up by Sony Music Entertainment Japan for an album release on that continent in April 2009 . The band have been nominated for five Meteor Music Awards , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion was nominated for the Choice Music Prize and was named 31st best album of the decade by Phantom FM at the end of 2009 . Fight Like Apes were named the fourth best Irish musical act of their generation by The Irish Times in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Body_of_Christ_and_the_Legs_of_Tina_Turner', 'summary': 'The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner is the second album released by Irish band Fight Like Apes . It was released on 27 August 2010 in the Republic of Ireland as the follow-up to their debut album Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Halves_(band)', 'summary': 'Halves is an ambient/alternative/electronic band based in Dublin , Ireland . It is composed of Brian Cash and brothers Tim and Elis Czerniak , with additional live members .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Imelda_May', 'summary': 'Imelda Mary Higham ( born Imelda Mary Clabby ; 10 July 1974 ) , professionally known as Imelda May , is an Irish singer , songwriter and multi-instrumentalist . Although known primarily as a singer , she also plays the bodhrán , guitar , bass guitar and tambourine . Described as a unique vocal talent , May is known for her musical style of rockabilly revival and has also been compared to female jazz musicians such as Billie Holiday . Born and raised in The Liberties area of Dublin , May began her career in music at 16 by performing with a number of local bands and musicians . She formed her own band in 2002 , and released her debut studio album , No Turning Back . After the release , May relocated to London with her then-husband , guitarist Darrel Higham . Following an appearance on the BBC music programme Later . with Jools Holland in 2008 , she released her second studio album , Love Tattoo ( 2009 ) . She collaborated and toured with a number of artists following its release . Her third studio album , Mayhem , was released in 2010 and earned her a nomination for the Choice Music Prize . Her fourth studio album , Tribal was released in 2014 . Her fifth studio album , Life Love Flesh Blood was released in 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mayhem_(Imelda_May_album)', 'summary': 'Mayhem is the third studio album by Irish rockabilly musician Imelda May , released on 3 September 2010 on Decca Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Vincent_McMorrow', 'summary': 'James Vincent McMorrow ( born 14 January 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . He is best known for his albums Early in the Morning and Post Tropical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Early_in_the_Morning_(James_Vincent_McMorrow_album)', 'summary': 'Early in the Morning is the first full-length album by Irish singer-songwriter James Vincent McMorrow . The album has drawn comparisons to Bon Iver for both its sound and the recording technique . The album was first released in Ireland on 26 February 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/O_Emperor', 'summary': 'O Emperor are a rock band from Waterford , Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Villagers_(band)', 'summary': "Villagers are an Irish indie folk band from Dublin , formed in 2008 . As well as songwriter and vocalist/guitarist Conor O'Brien , the band currently consists of Danny Snow ( bass , upright bass ) , Cormac Curran ( keyboards ) , Gwion Llewelyn ( drums , flugelhorn ) and Mali Llywelyn ( harp ) . The band came to prominence in 2010 with the release of their debut album , Becoming a Jackal . Released to critical acclaim , the album was shortlisted for the 2010 Mercury Prize and the Choice Music Prize . The band 's second studio album , { Awayland } was released in 2013 . It won the Choice Music Prize that year and was also shortlisted for the 2013 Mercury Prize . In 2015 they released their third album , Darling Arithmetic , and the following year Where Have You Been All My Life ? - a compilation of live reworkings of some of the band 's best-known tracks . In May 2016 Darling Arithmetic won the Ivor Novello award for Best Album . Villagers have performed at several music festivals and toured with Grizzly Bear , Tracy Chapman , Bell X1 , Tindersticks and Elbow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Becoming_a_Jackal', 'summary': 'Becoming a Jackal is the debut album by the Irish rock group Villagers . In 2010 it was nominated for the Mercury Prize . Vinyl editions of the album contains 2 discs , with tracks on the first three sides and an etching on the fourth .'}]}, {'value': "Aidan Cuffe ( GoldenPlec ) Ray D'Arcy ( Today FM ) Michelle Doherty ( Phantom 105.2 ) Dave Fanning ( RTÉ 2fm ) Shane Hegarty ( The Irish Times ) Chris Jones ( Alternative Ulster ) Danny McElhinney ( The Irish Mail on Sunday ) John Meagher ( Irish Independent ) Jenny Mulligan ( entertainment.ie ) Celina Murphy ( Hot Press ) Phil Udell ( State.ie ) Tony Clayton-Lea ( Chairman of Judging Panel )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ray_D'Arcy", 'summary': "Raymond Michael D'Arcy ( born 1 September 1964 ) is an Irish television and radio presenter currently on his second spell at state broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) . He once presented a self-titled weekday morning radio programme on the Denis O'Brien-owned Today FM . His professional partner on that show , Jenny Kelly , became his wife on 24 August 2013 and they have two children : Tom ( born June 2012 ) and Kate ( born 25 November 2006 ) . D'Arcy came to prominence with a television career on RTÉ , presenting children 's television on The Den , a quiz show called Blackboard Jungle and the youth music show 2Phat . He presented television coverage of The Rose of Tralee beauty pageant each August for four consecutive years until 2010 . He rejoined RTÉ in 2015 . D'Arcy is a household name in Ireland , but does not consider himself to be a celebrity , and rarely gives interviews ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Doherty', 'summary': "Michelle Doherty is an Irish radio/television presenter , model , actress , and DJ . She has presented various television shows including Xposé , a daily entertainment/celebrity gossip TV show on TV3 in Ireland , Arthur 's Day , RTÉ Two television series Under Ether , the weekday breakfast show , Pure Morning on Phantom FM now TXFM , and Night Shift and Day Shift on Channel 6 for a number of years before the closure of the station on 31 December 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phantom_105.2', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dave_Fanning', 'summary': "Dave Fanning ( born David Fanning ; 30 December 1955 ) is an Irish rock journalist , TV and radio broadcaster , DJ , film critic and author . Fanning currently hosts weekend morning magazine/chat show The Dave Fanning Show on the Irish national radio station RTÉ 2fm and a number of RTÉ Radio 1 programmes . He regularly deputizes on RTE Radio 1 across a range of primetime programmes and also presented his own Mon-Fri 9am show Mornings With Dave Fanning in 2015 . He also fills in for other presenters on RTÉ Radio , including often acting as a surrogate for Ryan Tubridy . Likewise , John Creedon has worked as a surrogate for Fanning . Due to his much celebrated friendship with U2 , Fanning has for three decades been granted the first airing of any of the band 's new singles before anyone else in the world , with band members often calling Fanning to tell him what they are doing . He has presented more than twenty different TV shows for RTÉ Television , including 2TV , The Movie Show . He also hosted RTÉ 's live television coverage of Live 8 in Hyde Park , London ( July 2005 ) , and Live Earth in Wembley Stadium , London ( July 2007 ) . He has conducted over 200 interviews with global rock stars . Down through the years Fanning has been the recipient of a number of Best DJ awards from various publications , including Hot Press where he topped the annual Readers Poll for over twenty years . In 1980 , he was the first person ever outside of RTE Radio 1 to be honoured with a prestigious Jacob 's Award for the depth and scope of his radio show . Following Christy Moore in 1990 and preceding Van Morrison in 92 , Fanning was awarded the IRMA Special Industry Award in 91 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Irish_Times', 'summary': "The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper launched on 29 March 1859 . The editor is Paul O'Neill who succeeded Kevin O'Sullivan on 5 April 2017 ; the deputy editor is Deirdre Veldon . The Irish Times is published every day except Sundays . Though formed as a Protestant nationalist paper , within two decades and under new owners it had become the voice of British unionism in Ireland . It is no longer marketed as a unionist paper ; it presents itself politically as liberal and progressive , as well as promoting neoliberalism on economic issues . The editorship of the newspaper from 1859 until 1986 was controlled by the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority , only gaining its first nominal Irish Catholic editor 127 years into its existence . The paper 's most prominent columnists include writer and arts commentator Fintan O'Toole and satirist Miriam Lord . The late Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald was once a columnist . Senior international figures , including Tony Blair and Bill Clinton , have written for its op-ed page . Its most prominent columns have included the political column Backbencher , by John Healy , Drapier ( an anonymous piece produced weekly by a politician , giving the 'insider ' view of politics ) , Rite and Reason ( a weekly religious column , edited by Patsy McGarry , the 'religious affairs ' editor ) and the long-running An Irishman 's Diary . An Irishman 's Diary was written by Patrick Campbell in the forties ( under the pseudonym 'Quidnunc ' ) ; by Seamus Kelly from 1949 to 1979 ( also writing as 'Quidnunc ' ) ; and more recently [ when ? ] by Kevin Myers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Independent', 'summary': "The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper , and online publication via Independent.ie , which is owned by Independent News & Media ( INM ) who are a subsidiary of mediahuis . The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines . Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper , it introduced an additional compact size in 2004 and in December 2012 ( following O'Brien 's takeover ) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Entertainment.ie', 'summary': 'Entertainment.ie is an Irish web company . It is based in Dublin City Centre . The company provides news and reviews of the programs and films for TV and cinema . It provides information on upcoming comedy , festivals and theater shows and music in Ireland , as well as celebrity news and gossip . The site was developed in 1997 by Fusio . The Irish Times acquired a 30% stake in the company in May 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hot_Press', 'summary': 'Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin , Ireland , founded in June 1977 . The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it had a circulation of 17,084 during 2014 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': "2011 Held on Thursday March 8 , 2012 Paul McLoone 's debut as M.C . Broadcast live on Today FM", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jape_(band)', 'summary': "Jape is an Irish electronic-rock band from Dublin . Formed as a side project by Richie Egan whilst part of The Redneck Manifesto , they have released five albums to date ; Cosmosphere ( 2003 ) , The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me ( 2004 ) , Ritual ( 2008 ) , Ocean of Frequency ( 2011 ) , and This Chemical Sea ( 2015 ) . Jape 's wider discography includes the EP , Jape is Grape ( 2007 ) , as well as a number of singles , including Floating and Phil Lynott . The band have performed at festivals and events such as Glastonbury , Electric Picnic , Lovebox and Hard Working Class Heroes and provided support for The Flaming Lips at Belsonic in Belfast in August 2008 . The first and second albums received airplay on alternative national radio in Ireland . The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me 's opening track , Floating , became a popular single on late night alternative music radio shows and attracted the attention of Brendan Benson during a visit to Dublin . Benson now covers the track whilst performing live with his band The Raconteurs , as do the Belgian bastard pop duo Soulwax during their DJ sets . Jape 's third album , Ritual , was released in June 2008 , later winning the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2008 . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , the latter of which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named Ireland 's Christmas number one single in December 2008 . The album Ocean of Frequency was released in 2011 and won Jape their second Choice Music Prize in March 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ocean of Frequency', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'And So I Watch You From Afar - Gangs Bell X1 - Bloodless Coup Cashier No.9 - To the Death of Fun Lisa Hannigan - Passenger The Japanese Popstars - Controlling Your Allegiance Jape - Ocean of Frequency Patrick Kelleher & His Cold Dead Hands - Golden Syrup Pugwash - The Olympus Sound Tieranniesaur - Tierannuesaur We Cut Corners - Today I Realised I Could Go Home Backwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/And_So_I_Watch_You_From_Afar', 'summary': 'And So I Watch You from Afar is a Northern Irish instrumental rock band from Belfast , composed of guitarists Rory Friers and Niall Kennedy , bassist Johnny Adger and drummer Chris Wee . The band released two albums and three EPs with former member Tony Wright , who was replaced by Niall Kennedy in 2011 . The band signed with Richter Collective , and in October 2011 announced a deal in North America with management and record label Sargent House . They released their self-titled debut studio album on April 13 , 2009 . Their second studio album , Gangs ( 2011 ) , was met with critical acclaim . The band released their third studio album , All Hail Bright Futures , on March 15 , 2013 on Sargent House . Their fourth studio album , Heirs ( 2015 ) . Their fifth studio album , The Endless Shimmering , was released on October 20 , 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gangs_(album)', 'summary': 'Gangs is the second studio album by the Northern Irish post-rock band And So I Watch You From Afar , released on 29 April 2011 on Richter Collective .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bell_X1_(band)', 'summary': 'Bell X1 is a musical group from County Kildare , Ireland . The group consists of Paul Noonan ( lead vocals , guitar , percussion , keys ) , David Geraghty ( guitar , vocals , keys , percussion , banjo , piano , harmonica ) and Dominic Phillips ( bass , vocals ) . In their native Ireland , Bell X1s longevity , emotional resonance and headliner status has seen the group referred to as national treasures . Meanwhile , the band has generated a reasonable audience in the United States , UK , Canada , Europe , Australia , Mexico and the Middle East . In the US , their profile was boosted on the back of regular touring , high-profile TV slots such as The Late Show with David Letterman and their music appearing in popular drama series such as Greys Anatomy and The OC . Bell X1 are known for regular changes in sound from album to album , their range taking in alternative , indie , hard rock , post-punk , acoustic , lo-fi , folk rock , ballad , pop , synth-pop , new wave and electronica . They have been compared to The Blue Nile , Talking Heads , David Bowie , Radiohead , The Flaming Lips , Coldplay , U2 , Animal Collective , Elbow and Talk Talk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bloodless_Coup', 'summary': 'Bloodless Coup is the fifth studio album by Irish band Bell X1 . It was released on 1 April 2011 in Ireland , Germany , Belgium and the Netherlands , on 4 April in the United Kingdom , and on 5 April in North America . It has received average reviews from critics and reached number 3 of the Top Irish 100 Albums in its debut week .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Hannigan', 'summary': "Lisa Margaret Hannigan ( born 12 February 1981 ) is an Irish singer , songwriter , musician , and voice actress . She began her musical career as a member of Damien Rice 's band . Since beginning her solo career in 2007 she has released three albums : Sea Sew ( 2008 ) , Passenger ( 2011 ) , and At Swim ( 2016 ) . Hannigan 's music has received award nominations both in Ireland and the USA . Hannigan is also the voice actress for the character Blue Diamond in Steven Universe , an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Passenger_(Lisa_Hannigan_album)', 'summary': 'Passenger is the second and Choice Music Prize nominated album from Irish singer-songwriter Lisa Hannigan . The album was released in the US and Canada on 20 September 2011 and in the Republic of Ireland on 7 October 2011 ( brought forward from the originally scheduled date , 21 October ) . The LP features 11 new tracks . The album was self-released in Ireland and UK through her label , Hoop Records . The album was released in North America through Barp-ATO Records and later for Europe in 2012 on PIAS Recordings . In 2012 it was awarded a silver certification from the Independent Music Companies Association , which indicated sales of at least 20,000 copies throughout Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Japanese_Popstars', 'summary': 'The Japanese Popstars are a Northern Irish electronic group consisting of Gary Curran and Gareth Donoghue ( with former founding member and keyboardist Declan McLaughlin ) . Each member has his own alias . The act was nominated for Best House DJs at the 2006 World Urban Music Awards , Best Live Performance at the 2007 Northern Ireland Music Awards and won Best Live Act at the 2008 Irish Music Awards and then every year since ( four years in a row ) . They were also voted Best Breakthrough Producers at the DJ Mag Best of British Awards 2008 [ citation needed ] , awarded No.1 Dance Album by Hotpress magazine , and won Best Live Act and Best Album at the 2009 Irish Music Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jape_(band)', 'summary': "Jape is an Irish electronic-rock band from Dublin . Formed as a side project by Richie Egan whilst part of The Redneck Manifesto , they have released five albums to date ; Cosmosphere ( 2003 ) , The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me ( 2004 ) , Ritual ( 2008 ) , Ocean of Frequency ( 2011 ) , and This Chemical Sea ( 2015 ) . Jape 's wider discography includes the EP , Jape is Grape ( 2007 ) , as well as a number of singles , including Floating and Phil Lynott . The band have performed at festivals and events such as Glastonbury , Electric Picnic , Lovebox and Hard Working Class Heroes and provided support for The Flaming Lips at Belsonic in Belfast in August 2008 . The first and second albums received airplay on alternative national radio in Ireland . The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me 's opening track , Floating , became a popular single on late night alternative music radio shows and attracted the attention of Brendan Benson during a visit to Dublin . Benson now covers the track whilst performing live with his band The Raconteurs , as do the Belgian bastard pop duo Soulwax during their DJ sets . Jape 's third album , Ritual , was released in June 2008 , later winning the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2008 . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , the latter of which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named Ireland 's Christmas number one single in December 2008 . The album Ocean of Frequency was released in 2011 and won Jape their second Choice Music Prize in March 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pugwash_(band)', 'summary': "Pugwash is an Irish pop band fronted by Drimnagh-born musician Thomas Walsh . Pugwash has released six albums since its debut LP Almond Tea in 1999 . Influences on the band 's sound are regularly cited as including XTC , Electric Light Orchestra and Jeff Lynne , The Beach Boys , The Kinks , Honeybus and The Beatles , though Walsh dismisses the Beatles comparisons as lazy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Olympus_Sound', 'summary': 'The Olympus Sound is the fifth studio album by Irish power pop band Pugwash . It features contributions from Ben Folds , Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy , and Dave Gregory and Andy Partridge of XTC . Frontman Thomas Walsh wrote the track Dear Belinda as a birthday present for British actress Belinda Stewart-Wilson , and claimed Stewart-Wilson had requested to sing vocals on the final version of the song but she does not appear on the album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Cut_Corners', 'summary': 'We Cut Corners are an Irish indie rock duo from Dublin .'}]}, {'value': "Brian Adams ( Today FM ) John Barker ( 98FM ) Stuart Clarke ( Hot Press ) Siobhan Maguire ( The Sunday Times ) Naomi McCardle ( Harmless Noise ) Lauren Murphy ( The Irish Times ) Nadine O'Regan ( RTÉ/Phantom/ Sunday Business Post ) Colm O'Sullivan ( Red FM ) Ed Power ( Irish Independent / Irish Examiner ) Rigsy ( BBC1 Northern Ireland ) Penny Rose-Hart ( RTÉ Radio 1 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 Held on March 7 , 2013 Broadcast live on Today FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delorentos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delorentos', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Little Sparks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Sparks', 'summary': 'Little Sparks is the third album by Delorentos released in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wallis Bird - Wallis Bird The Cast of Cheers - Family Adrian Crowley - I See Three Birds Flying Damien Dempsey - Almighty Love Julie Feeney - Clocks Heathers - Kingdom Mumblin Deaf Ro - Dictionary Crimes Two Door Cinema Club - Beacon Windings - I Am Not The Crow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallis_Bird', 'summary': 'Wallis Bird ( born 29 January 1982 ) is an Irish musician . She has released six studio albums , including Architect in 2014 and Home in 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wallis_Bird_(album)', 'summary': 'Wallis Bird is the self-titled third album by Wallis Bird , which was released in Ireland , Germany , Austria and Switzerland on 9 March 2012 . The album is released in the United Kingdom on 12 March 2012 . The first single Encore was released on 2 March 2012 . The music video debuted on 1 February 2012 . The video was shot in Berlin . All songs on the album were written by Bird and produced by Marcus Wuest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Cast_of_Cheers', 'summary': 'The Cast of Cheers are a four-piece indie/math rock band from Sligo and Dublin , Ireland composed of Conor Adams ( vocals , guitar ) , Neil Adams ( guitar , vocals ) , John Higgins ( bass , vocals ) and Kevin Curran ( drums ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Crowley', 'summary': "Adrian Crowley is a singer , composer , songwriter , lyricist from Galway , based in Dublin and was born in Sliema , Malta . Crowley has released eight albums to date , with his debut A Strange Kind arriving in 1999 . He followed this with When You Are Here You Are Family ( 2002 ) , A Northern Country ( 2004 ) , Long Distance Swimmer ( 2007 ) , Season of the Sparks ( 2009 ) and I See Three Birds Flying ( 2012 ) In a 2005 Rolling Stone interview , Ryan Adams cited Crowley when asked Who 's the best songwriter that no one 's heard of . The Irish Times placed this artist at number eight in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 . Crowley has won the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year on one occasion for Season of the Sparks and been nominated on two another occasion for Long Distance Swimmer and I See Tree Birds Flying ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Damien_Dempsey', 'summary': "Damien Dempsey ( born 1975 ) in Donaghmede , Dublin ) is an Irish singer and songwriter who mixes traditional Irish folk with contemporary lyrics to deliver social commentary on the positive and negative aspects arising from Ireland 's Celtic Tiger society . He sings in English , and to a lesser extent in Irish ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Almighty_Love', 'summary': "Almighty Love is the sixth studio album by the Irish singer-songwriter Damien Dempsey . Four years in the making , the album once again features Dempsey with long-time producer John Reynolds with Sinéad O'Connor again providing backing vocals on several tracks . Almighty Love was released on 28 September 2012 , along with the title track as the first single . The album sees Dempsey continue his exploration of local Irish themes , but with a greater focus on wider themes such as love , peace and justice ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Julie_Feeney', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heathers_(band)', 'summary': "Heathers are an indie pop act formed in 2007 in Dublin , Ireland by twin sisters Ellie and Louise Macnamara . They began writing music together in 2007 and in February 2008 recorded their debut album Here , Not There while preparing for their Leaving Certificate . The album was recorded in The Hive Studios in Kilcoole by Eoin Whitfield in a joint release between Irish Label Hide Away Records and US label Plan-It-X Records . The lead track from the album Remember When was used by the Irish Tourist Board in a major advertising campaign subsequently leading to the re-release of the album though Warner Music Ireland . In 2013 they provided vocals for Enemies ' song Nighthawk , which is included in the band 's album Embark , Embrace . Heathers ' second album Kingdom was an Irish Choice Music Prize nominated album and released in 2014 through Sony Music ( Canada / US ) and Warner Music ( Europe / Asia ) . The lead single from the album : Forget Me Knots ( It 's Alright Not To Feel Ok ) became a much used anthem in a number of mental health awareness campaigns in Ireland and internationally . Heathers 2016 releases include the singles ; November & Call Home"}, {'url': '/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club', 'summary': "Two Door Cinema Club is a band from Northern Ireland . The band formed in 2007 and is composed of three members : Alex Trimble ( vocals , rhythm guitar , beats , synths ) , Sam Halliday ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , and Kevin Baird ( bass , synths , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album , Tourist History , was released on 1 March 2010 by French independent record label Kitsuné Music . In the United States , where the band are signed to Glassnote Records , the album was released on 27 April 2010 . Tourist History was selected for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year ( 2010 ) the following year . The band 's second album Beacon was released on 3 September 2012 , debuted at number one on the Irish Albums Chart and reached number two in the UK Albums Chart . The band 's third album Gameshow was released on 14 October 2016 . The first single , Are We Ready ? ( Wreck ) was released on 14 June 2016 and was debuted on Annie Mac 's Hottest Record on BBC Radio 1 . Two more singles , 'Bad Decisions ' and the title track 'Gameshow ' were released prior to the album and are also included on the track list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beacon_(album)', 'summary': 'Beacon is the second studio album by Northern Irish indie rock band Two Door Cinema Club . It was released on 31 August 2012 by Kitsuné . The album was recorded in Los Angeles with producer Jacknife Lee in his home studios .'}]}, {'value': "Mark Kavanagh ( Irish Daily Star ) KC ( Today FM ) Aoife Barry ( The Ticket /Blogger/2XM ) Craig Fitzpatrick ( Hot Press ) Elaine Buckley ( RTÉ , State , Entertainment.ie ) Sean Rocks ( Radio1/Arena ) Eamonn Sweeney ( Irish Independent ) Andy Kavanagh ( TG4 ) Steven McCauley ( BBC Radio Foyle ) Eoghan O'Sullivan ( Irish Examiner / blogger ) Claire Beck ( Phantom FM & GoldenPlec )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Press', 'summary': 'Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin , Ireland , founded in June 1977 . The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it had a circulation of 17,084 during 2014 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2013 Held on February 27 , 2014 Broadcast live on Today FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Villagers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villagers_(band)', 'summary': "Villagers are an Irish indie folk band from Dublin , formed in 2008 . As well as songwriter and vocalist/guitarist Conor O'Brien , the band currently consists of Danny Snow ( bass , upright bass ) , Cormac Curran ( keyboards ) , Gwion Llewelyn ( drums , flugelhorn ) and Mali Llywelyn ( harp ) . The band came to prominence in 2010 with the release of their debut album , Becoming a Jackal . Released to critical acclaim , the album was shortlisted for the 2010 Mercury Prize and the Choice Music Prize . The band 's second studio album , { Awayland } was released in 2013 . It won the Choice Music Prize that year and was also shortlisted for the 2013 Mercury Prize . In 2015 they released their third album , Darling Arithmetic , and the following year Where Have You Been All My Life ? - a compilation of live reworkings of some of the band 's best-known tracks . In May 2016 Darling Arithmetic won the Ivor Novello award for Best Album . Villagers have performed at several music festivals and toured with Grizzly Bear , Tracy Chapman , Bell X1 , Tindersticks and Elbow ."}]}, {'value': '{ Awayland }', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awayland', 'summary': "{ Awayland } is the second studio album by Irish indie folk band Villagers , released on 11 January 2013 on Domino Records . Co-produced by band members Conor O'Brien and Tommy McLaughlin , the album was preceded by the single , Nothing Arrived . Like its predecessor , Becoming a Jackal ( 2010 ) , the album has been nominated for the Mercury Prize ."}]}, {'value': "And So I Watch You from Afar - All Hail Bright Futures Bell X1 - Chop Chop Girls Names - The New Life Kodaline - In a Perfect World Little Green Cars - Absolute Zero Mano Le Tough - Changing Days My Bloody Valentine - MBV O Emperor - Vitreous Lisa O'Neill - Same Cloth or Not", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/And_So_I_Watch_You_from_Afar', 'summary': 'And So I Watch You from Afar is a Northern Irish instrumental rock band from Belfast , composed of guitarists Rory Friers and Niall Kennedy , bassist Johnny Adger and drummer Chris Wee . The band released two albums and three EPs with former member Tony Wright , who was replaced by Niall Kennedy in 2011 . The band signed with Richter Collective , and in October 2011 announced a deal in North America with management and record label Sargent House . They released their self-titled debut studio album on April 13 , 2009 . Their second studio album , Gangs ( 2011 ) , was met with critical acclaim . The band released their third studio album , All Hail Bright Futures , on March 15 , 2013 on Sargent House . Their fourth studio album , Heirs ( 2015 ) . Their fifth studio album , The Endless Shimmering , was released on October 20 , 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/All_Hail_Bright_Futures', 'summary': "All Hail Bright Futures is the third album from Northern Irish band And So I Watch You From Afar , released on 15 March 2013 . It was produced and mixed by Rocky O'Reilly . Record label Sargent House uploaded a track from the album entitled Like a Mouse on 7 December 2012 . And So I Watch You From Afar revealed the track listings on its Bandcamp page on 17 December 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bell_X1_(band)', 'summary': 'Bell X1 is a musical group from County Kildare , Ireland . The group consists of Paul Noonan ( lead vocals , guitar , percussion , keys ) , David Geraghty ( guitar , vocals , keys , percussion , banjo , piano , harmonica ) and Dominic Phillips ( bass , vocals ) . In their native Ireland , Bell X1s longevity , emotional resonance and headliner status has seen the group referred to as national treasures . Meanwhile , the band has generated a reasonable audience in the United States , UK , Canada , Europe , Australia , Mexico and the Middle East . In the US , their profile was boosted on the back of regular touring , high-profile TV slots such as The Late Show with David Letterman and their music appearing in popular drama series such as Greys Anatomy and The OC . Bell X1 are known for regular changes in sound from album to album , their range taking in alternative , indie , hard rock , post-punk , acoustic , lo-fi , folk rock , ballad , pop , synth-pop , new wave and electronica . They have been compared to The Blue Nile , Talking Heads , David Bowie , Radiohead , The Flaming Lips , Coldplay , U2 , Animal Collective , Elbow and Talk Talk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chop_Chop_(Bell_X1_album)', 'summary': 'Chop Chop is the sixth studio album by Irish band Bell X1 . It was released on 28 June 2013 in Ireland , Germany and the Netherlands . The album released in the United Kingdom on 1 July 2013 and North America on 2 July 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Girls_Names', 'summary': "Girls Names was a four-piece band from Belfast , Northern Ireland . Formed in 2009 as a two-piece by singer/guitarist and songwriter Cathal Cully and drummer Neil Brogan , Claire Miskimmin joined on bass the following year and Charles Hurts guitarist Philip Quinn was added to the line-up in 2012 . Neil Brogan departed the band in 2013 and was replaced by Gib Cassidy , who was later replaced by Sarah Grimes . The band released four albums : 2011 's Dead To Me , 2013 's The New Life , on Tough Love Records in Europe and Slumberland Records in the US , 2015 's 'Arms Around a Vision ' on Tough Love Records and 2018 's Stains on Silence , as well as several EPs , singles and split singles on labels such as Captured Tracks and CF Records . They disbanded in January 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_New_Life_(album)', 'summary': "The New Life is the second album by Northern Irish band Girls Names . It was released on 18 February 2013 by Tough Love Records in Europe and on 12 March 2013 by Slumberland Records in the USA . Its release was preceded by the album 's title track The New Life as a single on 13 November 2012 and the song Hypnotic Regression as a download-only single on 10 December 2012 . The album cover features a photograph by Rob Peart . The New Life received an aggregate score of 76 out of 100 according to review aggregator website Metacritic , indicating generally favorable reviews . An EP of remixes of tracks from The New Life , entitled The Next Life , was released in October 2013 in digital and vinyl formats . Both formats also include a cover version of the Brian Eno song , Third Uncle ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kodaline', 'summary': 'Kodaline ( /ˈkoʊdəlaɪn/ ) is an Irish rock band . Originally known as 21 Demands , the band adopted their current name in 2012 . The group comprises Steve Garrigan , Mark Prendergast , Vincent May , Jason Boland and David Prendergast . Garrigan and Prendergast grew up in Swords , Dublin , and have known each other since childhood . Both attended secondary school at Colaiste Choilm , where they participated in battles of the bands . May joined the two in the group , followed by Boland in 2012 . The group has released three studio albums : In a Perfect World ( 2013 ) , Coming Up for Air ( 2015 ) , and Politics of Living ( 2018 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/In_a_Perfect_World_(Kodaline_album)', 'summary': 'In a Perfect World is the debut studio album by Irish rock band Kodaline . The album was released in Ireland on 14 June 2013 and includes the singles High Hopes and Love Like This . On 20 June 2013 the album entered the Irish Albums Chart at number 1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Little_Green_Cars', 'summary': 'Little Green Cars were an Irish indie rock band formed in Dublin in 2008 . The band announced on 21 March 2019 that they were disbanding .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mano_Le_Tough', 'summary': 'Loving You Is Killing Me is a song by American singer Aloe Blacc , with music and lyrics by Jeffrey Scott Silverman , Leon Marcus Michels , Clay Wells Holley , Nicholas Anthony Movshon and E. Nathaniel Dawkins and produced by Leon Michels and Jeff Dynamite .'}, {'url': '/wiki/My_Bloody_Valentine_(band)', 'summary': "My Bloody Valentine are a rock band formed in Dublin in 1983 . Since 1987 , its lineup has consisted of founding members Kevin Shields ( vocals , guitar , sampler ) and Colm Ó Cíosóig ( drums , sampler ) , with Bilinda Butcher ( vocals , guitar ) and Debbie Googe ( bass ) . Their music is best known for its merging of dissonant guitar textures with ethereal melody and unorthodox production techniques . They helped to pioneer the alternative rock subgenre known as shoegazing during the late 1980s and early 1990s . Following several unsuccessful early releases and membership changes , My Bloody Valentine signed to Creation Records in 1988 . The band released three successful EPs - You Made Me Realise ( 1988 ) , Glider ( 1990 ) , and Tremolo ( 1991 ) - and the studio albums Is n't Anything ( 1988 ) and Loveless ( 1991 ) on the label ; the latter is often described as their magnum opus and one of the best albums of the 1990s . However , they were dropped by Creation after its release due to the album 's extensive production costs . In 1992 , the band signed to Island Records and recorded several albums worth of unreleased material , remaining largely inactive . Googe and Ó Cíosóig left the band in 1995 , and were followed by Butcher in 1997 . Unable to complete a follow-up to Loveless , Shields isolated himself and , in his own words , went crazy . In 2007 , he announced that he had reunited with his bandmates , and My Bloody Valentine subsequently embarked on a world tour . Their long-delayed third studio album , m b v , was released in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MBV_(album)', 'summary': "m b v is the third studio album by rock band My Bloody Valentine , self-released on 2 February 2013 . Produced by the band 's vocalist and guitarist Kevin Shields , m b v was the band 's first full-length release of original material since Loveless ( 1991 ) , two decades earlier . Recording for m b v began prior to My Bloody Valentine 's breakup in 1997 . Shields resumed recording in 2006 , with further recording occurring after 2011 . The album received critical acclaim and was named among the best albums of 2013 by numerous publications , including Pitchfork , Uncut , and The Wire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/O_Emperor', 'summary': 'O Emperor are a rock band from Waterford , Ireland .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Lisa_O'Neill_(Irish_singer)", 'summary': "Lisa O'Neill ( born 1982 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter ."}]}, {'value': "John Balfe ( Entertainment.ie ) Aidan Butler ( RTÉ Radio One ) Niall Byrne ( Nialler9 , Irish Independent ) Steve Cummins ( The Irish Post ) Shilpa Ganatra ( Irish Daily Star ) Daniel Gray ( Totally Dublin ) Laurence Mackin ( The Irish Times ) Una Mullally ( The Irish Times and TG4 ) Fin O'Leary ( MCD Concerts ) Colm O'Sullivan ( Today FM ) Niall Stokes ( Hot Press ) Amy McGarrigle ( BBC Northern Ireland ) Laura Kirkpatrick ( Spotify )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 Held on March 5 , 2015 Broadcast live on Today FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gloaming', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gloaming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gloaming_(album)', 'summary': 'The Gloaming is the debut studio album by the contemporary Irish/American music group The Gloaming . It was released on January 20 , 2014 on Real World Records , and on Brassland Records in America , Justin Time Records in Canada , and Planet Records in Australia . The album received widespread critical acclaim on its release and is considered one of the finest recordings of 2014 . The Gloaming made several end-of-year lists for publications such as the Irish Times ( who named it No.1 Best album of 2014 ) , Irish Independent , and NPR , while also being nominated for three BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards , winning Best Traditional Track for Samhradh Samhradh . It won the Meteor Choice Music Prize for Album of the Year in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': "Aphex Twin - Syro Delorentos - Night Becomes Light Hozier - Hozier James Vincent McMorrow - Post Tropical Sinéad O'Connor - I 'm Not Bossy , I 'm the Boss Damien Rice - My Favourite Faded Fantasy The Riptide Movement - Getting Through U2 - Songs of Innocence We Cut Corners - Think Nothing", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aphex_Twin', 'summary': 'Richard David James ( born 18 August 1971 ) , best known by the stage name Aphex Twin , is an English musician . He is best known for his idiosyncratic work in electronic styles such as techno and ambient music in the 1990s , and has also been associated with the electronic subgenre known as intelligent dance music . In 2001 , Guardian journalist Paul Lester called James the most inventive and influential figure in contemporary electronic music . Raised in Cornwall , James began performing as a rave DJ at local clubs and free parties in the late 1980s . In 1991 his debut EP Analogue Bubblebath was released on Mighty Force , a local independent label , winning him acclaim and a cult following . James co-founded the independent label Rephlex Records the same year . He attracted wider praise for his 1992 debut album Selected Ambient Works 85-92 and signed to the record label Warp the following year . His music became increasingly well-known through the 1990s with the charting albums Selected Ambient Works Volume II ( 1994 ) and .I Care Because You Do ( 1995 ) , and singles On ( 1993 ) , Come to Daddy ( 1997 ) , and Windowlicker ( 1999 ) . The latter two singles , accompanied by music videos directed by Chris Cunningham , brought James attention in the US market . James has also recorded under aliases including AFX , Caustic Window , and Polygon Window . After releasing the Aphex Twin album Drukqs in 2001 , James spent the following years releasing music mostly under other aliases , including the 2005 Analord EP series as AFX , a pair of 2007 releases as the Tuss , and archival material such as an unreleased 1994 LP in 2014 as Caustic Window . He returned as Aphex Twin in 2014 with the album Syro , which won the Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Delorentos', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hozier_(musician)', 'summary': 'Andrew John Hozier-Byrne ( born 17 March 1990 ) , known professionally as Hozier ( /ˈhoʊziər/ HOH-zee-ər ) , is an Irish musician , singer , and songwriter from County Wicklow . He had his international breakthrough after releasing his debut single Take Me to Church , which had been certified multi-platinum in several countries , including the US , the UK , and Canada . In 2013 , he released his debut EP , featuring the single Take Me to Church . His debut studio album , released in 2014 , topped the chart in Ireland and scored top ten positions on global charts . It has been certified 6× platinum in Ireland and multi-platinum in several countries . He embarked on an American and a European tour to support the album . In September 2018 , Hozier released an EP , titled Nina Cried Power , featuring the title track as a single . He released his second album , Wasteland , Baby ! , in March 2019 . It debuted atop the US Billboard 200 and was followed by a tour to promote it .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hozier_(album)', 'summary': "Hozier is the debut studio album from Irish musician Hozier . The album was released on 19 September 2014 through Island Records and Rubyworks Records . The album contains songs from his previously released EPs , Take Me to Church and From Eden . Well received by music critics , Hozier was also commercially successful , reaching top ten positions in Ireland , UK , the United States , Canada , Australia , Denmark and Greece . The album 's lead single , Take Me to Church , was a huge success worldwide and also earned a nomination for Song of the Year at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Vincent_McMorrow', 'summary': 'James Vincent McMorrow ( born 14 January 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . He is best known for his albums Early in the Morning and Post Tropical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Post_Tropical', 'summary': "Post Tropical is the second full-length album by the Irish singer-songwriter James Vincent McMorrow . It marks a move away from the largely acoustic indie folk of his 2010 debut Early in the Morning , towards a more soulful direction , and the inclusion of electronic instruments such as a Roland TR-808 , brass and strings , combined with hip-hop beats and 1960s soul influences . The album was preceded in October 2013 by the single and album opening track Cavalier . The single 's video was directed by Irish director Aoife McArdle , one of three short films she made for the album . Asked about the dramatic change in direction , McMorrow admitted that he consciously sought to move away from the sound of his debut , and had no interest in repeating himself . He believes that musicians have a responsibility to make new and interesting things . And not just go , 'Well that works , so I 'm just gon na . ' The song Glacier was included in a Spanish Christmas Lottery ( 'El Gordo ' ) advert , aired in November 2014 , in which someone who had n't bought a lottery ticket from the bar he always went to , tears up when the barman charges him with 21 euros ; 1 for the coffee and 20 for this lottery ticket ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Sinéad_O'Connor", 'summary': "Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor ( /ʃɪˈneɪd oʊˈkɒnər/ shin-AYD oh-KON-ər ; born 8 December 1966 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the late 1980s with her debut album The Lion and the Cobra . O'Connor achieved worldwide success in 1990 with a new arrangement of Prince 's song Nothing Compares 2 U . Since then , while maintaining her singing career , she has occasionally encountered controversy , partly due to her statements and gestures . These include her ordination as a priest , despite being a woman with a Roman Catholic background , and strongly expressing views on organised religion , women 's rights , war , and child abuse . In addition to her ten solo albums , her work includes many singles , songs for films , collaborations with many other artists , and appearances at charity fundraising concerts . In 2017 , O'Connor changed her name to Magda Davitt . On converting to Islam in 2018 , she changed it again to Shuhada ' Sadaqat . However , she continues to record and perform under her original name ."}, {'url': "/wiki/I'm_Not_Bossy,_I'm_the_Boss", 'summary': "I 'm Not Bossy , I 'm the Boss is the tenth full-length album by Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor , released on 11 August 2014 on Nettwerk Music Group . The album was originally to be called The Vishnu Room after the song of the same name , but was changed , along with its original cover design , shortly before release in support of the Ban Bossy campaign . The album was nominated for the Irish Meteor Choice Music Prize for Best Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Damien_Rice', 'summary': "Damien Rice ( born 7 December 1973 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter , musician and record producer . Rice began his musical career as a member of the 1990s rock group Juniper , who were signed to Polygram Records in 1997 . The band enjoyed moderate success with a couple of single releases , but a projected album floundered because of record company politics . After leaving Juniper , he worked as a farmer in Tuscany and busked throughout Europe before returning to Ireland in 2001 and beginning a solo career . The rest of the band went on to become Bell X1 . In 2002 his debut album , O , reached No . 8 on the UK Albums Chart , won the Shortlist Music Prize , and generated three top-30 singles in the UK . Rice released his second album 9 in 2006 . After eight years of various collaborations and his songs appearing in numerous films and television episodes , Rice released his third studio album My Favourite Faded Fantasy on October 31 , 2014 . Rice 's personal activities include musical contributions to charitable projects such as the Songs for Tibet , Freedom Campaign and the Enough Project ."}, {'url': '/wiki/My_Favourite_Faded_Fantasy', 'summary': 'My Favourite Faded Fantasy is the third studio album by Irish singer , songwriter and producer Damien Rice . The album was released in Ireland on 31 October 2014 and subsequently in other territories on 3 November , almost eight years since the release of his previous album , 9 . The album was produced by Rick Rubin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Riptide_Movement', 'summary': 'The Riptide Movement are an Irish rock band formed in Dublin , Ireland in 2006 by vocalist and guitarist Mal Tuohy , guitarist John Dalton , bassist and harmonica player Gerry Mc Garry and drummer Gar Byrne .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_(U2_album)', 'summary': "Songs of Innocence is the 13th studio album by Irish rock band U2 , released on 9 September 2014 . It was produced by Danger Mouse , with additional production from Paul Epworth , Ryan Tedder , Declan Gaffney , and Flood . The album was announced at an Apple Inc. product launch event and released the same day to all iTunes Store customers at no cost . It was exclusive to iTunes , iTunes Radio , and Beats Music until 13 October 2014 , when it received a physical release on Island and Interscope Records . The digital release made the record available to more than 500 million iTunes customers , for what Apple CEO Tim Cook marketed as the largest album release of all time . After the relatively lukewarm commercial performance of their previous record , No Line on the Horizon ( 2009 ) , lead singer Bono expressed uncertainty about the band 's ability to remain musically relevant . During the five-and-a-half-year gestation period for Songs of Innocence - the longest gap between albums of their career - the group reportedly worked on several projects with multiple producers , including an aborted companion to their previous record called Songs of Ascent . However , they struggled to complete an album to their satisfaction and continually delayed a release . After working with Danger Mouse for two years , the group collaborated with Flood , Epworth , and Tedder to complete Songs of Innocence . Thematically , it revisits the group members ' youth in Ireland in the 1970s , touching on childhood memories , loves , and losses , while paying tribute to musical inspirations Ramones and the Clash . Bono described it as the most personal album we 've written . Lead single The Miracle ( of Joey Ramone ) was featured in an Apple television advertisement as part of a promotional campaign for the band on which the company reportedly spent US $ 100 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Cut_Corners', 'summary': 'We Cut Corners are an Irish indie rock duo from Dublin .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2015 Held Thursday March 3 , 2016 Broadcast live on Today FM Paul McLoone 's final appearance as M.C . Final broadcast on Today FM", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SOAK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SOAK', 'summary': "Bridie Monds-Watson , better known by her stage name SOAK , is a Northern Irish singer-songwriter born in Derry in 1996 . SOAK 's music has been described as ' a vivid portrait of teenage deep-thinking ' by The Guardian . She released her debut studio album Before We Forgot How to Dream in May 2015 . SOAK is a phonetic portmanteau of Soul and Folk ."}]}, {'value': 'Before We Forgot How to Dream', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Before_We_Forgot_How_to_Dream', 'summary': 'Before We Forgot How to Dream is the debut album by Northern Irish singer/songwriter SOAK . The album was released on 29 May 2015 under Rough Trade Records . It was nominated for the 2015 Mercury Music Prize . It subsequently won the Choice Music Prize on Thursday 3 March 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Girl Band - Holding Hands with Jamie Ham Sandwich - Stories from the Surface Gavin James ( singer-songwriter ) - Bitter Pill Jape - This Chemical Sea Le Galaxie - Le Club Colm Mac Con Iomaire - And Now The Weather Róisín Murphy - Hairless Toys Villagers - Darling Arithmetic Young Wonder - Birth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girl_Band_(Irish_band)', 'summary': 'Girl Band are an Irish rock band from Dublin . Formed in 2011 , the group is composed of vocalist Dara Kiely , guitarist Alan Duggan , bassist Daniel Fox and drummer Adam Faulkner .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ham_Sandwich_(band)', 'summary': 'Ham Sandwich ( stylized as HamsandwicH ) are an Irish indie rock band from Kells , County Meath . The band originally consisted of Niamh Farrell ( vocals ) , Podge McNamee ( vocals and guitar ) , Brian Darcy ( guitar and piano ) , John Moore ( bass guitar ) and Ollie Murphy ( drums ) . On 12 April 2010 , Moore announced he was leaving the group . The band subsequently hired David McEnroe as his replacement . To date , the band have released three studio albums : Carry the Meek ( 2008 ) , White Fox ( 2010 ) and Stories from the Surface ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stories_from_the_Surface', 'summary': "Stories from the Surface is the third album from Irish rock band Ham Sandwich . It was released in Ireland on 17 April 2015 , and was produced by the band 's long-time collaborator Karl Odlum . Illuminate was the band 's first single to chart in Ireland , reaching 43 in the Irish music charts . The album has received mostly positive reviews in the band 's native Ireland and went straight to first place in the Irish charts on its first week of release , becoming the band 's first album to reach the top 20 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gavin_James_(singer-songwriter)', 'summary': 'Gavin Wigglesworth , known professionally as Gavin James , is an Irish singer-songwriter . In March 2013 and March 2016 , he won the Choice Music Prize Irish Song of the Year award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jape_(band)', 'summary': "Jape is an Irish electronic-rock band from Dublin . Formed as a side project by Richie Egan whilst part of The Redneck Manifesto , they have released five albums to date ; Cosmosphere ( 2003 ) , The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me ( 2004 ) , Ritual ( 2008 ) , Ocean of Frequency ( 2011 ) , and This Chemical Sea ( 2015 ) . Jape 's wider discography includes the EP , Jape is Grape ( 2007 ) , as well as a number of singles , including Floating and Phil Lynott . The band have performed at festivals and events such as Glastonbury , Electric Picnic , Lovebox and Hard Working Class Heroes and provided support for The Flaming Lips at Belsonic in Belfast in August 2008 . The first and second albums received airplay on alternative national radio in Ireland . The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me 's opening track , Floating , became a popular single on late night alternative music radio shows and attracted the attention of Brendan Benson during a visit to Dublin . Benson now covers the track whilst performing live with his band The Raconteurs , as do the Belgian bastard pop duo Soulwax during their DJ sets . Jape 's third album , Ritual , was released in June 2008 , later winning the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2008 . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , the latter of which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named Ireland 's Christmas number one single in December 2008 . The album Ocean of Frequency was released in 2011 and won Jape their second Choice Music Prize in March 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/This_Chemical_Sea', 'summary': 'This Chemical Sea is the fifth studio album from Irish recording artist Jape . The album was released on January 23 , 2015 via Faction Records and reached number 8 in the Irish charts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Le_Galaxie', 'summary': "Le Galaxie were an electronic music band based in Dublin , Ireland . Their debut album Laserdisc Nights II was released in 2011 , followed in 2012 by Fade to Forever EP and the single Love System , which was nominated for the Choice Music Prize 'Song of the Year ' They announced the end of the band via Twitter in December 2019 . Le Galaxie signed to Universal Music Ireland in January 2015 , releasing their second album Le Club ( mixed in Los Angeles by former DFA Records house engineer Eric Broucek ) on 24 April 2015 . Since 2015 , the publishing interest of Le Galaxies catalog has been represented by Reservoir Media Management ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colm_Mac_Con_Iomaire', 'summary': "Colm Mac Con Iomaire [ ˈkɔl̪ˠəmˠ mˠak kɔnˠ ˈʊmˠəɾʲə ] is an Irish musician from Blackrock , County Dublin . He plays violin and sings vocals with rock group The Frames . Mac Con Iomaire has been involved with The Frames since 1990 and has been a touring member of The Swell Season since 2006 ( albums Once and Strict Joy ) . He also played violin on David Gray 's 1998 album White Ladder ( on the track Silver Lining ) . Mac Con Iomaire was a founder member of Irish folk group Kíla in 1987 . His involvement with Kíla began during his schooldays at Coláiste Eoin , an Irish Language secondary school ( Meánscoil ) in Co. Dublin . It was his interest in the Irish Language that led to The Frames 's involvement in with the release of two Irish-language albums released for Irish charity Concern during Seachtain na Gaeilge . This included an Irish-language version of the Burn the Maps track Locusts entitled Lócáistí on the SnaG 05 album in 2005 and a song called Pian agus Ciúnas in the 2006 album Ceol 06 . Mac Con Iomaire 's first solo album , The Hare 's Corner ( Cúinne an Ghiorria ) , was released in 2008 . It was nominated for a 2009 Meteor Award for Best Traditional/Folk Album . His second solo album , And Now the Weather ( Agus Anois an Aimsir ) , was released in April 2015 . He had a cameo role in the 1991 film The Commitments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Róisín_Murphy', 'summary': "Róisín Marie Murphy ( /roʊˈʃiːn/ ; Irish pronunciation : [ ɾˠoːˈʃiːnʲ ] ; born 5 July 1973 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter and record producer . She first became known in the 1990s as one-half of the UK-Irish trip hop duo Moloko with her partner Mark Brydon . After the breakup of Moloko , Murphy embarked on a solo career , releasing her debut solo album , Ruby Blue , written and produced with experimental musician Matthew Herbert , to critical praise in 2005 . Her second solo album , Overpowered , was released in 2007 . After an eight-year hiatus ( which nonetheless included several singles , vocal features , and side projects ) , her third album Hairless Toys was released in 2015 ; it was subsequently nominated for the Mercury Music Prize and Ireland 's Choice Music Prize . The following year , she released her fourth album Take Her Up to Monto ( 2016 ) . In 2018 , she released four 12 releases in collaboration with producer Maurice Fulton to critical praise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Villagers_(band)', 'summary': "Villagers are an Irish indie folk band from Dublin , formed in 2008 . As well as songwriter and vocalist/guitarist Conor O'Brien , the band currently consists of Danny Snow ( bass , upright bass ) , Cormac Curran ( keyboards ) , Gwion Llewelyn ( drums , flugelhorn ) and Mali Llywelyn ( harp ) . The band came to prominence in 2010 with the release of their debut album , Becoming a Jackal . Released to critical acclaim , the album was shortlisted for the 2010 Mercury Prize and the Choice Music Prize . The band 's second studio album , { Awayland } was released in 2013 . It won the Choice Music Prize that year and was also shortlisted for the 2013 Mercury Prize . In 2015 they released their third album , Darling Arithmetic , and the following year Where Have You Been All My Life ? - a compilation of live reworkings of some of the band 's best-known tracks . In May 2016 Darling Arithmetic won the Ivor Novello award for Best Album . Villagers have performed at several music festivals and toured with Grizzly Bear , Tracy Chapman , Bell X1 , Tindersticks and Elbow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Darling_Arithmetic', 'summary': 'Darling Arithmetic is the third studio album from the twice Mercury Prize-nominated Irish indie folk band Villagers , released on April 10 , 2015 via Domino Records . The album reached number one in the Irish album charts in its first week of release . It won the Best Album Award in the 2016 Ivor Novello Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Emily Brown ( Spin Southwest ) Roddy Cleere ( KCLR ) Tom Dunne ( Newstalk ) Sínead Gleeson ( The Irish Times ) Joe Harrington ( Joe.ie ) James Hendicott ( GoldenPlec ) Edwin McFee ( Hot Press ) Louise McSharry ( 2FM ) Sinéad Ní Mhórdha ( Radio Nova ) Ed Smith ( Today FM ) Phil Taggart ( BBC Radio 1 ) Mike Walsh ( Radio X )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2016 Held on Thursday March 9 , 2017 Eoghan McDermott 's debut as M.C . Broadcast live for the first time on RTÉ 2FM , with highlights on RTÉ2", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2FM', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ2', 'summary': "RTÉ2 is an Irish free-to-air television channel operated by public service broadcaster RTÉ . It was launched in 1978 becoming the Republic of Ireland 's second television channel ."}]}, {'value': 'Rusangano Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rusangano_Family', 'summary': 'Rusangano Family are an Irish rap trio from Limerick .'}]}, {'value': 'Let The Dead Bury The Dead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Tvvins - llVV Wallis Bird - Home Bantum - Move The Divine Comedy - Foreverland Lisa Hannigan - At Swim Katie Kim - Salt James Vincent McMorrow - We Move Overhead , The Albatross - Learning to Growl We Cut Corners - The Cadences Of Others', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Tvvins', 'summary': 'All Tvvins is an Irish pop band from Dublin . In 2016 , the band released their debut album , llVV , which debuted at number 2 on the Irish charts . In 2019 they released Just to Exist under Faction Records label . Composed of former members of DIY math-rock bands Adebisi Shank and The Cast of Cheers , the new project marks a sharp turn into commercial pop music , signing with Warner Music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/LlVV', 'summary': "llVV ( All Tvvins ; the first two characters are lower-case L 's ) is the debut album by Irish electronic rock band All Tvvins . It was released through Warner Music UK on August 12 , 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wallis_Bird', 'summary': 'Wallis Bird ( born 29 January 1982 ) is an Irish musician . She has released six studio albums , including Architect in 2014 and Home in 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bantum', 'summary': 'Ruairí Lynch ( born 5 October 1983 ) , known by the stage name Bantum , is an Irish multi-instrumentalist , musician , DJ , producer and composer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_(band)', 'summary': 'The Divine Comedy are a chamber pop band from Northern Ireland formed in 1989 and fronted by Neil Hannon . Hannon has been the only constant member of the group , playing , in some instances , all of the non-orchestral instrumentation except drums . To date , twelve studio albums have been released under the Divine Comedy name . The group achieved their greatest commercial success in the years 1996-99 , during which they had nine singles that made the UK Top 40 , including the top ten hit National Express .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Foreverland', 'summary': 'Foreverland is the eleventh studio album by The Divine Comedy . It was released on 2 September 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Hannigan', 'summary': "Lisa Margaret Hannigan ( born 12 February 1981 ) is an Irish singer , songwriter , musician , and voice actress . She began her musical career as a member of Damien Rice 's band . Since beginning her solo career in 2007 she has released three albums : Sea Sew ( 2008 ) , Passenger ( 2011 ) , and At Swim ( 2016 ) . Hannigan 's music has received award nominations both in Ireland and the USA . Hannigan is also the voice actress for the character Blue Diamond in Steven Universe , an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/At_Swim', 'summary': 'At Swim is the third studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Lisa Hannigan . The album was released worldwide on 19 August 2016 , through Hoop Recordings and Play It Again Sam .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katie_Kim_(Irish_musician)', 'summary': 'Katie Sullivan ( born 16 March 1983 ) , also known as Katie Kim , is an Irish musician , singer-songwriter and composer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Vincent_McMorrow', 'summary': 'James Vincent McMorrow ( born 14 January 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . He is best known for his albums Early in the Morning and Post Tropical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Move', 'summary': "We Move is the third studio album by Irish singer-songwriter James Vincent McMorrow . Produced in part by Nineteen85 and Frank Dukes , the album marks the musician 's transition from folk to minimalistic R & B . It was recorded in Los Angeles , Toronto and Dublin , and released on 2 September 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Cut_Corners', 'summary': 'We Cut Corners are an Irish indie rock duo from Dublin .'}]}, {'value': 'Louise Bruton - Freelance & The Irish Times Brian Coney - Editor , The Thin Air Maire Dineen - Súgradh Productions ( Imeall TG4/Body & Soul ) Suzanne Doyle - Music , Film & Television Consultant Dan Hegarty - RTÉ 2FM Paddy McKenna - Editor , Joe.ie Cathal Murray - RTÉ Radio 1 Barbara Nic D - Classic Hits 4FM Colm ORegan - Hot Press Niall Power - Head of Music , Beat FM Eva Short - GoldenPlec & Deputy Editor , Trinity News', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 Held in Vicar Street on March 8 , 2018 Broadcast live on RTÉ 2FM , with highlights on RTÉ2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2FM', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ2', 'summary': "RTÉ2 is an Irish free-to-air television channel operated by public service broadcaster RTÉ . It was launched in 1978 becoming the Republic of Ireland 's second television channel ."}]}, {'value': 'Ships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ships_(Irish_band)', 'summary': 'Ships are an Irish synth-pop-disco duo based in Dublin . They won the Choice Music Prize in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Precession', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Come On Live Long - In The Still Marlene Enright - Placemats and Second Cuts Fangclub - Fangclub Lankum - Between The Earth & Sky James Vincent McMorrow - True Care New Jackson - From Night to Night Otherkin - OK Fionn Regan - The Meetings of the Waters Talos - Wild Alee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Come_On_Live_Long', 'summary': 'Come On Live Long is an Irish folk-electronica band based in Dublin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marlene_Enright', 'summary': 'Marlene Enright ( born 1985 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter from County Cork .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fangclub', 'summary': 'Fangclub are a band formed in Dublin , signed to Vertigo Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fangclub_(album)', 'summary': 'Fangclub is the eponymous debut album by Irish alternative rock band , Fangclub . The album was released on 4 August 2017 through Vertigo Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lankum', 'summary': "Lankum are a contemporary Irish folk music group from Dublin , consisting of brothers Ian and Daragh Lynch , Cormac MacDiarmada and Radie Peat . Their music has been characterised as a younger , darker Pogues with more astonishing power . Reviewing their third album The Livelong Day ( 2019 ) for The Guardian , Jude Rogers described it as a folk album influenced by the ambient textures of Sunn O ) ) ) and Swans , plus the sonic intensity of Xylouris White and My Bloody Valentine . In 2018 they were named Best Folk Group at the RTÉ Folk Music Awards , while Radie Peat was named Best Folk Singer . The group were originally known as Lynched , after the brothers ' surname , and released their début album Cold Old Fire ( 2014 ) under that name . In October 2016 they announced in a statement that they were changing their name to Lankum to avoid associations with the practice of lynching . The statement read : We will not continue to work under our current name while the systemic persecution and murder of Black people in the USA continues . The name Lankum comes from the folk ballad False Lankum , as sung by the Irish traveller and folk singer John Reilly . In 2017 the band signed to Rough Trade Records and recorded their album Between The Earth and Sky to analogue tape with producer/ engineer Julie McLarnon , released on 27 October 2017 and subsequently nominated for BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards . Mojo ( magazine ) named it folk 'album of the year ' 2017 . [ citation needed ] In 2019 Lankums video for The Young People , directed by filmmaker Bob Gallagher , won Best Irish Music Video Award at The Irish Film Festival London ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Vincent_McMorrow', 'summary': 'James Vincent McMorrow ( born 14 January 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . He is best known for his albums Early in the Morning and Post Tropical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Jackson', 'summary': 'David Kitt ( born 1975 in Dublin , Ireland ) is an Irish musician . He has released six studio albums to date : Small Moments , The Big Romance , Square 1 , The Black and Red Notebook , Not Fade Away and The Nightsaver . He is the son of former Irish politician Tom Kitt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fionn_Regan', 'summary': "Fionn Regan ( born 1981 ) is an Irish folk musician and singer-songwriter . Born and raised in Bray , Regan came to prominence with the release of his debut studio album , The End of History in 2006 . He had been releasing extended plays for six years on independent record labels prior to the album 's release . Regan 's second studio album , The Shadow of an Empire was released in 2010 to positive reviews and his third studio album , 100 Acres of Sycamore , was released in 2011 . His fourth studio album , The Bunkhouse Vol . 1 : Anchor Black Tattoo , was released in 2012 . Among the accolades Regan has received nominations for the Choice Music Prize in Ireland , the Mercury Prize in the United Kingdom and the Shortlist Music Prize in the United States . Regan has cited Bob Dylan and Neil Young as influences on his music and has been referred to by Lucinda Williams as his generation 's answer to Bob Dylan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Meetings_of_the_Waters', 'summary': "Fionn Regan ( born 1981 ) is an Irish folk musician and singer-songwriter . Born and raised in Bray , Regan came to prominence with the release of his debut studio album , The End of History in 2006 . He had been releasing extended plays for six years on independent record labels prior to the album 's release . Regan 's second studio album , The Shadow of an Empire was released in 2010 to positive reviews and his third studio album , 100 Acres of Sycamore , was released in 2011 . His fourth studio album , The Bunkhouse Vol . 1 : Anchor Black Tattoo , was released in 2012 . Among the accolades Regan has received nominations for the Choice Music Prize in Ireland , the Mercury Prize in the United Kingdom and the Shortlist Music Prize in the United States . Regan has cited Bob Dylan and Neil Young as influences on his music and has been referred to by Lucinda Williams as his generation 's answer to Bob Dylan ."}]}, {'value': "Kate Brennan-Harding - Today FM Martin Byrne - Music Consultant Stephen Byrne - GoldenPlec Tracy Clifford - RTÉ 2FM Alan Donovan - Cork 's RedFM Dave Hanratty - Freelance journalist & broadcaster with NO ENCORE podcast Hugh Linehan - The Irish Times Culture/Arts/Ticket Editor Ann Marie Shields - BIMM Lilian Smith - RTÉ Radio 1 Danny Wilson - Totally Dublin", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018 Held in Vicar Street on March 7 , 2019 Broadcast live on RTÉ 2FM , with highlights on RTÉ2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2FM', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ2', 'summary': "RTÉ2 is an Irish free-to-air television channel operated by public service broadcaster RTÉ . It was launched in 1978 becoming the Republic of Ireland 's second television channel ."}]}, {'value': 'O Emperor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O_Emperor', 'summary': 'O Emperor are a rock band from Waterford , Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Academic - Tales From The Backseat Delorentos - True Surrender Just Mustard - Wednesday Kojaque - Deli Daydreams Lisa O'Neill - Heard A Long Gone Song Saint Sister - Shape Of Silence Rejjie Snow - Dear Annie Villagers - The Art Of Pretending To Swim Wyvern Lingo - Wyvern Lingo", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Academic', 'summary': "The Academic are an indie rock band from Westmeath , Ireland formed at the end of 2013 while all members of the band were at St Josephs Secondary School in Rochfortbridge . The band is made up of Craig Fitzgerald , Dean Gavin , and brothers Matthew and Stephen Murtagh . Their debut studio album , Tales from the Backseat was released in January 2018 and entered the Official Irish Charts at number one . In January 2019 , Tales From The Backseat was nominated and shortlisted for Ireland 's Choice Music Prize for Album of The Year for 2018 , an annual music prize awarded to the best album from a band or solo act in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tales_From_The_Backseat', 'summary': 'Tales from the Backseat is the debut studio album by Irish indie rock band The Academic , released on 12 January 2018 by Room 6 Records . It debuted at number 1 on the Irish Albums Chart and received generally favourable critical reception .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Delorentos', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/True_Surrender', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Just_Mustard', 'summary': 'Just Mustard is an Irish rock band from Dundalk in County Louth .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kojaque', 'summary': 'Kevin Smith ( born 1995 ) , known professionally as Kojaque /ˈkoʊdʒæk/ , is an Irish rapper from Cabra , Dublin . He is also a visual artist and filmmaker .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Lisa_O'Neill_(Irish_singer)", 'summary': "Lisa O'Neill ( born 1982 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saint_Sister', 'summary': 'Saint Sister are an Irish traditional duo , whose music is also described as atmosfolk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rejjie_Snow', 'summary': 'Alex Anyaegbunam better known by his stage name Rejjie Snow , is an Irish rapper , songwriter and record producer from Drumcondra , Dublin . He is currently ( as of 2016 ) signed to 300 Entertainment .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Villagers_(band)', 'summary': "Villagers are an Irish indie folk band from Dublin , formed in 2008 . As well as songwriter and vocalist/guitarist Conor O'Brien , the band currently consists of Danny Snow ( bass , upright bass ) , Cormac Curran ( keyboards ) , Gwion Llewelyn ( drums , flugelhorn ) and Mali Llywelyn ( harp ) . The band came to prominence in 2010 with the release of their debut album , Becoming a Jackal . Released to critical acclaim , the album was shortlisted for the 2010 Mercury Prize and the Choice Music Prize . The band 's second studio album , { Awayland } was released in 2013 . It won the Choice Music Prize that year and was also shortlisted for the 2013 Mercury Prize . In 2015 they released their third album , Darling Arithmetic , and the following year Where Have You Been All My Life ? - a compilation of live reworkings of some of the band 's best-known tracks . In May 2016 Darling Arithmetic won the Ivor Novello award for Best Album . Villagers have performed at several music festivals and toured with Grizzly Bear , Tracy Chapman , Bell X1 , Tindersticks and Elbow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Art_Of_Pretending_To_Swim', 'summary': 'The Art of Pretending to Swim is the fourth studio album by Irish band Villagers . It was released in September 2018 under Domino Recording Company .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wyvern_Lingo', 'summary': 'Wyvern Lingo is an Irish band from Bray , Ireland in County Wicklow . It consists of Caoimhe Barry ( vocals , drums ) , Karen Cowley ( vocals , synth , bass ) and Saoirse Duane ( vocals , guitar ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wyvern_Lingo_(album)', 'summary': 'Wyvern Lingo is an Irish band from Bray , Ireland in County Wicklow . It consists of Caoimhe Barry ( vocals , drums ) , Karen Cowley ( vocals , synth , bass ) and Saoirse Duane ( vocals , guitar ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Louise Cantillion ( Classic Hits ) Zara Hedderman ( Thin Air / Totally Dublin / freelance ) Conor McCaffrey ( Irish Daily Star / mookidmusic.com ) Mike McGrath-Bryan ( freelance / nialler9.com ) Danny McElhinney ( The Irish Mail on Sunday ) Cathy Moorehead ( Across The Line ) Ed Smith ( Today FM ) Tara Stewart ( RTÉ 2FM ) Dean Van Nguyen ( freelance / The Irish Times ) Stephen White ( thelastmixedtape.com )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Winners and shortlisted nominees', 'section_text': 'Neil Hannon , winner with The Divine Comedy in 2006 and nominee with The Duckworth Lewis Method in 2009 Super Extra Bonus Party , winners in 2007 Jape , winners in 2008 and 2011 Adrian Crowley , winner in 2009 Two Door Cinema Club , winners in 2010 Delorentos , winners in 2012 Villagers , winners in 2013 SOAK , winner in 2015', 'uid': 'Choice_Music_Prize_0', 'intro': 'The Choice Music Prize (Irish: Duais Cheoil Choice), known for sponsorship reasons as the RTÉ Choice Music Prize is an annual music prize awarded to the best album from a band or solo musician who resides in the Republic of Ireland and/or Northern Ireland. Since it first began in 2005, the main awards ceremony had been broadcast live on the Irish independent and national radio station, Today FM, every March with the exception of the 2014 ceremony which took place on February 27, 2014 and it is also held in Vicar Street, Dublin with the exception of the 2012 ceremony which was held in the Olympia Theatre (Dublin). After being broadcast on Today FM for nearly eleven years, in November 2016, it was announced that the Choice Music Prize would broadcast on RTÉ 2FM starting in 2017. Previous presenters of the main awards ceremony have been Michelle Doherty, Rigsy and Today FM radio presenters Alison Curtis and Paul McLoone. The program has been sponsored since 2011 by Meteor and it was also broadcast live on Today FM since it first began in 2005, airing as a four-part special, beginning at 7pm and usually concluding at 11pm. [clarification needed]'} | null | null | In which year was the winner the one who has released five albums to date ? | 2008 |
056017e669c10b5a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Major_League_Baseball_draft', 'title': '1965 Major League Baseball draft', 'header': ['Pick', 'Player', 'Team', 'Position', 'School ( Location )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Monday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Monday', 'summary': 'Robert James Rick Monday Jr. ( born November 20 , 1945 in Batesville , Arkansas ) is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) center fielder and is currently a broadcast announcer . Monday is best remembered for saving the American flag from being burned in Dodger Stadium during the American Bicentennial and for hitting the game-winning home run in the ninth inning of the decisive game of the 1981 National League Championship Series at Olympic Stadium in Montreal . Also notable is that he was the first player picked in the inaugural 1965 Major League Baseball draft . Monday played 19 seasons for the Kansas City/Oakland Athletics ( 1966-71 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1972-76 ) and Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1977-84 ) . He compiled a lifetime .264 batting average , 1,619 hits , 241 home runs , and 775 RBI . He was selected an All-Star in 1968 and 1978 . He batted and threw left-handed .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Athletics', 'summary': 'The history of the Athletics Major League Baseball franchise spans the period from 1901 to the present day , having begun as a charter member franchise in the new American League in Philadelphia before moving to Kansas City in 1955 for 13 seasons and then to its current home on the San Francisco Bay in Oakland , California , in 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State University ( Tempe , Arizona )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_University', 'summary': "Arizona State University ( commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State ) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area , and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona . ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. As of fall 2019 , the university had nearly 90,000 students attending classes across its metro campuses , more than 38,000 students attending online , including 83,000-plus undergraduates and more nearly 20,000 postgraduates . The university is organized into 17 colleges , featuring more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes . ASU offers 350 degree options for undergraduates students , as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs . ASU has nearly 600 ASU scholar-athletes across 26 varsity-level sports . The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 59 Pac-10/Pac-12 championships dating back to 1979 , and have captured 24 NCAA championships dating to its first ( baseball ) title in 1965 . In addition to its athletic program , the university is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations . ASU 's charter , approved by the board of regents in 2014 , is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Michael M. Crow upon his appointment as the institution 's 16th president in 2002 . It defines ASU as a comprehensive public research university , measured not by whom it excludes , but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed ; advancing research and discovery of public value ; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic , social , cultural and overall health of the communities it serves . Since 2005 , ASU has been ranked among the top research universities in the U.S. , public and private , based on research output , innovation , development , research expenditures , number of awarded patents and awarded research grant proposals . The 2019 university ratings by U.S. News & World Report rank ASU No . 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the fourth year in a row ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tempe ( /tɛmˈpiː/ tem-PEE ; Oidbaḍ in O'odham ) , is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , with the Census Bureau reporting a 2017 population of 185,038 . The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece . Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix ; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west , Scottsdale and the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler on the south , and Mesa on the east . Tempe is also the location of the main campus of Arizona State University ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Rohr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Rohr', 'summary': "Leslie Norvin Rohr ( born March 5 , 1946 ) is a former baseball player for the New York Mets in the late 1960s . He was born in Lowestoft , England , where his father was serving with the United States Air Force . Six months later he moved to Billings , Montana with his family , where he grew up , attended high school , and lives . Rohr , a left-handed pitcher , was selected by the Mets in the first round ( second pick overall ) of the 1965 Major League Baseball Draft . Rohr played in the minor leagues until being called up to play for the Mets near the end of the 1967 season . The beginning of the end of Rohr 's career came early the 1968 season in the final innings of a 24-inning game against the Houston Astros . Entering the April 15th game as a relief pitcher in the 22nd inning and pitching through the 24th inning , he pulled a tendon in his pitching arm . After one more failed start against the Los Angeles Dodgers , he spent the remainder of the season on the disabled list or back in the minor leagues . Rohr made only one more appearance on the mound for the Mets , versus the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1969 . Rohr was later unconditionally released by the Mets when a routine physical discovered a ruptured disc in his lower back , scuttling a proposed trade to the Milwaukee Brewers . Rohr 's first game was on September 19 , 1967 , and his last game was on September 19 , 1969 . He stayed with New York Mets for his entire career ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': 'Left-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Billings West High School ( Billings , Montana )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billings_West_High_School', 'summary': "Billings West High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school in Billings , Montana . The school serves 1,973 students with over 100 certified staff under principal Kelly Hornby . Billings West 's school colors are gold and black , and its mascot is the Golden Bear ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Billings,_Montana', 'summary': 'Billings is the largest city in the U.S. state of Montana , with a population estimated at 109,550 as of 2018 . Located in the south-central portion of the state , it is the seat of Yellowstone County and the principal city of the Billings Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 171,677 . It has a trade area of over 500,000 . Billings was nicknamed the Magic City because of its rapid growth from its founding as a railroad town in March 1882 . The city is named for Frederick H. Billings , a former president of the Northern Pacific Railroad . With one of the largest trade areas in the United States , Billings is the trade and distribution center for much of Montana east of the Continental Divide , Northern Wyoming , and western portions of North Dakota and South Dakota . Billings is also the largest retail destination for much of the same area . The city is experiencing rapid growth and a strong economy ; it has had and is continuing to have the largest growth of any city in Montana . Parts of the metro area are seeing hyper growth . From 2000 to 2010 Lockwood , an eastern suburb , saw growth of 57.8% , the largest growth rate of any community in Montana . Billings has avoided the economic downturn that affected most of the nation from 2008 to 2012 as well as the housing bust . With more hotel accommodations than any area within a five-state region , the city hosts a variety of conventions , concerts , sporting events , and other rallies .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Coleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Coleman_(1970s_pitcher)', 'summary': 'Joseph Howard Coleman ( born February 3 , 1947 ) is an American former baseball player . He played professional baseball as a pitcher from 1965 to 1982 , including 15 seasons in Major League Baseball with the Washington Senators ( 1965-70 ) , Detroit Tigers ( 1971-76 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1976 ) , Oakland Athletics ( 1977-78 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 1978 ) , San Francisco Giants ( 1979 ) and Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1979 ) . He compiled a 142-135 win-loss record and 3.70 earned run average ( ERA ) in 484 major league games . Coleman averaged more than 20 wins per season from 1971 to 1973 . He recorded 236 strikeouts in 1971 , third best in the American League , was selected to the American League All-Star team in 1972 , and recorded 23 wins in 1973 , second highest in the American League . Coleman is the son of former major league pitcher Joe Coleman and the father of former major league pitcher Casey Coleman .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1961–71)', 'summary': "The Texas Rangers are an American professional baseball team based in Arlington , Texas , located in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . In 2020 , they will move to the new Globe Life Field after having played at Globe Life Park in Arlington from 1994 to 2019 . The team 's name is borrowed from the famous law enforcement agency of the same name . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Washington Senators , an expansion team awarded to Washington , D.C. , after the city 's first AL ballclub , the second Washington Senators , moved to Minnesota and became the Twins ( the original Washington Senators played primarily in the National League during the 1890s ) . After the 1971 season , the new Senators moved to Arlington , and debuted as the Rangers the following spring . The Rangers have made eight appearances in the MLB postseason , seven following division championships in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , and 2016 and as a wild card team in 2012 . In 2010 , the Rangers advanced past the Division Series for the first time , defeating the Tampa Bay Rays . The team then brought home their first American League pennant after beating the New York Yankees in six games . In the 2010 World Series , the franchise 's first , the Rangers fell to the San Francisco Giants in five games . They repeated as American League champions the following year , then lost the 2011 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Natick High School ( Natick , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natick_High_School', 'summary': 'Natick High School is an urban/suburban public high school serving students in grades 9-12 in Natick , Massachusetts . The school is located on the banks of Dug Pond . Its enrollment was 1,603 students during the 2015-16 school year . The original building was built in 1953 at approximately 189,000 sq ft ( 17,600 m2 ) . and opened in 1954 . The building was expanded in 1965 ( additional 94,000 sq ft. ) . Additional renovations took place in 1985 . In 2010 , the town voted to replace the Natick High School building . The new facility was constructed on the fields immediately to the south of the former building . Demolition on the former building began on June 25 , 2012 . The new building design is based on a model approved by the state of Massachusetts . This was necessary in order to maximize state reimbursement for design and construction ; it cost $ 78 million .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Natick,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Natick is a town in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , United States . Natick is near the center of the MetroWest region of Massachusetts , with a population of 32,786 at the 2010 census . Located 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Boston , Natick is part of the Greater Boston area . The center of population of Massachusetts in 2000 was in Natick . A 2014 census shows Natick 's population was 34,230 . This means between 2010 and 2014 Natick grew 3.6% , making it one of the fastest-growing towns in the Boston area ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Barrett', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Astros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Atwater High School ( Atwater , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atwater_High_School', 'summary': 'Atwater High School is a secondary school in Atwater , California , United States . It is a part of the Merced Union High School District . AHS competes as a member of the Central California League of the Sac-Joaquin Section .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Atwater,_California', 'summary': 'Atwater is a city on State Route 99 in Merced County , California , United States . Atwater is 8 miles ( 13 km ) west-northwest of Merced , at an elevation of 151 feet ( 46 m ) . The population as of the 2010 census was 28,168 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billy Conigliaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Conigliaro', 'summary': "William Michael Conigliaro ( born August 15 , 1947 in Revere , Massachusetts ) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder who played in the American League for the Boston Red Sox ( 1969-1971 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 1972 ) and Oakland Athletics ( 1973 ) . He is the younger brother of Tony Conigliaro ; Billy and Tony were Red Sox teammates in 1969 and 1970 . Conigliaro showed great promise as a hitter in his years in Boston , with 16 doubles and 18 home runs in 1970 , and 26 doubles and 11 home runs in 1971 . He finished 8th in the American League in doubles in 1971 , his most productive year in the majors . In 1970 , he was 10th in American League in being hit by pitches with 7 . His most memorable game may have been on July 4 , 1970 , when both Billy and Tony homered against the Cleveland Indians . After the 1971 season , Billy was traded from the Red Sox to the Brewers in a blockbuster deal that also included Ken Brett , Jim Lonborg , George Scott , Tommy Harper and Marty Pattin . Billy , who idolized his older brother Tony , had been highly critical of the Red Sox for trading his brother to the Angels , especially after Tony 's remarkable 36 home runs during the 1970 season after his famous beaning incident in 1967 . Unhappy in Milwaukee , he announced his retirement from baseball in the middle of the 1972 season . He came back to baseball in 1973 as a part-time player with the eventual World Champion Athletics , making brief appearances in the American League Championship Series and the World Series . Once again Billy became disgruntled with ownership - this time in Oakland - and retired at the conclusion of that season . He attempted a comeback with the A 's several years later , but ultimately retired for good after being assigned to their Triple A affiliate on what was to be a temporary basis ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Swampscott High School ( Swampscott , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swampscott_High_School', 'summary': 'Swampscott /ˈswɑmps kət/ is a town in Essex County , Massachusetts , United States , located 15 miles ( 24 km ) up the coast from Boston in an area known as the North Shore . The population was 13,787 as of 2010 [ update ] . A former summer resort on Massachusetts Bay , Swampscott is today a fairly affluent residential community and includes the village of Beach Bluff , as well as part of the neighborhood of Clifton . It is known for its quiet suburban character and lovely beaches . The town was home to the scenic oceanfront Marian Court College until 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swampscott,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Swampscott /ˈswɑmps kət/ is a town in Essex County , Massachusetts , United States , located 15 miles ( 24 km ) up the coast from Boston in an area known as the North Shore . The population was 13,787 as of 2010 [ update ] . A former summer resort on Massachusetts Bay , Swampscott is today a fairly affluent residential community and includes the village of Beach Bluff , as well as part of the neighborhood of Clifton . It is known for its quiet suburban character and lovely beaches . The town was home to the scenic oceanfront Marian Court College until 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_James_(baseball)', 'summary': "Richard Lee James ( born October 11 , 1947 ) is an American former professional baseball player . A 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) , 205 lb ( 93 kg ) right-handed pitcher , James was the Chicago Cubs ' first # 1 draft pick in the inaugural Major League Baseball Draft of June 1965 . Selected after his graduation from Coffee High School , Florence , Alabama , James had a six-season ( 1965-1970 ) professional career , but his Major League stay was only three games and 4⅔ innings pitched - a proverbial cup of coffee - at the tail end of the 1967 season . James was the sixth player selected in the first round of the first MLB Draft , following # 1 overall choice Rick Monday ( taken by the Kansas City Athletics ) , # 3 overall Joe Coleman ( Washington Senators ) , and just ahead of # 7 pick Ray Fosse ( Cleveland Indians ) ; Baseball Hall of Fame catcher Johnny Bench was taken in the second round , 36th overall , by the Cincinnati Reds . James was called up by the Cubs after a successful 1967 season split between the Double-A and Triple-A levels of minor league baseball . His first two appearances came in relief against the eventual 1967 world champion St. Louis Cardinals and the National League runners-up , the San Francisco Giants . James held them scoreless over 1⅔ innings . But in his third game , this time as a starting pitcher against the Reds on the closing day of the season at Crosley Field , James lasted only three innings and was roughed up for seven earned runs and nine hits , including a home run ( by Vada Pinson ) and three doubles , and he was charged with the loss in a 10-3 Cincinnati triumph . In 1968 , James returned to the minors , and was selected by the San Diego Padres in the expansion draft following the 1968 season . James pitched through the 1970 season before leaving baseball at age 23 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Cubs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Coffee High School ( Florence , Alabama )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coffee_High_School_(Alabama)', 'summary': 'Coffee High School was a public high school in Florence , Alabama . After the 2003-04 school year , the school merged with Bradshaw High School to form Florence High School .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Florence,_Alabama', 'summary': "Florence is a city in Lauderdale County , Alabama , United States , in the state 's northwest corner . According to the 2010 census , the city 's population was 39,319 . Florence is the largest and principal city of the Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Statistical Area ( which includes Muscle Shoals , Sheffield , and Tuscumbia metropolitan areas in Colbert and Lauderdale counties ) . Florence is considered northwestern Alabama 's primary economic hub . Annual tourism events include the W. C. Handy Music Festival in the summer and the Renaissance Faire in the fall . Landmarks in Florence include the Rosenbaum House , the only Frank Lloyd Wright-designed home located in Alabama . Florence and Lauderdale County had one hospital , Eliza Coffee Memorial Hospital . ECM was a 358-bed facility owned by RCCH HealthCare Partners in Brentwood , Tennessee . In 2010 RCCH HealthCare Partners announced that they would build a new hospital in Florence . The hospital was completed in December 2018 . The type of municipal government is mayor-council ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ray Fosse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Fosse', 'summary': "Raymond Earl Fosse ( born April 4 , 1947 ) is an American former professional baseball player and current television sports color commentator . He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1967 to 1979 , most notably as an All-Star player for the Cleveland Indians , and then as a two-time World Series champion with the Oakland Athletics dynasty of the early 1970s . He also played for the Seattle Mariners and the Milwaukee Brewers . After his playing career , Fosse became a television and radio color commentator for the Oakland Athletics . Fosse was selected by the Indians to become the team 's first-ever draft pick when Major League Baseball implemented its first amateur draft in 1965 . As well as being a two-time All-Star , Fosse won two Gold Glove Awards in a playing career that was marred by numerous injuries . In 2001 , Fosse was voted one of the 100 greatest players in Cleveland Indians ' history . He was named to the Oakland Athletics ' 50th Anniversary Team in 2018 and , was inducted into the St. Louis Hall of Fame on February 11 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Indians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Indians', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion High School ( Marion , Illinois )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_High_School_(Illinois)', 'summary': "Marion High School is a high school located in the growing city of Marion , Illinois , serving the Marion Unit # 2 School District . The school 's enrollment was approximately 1,125 students in the 2013-2014 school year . Marion Unit # 2 School District built a new high school on the same property , that is completely finished ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marion,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Marion is a city in and the county seat of Williamson County , Illinois , United States . The population was 17,193 at the 2010 census . It is part of a dispersed urban area that developed out of the early 20th-century coal fields . Today Marion serves as the largest retail trade center in Southern Illinois with its central location along Interstate 57 and Illinois Route 13 . It is home to the Illinois Star Centre mall and the Southern Illinois Miners baseball team . It was dubbed the Hub of the Universe by former mayor the late Robert L. Butler . The city is part of the Marion-Herrin Micropolitan Area and is a part of the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin , Illinois Combined Statistical Area with 123,272 residents , the sixth most populous Combined statistical area in Illinois .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Wyatt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Dodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . The Dodgers have won six World Series championships and twenty three National League pennants . Eleven NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of thirteen MVP Awards ; eight Cy Young Award winners have also pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has eighteen Rookie of the Year Award winners , more than twice as many as the second place New York Yankees 8 . The Dodgers have had four consecutive Rookies of the Year from 1979 to 1982 and five in a row from 1992 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Bakersfield High School ( Bakersfield , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield_High_School', 'summary': 'Bakersfield High School ( BHS ) is a high school located in Bakersfield , California , United States . Institutional names and dates of operation :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield,_California', 'summary': "Bakersfield is a charter city in Kern County , California , United States . It is the county seat and largest city of Kern County . The city covers about 151 sq mi ( 390 km2 ) near the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley and the Central Valley region . Bakersfield 's population is around 380,000 , making it the 52nd-most populous city in the United States of America and the 9th-most populous city in California . The Bakersfield-Delano Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Kern County , had a 2010 census population of 839,631 , making it the 62nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States . The more built-up portion of the metro area that includes Bakersfield and areas immediately around the city , such as East Bakersfield , Oildale and Rosedale , has a population of about 520,000 . Bakersfield is a significant hub for both agriculture and energy production . Kern County is the most productive oil-producing county and the fourth-most productive agricultural county ( by value ) in the United States . Industries in and around Bakersfield include natural gas and other energy extraction , mining , petroleum refining , distribution , food processing , and corporate regional offices . The city is also the birthplace of the country music genre known as the Bakersfield sound ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Leon *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Leon', 'summary': 'Eduardo Antonio Leon ( born August 11 , 1946 ) is a former Major League Baseball infielder of Mexican American descent , who played for eight seasons , splitting time as a shortstop and second baseman . He played for the Cleveland Indians from 1968 to 1972 , the Chicago White Sox in 1973 and 1974 , and the New York Yankees in 1975 until being released on May 5 of that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Twins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Twins', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team is named after the Twin Cities area comprising Minneapolis and St. Paul . The franchise was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . The team relocated to Minnesota and was renamed the Minnesota Twins at the start of the 1961 season . The Twins played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009 . The team played its inaugural game at Target Field on April 12 , 2010 . The franchise won the World Series in 1924 as the Senators , and in 1987 and 1991 as the Twins . Through the 2019 season , the team has fielded 19 American League batting champions . The team has hosted five All-Star Games : 1937 and 1956 in Washington , D.C. ; and 1965 , 1985 , and 2014 in Minneapolis-St. Paul .'}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Arizona ( Tucson , Arizona )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arizona', 'summary': "The University of Arizona ( Arizona , U of A , UArizona , or UA ) is a public research university in Tucson , Arizona . Founded in 1885 , the UA was the first university in the Arizona Territory . As of 2018 [ update ] , the university enrolls 45,217 students in 19 separate colleges/schools , including the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix and the James E. Rogers College of Law , and is affiliated with two academic medical centers ( Banner - University Medical Center Tucson and Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix ) . The University of Arizona is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents . The University of Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities and is the only representative from the state of Arizona to this group . Known as the Arizona Wildcats ( often shortened to Cats ) , the UA 's intercollegiate athletic teams are members of the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA . UA athletes have won national titles in several sports , most notably men 's basketball , baseball , and softball . The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are cardinal red and navy blue ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doug Dickerson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Ensley High School ( Birmingham , Alabama )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ensley_High_School', 'summary': 'Ensley High School , located in the Ensley neighborhood of Birmingham , Alabama ( United States ) , was founded in 1901 to serve the then-independent community of Ensley , which was centered on major plants operated by U.S. Steel and the American Cast Iron Pipe Company . It began with classes held at the Old Bush School before the old building , designed by architect David O. Whilldin was constructed in 1908 . In 2006 , Ensley High School was merged into newly built Jackson-Olin High School .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Spencer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Spencer', 'summary': 'James Lloyd Spencer ( July 30 , 1947 - February 10 , 2002 ) was a Major League Baseball first baseman . Born in Hanover , Pennsylvania , the left-handed Spencer was recognized for his excellent fielding ability , but also served in later years as a designated hitter .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Angels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Angels are an American professional baseball team based in the city of Anaheim , California , part of Orange County and the Los Angeles metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The Angels have played home games at Angel Stadium since 1966 . The current MLB franchise was established as one of the league 's first two expansion teams in 1961 by Gene Autry , the team 's first owner . Autry was a famous singing cowboy actor in a series of films in the 1930s to 1950s , and later was the subject of the Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum . The Angels name was taken by Autry in tribute to the previous original Los Angeles Angels , a Minor League franchise in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , which played in South Central Los Angeles from 1903 to 1957 . He bought the rights to the Angels name from Walter O'Malley , the then-Los Angeles Dodgers owner , who acquired the PCL franchise from Philip K. Wrigley , also the owner of the parent Chicago Cubs at the time , as part of the Dodgers ' move to Southern California ."}]}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Andover High School ( Glen Burnie , Maryland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andover_High_School_(Maryland)', 'summary': "North County High School is an Anne Arundel County Public Schools high school located in Glen Burnie , Maryland . The school was established in 1990 as a result of the merger of Andover High School and Brooklyn Park High School . It later moved into the former Lindale Junior High School building , with Lindale moving to the former Andover site . The school mascot is the Knight and the school colors are silver , red and black , chosen by the school students and faculty of both Andover and Brooklyn Park High Schools . North County 's rival is Glen Burnie High School North County High School has a rigorous STEM Magnet Program , and the IT3 ( International Trade , Transportation , and Tourism ) Signature Program . The school has a multitude of college course offerings such as Advanced Placement . North County became one of the campuses for Anne Arundel Community College in 2012 . In 2016 , North County High School German teacher , Katrina Griffin , was named the 2017 National Language Teacher of the Year by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Glen_Burnie,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Glen Burnie is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Anne Arundel County , Maryland , United States . It is a suburb of Baltimore . The population of Glen Burnie was 67,639 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Grant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milwaukee Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Braves_(1953–69)', 'summary': 'Milwaukee went wild over the Braves , who were welcomed as genuine heroes . The Braves finished .597 in their first season in Milwaukee , and drew a then-NL record 1.8 million fans . The success of the team was noted by many owners . Not coincidentally , the Philadelphia Athletics , St. Louis Browns , Brooklyn Dodgers , and New York Giants all relocated over the next five years . As the 1950s progressed , the reinvigorated Braves became increasingly competitive . Sluggers Eddie Mathews and Hank Aaron drove the offense ( they would hit a combined 1,226 home runs as Braves , with 850 of those coming while the franchise was in Milwaukee ) , while Warren Spahn , Lew Burdette , and Bob Buhl anchored the rotation .'}]}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Watertown High School ( Watertown , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown_High_School_(Massachusetts)', 'summary': "Watertown High School is the local high school , built in 1925 , for Watertown , Massachusetts , United States . The school is home to the Watertown Raiders , who are best known for their varsity field hockey and boys ' basketball programs . Watertown 's colors are black and red . The school newspaper is the Raider Times . On May 8 , 1930 , ex-President Calvin Coolidge was received at the school as town celebrated its 300th anniversary . As a part of the celebration , a national radio program was broadcast from the high school marking the momentous anniversary ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and is part of Greater Boston . The population was 31,915 in the 2010 census . Its neighborhoods include Bemis , Coolidge Square , East Watertown , Watertown Square , and the West End . It is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that retain the title of town while functioning under state law as cities . Watertown was one of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlements organized by English Puritans in 1630 . The city is home to the Perkins School for the Blind , the Armenian Library and Museum of America , and the historic Watertown Arsenal , which produced military armaments from 1816 through World War II .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gene Lamont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gene_Lamont', 'summary': 'Gene William Lamont ( born December 25 , 1946 ) is an American special assistant to the general manager of the Kansas City Royals . He was a catcher and manager in Major League Baseball who managed the Chicago White Sox ( 1992-1995 ) and Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1997-2000 ) and served as a coach for the Detroit Tigers ( 2006-2017 ) . He batted left-handed and threw right-handed .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Hiawatha High School ( Kirkland , Illinois )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirkland,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Kirkland is a village in DeKalb County , Illinois , United States . The population was 1,744 at the 2010 census , up from 1,166 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Gallagher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Gallagher', 'summary': 'Alan Mitchell Edward George Patrick Henry Gallagher ( October 19 , 1945 - December 6 , 2018 ) was an American professional baseball player who played four seasons for the San Francisco Giants and California Angels of Major League Baseball . He played in 442 games during his career in which he had 1,264 at bats , 333 hits , 114 runs , 11 home runs , 130 RBIs , 42 doubles , 9 triples , and 7 stolen bases . He also had 164 strikeouts and was walked 138 times .'}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions - both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and fifth overall ( the New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record-holders ) with 11 , and the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox both with 9 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times - 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco - but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Clara University ( Santa Clara , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clara_University', 'summary': "Santa Clara University is a private Jesuit university in Santa Clara , California , with about 5,400 undergraduate students and about 3,300 postgraduate students . Established in 1851 , Santa Clara University is the oldest operating institution of higher learning in California and has remained in its original location for 168 years . The university 's campus surrounds the historic Mission Santa Clara de Asis which traces its founding to 1776 . The campus mirrors the Mission 's architectural style and provides a fine early example of Mission Revival architecture . The university is classified as a Doctoral/Professional university by Carnegie Classification . The university offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its six colleges , the School of Arts and Sciences , School of Education and Counseling Psychology , Leavey School of Business , School of Engineering , Jesuit School of Theology , and School of Law . Among Santa Clara 's alumni are governors , congressmen , mayors , senators , and presidential cabinet members . Santa Clara alumni founded Nvidia and Farmer 's Insurance , and created JavaScript . Santa Clara 's alumni have won a number of honors , including Pulitzer Prizes , the NBA MVP Award , and induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Santa Clara alumni have served as mayors of San Francisco , Los Angeles , Oakland , San Jose , and Washington , DC . The two most recent Governors of California attended Santa Clara . Santa Clara 's sports teams are called the Broncos ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Clara ( /ˌsæntəˈklærə/ ) is a city in Santa Clara County , California . The city 's population was 116,468 as of the 2010 United States Census , making it the ninth-most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area . Located on the southern coast of San Francisco Bay immediately west of San Jose and 45 miles ( 72 km ) southeast of San Francisco , the city was founded in 1777 with the establishment of Mission Santa Clara de Asís , the eighth of 21 California missions . The city was later incorporated in 1852 . The mission , the city , and the county are all named for Saint Clare of Assisi . Santa Clara is located in the center of Silicon Valley and is home to the headquarters of several high-tech companies such as Intel . It is also home to Santa Clara University , the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of California , which was built around Mission Santa Clara de Asís . Levi 's Stadium , the home of the National Football League 's San Francisco 49ers , is located in the city . Santa Clara is bordered by San Jose on all sides , except for Sunnyvale to the west , and Cupertino to the west ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott McDonald', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Orioles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquette High School ( Yakima , Washington )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakima,_Washington', 'summary': "Yakima ( /ˈjækɪmɑː/ or /ˈjækɪmə/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Yakima County , Washington , and the state 's eleventh-largest city by population . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 91,067 and a metropolitan population of 243,231 . The unincorporated suburban areas of West Valley and Terrace Heights are considered a part of greater Yakima . Yakima is about 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) southeast of Mount Rainier in Washington . It is situated in the Yakima Valley , a productive agricultural region noted for apple , wine , and hop production . As of 2011 , the Yakima Valley produces 77% of all hops grown in the United States . The name Yakima originates from the Yakama Nation Native American tribe , whose reservation is located south of the city ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernie Carbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernie_Carbo', 'summary': "Bernardo 'Bernie ' Carbo ( born August 5 , 1947 in Detroit , Michigan ) is a former outfielder and designated hitter who played from 1969 through 1980 for the Cincinnati Reds ( 1969-72 ) , St. Louis Cardinals ( 1972-73 , 1979-80 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1974-76 , 1977-78 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 1976 ) , Cleveland Indians ( 1978 ) and Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1980 ) . He batted left-handed and threw right-handed . He was raised in the Detroit suburb of Livonia and graduated in 1965 from Franklin High School , playing for the school 's baseball team while there ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Livonia Franklin High School ( Livonia , Michigan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Livonia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Livonia is a city in the northwest part of Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is a large suburb with an array of traditional neighborhoods ( most of which were built in the 1950s and 1960s ) connected to the metropolitan area by freeways . The population was 96,942 at the 2010 census , making it Michigan 's ninth largest municipality . The municipality is a part of Metro Detroit , and is located approximately 15 miles ( 24 km ) northwest of downtown Detroit , and less than two miles ( 3 km ) from the western city limits of Detroit ( Redford Township lies between the two ) ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ken Plesha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago White Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame University ( Notre Dame , Indiana )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notre_Dame_University', 'summary': "The University of Notre Dame du Lac ( or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM , or ND ) is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame , Indiana , outside the city of South Bend . It was founded in 1842 by Rev . Edward Sorin . The main campus covers 1,261 acres ( 510 ha ) in a suburban setting ; it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the Golden Dome , the Word of Life mural ( commonly known as Touchdown Jesus ) , Notre Dame Stadium , and the Basilica . Notre Dame has consistently been recognized as one of the top universities in the United States , in particular for its undergraduate education . Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges . The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the annual Driehaus Architecture Prize . The university offers over 50 yearlong study programs abroad and over 15 summer programs . Notre Dame 's graduate program has more than 50 master , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the six schools , including the Notre Dame Law School and an MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of Medicine . It maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art . The majority of the university 's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 31 residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events , and intramural sports teams . The university 's approximately 134,000 alumni are considered one of the strongest college alumni networks in the U.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Notre_Dame,_Indiana', 'summary': "Notre Dame is a census-designated place north of the city of South Bend in St. Joseph County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . It includes the campuses of three colleges : the University of Notre Dame , Saint Mary 's College , and Holy Cross College . Notre Dame is split between Clay and Portage Townships . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,973 ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Adamson *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Adamson', 'summary': "John Michael Adamson ( born September 13 , 1947 ) is an American former professional baseball player , a right-handed pitcher who appeared in eleven Major League Baseball games for the Baltimore Orioles . Adamson was 6 feet 2 inches ( 1.88 m ) tall and weighed 185 pounds ( 84 kg ) . Drafted out of the University of Southern California in the first round of the secondary phase in the 1967 Major League Baseball Draft and signed to a Baltimore contract on June 27 , 1967 , Adamson became the first player to go straight to the Major Leagues without spending a day in the minors since the institution of the June baseball lottery in 1965 . In his July 1 debut against the Cleveland Indians , Adamson hurled two innings of relief ; he surrendered two hits , two earned runs , and three stolen bases , including a steal of home by Cleveland 's Chuck Hinton . He would be sent to the minors after his third MLB appearance ( and second start ) , although he would spend part of the next two seasons with the Orioles . From his demotion in 1969 to 1971 , Adamson pitched in Baltimore Orioles ' minor league system . He was picked up by the Milwaukee Brewers and spent part of 1971 with the Evansville Triplets , the Brewers ' AAA affiliate . In the course of his eleven-game MLB career , Adamson yielded 28 hits and 22 bases on balls , with 14 strikeouts , in 25⅓ innings pitched . He retired after the 1971 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Point Loma High School ( San Diego , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_Loma_High_School', 'summary': 'Point Loma High School is a public high school in the San Diego Unified School District in San Diego , California , United States . It is located in the Loma Portal neighborhood of Point Loma . The school serves the neighborhoods of Point Loma and Ocean Beach . Students who live in Mission Hills may choose to attend Point Loma High School as their neighborhood school . Point Loma is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges ( WASC ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Diego,_California', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Burbach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Burbach', 'summary': "William David Burbach ( born August 22 , 1947 ) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the New York Yankees from 1969 to 1971 . Listed at 6 ' 4 , 215 lb. , Burbach batted and threw right handed . He was born in Dickeyville , Wisconsin , and attended Iowa University . The Yankees selected Burbach in the first round , 19th pick of the 1965 MLB Draft . He spent four years in the Minor Leagues before joining the big team . Burbach posted a 6-11 record with a 4.48 ERA in 37 pitching appearances for the Yankees , 28 of them starts including a shutout . Afterwards , he pitched in the Baltimore Orioles and Minnesota Twins Minor League systems in 1971 and 1972 . Overall , Burbach went 38-54 with a 3.69 ERA in 162 minor league games . In between , he played winter ball with the Cardenales de Lara club of the Venezuelan League in the 1971-72 season ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Yankees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Wahlert High School ( Dickeyville , Wisconsin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickeyville,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Dickeyville is a village in Grant County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 1,061 at the 2010 census . The Dickeyville Grotto is located in the heart of the village .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe DiFabio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta State University ( Cleveland , Mississippi )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta_State_University', 'summary': 'Delta State University ( DSU ) is a public university in Cleveland , Mississippi , in the Mississippi Delta . DSU is one of eight publicly funded universities in the state .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Cleveland is a city in Bolivar County , Mississippi , United States . The population was 12,334 as of the 2010 United States Census . Cleveland has a large commercial economy , with numerous restaurants , stores , and services along U.S. 61 . Cleveland is one of the two county seats of Bolivar County ( the other being Rosedale ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'First Round Selections', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1965_Major_League_Baseball_Draft_0', 'intro': "The 1965 Major League Baseball Draft is the first year in which a draft took place for Major League Baseball. It was held on June 8-9 in New York City. In Major League Baseball's first Free Agent Amateur Draft, the Kansas City Athletics selected Arizona State sophomore Rick Monday as the number one pick. Kansas City also chose ten future major leaguers, including Sal Bando (6th round) and Gene Tenace (20th round), building the base for the Oakland Athletics' championship teams of the early 1970s. A total of 813 players were selected. Some of the more significant picks were catcher Johnny Bench by the Cincinnati Reds in the second round, pitcher Nolan Ryan by the New York Mets in the twelfth round, and infielder Graig Nettles by the Minnesota Twins in the fourth round. The first player to reach the majors was pitcher Joe Coleman, the Washington Senators' first pick and third pick overall. Future Hall of Famer Tom Seaver was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 10th round but did not sign and returned to the University of Southern California campus."} | null | null | How many high school players were taken in the draft ? | 13 |
056389891f5f5ba0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_rural_Western_Australia', 'title': 'List of schools in rural Western Australia', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'District', 'Opened', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bayulu Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gogo Station , Fitzroy Crossing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gogo_Station', 'summary': 'Gogo or Gogo Station and sometimes referred to as Margaret Downs is a pastoral lease that has operated as a cattle station . It is located about 11 kilometres ( 7 mi ) south of Fitzroy Crossing and 83 kilometres ( 52 mi ) north east of Yungngora in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , The area was first explored by Alexander Forrest in 1879 , who gave enthusiastic reports of the well grassed and watered country that would be suitable for grazing lands . Among those to take up leases were the Durack and the Emanuel families who together claimed over one million acres along the Fitzroy River in the West Kimberley and a similar amount along the Ord River in the East Kimberley . After an expedition to the area the Duracks decided to take up the lands along the Ord and the Emanuels took the area along the Fitzroy . The station was established in 1885 , and in 1902 occupied and area of 1,750,000 acres ( 708,200 ha ) . The country is on the flood-plain of the Fitzroy River and is well covered in Mitchell and Flinders grass with large areas of spinifex . A large number of cattle was lost on Gogo and on Fossil Downs Station in 1906 following an extended dry spell . Other neighbouring stations lost several hundred cattle each . By 1910 the station had an estimated herd of 35,000 cattle and the station manager was being paid an annual salary of £600 a year . In 1911 the station was being managed by George Piper and was owned by the Emanuel Bros. , who also owned Noonkanbah Station located further to the south east . Following the advent of the revision of the Land Act limiting holdings up to one million acres , several of the properties of the Emanuels had to be disposed of . Gogo was dissolved into three separate properties ; Margaret Downs ( also known as Gogo ) , Cherrabun and Christmas Creek , and these together with Meda Station are still held by the descendants of the original partners .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fitzroy_Crossing', 'summary': 'Fitzroy Crossing is a small town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) east of Broome and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) west of Halls Creek . It is approximately 2,524 kilometres ( 1,568 mi ) from the state capital of Perth . It is 114 metres ( 374 ft ) above sea level and is situated on a low rise surrounded by the vast floodplains of the Fitzroy River and its tributary Margaret River . At the 2016 census , the population of the Fitzroy Crossing town-site was 1,297 ; with a further 2,000 or so people living in up to 50 Aboriginal communities scattered throughout the Fitzroy Valley . About 80% of the Fitzroy Valley population were Indigenous Australians with a split of closer to 60/40 ( indigenous/non-indigenous ) in the townsite . Tourism , cattle stations and mining are the main industries in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Derby-West Kimberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Derby-West_Kimberley', 'summary': "The Shire of Derby-West Kimberley is one of four local government areas in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia , covering an area of 104,080 square kilometres ( 40,186 sq mi ) , most of which is sparsely populated . The Shire 's population as at the 2016 Census was almost 8,000 , with most residing in the major towns of Derby , which is also the Shire 's seat of government , and Fitzroy Crossing . There are also around 70 Aboriginal communities within the Shire . The major industries of the shire include sheep and cattle for export , fishing , and tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-7 ; formerly Gogo until Jun 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burringurrah Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Via Gascoyne Junction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gascoyne_Junction,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Gascoyne Junction is a small town in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia , inland from Carnarvon on the junction of the Gascoyne River and Lyons River . At the 2006 census , Gascoyne Junction had a population of 149 .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper Gascoyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Upper_Gascoyne', 'summary': 'The Shire of Upper Gascoyne is a local government area in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia , inland from Carnarvon and about 1,000 kilometres ( 621 mi ) north of the state capital , Perth . The Shire has an area of 57,939 square kilometres ( 22,370 sq mi ) , much of which is uninhabited land or sparsely vegetated sheep station country , and its seat of government is the small town of Gascoyne Junction . It has a population of 278 ( 2016 census ) , 58% of whom identify as Aboriginal .'}]}, {'value': 'Gascoyne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carnarvon School of the Air', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carnarvon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnarvon,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Carnarvon is a coastal town situated approximately 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) north of Perth , Western Australia . It lies at the mouth of the Gascoyne River on the Indian Ocean . The popular Shark Bay world heritage area lies to the south of the town and the Ningaloo Reef and the popular tourist town of Exmouth lie to the north . Within Carnarvon is the Mungullah Aboriginal Community . Inland , Carnarvon has strong links with the town of Gascoyne Junction and the Burringurrah Community . At the 2016 census , Carnarvon had a population of 4,426 .'}]}, {'value': 'Carnarvon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Carnarvon', 'summary': 'The Shire of Carnarvon is a local government area in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia , located about 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) north of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 46,664 square kilometres ( 18,017 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Carnarvon . The major industries in the area are wool , agriculture ( especially bananas and tomatoes ) and , more recently , tourism .'}]}, {'value': 'Gascoyne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'College Row School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Bunbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Bunbury,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "South Bunbury is a beachside suburb in Bunbury , Western Australia . It is located in the local government area of the City of Bunbury . The area is also known as 'Mangles ' . The South Bunbury Football Club 's home ground is located at Hands Oval in South Bunbury . The Bunbury Dynamos Football Club play at Forest Park in South Bunbury ."}]}, {'value': 'Bunbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Bunbury', 'summary': 'The City of Bunbury is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia , covering an area of 65.7 square kilometres ( 25.4 sq mi ) along the coast about 180 kilometres ( 112 mi ) south of Perth , the capital of Western Australia . The City of Bunbury is one of four local governments comprising the Greater Bunbury sub-region . As at the 2016 Census , the City of Bunbury had an estimated population of almost 32,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Education support', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dawul Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doon Doon Station via Kununurra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kununurra,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Kununurra is a town in far northern Western Australia located at the eastern extremity of the Kimberley approximately 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) from the border with the Northern Territory . Kununurra was initiated to service the Ord River Irrigation Scheme . Kununurra is the largest town in Western Australia north of Broome , with the closest town being Wyndham , 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away . Kununurra is 3,040 kilometres ( 1,889 mi ) from Perth via the Great Northern Highway . The town is situated in among the scenic hills and ranges of the far north-east Kimberley Region , having an abundance of fresh water , conserved by the Ord River Diversion dam and the main Ord River Dam . The tropical agriculture crops grown in the Ord River Irrigation Area ( ORIA ) have changed over the years . Tourism and mining have also become important to the local economy .'}]}, {'value': 'Wyndham-East Kimberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Wyndham-East_Kimberley', 'summary': "The Shire of Wyndham East Kimberley is one of the four local government areas in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia , covering an area of 117,514 square kilometres ( 45,372 sq mi ) at Western Australia 's northeastern corner . The Shire 's seat of government was originally in Wyndham but now in the town of Kununurra , which is home to over half of the Shire 's permanent population of around 7,000 ( ABS 2016 ) , while a council office is located at Wyndham . El Questro Wilderness Park , Drysdale River National Park , Lake Argyle , the Argyle diamond mine and about half of Gibb River Road are located within the Shire 's boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Djidi Djidi Aboriginal School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glen Iris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bunbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Bunbury', 'summary': 'The City of Bunbury is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia , covering an area of 65.7 square kilometres ( 25.4 sq mi ) along the coast about 180 kilometres ( 112 mi ) south of Perth , the capital of Western Australia . The City of Bunbury is one of four local governments comprising the Greater Bunbury sub-region . As at the 2016 Census , the City of Bunbury had an estimated population of almost 32,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aboriginal specialist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Djugerari Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherrabun Station via Fitzroy Crossing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherrabun_Station', 'summary': 'Cherrabun or Cherrabun Station is a pastoral lease and that once operated as a sheep station but presently operates as a cattle station located in Western Australia . Situated about 68 kilometres ( 42 mi ) south of the Bayulu Community and about 238 kilometres ( 148 mi ) west of Halls Creek in the Kimberley region . Cherrabun was formed when Gogo Station was carved up into three separate properties ; Cherrabun , Margaret Downs ( known as Gogo ) and Christmas Creek . This followed a revision of the Land Act in 1911 restricting holdings to a size of one million acres . Gogo was owned by the Emanuel brothers who also owned Meda Station . The area was struck by drought between 1951 and 1953 with the number of cattle being reduced by half . This was the first drought suffered by pastoralists in 70 years with many hurriedly sinking bores and buying feed to keep their stock alive . Other nearby properties that were affected in Noonkanbah , Liveringa , Quandan , Gogo , Glenroy , Fossil Downs , Luiligui , Christmas Creek and Bohemia Downs Station . The Walmatjarri artist Jimmy Pike lived as a fringe-dweller around Cherrabun in the 1950s , he eventually joined relatives at the station camp and worked as a stockman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fitzroy_Crossing,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Fitzroy Crossing is a small town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) east of Broome and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) west of Halls Creek . It is approximately 2,524 kilometres ( 1,568 mi ) from the state capital of Perth . It is 114 metres ( 374 ft ) above sea level and is situated on a low rise surrounded by the vast floodplains of the Fitzroy River and its tributary Margaret River . At the 2016 census , the population of the Fitzroy Crossing town-site was 1,297 ; with a further 2,000 or so people living in up to 50 Aboriginal communities scattered throughout the Fitzroy Valley . About 80% of the Fitzroy Valley population were Indigenous Australians with a split of closer to 60/40 ( indigenous/non-indigenous ) in the townsite . Tourism , cattle stations and mining are the main industries in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Derby-West Kimberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Derby-West_Kimberley', 'summary': "The Shire of Derby-West Kimberley is one of four local government areas in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia , covering an area of 104,080 square kilometres ( 40,186 sq mi ) , most of which is sparsely populated . The Shire 's population as at the 2016 Census was almost 8,000 , with most residing in the major towns of Derby , which is also the Shire 's seat of government , and Fitzroy Crossing . There are also around 70 Aboriginal communities within the Shire . The major industries of the shire include sheep and cattle for export , fishing , and tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-7 ; Walmajarri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gascoyne Junction Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gascoyne Junction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gascoyne_Junction,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Gascoyne Junction is a small town in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia , inland from Carnarvon on the junction of the Gascoyne River and Lyons River . At the 2006 census , Gascoyne Junction had a population of 149 .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper Gascoyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Upper_Gascoyne', 'summary': 'The Shire of Upper Gascoyne is a local government area in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia , inland from Carnarvon and about 1,000 kilometres ( 621 mi ) north of the state capital , Perth . The Shire has an area of 57,939 square kilometres ( 22,370 sq mi ) , much of which is uninhabited land or sparsely vegetated sheep station country , and its seat of government is the small town of Gascoyne Junction . It has a population of 278 ( 2016 census ) , 58% of whom identify as Aboriginal .'}]}, {'value': 'Gascoyne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holland Street School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geraldton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geraldton', 'summary': 'Geraldton is a coastal city in the Mid West region of the Australian state of Western Australia , 424 kilometres ( 263 mi ) north of the state capital , Perth . At June 2018 , Geraldton had an urban population of 37,648 . Geraldton is the seat of government for the City of Greater Geraldton , which also incorporates the town of Mullewa , Walkaway and large rural areas previously forming the shires of Greenough and Mullewa . The Port of Geraldton is a major west coast seaport . Geraldton is an important service and logistics centre for regional mining , fishing , wheat , sheep and tourism industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Greater Geraldton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Greater_Geraldton', 'summary': 'The City of Greater Geraldton is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia , 424 kilometres ( 263 mi ) north of the state capital , Perth on the Indian Ocean . It covers an area of 12,625.5 square kilometres ( 4,874.7 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Geraldton . It was established on 1 July 2011 following the amalgamation of the Shire of Mullewa and the City of Geraldton-Greenough , itself a product of a 2007 amalgamation between the City of Geraldton and Shire of Greenough .'}]}, {'value': 'Mid West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Education support', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jigalong Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jigalong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jigalong,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Jigalong is a remote Australian Indigenous community of approximately 333 people located in Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'East Pilbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_East_Pilbara', 'summary': "The Shire of East Pilbara is one of the four local government areas in the Pilbara region of Western Australia , and with an area close to 380,000 square kilometres ( 147,000 sq mi ) , is the third largest municipality in the world , after two new municipalities in Greenland ( Avannaata and Sermersooq , with each around 650,000 km2 ) . The municipality is bigger than many countries , for example Finland and is comparable to Japan . The Shire 's seat of government , and home to nearly half the Shire 's population , is the town of Newman in the shire 's south-west ."}]}, {'value': 'Pilbara', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-12 ; Martu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jundranung Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glen Hill Station via Kununurra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kununurra,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Kununurra is a town in far northern Western Australia located at the eastern extremity of the Kimberley approximately 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) from the border with the Northern Territory . Kununurra was initiated to service the Ord River Irrigation Scheme . Kununurra is the largest town in Western Australia north of Broome , with the closest town being Wyndham , 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away . Kununurra is 3,040 kilometres ( 1,889 mi ) from Perth via the Great Northern Highway . The town is situated in among the scenic hills and ranges of the far north-east Kimberley Region , having an abundance of fresh water , conserved by the Ord River Diversion dam and the main Ord River Dam . The tropical agriculture crops grown in the Ord River Irrigation Area ( ORIA ) have changed over the years . Tourism and mining have also become important to the local economy .'}]}, {'value': 'Wyndham-East Kimberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Wyndham-East_Kimberley', 'summary': "The Shire of Wyndham East Kimberley is one of the four local government areas in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia , covering an area of 117,514 square kilometres ( 45,372 sq mi ) at Western Australia 's northeastern corner . The Shire 's seat of government was originally in Wyndham but now in the town of Kununurra , which is home to over half of the Shire 's permanent population of around 7,000 ( ABS 2016 ) , while a council office is located at Wyndham . El Questro Wilderness Park , Drysdale River National Park , Lake Argyle , the Argyle diamond mine and about half of Gibb River Road are located within the Shire 's boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalgoorlie School of the Air', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalgoorlie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Kalgoorlie-Boulder , known colloquially as just Kalgoorlie , is a city in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , located 595 km ( 370 mi ) east-northeast of Perth at the end of the Great Eastern Highway . The city was founded in 1889 by the amalgamation of the towns of Kalgoorlie and Boulder , which developed in 1893 during the Coolgardie gold rush , on Western Australia 's Golden Mile . It is also the ultimate destination of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme and the Golden Pipeline Heritage Trail . At June 2018 , Kalgoorlie-Boulder had an estimated urban population of 29,849 , a decline from the recent peak of 32,966 in 2013 . The name Kalgoorlie is derived from the Wangai word Karlkurla or Kulgooluh , meaning place of the silky pears ."}]}, {'value': 'Kalgoorlie-Boulder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Kalgoorlie-Boulder', 'summary': "The City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder is a local government area in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , about 550 kilometres ( 342 mi ) east of the state capital , Perth . The City covers an area of 95,575 square kilometres ( 36,902 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Kalgoorlie ; all but 244 of the city 's population live in either Kalgoorlie or Boulder ."}]}, {'value': 'Goldfields', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalumburu Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalumburu Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalumburu,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Kalumburu ( postcode 6740 ) and Kalumburu Community ( formerly Drysdale River Mission ) are both bounded localities within the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley Western Australia . Kalumburu Community is the northernmost settlement in Western Australia . According to the 2011 census , it has a population of 412 people and is inhabited mostly by Aboriginal people from the Wunambal and Kwini language groups . Kalumburu Community is remote from any main roads - the nearest is the Gibb River Road , 270 km to the south via the Kalumburu Road . It was the site of a World War II airbase , which was attacked by Japanese planes in 1943 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wyndham-East Kimberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Wyndham-East_Kimberley', 'summary': "The Shire of Wyndham East Kimberley is one of the four local government areas in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia , covering an area of 117,514 square kilometres ( 45,372 sq mi ) at Western Australia 's northeastern corner . The Shire 's seat of government was originally in Wyndham but now in the town of Kununurra , which is home to over half of the Shire 's permanent population of around 7,000 ( ABS 2016 ) , while a council office is located at Wyndham . El Questro Wilderness Park , Drysdale River National Park , Lake Argyle , the Argyle diamond mine and about half of Gibb River Road are located within the Shire 's boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-12 ; Kwini', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kimberley School of the Air', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derby,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Derby ( /ˈdɜːrbi/ DUR-bee ) is a town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia . At the 2016 census , Derby had a population of 3,325 with 47.2% of Aboriginal descent . Along with Broome and Kununurra , it is one of only three towns in the Kimberley to have a population over 2,000 . Located on King Sound , Derby has the highest tides in Australia , with the peak differential between low and high tide reaching 11.8 metres ( 39 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Derby-West Kimberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Derby-West_Kimberley', 'summary': "The Shire of Derby-West Kimberley is one of four local government areas in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia , covering an area of 104,080 square kilometres ( 40,186 sq mi ) , most of which is sparsely populated . The Shire 's population as at the 2016 Census was almost 8,000 , with most residing in the major towns of Derby , which is also the Shire 's seat of government , and Fitzroy Crossing . There are also around 70 Aboriginal communities within the Shire . The major industries of the shire include sheep and cattle for export , fishing , and tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Grange Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bidyadanga Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bidyadanga,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Lagrange Bay is located 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) south of Broome , Western Australia in the Kimberley region . It is the site of the Catholic Pallottine La Grange Mission , and the Aboriginal community of Bidyadanga . It was the location of the La Grange massacre and expedition in 1865 .'}]}, {'value': 'Broome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Broome', 'summary': "The Shire of Broome is one of the four local government areas in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia , covering an area of 55,796 square kilometres ( 21,543 sq mi ) , most of which is sparsely populated . The Shire 's estimated population as at the 2016 census was 16,222 most of whom reside in the town of Broome . Many Aboriginal communities are within the Shire , notably Beagle Bay and Bardi ( One Arm Point ) . The Shire of Broome includes the Rowley Shoals 260 km ( 162 mi ) to the west ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-12 ; largest RCS in state', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laverton Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laverton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laverton,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Laverton , originally known as British Flag , is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , and the centre of administration for the Shire of Laverton . The town of Laverton is located at the western edge of the Great Victoria Desert , 957 kilometres ( 595 mi ) north-northeast of the state capital , Perth , and 124 kilometres ( 77 mi ) east-northeast of the town of Leonora with an elevation of 461 m. About 20% of the population is of Aboriginal descent . The area is semi-arid , with a mean annual rainfall of 233 millimetres ( 9.2 in ) . It is also quite warm , with mean daily maximum temperatures ranging from 17 °C ( 62 °F ) in July to 36 °C ( 97 °F ) in January . Laverton is the westernmost town on the Outback Way - a proposed highway which goes through the Northern Territory to Winton in outback Queensland .'}]}, {'value': 'Laverton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Laverton', 'summary': 'The Shire of Laverton is a local government area in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , about 370 kilometres ( 230 mi ) northeast of the city of Kalgoorlie and about 950 kilometres ( 590 mi ) east-northeast of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 179,798 square kilometres ( 69,420 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Laverton .'}]}, {'value': 'Goldfields', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1901-2005 called Laverton PS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looma Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looma Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looma_Community,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Looma is an Aboriginal community about 120 km south-east of Derby adjacent the Fitzroy River . At the 2011 census , Looma had a population of 374 .'}]}, {'value': 'Derby-West Kimberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Derby-West_Kimberley', 'summary': "The Shire of Derby-West Kimberley is one of four local government areas in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia , covering an area of 104,080 square kilometres ( 40,186 sq mi ) , most of which is sparsely populated . The Shire 's population as at the 2016 Census was almost 8,000 , with most residing in the major towns of Derby , which is also the Shire 's seat of government , and Fitzroy Crossing . There are also around 70 Aboriginal communities within the Shire . The major industries of the shire include sheep and cattle for export , fishing , and tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-12 ; prim . Walmajarri ; formerly DHS ( 1998-2003 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meekatharra School of the Air', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meekatharra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meekatharra,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Meekatharra is a town in the Mid West region of Western Australia . Meekatharra is a Yamatji word meaning 'place of little water ' . At the 2016 census , Meekatharra had a population of 708 , with 34.0% being of Aboriginal descent . Meekatharra is a major supply centre for the pastoral and mining area in the Murchison region of Western Australia . It is located 764 km ( 475 mi ) north-east of Perth and may be reached by the Great Northern Highway . It is a centre for sheep and cattle transshipment , initially by rail but now by road trains . It is also a regional home to the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the School of the Air . It is connected by public transport to Geraldton with connections to Perth via Transwa coach service N4 . No viable horticultural industry exists in the area , although extensive but poor cattle stations in the Murchison and Gascoyne exist . Meekatharra underwent a significant gold rush during the mining boom of the 1980s , with mining continuing until May 2004 at St Barbara Mines 's Bluebird Gold Mine . Exploration restarted in the area and St Barbara sold out to a company known as Mercator Gold in October 2005 . Mercator Gold then conducted an extensive drilling programme and re-opened the mill , commencing production in early October 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Meekatharra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Meekatharra', 'summary': 'The Shire of Meekatharra is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia , about halfway between the town of Port Hedland and the state capital , Perth , Western Australia . The Shire covers an area of 100,789 square kilometres ( 38,915 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Meekatharra .'}]}, {'value': 'Mid West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Menzies Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Menzies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Menzies,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Menzies is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , 728 kilometres ( 452 mi ) east-northeast of the state capital , Perth , and 133 kilometres ( 83 mi ) north-northwest of the city of Kalgoorlie . At the 2016 census , Menzies had a population of 108 . Aboriginal people have lived in this area since time immemorial , and the local group are the Kaburn Bardu .'}]}, {'value': 'Menzies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Menzies', 'summary': 'The Shire of Menzies is a local government area in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia located to the north of Kalgoorlie . It covers an area of 124,635 square kilometres ( 48,122 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Menzies .'}]}, {'value': 'Goldfields', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-12 ; 1897-1993 called Menzies Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Margaret Remote Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Via Laverton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laverton,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Laverton , originally known as British Flag , is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , and the centre of administration for the Shire of Laverton . The town of Laverton is located at the western edge of the Great Victoria Desert , 957 kilometres ( 595 mi ) north-northeast of the state capital , Perth , and 124 kilometres ( 77 mi ) east-northeast of the town of Leonora with an elevation of 461 m. About 20% of the population is of Aboriginal descent . The area is semi-arid , with a mean annual rainfall of 233 millimetres ( 9.2 in ) . It is also quite warm , with mean daily maximum temperatures ranging from 17 °C ( 62 °F ) in July to 36 °C ( 97 °F ) in January . Laverton is the westernmost town on the Outback Way - a proposed highway which goes through the Northern Territory to Winton in outback Queensland .'}]}, {'value': 'Laverton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Laverton', 'summary': 'The Shire of Laverton is a local government area in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , about 370 kilometres ( 230 mi ) northeast of the city of Kalgoorlie and about 950 kilometres ( 590 mi ) east-northeast of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 179,798 square kilometres ( 69,420 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Laverton .'}]}, {'value': 'Goldfields', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-7 ; formerly a mission ( from 1920s )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Public schools -- Other schools', 'section_text': 'This is a list of all other schools operated by , or under , the Western Australian Department of Education and Training . These include special schools for the disabled , the School of the Air and remote community schools which usually represent an Aboriginal community and typically offer a multilingual education in the local language and/or Kriol , and English . While some of these remote schools are new and have been established on behalf of the community , others were previously mission schools and were funded and operated by religious orders or private benefactors .', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_rural_Western_Australia_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the state of Western Australia, located outside the Perth metropolitan area. The Western Australian education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6, and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12. Previously primary schools accounted for Year 7 education, but in 2015 all Western Australian schools transitioned Year 7 to be a part of the high school system. In country areas, District High Schools serve as both a primary and a junior high school, with students generally commuting to or boarding at larger towns to finish the last two years of their education.'} | null | null | What was the town where the school was built in 1901 originally known as ? | British Flag |
056398bf7f30926b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_spaceflight', 'title': '2008 in spaceflight', 'header': ['Family', 'Country', 'Launches', 'Successes', 'Failures', 'Partial failures'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ariane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "Ariane is a series of a European civilian expendable launch vehicles for space launch use . The name comes from the French spelling of the mythological character Ariadne . France first proposed the Ariane project and it was officially agreed upon at the end of 1973 after discussions between France , Germany and the UK . The project was Western Europe 's second attempt to develop its own launcher following the unsuccessful Europa project . The Ariane project was code-named L3S ( the French abbreviation for third-generation substitution launcher ) . The European Space Agency ( ESA ) charged Airbus Defence and Space , with the development of all Ariane launchers and of the testing facilities , while Arianespace , a 32.5% CNES ( French government space agency ) commercial subsidiary created in 1980 , handles production , operations and marketing . Arianespace launches Ariane rockets from the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou in French Guiana ."}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "Atlas is a family of US missiles and space launch vehicles that originated with the SM-65 Atlas . The Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) program was initiated in the late 1950s under the Convair Division of General Dynamics . Atlas was a liquid propellant rocket burning RP-1 fuel with liquid oxygen in three engines configured in an unusual stage-and-a-half or parallel staging design : two outboard booster engines were jettisoned along with supporting structures during ascent , while the center sustainer engine , propellant tanks and other structural elements remained connected through propellant depletion and engine shutdown . The Atlas name was originally proposed by Karel Bossart and his design team working at Convair on project MX-1593 . Using the name of a mighty titan from Greek mythology reflected the missile 's place as the biggest and most powerful at the time . It also reflected the parent company of Convair , the Atlas Corporation . The missiles saw only brief ICBM service , and the last squadron was taken off operational alert in 1965 . However , from 1962 to 1963 Atlas boosters launched the first four US astronauts to orbit the Earth ( in contrast to the preceding two Redstone suborbital launches ) . The Atlas-Agena and Atlas-Centaur satellite launch vehicles were also derived directly from the original Atlas . The Atlas-Centaur was evolved into the Atlas II , various models of which were launched 63 times between 1991 and 2004 . There were only six launches of the succeeding Atlas III , all between 2000 and 2005 . The Atlas V is still in service , with launches planned into the 2020s ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)', 'summary': 'Delta is an American versatile family of expendable launch systems that has provided space launch capability in the United States since 1960 . More than 300 Delta rockets have been launched with a 95% success rate . Only the Delta IV Heavy rocket remains in use as of August 22 , 2019 . Delta rockets are currently manufactured and launched by the United Launch Alliance .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'H-II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H-II_(rocket_family)', 'summary': 'This is a list of launches made by JAXA using H-II , H-IIA , H-IIB and H3 rockets .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Falcon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falcon_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "SpaceX manufactures launch vehicles to operate its launch provider services and to execute its various exploration goals . SpaceX currently manufactures and operates the Falcon 9 Full Thrust family of medium-lift launch vehicles and the Falcon Heavy family of heavy-lift launch vehicles - both of which powered by SpaceX 's Merlin engines and employing VTVL technologies to reuse the first stage . As of 2019 , the company is also developing the fully reusable Starship launch system , which will replace the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy . SpaceX 's first launch vehicle family , the Falcon 1 , was the first privately developed liquid fuel launch vehicle to be launched into orbit , and utilized SpaceX 's Merlin and Kestrel engines for its first and second stages , respectively . It was launched five times from Omelek Island between 2006 and 2009 - the Falcon 1e and Falcon 5 variants were planned but never developed . The Falcon 9 v1.0 series of launch vehicles , utilizing upgraded Merlin engines on both its stages , was developed as part of the United States Air Force 's Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program and NASA 's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program . It was first launched from Cape Canaveral in 2010 and later replaced by the Falcon 9 v1.1 series in 2013 , which was also launched from Vandenberg . The Falcon 9 Full Thrust and Falcon Heavy variants followed in 2015 and 2018 , and are both launched from Kennedy , in addition to Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long March', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "A Long March rocket is any rocket in a family of expendable launch systems operated by the People 's Republic of China . Development and design falls under the auspices of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology . In English , the rockets are abbreviated as LM- for export and CZ- within China , as Chang Zheng means Long March in Chinese pinyin . The rockets are named after the Long March of Chinese communist history . ( In simplified Chinese : 长征系列运载火箭 ; traditional Chinese : 長征系列運載火箭 ; pinyin : Chángzhēng xìliè yùnzài huǒjiàn or Changzheng rocket . )"}]}, {'value': "People 's Republic of China", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pegasus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)', 'summary': 'The Pegasus is an air-launched rocket developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation ( now part of Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems after Northrop Grumman acquired Orbital ATK ) . Capable of carrying small payloads of up to 443 kilograms ( 977 lb ) into low Earth orbit , Pegasus first flew in 1990 and remains active as of 2019 [ update ] . The vehicle consists of three solid propellant stages and an optional monopropellant fourth stage . Pegasus is released from its carrier aircraft at approximately 40,000 ft ( 12,000 m ) , and its first stage has a wing and a tail to provide lift and attitude control while in the atmosphere . Notably , the first stage does not have a Thrust Vector Control ( TVC ) system .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PSLV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle', 'summary': "The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ( PSLV ) is an expendable medium-lift launch vehicle designed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing ( IRS ) satellites into sun-synchronous orbits , a service that was , until the advent of the PSLV in 1993 , commercially available only from Russia . PSLV can also launch small size satellites into Geostationary Transfer Orbit ( GTO ) . Some notable payloads launched by PSLV include India 's first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1 , India 's first interplanetary mission , Mars Orbiter Mission ( Mangalyaan ) and India 's first space observatory , Astrosat . PSLV has gained credence as a leading provider of rideshare services for smallsats , due its numerous multi-satellite deployment campaigns with auxiliary payloads usually ride sharing along an Indian primary payload . As of December 2019 , PSLV has launched 319 foreign satellites from 33 countries . Most notable among these was the launch of PSLV C37 on 15 February 2017 successfully deploying 104 satellites in sun-synchronous orbit , tripling the previous record held by Russia for the highest number of satellites sent to space on a single launch . Payloads can be integrated in tandem configuration employing a Dual Launch Adapter . Smaller payloads are also placed on equipment deck and customized payload adapters ."}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "The R-7 family of rockets ( Russian : Р-7 ) is a series of rockets , derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka , the world 's first ICBM . More R-7 rockets have been launched than any other family of large rockets . When Soviet nuclear warheads became lighter , the R-7 turned out to be impractical as a ballistic missile . It was not necessary to launch such heavy payloads in a military application . The rockets became useful in the Soviet , and later , Russian space programmes with long-term development . Their purpose shifted primarily to launching satellites , probes , manned and unmanned spacecraft , and other non-threatening payloads . The R-7 family consists of both missiles and orbital carrier rockets . Derivatives include the Vostok , Voskhod and Soyuz rockets , which as of 2019 have been used for all Soviet , and later Russian human spaceflights . The type has a unique configuration where four break-away liquid-fueled engines surround a central core . The core acts as , in effect , a second stage after the other four engines are jettisoned . These rockets are expendable . Later modifications were standardised around the Soyuz design ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-14_Chusovaya', 'summary': 'The R-14 Chusovaya ( Russian : Чусовая ) was a single stage Intermediate-range ballistic missile developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War . It was given the NATO reporting name SS-5 Skean and was known by GRAU index 8K65 . It was designed by Mikhail Yangel . Chusovaya is the name of a river in Russia . Line production was undertaken by Facility No . 1001 in Krasnoyarsk .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-36', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-36_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "The R-36 ( Russian : Р-36 ) is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) and space launch vehicles ( Tsyklon ) designed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War . The original R-36 was deployed under the GRAU index 8K67 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp . It was able to carry three warheads and was the first Soviet MIRV ( multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle ) missile . The later version , the R-36M was produced under the GRAU designations 15A14 and 15A18 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-18 Satan . This missile was viewed by certain United States analysts as giving the Soviet Union first strike advantage over the U.S. , particularly because of its rapid silo-reload ability , very heavy throw weight and extremely large number of re-entry vehicles . Some versions of the R-36M were deployed with 10 warheads and up to 40 penetration aids and the missile 's high throw-weight made it theoretically capable of carrying more warheads or penetration aids . Contemporary U.S. missiles , such as the Minuteman III , carried up to three warheads at most . The R-36 became the base for the Tsyklon launch vehicles family . As of early 2018 , Cyclone-4M , the last modification of it , is developed and planned for launch in 2020 . Russia intends to replace the R-36M with a new heavy ICBM , the RS-28 Sarmat ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safir_(rocket)', 'summary': 'The Safir ( Persian : سفیر , meaning ambassador ) is the first Iranian expendable launch vehicle that is able to place a satellite in orbit . The first successful orbital launch using the Safir launch system took place on 2 February 2009 when a Safir carrier rocket placed the Omid satellite into an orbit with a 245.2 km ( 152.4 mi ) apogee . The Simorgh is a larger launcher based on Safir technology , and sometimes called the Safir-2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Space Shuttle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Space_Shuttle', 'summary': "The Space Shuttle is a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) as part of the Space Shuttle program . Its official program name was Space Transportation System ( STS ) , taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development . The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 . In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled , five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 , launched from the Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) in Florida . Operational missions launched numerous satellites , interplanetary probes , and the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ; conducted science experiments in orbit ; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station . The Shuttle fleet 's total mission time was 1322 days , 19 hours , 21 minutes and 23 seconds . Shuttle components include the Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) with three clustered Rocketdyne RS-25 main engines , a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters ( SRBs ) , and the expendable external tank ( ET ) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . The Space Shuttle was launched vertically , like a conventional rocket , with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV 's three main engines , which were fueled from the ET . The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit , and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion , which used the orbiter 's two Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines . At the conclusion of the mission , the orbiter fired its OMS to deorbit and reenter the atmosphere . The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing , usually to the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center , Florida or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base , California . After landing at Edwards , the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , a specially modified Boeing 747 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal Rocket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Rocket', 'summary': 'The Universal Rocket or UR family of missiles and carrier rockets is a Russian , previously Soviet rocket family . Intended to allow the same technology to be used in all Soviet rockets , the UR is produced by the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center . Several variants were originally planned , of which only three flew , and only two of which entered service . In addition , the cancelled UR-500 ICBM formed the basis for the Proton carrier rocket .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zenit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "Zenit ( Ukrainian : Зеніт , Russian : Зени́т ; meaning Zenith ) is a family of space launch vehicles designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnipro , Ukraine , which was then part of the Soviet Union . Zenit was originally built in the 1980s for two purposes : as a liquid rocket booster for the Energia rocket and , equipped with a second stage , as a stand-alone middle-weight launcher with a payload greater than the 7 tonnes of the Soyuz but smaller than the 20 tonnes payload of the Proton . The last rocket family developed in the USSR , the Zenit was intended as an eventual replacement for the dated R-7 and Proton families , and it would employ propellants which were safer and less toxic than the Proton 's nitrogen tetroxide/UDMH mix . Zenit was planned to take over crewed spaceship launches from Soyuz , but these plans were abandoned after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Zenit-3SL is launched by the Sea Launch consortium 's floating launch platform in the Pacific Ocean and Zenit-2 is launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . The engines of the Zenit 's first and second stages as well as the upper stage of the Zenit-3SL rocket are supplied by Russia . There are plans to use an improved Zenit-3SLB rocket for commercial launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome beginning in April 2008 . This service is marketed as Land Launch . Zenit-3SL has launched 36 times with 32 successes , one partial success , and three failures . The first failure , the launch of a Hughes-built communications satellite owned by ICO Global Communications , occurred during the second commercial launch on March 12 , 2000 and was blamed on a software error that failed to close a valve in the second stage of the rocket . The second failure occurred on January 30 , 2007 when the rocket exploded on the Odyssey launch platform , seconds after engine ignition . The NSS-8 communication satellite on board was destroyed ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine / Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Orbital launch statistics -- By rocket', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2008_in_spaceflight_1', 'intro': 'The year 2008 contained several significant events in spaceflight, including the first flyby of Mercury by a spacecraft since 1975, the discovery of water ice on Mars by the Phoenix spacecraft, which landed in May, the first Chinese spacewalk in September, and the launch of the first Indian Lunar probe in October.'} | null | null | Which countries does the families R-7 , R-14 , Universal Rocket , and Zenit belong to ? | Russia |
05639bee1c5c925d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roller_coaster_related_video_games', 'title': 'List of roller coaster related video games', 'header': ['Year', 'Game', 'Platform', 'Developer', 'Publisher'], 'data': [{'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coaster_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Coaster is a 1993 video game developed by American studio Code To Go and published by Walt Disney Computer Software for DOS .'}]}, {'value': 'MS-DOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS-DOS', 'summary': "MS-DOS ( /ˌɛmˌɛsˈdɒs/ em-es-DOSS ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System ) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft . Collectively , MS-DOS , its rebranding as IBM PC DOS , and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS , are sometimes referred to as DOS ( which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system ) . MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s , from which point it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface ( GUI ) , in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system . IBM licensed and re-released it in 1981 , as PC DOS 1.0 for use in its PCs . Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM , the two products diverged after twelve years , in 1993 , with recognizable differences in compatibility , syntax , and capabilities . During its lifetime , several competing products were released for the x86 platform , and MS-DOS went through eight versions , until development ceased in 2000 . Initially , MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system , but application software and user data as well . Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats , along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures . Ultimately , it was the key product in Microsoft 's development from a programming language company to a diverse software development firm , providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources . It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI . It is a flexible operating system , and consumes negligible installation space ."}]}, {'value': 'Code To Go', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walt Disney Computer Software , Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Disney_Computer_Software,_Inc.', 'summary': 'Disney Interactive Studios , Inc. ( originally established as Walt Disney Computer Software , Disney Interactive , Buena Vista Interactive , and Buena Vista Games ) was an American video game developer and publisher owned by The Walt Disney Company through Disney Interactive . Prior to its closure in 2016 , it developed and distributed multi-platform video games and interactive entertainment worldwide . Most of the games released by Disney Interactive Studios were typically tie-in products to existing character franchises . On May 10 , 2016 , as a result of the discontinuation of its Disney Infinity series , Disney shut down Disney Interactive Studios , and exited the first party home console game development business in order to focus on third-party development of home console video games through other developers such as Electronic Arts ( Star Wars games ) , WB Games ( owned by rival company Warner Bros. , which handles the publishing of Disney-related Lego video games and Cars 3 : Driven to Win ) , Bandai Namco Entertainment , Square Enix ( Kingdom Hearts ) , and Capcom ( several Disney games and Marvel vs. Capcom ) . However , it continues to release games for iOS and Android devices under its own label , Disney Mobile . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theme_Park_(video_game)', 'summary': "Theme Park is a construction and management simulation video game developed by Bullfrog Productions and published by Electronic Arts in 1994 . The player designs and operates an amusement park , with the goal of making money and creating theme parks worldwide . The game is the first instalment in Bullfrog 's Theme series and their Designer Series . Development took about a year and a half , with the team aiming for as much realism as possible . Certain features , including multiplayer , were dropped . Over 15 million copies were sold [ citation needed ] , and ports for various games consoles were released , most in 1995 . Theme Park received generally positive reviews . Reviewers praised the gameplay and humour , but criticised console ports for reasons such as lack of save or mouse support . The game received a Japanese localisation ( in addition to normal Japanese releases ) , Shin Theme Park , released in 1997 for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation , and remakes for the Nintendo DS and iOS , released in 2007 and 2011 respectively . Theme Hospital is Bullfrog 's thematic successor to the game , and two direct sequels followed : Theme Park World ( known as Sim Theme Park in some territories ) and Theme Park Inc ( also known as SimCoaster ) ."}]}, {'value': 'MS-DOS , Amiga , 3DO , Sega Genesis , Sega CD , Amiga CD32 , Mac OS , Atari Jaguar , FM Towns , Sega Saturn , PlayStation , SNES , Nintendo DS , iOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS-DOS', 'summary': "MS-DOS ( /ˌɛmˌɛsˈdɒs/ em-es-DOSS ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System ) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft . Collectively , MS-DOS , its rebranding as IBM PC DOS , and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS , are sometimes referred to as DOS ( which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system ) . MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s , from which point it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface ( GUI ) , in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system . IBM licensed and re-released it in 1981 , as PC DOS 1.0 for use in its PCs . Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM , the two products diverged after twelve years , in 1993 , with recognizable differences in compatibility , syntax , and capabilities . During its lifetime , several competing products were released for the x86 platform , and MS-DOS went through eight versions , until development ceased in 2000 . Initially , MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system , but application software and user data as well . Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats , along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures . Ultimately , it was the key product in Microsoft 's development from a programming language company to a diverse software development firm , providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources . It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI . It is a flexible operating system , and consumes negligible installation space ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amiga', 'summary': "The Amiga is a family of personal computers introduced by Commodore in 1985 . The original model was part of a series of 16/32- and 32-bit computers that featured 256 KB or more of RAM , mouse-based GUIs , and significantly improved graphics and audio over 8-bit systems . This wave included the Atari ST - released the same year - Apple 's Macintosh , and later the Apple IIGS . Based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor , the Amiga differed from its contemporaries through the inclusion of custom hardware to accelerate graphics and sound , including sprites and a blitter , and a pre-emptive multitasking operating system called AmigaOS . The Amiga 1000 was released in July 1985 , but a series of production problems kept it from becoming widely available until early 1986 . The best selling model , the Amiga 500 , was introduced in 1987 and became one of the leading home computers of the late 1980s and early 1990s with four to six million sold . The A3000 was introduced in 1990 , followed by the A500+ , and the A600 in March 1992 . Finally , the A1200 and the A4000 were released in late 1992 . The platform became particularly popular for gaming and programming demos . It also found a prominent role in the desktop video , video production , and show control business , leading to video editing systems such as the Video Toaster . The Amiga 's native ability to simultaneously play back multiple digital sound samples made it a popular platform for early tracker music software . The relatively powerful processor and ability to access several megabytes of memory enabled the development of 3D rendering packages , including LightWave 3D , Imagine , Aladdin4D , TurboSilver and Traces , a predecessor to Blender ."}, {'url': '/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer', 'summary': "The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer , often called the 3DO , is a home video game console developed by The 3DO Company . Conceived by entrepreneur and Electronic Arts founder Trip Hawkins , the 3DO was not a console manufactured by the company itself , but a series of specifications , originally designed by Dave Needle and R. J. Mical of New Technologies Group , that could be licensed by third parties . Panasonic produced the first models in 1993 , and further renditions of the hardware were released in 1994 by GoldStar ( now LG Electronics ) and in 1995 by Sanyo . Despite a highly promoted launch ( including being named Time magazine 's 1993 Product of the Year ) and a host of cutting-edge technologies , the 3DO 's high price and an oversaturated console market prevented the system from achieving success comparable to veteran competitors Sega and Nintendo . As a result , it was discontinued in late 1996 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega_Genesis', 'summary': "The Sega Genesis , known as the Mega Drive [ b ] outside North America , is a 16-bit home video game console developed and sold by Sega . The Genesis is Sega 's third console and the successor to the Master System . Sega released it as the Mega Drive in Japan in 1988 , and later as the Genesis in North America in 1989 . In 1990 , it was distributed as the Mega Drive by Virgin Mastertronic in Europe , Ozisoft in Australasia , and Tec Toy in Brazil . In South Korea , it was distributed by Samsung as the Super Gam*Boy and later the Super Aladdin Boy . [ c ] Designed by an R & D team supervised by Hideki Sato and Masami Ishikawa , the Genesis was adapted from Sega 's System 16 arcade board , centered on a Motorola 68000 processor as the CPU , a Zilog Z80 as a sound controller , and a video system supporting hardware sprites , tiles , and scrolling . It plays a library of more than 900 games created by Sega and a wide array of third-party publishers delivered on ROM-based cartridges . Several add-ons were released , including a Power Base Converter to play Master System games . It was released in several different versions , some created by third parties . Sega created two network services to support the Genesis : Sega Meganet and Sega Channel . In Japan , the Mega Drive fared poorly against its two main competitors , Nintendo 's Super Famicom and NEC 's PC Engine ( aka TurboGrafx-\u206016 ) , but it achieved considerable success in North America , Brazil , and Europe . Contributing to its success were its library of arcade game ports , the popularity of Sega 's Sonic the Hedgehog series , several popular sports franchises , and aggressive youth marketing that positioned the system as the cool console for adolescents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega_CD', 'summary': 'The Sega CD , released as the Mega-CD [ a ] in most regions outside North America and Brazil , is a CD-ROM accessory for the Sega Genesis designed and produced by Sega as part of the fourth generation of video game consoles . It was released on December 12 , 1991 in Japan , October 15 , 1992 in North America , and April 2 , 1993 in Europe . The Sega CD plays CD-based games and adds hardware functionality such as a faster central processing unit and graphic enhancements . It can also play audio CDs and CD+G discs . The main benefit of CD technology was greater storage , which allowed for games to be nearly 320 times larger than Genesis cartridges . This benefit manifested as full motion video ( FMV ) games such as the controversial Night Trap , which became a focus of the 1993 congressional hearings on issues of video game violence and ratings . Sega of Japan partnered with JVC to design the Sega CD and refused to consult with Sega of America until the project was complete . Sega of America assembled parts from various dummy units to obtain a working prototype . It was redesigned several times by Sega and licensed third-party developers . While the Sega CD became known for several well received games such as Sonic CD and Lunar : Eternal Blue , its game library contained many Genesis ports and poorly received FMV games . 2.24 million Sega CD units were sold by March 1996 , after which Sega discontinued the system to focus on the Sega Saturn . Retrospective reception is mixed , with praise for individual games and additional functions , but criticism for its lack of deep games , high price , and support from Sega .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amiga_CD32', 'summary': "The Amiga CD32 , styled Amiga CD32 and code-named Spellbound , is a 32 bit home video game console developed by Commodore and released in western Europe , Australia , Canada and Brazil . It was first announced at the Science Museum in London on July 16 , 1993 , and was released in September of the same year . The CD32 is part of a family of Amiga computers and other hardware . It uses CD-ROM as its storage medium . It was based on Commodore 's Advanced Graphics Architecture chipset , and is of similar specification to the Amiga 1200 computer . Using third party devices , it is possible to upgrade the CD32 with keyboard , floppy drive , hard drive , RAM and mouse , turning it into the equivalent of an Amiga 1200 personal computer . A hardware MPEG decompression module for playing Video CD was also released . In the Christmas period following its launch , the CD32 accounted for 38% of all CD-ROM drive sales in the UK , exceeding sales of the Mega-CD ; however , it was soon overshadowed by CD-ROM based games consoles from other companies , and was discontinued as Commodore went into bankruptcy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mac_OS', 'summary': "The family of Macintosh operating systems developed by Apple Inc. includes the graphical user interface-based operating systems it has designed for use with its Macintosh series of personal computers since 1984 , as well as the related system software it once created for compatible third-party systems . In 1984 , Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the Classic Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software . The system , rebranded Mac OS in 1996 , was preinstalled on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh clones for a short time in the 1990s . Noted for its ease of use , it was also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors . The current Mac operating system is macOS , originally named Mac OS X until 2012 and then OS X until 2016 . Developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple 's purchase of NeXT , Mac OS X brought an entirely new architecture based on NeXTSTEP , a Unix system , that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced . The current macOS is preinstalled with every Mac and is updated annually . It is the basis of Apple 's current system software for its other devices - iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . Prior to the introduction of Mac OS X , Apple experimented with several other concepts , releasing different products designed to bring the Macintosh interface or applications to Unix-like systems or vice versa , A/UX , MAE , and MkLinux . Apple 's effort to expand upon and develop a replacement for its classic Mac OS in the 1990s led to a few cancelled projects , code named Star Trek , Taligent , and Copland . Although they have different architectures , the Macintosh operating systems share a common set of GUI principles , including a menu bar across the top of the screen ; the Finder shell , featuring a desktop metaphor that represents files and applications using icons and relates concepts like directories and file deletion to real-world objects like folders and a trash can ; and overlapping windows for multitasking ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atari_Jaguar', 'summary': "The Atari Jaguar is a 64-bit home video game console that was developed by Atari Corporation , originally released in North America in November 1993 . The Jaguar is Atari 's sixth programmable console . Controversially , Atari marketed the Jaguar as being the first 64-bit video game console , while competing with the existing 16-bit consoles ( Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System ) and the 32-bit 3DO Interactive Multiplayer platform ( which launched the same year ) . Development on the Atari Jaguar started in the early 1990s by Flare Technology . The Jaguar shipped with Cybermorph as the pack-in game . The multi-chip architecture , hardware bugs , and lacking developer support tools made game development difficult . Underwhelming sales further contributed to the console 's lack of third-party support . This , in addition to the lack of internal development at Atari , led to a games library comprising only 50 licensed titles , plus another 13 games on the Jaguar CD . Atari attempted to extend the lifespan of the system with the Atari Jaguar CD add-on and marketing the Jaguar as the low-cost next generation console , with a price tag over $ 100 less than any of its competitors . With the release of the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation in 1995 , sales of the Jaguar continued to fall , ultimately selling no more than 250,000 units before it was discontinued in 1996 . The commercial failure of the Jaguar prompted Atari to leave the video game console market . After Hasbro Interactive acquired all Atari properties in 1998 , the patents to the Jaguar were released into the public domain , with the console being declared an open platform ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FM_Towns', 'summary': 'FM Towns ( Japanese : エフエムタウンズ , Hepburn : Efu Emu Taunzu ) system is a Japanese variant of PC , built by Fujitsu from February 1989 to the summer of 1997 . It started as a proprietary PC variant intended for multimedia applications and PC games , but later became more compatible with regular PCs . In 1993 , the FM Towns Marty was released , a game console compatible with existing FM Towns games . The FM part of the name means Fujitsu Micro like their earlier products , while the Towns part is derived from the code name the system was assigned while in development , Townes . This refers to Charles Townes , one of the winners of the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics , following a custom of Fujitsu at the time to code name PC products after Nobel Prize winners . The e in Townes was dropped when the system went into production to make it clearer that the term was to be pronounced like the word towns rather than the potential tow-nes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega_Saturn', 'summary': "The Sega Saturn [ a ] [ b ] is a 32-bit fifth-generation home video game console developed by Sega and released on November 22 , 1994 in Japan , May 11 , 1995 in North America , and July 8 , 1995 in Europe . The successor to the successful Sega Genesis , the Saturn has a dual-CPU architecture and eight processors . Its games are in CD-ROM format , and its game library contains several arcade ports as well as original games . Development of the Saturn began in 1992 , the same year Sega 's groundbreaking 3D Model 1 arcade hardware debuted . The system was designed around a new CPU from Japanese electronics company Hitachi . Sega added another video display processor in early 1994 to better compete with Sony 's forthcoming PlayStation . The Saturn was initially successful in Japan , but failed to sell in large numbers in the United States after its surprise May 1995 launch , four months before its scheduled release date . After the debut of the Nintendo 64 in late 1996 , the Saturn rapidly lost market share in the U.S. , where it was discontinued in 1998 . Having sold 9.26 million units worldwide , the Saturn is considered a commercial failure . The failure of Sega 's development teams to release a game in the Sonic the Hedgehog series , known in development as Sonic X-treme , has been considered a factor in the console 's poor performance . Although the Saturn is remembered for several well regarded games , including Nights into Dreams , the Panzer Dragoon series , and the Virtua Fighter series , its reputation is mixed due to its complex hardware design and limited third-party support . Sega 's management has been criticized for its decisions during the system 's development and discontinuation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_(console)', 'summary': "The PlayStation [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as PS and commonly known as the PS1 or its codename PSX ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released on 3 December 1994 in Japan , on 9 September 1995 in North America , on 29 September 1995 in Europe , and on 15 November 1995 in Australia , and was the first of the PlayStation lineup of video game consoles . As a fifth generation console , the PlayStation primarily competed with the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn . The PlayStation was the first computer entertainment platform to ship over 100 million units , which it had reached nine years after its initial launch . In July 2000 , a redesigned , slim version called the PS one was released , replacing the original grey console and named appropriately to avoid confusion with its successor , the PlayStation 2 . The PlayStation 2 , which is backwards compatible with the PlayStation 's DualShock controller and games , was announced in 1999 and launched in 2000 . The last PS one units were sold in late 2006 to early 2007 shortly after it was officially discontinued , for a total of 102 million units shipped since its launch eleven years earlier . Games for the PlayStation continued to sell until Sony ceased production of both the PlayStation and PlayStation games on 23 March 2006 - over eleven years after it had been released , and less than a year before the debut of the PlayStation 3 . On 19 September 2018 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation Classic to mark the 24th anniversary of the original console . The new console is a miniature recreation of the original PlayStation , preloaded with 20 titles released on the original console , and was released on 3 December 2018 , the exact date the console was released in Japan in 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System', 'summary': "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) , [ b ] also known as the Super NES [ c ] or Super Nintendo , [ d ] is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea , [ citation needed ] 1991 in North America , 1992 in Europe and Australasia ( Oceania ) , and 1993 in South America . In Japan , the system is called the Super Famicom ( SFC ) . [ e ] In South Korea , it is known as the Super Comboy [ f ] and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics . The system was released in Brazil on August 30 , 1993 , by Playtronic . Although each version is essentially the same , several forms of regional lockout prevent the different cartridges from being compatible with one another . The SNES is Nintendo 's second programmable home console , following the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other systems at the time . The system was designed to accommodate the ongoing development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated in game cartridges to be competitive into the next generation . The SNES was a global success , becoming the best-selling console of the 16-bit era after launching relatively late and facing intense competition from Sega 's Genesis console in North America and Europe . Overlapping the NES 's 61.9 million unit sales , the SNES remained popular well into the 32-bit era , with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003 . It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers , with new homebrew games and Nintendo 's emulated rereleases , such as on the Virtual Console , the Super NES Classic Edition , and Nintendo Switch Online ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_DS', 'summary': "The Nintendo DS , [ b ] or simply DS , is a dual-screen handheld game console developed and released by Nintendo . The device released globally across 2004 and 2005 . The DS , an acronym for Developers ' System or Dual Screen , introduced distinctive new features to handheld gaming : two LCD screens working in tandem ( the bottom one being a touchscreen ) , a built-in microphone , and support for wireless connectivity . Both screens are encompassed within a clamshell design similar to the Game Boy Advance SP . The Nintendo DS also features the ability for multiple DS consoles to directly interact with each other over Wi-Fi within a short range without the need to connect to an existing wireless network . Alternatively , they could interact online using the now-defunct Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service . Its main competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Portable during the seventh generation of video game consoles . Prior to its release , the Nintendo DS was marketed as an experimental , third pillar in Nintendo 's console lineup , meant to complement the Game Boy Advance and GameCube . However , backward compatibility with Game Boy Advance titles and strong sales ultimately established it as the successor to the Game Boy series . On March 2 , 2006 , Nintendo launched the Nintendo DS Lite , a slimmer and lighter redesign of the original Nintendo DS with brighter screens . On November 1 , 2008 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DSi , another redesign with several hardware improvements and new features , although it lost backwards compatibility for Game Boy Advance titles . All Nintendo DS models combined have sold 154.02 million units , making it the best selling handheld game console to date , and the second best selling video game console of all time behind Sony 's PlayStation 2 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IOS', 'summary': "iOS ( formerly iPhone OS ) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware . It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company 's mobile devices , including the iPhone , and iPod Touch ; it also powered the iPad prior to the introduction of iPadOS in 2019 . It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android . Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone , iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch ( September 2007 ) and the iPad ( January 2010 ) . As of March 2018 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications , 1 million of which are native for iPads . These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times . The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders , switches , and buttons . Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface . Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one common result is the undo command ) or rotating it in three dimensions ( one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode ) . Apple has been significantly praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS , enabling users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use its products . Major versions of iOS are released annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Bullfrog Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bullfrog_Productions', 'summary': "Bullfrog Productions Limited was a British video game developer based in Guildford , England . Founded in 1987 by Peter Molyneux and Les Edgar , the company gained recognition in 1989 for their third release , Populous , and is also well known for titles such as Theme Park , Magic Carpet , Syndicate and Dungeon Keeper . Bullfrog 's name was derived from an ornament in the offices of Edgar 's and Molyneux 's other enterprise , Taurus Impact Systems , Bullfrog 's precursor where Molyneux and Edgar were developing business software . Bullfrog Productions was founded as a separate entity after Commodore mistook Taurus for a similarly named company . Electronic Arts , Bullfrog 's publisher , acquired the studio in January 1995 . Molyneux had become an Electronic Arts vice-president and consultant in 1994 , after EA purchased a significant share of Bullfrog . Molyneux 's last project with Bullfrog was Dungeon Keeper , and as a result of his dissatisfaction of the corporate aspects of his position , he left the company in July 1997 to found Lionhead Studios . Others would follow them to Lionhead , and some founded their own companies , such as Mucky Foot Productions . After Molyneux 's departure , Electronic Arts ' control over Bullfrog caused several projects to be cancelled . Bullfrog was merged into EA UK in 2001 and ceased to exist as a separate entity . Bullfrog titles have been looked upon as a standard for comparison and have spawned numerous spiritual sequels ."}]}, {'value': 'Electronic Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electronic_Arts', 'summary': "Electronic Arts Inc. ( EA ) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City , California . It is the second-largest gaming company in the Americas and Europe by revenue and market capitalization after Activision Blizzard and ahead of Take-Two Interactive and Ubisoft as of March 2018 . Founded and incorporated on May 27 , 1982 , by Apple employee Trip Hawkins , the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games . EA published numerous games and productivity software for personal computers and later experimented on techniques to internally develop games , leading to the 1987 release of Skate or Die ! . The company would later decide in favor of abandoning their original principles and acquiring smaller companies that they see profitable , as well as annually releasing franchises to stay profitable . Currently , EA develops and publishes games of established franchises , including Battlefield , Need for Speed , The Sims , Medal of Honor , Command & Conquer , Dead Space , Mass Effect , Dragon Age , Army of Two , Titanfall , and Star Wars , as well as the EA Sports titles FIFA , Madden NFL , NBA Live , NHL , and EA Sports UFC . Their desktop titles appear on self-developed Origin , an online gaming digital distribution platform for PCs and a direct competitor to Valve 's Steam and Epic Games ' Store . EA also owns and operates major gaming studios such as EA Tiburon in Orlando , EA Vancouver in Burnaby , DICE in Sweden and Los Angeles , BioWare in Edmonton and Austin , and Respawn Entertainment in Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RollerCoaster Tycoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RollerCoaster_Tycoon_(video_game)', 'summary': 'RollerCoaster Tycoon is a construction and management simulation video game that simulates amusement park management . Developed by Chris Sawyer Productions and published by Hasbro Interactive , the game was released for Microsoft Windows in 1999 and was later ported to the Xbox by Infogrames in 2003 . It is the first game in the RollerCoaster Tycoon series and was the only game released for a game console in the series for fifteen years until 2018 , when RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures was released exclusively for the Nintendo Switch . RollerCoaster Tycoon received two expansion packs : Added Attractions ( released in the US as Corkscrew Follies ) in 1999 , and Loopy Landscapes in 2000 . Two special editions were released : RollerCoaster Tycoon Gold/Totally Roller Coaster in 2002 , which contained the original game , Added Attractions/Corkscrew Follies , and Loopy Landscapes ; and RollerCoaster Tycoon Deluxe in 2003 , which contained the content in Gold plus more designs for the different customizable rides .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows , Xbox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Xbox', 'summary': "Xbox is a video gaming brand created and owned by Microsoft . It represents a series of video game consoles developed by Microsoft , with three consoles released in the sixth , seventh , and eighth generations , respectively . The brand also represents applications ( games ) , streaming services , an online service by the name of Xbox Live , and the development arm by the name of Xbox Game Studios . The brand was first introduced in the United States in November 2001 , with the launch of the original Xbox console . The original device was the first video game console offered by an American company after the Atari Jaguar stopped sales in 1996 . It reached over 24 million units sold as of May 2006 . Microsoft 's second console , the Xbox 360 , was released in 2005 and has sold 84 million units as of June 2014 . The Xbox One has been released in 21 markets in total , with a Chinese release in September 2014 . The head of Xbox is Phil Spencer , who succeeded former head Marc Whitten in late-March 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Sawyer Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Sawyer', 'summary': 'Chris Sawyer is a Scottish video game designer and programmer who is best known for creating the Transport Tycoon and RollerCoaster Tycoon series . He is also the founder of 31X , a mobile game development company .'}]}, {'value': 'Hasbro Interactive , MicroProse , Infogrames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hasbro_Interactive', 'summary': "Hasbro Interactive was an American video game production and publishing subsidiary of Hasbro , the large game and toy company . Several of its studios were closed in early 2000 and most of its properties were sold to Infogrames which completed its studio 's closures at the end of 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MicroProse', 'summary': "MicroProse Software Inc. was an American video game publisher and developer founded by Bill Stealey and Sid Meier in 1982 . It developed and published numerous games , many of which are regarded as groundbreaking , classics and cult titles , including starting the Civilization and X-COM series . Most of their internally developed titles were vehicle simulation and strategy games . In 1993 , the company lost most of their UK-based personnel and became a subsidiary of Spectrum HoloByte . Subsequent cuts and corporate policies led to Sid Meier , Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds leaving and forming Firaxis Games in 1996 , as MicroProse closed its ex-Simtex development studio in Austin , Texas . In 1998 , following an unsuccessful buyout attempt by GT Interactive Software , the struggling MicroProse ( Spectrum HoloByte ) became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hasbro Interactive and its development studios in Alameda , California and Chapel Hill , North Carolina were closed the following year . In 2001 , MicroProse ceased to exist as an entity and Hasbro Interactive sold the MicroProse intellectual properties to Infogrames Entertainment , SA . MicroProse UK 's former main office in Chipping Sodbury was closed in 2002 , followed by the company 's former headquarters in Hunt Valley , Maryland in 2003 . The brand was revived in 2007 when Interactive Game Group acquired it from Atari Interactive , formerly Infogrames . The MicroProse brand was licensed to the Legacy Engineering Group for consumer electronics . Cybergun owned the MicroProse brand from 2010 to 2018 , which was then acquired by David Lagettie working with Stealey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Infogrames', 'summary': 'Atari SA ( formerly Infogrames Entertainment SA ) is a French video game holding company headquartered in Paris . Its subsidiaries include Atari Interactive and Atari , Inc. Because of continuing pressures upon the company , and difficulty finding investors , it sought bankruptcy protection under French law in January 2013 ; its subsidiaries in the United States have sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection as well . All three subsidiaries have since exited bankruptcy , and are all going through a vigorous turnaround campaign .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coaster Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coaster_Works', 'summary': 'Coaster Works , known in Japan as Jet Coaster Dream ( ジェットコースタードリーム ) , is a simulation game for the Dreamcast console released by Xicat Interactive on December 10 , 2000 . The game is a simulation of roller coaster design and construction . Each of the levels offer certain requirements that the player must meet to pass to the next level . The game starts the player off in a kiddie themed park and progresses to more and more difficult levels with more difficult requirements . A direct sequel titled , Jet Coaster Dream 2 was released in November , 2000 in Japan only as the North American and PAL releases were cancelled for 2001 . A third game titled , Rollercoaster World was developed by Takara and published by Midas Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 in 2004 only in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Dreamcast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dreamcast', 'summary': "The Dreamcast [ a ] is a home video game console released by Sega on November 27 , 1998 in Japan , September 9 , 1999 in North America , and October 14 , 1999 in Europe . It was the first in the sixth generation of video game consoles , preceding Sony 's PlayStation 2 , Nintendo 's GameCube and Microsoft 's Xbox . The Dreamcast was Sega 's final home console , marking the end of the company 's 18 years in the console market . In contrast to the expensive hardware of the unsuccessful Sega Saturn , the Dreamcast was designed to reduce costs with off-the-shelf components , including a Hitachi SH-4 CPU and an NEC PowerVR2 GPU . Released in Japan to a subdued reception , the Dreamcast enjoyed a successful U.S. launch backed by a large marketing campaign , but interest in the system steadily declined as Sony built hype for the upcoming PlayStation 2 . Sales did not meet Sega 's expectations despite several price cuts , and the company continued to incur significant financial losses . After a change in leadership , Sega discontinued the Dreamcast on March 31 , 2001 , withdrawing from the console business and restructuring itself as a third-party publisher . 9.13 million Dreamcast units were sold worldwide . Although the Dreamcast had a short lifespan and limited third-party support , reviewers have considered the console ahead of its time . Its library contains many games considered creative and innovative , including Crazy Taxi , Jet Set Radio and Shenmue , as well as high-quality ports from Sega 's NAOMI arcade system board . The Dreamcast was also the first console to include a built-in modem for internet support and online play ."}]}, {'value': 'Bottom Up , Bimboosoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xicat Interactive , Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xicat_Interactive,_Inc.', 'summary': "Xicat Interactive was a video game publisher with distribution across Europe and North America . Xicat held several significant licenses , including Gothic ; Motor Trend ; Jane 's Information Group ; and Guns & Ammo ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theme Park World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theme_Park_World', 'summary': 'Theme Park World , also known as Theme Park 2 , and in North America as Sim Theme Park , is a 1999 construction and management simulation game developed by Bullfrog Productions and released by Electronic Arts . The direct sequel to Theme Park ( Theme Hospital and Theme Aquarium are thematic sequels ) , the player constructs and manages an amusement park with the aim of making profit and keeping visitors happy . Initially developed for Windows , it was ported to PlayStation and PlayStation 2 ( whose version was titled Theme Park Roller Coaster in North America ) , as well for Macintosh computers . The Mac version was published by Feral Interactive . The game was developed because personnel at Bullfrog wanted to bring the original Theme Park up-to-date . Theme Park World features four themes of amusement park , the ability to ride attractions , and an online service that enabled players to share parks . Reception was mostly positive , with reviewers complimenting the sound and visuals , although some were critical of the interface . The game was followed by Theme Park Inc ( also known as Sim Coaster ) in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation , Windows , Mac OS , PlayStation 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_(console)', 'summary': "The PlayStation [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as PS and commonly known as the PS1 or its codename PSX ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released on 3 December 1994 in Japan , on 9 September 1995 in North America , on 29 September 1995 in Europe , and on 15 November 1995 in Australia , and was the first of the PlayStation lineup of video game consoles . As a fifth generation console , the PlayStation primarily competed with the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn . The PlayStation was the first computer entertainment platform to ship over 100 million units , which it had reached nine years after its initial launch . In July 2000 , a redesigned , slim version called the PS one was released , replacing the original grey console and named appropriately to avoid confusion with its successor , the PlayStation 2 . The PlayStation 2 , which is backwards compatible with the PlayStation 's DualShock controller and games , was announced in 1999 and launched in 2000 . The last PS one units were sold in late 2006 to early 2007 shortly after it was officially discontinued , for a total of 102 million units shipped since its launch eleven years earlier . Games for the PlayStation continued to sell until Sony ceased production of both the PlayStation and PlayStation games on 23 March 2006 - over eleven years after it had been released , and less than a year before the debut of the PlayStation 3 . On 19 September 2018 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation Classic to mark the 24th anniversary of the original console . The new console is a miniature recreation of the original PlayStation , preloaded with 20 titles released on the original console , and was released on 3 December 2018 , the exact date the console was released in Japan in 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mac_OS', 'summary': "The family of Macintosh operating systems developed by Apple Inc. includes the graphical user interface-based operating systems it has designed for use with its Macintosh series of personal computers since 1984 , as well as the related system software it once created for compatible third-party systems . In 1984 , Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the Classic Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software . The system , rebranded Mac OS in 1996 , was preinstalled on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh clones for a short time in the 1990s . Noted for its ease of use , it was also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors . The current Mac operating system is macOS , originally named Mac OS X until 2012 and then OS X until 2016 . Developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple 's purchase of NeXT , Mac OS X brought an entirely new architecture based on NeXTSTEP , a Unix system , that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced . The current macOS is preinstalled with every Mac and is updated annually . It is the basis of Apple 's current system software for its other devices - iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . Prior to the introduction of Mac OS X , Apple experimented with several other concepts , releasing different products designed to bring the Macintosh interface or applications to Unix-like systems or vice versa , A/UX , MAE , and MkLinux . Apple 's effort to expand upon and develop a replacement for its classic Mac OS in the 1990s led to a few cancelled projects , code named Star Trek , Taligent , and Copland . Although they have different architectures , the Macintosh operating systems share a common set of GUI principles , including a menu bar across the top of the screen ; the Finder shell , featuring a desktop metaphor that represents files and applications using icons and relates concepts like directories and file deletion to real-world objects like folders and a trash can ; and overlapping windows for multitasking ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bullfrog Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bullfrog_Productions', 'summary': "Bullfrog Productions Limited was a British video game developer based in Guildford , England . Founded in 1987 by Peter Molyneux and Les Edgar , the company gained recognition in 1989 for their third release , Populous , and is also well known for titles such as Theme Park , Magic Carpet , Syndicate and Dungeon Keeper . Bullfrog 's name was derived from an ornament in the offices of Edgar 's and Molyneux 's other enterprise , Taurus Impact Systems , Bullfrog 's precursor where Molyneux and Edgar were developing business software . Bullfrog Productions was founded as a separate entity after Commodore mistook Taurus for a similarly named company . Electronic Arts , Bullfrog 's publisher , acquired the studio in January 1995 . Molyneux had become an Electronic Arts vice-president and consultant in 1994 , after EA purchased a significant share of Bullfrog . Molyneux 's last project with Bullfrog was Dungeon Keeper , and as a result of his dissatisfaction of the corporate aspects of his position , he left the company in July 1997 to found Lionhead Studios . Others would follow them to Lionhead , and some founded their own companies , such as Mucky Foot Productions . After Molyneux 's departure , Electronic Arts ' control over Bullfrog caused several projects to be cancelled . Bullfrog was merged into EA UK in 2001 and ceased to exist as a separate entity . Bullfrog titles have been looked upon as a standard for comparison and have spawned numerous spiritual sequels ."}]}, {'value': 'Electronic Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electronic_Arts', 'summary': "Electronic Arts Inc. ( EA ) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City , California . It is the second-largest gaming company in the Americas and Europe by revenue and market capitalization after Activision Blizzard and ahead of Take-Two Interactive and Ubisoft as of March 2018 . Founded and incorporated on May 27 , 1982 , by Apple employee Trip Hawkins , the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games . EA published numerous games and productivity software for personal computers and later experimented on techniques to internally develop games , leading to the 1987 release of Skate or Die ! . The company would later decide in favor of abandoning their original principles and acquiring smaller companies that they see profitable , as well as annually releasing franchises to stay profitable . Currently , EA develops and publishes games of established franchises , including Battlefield , Need for Speed , The Sims , Medal of Honor , Command & Conquer , Dead Space , Mass Effect , Dragon Age , Army of Two , Titanfall , and Star Wars , as well as the EA Sports titles FIFA , Madden NFL , NBA Live , NHL , and EA Sports UFC . Their desktop titles appear on self-developed Origin , an online gaming digital distribution platform for PCs and a direct competitor to Valve 's Steam and Epic Games ' Store . EA also owns and operates major gaming studios such as EA Tiburon in Orlando , EA Vancouver in Burnaby , DICE in Sweden and Los Angeles , BioWare in Edmonton and Austin , and Respawn Entertainment in Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legoland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legoland_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Legoland ( stylized as LEGOLAND ) is a Legoland-themed construction and management simulation video game . It shares many aspects with the RollerCoaster Tycoon series ( a similar series of games with an identical premise ) but with a more simplistic and child-friendly gameplay style . The voicework is provided by Justin Fletcher .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Krisalis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electronic Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electronic_Arts', 'summary': "Electronic Arts Inc. ( EA ) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City , California . It is the second-largest gaming company in the Americas and Europe by revenue and market capitalization after Activision Blizzard and ahead of Take-Two Interactive and Ubisoft as of March 2018 . Founded and incorporated on May 27 , 1982 , by Apple employee Trip Hawkins , the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games . EA published numerous games and productivity software for personal computers and later experimented on techniques to internally develop games , leading to the 1987 release of Skate or Die ! . The company would later decide in favor of abandoning their original principles and acquiring smaller companies that they see profitable , as well as annually releasing franchises to stay profitable . Currently , EA develops and publishes games of established franchises , including Battlefield , Need for Speed , The Sims , Medal of Honor , Command & Conquer , Dead Space , Mass Effect , Dragon Age , Army of Two , Titanfall , and Star Wars , as well as the EA Sports titles FIFA , Madden NFL , NBA Live , NHL , and EA Sports UFC . Their desktop titles appear on self-developed Origin , an online gaming digital distribution platform for PCs and a direct competitor to Valve 's Steam and Epic Games ' Store . EA also owns and operates major gaming studios such as EA Tiburon in Orlando , EA Vancouver in Burnaby , DICE in Sweden and Los Angeles , BioWare in Edmonton and Austin , and Respawn Entertainment in Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NoLimits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NoLimits', 'summary': 'NoLimits Roller Coaster Simulation is a software package available for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X designed and built by a team of programmers and artists led by German programmer Ole Lange . It was first released in November 2001 . The package includes two separate pieces of software , the NoLimits Editor and NoLimits Simulator , with a third application , the NoLimits Terraformer supported as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows , Mac OS X', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mac_OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ole Lange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mad Data GmbH & Co. KG', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theme Park Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theme_Park_Inc', 'summary': "Theme Park Inc. ( known as SimCoaster in the United States and Australia and Theme Park Manager in Germany ) is a construction and management simulation video game . It is the sequel to Theme Park World ( 1999 ) . Theme Park Inc. was developed by Bullfrog Productions and published by Electronic Arts . It was the last game to bear the Bullfrog logo before the company 's merger with EA UK in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Bullfrog Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bullfrog_Productions', 'summary': "Bullfrog Productions Limited was a British video game developer based in Guildford , England . Founded in 1987 by Peter Molyneux and Les Edgar , the company gained recognition in 1989 for their third release , Populous , and is also well known for titles such as Theme Park , Magic Carpet , Syndicate and Dungeon Keeper . Bullfrog 's name was derived from an ornament in the offices of Edgar 's and Molyneux 's other enterprise , Taurus Impact Systems , Bullfrog 's precursor where Molyneux and Edgar were developing business software . Bullfrog Productions was founded as a separate entity after Commodore mistook Taurus for a similarly named company . Electronic Arts , Bullfrog 's publisher , acquired the studio in January 1995 . Molyneux had become an Electronic Arts vice-president and consultant in 1994 , after EA purchased a significant share of Bullfrog . Molyneux 's last project with Bullfrog was Dungeon Keeper , and as a result of his dissatisfaction of the corporate aspects of his position , he left the company in July 1997 to found Lionhead Studios . Others would follow them to Lionhead , and some founded their own companies , such as Mucky Foot Productions . After Molyneux 's departure , Electronic Arts ' control over Bullfrog caused several projects to be cancelled . Bullfrog was merged into EA UK in 2001 and ceased to exist as a separate entity . Bullfrog titles have been looked upon as a standard for comparison and have spawned numerous spiritual sequels ."}]}, {'value': 'Electronic Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electronic_Arts', 'summary': "Electronic Arts Inc. ( EA ) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City , California . It is the second-largest gaming company in the Americas and Europe by revenue and market capitalization after Activision Blizzard and ahead of Take-Two Interactive and Ubisoft as of March 2018 . Founded and incorporated on May 27 , 1982 , by Apple employee Trip Hawkins , the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games . EA published numerous games and productivity software for personal computers and later experimented on techniques to internally develop games , leading to the 1987 release of Skate or Die ! . The company would later decide in favor of abandoning their original principles and acquiring smaller companies that they see profitable , as well as annually releasing franchises to stay profitable . Currently , EA develops and publishes games of established franchises , including Battlefield , Need for Speed , The Sims , Medal of Honor , Command & Conquer , Dead Space , Mass Effect , Dragon Age , Army of Two , Titanfall , and Star Wars , as well as the EA Sports titles FIFA , Madden NFL , NBA Live , NHL , and EA Sports UFC . Their desktop titles appear on self-developed Origin , an online gaming digital distribution platform for PCs and a direct competitor to Valve 's Steam and Epic Games ' Store . EA also owns and operates major gaming studios such as EA Tiburon in Orlando , EA Vancouver in Burnaby , DICE in Sweden and Los Angeles , BioWare in Edmonton and Austin , and Respawn Entertainment in Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ultimate Ride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultimate_Ride', 'summary': "Ultimate Ride is a video game by Disney Interactive for Microsoft Windows in which players design , engineer and ride virtual roller coasters . It was released in September 30 , 2001 alongside a website , by Walt Disney Imagineering , for members to upload and share their designs and rate rides based on Adrenaline , Technique and Originality . Designers of each week 's five top-rated rides were awarded Roller God titles . Two versions released in 2002 , Ultimate Ride Coaster Deluxe and Disney Coaster , added new features . The website closed in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Gigawatt Studios , Disney Imagineering', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Disney Interactive Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Interactive_Studios', 'summary': 'Disney Interactive Studios , Inc. ( originally established as Walt Disney Computer Software , Disney Interactive , Buena Vista Interactive , and Buena Vista Games ) was an American video game developer and publisher owned by The Walt Disney Company through Disney Interactive . Prior to its closure in 2016 , it developed and distributed multi-platform video games and interactive entertainment worldwide . Most of the games released by Disney Interactive Studios were typically tie-in products to existing character franchises . On May 10 , 2016 , as a result of the discontinuation of its Disney Infinity series , Disney shut down Disney Interactive Studios , and exited the first party home console game development business in order to focus on third-party development of home console video games through other developers such as Electronic Arts ( Star Wars games ) , WB Games ( owned by rival company Warner Bros. , which handles the publishing of Disney-related Lego video games and Cars 3 : Driven to Win ) , Bandai Namco Entertainment , Square Enix ( Kingdom Hearts ) , and Capcom ( several Disney games and Marvel vs. Capcom ) . However , it continues to release games for iOS and Android devices under its own label , Disney Mobile . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hyper Rails', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Pantera Entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital Steelworks , Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RollerCoaster Tycoon 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RollerCoaster_Tycoon_2', 'summary': 'RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 is a construction and management simulation computer game that simulates amusement park management . Developed by Chris Sawyer Productions and published by Infogrames , the game was released in October 2002 as the sequel to RollerCoaster Tycoon and the second game in the RollerCoaster Tycoon series . The features and expansions were later ported to RollerCoaster Tycoon Classic in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Sawyer Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Sawyer', 'summary': 'Chris Sawyer is a Scottish video game designer and programmer who is best known for creating the Transport Tycoon and RollerCoaster Tycoon series . He is also the founder of 31X , a mobile game development company .'}]}, {'value': 'Infogrames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infogrames', 'summary': 'Atari SA ( formerly Infogrames Entertainment SA ) is a French video game holding company headquartered in Paris . Its subsidiaries include Atari Interactive and Atari , Inc. Because of continuing pressures upon the company , and difficulty finding investors , it sought bankruptcy protection under French law in January 2013 ; its subsidiaries in the United States have sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection as well . All three subsidiaries have since exited bankruptcy , and are all going through a vigorous turnaround campaign .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': "World 's Greatest Coasters 3D", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Virtual Playground', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Global Star Software Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rollercoaster Factory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'ValuSoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ValuSoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RollerCoaster Tycoon 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RollerCoaster_Tycoon_3', 'summary': 'RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 is a construction and management simulation video game . It is the third installment in the RollerCoaster Tycoon series , first released on November 2 , 2004 ; in North America . RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 places players in charge of managing amusement parks ; rides can be built or demolished , terrain and scenery can be adjusted , and prices can be controlled to keep visitors or peeps happy . RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 features two methods of gameplay . In career mode , players must complete predetermined objectives in predesigned scenarios . In the newly added sandbox mode , players have unlimited time and money to create their own custom parks and rides . Features introduced in the series include the ability to import and export custom attractions , design custom scenarios and peeps , as well as design an in-game roller coaster and a fully three-dimensional world players can view from all angles . In 2016 , publisher Atari continued the series with its fourth instalment , RollerCoaster Tycoon World , to largely negative reception . Frontier , developer of RCT3 , released Planet Coaster , a spiritual successor , which received considerably better ratings .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows , Mac OS X , iOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mac_OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IOS', 'summary': "iOS ( formerly iPhone OS ) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware . It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company 's mobile devices , including the iPhone , and iPod Touch ; it also powered the iPad prior to the introduction of iPadOS in 2019 . It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android . Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone , iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch ( September 2007 ) and the iPad ( January 2010 ) . As of March 2018 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications , 1 million of which are native for iPads . These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times . The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders , switches , and buttons . Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface . Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one common result is the undo command ) or rotating it in three dimensions ( one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode ) . Apple has been significantly praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS , enabling users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use its products . Major versions of iOS are released annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Frontier Developments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frontier_Developments', 'summary': "Frontier Developments plc is a British video game developer based at the Cambridge Science Park in Cambridge , England . Founded by David Braben in January 1994 , it has produced several games in the Elite series , including 2014 's Elite : Dangerous . A second studio , Frontier Developments Inc. , was opened in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada in August 2012 , headed by David Walsh as its president , and closed in January 2015 . In 2013 , the company reincorporated as a public limited company , and entered the stock market ."}]}, {'value': 'Atari , Inc. , Aspyr Media , Frontier Developments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atari,_Inc.', 'summary': 'Atari , Inc. was an American video game developer and home computer company founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney . Primarily responsible for the formation of the video arcade and modern video game industry , the company was closed and its assets split in 1984 as a direct result of the video game crash of 1983 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aspyr_Media', 'summary': "Aspyr Media , Inc. is an American video game developer and publisher founded by Michael Rogers and Ted Staloch in Austin , Texas . Originally founded to bring top gaming titles to Mac OS , the company , since 2005 , has become a publisher and developer of entertainment for multiple gaming platforms . Aspyr works with partners including LucasArts , 2K Games , Activision , Gearbox Software ; their catalog includes franchises Call of Duty , Sid Meier 's Civilization , SimCity , Borderlands and Star Wars ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frontier_Developments', 'summary': "Frontier Developments plc is a British video game developer based at the Cambridge Science Park in Cambridge , England . Founded by David Braben in January 1994 , it has produced several games in the Elite series , including 2014 's Elite : Dangerous . A second studio , Frontier Developments Inc. , was opened in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada in August 2012 , headed by David Walsh as its president , and closed in January 2015 . In 2013 , the company reincorporated as a public limited company , and entered the stock market ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rollercoaster World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , PlayStation 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bimboosoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midas Interactive Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midas_Interactive_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Midas Interactive Entertainment is a European publisher of computer , PDA , mobile phone , movies and video games . Midas Interactive Entertainment is based on the outskirts of Braintree in Essex , England . Most of the console games published by Midas are budget releases sold at a lower price than the majority of new titles , and are often localised Japanese titles - many of which were also released at a budget price in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Efteling Tycoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Efteling_Tycoon', 'summary': 'Efteling Tycoon is a 2008 video game developed by Dartmoor Softworks and HexArts Entertainment and published by Atari Benelux . In Efteling Tycoon , players can build attractions from the Efteling park in a similar way as in the Rollercoaster Tycoon series .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Dartmoor Softworks , HexArts Entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atari Benelux', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AirCoaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'iOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IOS', 'summary': "iOS ( formerly iPhone OS ) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware . It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company 's mobile devices , including the iPhone , and iPod Touch ; it also powered the iPad prior to the introduction of iPadOS in 2019 . It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android . Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone , iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch ( September 2007 ) and the iPad ( January 2010 ) . As of March 2018 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications , 1 million of which are native for iPads . These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times . The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders , switches , and buttons . Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface . Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one common result is the undo command ) or rotating it in three dimensions ( one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode ) . Apple has been significantly praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS , enabling users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use its products . Major versions of iOS are released annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Ziconic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ziconic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rollercoaster Mania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rollercoaster_Mania', 'summary': 'Rollercoaster Mania is a theme park game for Facebook . It is developed by Noisy Duck and published by the 6waves . It is currently the 22nd fastest-growing Facebook game [ citation needed ] by MAU with user figures up by 130,000 to 580,000 [ citation needed ] in a week which means a gain of 35% . It is based on the 1994 PC game Theme Park on iOS developed by EA and so is likely to appeal to its fans . It has almost exactly the same aesthetic , though its rearranged to focus on social play .'}]}, {'value': 'Facebook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Facebook', 'summary': "Facebook is an American online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park , California and a flagship service of the namesake company Facebook , Inc . It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg , along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes . The founders initially limited Facebook membership to Harvard students . Membership was expanded to Ivy League schools , MIT , and higher education institutions in the Boston area , then various other universities , and lastly high school students . Since 2006 , anyone who claims to be at least 13 years old has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook , though this may vary depending on local laws . The name comes from the face book directories often given to American university students . The Facebook service can be accessed from devices with Internet connectivity , such as personal computers , tablets and smartphones . After registering , users can create a profile revealing information about themselves . They can post text , photos and multimedia which is shared with any other users that have agreed to be their friend , or , with a different privacy setting , with any reader . Users can also use various embedded apps , join common-interest groups , buy and sell items or services on Marketplace , and receive notifications of their Facebook friends ' activities and activities of Facebook pages they follow . Facebook claimed that it had more than 2.3 billion monthly active users as of December 2018 . Facebook has been subject to extensive media coverage and many controversies ."}]}, {'value': 'Noisy Duck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noisy Duck', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coaster Crazy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'iOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IOS', 'summary': "iOS ( formerly iPhone OS ) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware . It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company 's mobile devices , including the iPhone , and iPod Touch ; it also powered the iPad prior to the introduction of iPadOS in 2019 . It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android . Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone , iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch ( September 2007 ) and the iPad ( January 2010 ) . As of March 2018 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications , 1 million of which are native for iPads . These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times . The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders , switches , and buttons . Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface . Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one common result is the undo command ) or rotating it in three dimensions ( one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode ) . Apple has been significantly praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS , enabling users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use its products . Major versions of iOS are released annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Frontier Developments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frontier_Developments', 'summary': "Frontier Developments plc is a British video game developer based at the Cambridge Science Park in Cambridge , England . Founded by David Braben in January 1994 , it has produced several games in the Elite series , including 2014 's Elite : Dangerous . A second studio , Frontier Developments Inc. , was opened in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada in August 2012 , headed by David Walsh as its president , and closed in January 2015 . In 2013 , the company reincorporated as a public limited company , and entered the stock market ."}]}, {'value': 'Frontier Developments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frontier_Developments', 'summary': "Frontier Developments plc is a British video game developer based at the Cambridge Science Park in Cambridge , England . Founded by David Braben in January 1994 , it has produced several games in the Elite series , including 2014 's Elite : Dangerous . A second studio , Frontier Developments Inc. , was opened in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada in August 2012 , headed by David Walsh as its president , and closed in January 2015 . In 2013 , the company reincorporated as a public limited company , and entered the stock market ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RollerCoaster Tycoon 3D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RollerCoaster_Tycoon_3D', 'summary': 'RollerCoaster Tycoon 3D is a construction and management simulation video game developed by n-Space for the Nintendo 3DS . The game is a spin-off of the RollerCoaster Tycoon series and the first portable game in the franchise .'}]}, {'value': '3DS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3DS', 'summary': "The Nintendo 3DS [ a ] is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo . It is capable of displaying stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses or additional accessories . Nintendo announced the console in March 2010 and officially unveiled it at E3 2010 on June 15 . The console succeeds the Nintendo DS , featuring backward compatibility with older Nintendo DS video games . Its primary competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Vita . The handheld offers new features such as the StreetPass and SpotPass tag modes , powered by Nintendo Network ; augmented reality , using its 3D cameras ; and Virtual Console , which allows owners to download and play games originally released on older video game systems . It is also pre-loaded with various applications including an online distribution store called Nintendo eShop ; a social networking service called Miiverse ( shut down in 2017 ) ; an Internet Browser ; the Netflix , Hulu Plus and YouTube streaming video services ; Nintendo Video ; a messaging application called Swapnote ( known as Nintendo Letter Box in Europe and Australia ) ; and Mii Maker . The Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan on February 26 , 2011 , and worldwide beginning in March 2011 . Less than six months later on July 28 , 2011 , Nintendo announced a significant price reduction from US $ 249 to US $ 169 amid disappointing launch sales . The company offered ten free Nintendo Entertainment System games and ten free Game Boy Advance games from the Nintendo eShop to consumers who bought the system at the original launch price . This strategy was considered a major success , and the console went on to become one of Nintendo 's most successful handheld consoles in the first two years of its release . As of December 31 , 2019 [ update ] , the Nintendo 3DS family of systems combined have sold 75.71 million units ."}]}, {'value': 'n-Space', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/N-Space', 'summary': 'n-Space founders Erick S. Dyke , Dan OLeary , and Sean Purcell met while working at General Electric Aerospace ( GE Aerospace , now part of Lockheed Martin ) to create advanced military simulators . In 1991 , GE Aerospace began to explore the possibility of using its 3D technology for commercial applications . This led to a series of contracts with Sega for the development of the Model 1 and Model 2 arcade boards . Dyke , OLeary , and Purcell spent two months working with Sega in Japan to complete the development of one of the first Model 2 arcade titles , Desert Tank . The trio worked with director Hiroshi Kataoka and the head of the Sega AM2 division , Yu Suzuki . In 1994 , Dyke , OLeary , and Purcell founded n-Space with funding from Sony Computer Entertainment of America to develop games on the newly launched Sony PlayStation console . n-Space launched their first video game in 1997 for PlayStation , Tiger Shark . In 2011 , n-Space announced their largest project yet : developing an all-new property from the ground-up , made exclusively for the Nintendo 3DS in cooperation with Square Enix . This property is Heroes of Ruin and was launched in June 2012 . In 2015 , n-Space released their first independent title , Sword Coast Legends , with Digital Extremes . The game is a role-playing video game set within the Dungeons & Dragons universe . On March 29 , 2016 , it was announced that n-Space had closed down , 22 years after its founding .'}]}, {'value': 'Atari , Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atari,_Inc.', 'summary': 'Atari , Inc. was an American video game developer and home computer company founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney . Primarily responsible for the formation of the video arcade and modern video game industry , the company was closed and its assets split in 1984 as a direct result of the video game crash of 1983 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Construction simulators', 'section_text': 'Many titles focused on roller coasters are construction and management simulation games . Players must construct roller coasters and sometimes other fairground attractions in order to attract visitors to their fairgrounds or otherwise achieve their goals .', 'uid': 'List_of_roller_coaster_related_video_games_0', 'intro': 'The following are video games dedicated to the construction or simulation of roller coasters.'} | null | null | What platform was the game known in Japan as Jet Coaster Dream released for ? | Dreamcast |
05665a8966cc7603 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_Women's_Basketball_Tournament", 'title': "NCAA Division III Women's Basketball Tournament", 'header': ['School', 'Titles', 'Years'], 'data': [{'value': 'Washington ( MO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_University_Bears', 'summary': "The Washington University Bears are the athletic teams of Washington University in St. Louis , located in St. Louis , Missouri , United States . Washington University is currently a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the NCAA Division III level . The Bears compete in the University Athletic Association ( UAA ) . The Bears have won 22 NCAA Division III Championships - one in women 's outdoor track and field ( 2017 ) , one in women 's indoor track and field ( 2017 ) , one in women 's soccer ( 2016 ) , one in women 's cross country ( 2011 ) , one in men 's tennis ( 2008 ) , two in men 's basketball ( 2008 , 2009 ) , five in women 's basketball ( 1998-2001 , 2010 ) , and ten in women 's volleyball ( 1989 , 1991-1996 , 2003 , 2007 , 2009 ) - and 197 UAA titles in 15 different sports . The Bears have also had 1256 Academic All-Americans . In 2017 , Anthony J. Azama was named as the new Director of Athletics . The Athletic Department was previously headed by current Illinois athletic director Josh Whitman , and John Schael , who had served as Director of Athletics for 36 years since 1978 . The 2000 Division III Central Region winner of the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics/Continental Airlines Athletics Director of the Year award , Schael helped orchestrate the Bears ' transformation into one of the top departments in Division III ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amherst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amherst_College', 'summary': "Amherst College ( /ˈæmərst/ ( listen ) AM-ərst ) is a private liberal arts college in Amherst , Massachusetts . Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its then-president Zephaniah Swift Moore , Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher education in Massachusetts . The institution was named after the town , which in turn had been named after Jeffery , Lord Amherst , Commander-in-Chief of British forces of North America during the French and Indian War . Originally established as a men 's college , Amherst became coeducational in 1975 . Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution ; the school enrolled 1,855 students in fall 2018 . Students choose courses from 38 major programs in an open curriculum and are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements ; students may also design their own interdisciplinary major . For the class of 2023 , Amherst received 10,567 applications and accepted 1,144 , yielding a 10.8% acceptance rate . Amherst was ranked as the best liberal arts college in the country for 2018-19 by The Wall Street Journal , the second best liberal arts college in the country by U.S. News & World Report , and 16th out of all U.S. colleges and universities by Forbes in their 2018 rankings . Amherst competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference . Amherst has historically had close relationships and rivalries with Williams College and Wesleyan University , which form the Little Three colleges . The college is a member of the Five College Consortium , which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions : Mount Holyoke College , Smith College , Hampshire College , and the University of Massachusetts Amherst ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 , 2017 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DePauw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePauw_Tigers', 'summary': "The DePauw Tigers are the athletic teams that represent DePauw University , a small liberal arts school in Greencastle , Indiana . The university 's teams play in the NCAA Division III and currently belong to the North Coast Athletic Conference . DePauw has a passionate and long-standing rivalry with nearby Wabash College , culminating each football season with the Monon Bell game , which is the sixth most-played Division III rivalry and the 12th-most played in college football . To date , there have been 116 total games played between the two teams , resulting in a lead for Wabash at 60-53-9 . DePauw had been a member of the Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference from 1997 to 2011 , and won numerous conference championships , most notably in women 's basketball , where the school is a Division III power . DePauw 's program had also won the conference 's overall President 's Trophy seven times in that span , including six consecutive President 's Trophies from 2005-06 to 2010-11 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hope_College', 'summary': "Hope College is a private , Christian liberal arts college in Holland , Michigan . It opened in 1851 as the Pioneer School by Dutch immigrants four years after the community was first settled . The first freshman college class matriculated in 1862 and Hope received its state charter in 1866 . Hope College is affiliated with the Reformed Church in America and it retains a Christian atmosphere . The school 's 125 acres ( 0.195 sq mi ) campus is adjacent to the downtown commercial district and has been shared with Western Theological Seminary since 1884 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin-Stevens Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Stevens_Point', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point ( UW-Stevens Point or UWSP ) is a public university in Stevens Point , Wisconsin . It is part of the University of Wisconsin System and grants associate , baccalaureate , and master 's degrees , as well as doctoral degrees in audiology and educational sustainability . As of 2018 , UW-Stevens Point has merged with UW-Stevens Point at Wausau and UW-Stevens Point at Marshfield ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_University', 'summary': "Capital University ( Capital , Cap , or CU ) is a private research university in Bexley , Ohio , a suburb of Columbus . Capital was founded as the Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio in 1830 , and later was associated with that synod 's successor , the American Lutheran Church . The university has undergraduate and graduate programs , as well as a law school . Capital University is the oldest university in Central Ohio and is one of the oldest and largest Lutheran-affiliated universities in North America ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabethtown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabethtown_College', 'summary': 'Elizabethtown College ( informally E-town ) is a private college in Elizabethtown , Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas More', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_More_University', 'summary': 'Thomas More University is a Catholic liberal arts university in Crestview Hills , Kentucky . It serves about 2,200 full and part-time students . The university was founded in 1921 by the local Benedictine Sisters as Villa Madonna College .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairleigh Dickinson-Florham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University', 'summary': "Fairleigh Dickinson University is a private university with its main campuses in New Jersey . Founded in 1942 , Fairleigh Dickinson University currently offers more than 100 individual degree programs to its students . In addition to its two campuses in New Jersey , the university also has a campus in Canada , a campus in the United Kingdom , and an online platform . Fairleigh Dickinson University is New Jersey 's largest private institution of higher education , with over 11,000 students ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois Wesleyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Illinois Wesleyan University is an independent , exclusively undergraduate liberal arts college in Bloomington , Illinois . Founded in 1850 , the central portion of the present campus was acquired in 1854 with the first building erected in 1856 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Fox_University', 'summary': 'George Fox University ( GFU ) is a Christian university in Newberg , Oregon . Founded as a school for Quakers in 1891 , the private school has more than 4,000 students combined between its main campus in Newberg and its centers in Portland , Salem and Redmond . Graduate studies include psychology , social work , business , education , counseling , physical therapy and seminary . The 108-acre ( 0.44 km2 ) main campus is near downtown Newberg , near the junction of Oregon Route 99W and Oregon Route 219 . George Fox competes athletically at the NCAA Division III level in the Northwest Conference as the Bruins . The school colors are navy blue and old gold .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howard Payne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Payne_University', 'summary': "Howard Payne University is a private Baptist university in Brownwood , Texas . The university is affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas . It is named after Edward Howard Payne , a Missouri resident whose brother-in-law gave the lead monetary gift to start the university . Athletic programs include NCAA Division III football , baseball , softball , women 's volleyball , men and women 's soccer , basketball and tennis . The HPU mascot is a yellow jacket named Buzzsaw . The university also has extension centers located in New Braunfels , Texas and in El Paso , Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millikin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millikin_Big_Blue', 'summary': 'The Millikin Big Blue are the intercollegiate athletic programs of Millikin University ( MU ) located in Decatur , Illinois , United States . The Big Blue athletic program is a member of the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin ( CCIW ) and competes at the NCAA Division III level .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilmington ( OH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington_College_(Ohio)', 'summary': "Wilmington College is a private career-oriented liberal arts institution established by Quakers in 1870 in Wilmington , Ohio , United States . The college is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . Wilmington College is known for its Agriculture program ( one of only two in Ohio ) , its Athletic Training program , and its Education program . In fall 2018 , the College set an enrollment record , bringing in 450 new students for the academic year , totaling 1,103 students on Wilmington 's main campus , and 139 students at Wilmington 's two Cincinnati branches at Blue Ash and Cincinnati State ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinity ( TX )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_University_(Texas)', 'summary': 'Trinity University is a private university in San Antonio , Texas . Founded in 1869 , its campus is located in the Monte Vista Historic District adjacent to Brackenridge Park . The campus is three miles north of downtown San Antonio and the River Walk , and six miles south of the San Antonio International Airport . The student body consists of approximately 2,300 undergraduate and 200 graduate students . Trinity offers 49 majors and 61 minors among 6 degree programs , and has an endowment of $ 1.28 billion , the 91st-largest in North America . Trinity is a member institution of the Annapolis Group , a consortium of national independent colleges that share a commitment to liberal arts values and education , and the Associated Colleges of the South , 16 southern liberal arts colleges that collaborate on staff and curricular enhancements .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NYU_Violets', 'summary': 'NYU Violets is the nickname of the sports teams and other competitive teams at New York University . The school colors are purple and white . Although officially known as the Violets , the school mascot is a bobcat . The Violets compete as a member of NCAA Division III in the University Athletic Association conference . The university sponsors 23 varsity sports , as well as club teams and intramural sports .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin-Oshkosh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Oshkosh', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin Oshkosh ( also known as UW Oshkosh ) is the third-largest university in Wisconsin , United States . It is part of the University of Wisconsin System and offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degree programs to nearly 14,000 students each year ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central ( IA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_College_(Iowa)', 'summary': 'Central College is a four-year private liberal arts college located in Pella , Iowa , and affiliated with the Reformed Church in America and NCAA Division III athletics . The college was founded in 1853 and has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1942 . Central has a student body of approximately 1,100 undergraduates and 73 academic programs . The college is noted for its emphasis on sustainability education , STEM ( science , technology , engineering , and math ) , and global experiential learning , including varied study abroad programs .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alma_College', 'summary': 'Alma College is a private liberal arts college in Alma , Michigan . It enrolls approximately 1,400 students and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) . Alma College offers five degrees ( Bachelor of Arts , Bachelor of Science , Bachelor of Music , Bachelor of Fine Arts and Bachelor of Science in Nursing ) in 41 majors . Academic programs that typically produce the most graduates are Business Administration , Biology , Psychology , Integrative Physiology and Health Science , Education , English , and History . Students are encouraged to participate in service learning and study abroad opportunities designed to enhance classroom learning .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Thomas ( MN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)', 'summary': "The University of St. Thomas ( St. Thomas ) is a private , Roman Catholic university in St. Paul and Minneapolis , Minnesota . Founded in 1885 as a Catholic seminary , it is named after Thomas Aquinas , the medieval Catholic theologian and philosopher who is the patron saint of students . St. Thomas currently enrolls nearly 10,000 students , making it Minnesota 's largest private , non-profit university ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Championships', 'section_text': 'Schools in italics no longer compete in NCAA Division III .', 'uid': "NCAA_Women's_Division_III_Basketball_Championship_0", 'intro': "The NCAA Division III Women's Basketball Championship is the annual tournament to determine the national champions of women's NCAA Division III collegiate basketball in the United States. It has been held annually since 1982 when the NCAA began to sponsor women's sports at all three levels. Washington-St. Louis is the most successful program with five national titles. The current champion is Thomas More, which will be unable to defend the title as it rejoined the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)."} | null | null | Which school got a title first ? The school who goes by the bears who have won 22 NCAA Division III Championships , or the private liberal arts college founded in 1821 ? | Washington ( MO ) |
056789f323c77180 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_colours', 'title': 'National colours', 'header': ['Organisation', 'Primary colours', 'Further information'], 'data': [{'value': 'African Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/African_Union', 'summary': "The African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa . The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte , Libya , on 9 September 1999 , calling for the establishment of the African Union . The bloc was founded on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , and launched on 9 July 2002 in Durban , South Africa . The intention of the AU was to replace the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) , established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa by 32 signatory governments ; the OAU was disbanded on 9 July 2002 . The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union , a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states . The AU 's secretariat , the African Union Commission , is based in Addis Ababa . The largest city in the AU is Lagos , Nigeria , while the largest urban agglomeration is Cairo , Egypt . The African Union has just over 1 billion people and an area of around 29 million km2 ( 11 million sq mi ) and includes popular world landmarks , including the Sahara and the Nile . The primary languages spoken include Arabic , English , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Swahili , and other languages of Africa . Within the African Union , there are official bodies such as the Peace and Security Council and the Pan-African Parliament ."}]}, {'value': 'Green and gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the African Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union', 'summary': 'The current flag of the African Union was adopted at its 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government , which took place in Addis Ababa on 31 January 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arab League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arab_League', 'summary': "The Arab League ( Arabic : الجامعة العربية al-Jāmiʻah al-ʻArabīyah ) , formally the League of Arab States ( Arabic : جامعة الدول العربية Jāmiʿat ad-Duwal al-ʿArabīyah ) , is a regional organization in the Arab world , which is located in Africa and Western Asia . The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 initially with six members : Egypt , Iraq , Transjordan ( renamed Jordan in 1949 ) , Lebanon , Saudi Arabia , and Syria . Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945 . Currently , the League has 22 members , but Syria 's participation has been suspended since November 2011 . The League 's main goal is to draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries . Through institutions , such as the Arab League Educational , Cultural and Scientific Organization ( ALECSO ) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League 's Council of Arab Economic Unity ( CAEU ) , the Arab League facilitates political , economic , cultural , scientific , and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world . It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions , to deliberate on matters of common concern , to settle some Arab disputes and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis . The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration . One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter , which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Arab League , Pan-Arab colours', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League', 'summary': "The flag of the Arab League comprises a green banner bearing the seal of the Arab League . The twenty-two links in the chain represent the twenty-two members of the League at the time of the flag 's adoption . The script gives the name of the organization : League of Arab States . There are also several flags for the Arab League , usually seen at Arab League summits : one , a color-inverted Arab League flag with a white background for the President of the summit was clearly seen in the Arab League Summit in Beirut ( 2002 ) . Older Arab League flags have the chains in red or black , the Arabic script in black or gold with green or white crescents , usually adopted in the 1950s to the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors', 'summary': 'The Pan-Arab colors are black , white , green , and red . Individually , each of the four Pan-Arab colors were intended to represent a certain Arab dynasty , or era . The black was the Abbasid dynastic color ; green was the Umayyad dynastic color ; white was the Fatimid dynastic color ; and red was the Hashemite dynastic color.The four colors derived their potency from a verse by 14th century Iraqi poet Safi al-Din al-Hilli : White are our acts , black our battles , green our fields , and red our swords . Pan-Arab colors were first combined in 1916 in the flag of the Arab Revolt , designed by the British diplomat Sir Mark Sykes . Many current flags are based on Arab Revolt colors , such as the flags of Jordan , Kuwait , Palestine , the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , and the United Arab Emirates , and formerly in the flag of the brief ( six month ) union of the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan . From the 1950s onwards , a sub-set of the Pan-Arab colors , the Arab Liberation colors , came to prominence . These consist of a tricolor of red , white and black bands , with green given less prominence . The Arab Liberation colors were inspired by the use of the Arab Liberation Flag in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 . [ full citation needed ] These appear in the current flags of Egypt , Iraq , Sudan , Syria , and Yemen , and formerly in the flags of the rival states of North Yemen and South Yemen , and in the short-lived Arab unions of the United Arab Republic and the Federation of Arab Republics .'}]}, {'value': 'Association of Southeast Asian Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations', 'summary': 'The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ; /ˈɑːsiɑːn/ AH-see-ahn , /ˈɑːziɑːn/ AH-zee-ahn ) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries in Southeast Asia , which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic , political , security , military , educational , and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia . ASEAN also regularly engages other countries in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond . A major partner of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances and dialogue partners and is considered by many as a global powerhouse , the central union for cooperation in Asia-Pacific , and a prominent and influential organization . It is involved in numerous international affairs , and hosts diplomatic missions throughout the world . The ASEAN Secretariat is located at Jakarta , Indonesia .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue , red and yellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations', 'summary': 'The Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations is one of the official symbols of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) . It consists of the official emblem of ASEAN on a blue background .'}]}, {'value': 'Community of Portuguese Language Countries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries', 'summary': 'The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Portuguese : Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa ; abbreviated as the CPLP ) , also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth ( Comunidade Lusófona ) , is an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents , where Portuguese is an official language . The CPLP operates as a privileged , multilateral forum for the mutual cooperation of the governments , economies , non-governmental organizations , and peoples of the Lusofonia . The CPLP consists of 9 member states and 19 associate observers , located in Europe , the Americas , Asia , and Africa . The history of the CPLP began when it was founded in 1996 , in Lisbon , by Angola , Brazil , Cabo Verde , Guinea Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal , and São Tomé e Príncipe , nearly two decades after the beginning of the decolonization of the Portuguese Empire . Following the independence of Timor-Leste in 2002 and the application by Equatorial Guinea in 2014 , both of those countries became members of the CPLP . Macau ( a Special Administrative Region of China ) , Galicia ( an Autonomous Community of Spain ) , and Uruguay are formally interested in full membership and another 17 countries across the world are formally interested in associate observer status .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue and white', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries', 'summary': 'The flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( or flag of the CPLP ) , also known as the Flag of the Lusophony , represents the intergovernmental organization for friendship among Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) nations where Portuguese is an official language . The Portuguese language countries are home to more than 270 million people located across the globe . The CPLP nations cover a combined area of about 10,772,000 square kilometres ( 4,159,000 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Eurasian Economic Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union', 'summary': "The Eurasian Economic Union ( EAEU ) [ note 1 ] is an economic union of states located in central and northern Asia and Eastern Europe . The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia , and came into force on 1 January 2015 . Treaties aiming for Armenia 's and Kyrgyzstan 's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014 , respectively . Armenia 's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015 . Kyrgyzstan 's accession treaty came into effect on 6 August 2015 . It participated in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state . The Eurasian Economic Union has an integrated single market of 180 million people and a gross domestic product of over Int $ 5 trillion . The EAEU encourages the free movement of goods , services and provides for common policies in the macroeconomic sphere , transport , industry and agriculture , energy , foreign trade and investment , customs , technical regulation , competition and antitrust regulation . Provisions for a single currency and greater integration are envisioned in future . The union operates through supranational and intergovernmental institutions . The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is the supreme body of the Union , consisting of the Heads of the Member States . The second level of intergovernmental institutions is represented by the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council ( consisting of the Heads of the governments of member states ) ."}]}, {'value': 'White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union', 'summary': 'The Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union is one of the symbols of the economic community formed by Eurasian countries and was created by an official document issued by the economic bloc in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'European Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Union', 'summary': 'The European Union ( EU ) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe . Its members have a combined area of 4,233,255.3 km2 ( 1,634,469.0 sq mi ) and an estimated total population of about 447 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters , and only those matters , where members have agreed to act as one . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries and regional development . For travel within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 , coming into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency . The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993 . The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) and the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , established , respectively , by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome . The original members of what came to be known as the European Communities were the Inner Six : Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and West Germany . The Communities and their successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to their remit . The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU , the Treaty of Lisbon , came into force in 2009 . In January 2020 , the United Kingdom became the first member state ever to leave the EU .'}]}, {'value': 'Reflex blue and gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the European Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_Europe', 'summary': "The Flag of Europe or European Flag [ note 1 ] is an official symbol used by two separate organisations , the Council of Europe ( CoE ) as a symbol representing Europe , and the European Union ( EU ) . It consists of a circle of twelve five-pointed stars on a blue field . The design was conceived in 1955 , and officially adopted later that year by the Council of Europe as a symbol for the whole of Europe . The Council of Europe urged it to be adopted by other European organisations , and in 1985 the European Communities ( EC ) adopted it . The EU inherited the emblem 's use when it was formed in 1993 , being the successor organisation to the EC starting from 1 December 2009 ( date of entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty ) . It has been in wide official use by the EC since the 1990s , but it has never been given official status in any of the EU 's treaties . Its adoption as an official symbol of the EU was planned as part of the proposed 2004 European Constitution , which failed to be ratified in 2005 . The flag is used by different European organisations as well as by unified European sporting teams under the name of Team Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Mercosur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercosur', 'summary': "Mercosur ( in Spanish ) , Mercosul ( in Portuguese ) , or Ñemby Ñemuha ( in Guarani ) , officially Southern Common Market , is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994 . Its full members are Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay and Uruguay . Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1 December 2016 . Associate countries are Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Peru and Suriname . Observer countries are New Zealand and Mexico . Its members have a combined area of 13,771,194 km² and a population of 264 million people if counting only the full member states . The official languages are Spanish , Portuguese , and Guarani . Mercosur 's origins are linked to the discussions for the constitution of a regional economic market for Latin America , which go back to the treaty that established the Latin American Free Trade Association in 1960 , which was succeeded by the Latin American Integration Association in the 1980s . At the time , Argentina and Brazil made progress in the matter , signing the Iguaçu Declaration ( 1985 ) , which established a bilateral commission , which was followed by a series of trade agreements the following year . The Integration , Cooperation and Development Treaty , signed between both countries in 1988 , set the goal of establishing a common market , to which other Latin American countries could join . Paraguay and Uruguay joined the process and the four countries became signatories to the Treaty of Asunción ( 1991 ) , which established the Southern Common Market , a trade alliance aimed at boosting the regional economy , moving goods , people among themselves , workforce and capital . Initially a free trade zone was established , in which the signatory countries would not tax or restrict each other 's imports ."}]}, {'value': 'White and blue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of Mercosur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_Mercosur', 'summary': 'The Flag of Mercosur is the official vexilological symbol of Mercosur .'}]}, {'value': 'NATO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NATO', 'summary': "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO /ˈneɪtoʊ/ ; French : Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord , OTAN ) , also called the North Atlantic Alliance , is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries . The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949 . NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party . NATO 's Headquarters are located in Evere , Brussels , Belgium , while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons , Belgium . Since its founding , the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 29 . The most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro on 5 June 2017 . NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina , Georgia , North Macedonia and Ukraine as aspiring members . An additional 21 countries participate in NATO 's Partnership for Peace program , with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs . The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total . Members agreed that their aim is to reach or maintain the target defense spending of at least 2% of GDP by 2024 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dark Blue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of NATO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_NATO', 'summary': 'The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) consists of a dark blue field charged with a white compass rose emblem , with four white lines radiating from the four cardinal directions . Adopted three years after the creation of NATO , it has been the flag of NATO since October 14 , 1953 . The blue color symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean , while the circle stands for unity .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic Council', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_Council', 'summary': "The Nordic Council is the official body for formal inter-parliamentary co-operation among the Nordic countries . Formed in 1952 , it has 87 representatives from Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway , and Sweden as well as from the autonomous areas of the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and the Åland Islands . The representatives are members of parliament in their respective countries or areas and are elected by those parliaments . The Council holds ordinary sessions each year in October/November and usually one extra session per year with a specific theme . The Council 's official languages are Danish , Finnish , Icelandic , Norwegian , and Swedish , though it uses only Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish as its working languages . These three comprise the first language of around 80% of the region 's population and are learned as a foreign language by the remaining 20% . In 1971 , the Nordic Council of Ministers , an intergovernmental forum , was established to complement the Council . The Council and the Council of Ministers are involved in various forms of cooperation with neighbouring areas , amongst them being the Baltic Assembly and the Benelux , as well as Russia and Schleswig-Holstein ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue and white', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Nordic Council ; Design Manual of the Nordic Council - Colours', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council', 'summary': 'The Flag of the Nordic Council is blue ( PMS 300 U ) , with a stylised circular motif of a white swan . The swan symbol was chosen to represent the Nordic Council , and the Nordic Council of Ministers , in 1984 . It is also designed to symbolise wider Nordic cooperation . The current version was designed by Kontrapunkt in 2016 . Before 2016 , the flag was white , with a stylised circular motif of a white swan upon a blue ( Pantone Reflex Blue C ) disk . The Swan had enough wing feathers standing for the eight members and territories of the Council : Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway , Sweden , Åland , the Faroe Islands and Greenland . The flag was designed by Kyösti Varis , an artist from Finland . The full members of the Nordic council all use a Nordic Cross Flag . The Nordic Cross was also used in the Flag of the Kalmar Union . The Kalmar Union was the only time when all Nordic countries were under a single state - hence it has traditionally been a sign of unity before the Nordic Council adopted the swan flag . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Turkic Council', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkic_Council', 'summary': 'The Turkic Council ( Azerbaijani : Türk Şurası ; Kazakh : Түркі кеңесі , Túrki Keńesi ; Kyrgyz : Түрк кеңеш ; Turkish : Türk Keneşi ; [ a ] Uzbek : Turkiy Kengash ) , officially the Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States ( CCTS ; Turkish : Türk Dili Konuşan Ülkeler İşbirliği Konseyi ) , is an international organization comprising some of the Turkic countries . It is an intergovernmental organization whose overarching aim is promoting comprehensive cooperation among Turkic states . It was founded on 3 October 2009 in Nakhchivan . The idea of setting up this cooperative council was first put forward by Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev back in 2006 . The General Secretariat is in İstanbul , Turkey . The member countries are Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan and Turkey . Turkmenistan is currently not an official members of the council due to its neutral stance . However , they are possible future members of the council . Uzbekistan announced its intention to join the council on 30 April 2018 , and formally applied for membership on September 12 , 2019 . Since late 2018 , Hungary is an observer and may soon request full membership in the Turkic Council .'}]}, {'value': 'Turqouise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Although the flag of the Turkic Council is light blue and white , turquoise is the colour most associated with the Turkic region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Turkic_Council', 'summary': 'The current flag of the Turkic Council was adopted at its 2nd Summit , which took place in Bishkek on 23 August 2012 and officially raised on 12 October 2012 . The flag combines the symbols of the four members countries : the light blue color of the flag of Kazakhstan , the sun of the flag of Kyrgyzstan , the star of the flag of Azerbaijan and the crescent of the Turkish flag .'}]}, {'value': 'United Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations', 'summary': "The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security , develop friendly relations among nations , achieve international cooperation , and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations . It is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City ; other main offices are in Geneva , Nairobi , Vienna and The Hague . The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars , succeeding the ineffective League of Nations . On 25 April 1945 , 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter , which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945 , when the UN began operations . Pursuant to the Charter , the organization 's objectives include maintaining international peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , promoting sustainable development , and upholding international law . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; this number grew to 193 in 2011 , representing the vast majority of the world 's sovereign states . The organization 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies . Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring , reporting and confidence-building roles . UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s . Since then , 80 former colonies have gained independence , including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council . By the 1970s , the UN 's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping ."}]}, {'value': 'Light blue and white', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the United Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations', 'summary': 'The flag of the United Nations was adopted on December 7 , 1946 , and consists of the official emblem of the United Nations in white on a blue background .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Supranational organisations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_colours_7', 'intro': "National colours are frequently part of a country's set of national symbols. Many states and nations have formally adopted a set of colours as their official national colours while others have de facto national colours that have become well-known through popular use. National colours often appear on a variety of different media, from the nation's flag to the colours used in sports."} | null | null | What are the colors of the flag that was adopted at the 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government ? | Green and gold |
056892f884ff5d6b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Northern_Conference', 'title': 'Big Northern Conference', 'header': ['School', 'Town', 'Team Name', 'Enrollment', 'IHSA Classes 2/3/4'], 'data': [{'value': 'Byron High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byron_High_School_(Byron,_Illinois)', 'summary': "Byron High School is located in the small city of Byron , Illinois population : 3,284 . Byron High School is located 17 miles southwest from Rockford , Illinois , the state 's third largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Byron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byron,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Byron is a city in Ogle County , Illinois , United States , probably best known as the location of the Byron Nuclear Generating Station , one of the last nuclear power plants commissioned in the United States . Byron is located in Byron Township , along the Rock River . The population was 3,753 at the 2010 census , up from 2,917 at the 2000 census . The town bills itself as the Gateway to the Rock River Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Tigers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '471', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dixon High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dixon_High_School_(Illinois)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Dixon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dixon,_Illinois', 'summary': "Dixon is a city and the county seat of Lee County , Illinois , United States . The population was 15,733 as of the 2010 census , down from 15,941 in 2000 . The city is named after founder John Dixon , who operated a rope ferry service across Rock River , which runs through the city . The Illinois General Assembly designated Dixon as Petunia Capital of Illinois in 1999 and The Catfish Capital of Illinois in 2009 . Dixon is the boyhood home of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan . The city is also the site of the Lincoln Monument State Memorial , marking the spot where Abraham Lincoln joined the Illinois militia at Fort Dixon in 1832 during the Black Hawk War . The memorial is located on the west side of Dixon 's main north-south street , Galena Avenue , ( U.S. Route 52 , also Illinois Route 26 ) , north of the Rock River ."}]}, {'value': 'Dukes/Duchesses', 'urls': []}, {'value': '762', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/2A/3A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa-Kingston High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa-Kingston_High_School', 'summary': 'Genoa-Kingston High School is a public high school located in Genoa , Illinois . The school has an enrollment of 617 .'}]}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Genoa is a city in the north-east corner of DeKalb County , Illinois , United States . It is located on the historic Galena-Chicago stagecoach route . At the 2010 census the city had a population of 5,193 , up from 4,169 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cogs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '594.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mendota High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendota_High_School', 'summary': "Mendota High School is a public high school in Mendota , California , United States , attended largely by Hispanic-Americans . In the 2015-2016 school year , the school contained 755 students . 99% were Hispanic , with the remainder Asian . In 2011 , the school 's 12-person chess team , named the Knuckleheads , placed first in the Premier Division at the CalChess State Championships in Santa Clara , California . Jesus Espinoza was the chess team 's mascot . He got down . They were honored not only by the City Council but also by the California State Assembly , which caused the Los Angeles Times to remark that for many of the players , that the 180 miles ( 290 km ) trip to Sacramento , California was the farthest they had ever traveled from Mendota . The heart and soul of Mendota High School is the football team , which was recently featured in an ESPN Sportscenter special ."}]}, {'value': 'Mendota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendota,_Illinois', 'summary': "Mendota is a city in LaSalle County , Illinois , United States , in the state 's north-central region . The population was 7,372 at the 2010 census , and was estimated to be 7,057 by July 2018 . It is part of the Ottawa-Peru , IL Micropolitan Statistical Area . Mendota is located approximately 85 miles west of Chicago , 70 miles east of Moline and 55 miles south of Rockford . The current mayor is David W. Boelk , an independent elected to a four-year term ."}]}, {'value': 'Trojans', 'urls': []}, {'value': '554', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Boone High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Boone_Community_Unit_School_District_200', 'summary': 'North Boone Community Unit School District 200 is a unified school district based in the central region of the county of its namesake , Boone County ; more specifically , in the village of Poplar Grove , Illinois . Five of the six schools in the district are located here , with the other being eastwards in the village of Capron . The six schools comprise three elementary schools , two middle schools , and one high school . Manchester Elementary School , which serves the grades K-4 alongside Poplar Grove Elementary School , is governed by Principal Kristi Crawford ; the principal of Poplar Grove Elementary School is Sharon Olds . Capron Elementary School , the only school in the district located in a village other than Poplar Grove , serves not only the grades K-4 , but also includes a prekindergarten program . The current principal is Matt Klett . All students who graduate from one of the district elementary schools will consolidate at the fifth grade in one school , called North Boone Upper Elementary School , whose principal is Mike Greenlee ; all students move on to North Boone Middle School , headed by Jeremiah Auble , which educates those in grades seven and eight . The last leg of education this district can provide is to those from grade nine to grade twelve ; the facility is called North Boone High School , whose principal is named Jacob Hubert . The current superintendent is Dr. Michael J. Greenlee . The mascot of the district high school is the Viking . North Boone High School competes in the Big Northern Conference . Spring sports include softball , track , and baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Poplar Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poplar_Grove,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Poplar Grove ( founded in 1859 ) is a village located in Poplar Grove and Belvidere Townships , Boone County , Illinois , United States . It is part of the Rockford Metropolitan Statistical Area , and of the gated community Candlewick Lake . The population was 5,023 at the 2010 census , up from 1,368 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vikings', 'urls': []}, {'value': '513.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oregon High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Oregon is a city in and the county seat of Ogle County , Illinois , United States . The population was 3,721 in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hawks', 'urls': []}, {'value': '430.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock Falls High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_Falls_High_School', 'summary': 'Rock Falls Township High School , better known simply as Rock Falls High School , is a four-year public high school located in Rock Falls , Illinois . Three area middle schools feed into it : Rock Falls Middle School , Montmorency School , East Coloma-Nelson School .'}]}, {'value': 'Rock Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_Falls,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Rock Falls is a city in Whiteside County , Illinois , United States . The population was 9,266 at the 2010 census , down from 9,580 in 2000 . The city is located on the Rock River , directly opposite of the hardware town Sterling .'}]}, {'value': 'Rockets', 'urls': []}, {'value': '646.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockford Christian High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois', 'summary': "Rockford is a city in Winnebago County in the U.S. state of Illinois , in far northern Illinois . Located on the banks of the Rock River , Rockford is the county seat of Winnebago County ( a small portion of the city is located in Ogle County ) . The largest city in Illinois outside of the Chicago metropolitan area , Rockford is the third-largest city in the state and the 171st most populous in the United States . According to 2010 U.S. Census Data , the City of Rockford had a population of 152,871 , with an outlying metropolitan area population of 348,360 . The City of Rockford 's population is 147,051 as of 2017 , down 4.1% since 2010 . Settled in the mid-1830s , the position of the city on the Rock River made its location strategic for industrial development . In the second half of the 19th century , Rockford was notable for its output of heavy machinery , hardware and tools ; by the twentieth century , it was the second leading center of furniture manufacturing in the nation , and 94th largest city . During the second half of the 20th century , Rockford struggled alongside many Rust Belt cities . Since the late 1990s , efforts in economic diversification have led to growth of automotive , aerospace , and healthcare industries , as well as the undertaking of various tourism and downtown revitalization efforts . Nicknamed the Forest City , Rockford is presently known for various venues of cultural or historical significance , including Anderson Japanese Gardens , Klehm Arboretum , Tinker Swiss Cottage , the BMO Harris Bank Center , the Coronado Theatre , the Laurent House , and the Burpee Museum of Natural History . Its contributions to music are noted in the Mendelssohn Club , the oldest music club in the nation , and performers such as Phantom Regiment , Fred VanVleet , and Cheap Trick ."}]}, {'value': 'Royal Lions', 'urls': []}, {'value': '378.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockford Lutheran High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockford_Lutheran_High_School', 'summary': "Rockford Lutheran High School is a private school in Rockford , Illinois . Established in 1964 , Rockford Lutheran High School is associated with 25 area Lutheran Churches . The Lutheran churches have associations with both ELCA and LCMS . Students attend more than 100 area churches ; 49% attend a Lutheran church . More than 2,000 students have graduated from Rockford Lutheran High School since the first graduating class in 1969 . The school 's mascot is the Crusader and the school colors are purple and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois', 'summary': "Rockford is a city in Winnebago County in the U.S. state of Illinois , in far northern Illinois . Located on the banks of the Rock River , Rockford is the county seat of Winnebago County ( a small portion of the city is located in Ogle County ) . The largest city in Illinois outside of the Chicago metropolitan area , Rockford is the third-largest city in the state and the 171st most populous in the United States . According to 2010 U.S. Census Data , the City of Rockford had a population of 152,871 , with an outlying metropolitan area population of 348,360 . The City of Rockford 's population is 147,051 as of 2017 , down 4.1% since 2010 . Settled in the mid-1830s , the position of the city on the Rock River made its location strategic for industrial development . In the second half of the 19th century , Rockford was notable for its output of heavy machinery , hardware and tools ; by the twentieth century , it was the second leading center of furniture manufacturing in the nation , and 94th largest city . During the second half of the 20th century , Rockford struggled alongside many Rust Belt cities . Since the late 1990s , efforts in economic diversification have led to growth of automotive , aerospace , and healthcare industries , as well as the undertaking of various tourism and downtown revitalization efforts . Nicknamed the Forest City , Rockford is presently known for various venues of cultural or historical significance , including Anderson Japanese Gardens , Klehm Arboretum , Tinker Swiss Cottage , the BMO Harris Bank Center , the Coronado Theatre , the Laurent House , and the Burpee Museum of Natural History . Its contributions to music are noted in the Mendelssohn Club , the oldest music club in the nation , and performers such as Phantom Regiment , Fred VanVleet , and Cheap Trick ."}]}, {'value': 'Crusaders', 'urls': []}, {'value': '362', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stillman Valley High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stillman Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stillman_Valley,_Illinois', 'summary': "Stillman Valley is a village in Marion Township , Ogle County , Illinois , United States . It lies east of Byron , south of Rockford and west of Davis Junction . The population was 1,120 at the 2010 census , up from 1,048 in 2000 . The village is located on the Iowa , Chicago and Eastern Railroad , on the old Chicago Great Western Railway before it merged and was pulled up . Also , Illinois Route 72 runs through the village . It is near the site of the first battle of the Black Hawk War of 1832 . The war memorial for the Battle of Stillman 's Run is located in this village ."}]}, {'value': 'Cardinals', 'urls': []}, {'value': '588.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnebago High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnebago_High_School', 'summary': 'Winnebago High School is a high school in Winnebago CUSD # 323 , in Winnebago , Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'Winnebago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnebago,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Winnebago is a village in Winnebago County , Illinois . It is part of the Rockford-Winnebago Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 3,101 at the 2010 census , up from 2,958 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Indians', 'urls': []}, {'value': '454.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A/1A/2A', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Membership', 'section_text': "The conference 's current members , as of 2019–20 : [ 4 ]", 'uid': 'Big_Northern_Conference_0', 'intro': 'The Big Northern Conference (BNC) is an organization of eleven high schools in northern Illinois. These high schools are members of the Illinois High School Association. The high schools of the Big Northern Conference are located in the following counties: Boone, DeKalb, LaSalle, Lee, Ogle, Whiteside, and Winnebago.'} | null | null | Part of school district 200 , what attendee of the Big Northern Conference is located in a town whose population increased almost five-times the number between 2000 and 2010 ? | North Boone High School |
0568f3df17eff005 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Caribbean', 'title': 'List of the busiest airports in the Caribbean', 'header': ['Rank', 'Airport name', 'City', 'Country or territory', 'IATA / ICAO Code', 'Passengers'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Punta Cana International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punta_Cana_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Punta Cana International Airport ( IATA : PUJ , ICAO : MDPC ) is a privately owned commercial airport in Punta Cana , eastern Dominican Republic . The airport is built with open-air terminals with their roofs covered in palm fronds . Grupo PuntaCana built the airport , which was designed by architect Oscar Imbert , and inaugurated it in December 1983 . It became the first privately owned international airport in the world . A number of scheduled and charter airlines fly to Punta Cana ; more than 6.3 million passengers ( arrivals and departures combined ) pass through the terminals , moved by almost 60,000 commercial aircraft operations . The operators of the airport , Corporación Aeroportuaria del Este , S.A. ( a private corporation run by Puntacana Resort and Club ) , expanded the facility in November 2011 with a new runway and air traffic control tower designed to support the robust growth of travel to the region . In 2014 , the airport accounted for 60% of all air arrivals in the Dominican Republic .'}]}, {'value': 'Punta Cana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punta_Cana', 'summary': 'Punta Cana is a resort town within the Punta Cana-Bávaro-Veron-Macao municipal district , in the municipality of Higüey , in La Altagracia Province , the easternmost province of the Dominican Republic . The area has beaches and balnearios which face both the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , and it is a tourist destination . The weather is hot and humid , especially in late summer and autumn when the Northern Tropics receive their most direct sunlight .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'PUJ/MDPC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12,788,912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Muñoz Marin International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Muñoz_Marin_International_Airport', 'summary': "Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport ( IATA : SJU , ICAO : TJSJ , FAA LID : SJU ) ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Internacional Luis Muñoz Marín , also known as Isla Verde International Airport/Aeropuerto Internacional de Isla Verde ) is a joint civil-military international airport named for Puerto Rico 's first democratically elected governor and located in suburban Carolina , Puerto Rico , three miles ( five kilometres ) southeast of San Juan . It is the busiest airport in the Caribbean region by passenger traffic . Over 4 million passengers board a plane at the airport per year according to the Federal Aviation Administration . The airport is owned by the Puerto Rico Ports Authority and managed by Aerostar Airport Holdings , a public-private partnership which was awarded a lease by the government of Puerto Rico to operate and manage the airport for 40 years beginning in 2013 . SJU is the second international airport to be privatized in the United States or its territories , and , as of 2013 , is the only currently privatized airport in the nation . Taxis and rental cars can transport travelers to and from the airport . The airport serves as a gateway to the Caribbean islands . SJU covers 1,600 acres ( 647 ha ) of land ."}]}, {'value': 'San Juan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': 'SJU/TJSJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,955,797', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Martí International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Martí_International_Airport', 'summary': "José Martí International Airport ( IATA : HAV , ICAO : MUHA ) , sometimes known by its former name Rancho-Boyeros Airport , is an international airport located 15 km ( 9 mi ) southwest of Havana , Cuba , and is a hub for Cubana de Aviación and Aerogaviota , and former Latin American hub for the Soviet ( later Russian ) airline Aeroflot . It is Cuba 's main international and domestic gateway , and serves several million passengers each year . The airport is operated by Empresa Cubana de Aeropuertos y Servicios Aeronáuticos ( ECASA ) . The airport lies in the municipality of Boyeros and connects Havana with the rest of the Caribbean , North , Central , and South America , Europe , and one destination each in Africa ( to Luanda by TAAG Angola Airlines ) and Asia ( to Beijing , via Montreal by Air China ) . It is named in memory of patriot and poet José Martí . In the 1960s , the airport was bombed by B-26 aircraft from Brigade 2506 , a CIA-sponsored group of Cuban exiles attempting to overthrow Fidel Castro . Private Cuban citizens are not allowed to own aircraft ; all aircraft in Cuba belong to state-owned airlines or the military . Only government- and foreign-owned aircraft are allowed to use the facilities . Today , Copa Airlines is the foreign airline with most flights to the airport , operating 34 flights a week ( roughly 5 daily flights ) from Panama City , Panama and Bogotá , Colombia ."}]}, {'value': 'Havana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Havana', 'summary': "Havana ( /həˈvænə/ ; Spanish : La Habana [ la aˈβana ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city , largest city , province , major port , and leading commercial center of Cuba . The city has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants , and it spans a total of 781.58 km2 ( 301.77 sq mi ) - making it the largest city by area , the most populous city , and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region . The city of Havana was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas , becoming a stopping point for treasure-laden Spanish galleons returning to Spain . The King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592 . Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city . The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana 's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War . The city is the center of the Cuban government , and home to various ministries , headquarters of businesses and over 90 diplomatic offices . The current governor is Reinaldo García Zapata of the Communist Party of Cuba ( PCC ) . In 2009 , the city/province had the third highest income in the country . Contemporary Havana can essentially be described as three cities in one : Old Havana , Vedado and the newer suburban districts . The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay , which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbors : Mari melena , Guanabacoa and Antares . The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north , entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'HAV/MUHA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,713,859', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sangster International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sangster_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Sangster International Airport ( IATA : MBJ , ICAO : MKJS ) is an international airport located 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) east of Montego Bay , Jamaica . The airport is capable of handling nine million passengers per year . It serves as the most popular airport for tourists visiting the north coast of Jamaica . The airport is named after former Jamaican Prime Minister Sir Donald Sangster . The airport is run by the management company , MBJ Airports Limited , whose leading stakeholder is Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico , and minority-owned by Vantage Airport Group . Sangster was privatised and turned over by Airports Authority of Jamaica to the consortium in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Montego Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montego_Bay', 'summary': 'Montego Bay is the capital of the parish of St. James in Jamaica . The city is the fourth-largest urban area in the country by population , after Kingston , Spanish Town , and Portmore , all of which form the Greater Kingston Metropolitan Area , home to over half a million people . As a result Montego Bay is the second-largest anglophone city in the Caribbean , after Kingston . Montego Bay is a popular tourist destination featuring duty-free shopping , a cruise line terminal and several beaches and resorts . The city is served by the Donald Sangster International Airport , the busiest airport in the Anglophone Caribbean , which is located within the official city limits . The city is enclosed in a watershed , drained by several rivers such as the Montego River . Montego Bay is referred to as The Second City , MoBay or Bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'MBJ/MKJS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,284,558', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Americas International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Americas_International_Airport', 'summary': "Las Américas International Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Internacional Las Américas , or AILA ) ( IATA : SDQ , ICAO : MDSD ) is an international airport located in Punta Caucedo , near Santo Domingo and Boca Chica in the Dominican Republic . The airport is run by Aeropuertos Dominicanos Siglo XXI ( AERODOM ) , a private corporation based in the Dominican Republic under a 25-year concession to build , operate , and transfer ( BOT ) six of the country 's airports . Las Américas usually receives a wide variety of long- , mid- and short-haul aircraft . The airport is the second-busiest in the country , after Punta Cana International Airport , and one of the largest in the Caribbean , handling 3.5 million passengers in 2015 through its air terminal ."}]}, {'value': 'Santo Domingo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santo_Domingo,_Dominican_Republic', 'summary': "Santo Domingo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsanto ðoˈmiŋɡo ] meaning Saint Dominic ) , officially Santo Domingo de Guzmán , is the capital and largest city in the Dominican Republic and the largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean by population . As of 2010 , the city had a total population of 2,908,607 , when including the metropolitan area . The city is coterminous with the boundaries of the Distrito Nacional ( D.N. , National District ) , itself bordered on three sides by Santo Domingo Province . Founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 1496 , on the east bank of the Ozama River and then moved by Nicolás de Ovando in 1502 to the west bank of the river , the city is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas , and was the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Santo Domingo is the site of the first university , cathedral , castle , monastery , and fortress in the New World . The city 's Colonial Zone was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Santo Domingo was called Ciudad Trujillo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sjuˈðað tɾuˈxiʝo ] ) , from 1936 to 1961 , after the Dominican Republic 's dictator , Rafael Trujillo , named the capital after himself . Following his assassination , the city resumed its original designation . Santo Domingo is the cultural , financial , political , commercial and industrial center of the Dominican Republic , with the country 's most important industries being located within the city . Santo Domingo also serves as the chief seaport of the country . The city 's harbor at the mouth of the Ozama River accommodates the largest vessels , and the port handles both heavy passenger and freight traffic . Temperatures are high year round , with cooler breezes in the winter time ."}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'SDQ/MDSD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,687,024', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lynden Pindling International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lynden_Pindling_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Lynden Pindling International Airport ( IATA : NAS , ICAO : MYNN ) , formerly known as Nassau International Airport ( 1957-2006 ) , is the largest airport in the Bahamas and the largest international gateway into the country . It is a major hub for Bahamasair , Western Air and SkyBahamas and is located in western New Providence island near the capital city of Nassau .'}]}, {'value': 'Nassau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas', 'summary': "Nassau ( /ˈnæsɔː/ ) is the capital and largest city of The Bahamas . With a population of 274,400 as of 2016 , or just over 70% of the entire population of the Bahamas ( ≈391,000 ) , Nassau is commonly defined as a primate city , dwarfing all other towns in the country . It is the centre of commerce , education , law , administration and media of the country . Lynden Pindling International Airport , the major airport for the Bahamas , is located about 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) west of Nassau city centre , and has daily flights to major cities in Canada , the Caribbean , the United Kingdom and the United States . The city is located on the island of New Providence , which functions much like a business district . Nassau is the site of the House of Assembly and various judicial departments and was considered historically to be a stronghold of pirates . The city was named in honour of William III of England , Prince of Orange-Nassau . Nassau 's modern growth began in the late eighteenth century , with the influx of thousands of Loyalists and their slaves to the Bahamas following the American War of Independence . Many of them settled in Nassau ( then and still the commerce capital of the Bahamas ) and eventually came to outnumber the original inhabitants . As the population of Nassau grew , so did its populated areas . Today the city dominates the entire island and its satellite , Paradise Island . However , until the post-Second World War era , the outer suburbs scarcely existed ."}]}, {'value': 'The Bahamas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bahamas', 'summary': "The Bahamas ( /bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) , known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago in the West Indies . It is a member of the Commonwealth Realms under the monarchy of Queen Elizabeth II . The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola Island ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the U.S. state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas ' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 ( 180,000 sq mi ) of ocean space . The Bahamas were inhabited by the Lucayans , a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno people , for many centuries . Columbus was the first European to see the islands , making his first landfall in the 'New World ' in 1492 . Later , the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to slavery on Hispaniola , after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 , when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718 , when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American Revolutionary War , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas ; they took their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants . African slaves and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on . The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807 ; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834 ."}]}, {'value': 'NAS/MYNN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,339,876', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piarco International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piarco_International_Airport', 'summary': "Piarco International Airport ( IATA : POS , ICAO : TTPP ) is an international airport serving the island of Trinidad and is one of two international airports in Trinidad and Tobago . The airport is located 30 km ( 19 mi ) east of Downtown Port of Spain , located in the adjacent town of Piarco . It is the seventh busiest airport in the Caribbean in terms of passengers served and third busiest in the English-speaking Caribbean , after Sangster International Airport and Lynden Pindling International Airport . The airport is also the primary hub and operating base for the country 's national airline , as well as the Caribbean 's largest airline , Caribbean Airlines . Piarco International Airport has direct scheduled service to destinations in the United States , Canada , Central America , South America and Europe . It is also a significant transit hub for the Southern Caribbean and serves as the primary connection point for many passengers travelling from Guyana ."}]}, {'value': 'Port of Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_of_Spain,_Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "Port of Spain ( Spanish : Puerto España ) , officially the City of Port of Spain ( also stylized Port-of-Spain ) , is the capital city of Trinidad and Tobago and the country 's second-largest city after San Fernando and the third largest municipality after Chaguanas and San Fernando . The city has a municipal population of 37,074 ( 2011 census ) , an urban population of 81,142 ( 2011 estimate ) and a transient daily population of 250,000 . It is located on the Gulf of Paria , on the northwest coast of the island of Trinidad and is part of a larger conurbation stretching from Chaguaramas in the west to Arima in the east with an estimated population of 600,000 . The city serves primarily as a retail and administrative centre and it has been the capital of the island since 1757 . It is also an important financial services centre for the Caribbean and is home to two of the largest banks in the region . Port of Spain was also the de facto capital of the short-lived West Indies Federation , which united the Caribbean . The city is also home to the largest container port on the island and is one of several shipping hubs of the Caribbean , exporting both agricultural products and manufactured goods . Bauxite from Guyana is trans-shipped via facilities at Chaguaramas , about 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) west of the city . The pre-lenten Carnival is the city 's main annual cultural festival and tourist attraction . Today , Port of Spain is a leading city in the Caribbean region . Trinidad and Tobago hosted the Fifth Summit of the Americas in 2009 whose guests included US President Barack Obama and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . Port of Spain is also home to the biggest and most successful stock exchange in the Caribbean , the Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange ( TTSE ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}, {'value': 'POS/TTPP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,884,843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen Beatrix International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Beatrix_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Queen Beatrix International Airport ( IATA : AUA , ICAO : TNCA ) ( Dutch : Internationale luchthaven Koningin Beatrix ; Papiamento : Aeropuerto Internacional Reina Beatrix ) is an international airport located in Oranjestad , Aruba . It has flight services to the United States , several countries in the Caribbean , the northern coastal countries of South America , Canada , and some parts of Europe , notably the Netherlands . It is named after Princess Beatrix , the former queen of the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Aruba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aruba', 'summary': 'Aruba ( /əˈruːbə/ ə-ROO-bə , Dutch : [ aːˈrubaː , -ryb- ] ( listen ) , Papiamento : [ aˈruba ] ) is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern Caribbean Sea , located about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the main part of the Lesser Antilles and 29 kilometres ( 18 mi ) north of the coast of Venezuela . It measures 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) across at its widest point . Together with Bonaire and Curaçao , Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands . Collectively , Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands , along with the Netherlands , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten ; the citizens of these countries are all Dutch nationals . Aruba has no administrative subdivisions , but , for census purposes , is divided into eight regions . Its capital is Oranjestad . Unlike much of the Caribbean region , Aruba has a dry climate and an arid , cactus-strewn landscape . This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm , sunny weather . It has a land area of 179 km2 ( 69.1 sq mi ) and is densely populated , with a total of 102,484 inhabitants at the 2010 Census . Current estimates of the population place it at 116,600 ( July 2018 est . ) It lies outside Hurricane Alley .'}]}, {'value': 'Aruba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aruba', 'summary': 'Aruba ( /əˈruːbə/ ə-ROO-bə , Dutch : [ aːˈrubaː , -ryb- ] ( listen ) , Papiamento : [ aˈruba ] ) is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern Caribbean Sea , located about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the main part of the Lesser Antilles and 29 kilometres ( 18 mi ) north of the coast of Venezuela . It measures 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) across at its widest point . Together with Bonaire and Curaçao , Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands . Collectively , Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands , along with the Netherlands , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten ; the citizens of these countries are all Dutch nationals . Aruba has no administrative subdivisions , but , for census purposes , is divided into eight regions . Its capital is Oranjestad . Unlike much of the Caribbean region , Aruba has a dry climate and an arid , cactus-strewn landscape . This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm , sunny weather . It has a land area of 179 km2 ( 69.1 sq mi ) and is densely populated , with a total of 102,484 inhabitants at the 2010 Census . Current estimates of the population place it at 116,600 ( July 2018 est . ) It lies outside Hurricane Alley .'}]}, {'value': 'AUA/TNCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,602,728', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pointe-à-Pitre_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport or Pointe-à-Pitre Le Raizet Airport ( French : Aérodrome de Pointe-à-Pitre Le Raizet or Aéroport Guadeloupe Pôle Caraïbes Caribbean Hub ) ( IATA : PTP , ICAO : TFFR ) is an international airport serving Pointe-à-Pitre on the island of Grande-Terre in Guadeloupe , France . The airport is located in Abymes , 2.4 km ( 1.3 NM ) north-northeast of Pointe-à-Pitre . It is the main hub for Air Caraïbes and Air Antilles Express . Air France has also two Airbus A320 based in Pointe-à-Pitre for regional flights . It is the largest of the six airports in the archipelago . In 2015 , the airport handled 2,089,763 passengers ; it is the second busiest airport in the Lesser Antilles after Queen Beatrix International Airport located in Aruba , and before Grantley Adams International Airport located in Barbados .'}]}, {'value': 'Pointe-à-Pitre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pointe-à-Pitre', 'summary': "Pointe-à-Pitre ( French : Pointe-à-Pitre , pronounced [ pwɛ̃tapitʁ ] ; Creole : Lapwent , [ lapwɛ̃t ] ) is the largest city of Guadeloupe , an overseas région and département of France located in the Lesser Antilles , of which it is a sous-préfecture , being the seat of the Arrondissement of Pointe-à-Pitre . Although Pointe-à-Pitre is not Guadeloupe 's administrative capital ( that distinction goes to Basse-Terre ) , it is nonetheless the region 's largest city and economic capital . In 1999 , it had a population of 171,773 inhabitants in its urban area , of whom 17,541 lived in the city ( commune ) of Pointe-à-Pitre proper . The inhabitants are called Pointois . In 2014 , its metropolitan population was estimated at 314,647 people . Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport , Guadeloupe 's main international airport , is located 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) north of downtown Pointe-à-Pitre in the commune of Les Abymes . Jacques Bangou is the current mayor of Pointe-à-Pitre ."}]}, {'value': 'Guadeloupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadeloupe', 'summary': 'Guadeloupe ( /ˌɡwɑːdəˈluːp/ , French : [ ɡwad ( ə ) lup ] ( listen ) ; Antillean Creole : Gwadloup ) is an archipelago forming an overseas region of France in the Caribbean . It consists of six inhabited islands , Basse-Terre , Grande-Terre , Marie-Galante , La Désirade , and the Îles des Saintes , as well as many uninhabited islands and outcroppings . It lies south of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat , and north of Dominica . Its capital is Basse-Terre on the west coast ; however , the largest city is Pointe-à-Pitre . Like the other overseas departments , it is an integral part of France . As a constituent territory of the European Union and the Eurozone , the euro is its official currency and any European Union citizen is free to settle and work there indefinitely . As an overseas department , however , it is not part of the Schengen Area . The official language is French ; Antillean Creole is also spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'PTP/TFFR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,361,198', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grantley Adams International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grantley_Adams_International_Airport', 'summary': "Grantley Adams International Airport ( GAIA ) ( IATA : BGI , ICAO : TBPB ) is the international airport of Barbados , located in Seawell , Christ Church . It is the only designated port of entry for persons arriving and departing by air in Barbados and operates as one of the major gateways to the Eastern Caribbean . The airport has direct service to destinations in the United States , Canada , Central America and Europe and serves as the second hub for LIAT . In 2016 , the airport was the 8th busiest airport in the Caribbean region and the third busiest airport in the Lesser Antilles after Queen Beatrix International Airport on Aruba and Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport on Guadeloupe . GAIA , also remains an important air-link for cruise ship passengers departing and arriving at the Port of Bridgetown , and a base of operations for the Regional Security System ( RSS ) , and the Regional ( Caribbean ) Police Training Centre . The airport 's former name was Seawell Airport before being dedicated posthumously in honour of the first Premier of Barbados , Sir Grantley Herbert Adams in 1976 . The airport 's timezone is GMT −4 and is in World Area Code region No . 246 ( by the US Department of Transportation ) . It was a hub for now-defunct Barbadian carriers Caribbean Airways ( not to be confused with the currently-as to 2019-operating Caribbean Airlines ) and REDjet , the home for the charter carrier West Indies Executive Air , and former home to the flight training school Coconut Airways ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridgetown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgetown', 'summary': 'Bridgetown ( UN/LOCODE : BB BGI ) is the capital and largest city of Barbados . Formerly The Town of Saint Michael , the Greater Bridgetown area is located within the parish of Saint Michael . Bridgetown is sometimes locally referred to as The City , but the most common reference is simply Town . As of 2014 , its metropolitan population stands at roughly 110,000 . The Bridgetown port , found along Carlisle Bay ( at 13°06′22″N 59°37′55″W / 13.106°N 59.632°W / 13.106 ; -59.632 ( Bridgetown port ) ) lies on the southwestern coast of the island . Parts of the Greater Bridgetown area ( as roughly defined by the Ring Road Bypass or more commonly known as the ABC Highway ) , sit close to the borders of the neighbouring parishes Christ Church and St. James . The Grantley Adams International Airport for Barbados , is located 16 kilometres ( 10 mi ) southeast of Bridgetown city centre , and has daily flights to major cities in the United Kingdom , United States , Canada and the Caribbean . There is no longer a local municipal government , but it is a constituency of the national Parliament . During the short-lived 1950s-1960s Federation of the British West Indian Territories , Bridgetown was one of three capital cities within the region being considered to be the Federal capital of region . The present-day location of the city was established by English settlers in 1628 ; a previous settlement under the authority of Sir William Courten was at St. James Town . Bridgetown is a major West Indies tourist destination , and the city acts as an important financial , informatics , convention centre , and cruise ship port of call in the Caribbean region . On 25 June 2011 , Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison was added as a World Heritage Site of UNESCO .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': 'BGI/TBPB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,172,603', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martinique_Aimé_Césaire_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport , French : Aéroport International Martinique Aimé Césaire ( IATA : FDF , ICAO : TFFF ) , is the international airport of Martinique in the French West Indies . Located in Le Lamentin , a suburb of the capital Fort-de-France , it was opened in 1950 and renamed in 2007 , after author and politician Aimé Césaire .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort-de-France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort-de-France', 'summary': 'Fort-de-France ( /ˌfɔːr də ˈfrɒ̃s/ , French : [ fɔʁ də fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Martinique , an overseas department of France located in the Caribbean . It is also one of the major cities in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Martinique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martinique', 'summary': "Martinique ( /ˌmɑːrtɪˈniːk/ MAR-tin-EEK , French : [ maʁtinik ] ( listen ) ; Martinican Creole : Matnik or Matinik ) is an insular region of France located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea , with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres ( 436 sq mi ) and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016 . Like Guadeloupe , it is an overseas region ( région d'outre-mer ) of France , consisting of a single overseas department . One of the Windward Islands , it is directly north of Saint Lucia , northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica . As one of the eighteen regions of France , Martinique is part of the European Union , and its currency is the euro . Virtually the entire population speaks both French , the official language , and Antillean Creole ( Créole Martiniquais ) ."}]}, {'value': 'FDF/TFFF', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,864,582', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hato International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hato_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Curaçao International Airport ( IATA : CUR , ICAO : TNCC ) , ( Dutch : Hato Internationale luchthaven ) also known as Hato International Airport ( formerly Dr. Albert Plesman International Airport ) , is the primary airport for the island of Curaçao . The airport is located on the north coast of Curaçao , 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) from the capital Willemstad . Curaçao International Airport services flights from the Caribbean region , South America , North America and Europe and has the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport in Guadeloupe . The airport serves as a main base for Divi Divi Air , Jetair Caribbean as well as EZAir ; it formerly served as a main base for ALM , KLM , DCA , DAE and Insel Air . Located on the Dutch Caribbean island of Curaçao , connects Europe , the Americas and the Caribbean . Curaçao International Airport is served by several airlines . The Curaçao International Airport has one of the longest runways in the Caribbean , accommodating up to a Boeing 747 . In the early fall of 2014 , Curaçao International Airport will open a new General Aviation Center offering premier service in a separate building with a private entrance and exit and special amenities .'}]}, {'value': 'Curaçao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curaçao', 'summary': 'Curaçao ( /ˈkjʊərəsoʊ , -saʊ , ˌkjʊərəˈsoʊ , -ˈsaʊ/ KEWR-əss-oh , -\u2060ow , -\u2060OH , -\u2060OW , Dutch : [ kyraːˈsʌu , kur- ] ( listen ) ; Papiamento : Kòrsou [ ˈkɔrsɔu̯ ] ) is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region , about 65 km ( 40 mi ) north of the Venezuelan coast . It is a constituent country ( Dutch : land ) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Together with Aruba and Bonaire it forms the ABC islands . Collectively , Curaçao and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . The country was formerly part of the Curaçao and Dependencies colony in 1815-1954 and later the Netherlands Antilles in 1954-2010 , as Island Territory of Curaçao ( Dutch : Eilandgebied Curaçao , Papiamento : Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou ) and is now formally called the Country of Curaçao ( Dutch : Land Curaçao , Papiamento : Pais Kòrsou ) . It includes the main island of Curaçao and the much smaller , uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ( Little Curaçao ) . Curaçao has a population of 158,665 ( January 2019 est . ) and an area of 444 km2 ( 171 sq mi ) ; its capital is Willemstad .'}]}, {'value': 'Curaçao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curaçao', 'summary': 'Curaçao ( /ˈkjʊərəsoʊ , -saʊ , ˌkjʊərəˈsoʊ , -ˈsaʊ/ KEWR-əss-oh , -\u2060ow , -\u2060OH , -\u2060OW , Dutch : [ kyraːˈsʌu , kur- ] ( listen ) ; Papiamento : Kòrsou [ ˈkɔrsɔu̯ ] ) is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region , about 65 km ( 40 mi ) north of the Venezuelan coast . It is a constituent country ( Dutch : land ) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Together with Aruba and Bonaire it forms the ABC islands . Collectively , Curaçao and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . The country was formerly part of the Curaçao and Dependencies colony in 1815-1954 and later the Netherlands Antilles in 1954-2010 , as Island Territory of Curaçao ( Dutch : Eilandgebied Curaçao , Papiamento : Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou ) and is now formally called the Country of Curaçao ( Dutch : Land Curaçao , Papiamento : Pais Kòrsou ) . It includes the main island of Curaçao and the much smaller , uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ( Little Curaçao ) . Curaçao has a population of 158,665 ( January 2019 est . ) and an area of 444 km2 ( 171 sq mi ) ; its capital is Willemstad .'}]}, {'value': 'CUR/TNCC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,835,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Juliana International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Juliana_International_Airport', 'summary': "Princess Juliana International Airport ( IATA : SXM , ICAO : TNCM ) is the main airport on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin/Sint Maarten . The airport is located on the Dutch side of the island , in the country of Sint Maarten . In 2015 , the airport handled 1,829,543 passengers and around 60,000 aircraft movements . The airport serves as a hub for Windward Islands Airways and is the major gateway for the smaller Leeward Islands , including Anguilla , Saba , St. Barthélemy and St. Eustatius . It is named after Queen Juliana , who landed here while still only heir presumptive in 1944 , the year after the airport opened . The airport has very low-altitude flyover landing approaches , owing to one end of its runway being extremely close to the shore and Maho Beach . There is also an airport on the French side of the island , in the French Collectivity of Saint Martin , called Aéroport de Grand Case or L'Espérance Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Maarten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Maarten', 'summary': "Sint Maarten ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪnt ˈmaːrtə ( n ) ] ) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean . With a population of 41,486 as of January 2019 on an area of 34 km2 ( 13 sq mi ) , it encompasses the southern 40% of the divided island of Saint Martin , while the northern 60% of the island constitutes the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin . Sint Maarten 's capital is Philipsburg . Collectively , Sint Maarten and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . Before 10 October 2010 , Sint Maarten was known as the Island Territory of Sint Maarten ( Dutch : Eilandgebied Sint Maarten ) , and was one of five island territories ( eilandgebieden ) that constituted the Netherlands Antilles.Sint Maarten has the status of an overseas country and territory ( OCT ) and is not part of the EU . On 6 and 7 September 2017 , the island was hit by Category 5+ Hurricane Irma , which caused widespread and significant damage to buildings and infrastructure . As of 2018 , Sint Maarten has the 14th largest GDP per capita in the world ( including territories ) when measured by purchasing power parity , over three times as high as its French counterpart ."}]}, {'value': 'Sint Maarten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sint_Maarten', 'summary': "Sint Maarten ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪnt ˈmaːrtə ( n ) ] ) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean . With a population of 41,486 as of January 2019 on an area of 34 km2 ( 13 sq mi ) , it encompasses the southern 40% of the divided island of Saint Martin , while the northern 60% of the island constitutes the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin . Sint Maarten 's capital is Philipsburg . Collectively , Sint Maarten and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . Before 10 October 2010 , Sint Maarten was known as the Island Territory of Sint Maarten ( Dutch : Eilandgebied Sint Maarten ) , and was one of five island territories ( eilandgebieden ) that constituted the Netherlands Antilles.Sint Maarten has the status of an overseas country and territory ( OCT ) and is not part of the EU . On 6 and 7 September 2017 , the island was hit by Category 5+ Hurricane Irma , which caused widespread and significant damage to buildings and infrastructure . As of 2018 , Sint Maarten has the 14th largest GDP per capita in the world ( including territories ) when measured by purchasing power parity , over three times as high as its French counterpart ."}]}, {'value': 'SXM/TNCM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,795,117', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norman Manley International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Manley_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Norman Manley International Airport ( IATA : KIN , ICAO : MKJP ) , formerly Palisadoes Airport , is an international airport serving Kingston , Jamaica and is located south of the island 19 km away from the centre of New Kingston . It is the second busiest airport in the country after Sangster International Airport , recording 1,502,973 arriving passengers in 2015 . There are over 130 international flights a week that depart from Norman Manley International Airport . Named in honour of Jamaican statesman Norman Manley , it is a hub for Caribbean Airlines . It is located on the Palisadoes tombolo in outer Kingston Harbour ; it fronts the city on one side and the Caribbean Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Kingston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica', 'summary': 'Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica , located on the southeastern coast of the island . It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes , a long sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal and the Norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island . In the Americas , Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States . The local government bodies of the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrew were amalgamated by the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation Act of 1923 , to form the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation ( KSAC ) . Greater Kingston , or the Corporate Area refers to those areas under the KSAC ; however , it does not solely refer to Kingston Parish , which only consists of the old downtown and Port Royal . Kingston Parish had a population of 96,052 , and St. Andrew Parish had a population of 555,828 in 2001 . Kingston is only bordered by Saint Andrew to the east , west and north . The geographical border for the parish of Kingston encompasses the following communities , Tivoli Gardens , Denham Town , Rae Town , Kingston Gardens , National Heroes Park , Bournemouth Gardens , Norman Gardens , Rennock Lodge , Springfield and Port Royal , along with portions of Rollington Town , Franklyn Town and Allman Town . The city proper is bounded by Six Miles to the west , Stony Hill to the north , Papine to the northeast and Harbour View to the east , communities in urban and suburban Saint Andrew . Communities in rural St. Andrew such as Gordon Town , Mavis Bank , Lawrence Tavern , Mt . Airy and Bull Bay would not be described as being in Kingston city . Two parts make up the central area of Kingston : the historic Downtown , and New Kingston .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'KIN/MKJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,594,096', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toussaint Louverture International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport', 'summary': "Toussaint Louverture International Airport ( French : Aéroport International Toussaint Louverture ) ( IATA : PAP , ICAO : MTPP ) is an international airport in Tabarre , a commune of Port-au-Prince in Haiti . The airport is currently the busiest in Haiti and is an operating hub for Salsa d'Haiti , Tortug ' Air , Sunrise Airways , and Haiti Aviation ."}]}, {'value': 'Port-Au-Prince', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port-Au-Prince,_Haiti', 'summary': "Port-au-Prince ( /ˌpɔːrt oʊ ˈprɪns/ , French : [ pɔʁ o pʁɛ̃s ] ; Haitian Creole : Pòtoprens [ pɔtopɣɛ̃s ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Haiti . The city 's population was estimated at 987,310 in 2015 with the metropolitan area estimated at a population of 2,618,894 . The metropolitan area is defined by the IHSI as including the communes of Port-au-Prince , Delmas , Cite Soleil , Tabarre , Carrefour , and Pétion-Ville . The city of Port-au-Prince is on the Gulf of Gonâve : the bay on which the city lies , which acts as a natural harbor , has sustained economic activity since the civilizations of the Arawaks . It was first incorporated under French colonial rule in 1749 . The city 's layout is similar to that of an amphitheatre ; commercial districts are near the water , while residential neighborhoods are located on the hills above . Its population is difficult to ascertain due to the rapid growth of slums in the hillsides above the city ; however , recent estimates place the metropolitan area 's population at around 3.7 million , nearly half of the country 's national population . The city was catastrophically affected by a devastating earthquake in 2010 , with large numbers of structures damaged or destroyed . Haiti 's government estimated the death toll to be 230,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Haiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiti', 'summary': "Haiti ( /ˈheɪti/ ( listen ) ; French : Haïti [ a.iti ] ; Haitian Creole : Ayiti [ ajiti ] ) , officially the Republic of Haiti ( French : République d'Haïti ; Haitian Creole : Repiblik D Ayiti ) and formerly called Hayti , [ note 1 ] is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic . To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island , which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration . Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,714 sq mi ) in size and has an estimated population of 11.1 million , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Cuba . The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people , who migrated from South America . The first Europeans arrived on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus , who initially believed he had found India or China . Columbus subsequently founded the first European settlement in the Americas , La Navidad , on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti . The island was claimed by Spain and named La Española , forming part of the Spanish Empire until the early 17th century . However , competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France in 1697 , which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue . French colonists established lucrative sugarcane plantations , worked by vast numbers of slaves brought from Africa , which made the colony one of the richest in the world . In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789-99 ) , slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution ( 1791-1804 ) , led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture . After 12 years of conflict , Napoleon Bonaparte 's forces were defeated by Louverture 's successor , Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( later Emperor Jacques I ) , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty on 1 January 1804 - the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the first country to abolish slavery , and the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt ."}]}, {'value': 'PAP/MTPP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500,521', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyril E. King Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyril_E._King_Airport', 'summary': 'Cyril E. King Airport ( IATA : STT , ICAO : TIST , FAA LID : STT ) is a public airport located two miles ( 3 km ) west of the central business district of Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands . It is currently the busiest airport in the United States Virgin Islands , and one of the busiest in the eastern Caribbean , servicing 1,403,000 passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 . The airport also serves the island of St. John and is additionally often used by those travelling to the nearby British Virgin Islands . Although passports are not required for U.S. citizens who are visiting the U.S. Virgin Islands , all passengers bound for the United States and Puerto Rico must pass through U.S. Customs and Border Protection screening before boarding their flight . Private planes can either use CBP Preclearance or arrive in the United States as an international arrival . The airport operates one main runway , 7,000 ft × 150 ft ( 2,134 m × 46 m ) long . The terminal operates 11 gates .'}]}, {'value': 'Saint Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'Saint Thomas ( Danish : Sankt Thomas ) is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and , together with Saint John , and Saint Croix , form a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) , an unincorporated territory of the United States . Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie . As of the 2010 census , the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634 , about 48.5% of the US Virgin Islands total . The district has a land area of 32 square miles ( 83 km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Virgin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands', 'summary': "The United States Virgin Islands ( abbreviated USVI ; also called the U.S. Virgin Islands or American Virgin Islands ) , officially the Virgin Islands of the United States , are a group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles to the east of Puerto Rico and west of the British Virgin Islands . The U.S. Virgin Islands consists of the main islands of Saint Croix , Saint John , and Saint Thomas , and many other surrounding minor islands . The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles ( 346.36 km2 ) . The territory 's capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas . Previously known as the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway ( from 1754 to 1814 ) and the independent Kingdom of Denmark ( from 1814 to 1917 ) , they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the 1917 Treaty of the Danish West Indies . They are classified by the United Nations as a Non-Self-Governing Territory , and are currently an organised , unincorporated United States territory . The U.S. Virgin Islands are organised under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions . In 2010 , the population was 106,405 , with current estimates putting the population at 107,000 ( July 2018 ) , most of whom are of Afro-Caribbean descent . Tourism and related categories are the primary economic activities ."}]}, {'value': 'STT/TIST', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,403,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cibao International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cibao_International_Airport', 'summary': "Cibao International Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Internacional del Cibao ) ( IATA : STI , ICAO : MDST ) , also known as Santiago Airport , is located in Santiago de los Caballeros , Dominican Republic 's second-largest city . It is the country 's third-busiest airport by passenger traffic and aircraft movements , after Punta Cana International Airport and Las Américas International Airport . The airport is located 15 kilometers ( 9.3 mi ) southeast of Santiago City 's center . The air terminal mainly serves Dominicans residing in the United States , Cuba , the Turks and Caicos Islands , Puerto Rico and Panama , as well as Haitians residing in the Cibao Region . Recently many tourists and missionary workers are using Cibao Int ' l as a gateway to the Dominican Republic . JetBlue is the primary international operator , with up to seven daily flights to New York-JFK , Newark , Boston , and Fort Lauderdale ."}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros', 'summary': "Santiago de los Caballeros or simply Santiago ( English : Saint James of the Knights ) is the second-largest city in the Dominican Republic , and the fourth-largest city in the Caribbean . It is the capital of Santiago Province and major metropolis in the north-central region of the country . The city 's metropolitan area has a total population of 1,173,015 inhabitants . Santiago is located approximately 155 km ( 96 mi ) northwest of the capital Santo Domingo with an average altitude of 178 meters ( 584 ft ) . Founded in 1495 during the first wave of European settlement in the New World , the city is the first Santiago of the Americas . Today it is one of the Dominican Republic 's cultural , political , industrial and financial centers . Due to its location in the fertile Cibao Valley it has a robust agricultural sector and is a leading exporter of rum , textiles , and cigars . Santiago is known as La Ciudad Corazón ( the Heartland City ) . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'STI/MDST', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,400,551', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport ( IATA : ADZ , ICAO : SKSP ) is the main airport in the archipelago of San Andrés , Providencia and Santa Catalina , one of the departments of Colombia . It is able to receive large aircraft and to accommodate seasonal and charter flights from different parts of the Americas and Europe . The San Andres VOR-DME ( Ident : SPP ) and non-directional beacon ( Ident : SPP ) are located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'San Andrés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Andres_(island)', 'summary': "San Andrés is a coral island in the Caribbean Sea . Politically part of Colombia , and historically tied to the United Kingdom , San Andrés and the nearby islands of Providencia and Santa Catalina form the department of San Andrés , Providencia and Santa Catalina . San Andrés , in the southern group of islands , is the largest of the department . The official languages of the department are Spanish , English , and San Andrés-Providencia Creole While San Andrés is located 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of Providence , the Colombian archipelago is approximately 750 km ( 470 mi ) north of the Colombian mainland . This archipelago encompasses a total area of 57 km2 ( 22 sq mi ) , including the outer cays , reefs , atolls and sand banks , with the area of the islands being 45 km2 ( 17 sq mi ) . In 2000 , it was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve , named Seaflower Biosphere Reserve , which not only includes the islands but also about 10% of the Caribbean Sea , amounting to a vast marine area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . The purpose of this declaration is to ensure that the ecosystem , which is rich in biodiversity , is well preserved and conserved . The department 's capital is located on the northern end of the island . Named San Andrés but nicknamed El Centro , it is the department 's main urban center . Along the 30 km ( 19 mi ) road that circles the island there are many picturesque beaches , coral reefs , cays , blowholes , and coves . Also of note are La Loma , the town of San Andrés , the Baptist Church , Seaquarium , the large pond of La Laguna , and a freshwater lake amidst mangrove forests . There are coconut palm plantations , lush pastures , and tall native trees reaching 20 meters ( 66 ft ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'ADZ/SKSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,277,163', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Gualberto_Gómez_Airport', 'summary': 'Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport ( IATA : VRA , ICAO : MUVR ) , formerly known as Varadero Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto de Varadero ) , is an international airport serving Varadero , Cuba and the province of Matanzas . The airport is located 5 km from the village of Carbonera , closer to the city of Matanzas than to Varadero . The closest airport to Varadero is Kawama Airport . In 2009 , the airport handled 1.28 million passengers , making it the second busiest airport in Cuba after José Martí International Airport in Havana .'}]}, {'value': 'Varadero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varadero', 'summary': "Varadero ( Spanish pronunciation : [ baɾaˈðeɾo ] ) , also referred to as Playa Azul ( Blue Beach ) , is a resort town in the province of Matanzas , Cuba , and one of the largest resort areas in the Caribbean . Matanzas is named after the massacre ( matanza ) of Spaniards by Indians in 1510 . In 2019 Varadero Beach was rated one of the world 's best beaches in Trip Advisor 's Traveler 's Choice Awards , ranking at number two . Common activities include fishing and excursions to Matanzas , Cárdenas , and the Península de Zapata ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'VRA/MUVR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,275,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owen Roberts International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_Roberts_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Owen Roberts International Airport ( IATA : GCM , ICAO : MWCR ) is an airport serving Grand Cayman , Cayman Islands . It is the main international airport for the Cayman Islands as well as the main base for Cayman Airways . The airport is named after British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) Wing Commander Owen Roberts , a pioneer of commercial aviation in the country , and is one of the two entrance ports to the Cayman Islands . Owen Roberts International Airport was the only international airport remaining in the Caribbean to have an open-air observation waving gallery until January 2017 when it was closed due to reconstruction . The upgraded Owen Roberts International Airport passenger terminal no longer has an outdoor observation waving gallery . The runway length includes a 130 metres ( 430 ft ) displaced threshold on Runway 26 . The Grand Cayman non-directional beacon ( Ident : ZIY ) is located 1.1 nautical miles ( 2.0 km ) short of the approach threshold of Runway 08 . The Grand Cayman VOR/DME ( Ident : GCM ) is located 0.25 nautical miles ( 460 m ) short of Runway 08 .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Cayman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Cayman', 'summary': "Grand Cayman is the largest of the three Cayman Islands and the location of the territory 's capital , George Town . In relation to the other two Cayman Islands , it is approximately 75 miles ( 121 km ) southwest of Little Cayman and 90 miles ( 145 km ) southwest of Cayman Brac ."}]}, {'value': 'Cayman Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cayman_Islands', 'summary': "The Cayman Islands ( /ˈkeɪmən/ or /keɪˈmæn/ ) is an autonomous British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea . The 264-square-kilometre ( 102-square-mile ) territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman , Cayman Brac and Little Cayman , which are located to the south of Cuba and northeast of Honduras , between Jamaica and Mexico 's Yucatán Peninsula . The capital city is George Town , situated on Grand Cayman , the most populous of the three islands . The Cayman Islands is considered to be part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone as well as the Greater Antilles . The territory is often considered a major world offshore financial haven for international businesses and many wealthy individuals , and has been placed on the EU 's blacklist of foreign tax havens ."}]}, {'value': 'GCM/MWCR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,035,826', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Ranking of airports', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Caribbean_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the busiest airports in the Caribbean region by passenger traffic. Statistics are available for almost all the airstrips taken into account. The present list intends to include all the international airports located in the area geographically defined as the Caribbean. Given that each country has a different body to control these statistics, the compilation of data is difficult and not homogeneously distributed. The information presented here, represents the best available data from different Internet sources. The list contains statistics for different years, since each country authority does not have strong regulations reporting passengers traffic. The ranking is ordered according to total passenger traffic (unless the footnotes indicate the contrary). Information on aircraft movements or cargo movements is not available for all of the airports.'} | null | null | What was the job of the namesake of the airport that serves 4,284,558 passengers a year ? | Prime Minister |
056a05f5cc2e3187 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_College_Baseball_All-America_Team', 'title': '1997 College Baseball All-America Team', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'School', 'ABCA', 'BA', 'CB'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Anderson_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Matthew Jason Anderson ( born August 17 , 1976 ) is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) relief pitcher .'}]}, {'value': 'Rice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rice_Owls_baseball', 'summary': "The Rice Owls baseball team is the interscholastic baseball team representing Rice University in Houston , Texas , United States . The Owls have appeared often in the NCAA Tournament since the tenure of head coach Wayne Graham began in 1992 . The program has participated in every tournament since 1995 and won the national championship in 2003 , the first national championship for Rice athletics in any team sport . Rice is a member of the NCAA Division I Conference USA . Previously , it has played in the now-defunct Southwest Conference and in the Western Athletic Conference . From 1997-2008 , Rice won 12 consecutive regular season titles in its conference or division . Nine of the championships came in the Western Athletic Conference , while the final three came in Conference USA . The streak ended in 2009 when East Carolina won the regular-season conference title ; however , Rice won the post-season tournament . Rice subsequently won the 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 regular-season C-USA titles . The Owls are coached by Matt Bragga . Rice plays its home games at Reckling Park on the Rice campus in Houston . Rice is also a yearly participant in the Houston College Classic , held since 2001 at the Houston Astros ' Minute Maid Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Dan Reichert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Reichert', 'summary': 'Daniel Robert Reichert ( /ˈraɪkərt/ ; born July 12 , 1976 ) is a retired professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Kansas City Royals and Toronto Blue Jays . Reichert attended Turlock High School in Turlock , California , and later attended University of the Pacific .'}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Tigers', 'summary': 'The Pacific Tigers represent the University of the Pacific in Stockton , California in intercollegiate athletics . The Tigers compete in NCAA Division I , and are currently in their second stint as members of the West Coast Conference ( WCC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Enochs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Enochs', 'summary': 'Chris Enochs is a former Minor League Baseball pitcher .'}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers_baseball', 'summary': "The West Virginia Mountaineers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of West Virginia University , located in Morgantown , West Virginia , United States . The program has been a member of the NCAA Division I Big 12 Conference since the start of the 2013 season . The program currently plays at Monongalia County Ballpark in the adjacent city of Granville . Randy Mazey has been the team 's head coach since prior to the 2013 season . As of the end of the 2019 season , the program has appeared in 13 NCAA Tournaments . It has won five conference tournament championships and 15 regular season conference and division titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Gooding', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_baseball', 'summary': 'The Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball team represents Texas Tech University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team competes in the Big 12 Conference and plays at Dan Law Field at Rip Griffin Park . Their head coach is Tim Tadlock and he is in his 7th season with the Red Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Navarro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulane_Green_Wave_baseball', 'summary': 'The Tulane Green Wave baseball team represents Tulane University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The Green Wave baseball team competes in the American Athletic Conference and play their home games on campus at Greer Field at Turchin Stadium . They are coached by head coach Travis Jewett . Tulane has captured 15 conference championships in three different leagues and have made 21 NCAA Regional Appearances , including 3 Super Regionals and 2 trips to the College World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Clay Eason', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Wolfpack', 'summary': "The NC State Wolfpack is the nickname of the athletic teams representing North Carolina State University . The Wolfpack competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) for all sports since the 1953-54 season . The athletic teams of the Wolfpack compete in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports . NC State is a founding member of the ACC and has won eight national championships : two NCAA championships , two AIAW championships , and four titles under other sanctioning bodies . Most NC State fans and athletes recognize the rivalry with the North Carolina Tar Heels as their biggest . The primary logo for NC State athletics is a red block 'S ' with an inscribed ' N ' and ' C ' . The block S has been in use since 1890 but has seen many alterations through the years . The color red was adopted from the state bird , the cardinal . It became the sole logo for all NC State athletic teams in 2000 and was modernized to its current design in 2006 . NC State athletic teams are nicknamed the 'wolfpack ' . The name was adopted in 1921 when a disgruntled fan described the behavior of some of the school 's football players as being as unruly as a pack of wolves . Prior to the adoption of the current nickname , North Carolina State athletic teams went by such names as the Aggies , the Techs , the Red Terrors , and Farmers ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Parque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Parque', 'summary': 'James Vo Parque ( born February 8 , 1976 ) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher for the Chicago White Sox and Tampa Bay Devil Rays from 1998 to 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_baseball', 'summary': 'The UCLA Bruins baseball team is the varsity college baseball team of the University of California , Los Angeles . Having started playing in 1920 , the program is a member of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference . It plays its home games at Jackie Robinson Stadium . The program has appeared in five College World Series and won the 2013 National Championship .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Peterson ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Peterson', 'summary': 'Kyle Johnathan Peterson ( born April 9 , 1976 ) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_baseball', 'summary': 'The Stanford Cardinal baseball team represents Stanford University in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Stanford athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . The Cardinal play their home games on campus at Klein Field at Sunken Diamond , and they are currently coached by David Esquer .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Ara Petrosian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Beach State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Beach_State_49ers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball team is the college baseball program that represents California State University , Long Beach . Although all Long Beach State sports teams are officially known as the 49ers , the baseball team is typically ( though unofficially ) referred to as the Dirtbags . Their colors are black and gold . Long Beach State ( LBSU ) has competed since 1969 in the NCAA Division I Big West Conference ( BWC ) , known at the time as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association . Before becoming a founding member of the PCAA , LBSU participated in the Division II California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) from 1957 to 1969 , and before that spent three years as an independent team . The Long Beach State baseball team gained national prominence in 1989 , with the hiring of Dave Snow as head coach . The Dirtbags established themselves as one of the strongest teams on the West Coast . From 2010 to present day , more active Major League professional ballplayers are alumni of Long Beach State than any other school . Since 1993 the Dirtbags have played their home games at Blair Field , a semi-professional baseball facility located less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from campus and owned by the city of Long Beach .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Weaver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Weaver', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Charles Weaver ( born August 22 , 1976 ) is a former right-handed Major League Baseball pitcher . During his career , he pitched for the Detroit Tigers , New York Yankees , Los Angeles Dodgers , Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , St. Louis Cardinals , and Seattle Mariners . He is the older brother of fellow MLB pitcher Jered Weaver .'}]}, {'value': 'Fresno State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresno_State_Bulldogs_baseball', 'summary': 'The Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team represents Fresno State in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Fresno State athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Mountain West Conference . The Bulldogs play their home games on campus at Pete Beiden Field , and they are currently coached by Mike Batesole .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Chiaramonte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Chiaramonte', 'summary': "Giuseppe Carlo Chiaramonte ( born February 19 , 1976 ) is a retired professional baseball catcher . Chiaramonte is currently an educator and travels the world teaching English . You can find out more about him at his website . www.travelinghmapa.com http : //www.gchiaramonte.com Chiaramonte attended Soquel High School in Soquel , California and Fresno State University , where he played for the Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) in National Collegiate Athletic Association 's ( NCAA ) Division I . At Fresno State , Chiaramonte was named a First Team NCAA Division I All-American , named Fresno State male Athlete of the Year , and WAC All-Star catcher in 1997 . Chiaramonte was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the fifth round ( 148th overall ) of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft . He participated in the 1999 All-Star Futures Game at Fenway Park and during his tenure with the Giants played for the following minor league teams : San Jose Giants ( A ) , Shreveport Captains/Swamp Dragons ( AA ) , and the Fresno Grizzlies ( AAA ) . Chiaramonte retired at age 26 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fresno State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresno_State_Bulldogs_baseball', 'summary': 'The Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team represents Fresno State in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Fresno State athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Mountain West Conference . The Bulldogs play their home games on campus at Pete Beiden Field , and they are currently coached by Mike Batesole .'}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Matthew LeCroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_LeCroy', 'summary': 'Matthew Hanks LeCroy ( born December 13 , 1975 ) is an American former professional baseball catcher , first baseman , and designated hitter and current manager for the Harrisburg Senators . During his time in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , LeCroy had the distinction of being the active player with the most plate appearances without a stolen base in his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Clemson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': "The Clemson Tigers baseball team represents Clemson University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Tigers are currently coached by head coach Monte Lee and play their home games in Doug Kingsmore Stadium . The program has reached the NCAA Tournament in all but one season dating back to 1987 . Clemson has made twelve appearances in the College World Series with an all-time record of 12-24 in Omaha . The team has a heated in-state rivalry with the University of South Carolina . Mark Etheridge of SEBaseball.com has called it college baseball 's most heated rivalry , and Aaron Fitt of Baseball America has called it far and away the most compelling rivalry college baseball has to offer . As of the end of the 2017 regular season series , Clemson leads the all-time series 176-137-2 . Clemson won the 2017 series 2-1 with wins in Greenville , South Carolina and Columbia , South Carolina . The Tigers beat South Carolina 8-7 at Fluor Field and 5-3 in 11 innings at Founders Park ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Lance Berkman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lance_Berkman', 'summary': "William Lance Berkman ( born February 10 , 1976 ) , nicknamed Big Puma , is an American former professional baseball outfielder and first baseman . He played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Houston Astros , New York Yankees , St. Louis Cardinals and Texas Rangers . Berkman is a six-time MLB All-Star and won a World Series championship and the National League Comeback Player of the Year Award with the Cardinals in 2011 . He stands 6 feet 1 inch ( 1.85 m ) , and weighs 220 pounds ( 100 kg ) . Berkman spent various seasons of his career as a regular at all three outfield positions . A standout baseball player at Canyon High School , Berkman attended Rice University , where he played college baseball for the Owls . Named the 1997 National College Player of the Year , the Astros selected Berkman in the first round of that year 's amateur draft , and he debuted in the major leagues in 1999 . He joined the Astros ' vaunted Killer B 's lineup that included Jeff Bagwell and Craig Biggio as all three players were instrumental in the club 's playoff success . The Astros traded Berkman to the Yankees at the 2010 trade deadline . He signed with the Cardinals as a free agent for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . Berkman played a key part in the Cardinals winning the 2011 World Series , hitting a game-tying single in the bottom of the tenth inning of Game 6 , with the Cardinals just one strike away from elimination . He played the 2013 season with the Rangers before signing a one-day contract with Houston to officially retire as an Astro ."}]}, {'value': 'Rice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rice_Owls_baseball', 'summary': "The Rice Owls baseball team is the interscholastic baseball team representing Rice University in Houston , Texas , United States . The Owls have appeared often in the NCAA Tournament since the tenure of head coach Wayne Graham began in 1992 . The program has participated in every tournament since 1995 and won the national championship in 2003 , the first national championship for Rice athletics in any team sport . Rice is a member of the NCAA Division I Conference USA . Previously , it has played in the now-defunct Southwest Conference and in the Western Athletic Conference . From 1997-2008 , Rice won 12 consecutive regular season titles in its conference or division . Nine of the championships came in the Western Athletic Conference , while the final three came in Conference USA . The streak ended in 2009 when East Carolina won the regular-season conference title ; however , Rice won the post-season tournament . Rice subsequently won the 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 regular-season C-USA titles . The Owls are coached by Matt Bragga . Rice plays its home games at Reckling Park on the Rice campus in Houston . Rice is also a yearly participant in the Houston College Classic , held since 2001 at the Houston Astros ' Minute Maid Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Keith Ginter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Ginter', 'summary': 'Keith Michael Ginter ( born May 5 , 1976 ) is a former American Major League Baseball infielder . Ginter is a graduate of Fullerton Union High School in Fullerton , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_baseball', 'summary': 'The Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball team represents Texas Tech University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team competes in the Big 12 Conference and plays at Dan Law Field at Rip Griffin Park . Their head coach is Tim Tadlock and he is in his 7th season with the Red Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Sergio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Wolfpack', 'summary': "The NC State Wolfpack is the nickname of the athletic teams representing North Carolina State University . The Wolfpack competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) for all sports since the 1953-54 season . The athletic teams of the Wolfpack compete in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports . NC State is a founding member of the ACC and has won eight national championships : two NCAA championships , two AIAW championships , and four titles under other sanctioning bodies . Most NC State fans and athletes recognize the rivalry with the North Carolina Tar Heels as their biggest . The primary logo for NC State athletics is a red block 'S ' with an inscribed ' N ' and ' C ' . The block S has been in use since 1890 but has seen many alterations through the years . The color red was adopted from the state bird , the cardinal . It became the sole logo for all NC State athletic teams in 2000 and was modernized to its current design in 2006 . NC State athletic teams are nicknamed the 'wolfpack ' . The name was adopted in 1921 when a disgruntled fan described the behavior of some of the school 's football players as being as unruly as a pack of wolves . Prior to the adoption of the current nickname , North Carolina State athletic teams went by such names as the Aggies , the Techs , the Red Terrors , and Farmers ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Pat Burrell ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Burrell', 'summary': 'Patrick Brian Burrell ( born October 10 , 1976 ) , nicknamed Pat the Bat , is an American former professional baseball outfielder , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Philadelphia Phillies , Tampa Bay Rays , and San Francisco Giants , and won two World Series championships ( 2008 , 2010 ) . During his playing days , Burrell stood 6 feet 4 inches ( 1.93 m ) tall , weighing 235 pounds ( 107 kg ) . He batted and threw right-handed . Burrell attended the University of Miami , where he won the Golden Spikes Award in 1998 . On June 2 , 1998 , he was the first overall draft pick by the Philadelphia Phillies . After two years in the minor leagues , Burrell was called up by the Phillies in 2000 , and he finished fourth in voting for the National League Rookie of the Year Award . After hitting 27 home runs ( HR ) in 2001 ( the first of eight straight years in which Burrell would hit at least 20 ) , he hit a career-high 37 home runs in 2002 and finished 14th in NL Most Valuable Player Award voting . In 2003 , Burrell signed a six-year contract with the Phillies but batted a career-low .209 , with 21 home runs . In 2004 , he batted .257 with 24 home runs but missed several games with a wrist injury . Burrell hit 32 home runs in 2005 and finished seventh in NL MVP Award voting after he set a career high with 117 runs batted in ( RBI ) . In 2006 , he batted .258 , with 29 home runs , and 95 RBI but was benched for a few games due to a slump after April . Burrell batted .256 with 30 home runs in 2007 as the Phillies reached the playoffs for the first time in his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_baseball', 'summary': "The Miami Hurricanes baseball team is the college baseball program that represents the University of Miami . Since 1973 , the program has been one of college baseball 's elite with 25 College World Series appearances , winning four national championships ( 1982 , 1985 , 1999 , 2001 ) and advancing to the NCAA regionals a record 44 consecutive years . Miami has won 29 NCAA Regional Titles , hosted 27 NCAA Regionals , and in each of their four national championship runs they were a NCAA Regional Host . Along with the university 's other athletic teams , the baseball team became a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference during the 2004-05 academic year . Previously , the baseball program competed as an NCAA independent , even during the school 's Big East affiliation in other sports . Miami won its first ever conference championship in baseball when it captured the 2008 ACC Baseball Championship . The Hurricanes play in Mark Light Field at Alex Rodriguez Park , on the UM campus , in Coral Gables , Florida . Gino DiMare will serve as the team 's head coach in 2019 after the retirement of longtime head coach Jim Morris following the 2018 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Troy Glaus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Glaus', 'summary': 'Troy Edward Glaus ( /ˈɡlɔːs/ ; born August 3 , 1976 ) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and third baseman . Glaus played in Major League Baseball with the Anaheim Angels ( 1998-2004 ) , Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2005 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2006-2007 ) , St. Louis Cardinals ( 2008-2009 ) , and the Atlanta Braves ( 2010 ) . Glaus lettered in baseball while attending UCLA . He was a four-time All-Star and won World Series MVP honors in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_baseball', 'summary': 'The UCLA Bruins baseball team is the varsity college baseball team of the University of California , Los Angeles . Having started playing in 1920 , the program is a member of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference . It plays its home games at Jackie Robinson Stadium . The program has appeared in five College World Series and won the 2013 National Championship .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Brandon Larson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Larson', 'summary': 'Brandon John Larson ( born May 24 , 1976 ) is an American former professional baseball third baseman . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Cincinnati Reds . Larson won the MVP for the 1997 College World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LSU_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': "The LSU Tigers baseball team represents Louisiana State University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference . It is one of the elite college baseball programs in the nation , ranking seventh all-time with 18 College World Series appearances and second all-time with six national championships ( 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , and 2009 ) . The Tigers play home games on LSU 's campus at Alex Box Stadium , Skip Bertman Field , and they are currently coached by Paul Mainieri ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Kennedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Kennedy', 'summary': 'Adam Thomas Kennedy ( born January 10 , 1976 ) is an American former professional baseball second baseman . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the St. Louis Cardinals , Oakland Athletics , Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , Washington Nationals , Seattle Mariners , and Los Angeles Dodgers .'}]}, {'value': 'Cal State Northridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Northridge', 'summary': "California State University , Northridge ( CSUN /ˈsiːsʌn/ or Cal State Northridge ) is a public university in the Northridge neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . With a total enrollment of 38,391 students ( as of Fall 2019 ) , it has the largest undergraduate population as well as the second largest total student body of the 23-campus California State University system , making it one of the largest comprehensive universities in the United States in terms of enrollment size . The size of CSUN also has a major impact on the California economy , with an estimated $ 1.9 billion in economic output generated by CSUN on a yearly basis . As of Fall 2019 , the university had 2,139 faculty , of which 805 ( or about 40% ) were tenured or on the tenure track . California State University , Northridge was founded first as the Valley satellite campus of California State University , Los Angeles . It then became an independent college in 1958 as San Fernando Valley State College , with major campus master planning and construction . The university adopted its current name of California State University , Northridge in 1972 . The 1994 Northridge earthquake caused $ 400 million in damage to the campus , the heaviest damage ever sustained by an American college campus . The university offers 134 different bachelor 's degrees and master 's degree programs in 70 different fields , as well as four doctoral degrees ( two Doctor of Education degrees , a Doctor of Audiology , and a Doctor of Physical Therapy ) and 24 teaching credentials . It is classified among Master 's Colleges & Universities : Larger Programs . CSUN is considered to be one of the most diverse universities in the nation and currently has over 350,000 alumni . Additionally , CSUN has been consistently recognized as having one of the best film schools as well as music schools in the U.S. and in the world ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'J. D. Drew ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._D._Drew', 'summary': 'David Jonathan J. D. Drew ( born November 20 , 1975 ) is an American former Major League Baseball right fielder . He is a left-handed hitter , and began his major league career in 1998 with the St. Louis Cardinals . He is the brother of two other major league players , Stephen and Tim .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles baseball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of college baseball . Florida State competes in NCAA Division I , and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Florida State Seminoles are the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in percentage of games won , with an all-time win percentage of .725 as of the 2019 season . The Seminoles rank sixth in all-time number of total wins and third in post-season wins . The Seminoles have appeared in the NCAA Tournament fifty-seven times , advancing to the College World Series twenty-three times - and have appeared in the CWS Championship Game or Championship Series on three occasions in 1970 , 1986 and 1999 . Florida State has won eleven regular season conference championships and twenty conference tournament championships , including eight ACC tournament titles . Florida State has had ninety-five All-Americans , forty-one players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and sixty-two players that went on to play Major League Baseball . Former Seminoles who have gone on to have success include Randy Choate , J. D. Drew , Stephen Drew , Ron Fraser , Johnny Grubb , Terry Kennedy , Doug Mientkiewicz , Shane Robinson , Larry Rothschild , Tony La Russa , Paul Sorrento , Kevin Cash , Woody Woodward , and Jameis Winston . The Buster Posey National Collegiate Catcher of the Year Award , presented annually to the top catcher in college baseball , is named for Florida State hall of famer Buster Posey . Former head coach Mike Martin is the winningest coach in the history of college baseball . The Seminoles play their home games on campus at Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida campus . Mike Martin Jr. is the current head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'All-Americans', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1997_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes three different All-America selectors for the 1997 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947), Baseball America (since 1981), and Collegiate Baseball (since 1991).'} | null | null | What is the college home field for the oldest catcher on the 1997 College Baseball All-America Team ? | Pete Beiden Field |
056c1da1e050757e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom', 'title': 'Ballroom', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Size ( sq . ft . )', 'Year', 'Reference'], 'data': [{'value': 'Coliseum Ballroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Point', 'summary': "Cedar Point is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky , Ohio . Opened in the late-1800s , it is reported to be the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce . Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain . Known as America 's Roller Coast , the park features a world-record 72 rides , including 17 roller coasters - the second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain . Its newest roller coaster , Steel Vengeance , opened to the public on May 5 , 2018 . Cedar Point 's normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September . The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends . Other attractions near the park include a one-mile-long ( 1.6 km ) white-sand beach , an outdoor water park called Cedar Point Shores , an indoor water park called Castaway Bay , two marinas , an outdoor sports complex called Cedar Point Sports Center , and several nearby resorts . The park has reached several milestones . It is the only amusement park in the world with six roller coasters that are at least 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height - Magnum XL-200 , Millennium Force , Wicked Twister , Top Thrill Dragster , Valravn , and Steel Vengeance - as well as the only one with roller coasters in all four height classifications . Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013 . The park is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.6 million visitors in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandusky , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Sandusky /sænˈdʌskiː/ is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Erie County . Situated in northern Ohio on the shores of Lake Erie , Sandusky is midway between Toledo to the west and Cleveland to the east . According to 2010 census , the city had a population of 25,793 , and the Sandusky , Ohio Micropolitan Statistical Area had 77,079 residents . In 2011 , Sandusky was ranked No . 1 by Forbes as the Best Place to Live Cheaply in the United States . The city has a median family income of $ 64,000 . Sandusky is home to the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company and its flagship amusement park , Cedar Point . Cedar Point has one of the largest collections of roller coasters in the world and is widely regarded as one of the best amusement parks . Cedar Point includes 17 roller coasters . The National Arbor Day Foundation has designated Sandusky as a Tree City USA .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amusement Park site Video', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aragon Ballroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aragon_Ballroom_(Chicago)', 'summary': 'The Byline Bank Aragon Ballroom is a ballroom located in Chicago , Illinois , approximately 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of downtown , in the Uptown neighborhood .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunnybrook Ballroom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pottstown , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pottstown,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pottstown is a borough in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northwest of Philadelphia and 20 miles ( 32 km ) southeast of Reading , on the Schuylkill River . Pottstown was laid out in 1752-53 and named Pottsgrove in honor of its founder , John Potts . The old name was abandoned at the time of the incorporation as a borough in 1815 . In 1888 , the limits of the borough were considerably extended . Pottstown is the center of a productive farming and dairying region . Pottstown 's iron and steel interests were once extensive . There were large rolling mills , furnaces , nail works , textile mills , bridge works , agricultural-implement works , boiler and machine shops , foundries , and manufactories of bricks , silks , shirts , hosiery , etc . In 1900 , 13,696 people lived there ; in 1910 , 15,599 ; in 1920 , 17,431 ; and in 1940 , 20,194 . The population was 22,377 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': '15,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casino Ballroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catalina_Casino', 'summary': 'The Catalina Casino is located in Avalon on Santa Catalina Island , off the coast of Los Angeles in California . It is the most visible landmark in Avalon Bay and when approaching the island from the mainland . The large building contains a movie theater , ballroom , and formerly an island art and history museum . The Catalina Casino gets its name from the Italian language term casino , meaning a gathering place . Contrary to the current common usage of casino , this has never been a facility for gambling .'}]}, {'value': 'Avalon , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avalon,_California', 'summary': 'Avalon is the only incorporated city on Santa Catalina Island of the California Channel Islands , and the southernmost city in Los Angeles County . The city is a resort community with the waterfront dominated by tourism-oriented businesses . The older parts of the town on the valley floor consist primarily of small houses and two and three-story buildings in various traditional architectural styles . In 1919 , William Wrigley , Jr. gained control of Avalon and oversaw much of the development of Avalon , including the construction of the landmark Catalina Casino . From the late 19th century to the early 20th century , several different developers tried to develop Avalon into a resort destination community , but most before Wrigley went bankrupt . The population was 3,728 at the 2010 census . Avalon attracts about 1 million visitors a year and is frequently visited by cruise ships . Before European colonization , the island was inhabited by the Tongva people .'}]}, {'value': '14,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ No Site ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palladium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palladium', 'summary': 'Palladium is a chemical element with the symbol Pd and atomic number 46 . It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston . He named it after the asteroid Pallas , which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena , acquired by her when she slew Pallas . Palladium , platinum , rhodium , ruthenium , iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals ( PGMs ) . They have similar chemical properties , but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them . More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters , which convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust ( hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide , and nitrogen dioxide ) into less noxious substances ( nitrogen , carbon dioxide and water vapor ) . Palladium is also used in electronics , dentistry , medicine , hydrogen purification , chemical applications , groundwater treatment , and jewelry . Palladium is a key component of fuel cells , which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity , heat , and water . Ore deposits of palladium and other PGMs are rare . The most extensive deposits have been found in the norite belt of the Bushveld Igneous Complex covering the Transvaal Basin in South Africa , the Stillwater Complex in Montana , United States ; the Sudbury Basin and Thunder Bay District of Ontario , Canada , and the Norilsk Complex in Russia . Recycling is also a source , mostly from scrapped catalytic converters . The numerous applications and limited supply sources result in considerable investment interest .'}]}, {'value': 'Waikiki , Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waikiki,_Hawaii', 'summary': "Waikiki ( /ˌwaɪkɪˈkiː/ ; Hawaiian : Waikīkī , [ vɐjˈtiːˈtiː , wɐjˈtiːˈtiː ] ; also known as Waikiki Beach ) is a neighborhood of Honolulu on the south shore of the island of Oʻahu in the U.S. state of Hawaii . Waikiki is most famous for Waikiki Beach , which is one of six beaches in the district , along with Queen 's Beach , Kuhio Beach , Gray 's Beach , Fort DeRussy Beach and Kahanamoku Beach . Waikiki Beach is almost entirely man-made . Waikiki is home to public places including Kapiʻolani Park , Fort DeRussy , Kahanamoku Lagoon , Kūhiō Beach Park and Ala Wai Harbor ."}]}, {'value': '11,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ No Site ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cotillion Ballroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cotillion_Ballroom', 'summary': 'The Cotillion Ballroom is a concert venue in Wichita , Kansas , United States . It is located between Maize Road and 119th Street West on the north side of Kellogg ( U.S. 54 ) in west Wichita . The Cotillion is a special events facility that hosts concerts , roller derby , dances , comedians and stage shows featuring nationally known artists and performers . This special events facility is available to rent for concerts , dances , banquets , corporate events , wedding receptions , trade shows and private parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Wichita , Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas', 'summary': "Wichita ( /ˈwɪtʃɪtɔː/ WITCH-i-taw ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Sedgwick County . As of 2018 , the estimated population of the city was 389,255 . Wichita is the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area which had an estimated population of 644,888 in 2018 . Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River , Wichita began as a trading post on the Chisholm Trail in the 1860s and was incorporated as a city in 1870 . It became a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to Kansas railroads , earning it the nickname Cowtown . In the 1920s and 1930s , businessmen and aeronautical engineers established aircraft manufacturing companies in Wichita , including Beechcraft , Cessna , and Stearman Aircraft . The city became an aircraft production hub known as The Air Capital of the World . Textron Aviation , Learjet , Airbus , and Spirit AeroSystems continue to operate design and manufacturing facilities in Wichita , and the city remains a major center of the American aircraft industry . Wichita is also home to McConnell Air Force Base , and Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport , the largest airport in Kansas . As an industrial hub , Wichita is a regional center of culture , media , and trade . It hosts several universities , large museums , theaters , parks , and entertainment venues , notably Intrust Bank Arena and Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center . The city 's Old Cowtown Museum maintains historical artifacts and exhibits on the city 's early history ."}]}, {'value': '11,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Val Air Ballroom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Des Moines , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa', 'summary': "Des Moines ( /dɪˈmɔɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is also the county seat of Polk County . A small part of the city extends into Warren County . It was incorporated on September 22 , 1851 , as Fort Des Moines , which was shortened to Des Moines in 1857 . It is on and named after the Des Moines River , which likely was adapted from the early French name , Rivière des Moines , meaning River of the Monks . The city 's population was 216,853 as of the 2018 population estimate . The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 89th in terms of population in the United States with 655,409 residents according to the 2018 estimate by the United States Census Bureau , and is the largest metropolitan area fully located within the state . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Des Moines is a major center of the US insurance industry and has a sizable financial services and publishing business base . The city was credited as the number one spot for U.S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article and named the third-largest insurance capital of the world . The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group , the Meredith Corporation , Ruan Transportation , TMC Transportation , EMC Insurance Companies , and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield . Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo , Voya Financial , Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , ACE Limited , Marsh , Monsanto , and DuPont Pioneer have large operations in or near the metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': '8,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish Ballroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_Echo_Park,_Maryland', 'summary': "Glen Echo Park is an arts and cultural center located in Glen Echo , Maryland that , in its former incarnation , was a popular Washington , D.C.-area amusement park that operated for several decades from the early 1900s to the 1960s . The arts and cultural center takes its name from the amusement park . Located roughly nine miles northwest from downtown Washington , D.C. , the site of Glen Echo Park was originally conceived and developed as a National Chautauqua Assembly in 1891 . Following the foreclosure and sale of the Chautauqua grounds in 1903 , leisure facilities were then developed for the growing population of Washington , D.C . In 1911 , the site was significantly expanded to become Glen Echo Amusement Park , which operated continuously until its closure in 1968 . Today Glen Echo Park is one of the more important cultural resources in the Washington , D.C. area , offering hundreds of classes , workshops and performances in the visual and performing arts . The facility is well known for its Art Deco architecture , an antique Dentzel carousel , a historic Spanish Ballroom , as well as its children 's theaters , social dance programs , and many public festivals , including Family Day and the Washington Folk Festival . Each year more than 400,000 people attend events and participate in instructional activities at the park . The National Park Service also offers park history tours and maintains a visitors area ."}]}, {'value': 'Glen Echo , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_Echo,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Glen Echo is a town in Montgomery County , Maryland , United States , that was chartered in 1904 . The population was 255 at the 2010 census . Glen Echo derives its name from Edward and Edwin Baltzley , who came up with the name c. 1888 . Their advertising booklet for the town was titled Glen Echo on the Potomac : The Washington Rhine . The town is famous for its Chautauqua cultural events and its old amusement park , the famous Glen Echo Park , now a U.S. National Park . Clara Barton , founder of the American Red Cross , lived in Glen Echo the last fifteen years of her life . In the 1980s , Glen Echo designated its town bird as the Pileated Woodpecker ; insect , Spicebush Swallowtail ; tree , Eastern Sycamore ; and wildflower , Heartleaf Aster .'}]}, {'value': '7,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hollywood Ballroom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver Spring , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland', 'summary': "Silver Spring is an unincorporated area , census-designated place , and edge city inside the Capital Beltway , near Washington , D.C. , in Montgomery County , Maryland , United States . As of 2018 , [ update ] it had a population of 81,816 residents , according to the official estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau 's American Community Survey , making it the fourth most populous place in Maryland , after Baltimore , Columbia , and Germantown , and the second most populous in Montgomery County after Germantown . The urbanized , oldest , and southernmost part of Silver Spring is a major business hub that lies at the north apex of Washington , D.C. As of 2004 , [ update ] this 360-acre ( 145.7 ha ) central business district ( CBD ) held 7,254,729 square feet ( 673,986 m2 ) of office space , 5216 dwelling units , and 17.6 acres ( 7.1 ha ) of parkland . The population density of Silver Spring 's CBD was 15,600 people per square mile . The community has undergone a significant renaissance , with the addition of major retail , residential , and office developments . Silver Spring takes its name from a mica-flecked spring discovered there in 1840 , by Francis Preston Blair , who subsequently bought much of the surrounding land . Acorn Park , tucked away in an area of south Silver Spring away from the main downtown area , is believed to be the site of the original spring ."}]}, {'value': '7,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '? ? ? ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elite Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hyrum , Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyrum,_Utah', 'summary': 'Hyrum is a city in Cache County , Utah , United States . The population was 7,609 at the 2010 census , with an estimated population of 8,403 in 2018 . It is included in the Logan , Utah-Idaho ( partial ) Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '7,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surf Ballroom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clear Lake , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clear_Lake,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Clear Lake is a city in Cerro Gordo County , Iowa , United States . The population was 7,777 at the 2010 census . The city is named for the large lake on which it is located . It is the home of a number of marinas , state parks and tourism-related businesses . Clear Lake is also a major stop on Interstate 35 with many restaurants , hotels and truck stops .'}]}, {'value': '6,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anhalt Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anhalt_Hall', 'summary': "Anhalt Hall is a Texas dancehall owned and operated by the Germania Farmer Verein , an organization started by German settlers in Central Texas in 1875 to help protect their livestock . The hall was used as a stopping point for early settlers traveling between New Braunfels , Texas and Boerne , Texas . Construction began in February 1879 when the first hall measuring 26X34 was erected by Franz Erben in what is now Spring Branch , Comal County , Texas . In 1880 the first Maifest was held for members only and a dance floor 28X58 ' was laid . In 1887 the hall was expanded by 60 feet . In 1891 the hall was again enlarged 20 ' by 6 . In 1894 the Verein held its first agriculture fair which continued into the early 1900s . Chris Herry of New Braunfels , Texas was contracted in 1908 to build the addition to the hall which is the current dance floor at a cost of $ 2512.37 . Mr. Geue had the lighting contract for $ 192.50 . In 1951 the beer garden was added and in 1953 the kitchen was built . Anhalt Hall has hosted such acts as George Strait , Jerry Jeff Walker , Asleep at the Wheel , Kevin Fowler , and many more . The hall was also used as a set in All the Pretty Horses , starring Matt Damon and Penélope Cruz ."}]}, {'value': 'Spring Branch , Comal County , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spring_Branch,_Comal_County,_Texas', 'summary': 'Spring Branch is a city located in Comal County , Texas , United States . It is part of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan area and has approximately 250 residents . The community voted to incorporate in an election held on November 3 , 2015 and Spring Branch officially became a city on November 19 , 2015 . Originally settled by Germans in the 19th century , Spring Branch is named for a spring fed creek that flows into the Guadalupe River . Robyn Wunderlich , a Spring Branch native , who coaches Clemens High School volleyball was honored as 2019-2020 5A-6A Coach of the Year . Congratulations .'}]}, {'value': '6,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country Club Ballroom , Biltmore Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coral Gables , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida', 'summary': 'Coral Gables , officially the City of Coral Gables , is a city in Miami-Dade County , Florida , United States , located southwest of Downtown Miami . The United States Census Bureau estimates conducted in 2017 yielded the city had a population of 51,095 . Coral Gables is home to the University of Miami .'}]}, {'value': '6,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hammerstein Ballroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammerstein_Ballroom', 'summary': 'The Hammerstein Ballroom is a 12,000-square-foot ( 1,100 m2 ) ballroom located within the Manhattan Center at 311 West 34th Street in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . The capacity of the ballroom is dependent on the configuration of the room ; it seats 2,500 people for theatrical productions and musical performances , and several thousand for events held within a central ring . The floor of the ballroom is flat . The two main balconies - which are unusually close to the ground and gently sloped - seat a total of 1,200 . The third balcony has been stripped of seats and is not used .'}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan,_New_York', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': '6,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vasa Park Ballroom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bellevue , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington', 'summary': "Bellevue ( /ˈbɛlvjuː/ BEL-vyoo ) is a city in the Eastside region of King County , Washington , United States , across Lake Washington from Seattle . As the third-largest city in the Seattle metropolitan area , Bellevue has variously been characterized as an edge city , a suburb , boomburb , or satellite city . Its population was 122,363 at the 2010 census and 147,599 in a 2018 census estimate . As of 2019 , the city promotes itself as a diverse , global city at the heart of Seattle 's Eastside , and home to some of the world 's most innovative technology companies . Prior to 2008 , downtown Bellevue underwent rapid change , with many high-rise projects under construction , and was relatively unaffected by the economic downturn . The downtown area is currently the second-largest city center in Washington state , with 1,300 businesses , 45,000 employees , and 10,200 residents . Based on per capita income , Bellevue is the sixth-wealthiest of 522 communities in the state of Washington . In 2008 , Bellevue was number one in CNNMoney 's list of the best places to live and launch a business , and in 2010 was again ranked as the fourth-best place to live in America . In 2014 , Bellevue was ranked as the second-best place to live by USA Today . More than 145 companies have been located in Bellevue . Current companies with headquarters in Bellevue include PACCAR Inc , T-Mobile , and Valve . The name Bellevue is derived from the French words for beautiful view ."}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '? ? ? ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willowbrook Ballroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willowbrook_Ballroom', 'summary': 'The Willowbrook Ballroom was a dance ballroom and banquet facility located in Willow Springs , Illinois along Archer Avenue . It was founded in 1921 by John Verderbar and named Oh Henry Park . The Willowbrook Ballroom is often cited as the last place Resurrection Mary danced before her death . Her ghost is said to appear at the ballroom at times , dancing with the patrons . On Friday October 28 , 2016 the Ballroom was gutted by a fire . The building was having work done on the roof where the fire was suspected of starting . Due to water pressure issues the fire department had to wait on tanker trucks , which caused a delay in getting the fire under control .'}]}, {'value': 'Willow Springs , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willow_Springs,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Willow Springs is a village in Cook and DuPage counties in the U.S. state of Illinois . The village was founded in 1892 . The population was 5,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanity Ballroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanity_Ballroom', 'summary': 'The Vanity Ballroom Building is a public building located at 1024 Newport Street ( at Jefferson Avenue in the Jefferson-Chalmers Historic Business District ) in Detroit , Michigan . Although the building is recorded as the last intact ballroom of the multiple Detroit dance halls that hosted big bands in the 1930s-50s , such claims ignore the abandoned yet still standing Grande Ballroom on Grand River Avenue . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': '5,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schroeder Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria,_Texas', 'summary': 'Victoria is the largest city and county seat of Victoria County , Texas . The population was 62,592 as of the 2010 census . The three counties of the Victoria Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 111,163 as of the 2000 census . Its elevation is 95 ft ( 29 m ) . Victoria is located 30 miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico . It is a regional hub for a seven-county area known as the Golden Crescent , and serves a retail trade area of over 250,000 people . Victoria is known as The Crossroads because of its location within a two-hour drive of Corpus Christi , Houston , San Antonio , and Austin . Victoria is named for General Guadalupe Victoria , who became the first president of independent Mexico . Victoria is the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Victoria in Texas .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swiss Alp Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swiss Alp , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swiss_Alp,_Texas', 'summary': 'Swiss Alp is an unincorporated community in southern Fayette County , Texas , United States . It was settled by German Lutheran settlers .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electric Park Ballroom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterloo , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Waterloo is a city in and the county seat of Black Hawk County , Iowa , United States . and the city is part of the Waterloo - Cedar Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '5,103', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official site', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of hardwood US floor ballrooms', 'section_text': 'These lists should only include ballrooms with permanent wood floors . The size of the floor should only include the largest contiguous area without obstructions . The web sites and materials about some places add up multiple spaces , rooms , and balconies , and floors . However , this list ranks ballrooms based on the size of one single open space with a hardwood floor .', 'uid': 'Ballroom_0', 'intro': 'A ballroom or ballhall is a large room inside a building, the primary purpose of which is holding large formal parties called balls. Traditionally, most balls were held in private residences; many mansions contain one or more ballrooms. In other large houses, a large room such as the main drawing room, long gallery, or hall may double as a ballroom, but a good ballroom should have the right type of flooring, such as hardwood flooring or stone flooring (usually marble or stone). [citation needed] In later times the term ballroom has been used to describe nightclubs where customers dance, the Top Rank Suites in the United Kingdom for example were also often referred to as ballrooms. The phrase having a ball has grown to encompass many events where person(s) are having fun, not just dancing. Ballrooms are generally quite large, and may have ceilings higher than other rooms in the same building. The large amount of space for dancing, as well as the highly formal tone of events have given rise to ballroom dancing. The largest balls are now nearly always held in public buildings, and many hotels have a ballroom. They are also designed large to help the sound of orchestras carry well throughout the whole room. A special case is the annual Vienna Opera Ball, where, just for one night, the auditorium of the Vienna State Opera is turned into a large ballroom. On the eve of the event, the rows of seats are removed from the stalls, and a new floor, level with the stage, is built. Sometimes ballrooms have stages in the front of the room where the host or a special guest can speak.'} | null | null | The Texas city incorporated in 2015 is the location of a dance hall that held its first Maifest when ? | 1880 |
056e4aca182992af | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_dishes', 'title': 'List of German dishes', 'header': ['Name', 'Type', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nürnberger Rostbratwurst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bratwurst', 'summary': 'Bratwurst ( German : [ ˈbʁaːtvʊɐ̯st ] ( listen ) ) is a type of German sausage made from veal , beef , or most commonly pork . The name is derived from the Old High German Brätwurst , from brät- , finely chopped meat , and Wurst , sausage , although in modern German it is often associated with the verb braten , to pan fry or roast . Beef and veal are usual in halal and kosher bratwurst , which never include pork for religious reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Snack', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The small , thin bratwurst from Franconia 's largest city , Nuremberg , was first documented in 1567 ; it is 7 to 9 cm ( 2.8 to 3.5 in ) long , and weighs between 20 and 25 g", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Sauce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Sauce', 'summary': 'Green sauce is a family of cold , uncooked sauces based on herbs , including the Spanish and Italian salsa verde , the French sauce verte , the German Grüne Soße or Frankfurter Grie Soß ( Frankfurt dialect ) , and the Argentinian chimichurri . The Mexican salsa verde , though also called a green sauce , is instead based on tomatillos ; the New Mexico version uses a green chile base .'}]}, {'value': 'Dip', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A bright sauce made from an abundant amount of seven fresh minced herbs namely borage , sorrel , cress , chervil , chives , parsley , and burnet . Served with boiled potatoes and hardboiled eggs . Called Grüne Soße in German or Griee Sooß in the Hessian dialect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frankfurter sausage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurter_Würstchen', 'summary': "A Frankfurter Würstchen ( German for Frankfurt sausage ) is a thin parboiled sausage made of pure pork in a casing of sheep 's intestine . The special taste is acquired by a special method of low temperature smoking . For consumption , Frankfurters are not cooked ; they are only heated in hot water for about eight minutes which prevents the skin from bursting . They are traditionally served with bread , mustard , horseradish and/or potato salad ."}]}, {'value': 'Snack', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A smoked sausage made from pure pork , which is eaten hot and usually accompanied by bread and mustard . Not to be confused with the American hot dog Frankfurter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hot_dog', 'summary': "The hot dog ( also spelled hotdog ) or dog is a grilled or steamed sausage sandwich where the sausage is served in the slit of a partially sliced bun . It can also refer to the sausage itself . The sausage used is the wiener ( Vienna sausage ) or frankfurter ( also frank ) . The names of these sausages also commonly refer to their assembled sandwiches . Hot dog preparation and condiments vary regionally in the US . Typical condiments include mustard , ketchup , mayonnaise , relish , and cheese sauce , and common garnishes include onions , sauerkraut , jalapeños , chili , grated cheese , coleslaw , and olives . Hot dog variants include the corn dog and pigs in a blanket . The hot dog 's cultural traditions include the Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest and the Oscar Mayer Wienermobile . These types of sausages and their sandwiches were culturally imported from Germany and became popular in the United States , where the hot dog became a working-class street food sold at stands and carts . The hot dog became closely associated with baseball and American culture . Although particularly connected with New York City and its cuisine , the hot dog eventually became ubiquitous throughout the US during the 20th century , and emerged as an important part of other regional cuisines , including Chicago street cuisine ."}]}, {'value': 'Fischmilch [ de ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main course', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milk that is fresh or preserved with salt as food and is used for flavoring sauces or used in whole fish dishes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apfelwein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apfelwein', 'summary': 'Apfelwein ( [ ʔapfl̩ˈvaɪn ] Germany , apple wine ) , or Viez ( [ fiːts ] Moselfranken , Saarland , Trier , vice ) or Most ( [ mɔst ] Austria , Switzerland , South Germany , must ) are German words for cider . It is made from a mix of sour tasting apples , such as Bohnapfel or Speierling , respectively . [ citation needed ] It has an alcohol content of 4.8-7.0% and a tart , sour taste . Apfelwein is also regionally known as Ebbelwoi , Äppler , Stöffsche , Apfelmost ( apple must ) , Viez ( from Latin vice , the second or substitute wine ) , and saurer Most ( sour must , Süßmost or sweet must is essentially apple juice ) . Instead of the name Äppler , restaurants and smaller manufacturers may instead call the beverage Schoppen or Schoppe , which actually refers to the measure of the glass . In the Frankfurt area , berries from the service tree ( Sorbus domestica ) may be added in small quantities to increase astringency , in which case the specific type of Apfelwein is called Speierling . In modern times , the term Speierling is often also used to refer to any more sour variety of Apfelwein , even if it lacks any juice of the service tree .'}]}, {'value': 'Beverage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A wine made of apples , somewhat comparable to Cider and French Cidre though dryer and more sour-tasting . Best enjoyed in traditional Äbbelwoi-Lokalen . Served from a special jug ( the Bembel ) , drunk with a special glass ( the Gerippte )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cider', 'summary': "Cider ( /ˈsaɪdər/ SY-dər ) is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples . Cider is popular in the United Kingdom ( especially in the West Country ) and the Republic of Ireland and widely available . The UK has the world 's highest per capita consumption , as well as its largest cider-producing companies . Cider is also popular in many Commonwealth countries , such as India , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Aside from the UK and its former colonies , cider is popular in other European countries including Portugal ( mainly in Minho and Madeira ) , France ( particularly Brittany and Normandy ) , northern Italy ( Piedmont and Friuli ) , and northern Spain ( especially the Principality of Asturias and the Basque Country ) . Central Europe also has its own types of cider with Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse producing a particularly tart version known as Apfelwein . In the U.S. , varieties of fermented cider are often called hard cider to distinguish alcoholic cider from non-alcoholic apple cider or sweet cider , also made from apples . In Canada , cider can not be called cider if there are no apples . Furthermore , according to the Food and Drug Regulations in Canada , cider can not contain less than 2.5% or over 13% absolute alcohol by volume . The juice of most varieties of apple can be used to make cider , but cider apples are best . The addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the ethanol content of the resulting beverage . Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% to 8.5% ABV or more in traditional English ciders , and 3.5% to 12% in continental ciders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cidre', 'summary': "Cider ( /ˈsaɪdər/ SY-dər ) is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples . Cider is popular in the United Kingdom ( especially in the West Country ) and the Republic of Ireland and widely available . The UK has the world 's highest per capita consumption , as well as its largest cider-producing companies . Cider is also popular in many Commonwealth countries , such as India , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Aside from the UK and its former colonies , cider is popular in other European countries including Portugal ( mainly in Minho and Madeira ) , France ( particularly Brittany and Normandy ) , northern Italy ( Piedmont and Friuli ) , and northern Spain ( especially the Principality of Asturias and the Basque Country ) . Central Europe also has its own types of cider with Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse producing a particularly tart version known as Apfelwein . In the U.S. , varieties of fermented cider are often called hard cider to distinguish alcoholic cider from non-alcoholic apple cider or sweet cider , also made from apples . In Canada , cider can not be called cider if there are no apples . Furthermore , according to the Food and Drug Regulations in Canada , cider can not contain less than 2.5% or over 13% absolute alcohol by volume . The juice of most varieties of apple can be used to make cider , but cider apples are best . The addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the ethanol content of the resulting beverage . Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% to 8.5% ABV or more in traditional English ciders , and 3.5% to 12% in continental ciders ."}]}, {'value': 'Schorle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schorle', 'summary': "Schorle is a German beverage made by diluting juice or wine with carbonated water or lemonade ( lemon-lime soda ) . The most common variety is Apfelschorle ( made from apple juice and sparkling mineral water ) . Large bottles of Schorle can be found at most grocers , stores , supermarkets and anywhere else where carbonated drinks are sold , next to the soda . Due to its dilution it is less sweet or alcoholic than the original beverage , making it better suited as a refreshment on hot summer days or as an alternative to beer at the biergarten or weinstube [ de ] . Typical proportions are half seltzer in a high glass and half juice or wine . In the Palatinate , in Germany , a wine schorle may consist of considerably less than 1/2 water if it is ordered 'fett ' ( German for 'fat ' ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Beverage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A refreshing drink that combines apple juice with sparkling water . It is usually served during summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handkäse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handkäse', 'summary': "Handkäse ( pronounced [ ˈhantkɛːzə ] ; literally : hand cheese ) is a German regional sour milk cheese ( similar to Harzer ) and is a culinary speciality of Frankfurt am Main , Offenbach am Main , Darmstadt , Langen , and other parts of southern Hesse . It gets its name from the traditional way of producing it : forming it with one 's own hands . It is a small , translucent , yellow cheese with a pungent aroma that some people may find unpleasant . It is sometimes square , but more often round in shape . Often served as an appetizer or as a snack with Apfelwein ( Ebbelwoi or cider ) , it is traditionally topped with chopped onions , locally known as Handkäse mit Musik ( literally : hand cheese with music ) . It is usually eaten with caraway on it , but since many people in Germany do not like this spice , in many areas it is served on the side . Some Hessians say that it is a sign of the quality of the establishment when caraway is in a separate dispenser . As a sign of this , many restaurants have , in addition to the salt and pepper , a little pot for caraway seeds . Strangers to this custom probably ask where the Musik is . They most likely are told , Die Musik kommt später , i.e . the music comes later . This is a euphemism for the flatulence that the raw onions usually provide ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheese', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A German regional sour milk cheese and a culinary speciality of Frankfurt am Main , Offenbach am Main , Darmstadt , Langen , and other parts of southern Hesse . It gets its name from the traditional way of producing it : forming it with one 's own hands", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harzer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harzer', 'summary': 'Harzer cheese is a German sour milk cheese made from low fat curd cheese , which contains only about one percent fat and originates in the Harz mountain region south of Braunschweig . Harzer is often small and round , in which case it is called Handkäse or Taler , or cylindrical , in which case it is called Stangenkäse . Frequently , the small and round variety is sold in a cylindrical package , which is then called Harzer Roller . Harzer cheese is typically flavoured with caraway . Some varieties are white mold cheeses , others red mold cheeses . The latter type generally has a stronger flavour , and both types develop a strong aroma after maturing for a few days or weeks . Harzer has a distinctive strong smell and overpowering flavour . Harzer contains very little fat ( less than 1% ) but extremely high protein ( usually around 30% ) and therefore is often used for special diets and sport nutrition .'}]}, {'value': 'Cheese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A German sour milk cheese made from low fat curd cheese , which contains only about one percent fat and originates in the Harz mountain region south of Braunschweig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harz', 'summary': 'The Harz [ haːɐ̯ts ] is a Mittelgebirge that has the highest elevations in Northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , and Thuringia . The name Harz derives from the Middle High German word Hardt or Hart ( hill forest ) , Latinized as Hercynia . The Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with an elevation of 1,141.1 metres ( 3,744 ft ) above sea level . The Wurmberg ( 971 metres ( 3,186 ft ) ) is the highest peak located entirely within the state of Lower Saxony .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Braunschweig', 'summary': 'Braunschweig ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbʁaʊnʃvaɪk ] ( listen ) ; Low German : Brunswiek [ ˈbrɔˑnsviːk ] ) , also called Brunswick ( /ˈbrʌnzwɪk/ ) in English , is a city in Lower Saxony , Germany , north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker River which connects it to the North Sea via the Aller and Weser Rivers . In 2016 , it had a population of 250,704 . A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany , Braunschweig was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th until the 17th century . It was the capital city of three successive states : the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel ( 1269-1432 , 1754-1807 , and 1813-1814 ) , the Duchy of Brunswick ( 1814-1918 ) , and the Free State of Brunswick ( 1918-1946 ) . Today , Braunschweig is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of scientific research and development .'}]}, {'value': 'Mainzer Kaese [ de ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snack', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A sour milk cheese , similar to the Harzer or hand cheese . It was invented in 1813 by a farmer 's wife named Kaul in Groß-Gerau and sold at the weekly market in Mainz", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Famous dishes -- Frankfurt am Main and Hessen', 'section_text': 'See also : Frankfurt and Hesse', 'uid': 'List_of_German_dishes_7', 'intro': 'Below is a list of dishes found in German cuisine.'} | null | null | What does the German cheese name literally mean ? | Hand cheese |
056ea169b22476f6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'title': 'All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship', 'header': ['GAA county', 'Province', 'Provincial championships'], 'data': [{'value': 'Clare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clare_GAA', 'summary': 'The Clare County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Contae an Chláir ) or Clare GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Clare . Clare plays its home games at Cusack Park in Ennis . The Clare Hurling team compete in the Munster championship which it has won six times , most recently in 1998 . Clare has won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship four times in its history . They won their first title in 1914 and it took another 81 years for them to win their next title in 1995 , which remains the record wait for a successive title in Senior Championship history . Clare won their most recent two titles in 1997 and 2013 . Clare compete in Division 1 of the National Hurling League .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_GAA', 'summary': "The Cork County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Chorcaí ) or Cork GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Cork and the Cork inter-county teams . It is one of the constituent counties of Munster GAA . Cork is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both Gaelic football and hurling . As of the end of the 2015 National Leagues , Cork compete in the top division of both sports . However , despite both teams competing at the top level of the game for most of the county 's history , the hurling team has experienced more success , winning the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 30 times . By comparison , Cork has only won All-Ireland Senior Football Championship seven times . Traditionally football is strongest in the western half of the county , with the O'Donovan Rossa club of Skibbereen the only Cork team from outside the city to have an All-Ireland Club Football title . Hurling is the dominant sport in the east , with teams such as Sarsfields and Midleton having won Cork 's club championship multiple times . Naturally , there are exceptions to this rule of thumb , with hurling pockets in football areas and vice versa . One example is Fermoy in east Cork , which has seven Cork football titles to its name . The city of Cork traditionally has strong teams in both sports , with Nemo Rangers being the record-holders for All-Ireland Club Football Championships won , and Blackrock having three All-Ireland Club Hurling titles . As well as this , the St Finbarr 's club in the city has eight Cork football titles and 25 in hurling ."}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_GAA', 'summary': "The Leinster Council is a Provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Leinster . The Leinster Council has been partnered with the European County Board to help develop Gaelic Games in Europe . Leinster Council 's main contribution to this goal is the provision of referees ."}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}, {'value': 'Galway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galway_GAA', 'summary': "The Galway County Boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na Gaillimhe ) or Galway GAA are one of the 32 GAA county boards in Ireland ; they are responsible for Gaelic games in County Galway , and for the Galway inter-county teams . Galway is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both hurling and gaelic football . The two sports are run by separate county boards in Galway , which is unusual , even for a dual county ."}]}, {'value': 'Connacht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connacht_GAA', 'summary': 'Connacht GAA ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Chonnacht ) or formally the Connacht Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association is the governing body for Gaelic games that are played in the province of Connacht , Ireland . It performs a supervisory and appeal role for the five County Boards within the province ( listed below ) . Anomalously , it also exercises its functions for an additional two County Boards that are not located in the province : London GAA and New York GAA . Teams from these administrative areas play in the Connacht Senior Football Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_GAA', 'summary': "The Leinster Council is a Provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Leinster . The Leinster Council has been partnered with the European County Board to help develop Gaelic Games in Europe . Leinster Council 's main contribution to this goal is the provision of referees ."}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}, {'value': 'Limerick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limerick_GAA', 'summary': 'The Limerick County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael , Coiste Chontae Luimneach ) or Limerick GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Limerick . The county board is also responsible for the Limerick inter-county teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Laois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laois_GAA', 'summary': 'The Laois County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Laois ) or Laois GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_GAA', 'summary': "The Leinster Council is a Provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Leinster . The Leinster Council has been partnered with the European County Board to help develop Gaelic Games in Europe . Leinster Council 's main contribution to this goal is the provision of referees ."}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}, {'value': 'Tipperary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tipperary_GAA', 'summary': "The Tipperary County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Thiobraid Árann ) or Tipperary GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Tipperary and the Tipperary inter-county teams . County Tipperary holds an honoured place in the history of the GAA as the organisation was founded in Hayes ' Hotel , Thurles , on 1 November 1884 ."}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Waterford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterford_GAA', 'summary': "The Waterford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Phort Láirge ) or Waterford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for all levels of Gaelic games in County Waterford . The County Board is also responsible for the Waterford inter-county teams . The county board 's offices are based at Walsh Park in the city of Waterford . The Waterford County Board was founded in 1886 . Hurling is generally regarded the dominant sport , with the county having won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship twice . While Gaelic football is the secondary sport in the county , it is widely played nonetheless . Waterford 's greatest achievement in Gaelic football was reaching the 1898 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final , losing to Dublin ."}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_GAA', 'summary': "The Leinster Council is a Provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Leinster . The Leinster Council has been partnered with the European County Board to help develop Gaelic Games in Europe . Leinster Council 's main contribution to this goal is the provision of referees ."}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Championship tiers , 2020', 'section_text': 'Liam MacCarthy Cup ( tier 1 )', 'uid': 'All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_1', 'intro': 'The GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship, known simply as the All-Ireland Championship, is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in Ireland, and has been contested every year except one since 1887. The final, currently held on the third Sunday in August, is the culmination of a series of games played during July and August, with the winning team receiving the Liam MacCarthy Cup. The All-Ireland Championship has always been played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team loses they are eliminated from the championship. The qualification procedures for the championship have changed several times throughout its history. Currently, qualification is limited to teams competing in the Leinster Championship, the Munster Championship and the two finalists in the Joe McDonagh Cup. Twelve teams currently participate in the All-Ireland Championship, with the most successful teams coming from the provinces of Leinster and Munster. Kilkenny, Cork and Tipperary are considered the big three of hurling. They have won 94 championships between them. The title has been won by 13 different teams, 10 of whom have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are Kilkenny, who have won the championship on 36 occasions. Tipperary are the current champions.'} | null | null | Which provincial championship is associated with the GAA county which has won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 ? | Leinster |
056ec0d9b9c9c375 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film', 'title': '1982 in film', 'header': ['International market', 'Title', 'Director', 'Production country', 'Gross'], 'data': [{'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_China', 'summary': "This is a list of the highest-grossing films in Mainland China ( excluding Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan ) , based on data by Entgroup 's China Boxoffice ( CBO ) website with the gross in yuan ."}]}, {'value': 'Shaolin Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shaolin_Temple_(1982_film)', 'summary': "The Shaolin Temple ( Chinese : 少林寺 ) is a 1982 Hong Kong-Chinese martial arts film directed by Chang Hsin Yen and starring Jet Li in his debut role ( though his name is misspelled in the credits as Jet Lee ) along with Ding Lan and Yu Hai in supporting roles . The film is based on the Shaolin Monastery in China and depicts Shaolin Kung Fu . The film was among the first major co-productions between Hong Kong and mainland China , and the first to be filmed in mainland China with a mostly mainland cast . It was the first martial arts film to be made in mainland China ; up until then , kung fu films were made in Hong Kong . It was also the first film to be shot at the Shaolin Monastery . It became one of China 's biggest blockbusters of all time , estimated to have sold over 300 million tickets at the Chinese box office . The film 's success established Jet Li as the first Mainland Chinese star of Hong Kong , and later Hollywood . It was also largely responsible for turning the Shaolin Monastery into a major tourist destination , both within China and internationally . A remake of the film was released in 2011 titled Shaolin and starred Andy Lau , Nicholas Tse and Jackie Chan ."}]}, {'value': 'Chang Hsin Yen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China / Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_China', 'summary': 'The cinema of Mainland China is one of three distinct historical threads of Chinese-language cinema together with the cinema of Hong Kong and the cinema of Taiwan . Cinema was introduced in China in 1896 and the first Chinese film , Dingjun Mountain , was made in 1905 . In the early decades the film industry was centred on Shanghai . The first sound film , Sing-Song Girl Red Peony , using the sound-on-disc technology , was made in 1931 . The 1930s , considered the first Golden Period of Chinese cinema , saw the advent of the Leftist cinematic movement . The dispute between Nationalists and Communists was reflected in the films produced . After the Japanese invasion of China and the occupation of Shanghai , the industry in the city was severely curtailed , with filmmakers moving to Hong Kong , Chongqing and other places . A Solitary Island period began in Shanghai , where the filmmakers who remained worked in the foreign concessions . Princess Iron Fan ( 1941 ) , the first Chinese animated feature film , was released at the end of this period . It influenced wartime Japanese animation and later Osamu Tezuka . After being completely engulfed by the occupation in 1941 , and until the end of the war in 1945 , the film industry in the city was under Japanese control . After the end of the war , a second golden age took place , with production in Shanghai resuming .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong', 'summary': "The cinema of Hong Kong ( Chinese : 香港電影 ) is one of the three major threads in the history of Chinese language cinema , alongside the cinema of China , and the cinema of Taiwan . As a former British colony , Hong Kong had a greater degree of political and economic freedom than mainland China and Taiwan , and developed into a filmmaking hub for the Chinese-speaking world ( including its worldwide diaspora ) . For decades , Hong Kong was the third largest motion picture industry in the world ( after Indian cinema and Hollywood ) and the second largest exporter . Despite an industry crisis starting in the mid-1990s and Hong Kong 's return to Chinese sovereignty in July 1997 , Hong Kong film has retained much of its distinctive identity and continues to play a prominent part on the world cinema stage . In the West , Hong Kong 's vigorous pop cinema ( especially Hong Kong action cinema ) has long had a strong cult following , which is now arguably a part of the cultural mainstream , widely available and imitated . Economically , the film industry together with the value added of cultural and creative industries represents 5 per cent of Hong Kong 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'CN¥160,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_France', 'summary': 'The following is a list of the films with the most cinema admissions in France , as of 17 December 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial', 'summary': "E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Dee Wallace , Peter Coyote , and Henry Thomas with supporting roles by Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed E.T . ( Welsh ) , who is stranded on Earth . Elliott and his siblings help E.T . return to his home planet , while attempting to keep him hidden from the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was filmed from September to December 1981 on a budget of $ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 , by Universal Pictures , E.T ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Spielberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Spielberg', 'summary': "Steven Allan Spielberg ( /ˈspiːlbɜːrɡ/ ; born December 18 , 1946 ) is an American filmmaker . He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history . Spielberg started in Hollywood directing television and several minor theatrical releases . He became a household name as the director of Jaws ( 1975 ) , which was critically and commercially successful and is considered the first summer blockbuster . His subsequent releases focused typically on science fiction/adventure films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , and Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , which became archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking . Spielberg transitioned into addressing serious issues in his later work with The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Amistad ( 1997 ) , and Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) . He has largely adhered to this practice during the 21st century , with Munich ( 2005 ) , Lincoln ( 2012 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) . He co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios , where he has also served as a producer or executive producer for several successful film trilogies , tetralogies and more including the Gremlins , Back to the Future , Men in Black , and the Transformers series . He later transitioned into producing several video games . Spielberg is one of the American film industry 's most critically successful filmmakers , with praise for his directing talent and versatility , and he has won the Academy Award for Best Director twice . Some of his movies are also among the highest-grossing films , while his total work makes him the highest-grossing film director in history ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The cinema of the United States , often metonymously referred to as Hollywood , has had a large effect on the film industry in general since the early 20th century . The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema , which developed from 1913 to 1969 and characterizes most films made there to this day . While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema , American cinema soon came to be a dominant force in the emerging industry . It produces the largest number of films of any single-language national cinema , with more than 700 English-language films released on average every year . While the national cinemas of the United Kingdom ( 299 ) , Canada ( 206 ) , Australia , and New Zealand also produce films in the same language , they are not considered part of the Hollywood system . Hollywood has also been considered a transnational cinema . Hollywood produced multiple language versions of some titles , often in Spanish or French . Contemporary Hollywood off-shores production to Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Hollywood is considered the oldest film industry where earliest film studios and production companies emerged , it is also the birthplace of various genres of cinema - among them comedy , drama , action , the musical , romance , horror , science fiction , and the war epic - having set an example for other national film industries . In 1878 , Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion . In 1894 , the world 's first commercial motion-picture exhibition was given in New York City , using Thomas Edison 's kinetoscope . The United States produced the world 's first sync-sound musical film , The Jazz Singer , in 1927 , and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades ."}]}, {'value': '7,881,332 admissions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany', 'summary': 'The film industry in Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century . German cinema made major technical and artistic contributions to early film , broadcasting and television technology . Babelsberg became a household synonym for the early 20th century film industry in Europe , similar to Hollywood later . Germany witnessed major changes to its identity during the 20th and 21st century . Those changes determined the periodisation of national cinema into a succession of distinct eras and movements .'}]}, {'value': 'E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial', 'summary': "E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Dee Wallace , Peter Coyote , and Henry Thomas with supporting roles by Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed E.T . ( Welsh ) , who is stranded on Earth . Elliott and his siblings help E.T . return to his home planet , while attempting to keep him hidden from the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was filmed from September to December 1981 on a budget of $ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 , by Universal Pictures , E.T ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Spielberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Spielberg', 'summary': "Steven Allan Spielberg ( /ˈspiːlbɜːrɡ/ ; born December 18 , 1946 ) is an American filmmaker . He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history . Spielberg started in Hollywood directing television and several minor theatrical releases . He became a household name as the director of Jaws ( 1975 ) , which was critically and commercially successful and is considered the first summer blockbuster . His subsequent releases focused typically on science fiction/adventure films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , and Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , which became archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking . Spielberg transitioned into addressing serious issues in his later work with The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Amistad ( 1997 ) , and Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) . He has largely adhered to this practice during the 21st century , with Munich ( 2005 ) , Lincoln ( 2012 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) . He co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios , where he has also served as a producer or executive producer for several successful film trilogies , tetralogies and more including the Gremlins , Back to the Future , Men in Black , and the Transformers series . He later transitioned into producing several video games . Spielberg is one of the American film industry 's most critically successful filmmakers , with praise for his directing talent and versatility , and he has won the Academy Award for Best Director twice . Some of his movies are also among the highest-grossing films , while his total work makes him the highest-grossing film director in history ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The cinema of the United States , often metonymously referred to as Hollywood , has had a large effect on the film industry in general since the early 20th century . The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema , which developed from 1913 to 1969 and characterizes most films made there to this day . While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema , American cinema soon came to be a dominant force in the emerging industry . It produces the largest number of films of any single-language national cinema , with more than 700 English-language films released on average every year . While the national cinemas of the United Kingdom ( 299 ) , Canada ( 206 ) , Australia , and New Zealand also produce films in the same language , they are not considered part of the Hollywood system . Hollywood has also been considered a transnational cinema . Hollywood produced multiple language versions of some titles , often in Spanish or French . Contemporary Hollywood off-shores production to Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Hollywood is considered the oldest film industry where earliest film studios and production companies emerged , it is also the birthplace of various genres of cinema - among them comedy , drama , action , the musical , romance , horror , science fiction , and the war epic - having set an example for other national film industries . In 1878 , Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion . In 1894 , the world 's first commercial motion-picture exhibition was given in New York City , using Thomas Edison 's kinetoscope . The United States produced the world 's first sync-sound musical film , The Jazz Singer , in 1927 , and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades ."}]}, {'value': '7,666,017 admissions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_India', 'summary': 'The following is a list of highest-grossing films in India , with gross revenue in Indian rupees . This is not an official tracking of figures , as reliable sources that publish data are frequently pressured to increase their estimates . Box office collections have been steadily increasing in the 21st century , the main reasons attributed to the rise in ticket prices , and increase in number of theatres and prints of a film . Most of the highest-grossing films at the domestic box office are Indian films , particularly from Bollywood , the Hindi-language film industry , followed by the Tamil ( Kollywood ) and the Telugu ( Tollywood ) and Bengali ( Tallywood ) film industries . For a list of highest-grossing Indian films worldwide , see List of highest-grossing Indian films .'}]}, {'value': 'Vidhaata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vidhaata', 'summary': "Vidhaata is a 1982 Indian movie directed by Subhash Ghai and produced by Gulshan Rai 's company Trimurti Films . It stars Dilip Kumar , Sanjay Dutt and Padmini Kolhapure in lead roles , with Shammi Kapoor , Sanjeev Kumar , Amrish Puri , Madan Puri , Suresh Oberoi and Sarika in supporting roles . The film was remade in Kannada as Pithamaha , starring Ravichandran , Rajesh , Udayakumar , Vijayalakshmi Singh , in Malayalam as Alakadalinakkare , starring Prem Nazir , Madhu , Srividya and Mammootty and was also remade in Tamil as Vamsa Vilakku , with Sivaji Ganesan and Prabhu . Vidhaata was the highest-grossing film of 1982 , being declared an All Time Blockbuster at the box office ."}]}, {'value': 'Subhash Ghai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subhash_Ghai', 'summary': "Subhash Ghai ( born 24 January 1945 ) is an Indian film director , producer and screenwriter , known for his works predominantly in Hindi cinema . His most notable works include 'Kalicharan ' ( 1976 ) , 'Vishwanath ' ( 1978 ) , Maeri ( 1976 ) , Karz ( 1980 ) , Hero ( 1983 ) , Meri Jung ( 1985 ) , Karma ( 1986 ) , Ram Lakhan ( 1989 ) , Saudagar ( 1991 ) , Khalnayak ( 1993 ) , Pardes ( 1997 ) , Taal ( 1999 ) , and Black & White ( 2008 ) . In 1982 , he started Mukta Arts Private Limited which , in 2000 , became a public company , with Subhash Ghai as its executive chairman . In 2006 , he received the National Film Award , for producing the social problem film Iqbal , in the same year he founded the Whistling Woods International film and media institution in Mumbai . In 2015 , he received the IIFA Award for outstanding contribution to Indian Cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_India', 'summary': 'The cinema of India consists of films produced in the nation of India . Cinema is immensely popular in India , with as many as 1,600 films produced in various languages every year . Indian cinema produces more films watched by more people than any other country ; in 2011 , over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across India , 900,000 ( 0.03% ) more than Hollywood . Mumbai , Hyderabad , Kolkata , Chennai , Trivandrum , Kochi and Bangalore are the major centres of film production in India . As of 2013 , India ranked first in terms of annual film output , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( ₹93 billion ) in 2011 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of US $ 2.1 billion , third largest in the world . The overall revenue of Indian cinema reached US $ 1.3 billion in 2000 . The industry is segmented by language . The Hindi language film industry is known as Bollywood , the largest sector , representing 43% of box office revenue . The combined revenue of the Telugu and Tamil film industries represent 36% .'}]}, {'value': '$ 16,343,207', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy', 'summary': "The Cinema of Italy comprises the films made within Italy or by Italian directors . The first Italian director is considered to be Vittorio Calcina [ it ] , a collaborator of the Lumière Brothers , who filmed Pope Leo XIII in 1896 . Since its beginning , Italian cinema has influenced film movements worldwide . As of 2018 , Italian films have won 14 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film ( the most of any country ) as well as 12 Palmes d'Or ( the second-most of any country ) , one Academy Award for Best Picture and many Golden Lions and Golden Bears . Italy is a birthplace of Art Cinema and the stylistic aspect of film has been the most important factor in the history of Italian movies . In the early 1900s , artistic and epic films such as Otello ( 1906 ) , The Last Days of Pompeii ( 1908 ) , L'Inferno ( 1911 ) , Quo Vadis ( 1913 ) , and Cabiria ( 1914 ) , were made as adaptations of books or stage plays . Italian filmmakers were utilizing complex set designs , lavish costumes , and record budgets , to produce pioneering films . One of the first cinematic avante-garde movements , Italian Futurism , took place in Italy in the late 1910s . After a period of decline in the 1920s , the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of sound film . A popular Italian genre during this period , the Telefoni Bianchi , consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds . While Italy 's Fascist government provided financial support for the nation 's film industry , most notably the construction of the Cinecittà studios ( the largest film studio in Europe ) , it also engaged in censorship , and thus many Italian films produced in the late 1930s were propaganda films . Post-World War II Italy saw the rise of the influential Italian neorealist movement , which launched the directorial careers of Luchino Visconti , Roberto Rossellini , and Vittorio De Sica ."}]}, {'value': 'E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial', 'summary': "E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Dee Wallace , Peter Coyote , and Henry Thomas with supporting roles by Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed E.T . ( Welsh ) , who is stranded on Earth . Elliott and his siblings help E.T . return to his home planet , while attempting to keep him hidden from the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was filmed from September to December 1981 on a budget of $ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 , by Universal Pictures , E.T ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Spielberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Spielberg', 'summary': "Steven Allan Spielberg ( /ˈspiːlbɜːrɡ/ ; born December 18 , 1946 ) is an American filmmaker . He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history . Spielberg started in Hollywood directing television and several minor theatrical releases . He became a household name as the director of Jaws ( 1975 ) , which was critically and commercially successful and is considered the first summer blockbuster . His subsequent releases focused typically on science fiction/adventure films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , and Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , which became archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking . Spielberg transitioned into addressing serious issues in his later work with The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Amistad ( 1997 ) , and Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) . He has largely adhered to this practice during the 21st century , with Munich ( 2005 ) , Lincoln ( 2012 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) . He co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios , where he has also served as a producer or executive producer for several successful film trilogies , tetralogies and more including the Gremlins , Back to the Future , Men in Black , and the Transformers series . He later transitioned into producing several video games . Spielberg is one of the American film industry 's most critically successful filmmakers , with praise for his directing talent and versatility , and he has won the Academy Award for Best Director twice . Some of his movies are also among the highest-grossing films , while his total work makes him the highest-grossing film director in history ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The cinema of the United States , often metonymously referred to as Hollywood , has had a large effect on the film industry in general since the early 20th century . The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema , which developed from 1913 to 1969 and characterizes most films made there to this day . While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema , American cinema soon came to be a dominant force in the emerging industry . It produces the largest number of films of any single-language national cinema , with more than 700 English-language films released on average every year . While the national cinemas of the United Kingdom ( 299 ) , Canada ( 206 ) , Australia , and New Zealand also produce films in the same language , they are not considered part of the Hollywood system . Hollywood has also been considered a transnational cinema . Hollywood produced multiple language versions of some titles , often in Spanish or French . Contemporary Hollywood off-shores production to Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Hollywood is considered the oldest film industry where earliest film studios and production companies emerged , it is also the birthplace of various genres of cinema - among them comedy , drama , action , the musical , romance , horror , science fiction , and the war epic - having set an example for other national film industries . In 1878 , Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion . In 1894 , the world 's first commercial motion-picture exhibition was given in New York City , using Thomas Edison 's kinetoscope . The United States produced the world 's first sync-sound musical film , The Jazz Singer , in 1927 , and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades ."}]}, {'value': '10,298,000 admissions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Japan', 'summary': "The following is a list of the highest-grossing films in Japan . This list only accounts for the films ' box office earnings at cinemas and not their ancillary revenues ( i.e . home video sales , video rentals , television broadcasts , or merchandise sales ) . The first table is listed in terms of nominal gross revenue , while the other two are listed in terms of box office admissions ."}]}, {'value': 'The Gods Must Be Crazy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gods_Must_Be_Crazy', 'summary': "The Gods Must Be Crazy is a 1980 South African comedy film written and directed by Jamie Uys . Financed only from local sources , it is the most commercially successful release in the history of South Africa 's film industry . Originally released in 1980 , the film is the first in The Gods Must Be Crazy series . It is followed by one official sequel , The Gods Must Be Crazy II , released by Columbia Pictures . Set in Botswana , it follows the story of Xi , a San of the Kalahari Desert ( played by Namibian San farmer Nǃxau ǂToma ) whose tribe has no knowledge of the world beyond , Andrew Steyn ( Marius Weyers ) , a biologist who analyzes manure samples for his PhD dissertation , and Kate Thompson ( Sandra Prinsloo ) , a newly hired village school teacher ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamie Uys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Uys', 'summary': 'Jacobus Johannes Uys ( 30 May 1921 - 29 January 1996 ) , better known as Jamie Uys , was a South African film director , best known for directing The Gods Must Be Crazy .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa', 'summary': "The cinema of South Africa refers to the films and film industry of the nation of South Africa . Many foreign films have been produced about South Africa ( usually involving race relations ) . One South African film to achieve international acclaim was The Gods Must Be Crazy in 1980 , set in the Kalahari . This is about how life in a traditional community of Bushmen is changed when a Coke bottle , thrown out of an aeroplane , suddenly lands from the sky . The late Jamie Uys , who wrote and directed The Gods Must Be Crazy , also had success overseas in the 1970s with his films Funny People and Funny People II , similar to the TV series Candid Camera in the United States . Leon Schuster 's You Must Be Joking ! films are in the same genre , and hugely popular among South Africans . Another high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was District 9 . Directed by Neill Blomkamp , a native South African , and produced by Peter Jackson , the action/science-fiction film depicts a sub-class of alien refugees forced to live in the slums of Johannesburg in what many saw as a creative allegory for apartheid . The film was a critical and commercial success worldwide , and was nominated for Best Picture at the 82nd Academy Awards . Other notable films are Tsotsi , which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006 as well as U-Carmen eKhayelitsha , which won the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': '¥2,360,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_South_Korea', 'summary': 'The following are lists of the highest-grossing domestic films in South Korea , by receipts and the number of tickets sold nationwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Dragon Lord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragon_Lord', 'summary': "Dragon Lord AKA Dragon Strike ( simplified Chinese : 龙少爷 ; traditional Chinese : 龍少爺 ) is a 1982 Hong Kong martial arts action film , written and directed by Jackie Chan , who also stars in the film . It was originally supposed to be a sequel to The Young Master and even had the name Young Master in Love until it was changed to Dragon Lord . The film experimented with various elaborate stunt action sequences in a period setting , serving as a transition between Chan 's earlier comedy kung fu period films ( such as Drunken Master and The Young Master ) and his later stunt-oriented modern action films ( such as Project A and Police Story ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackie Chan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackie_Chan', 'summary': 'Chan Kong-sang SBS MBE PMW ( Chinese : 陳港生 ; born 7 April 1954 ) , known professionally as Jackie Chan , is a Hong Kongese martial artist , actor , film director , producer , stuntman , and singer . He is known in the cinematic world for his acrobatic fighting style , comic timing , use of improvised weapons , and innovative stunts , which he typically performs himself . He has trained in Wushu or Kung Fu and Hapkido , and has been acting since the 1960s , appearing in over 150 films . Chan is one of the most recognisable and influential cinematic personalities in the world , gaining a widespread following in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres , and has received stars on the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars and the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He has been referenced in various pop songs , cartoons , and video games . He is an operatically trained vocalist and is also a Cantopop and Mandopop star , having released a number of albums and sung many of the theme songs for the films in which he has starred . He is also a globally known philanthropist and has been named as one of the top 10 most charitable celebrities by Forbes magazine . In 2004 , film scholar Andrew Willis stated that Chan was perhaps the most recognised star in the world . In 2015 , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 350 million , and as of 2016 [ update ] , he was the second-highest paid actor in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong', 'summary': "The cinema of Hong Kong ( Chinese : 香港電影 ) is one of the three major threads in the history of Chinese language cinema , alongside the cinema of China , and the cinema of Taiwan . As a former British colony , Hong Kong had a greater degree of political and economic freedom than mainland China and Taiwan , and developed into a filmmaking hub for the Chinese-speaking world ( including its worldwide diaspora ) . For decades , Hong Kong was the third largest motion picture industry in the world ( after Indian cinema and Hollywood ) and the second largest exporter . Despite an industry crisis starting in the mid-1990s and Hong Kong 's return to Chinese sovereignty in July 1997 , Hong Kong film has retained much of its distinctive identity and continues to play a prominent part on the world cinema stage . In the West , Hong Kong 's vigorous pop cinema ( especially Hong Kong action cinema ) has long had a strong cult following , which is now arguably a part of the cultural mainstream , widely available and imitated . Economically , the film industry together with the value added of cultural and creative industries represents 5 per cent of Hong Kong 's economy ."}]}, {'value': '₩894,366,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Soviet_films_of_the_year_by_ticket_sales', 'summary': "This is the list of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union , in terms of box office admissions ( ticket sales ) . It includes the highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union ( USSR ) , the highest-grossing domestic Soviet films , the domestic films with the greatest number of ticket sales by year , and the highest-grossing foreign films in the Soviet Union . Note that , in line with the definition above , this list does not include any Soviet television series or television movies , which were not shown in cinemas of the Soviet Union . The annual list includes sales during each year only , which often means that the total number of tickets sold was bigger . As an example , according to the list below the film The Red Snowball Tree , the top seller of the year 1974 , sold 62.5 million tickets during that year . But the total number of sold tickets during all years was bigger ( former deputy director of the USSR GosKino Boris Pavlenok named 140 million , however , it was clearly exaggeration ) . This figure is comparable to some of the United States ' all-time highest ticket sellers , such as The Sound of Music , E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial , and Titanic , in fact exceeding the latter 's estimated ticket sales of 135.5 million . In the mid-1960s , the Soviet Union sold 4 billion tickets and grossed 1 billion руб annually . At the 1960s exchange rate of 0.9 руб per US dollar , this was $ 1.11 billion ( equivalent to $ 9 billion adjusted for inflation ) . Soviet ticket prices were generally lower than American ticket prices , due to lower living costs in the Soviet Union , with average ticket prices ranging from 25 kopecks in the mid-1960s to 50 kopecks in the early 1980s . Both domestic Soviet films and foreign films were shown , the latter having a limited quota and thus drawing higher average ticket sales than domestic productions ."}]}, {'value': 'Sportloto-82', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sportloto-82', 'summary': 'Sportloto-82 ( Russian : Спортлото-82 ) is a comedy film , directed by Leonid Gaidai and released in 1982 . The film stars Algis Arlauskas , Svetlana Amanova , Mikhail Pugovkin , Mikhail Kokshenov and Nina Grebeshkova . It was filmed in Soviet Union . It was also one of the all-time leaders at the Soviet box office with over 55,000,000 theatre admissions in the Soviet era .'}]}, {'value': 'Leonid Gaidai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonid_Gaidai', 'summary': 'Leonid Iovich Gaidai ( Russian : Леонид Иович Гайдай ; 30 January 1923 , Svobodny , Amur Oblast - 19 November 1993 , Moscow ) was a Soviet and Russian comedy film director who enjoyed immense popularity and broad public recognition in the former Soviet Union . His films broke theatre attendance records and are still some of the top-selling DVDs in Russia . He has been described as the king of Soviet comedy .'}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union', 'summary': "The cinema of the Soviet Union includes films produced by the constituent republics of the Soviet Union reflecting elements of their pre-Soviet culture , language and history , albeit they were all regulated by the central government in Moscow . Most prolific in their republican films , after the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , were Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Ukraine , and , to a lesser degree , Lithuania , Belarus and Moldavia . At the same time , the nation 's film industry , which was fully nationalized throughout most of the country 's history , was guided by philosophies and laws propounded by the monopoly Soviet Communist Party which introduced a new view on the cinema , socialist realism , which was different from the one before or after the existence of the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': '$ 19,490,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain', 'summary': "The art of motion-picture making within the Kingdom of Spain or by Spanish filmmakers abroad is collectively known as Spanish Cinema . In recent years , Spanish cinema has achieved high marks of recognition . In the long history of Spanish cinema , the great filmmaker Luis Buñuel was the first to achieve universal recognition , followed by Pedro Almodóvar in the 1980s . Spanish cinema has also seen international success over the years with films by directors like Segundo de Chomón , Florián Rey , Luis García Berlanga , Juan Antonio Bardem , Carlos Saura , Julio Médem and Alejandro Amenábar . Woody Allen , upon receiving the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award in 2002 in Oviedo remarked : when I left New York , the most exciting film in the city at the time was Spanish , Pedro Almodóvar 's one . I hope that Europeans will continue to lead the way in film making because at the moment not much is coming from the United States . Non-directors , like the cinematographer Néstor Almendros , the art director Gil Parrondo , the screenwriter Rafael Azcona , the actresses Maribel Verdú and , especially , Penélope Cruz and the actors Fernando Rey , Francisco Rabal , Antonio Banderas , Javier Bardem and Fernando Fernán Gómez , have obtained significant recognition outside Spain . Only a small portion of box office sales in Spain are generated by domestic films . The Spanish government has therefore implemented measures aimed at supporting local film production and movie theaters , which include the assurance of funding from the main national television stations . The trend is being reversed with productions such as the €30 million film Alatriste ( starring Viggo Mortensen ) , the Academy Award-winning Spanish film Pan 's Labyrinth ( starring Maribel Verdú ) , Volver ( starring Penélope Cruz and Carmen Maura ) , and Los Borgia ( starring Paz Vega ) , all of them sold-out blockbusters in Spain . Another aspect of Spanish cinema mostly unknown to the general public is the appearance of English-language Spanish films such as Agora ( directed by Alejandro Amenábar and starring Rachel Weisz ) , Ché ( directed by Steven Soderbergh and starring Benicio del Toro ) , The Machinist ( starring Christian Bale ) , The Others ( starring Nicole Kidman ) , Miloš Formans Goya 's Ghosts ( starring Javier Bardem and Natalie Portman ) , and The Impossible ( starring Ewan McGregor and Naomi Watts ) . All of these films were produced by Spanish firms ."}]}, {'value': 'E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial', 'summary': "E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Dee Wallace , Peter Coyote , and Henry Thomas with supporting roles by Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed E.T . ( Welsh ) , who is stranded on Earth . Elliott and his siblings help E.T . return to his home planet , while attempting to keep him hidden from the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was filmed from September to December 1981 on a budget of $ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 , by Universal Pictures , E.T ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Spielberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Spielberg', 'summary': "Steven Allan Spielberg ( /ˈspiːlbɜːrɡ/ ; born December 18 , 1946 ) is an American filmmaker . He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history . Spielberg started in Hollywood directing television and several minor theatrical releases . He became a household name as the director of Jaws ( 1975 ) , which was critically and commercially successful and is considered the first summer blockbuster . His subsequent releases focused typically on science fiction/adventure films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , and Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , which became archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking . Spielberg transitioned into addressing serious issues in his later work with The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Amistad ( 1997 ) , and Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) . He has largely adhered to this practice during the 21st century , with Munich ( 2005 ) , Lincoln ( 2012 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) . He co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios , where he has also served as a producer or executive producer for several successful film trilogies , tetralogies and more including the Gremlins , Back to the Future , Men in Black , and the Transformers series . He later transitioned into producing several video games . Spielberg is one of the American film industry 's most critically successful filmmakers , with praise for his directing talent and versatility , and he has won the Academy Award for Best Director twice . Some of his movies are also among the highest-grossing films , while his total work makes him the highest-grossing film director in history ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The cinema of the United States , often metonymously referred to as Hollywood , has had a large effect on the film industry in general since the early 20th century . The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema , which developed from 1913 to 1969 and characterizes most films made there to this day . While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema , American cinema soon came to be a dominant force in the emerging industry . It produces the largest number of films of any single-language national cinema , with more than 700 English-language films released on average every year . While the national cinemas of the United Kingdom ( 299 ) , Canada ( 206 ) , Australia , and New Zealand also produce films in the same language , they are not considered part of the Hollywood system . Hollywood has also been considered a transnational cinema . Hollywood produced multiple language versions of some titles , often in Spanish or French . Contemporary Hollywood off-shores production to Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Hollywood is considered the oldest film industry where earliest film studios and production companies emerged , it is also the birthplace of various genres of cinema - among them comedy , drama , action , the musical , romance , horror , science fiction , and the war epic - having set an example for other national film industries . In 1878 , Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion . In 1894 , the world 's first commercial motion-picture exhibition was given in New York City , using Thomas Edison 's kinetoscope . The United States produced the world 's first sync-sound musical film , The Jazz Singer , in 1927 , and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades ."}]}, {'value': '7,719,932 admissions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Taiwan', 'summary': 'The following are lists of the highest-grossing films and domestic films in Taiwan , by their total gross in Taiwan ( in New Taiwan dollar ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Gods Must Be Crazy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gods_Must_Be_Crazy', 'summary': "The Gods Must Be Crazy is a 1980 South African comedy film written and directed by Jamie Uys . Financed only from local sources , it is the most commercially successful release in the history of South Africa 's film industry . Originally released in 1980 , the film is the first in The Gods Must Be Crazy series . It is followed by one official sequel , The Gods Must Be Crazy II , released by Columbia Pictures . Set in Botswana , it follows the story of Xi , a San of the Kalahari Desert ( played by Namibian San farmer Nǃxau ǂToma ) whose tribe has no knowledge of the world beyond , Andrew Steyn ( Marius Weyers ) , a biologist who analyzes manure samples for his PhD dissertation , and Kate Thompson ( Sandra Prinsloo ) , a newly hired village school teacher ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamie Uys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Uys', 'summary': 'Jacobus Johannes Uys ( 30 May 1921 - 29 January 1996 ) , better known as Jamie Uys , was a South African film director , best known for directing The Gods Must Be Crazy .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa', 'summary': "The cinema of South Africa refers to the films and film industry of the nation of South Africa . Many foreign films have been produced about South Africa ( usually involving race relations ) . One South African film to achieve international acclaim was The Gods Must Be Crazy in 1980 , set in the Kalahari . This is about how life in a traditional community of Bushmen is changed when a Coke bottle , thrown out of an aeroplane , suddenly lands from the sky . The late Jamie Uys , who wrote and directed The Gods Must Be Crazy , also had success overseas in the 1970s with his films Funny People and Funny People II , similar to the TV series Candid Camera in the United States . Leon Schuster 's You Must Be Joking ! films are in the same genre , and hugely popular among South Africans . Another high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was District 9 . Directed by Neill Blomkamp , a native South African , and produced by Peter Jackson , the action/science-fiction film depicts a sub-class of alien refugees forced to live in the slums of Johannesburg in what many saw as a creative allegory for apartheid . The film was a critical and commercial success worldwide , and was nominated for Best Picture at the 82nd Academy Awards . Other notable films are Tsotsi , which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006 as well as U-Carmen eKhayelitsha , which won the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'NT $ 39,431,235', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': "This list charts the most successful films at cinemas in the United Kingdom by box office sales , in pounds sterling and admissions . An overview of the top-earning films and record-holders is provided , as well as the highest-grossing British productions , the most successful non-English language films and the sound films that have generated the most admissions . A summary of the most popular films over the course of the last century is also included . American productions dominate , with all films earning over £50 million at the box office either completely or partly produced by Hollywood studios . British film is well represented , with about half the films on the list qualifying as British productions ; however , due to the globalization of the film industry most successful British productions since the start of the twenty-first century have been co-produced with other countries . While there is no universally accepted definition of a film 's nationality , a legal definition for the Britishness of a film has existed in English law since 2007 , and this is the criteria used here . For films made prior to 2007 , the nationalities listed by the sources supplying the data are used where they are given . The 2015 Star Wars film , The Force Awakens , is the highest-grossing film in terms of nominal box-office sales . The effects of inflation are a significant contributing factor to recent films surpassing the box-office records of older films , so when considering the number of admissions Gone with the Wind ( 1940 ) is the most successful film , although this was achieved over several release cycles prior to the home video era ."}]}, {'value': 'E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial', 'summary': "E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Dee Wallace , Peter Coyote , and Henry Thomas with supporting roles by Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed E.T . ( Welsh ) , who is stranded on Earth . Elliott and his siblings help E.T . return to his home planet , while attempting to keep him hidden from the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was filmed from September to December 1981 on a budget of $ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 , by Universal Pictures , E.T ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Spielberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Spielberg', 'summary': "Steven Allan Spielberg ( /ˈspiːlbɜːrɡ/ ; born December 18 , 1946 ) is an American filmmaker . He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history . Spielberg started in Hollywood directing television and several minor theatrical releases . He became a household name as the director of Jaws ( 1975 ) , which was critically and commercially successful and is considered the first summer blockbuster . His subsequent releases focused typically on science fiction/adventure films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , and Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , which became archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking . Spielberg transitioned into addressing serious issues in his later work with The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Amistad ( 1997 ) , and Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) . He has largely adhered to this practice during the 21st century , with Munich ( 2005 ) , Lincoln ( 2012 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) . He co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios , where he has also served as a producer or executive producer for several successful film trilogies , tetralogies and more including the Gremlins , Back to the Future , Men in Black , and the Transformers series . He later transitioned into producing several video games . Spielberg is one of the American film industry 's most critically successful filmmakers , with praise for his directing talent and versatility , and he has won the Academy Award for Best Director twice . Some of his movies are also among the highest-grossing films , while his total work makes him the highest-grossing film director in history ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The cinema of the United States , often metonymously referred to as Hollywood , has had a large effect on the film industry in general since the early 20th century . The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema , which developed from 1913 to 1969 and characterizes most films made there to this day . While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema , American cinema soon came to be a dominant force in the emerging industry . It produces the largest number of films of any single-language national cinema , with more than 700 English-language films released on average every year . While the national cinemas of the United Kingdom ( 299 ) , Canada ( 206 ) , Australia , and New Zealand also produce films in the same language , they are not considered part of the Hollywood system . Hollywood has also been considered a transnational cinema . Hollywood produced multiple language versions of some titles , often in Spanish or French . Contemporary Hollywood off-shores production to Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Hollywood is considered the oldest film industry where earliest film studios and production companies emerged , it is also the birthplace of various genres of cinema - among them comedy , drama , action , the musical , romance , horror , science fiction , and the war epic - having set an example for other national film industries . In 1878 , Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion . In 1894 , the world 's first commercial motion-picture exhibition was given in New York City , using Thomas Edison 's kinetoscope . The United States produced the world 's first sync-sound musical film , The Jazz Singer , in 1927 , and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades ."}]}, {'value': '£21,700,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest-grossing films -- Outside North America', 'section_text': 'The highest-grossing 1982 films in countries outside of North America .', 'uid': '1982_in_film_1', 'intro': 'The following is an overview of events in 1982 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.'} | null | null | Which film was surpassed as highest grossing by the film that had 7,666,017 admissions in Germany in 1982 ? | Star Wars |
057173dcebee968f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_at_the_2011_Sundance_Film_Festival', 'title': 'List of films at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Year', 'First showing'], 'data': [{'value': 'An African Election', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An_African_Election', 'summary': "An African Election is a 2011 documentary film about the contentious 2008 general elections in Ghana , directed by Jarreth and Kevin Merz . The film features interviews with the two major presidential candidates , Nana Akufo-Addo and John Atta Mills , as well as Ghana 's former president Jerry Rawlings ."}]}, {'value': 'Jarreth Merz', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bengali Detective', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philip Cox', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Black Power Mixtape', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Göran Hugo Olsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Portrait in Black and White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Family_Portrait_in_Black_and_White', 'summary': 'Family Portrait in Black and White is a Canadian-Ukrainian coproduced documentary film , directed by Julia Ivanova and released in 2011 . The film profiles Olga Nenya , a Ukrainian woman who has adopted a large family of biracial children , and tries to protect them from the sometimes virulent anti-African racism of rural Ukrainian society . The film premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival . It had its Canadian premiere at the 2011 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival , where it won the award for Best Canadian Documentary . It was a shortlisted Genie Award nominee for Best Feature Length Documentary at the 32nd Genie Awards in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Julia Ivanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julia_Ivanova', 'summary': 'Yuliya Anatoliyevna Ivanova ( Russian : Юлия Анатольевна Иванова ) ( born 9 September 1985 in Sosnogorsk ) is a Russian cross-country skier . She competed at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 in Oslo , and at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 in Val di Fiemme .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Flaw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Sington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Sington', 'summary': 'David Sington is a British-born director , producer , screenwriter and author . He read Natural Sciences at Trinity College , Cambridge , graduating in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Green Wave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Green_Wave', 'summary': 'The Green Wave is a 2010 documentary film directed by Ali Samadi Ahadi . It covers the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests and human rights violations in Iran .'}]}, {'value': 'Ali Samadi Ahadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ali_Samadi_Ahadi', 'summary': 'Ali Samadi Ahadi ( born 9 February 1972 in Tabriz , Iran ) is an Iranian-German filmmaker and scriptwriter who has directed Lost Children , Salami Aleikum , The Green Wave , etc .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hell and Back Again', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hell_and_Back_Again', 'summary': 'Hell and Back Again is a 2011 American-British-Afghan documentary film produced , shot , and directed by Danfung Dennis , about a sergeant in the United States Marines Corps who returns from the Afghanistan conflict with a badly broken leg and post-traumatic stress disorder . On January 24 , 2012 , the film was announced as one of the five nominees for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature .'}]}, {'value': 'Danfung Dennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danfung_Dennis', 'summary': 'Danfung Dennis is a still photographer and documentary film maker . He graduated from the Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management . His images have been published in Newsweek , TIME , The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Guardian , Rolling Stone , Le Figaro Magazine , Financial Times Magazine , Mother Jones , Der Spiegel , and The Wall Street Journal . He won the Bayeux-Calvados Award For War Correspondents , in 2010 and was named one of the 25 New Faces of Independent Film by Filmmaker Magazine . He was also chosen as one of the 30 New and Emerging Photographers by Photo District News Magazine . He photographed and directed his first feature-length documentary on the war in Afghanistan , Hell and Back Again . The film premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and won both the World Cinema Jury Award and the World Cinema Cinematography Award . The film was nominated for a 2012 Academy Award for best feature documentary . Danfung Dennis is currently the CEO and Founder of Condition One , a video software company .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knuckle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knuckle_(film)', 'summary': 'Knuckle is a 2011 film about the secretive world of Irish Traveller bare-knuckle boxing . The film was made in stages over 12 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Ian Palmer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Position Among the Stars ( Dutch : Stand van de Sterren )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Position_Among_the_Stars', 'summary': 'Position Among the Stars ( Dutch : Stand van de Sterren ) is a 2010 documentary directed by Leonard Retel Helmrich . It was released on 17 November 2010 as the opening film of the IDFA ( International Documentary Festival Amsterdam ) . The documentary is the continuation of Eye of the Day and Shape of the Moon and follows again the Sjamsuddin family , consisting of three generations , living in the slums of Jakarta , Indonesia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dutch_language', 'summary': 'Dutch ( Nederlands ( help·info ) ) is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people as a first language and 5 million people as a second language , constituting the majority of people in the Netherlands ( where it is the sole official language countrywide ) and Belgium ( as one of three official languages ) . It is the third-most-widely spoken Germanic language , after its close relatives English and German . Outside the Low Countries , it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname where it also holds an official status , as it does in Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten , which are constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean . Historical linguistic minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany , and in Indonesia , [ n 1 ] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States , Canada and Australia combined . [ n 2 ] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans , a mutually intelligible daughter language [ n 3 ] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people , mainly in South Africa and Namibia . [ n 4 ] Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English [ n 5 ] and is colloquially said to be roughly in between them . [ n 6 ] Dutch , like English , has not undergone the High German consonant shift , does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker , has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive , and has levelled much of its morphology , including most of its case system . [ n 7 ] Features shared with German include the survival of two to three grammatical genders - albeit with few grammatical consequences [ n 8 ] - as well as the use of modal particles , final-obstruent devoicing , and a similar word order . [ n 9 ] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates slightly more Romance loans than German but far fewer than English . [ n 10 ] As with German , the vocabulary of Dutch also has strong similarities with the continental Scandinavian languages , but is not mutually intelligible in text or speech with any of them .'}]}, {'value': 'Leonard Retel Helmrich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Retel_Helmrich', 'summary': "Leonard Retel Helmrich is a Dutch cinematographer and film director . He was born the 16th of August 1959 in Tilburg , Netherlands and has lived in Amsterdam since 1982 . He received highest honours for international documentaries at the Sundance Festival and was the first two-time International Documentary winner at the International Documentary Filmfestival Amsterdam ( IDFA ) . In June 5 , 2018 he was rewarded by the Dutch King Willem-Alexander with the title Knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion , a very high distinction . Helmrich is famous for perfecting the 'Single Shot Cinema ' filming method and his related technical camera innovations . .you can move inside an event and go with your camera to the right spot , at the right moment , . Thats what the whole single-shot cinema is about : trying to think of the world as a kind of clockwork , a machinery , with everything interrelated . The bigger and smaller things are just as important . In a clockworks you cant pull out a little gear because the whole thing jams . The solution is to become one of the clockworks. , Leonard Retel Helmrich ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Project Nim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project_Nim_(film)', 'summary': 'Project Nim is a 2011 British documentary film . It focuses on Project Nim , a research project that was mounted in the 1970s to determine whether a primate raised in close contact with humans could develop a limited language based on American Sign Language . The project was centred on a chimpanzee named Nim Chimpsky .'}]}, {'value': 'James Marsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Marsh_(director)', 'summary': 'James Marsh ( born 30 April 1963 ) is a British film and documentary director best known for his work on Man on Wire , which won the 2008 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature , and The Theory of Everything , the multi-award-winning biopic of physicist Stephen Hawking released in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senna_(film)', 'summary': "Senna is a 2010 British documentary film that depicts the life and death of Brazilian motor-racing champion Ayrton Senna , directed by Asif Kapadia . The film was produced by StudioCanal , Working Title Films , and Midfield Films , and was distributed by the parent company of the latter two production companies , Universal Pictures . The film 's narrative focuses on Senna 's racing career in Formula One , from his debut in the 1984 Brazilian Grand Prix to his death in an accident at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix , with particular emphasis on his rivalry with fellow driver Alain Prost . It relies primarily on archive racetrack footage and home video clips provided by the Senna family , rather than retrospective video interviews , and has no formal commentary ."}]}, {'value': 'Asif Kapadia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asif_Kapadia', 'summary': 'Asif Kapadia ( born 1972 ) is a British filmmaker . His early award-winning films include The Sheep Thief ( 1997 ) , winner of the 2nd Prize Cinéfondation for Short Film at the Cannes Film Festival , and The Warrior ( 2001 ) , winning the BAFTA Award for Best British Film 2003 . Kapadia directed the documentary film Senna ( 2010 ) , based on Ayrton Senna ( famous for his achievements in motor racing ) , which won the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary , the BAFTA Award for Best Editing and the World Cinema Audience Award Documentary at the Sundance Film Festival 2011 . He filmed Amy ( 2015 ) , based on singer Amy Winehouse , which has become the highest-grossing documentary of all-time in the United Kingdom , and also won him an Oscar and Grammy Award in 2016 . In 2019 , he released the film Diego Maradona , based on Argentine football legend Diego Maradona , with Kapadia stating , Maradona is the third part of a trilogy about child geniuses and fame .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shut Up Little Man ! An Audio Misadventure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shut_Up,_Little_Man!', 'summary': "Shut Up , Little Man ! is the title of audio vérité recordings of two argumentative and violent alcoholics , Peter J. Haskett and Raymond Huffman in San Francisco . Bananafish magazine arranged for a commercial release of the tapes in 1992 . The recordings were made by Eddie Lee Sausage and Mitchell D. , who lived in a bright pink apartment building at 237 Steiner Street ( dubbed the Pepto Bismol Palace ) in San Francisco 's Lower Haight district . Eddie Lee and Mitchell moved into the apartment in 1987 , and discovered that their neighbors , Haskett and Huffman , argued nearly constantly , with Peter often shouting shut up , little man ! at Ray . Eddie and Mitchell began tape recording the arguments , and distributing copies among their friends . Eddie Lee and Mitchell sometimes goaded Ray and Peter with prank telephone calls . In 1992 , Huffman died of a heart attack brought on by colon cancer , pancreatitis , and alcoholism . Haskett died in 1996 of liver problems due to alcoholism ."}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Bate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 22', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Feature competition -- World Cinema Documentary', 'section_text': 'The following 12 films were selected from 796 submissions . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_films_at_the_2011_Sundance_Film_Festival_2', 'intro': 'The following is a list of all films shown at the 27th Sundance Film Festival.'} | null | null | What title was given to the director of Position Among the Stars by King Willem-Alexander ? | Knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion |
0571746b3853ed27 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population', 'title': 'List of towns in India by population', 'header': ['Name of Town', 'State', 'Type', 'Population ( 2011 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Macherla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macherla', 'summary': 'Macherla is a town in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is the headquarters of Macherla mandal in Gurazala revenue division .'}]}, {'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49,221', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maddur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maddur,_Mandya', 'summary': "Maddur ( also pronounced as Maddūru ) is a town in Mandya district in the Indian state of Karnataka . It lies on the banks of the river Shimsha . It is 82 kilometers from the state capital Bangalore and 60 kilometers from Mysore.Originally the place was known as Arjunapuri . Later during Tippu Sultan 's rule , the place became popular as Maddur , derived from Maddu a term referring to chemicals used for explosives ."}]}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'T.M.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,521', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madhepura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhepura', 'summary': 'Madhepura is a municipality in Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar .'}]}, {'value': 'Bihar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bihar', 'summary': "Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45,031', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madhubani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhubani,_India', 'summary': "Madhubani is a town municipality and headquarter of Madhubani district . Madhubani is situated in the Indian state of Bihar . It comes under Darbhanga Division . It lies 26 km northeast of Darbhanga town and was part of the erstwhile 'Bettiah Raj ' . The Madhuban Raj in Madhubani was created as a consequence . The word Madhuban means forest of honey from which Madhubani is derived , but sometimes it is also known as madhu+vaani meaning sweet voice/language . Madhubani is the cultural heart of Mithilanchal , being the birthplace of many literary people and home to Madhubani Paintings and Rajnagar Palace Complex . It is said to be that Madhubani is the world 's second city who adopted democracy . It is the core heart of Mithlanchal region and it is known for its hospitality culture . It is also known for its diverse food , culture and sweet Maithali language ."}]}, {'value': 'Bihar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bihar', 'summary': "Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66,340', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madhugiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhugiri', 'summary': 'Madhugiri is a town in Tumkur district in the Indian state of Karnataka . The town derives its name from a hillock , Madhu-giri ( honey-hill ) which is to the south of the place . Madhugiri is one of the 34 educational districts of the Karnataka state At 3,930 ft ( 1,200 m ) elevation , Madhugiri is a single hill . Nestled on its steep slopes is a fort . Antaralada Bagilu , Diddi Bagilu , and Mysuru Gate are the three gateways of the fort . A series of doorways leads to the hill . The ruined temple of Gopalakrishna is located at the top . The construction of the original mud fort was undertaken by Raja Hire Gowda in the 17th century around 1670 AD . An interesting incident prompted the Gowda family to consider building a fortress . A stray sheep went missing around the Madhugiri hillock only to return late in the night dripping with water . This was music to the ears since a spring would definitely be welcome sign for rain deficient area . A decision to construct a fortress was arrived and the task was completed .'}]}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'T.M.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,304', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madhupur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhupur,_Deoghar', 'summary': 'Madhupur is a town with municipality in Deoghar district in the Indian state of Jharkhand . It is a subdivisional town . It is famous for the production of sweets .'}]}, {'value': 'Jharkhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jharkhand', 'summary': 'Jharkhand ( lit . Bushland or The land of forest ) is a state in eastern India . The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north , Uttar Pradesh to the northwest , Chhattisgarh to the west , Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east . It has an area of 79,710 km2 ( 30,778 sq mi ) . It is the 15th largest state by area , and the 14th largest by population . Hindi is the official language of the state . The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital . The state is known for its waterfalls , hills and holy places ; Baidyanath Dham , Parasnath and Rajrappa are major religious sites . The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period , as shown by several ancient cave paintings . Even evidence of use of iron started in this region as early as 1400 BCE . The region was under the rule of many sovereign and autonomous ruling dynasties including Maurya , Gupta , Gauda , Pala , Nagvanshi , Khayaravala , Ramgarh Raj , Raksel , Chero and Kharagdiha Zamindari estates . In the 16th century Mughal influence reached the region , and it finally came under the East India Company in the 18th century .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47,326', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madikeri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madikeri', 'summary': 'Madikeri ( also known by its former name Mercara ) is a hill station town in Madikeri taluk in Karnataka state , India . It is the headquarters of the district of Kodagu .'}]}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'T.M.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32,496', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magadi', 'summary': 'Magadi , is a Taluk headquarters located in Ramanagara district . The town is situated at a distance of 51 km from Bangalore . The founder of Bangalore , the great Kempegowda was a native of Kempapura , Magadi taluk . Magadi , having a rich cultural heritage was the largest boundary ( Mega Gadi ) marked during the rulers of Vijayanagar empire . The town was earlier known by names Maha Gadi or Mahalakshmi Gadi , later the British regime renamed the town as Magadi .'}]}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'T.M.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,031', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahad', 'summary': "Mahad pronunciation ( help·info ) is a city in Raigad district ( formerly Kulaba district ) situated in the North Konkan region of Maharashtra state , India . It is located 108.5km from District 's Headquarter Alibag , and 167km from Mumbai state capital of Maharashtra and Economic capital of India , towards Western Coast . The city is well-known historically due to its Raigad fort Capital of Maratha Empire in Shivaji Maharaj 's Era and Revolutionary Mahad Satyagraha launched by Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar at Chavdar Tale in the wake of Modern India.Also the pale caves which are one of pandava era"}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24,276', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahalingapura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahalingapura', 'summary': "Mahalingpur or Mahalingapura in Kannada is a town of Bagalkot district in the Indian state of Karnataka . Agriculture , weaving and jaggery production are the primary industries here . In the past , town was called as Naragatti . Later renamed as Mahalingpur after the gracious appearance of Lord Shri Mahalingeshwara . People speak typical Kannada , understand English and Hindi . The town is known for its picturesque surroundings and pleasant climate . The Ghataprabha River flows through nearby Nandagaon village from its source , which lies to the southwest of the town , and in Kudala sangama gets merge with Krishna . Mahalingpur is one of the major commercial towns in the Bagalkot district . Jaggery and Saari 's are common export marketing stuffs here ."}]}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'T.M.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,858', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maharajganj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharajganj,_Siwan', 'summary': 'Maharajganj City Council ( Maharajganj Nagar Panchayat ) is a Nagar Panchayat ( City council ) located in Siwan district of the Indian state of Bihar .'}]}, {'value': 'Bihar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bihar', 'summary': "Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'N.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maharajpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharajpur', 'summary': 'Maharajpur is a town and a nagar panchayat in Mandla district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'Madhya Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': "Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'NP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,490', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahasamund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahasamund', 'summary': 'Mahasamund City is a city in Mahasamund District in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh . The city is divided into 30 wards and four zones and it is the largest city in the Trans-Mahanadi area . It is also the administrative headquarters of the Mahasamund District and part of the proposed new Municipal Corporation , along with Dhamtari , Birgaon , and Charoda . The present mayor ( Nagar Palika ) is Pawan Patel. [ when ? ]'}]}, {'value': 'Chhattisgarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chhattisgarh', 'summary': 'Chhattisgarh ( Chhattīsgaṛh , Hindi pronunciation : [ /ˈtʃʰət̪ːisgəɽʱ/ ] , translation : Thirty-Six Forts ) is one of the 28 states of India , located in the centre-east of the country . It is the ninth-largest state in India , with an area of 135,192 km2 ( 52,198 sq mi ) . With a 2011 population of 25.5 million , Chhattisgarh is the 16th-most populated state in the country . A resource-rich state , it is a source of electricity and steel for the country , accounting for 15% of the total steel produced as well as large contributor of coal . Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India . The state was formed on 1 November 2000 by partitioning ten Chhattisgarhi and six Gondi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh . The capital city is Raipur . Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the northwest , Uttar Pradesh in the north , Jharkhand in northeast , Maharashtra in the southwest , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the south , and Odisha in the southeast . Currently the state comprises 30 districts . The Gross State Domestic Product ( GSDP ) of Chhattisgarh is ₹3.63 lakh crore ( US $ 51 billion ) and the per capita GSDP ₹102,762 ( US $ 1,400 )'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85,650', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahé,_India', 'summary': 'Mahé , also known as Mayyazhi , is a small town in the Mahé district of the Pondicherry Union Territory . It is situated at the mouth of the Mahé River and is surrounded by the State of Kerala . The Kannur District surrounds Mahé on three sides and Kozhikode District from one side . Formerly part of French India , Mahé now forms a municipality in Mahé district , one of the four districts of the Union Territory of Puducherry . Mahé has one representative in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly .'}]}, {'value': 'Puducherry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puducherry', 'summary': 'Puducherry ( /pʊdʊˈtʃɛri/ ) , formerly known as Pondicherry ( /pɒndɪˈtʃɛri/ ) , is one of the 8 union territories of India . It was formed out of four territories of former French India , namely Pondichéry ( Pondicherry ; now Puducherry ) , Karikal ( Karaikal ) , Mahé and Yanaon ( Yanam ) , excluding Chandernagore . It is named after the largest district , Puducherry . Historically known as Pondicherry ( Pāṇṭiccēri ) , the territory changed its official name to Puducherry on 20 September 2006 . The Union Territory of Puducherry lies in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula . The areas of Puducherry district and Karaikal district are bound by the state of Tamil Nadu , while Yanam district and Mahé district are enclosed by the states of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively . Puducherry is the 29th most populous and the third most densely populated of the states and union territories of India . It has a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of ₹210 billion ( US $ 2.9 billion ) and ranks 25th in India .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36,828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manendragarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manendragarh', 'summary': 'Manendragarh is a town of the Koriya district that is a part of the state of Chhattisgarh . The city housing the taluk headquarters along with few important district head offices is sited near the Chhattishgarh -Madhya Pradesh state border . The nearest airport is at Raipur in Chhattisgarh . Manendragarh Railway Station is on the Anuppur-Chirmiri rail route . There are many coal mines around here . Manendragarh was originated by some tribals around 100 years ago ; later developed by British Raj for coal excavation . Road and Railway Lines are developed by the British . National Highway 43 has its route through Manendragarh . Sirrouli temple is very famous in Manendragarh which is near Udalkachar railway station . Amrit Dhara Waterfall is a nearby attraction . Sidh-Baba mount is famous for the Lord Shiva temple .'}]}, {'value': 'Chhattisgarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chhattisgarh', 'summary': 'Chhattisgarh ( Chhattīsgaṛh , Hindi pronunciation : [ /ˈtʃʰət̪ːisgəɽʱ/ ] , translation : Thirty-Six Forts ) is one of the 28 states of India , located in the centre-east of the country . It is the ninth-largest state in India , with an area of 135,192 km2 ( 52,198 sq mi ) . With a 2011 population of 25.5 million , Chhattisgarh is the 16th-most populated state in the country . A resource-rich state , it is a source of electricity and steel for the country , accounting for 15% of the total steel produced as well as large contributor of coal . Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India . The state was formed on 1 November 2000 by partitioning ten Chhattisgarhi and six Gondi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh . The capital city is Raipur . Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the northwest , Uttar Pradesh in the north , Jharkhand in northeast , Maharashtra in the southwest , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the south , and Odisha in the southeast . Currently the state comprises 30 districts . The Gross State Domestic Product ( GSDP ) of Chhattisgarh is ₹3.63 lakh crore ( US $ 51 billion ) and the per capita GSDP ₹102,762 ( US $ 1,400 )'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,758', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahendragarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahendragarh', 'summary': 'Mahendragarh is a city and a municipal committee in Mahendragarh district in the north Indian state of Haryana . It is 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) from Gurgaon and comes under National Capital Region ( India ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Haryana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haryana', 'summary': "Haryana ( Hindi pronunciation : [ ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː ] ) is one of the 28 states in India , located in northern part of the country . It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on linguistic as well as on cultural basis . It is ranked 22nd in terms of area with less than 1.4% ( 44,212 km2 ( 17,070 sq mi ) ) of India 's land area . Chandigarh is the state capital , Faridabad in National Capital Region is the most populous city of the state and Gurugram is a leading financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it . Haryana has 6 administrative divisions , 22 districts , 72 sub-divisions , 93 revenue tehsils , 50 sub-tehsils , 140 community development blocks , 154 cities and towns , 6,848 villages and 6222 villages panchayats . As the largest recipient of investment per capita since 2000 in India , and among one of the wealthiest and most economically developed regions in South Asia , Haryana has the fifth highest per capita income among Indian states and UTs at ₹226,644 ( US $ 3,200 ) against the national average of ₹125,397 ( US $ 1,800 ) for year 2018-19 . Haryana 's 2019-20 estimated state GSDP of US $ 110 billion ( 52% services , 34% industries and 14% agriculture ) is growing at 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR and placed on the 13th position behind only much bigger states , is also boosted by 30 SEZs ( mainly along DMIC , ADKIC and DWPE in NCR ) , 7% national agricultural exports , 65% of national Basmati rice export , 67% cars , 60% motorbikes , 50% tractors and 50% refrigerators produced in India . Faridabad has been described as eighth fastest growing city in the world and third most in India by City Mayors Foundation survey . In services , Gurugram ranks number 1 in India in IT growth rate and existing technology infrastructure , and number 2 in startup ecosystem , innovation and livability ( Nov 2016 ) . Haryana has the seventh highest ranking among Indian states in human development index . Among the world 's oldest and largest ancient civilisations , the Indus Valley Civilization sites at Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are 9,000 years old . Rich in history , monuments , heritage , flora and fauna , human resources and tourism with well developed economy , national highways and state roads , it is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the north-east , by river Yamuna along its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh , by Rajasthan to the west and south , and Ghaggar-Hakra River flows along its northern border with Punjab ."}]}, {'value': 'M.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24,323', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahnar Bazar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahnar_Bazar', 'summary': 'Mahnar Bazar is a municipality , block and Sub-division in Vaishali district of Bihar state in India . It is also the main market to all nearby ward areas and villages . Mahnar comes under Hajipur Lok Sabha Constituency . It is a nagarpalika divided into many wards . It has its own police station and land registration office . The area has well-equipped government hospital and animal hospital .'}]}, {'value': 'Bihar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bihar', 'summary': "Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37,370', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahua Dabra Haripura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahua_Dabra_Haripura', 'summary': 'Mahua Dabra Haripura is a town , a nagar panchayat in Udham Singh Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttarakhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttarakhand', 'summary': 'Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .'}]}, {'value': 'N.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,326', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahua Kheraganj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahua_Kheraganj', 'summary': 'Mahuakhera Ganj is a City , a Nagar Palika Parishad in Udham Singh Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . The Mahuakhera Ganj city is divided into 9 wards for which elections are held every 5 years . Name OF Wards- 1-Vijay Nagra , 2-Aherpura,3-Mandaiya Devi , 4-Ganj , 5- Aadarsh Nagar , 6- Jama Masjid , 7-Hakim Ganj , 8-Sakti Chauraha 9-Vishal Nagar'}]}, {'value': 'Uttarakhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttarakhand', 'summary': 'Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .'}]}, {'value': 'N.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12,584', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maihar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maihar', 'summary': 'Maihar is a town with municipality in Satna district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh . Maihar is known for the temple of the revered mother goddess Sharda situated on Trikuta hill .'}]}, {'value': 'Madhya Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': "Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34,342', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'M', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_populated_places_in_Adilabad_district_12', 'intro': 'The entire work of this article is based on Census of India, 2011, conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, under Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Government of India.'} | null | null | The least populous town in the third-largest state by population is in what district ? | Siwan |
05748856843cd16e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations', 'title': 'List of solar thermal power stations', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Location', 'Electrical capacity ( MW )', 'Technology'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park Phase IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park is a solar park spread over a total area of 77 km2 in Seih Al-Dahal , about 50 kilometers south of the city of Dubai . The plant was implemented by the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority ( DEWA ) . Bids for 1,000 MWp have already been awarded . The first phase of the project was commissioned on 22 October 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': "The United Arab Emirates ( UAE ; Arabic : الإمارات العربية المتحدة al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyyah al-Muttaḥidah ) , sometimes simply called the Emirates ( Arabic : الإمارات al-ʾImārāt ) , is a country in Western Asia at the northeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf , bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and west , as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north . The sovereign constitutional monarchy is a federation of seven emirates consisting of Abu Dhabi ( which serves as the capital ) , Ajman , Dubai , Fujairah , Ras Al Khaimah , Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain . Their boundaries are complex , with numerous enclaves within the various emirates . Each emirate is governed by a ruler ; together , they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council . One of the rulers serves as the President of the United Arab Emirates . In 2013 , the UAE 's population was 9.2 million , of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates . Human occupation of the present UAE has been traced back to the emergence of anatomically modern humans from Africa some 125,000 BCE through finds at the Faya-1 site in Mleiha , Sharjah . Burial sites dating back to the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age include the oldest known such inland site at Jebel Buhais . Known as Magan to the Sumerians , the area was home to a prosperous Bronze Age trading culture during the Umm Al Nar period , which traded between the Indus Valley , Bahrain and Mesopotamia as well as Iran , Bactria and the Levant . The ensuing Wadi Suq period and three Iron Ages saw the emergence of nomadism as well as the development of water management and irrigation systems supporting human settlement in both the coast and interior . The Islamic age of the UAE dates back to the expulsion of the Sasanians and the subsequent Battle of Dibba . The UAE 's long history of trade led to the emergence of Julfar , in the present-day emirate of Ras Al Khaimah , as a major regional trading and maritime hub in the area ."}]}, {'value': 'Dubai', 'urls': []}, {'value': '700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parabolic trough solar tower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golmud CSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Golmud , Qinghai province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golmud', 'summary': 'Golmud , also known by various other romanizations , is a county-level city in the Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province , China . It is now the second-largest city in Qinghai and the third largest in the Tibetan Plateau ( after Xining and Lhasa ) . The population is now about 205,700 .'}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Power tower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerro Dominador Solar Thermal Plant ( Atacama 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerro_Dominador_Solar_Thermal_Plant', 'summary': 'Cerro Dominador Solar Power Plant ( Spanish : Planta Solar Cerro Dominador ) is a 210-megawatt ( MW ) combined concentrated solar power and photovoltaic plant located in the commune of María Elena in the Antofagasta Region of Chile , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) west-northwest of Sierra Gorda . The project was approved by the Chilean government in 2013 and construction was started by Abengoa Solar Chile , a branch of the multinational Abengoa Spain .'}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': 'María Elena , Antofagasta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/María_Elena', 'summary': 'María Elena is a Chilean town and commune in Tocopilla Province , Antofagasta Region . According to the 2012 census , the commune population was 4,593 and has an area of 12,197.2 km2 ( 4,709 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antofagasta', 'summary': 'Antofagasta ( Spanish pronunciation : [ antofaˈɣasta ] ( listen ) ) is a port city in northern Chile , about 1,100 kilometres ( 700 mi ) north of Santiago . It is the capital of Antofagasta Province and Antofagasta Region . According to the 2015 census , the city has a population of 402,669 . Previously part of Bolivia , Antofagasta was captured by Chile in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) , and sovereignty was transferred under the terms of the 1904 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the two countries . The city of Antofagasta is closely linked to mining activity , being a major mining area of the country . The last decade has seen a steady growth in the areas of construction , retail , hotel accommodations , population growth , and remarkable skyline development . Antofagasta has the highest GDP per capita of Chile , US $ 47,000 and the 3rd place for Human Development Index just after Metropolitana de Santiago Region and Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region .'}]}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solar power tower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Urat Middle Banner CSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Urat Middle Banner , Inner Mongolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urat_Middle_Banner', 'summary': "Urad Middle Banner ( Mongolian : ᠤᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Урад-ун Думдаду Қосиу Urad-un Dumdadu Qosiɣu ; simplified Chinese : 乌拉特中旗 ; traditional Chinese : 烏拉特中旗 ; pinyin : Wūlātè Zhōng Qí ) is a banner of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , People 's Republic of China . It is located in the west of the region , and administratively is part of Bayan Nur City . It has a total area of 22,606 square kilometres ( 8,728 sq mi ) and in 2004 had a population of 140,000 . Its seat is located in the town of Haliut ( 海流图镇 ) ."}]}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parabolic trough', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erdos Solar Power Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Hanggin Banner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanggin_Banner', 'summary': "Hanggin or Hangjin Banner is a banner in southwest Inner Mongolia in the People 's Republic of China . Occupying the northwest corner of the Ordos Loop , it is under the administration of Ordos Prefecture and is bordered by Dalad Banner to the east , Otog Banner to the southwest , and Bayan Nur to the north ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parabolic trough', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dacheng Dunhuang CSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Dunhuang , Gansu Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunhuang', 'summary': "Dunhuang ( listen ( help·info ) ) is a county-level city in northwestern Gansu Province , Western China . The 2000 Chinese census reported a population of 187,578 in this city . Dunhuang was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road and is best known for the nearby Mogao Caves . It has also been known at times as Shazhou and , in Uyghur , Dukhan . Dunhuang is situated in a oasis containing Crescent Lake and Mingsha Shan ( 鳴沙山 , meaning Singing-Sand Mountain ) , named after the sound of the wind whipping off the dunes , the singing sand phenomenon . Dunhuang commands a strategic position at the crossroads of the ancient Southern Silk Route and the main road leading from India via Lhasa to Mongolia and Southern Siberia , as well as controlling the entrance to the narrow Hexi Corridor , which led straight to the heart of the north Chinese plains and the ancient capitals of Chang'an ( today known as Xi'an ) and Luoyang . Administratively , the county-level city of Dunhuang is part of the prefecture-level city of Jiuquan ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fresnel reflector', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gansu Akesai CSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Akesai , Gansu Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parabolic trough', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hami CSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Hami , Xinjiang Autonomous Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hami', 'summary': 'Hami is a prefecture-level city in Eastern Xinjiang , China . It is well known as the home of sweet Hami melons . In early 2016 , the former Hami county-level city was merged with Hami Prefecture to form Hami prefecture-level city now known as Yizhou District .'}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Power tower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luneng Haixi CSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Haixi Zhou , Qinghai Sheng', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Power tower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rayspower Yumen CSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yumen , Gansu Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yumen_City', 'summary': "Yumen ( simplified Chinese : 玉门 ; traditional Chinese : 玉門 ; pinyin : Yùmén , literally , Jade Gate , ) is a city in western Gansu province , China . It is a county-level city with a population of 106,812 ( 2002 est . ) , and is part of Jiuquan prefecture-level city ( a multi-county administrative unit ) . It is located on the Silk Road and is best known for its oil production . The city 's name is often confused with the Yumen Guan or Jade Gate which is the frontier-pass of ancient times , the entrance to the old Silk Roads , which was situated not far to the west of Dunhuang . Although both Yumen City and Yumen Gate are within Jiuquan , the latter is some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) to the west from the former . In 2014 , areas of the city were sealed off after a resident died of the bubonic plague . Districts of the city which house up to 100,000 were turned into quarantine zones . The city allocated 1 million yuan to be used for emergency vaccinations ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parabolic trough', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yumen CSP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yumen , Gansu Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yumen_City', 'summary': "Yumen ( simplified Chinese : 玉门 ; traditional Chinese : 玉門 ; pinyin : Yùmén , literally , Jade Gate , ) is a city in western Gansu province , China . It is a county-level city with a population of 106,812 ( 2002 est . ) , and is part of Jiuquan prefecture-level city ( a multi-county administrative unit ) . It is located on the Silk Road and is best known for its oil production . The city 's name is often confused with the Yumen Guan or Jade Gate which is the frontier-pass of ancient times , the entrance to the old Silk Roads , which was situated not far to the west of Dunhuang . Although both Yumen City and Yumen Gate are within Jiuquan , the latter is some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) to the west from the former . In 2014 , areas of the city were sealed off after a resident died of the bubonic plague . Districts of the city which house up to 100,000 were turned into quarantine zones . The city allocated 1 million yuan to be used for emergency vaccinations ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beam down tower', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Under construction', 'section_text': 'This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2016 )', 'uid': 'List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of the largest facilities generating electricity through the use of solar thermal power, specifically concentrated solar power.'} | null | null | What technology is used in the power station located in an area bordered to the east by Dalad Banner , in the world 's third largest country ? | Parabolic trough |
0574c540c08d1ac5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_V-League', 'title': '2010 V-League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Becamex Bình Dương', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Becamex_Bình_Dương_F.C.', 'summary': "Câu lạc bộ Bóng đá Becamex Bình Dương , simply known as Becamex Bình Dương , is a professional football club based in Thủ Dầu Một , Vietnam . It currently plays in Vietnam 's top division , the V.League 1 . Their home ground is Gò Đậu Stadium in Thủ Dầu Một ."}]}, {'value': 'Thủ Dầu Một', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thủ_Dầu_Một', 'summary': 'Thủ Dầu Một ( listen ) is the capital city of Bình Dương Province , Vietnam , located at around 10°58′0″N 106°39′0″E / 10.96667°N 106.65000°E / 10.96667 ; 106.65000 . The city has an area of 118.66 km² , with a population of 244,277 ( as of 2012 ) , and is located 20 km north of downtown Hồ Chí Minh City , on the left bank of the Saigon River , upstream from the city . Although this is an administratively separate city , it is considered as a satellite city of the Hồ Chí Minh City Metropolitan Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Gò Đậu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gò_Đậu_Stadium', 'summary': 'Go Dau Stadium ( Vietnamese : Sân vận động Gò Ðậu ) is a multi-use stadium in Thu Dau Mot , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Becamex Binh Duong F.C . The stadium holds 18,250 people .'}]}, {'value': '18,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Đồng Tâm Long An', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Đồng_Tâm_Long_An_F.C.', 'summary': 'Câu lạc bộ Bóng đá Long An , simply known as Long An , is a professional football club , based in Long An , Vietnam . They are playing in V.League 2 . The team is playing at Long An Stadium . New name CLB Long An was adopted on Dec 12th , 2015 to replace CLB Đồng Tâm Long An .'}]}, {'value': 'Tân An , Long An', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tân_An,_Long_An', 'summary': 'Tân An is the capital city of Long An Province in Mekong Delta region of Vietnam . It was upgraded from town level to city on 26 August 2009 . The population of Tân An 165,214 ( 2009 ) , with an area of 81.79 km² . It comprises nine wards ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , Khánh Hậu , and Tân Khánh ) , and five communes ( An Vĩnh Ngãi , Bình Tâm , Hướng Thọ Phú , Lợi Bình Nhơn , Nhơn Thạnh Trung . ) Tân An is in the south-west of Ho Chi Minh City , 47 km away from the city centre and bordered by the administrative units such as : on the North by Thu Thua district ; On the East by Tan Tru district and Chau Thanh district ; On the west and south-west by Tiền Giang Province . The City has 6 wards and 6 communes , in which ward I is economic , political and cultural center of the city . Tân An is political , cultural , economic , scientific and technological center of Long An province . The township is in the development of the Southern key economic region , and economic gateway to provinces of Mekong River Delta , with main river and road traffic flowing through the centre , National highway I A , National highway 62 and Vam Co Tay river .'}]}, {'value': 'Long An Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_An_Stadium', 'summary': 'Long An Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Tân An , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Dong Tam , also known as ÐTLA . The stadium holds 19,975 people . Coordinates : 10°32′10″N 106°24′30″E / 10.53611°N 106.40833°E / 10.53611 ; 106.40833'}]}, {'value': '19,975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Đồng Tháp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Đồng_Tháp_F.C.', 'summary': "Câu lạc bộ Bóng đá Đồng Tháp , simply known as Đồng Tháp , is a Vietnamese football club based in Cao Lãnh , Đồng Tháp Province . Following the club 's most recent relegation from the top-flight during the 2016 season , Đồng Tháp returned to the V.League 2 for the 2017 campaign . The team is currently playing at Cao Lãnh Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Cao Lãnh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cao_Lãnh_City', 'summary': 'Cao Lãnh ( Vietnamese : [ kaːw˧ lajŋ̟˧˨˧ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Đồng Tháp Province , Vietnam . It is located at around 10°28′2″N 105°37′49″E / 10.46722°N 105.63028°E / 10.46722 ; 105.63028 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cao Lãnh Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cao_Lãnh_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Cao Lãnh Stadium or officially Sân vận động Cao Lãnh is a multi-use stadium in Cao Lãnh , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Đồng Tháp F.C . of the V-League . The stadium holds 23,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '23,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hòa Phát Hà Nội', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hòa_Phát_Hà_Nội_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hòa Phát Hà Nội was a Vietnamese football club based in Hanoi . It was merged with Hà Nội ACB into Hà Nội in September 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hanoi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanoi', 'summary': "Hanoi ( UK : / ( ˌ ) hæ- , həˈnɔɪ/ ha- , hə-NOY or US : /hɑː-/ hah-NOY ; Vietnamese : Hà Nội [ hàː nôjˀ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Vietnam . It covers an area of 3,328.9 square kilometres ( 1,285 sq mi ) . With an estimated population of 7.7 million as of 2018 , it is the second largest city in Vietnam . The metropolitan area , encompassing nine additional neighbouring provinces , has an estimated population of 16 million . Located in the central area of the Red River Delta , Hanoi is the commercial , cultural , and educational centre of Northern Vietnam . Having an estimated nominal GDP of US $ 32.8 billion , it is the second most productive economic centre of Vietnam , following Ho Chi Minh City . Originally a small settlement along the banks of the Red River , the city was founded as Thăng Long , the capital of Imperial Vietnam , in 1010 by monarch Lý Thái Tổ . Thăng Long would remain the most important political and cultural centre of Vietnam until 1802 , when the Nguyễn dynasty , the last imperial dynasty of Vietnam , moved the capital to Huế . Thăng Long renamed to its current name Hanoi in 1831 . In 1873 , Hanoi was conquered by the French , and from 1883 to 1945 , the city was the administrative centre of French Indochina . The French colonisation left a lasting impact on the city 's architecture that is visible today , as showcased through the juxtaposition of French-styled avenues , bridges , buildings , and traditional Vietnamese architecture . From 1940 to 1945 , Hanoi was occupied by the Japanese forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Hàng Đẫy Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hàng_Đẫy_Stadium', 'summary': "Hàng Đẫy was established in 1934 as a football field for Hanoi 's École déducation physique ( EDEP - School of Physical Education ) . Shortly after , EDEP was renamed into Socíeté d'éducation physique du Tonkin ( SEPTO - Tonkin Society of Physical Education ) . From 1936 to 1938 , a 400-seat wooden stand as well as bordering walls were constructed and the stadium was subsequently known as SEPTO Stadium . On February 16 , 1956 , the stadium was rebuilt and the new Hàng Đẫy Stadium was opened on August 24 , 1958 . This structure remains virtually the same until today with some upgrades being done in the 1990s ."}]}, {'value': '22,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoàng Anh Gia Lai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoàng_Anh_Gia_Lai_F.C.', 'summary': 'Câu lạc bộ Bóng đá Hoàng Anh Gia Lai , simply known as Hoàng Anh Gia Lai , and commonly known as HAGL , is a Vietnamese football club based in Pleiku , Gia Lai . Owned by Đoàn Nguyên Đức , a prominent Vietnamese businessman , They play in the top division in Vietnamese soccer , V.League 1 . Their home stadium is Pleiku Stadium . On 11 April 2019 HAGL FC a collaboration with Feyenoord Rotterdam was agreed .'}]}, {'value': 'Pleiku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pleiku', 'summary': "Pleiku is a city in central Vietnam , located in that nation 's central highland region . It is the capital of the Gia Lai Province ; Many years ago , it was inhabited primarily by the Bahnar and Jarai ethnic groups , sometimes known as the Montagnards or Degar . But now , it is inhabited primarily by Kinh ethnic group . The town is the centre of the urban district of Pleiku which covers an area of 261 km² . As of 2003 the district had a population of 186,763 . The city sits at the junction of several national roads - National Route 14 to Kon Tum in the north and Buôn Ma Thuột in the south and National Route 19 to Stœng Trêng in Cambodia in the west ( via Ratanakiri Province ) and to Bình Định Province in the east . The city is home to the Hoàng Anh Gia Lai football club . Pleiku is served by Pleiku Airport in the near outskirts of the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Pleiku Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pleiku_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Pleiku Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Pleiku , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Hoang Anh Gia Lai , or HAGL ( also a company ) . The stadium holds 13,000 people . Coordinates : 13°58′45″N 108°00′18″E / 13.979167°N 108.004918°E / 13.979167 ; 108.004918'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khatoco Khánh Hòa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khatoco_Khánh_Hòa_F.C.', 'summary': 'Khatoco Khánh Hoà was a Vietnamese football club based in Nha Trang , Khánh Hòa . They played in the top division in Vietnamese football , V-League . Their home stadium is Nha Trang Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Nha Trang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nha_Trang', 'summary': "Nha Trang ( /ˌnjɑːˈtʃæŋ/ ; Vietnamese : [ ɲaː˧ ʈaːŋ˧ ] ( listen ) ) is a coastal city and capital of Khánh Hòa Province , on the South Central Coast of Vietnam . It is bounded on the north by Ninh Hoà district , on the south by Cam Ranh town and on the west by Diên Khánh District . The city has about 392,000 inhabitants , a number that is projected to increase to 560,000 by 2015 and 630,000 inhabitants by 2025 . An area of 12.87 square kilometres ( 4.97 sq mi ) of the western communes of Diên An and Diên Toàn is planned to be merged into Nha Trang which will make its new area 265.47 square kilometres ( 102.50 sq mi ) based on the approval of the Prime Minister of Vietnam in September 2012 . Nha Trang is well known for its beaches and scuba diving and has developed into a popular destination for international tourists , attracting large numbers of backpackers , as well as more affluent travelers on the south-east Asia circuit ; it is already very popular with Vietnamese tourists , with Nha Trang Bay widely considered as among the world 's most beautiful bays . [ citation needed ] Tourists are welcomed to participate in the Sea Festival , held biennially . Nha Trang was the site of the Miss Universe 2008 Pageant on July 14 , 2008 and Miss Earth 2010 was held on December 4 , 2010 . It was also the site for the April 14 , 2015 season 8 finale of Face Off . Nha Trang was approved to host the 2016 Asian Beach Games . Historically , the city was known as Kauthara under rule of the Kingdom of Champa . The city is still home to the famous Po Nagar Tower built by the Champa . Being a coastal city , Nha Trang is a centre for marine science based at the Nha Trang Oceanography Institute ."}]}, {'value': 'Nha Trang Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nha_Trang_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Nha Trang Stadium , or officially Sân vận động 19 tháng 8 , is a multi-use stadium in Nha Trang , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches and are the home stadium of Sanna Khánh Hòa BVN F.C . and 2016 Asian Beach Games . The stadium holds 25,000 people . Coordinates : 12°15′02″N 109°11′35″E / 12.250427°N 109.192944°E / 12.250427 ; 109.192944'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lam Sơn Thanh Hóa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viettel_F.C.', 'summary': "Câu lạc bộ Bóng đá Viettel , simply known as Viettel , is a Vietnamese football club based in Hanoi . The club belongs to the Vietnam People 's Army ."}]}, {'value': 'Thanh Hóa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thanh_Hóa', 'summary': 'Thanh Hóa ( Vietnamese : [ tʰajŋ̟ hwǎː ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Thanh Hóa Province . The city is situated in the east of the province on the Ma River ( Sông Mã ) , about 150 kilometers ( 93 miles ) south of Hanoi and 1560 kilometers ( 969 miles ) north of Ho Chi Minh City . Thanh Hoa became one of the most populous cities in North Central Coast after expanding in 2012 [ clarification needed ] , with a population of approximately 400,000 . Thanh Hoa township was upgraded to Thanh Hoa City in 1994 and has been center of politics , economy , culture , education and entertainment of Thanh Hóa Province for a long time . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Thanh Hóa Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thanh_Hóa_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Thanh Hóa Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Thanh Hóa , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Thanh Hóa F.C . of the V.League 1 . The stadium holds 14,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '14,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Megastar Nam Định', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nam_Định_F.C.', 'summary': "Câu lạc bộ Bóng đá Dược Nam Hà Nam Định , simply known as Dược Nam Hà Nam Định , is a Vietnamese football club based in Nam Định . The club currently plays in the V.League . The club 's home stadium is Thiên Trường Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Nam Định', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nam_Định', 'summary': "Nam Định ( listen ) is a city in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam . It is the capital of Nam Định Province . The city of Nam Định is 90 km south-east of Vietnam 's capital , Hanoi . From August 18-20 of each year , there is a festival held in Nam Định called the Co Trach . This celebration honors General Trần Hưng Đạo , a 13th-century national hero who led Vietnamese forces to victory over the invading Mongols . Nam Định ( actually , the village of Trà Lũ ) is also the birthplace of Letran Student , Dominican Friar and Vietnamese Saint Vicente Liem de la Paz , O.P . De la Paz was canonized by Pope John Paul II on June 19 , 1988 ( Feast Day on 24 November ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Thiên Trường Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thiên_Trường_Stadium', 'summary': "Thiên Trường Stadium ( Vietnamese : Sân vận động Thiên Trường , literally Heaven 's Place Stadium or Champs-Élysées Stadium ) , previously known as Chùa Cuối Stadium ( Last Temple Stadium ) , is a multi-use stadium in Nam Định , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nam Định F.C . The stadium holds 30,000 people . Thiên Trường Stadium is located on Đặng Xuân Thiều street , Nam Định city opposite the provincial People 's Committee and the Committee of Nam Định . Nearby is Vị Hoàng lake , with a large natural grass field 115 metres by 72 metres , just behind the Mỹ Đình National Stadium . Sports experts have commented positively about beauty and artistic quality of this landscape work . Moreover , the stadium has been considered as Theatre of Dreams by the press . In 2003 , Thiên Trường Stadium was one of many venues to participate in organizing 2003 Southeast Asian Games , the female football matches were also held here . The national football teams and the Olympics have chosen Thiên Trường for international matches . Thiên Trường Stadium is one of the best on the scale of the level 2 cities . The stadium has 20 doors , four stages divided into A , B , C and D. Each stage A , B has seats for 7,000 people , the stage C and D each has 3000 seats . There are four rooms for athletes , four rooms for the coach , three rooms for health care , VIP rooms , and cafeteria area ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Navibank Sài Gòn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navibank_Sài_Gòn_F.C.', 'summary': 'Navibank Sai Gon Football Club ( Vietnamese : Câu lạc bộ bóng đá Navibank Sài Gòn ) was a Vietnam professional football club based in Ho Chi Minh City , active from 2009 to 2012 . Their home stadium was Thống Nhất Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Ho Chi Minh City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City', 'summary': 'Ho Chi Minh City ( Vietnamese : Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh ; [ tʰàjŋ̟ fǒ hò cǐ mīŋ̟ ] ( listen ) or [ tʰàn fǒ hò cǐ mɨ̄n ] ) , also known by its former name of Saigon ( Vietnamese : Sài Gòn ; [ sàj ɣɔ̀n ] or [ ʂàj ɣɔ̀ŋ ] ) , is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of 8.4 million ( 13 million in the metropolitan area ) as of 2017 . Located in southeastern Vietnam , the metropolis surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2,061 square kilometres ( 796 square miles ) . From 1955 to 1975 , Saigon was the capital of the Republic of Vietnam , commonly known as South Vietnam . Ho Chi Minh City is the financial centre of Vietnam and is classified as a Beta+ World City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network . It is home to the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange , the largest stock exchange by total market capitalization in Vietnam and the headquarters of many national and international banks and companies . As a major gateway to Vietnam , the city received over 8.6 million international visitors in 2019 . The main passenger airport serving the metropolitan area is Tan Son Nhat International Airport , the busiest airport in Vietnam handling over 40 million passengers in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Thống Nhất Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thống_Nhất_Stadium', 'summary': 'Thống Nhất Stadium ( Vietnamese : Sân vận động Thống Nhất ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam . It is located at 138 Đào Duy Từ Street , Ward 6 , District 10 . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium for both Sài Gòn F.C . of V.League 1 and Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh of the V.League 1 . The stadium has a capacity to seat 25,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SHB Đà Nẵng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SHB_Đà_Nẵng_F.C.', 'summary': "Câu lạc bộ Bóng đá SHB Đà Nẵng , simply known as SHB Đà Nẵng , is a Vietnamese football club based in Da Nang that plays in the top division in Vietnamese football , V.League 1 . The club was known as Quảng Nam Đà Nẵng F.C . ( Vietnamese : Câu Lạc Bộ Bóng Đá Quảng Nam Đà Nẵng ) prior to the 2007-08 season , when it was bought out by the Saigon-Hanoi Commercial Joint Stock Bank ( SHB ) . The club won its first title in 2009 , emerging as 2009 V-League champions and qualifying for the 2010 AFC Champions League . In the same year , they were also champions of the Vietnamese Cup . Adding to these victories , Đà Nẵng 's U-21 team also became champions in 2009 youth championships . The club were champions of the 2012 V-League season . SHB Đà Nẵng F.C . is managed by former striker Lê Huỳnh Đức , who achieved a national record of 60 caps with the Vietnam 's national football team . In 2016 they moved into their new home stadium , Hòa Xuân Stadium , a dedicated football specific stadium holding 20,000 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Da Nang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Da_Nang', 'summary': "Da Nang ( / ( ˌ ) dɑː , də ˈnæŋ , ˈnɑːŋ/ dah , də NANG , NAHNG ; Vietnamese : Đà Nẵng , [ ɗâː nǎˀŋ ] ( listen ) ) is a class-1 municipality and the fifth-largest city in Vietnam in terms of population . On the coast of the East Sea at the mouth of the Han River , it is one of Vietnam 's most important port cities . As one of the country 's five direct-controlled municipalities , it is under the administration of the central government . Da Nang is the commercial and educational centre of Central Vietnam , as well as being the largest city in the region . In addition to its well-sheltered , easily accessible port , Da Nang 's location on National Route 1A and the North-South Railway makes it a transport hub . It is within 100 km ( 62 mi ) of several UNESCO World Heritage Sites , including the Imperial City of Hue , the Old Town of Hoi An , and the My Son ruins . The city was previously known as Cửa Hàn during early Đại Việt settlement , and as Tourane ( or Turon ) during French colonial rule . Before 1997 , the city was part of Quang Nam-Da Nang Province . On 1 January 1997 , Da Nang was separated from Quảng Nam Province to become one of four centrally controlled municipalities in Vietnam . Da Nang is designated as a first class city , and has a higher urbanization ratio than any of Vietnam 's other provinces or centrally governed cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Chi Lăng Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chi_Lăng_Stadium', 'summary': 'Chi Lăng Stadium ( Vietnamese : Sân vận động Chi Lăng ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Đà Nẵng , Vietnam . Built on the banks of the Hàn River in 1954 , the stadium played host to a number of memorable games , most notably , Vietnam U16 overcoming their fiercest rivals China U16 , 3-2 in the 2000 AFC U-17 Championship , featuring goals from future star Phạm Văn Quyến'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sông Lam Nghệ A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sông_Lam_Nghệ_An_F.C.', 'summary': "Câu lạc bộ Bóng đá Sông Lam Nghệ An , simply known as Sông Lam Nghệ An , and commonly known as SLNA , is a professional V.League 1 football club playing at the Vinh Stadium in the city of Vinh , Nghệ An province , Vietnam . With 10 major titles , it is the second most successful club in Vietnam after Thể Công . In the international arena , the team performed well at the AFC Champions League in 2001 . In the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons , under the direction of the head coach , Nguyễn Hữu Thắng , Song Lam Nghe An achieved all three titles : the V.League 1 championship , Vietnamese Cup , and the Vietnamese Super Cup . The club 's current president is Nguyen Hong Thanh ."}]}, {'value': 'Vinh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinh', 'summary': 'Vinh ( Vietnamese : [ viŋ̟ ] ( listen ) ) is the biggest city and economic and cultural center of central Vietnam . Vinh is the capital of Nghệ An Province , and is a key point in the East-West economic corridor linking Myanmar , Thailand , Laos and Vietnam . The city is situated in the south-east of the province , alongside the Lam River ( Song Lam ) and is located on the main north-south transportation route of Vietnam , easily accessible by highway , railroad , boat and air . The recently expanded Vinh International Airport is served daily by three carriers : Vietnam Airlines , VietJet Air , and Jetstar Pacific . On September 5 , 2008 , it was upgraded from Grade-II city to Grade-I city , the fifth Grade-I city of Vietnam after Hai Phong , Đà Nẵng and Huế . Vinh is the most populous city in the North Central Coastal region , with over 490,000 residents ( 2015 estimate ) . The city is bordered by Nghi Loc district to the north and east , Hung Nguyen district to the west , and Nghi Xuan district in Hà Tĩnh Province to the south . Vinh is about 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) south of Hanoi and 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) north of Ho Chi Minh City . The total area of Vinh city is 104.97 square kilometres ( 40.53 sq mi ) , and includes 16 urban wards and 9 suburban communes .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinh Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinh_Stadium', 'summary': 'Vinh Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Vinh , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Sông Lam Nghệ An F.C . The stadium holds 12,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '22,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T & T Hà Nội', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hà_Nội_T&T_F.C.', 'summary': 'Câu lạc bộ bóng đá Hà Nội , simply known as Hà Nội or Hanoi FC , is a professional football club based in Hanoi , Vietnam . The club currently plays in the V.League 1 . Hanoi FC was founded in 2006 as T & T Hanoi Football Club , renamed to Hanoi T & T Football Club in 2010 and finally to its current name in 2016 . The club has participated in the V.League 1 since the 2009 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Hanoi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanoi', 'summary': "Hanoi ( UK : / ( ˌ ) hæ- , həˈnɔɪ/ ha- , hə-NOY or US : /hɑː-/ hah-NOY ; Vietnamese : Hà Nội [ hàː nôjˀ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Vietnam . It covers an area of 3,328.9 square kilometres ( 1,285 sq mi ) . With an estimated population of 7.7 million as of 2018 , it is the second largest city in Vietnam . The metropolitan area , encompassing nine additional neighbouring provinces , has an estimated population of 16 million . Located in the central area of the Red River Delta , Hanoi is the commercial , cultural , and educational centre of Northern Vietnam . Having an estimated nominal GDP of US $ 32.8 billion , it is the second most productive economic centre of Vietnam , following Ho Chi Minh City . Originally a small settlement along the banks of the Red River , the city was founded as Thăng Long , the capital of Imperial Vietnam , in 1010 by monarch Lý Thái Tổ . Thăng Long would remain the most important political and cultural centre of Vietnam until 1802 , when the Nguyễn dynasty , the last imperial dynasty of Vietnam , moved the capital to Huế . Thăng Long renamed to its current name Hanoi in 1831 . In 1873 , Hanoi was conquered by the French , and from 1883 to 1945 , the city was the administrative centre of French Indochina . The French colonisation left a lasting impact on the city 's architecture that is visible today , as showcased through the juxtaposition of French-styled avenues , bridges , buildings , and traditional Vietnamese architecture . From 1940 to 1945 , Hanoi was occupied by the Japanese forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Hàng Đẫy Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hàng_Đẫy_Stadium', 'summary': "Hàng Đẫy was established in 1934 as a football field for Hanoi 's École déducation physique ( EDEP - School of Physical Education ) . Shortly after , EDEP was renamed into Socíeté d'éducation physique du Tonkin ( SEPTO - Tonkin Society of Physical Education ) . From 1936 to 1938 , a 400-seat wooden stand as well as bordering walls were constructed and the stadium was subsequently known as SEPTO Stadium . On February 16 , 1956 , the stadium was rebuilt and the new Hàng Đẫy Stadium was opened on August 24 , 1958 . This structure remains virtually the same until today with some upgrades being done in the 1990s ."}]}, {'value': '22,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xi Măng Hải Phòng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xi_Măng_Hải_Phòng_F.C.', 'summary': 'Câu lạc bộ Bóng đá Hải Phòng , simply known as Hải Phòng , is a Vietnamese football club based in Hải Phòng.This is one of the most traditional teams in the V.League . The name of the team is The Portland FC or the City of Poinciana . They are now playing in V.League 1 . The team is currently playing at Lạch Tray Stadium . As a manager , Dylan Kerr finished contract with Hai Phong FC after the 2013-14 season , Kerr was replaced by Trương Việt Hoàng ( a former Vietnamese national soccer player )'}]}, {'value': 'Hai Phong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hai_Phong', 'summary': 'Haiphong ( Vietnamese : Hải Phòng , IPA : [ ha᷉ːj fâwŋ͡m ] ( listen ) ) is a major industrial city , the second largest city in the northern part of Vietnam . Hai Phong is also the center of technology , economy , culture , medicine , education , science and trade in the northern coast of Vietnam . Hai Phong city traces its origin to its 1887 founding as a seaport province by colonist of the French Colonial Empire . In 1888 , the president of the French Third Republic Sadi Carnot promulgated a decree to establish Hai Phong city . From 1954 to 1975 , Hai Phong served as the most important maritime city of North Vietnam , and it became one of direct-controlled municipalities of a reunified Vietnam with Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh city in 1976 . In the 21st century , Hai Phong has emerged as a trading gateway , modern , green industrial city of Vietnam , oriented to become the third special-class city of Vietnam in 2030 or by 2050 at the latest .'}]}, {'value': 'Lạch Tray Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lạch_Tray_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Lạch Tray Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Hai Phong , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Hải Phòng F.C . of the V.League 1 . The stadium holds 30,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '28,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XM The Vissai Ninh Bình', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/XM_The_Vissai_Ninh_Bình_F.C.', 'summary': 'Xi măng The Vissai Ninh Bình Football Club ( Vietnamese : Câu lạc bộ bóng đá Xi măng The Vissai Ninh Bình ) , also known as Vissai Ninh Bình , was a professional football club , based in Ninh Bình , Vietnam . The club played in V.League 1 from 2010 to 2014 , when the club withdrew from the league due to a match-fixing scandal . The team played at Ninh Bình Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Ninh Bình', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninh_Bình', 'summary': 'Ninh Bình ( listen ) city is a small city in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam ; it is the capital of Ninh Bình Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ninh Bình Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninh_Bình_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ninh Bình Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Ninh Bình , Vietnam . It is currently used mostly for football matches , on club level by XM The Vissai Ninh Bình of the V-League . The stadium has a capacity of 22,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '22,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Stadia and locations', 'section_text': 'Da NangBình DươngSông Lam Nghệ AnNavibankT & T Hoa Phat Đồng ThápHoàng Anh Gia LaiHải PhòngKhatoco Khánh HòaDong TamThanh HóaNam ĐịnhNinh Bình Locations of the V. League 2010 teams', 'uid': '2010_V-League_0', 'intro': "The 2010 V-League season was the 27th season of Vietnam's professional football league. The league and cup winners would enter the 2011 AFC Cup. The bottom side at the end of the season get relegated. The side that finishes 2ND from bottom enters an end of season play-off match against the 2nd Division's 2nd placed side."} | null | null | Where is the team with the lowest capacity stadium located ? | Thanh Hóa Stadium |
0574ce509023b00f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_doubles_records', 'title': 'List of Major League Baseball doubles records', 'header': ['Player', 'Doubles', 'Seasons & Teams'], 'data': [{'value': 'Tris Speaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tris_Speaker', 'summary': "Tristram Edgar Speaker ( April 4 , 1888 - December 8 , 1958 ) , nicknamed The Gray Eagle , was an American professional baseball player . Considered one of the best offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , he compiled a career batting average of .345 ( sixth all-time ) . His 792 career doubles represent an MLB career record . His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list . Defensively , Speaker holds career records for assists , double plays , and unassisted double plays by an outfielder . His fielding glove was known as the place where triples go to die . After playing in the minor leagues in Texas and Arkansas , Speaker debuted with the Boston Red Sox in 1907 . He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915 . In 1915 , Speaker 's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season ; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut . As player-manager for Cleveland , he led the team to its first World Series title . In ten of his eleven seasons with Cleveland , he finished with a batting average greater than .350 . Speaker resigned as Cleveland 's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations ; both men were later cleared ."}]}, {'value': '792', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907-15 Boston ( AL ) ; 16-26 Cleveland ; 27 Washington ( AL ) ; 28 Philadelphia ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Indians', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'Pete Rose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pete_Rose', 'summary': "Peter Edward Rose ( born April 14 , 1941 ) , also known by his nickname Charlie Hustle , is an American former professional baseball player and manager . Rose played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1963 to 1986 , and managed the Cincinnati Reds from 1984 to 1989 . Rose was a switch hitter and is the all-time MLB leader in hits ( 4,256 ) , games played ( 3,562 ) , at-bats ( 14,053 ) , singles ( 3,215 ) , and outs ( 10,328 ) . He won three World Series rings , three batting titles , one Most Valuable Player Award , two Gold Gloves , and the Rookie of the Year Award , and also made 17 All-Star appearances at an unequaled five positions ( second baseman , left fielder , right fielder , third baseman , and first baseman ) . Rose won both of his Gold Gloves when he was an outfielder , in 1969 and 1970 . In August 1989 ( his last year as a manager and three years after retiring as a player ) , Rose was penalized with permanent ineligibility from baseball amidst accusations that he gambled on baseball games while he played for and managed the Reds ; the charges of wrongdoing included claims that he bet on his own team . In 1991 , the Baseball Hall of Fame formally voted to ban those on the permanently ineligible list from induction , after previously excluding such players by informal agreement among voters . After years of public denial , Rose admitted in 2004 that he bet on baseball and on the Reds . The issue of Rose 's possible reinstatement and election to the Hall of Fame remains contentious throughout baseball . On June 22 , 2015 , ESPN concluded its own investigation of Rose and determined that he had bet on baseball while still a player-manager . The results of the investigation were made public and revealed the records of bets that Rose had made on baseball . U.S. federal authorities had seized the records from one of Rose 's associates ."}]}, {'value': '746', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963-78 , 84-86 Cincinnati ; 79-83 Philadelphia ( NL ) ; 84 Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montréal_Expos', 'summary': "The Montreal Expos ( French : Les Expos de Montréal ) were a Canadian professional baseball team based in Montreal , Quebec . The Expos were the first Major League Baseball ( MLB ) franchise located outside the United States . They played in the National League ( NL ) East division from 1969 until 2004 . Following the 2004 season , the franchise relocated to Washington , D.C. , and became the Washington Nationals . Immediately after the minor league Triple-A Montreal Royals folded in 1960 , political leaders in Montreal sought an MLB franchise , and when the National League evaluated expansion candidates for the 1969 season , it awarded a team to Montreal . Named after the Expo 67 World 's Fair , the Expos originally played at Jarry Park Stadium before moving to Olympic Stadium in 1977 . The Expos failed to post a winning record in any of their first ten seasons . The team won its only division title in the strike-shortened 1981 season , but lost the 1981 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) to the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team was sold in 1991 by its majority , founding owner , Charles Bronfman , to a consortium headed by Claude Brochu . Felipe Alou was promoted to the team 's field manager in 1992 , becoming MLB 's first Dominican-born manager . He led the team to four winning seasons , including 1994 , where the Expos had the best record in baseball before a players ' strike ended the season . Alou became the Expos leader in games managed ( 1,409 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Stan Musial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stan_Musial', 'summary': "Stanley Frank Musial ( /ˈmjuːziəl , -ʒəl/ ; born Stanisław Franciszek Musiał ; November 21 , 1920 - January 19 , 2013 ) , nicknamed Stan the Man , was an American baseball outfielder and first baseman . He spent 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) playing for the St. Louis Cardinals , from 1941 to 1944 and 1946 to 1963 . Widely considered to be one of the greatest and most consistent hitters in baseball history , Musial was a first-ballot inductee into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969 , and was also selected to the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 2014 . Musial batted .331 over the course of his career and set National League ( NL ) records for career hits ( 3,630 ) , runs batted in ( 1,951 ) , games played ( 3,026 ) , at bats ( 10,972 ) , runs scored ( 1,949 ) and doubles ( 725 ) . His 475 career home runs then ranked second in NL history behind Mel Ott 's total of 511 . His 6,134 total bases remained a major league record until surpassed by Hank Aaron , and his hit total still ranks fourth all-time , and is the highest by any player who spent his career with only one team . A seven-time batting champion with identical totals of 1,815 hits at home and 1,815 hits on the road , he was named the National League 's ( NL ) Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) three times and led St. Louis to three World Series championships . He also shares the major league record for the most All-Star Games played ( 24 ) with Hank Aaron and Willie Mays . [ a ] Musial was born in Donora , Pennsylvania , where he frequently played baseball informally or in organized settings , and eventually played on the baseball team at Donora High School . Signed to a professional contract by the St. Louis Cardinals as a pitcher in 1938 , Musial had arm problems and performed erratically on the mound for two seasons . On the recommendation of minor league manager Dickie Kerr , Musial was converted into an outfielder and made his major league debut in 1941 . Noted for his unique batting stance , he quickly established himself as a consistent and productive hitter ."}]}, {'value': '725', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941-44 , 46-63 St. Louis ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Ty Cobb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Cobb', 'summary': "Tyrus Raymond Cobb ( December 18 , 1886 - July 17 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Georgia Peach , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder . He was born in rural Narrows , Georgia . Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers , the last six as the team 's player-manager , and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics . In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot , receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes ( 98.2% ) ; no other player received a higher percentage of votes until Tom Seaver in 1992 . In 1999 , editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players . Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career . His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in ( after adjusting for home runs ) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player . He still holds several records as of the end of the 2019 season , including the highest career batting average ( .366 or .367 , depending on source ) and most career batting titles with 11 ( or 12 , depending on source ) . He retained many other records for almost a half century or more , including most career hits until 1985 ( 4,189 or 4,191 , depending on source ) , most career runs ( 2,245 or 2,246 depending on source ) until 2001 , most career games played ( 3,035 ) and at bats ( 11,429 or 11,434 depending on source ) until 1974 , and the modern record for most career stolen bases ( 892 ) until 1977 . He still holds the career record for stealing home ( 54 times ) and for stealing second base , third base , and home in succession ( 5 times ) , and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs . Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors , the most by any American League ( AL ) outfielder . Cobb 's legacy , which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors , has been somewhat tarnished by allegations of racism and violence , largely stemming from a couple of largely-discredited biographies that were released following his death ."}]}, {'value': '724', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905-26 Detroit ; 27-28 Philadelphia ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'Craig Biggio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Biggio', 'summary': "Craig Alan Biggio ( /ˈbɪdʒioʊ/ ; born December 14 , 1965 ) is an American former second baseman , outfielder and catcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career from 1988 through 2007 for the Houston Astros . A seven-time National League ( NL ) All-Star often regarded as the greatest all-around player in Astros history , he is the only player ever to be named an All-Star at both catcher and second base . With longtime teammates Jeff Bagwell and Lance Berkman , he formed the core of the Killer B 's who led Houston to six playoff appearances from 1997 to 2005 , culminating in the franchise 's first World Series appearance in 2005 . At the end of his career , he ranked sixth in NL history in games played ( 2,850 ) , fifth in at bats ( 10,876 ) , twenty-first in hits ( 3,060 ) , and seventh in runs scored ( 1,844 ) . His 668 career doubles ranked fifth in major league history , and are the most ever by a right-handed hitter ; his 56 doubles in 1999 were the most in the major leagues in 63 years . Biggio , who batted .300 four times and scored 100 runs eight times , holds Astros franchise records for most career games , at bats , hits , runs scored , doubles , total bases ( 4,711 ) and extra base hits ( 1,014 ) , and ranks second in runs batted in ( 1,175 ) , walks ( 1,160 ) and stolen bases ( 414 ) . He also holds the NL record for most times leading off a game with a home run ( 53 ) , and is one of only five players with 250 home runs and 400 steals . A four-time Gold Glove Award winner who led NL second basemen in assists six times and putouts five times , he retired ranking fourth in NL history in games at second base ( 1,989 ) , sixth in assists ( 5,448 ) and fielding percentage ( .984 ) , seventh in putouts ( 3,992 ) and double plays ( 1,153 ) , and eighth in total chances ( 9,596 ) . He was the ninth player in the 3,000 hit club to collect all his hits with one team . Biggio also led the NL in times hit by pitch five times , with his career total of 285 trailing only Hughie Jennings ' 287 in major league history . One of the most admired players of his generation , Biggio received the 2005 Hutch Award for perseverance through adversity and the 2007 Roberto Clemente Award for sportsmanship and community service . The Astros retired the number 7 in his honor the year following his retirement ."}]}, {'value': '668', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988-2007 Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': 'George Brett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Brett', 'summary': "George Howard Brett ( born May 15 , 1953 ) is an American former professional baseball player who played 21 years , primarily as a third baseman , in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Kansas City Royals . Brett 's 3,154 career hits are the most by any third baseman in major league history and 16th all-time . He is one of four players in MLB history to accumulate 3,000 hits , 300 home runs , and a career .300 batting average ( the others being Hank Aaron , Willie Mays , and Stan Musial ; Albert Pujols currently fulfills all three conditions , but is still an active player ) . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 on the first ballot and is the only player in MLB history to win a batting title in three different decades . Brett was named the Royals ' interim hitting coach in 2013 on May 30 , but stepped down from the position on July 25 in order to resume his position of vice president of baseball operations ."}]}, {'value': '665', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973-93 Kansas City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals', 'summary': "The Kansas City Royals are an American professional baseball team based in Kansas City , Missouri . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member team of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team was founded as an expansion franchise in 1969 , and has participated in four World Series , winning in 1985 and 2015 , and losing in 1980 and 2014 . The name Royals pays homage to the American Royal , a livestock show , horse show , rodeo , and championship barbeque competition held annually in Kansas City since 1899 as well as the identical names of two former negro league baseball teams that played in the first half of the 20th century ( one a semi-pro team based in Kansas City in the 1910s and 1920s that toured the Midwest and a California Winter League team based in Los Angeles in the 1940s that was managed by Chet Brewer and included Satchel Paige and Jackie Robinson on its roster ) . The Los Angeles team had personnel connections to the Monarchs but could not use the Monarchs name . The name also fits into something of a theme for other professional sports franchises in the city , including the Kansas City Chiefs of the NFL , the former Kansas City Kings of the NBA , and the former Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League . In 1968 , the team held a name-the-team contest that received more than 17,000 entries . Sanford Porte , a bridge engineer from the suburb of Overland Park , Kansas was named the winner for his Royals entry . His reason had nothing to do with royalty . Kansas Citys new baseball team should be called the Royals because of Missouris billion-dollar livestock income , Kansas Citys position as the nations leading stocker and feeder market and the nationally known American Royal parade and pageant , Porte wrote . The team 's board voted 6-1 on the name , with the only opposition coming from team owner Ewing Kauffman , who eventually changed his vote and said the name had grown on him . Entering the American League in 1969 along with the Seattle Pilots , the club was founded by Kansas City businessman Ewing Kauffman ."}]}, {'value': 'Napoleon Lajoie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napoleon_Lajoie', 'summary': "Napoleon Lajoie ( /ˈlæʒəweɪ/ ; September 5 , 1874 - February 7 , 1959 ) , also known as Larry Lajoie and nicknamed The Frenchman , was an American professional baseball second baseman and player-manager . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Philadelphia Phillies , Philadelphia Athletics ( twice ) , and Cleveland Naps between 1896 and 1916 . He managed the Naps from 1905 through 1909 . Lajoie was signed to the National League 's ( NL ) Phillies in 1896 . By the beginning of the twentieth century , however , the upstart American League ( AL ) was looking to rival the supremacy of the NL and in 1901 , Lajoie and dozens of former National League players joined the American League . National League clubs contested the legality of contracts signed by players who jumped to the other league but eventually , Lajoie was allowed to play for Connie Mack 's Athletics . During the season , Lajoie set the all-time American League single-season mark for the highest batting average ( .426 ) . : p.76 : p.88 One year later , Lajoie went to the Cleveland Bronchos where he would play until the 1915 season when he returned to play for Mack and the Athletics . While with Cleveland , Lajoie 's popularity led to locals electing to change the club 's team name from Bronchos to Napoleons ( Naps for short ) , which remained until after Lajoie departed Cleveland and the name was changed to Indians ( the team 's present-day name ) . Lajoie led the AL in batting average five times in his career and four times recorded the highest number of hits . During several of those years with the Naps he and Ty Cobb dominated AL hitting categories and traded batting titles with each other , most notably coming in 1910 , when the league 's batting champion was not decided until well after the last game of the season and after an investigation by American League President Ban Johnson . Lajoie in 1914 joined Cap Anson and Honus Wagner as the only major league players to record 3,000 career hits ."}]}, {'value': '657', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1896-1900 Philadelphia ( NL ) ; 01-02 , 15-16 Philadelphia ( AL ) ; 02-14 Cleveland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Yastrzemski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Yastrzemski', 'summary': "Carl Michael Yastrzemski ( /jəˈstrɛmski/ ; nicknamed Yaz ; born August 22 , 1939 ) is an American former Major League Baseball player . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989 . Yastrzemski played his entire 23-year Major League career with the Boston Red Sox ( 1961-1983 ) . He was primarily a left fielder , but also played 33 games as a third baseman and mostly was a first baseman and designated hitter later in his career . Yastrzemski is an 18-time All-Star , the possessor of seven Gold Gloves , a member of the 3,000 hit club , and the first American League player in that club to also accumulate over 400 home runs . He is second on the all-time list for games played , and third for total at-bats . He is the Red Sox ' all-time leader in career RBIs , runs , hits , singles , doubles , total bases , and games played , and is third on the team 's list for home runs behind Ted Williams and David Ortiz . In 1967 Yastrzemski achieved a peak in his career , leading the Red Sox to the American League pennant for the first time in over two decades and being voted the 1967 American League MVP . Yastrzemski also won the Triple Crown that year , a milestone which was not accomplished again in the Major Leagues until Miguel Cabrera achieved the feat 45 years later in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '646', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961-83 Boston ( AL )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honus Wagner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honus_Wagner', 'summary': 'Johannes Peter Honus Wagner ( /ˈhɒnəs ˈwæɡnər/ ; February 24 , 1874 - December 6 , 1955 ) , sometimes referred to as Hans Wagner , was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917 , almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates . Wagner won his eighth ( and final ) batting title in 1911 , a National League record that remains unbroken to this day , and matched only once , in 1997 , by Tony Gwynn . He also led the league in slugging six times and stolen bases five times . Wagner was nicknamed The Flying Dutchman due to his superb speed and German heritage . This nickname was a nod to the popular folk-tale made into a famous opera by another Wagner . In 1936 , the Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Wagner as one of the first five members . He received the second-highest vote total , behind Ty Cobb and tied with Babe Ruth . Most baseball historians consider Wagner to be the greatest shortstop ever and one of the greatest players ever . Ty Cobb himself called Wagner maybe the greatest star ever to take the diamond . Honus Wagner is also the featured player of one of the rarest and the most valuable baseball cards in existence .'}]}, {'value': '643', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1897-99 Louisville ( NL ) ; 1900-17 Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Colonels', 'summary': "The Louisville Colonels were a Major League Baseball team that played in the American Association ( AA ) throughout that league 's ten-year existence from 1882 until 1891 . They were known as the Louisville Eclipse from 1882 to 1884 , and as the Louisville Colonels from 1885 to 1891 . The latter name derived from the historic Kentucky colonels . After the AA folded in 1891 , the Colonels joined the National League and played through the 1899 season . Until the Montreal Expos relocated to Washington in 2004 , Louisville was the last city to lose a Major League Baseball franchise and not have another franchise eventually replace it . Colonels was also the name of several minor league baseball teams that played in Louisville , Kentucky , in the 20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': 'David Ortiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Ortiz', 'summary': "David Américo Ortiz Arias ( born November 18 , 1975 ) , nicknamed Big Papi , is a Dominican-American former professional baseball ( MLB ) designated hitter ( DH ) and first baseman who played 20 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . After beginning his career with the Minnesota Twins , Ortiz played 14 seasons for the Boston Red Sox , with whom he was a ten-time All-Star , a three-time World Series champion , and a seven-time Silver Slugger winner . Ortiz also holds the Red Sox single-season record for home runs with 54 , which he set during the 2006 season . Originally signed by the Seattle Mariners in 1992 , Ortiz was traded to the Twins in 1996 and played parts of six seasons with the team . Ortiz was released by the Twins and signed with the Red Sox in 2003 , where he spent the remainder of his career . In Boston , Ortiz established himself as one of the greatest designated hitters the game has ever seen . He was instrumental in the team ending its 86-year World Series championship drought in 2004 , as well as during successful championship runs in 2007 and 2013 ; he was named the World Series Most Valuable Player for the latter championship . Ortiz finished his career with 541 home runs ( which ranks 17th on MLB 's all-time home run list ) , 1,768 runs batted in ( RBIs , 22nd all-time ) , and a .286 batting average . Among designated hitters , he is the all-time leader in MLB history for home runs ( 485 ) , RBIs ( 1,569 ) , and hits ( 2,192 ) . Regarded as one of the best clutch hitters of all time , Ortiz had 11 career walk-off home runs during the regular season and two during the postseason ."}]}, {'value': '632', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-2002 Minnesota ; 2003-16 Boston ( AL )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert Pujols', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Pujols', 'summary': 'José Alberto Pujols Alcántara ( born January 16 , 1980 ) is a Dominican professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter for the Los Angeles Angels of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played 11 seasons for the St. Louis Cardinals , with whom he was a three-time National League ( NL ) Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) ( 2005 , 2008 , 2009 ) and nine-time All-Star ( 2001 , 2003-2010 ) . Since joining the Angels in 2012 , he has made one All-Star appearance , in 2015 . A right-handed batter and thrower , Pujols stands 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) tall and weighs 235 pounds ( 107 kg ) . Pujols was born in the Dominican Republic and moved to the United States in 1996 . After one season of college baseball , he was selected by the Cardinals in the 13th round of the 1999 MLB draft . As a rookie for the Cardinals in 2001 , he was unanimously voted the NL Rookie of the Year . Pujols played for the Cardinals , contributing to two World Series championships in 2006 and 2011 . After the 2011 season , Pujols became a free agent and signed a 10-year contract with the Angels . Pujols was , at the height of his career , a highly regarded hitter who showed a combination of contact hitting ability , patience and raw power . He is a six-time Silver Slugger who has twice led the NL in home runs , and he has also led the NL once each in batting average , doubles , and RBIs . He is significantly above-average in career regular season batting average ( .300 ) , walk rate ( 10.8 percent ) , and Isolated Power ( .249 ) .'}]}, {'value': '661', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-11 St. Louis ; 2012-2018 Los Angeles ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Angels are an American professional baseball team based in the city of Anaheim , California , part of Orange County and the Los Angeles metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The Angels have played home games at Angel Stadium since 1966 . The current MLB franchise was established as one of the league 's first two expansion teams in 1961 by Gene Autry , the team 's first owner . Autry was a famous singing cowboy actor in a series of films in the 1930s to 1950s , and later was the subject of the Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum . The Angels name was taken by Autry in tribute to the previous original Los Angeles Angels , a Minor League franchise in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , which played in South Central Los Angeles from 1903 to 1957 . He bought the rights to the Angels name from Walter O'Malley , the then-Los Angeles Dodgers owner , who acquired the PCL franchise from Philip K. Wrigley , also the owner of the parent Chicago Cubs at the time , as part of the Dodgers ' move to Southern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry Aaron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hank_Aaron', 'summary': "Henry Louis Aaron ( born February 5 , 1934 ) , nicknamed Hammer or Hammerin ' Hank , is a retired American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) right fielder who serves as the senior vice president of the Atlanta Braves . He played 21 seasons for the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves in the National League ( NL ) and two seasons for the Milwaukee Brewers in the American League ( AL ) , from 1954 through 1976 . Aaron held the MLB record for career home runs for 33 years , and he still holds several MLB offensive records . He hit 24 or more home runs every year from 1955 through 1973 , and is one of only two players to hit 30 or more home runs in a season at least fifteen times . In 1999 , The Sporting News ranked Aaron fifth on its 100 Greatest Baseball Players list . Aaron was born and raised in and around Mobile , Alabama . Aaron had seven siblings , including Tommie Aaron , who later played in MLB with him . He appeared briefly in the Negro American League and in minor league baseball before starting his major league career . By his final MLB season , Aaron was the last Negro league baseball player on a major league roster . Aaron played the vast majority of his MLB games in right field , though he appeared at several other infield and outfield positions . In his last two seasons , he was primarily a designated hitter . Aaron was an NL All-Star for 20 seasons and an AL All-Star for 1 season , from 1955 through 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '624', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954-74 Milwaukee-Atlanta ; 75-76 Milwaukee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Braves', 'summary': "The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . The team played its home games at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and at Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been Truist Park ( formerly SunTrust Park ) , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in Cobb County , Georgia . The Braves play spring training games at CoolToday Park in North Port , Florida . The name Braves , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed the Bravos , and often referred to as America 's Team in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike-shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball . Most notably , this rotation consisted of pitchers Greg Maddux , John Smoltz , and Tom Glavine . Pitcher Steve Avery also was a significant contributor to the rotation during the period of 1991-1993 . The Braves won the National League West division from 1991 to 1993 , and after divisional realignment , the National League East division from 1995 to 2005 . They returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers', 'summary': "The Milwaukee Brewers are an American professional baseball team based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team is named for the city 's association with the brewing industry . Since 2001 , the Brewers have played their home games at Miller Park , which has a seating capacity of 41,900 . The team was founded in 1969 as the Seattle Pilots , an expansion team of the American League ( AL ) , in Seattle , Washington . The Pilots played their home games at Sick 's Stadium . After only one season , the team relocated to Milwaukee , becoming known as the Brewers and playing their home games at Milwaukee County Stadium . In 1998 , the Brewers joined the National League . They are the only franchise to play in four different divisions since the advent of divisional play in Major League Baseball in 1969 . They are also one of two current MLB franchises to switch leagues in their history , the other one being the Houston Astros . The team 's only World Series appearance came in 1982 , and they are one of only six current MLB teams that have never won the World Series . After winning the ALCS against the California Angels , the Brewers faced off against the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series , losing 4-3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Adrian Beltre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrián_Beltré', 'summary': 'Adrián Beltré Pérez ( born April 7 , 1979 ) is a Dominican former professional baseball third baseman . Originally signed as an amateur free agent , he made his Major League Baseball ( MLB ) debut with the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1998 at age 19 . He subsequently played for the Seattle Mariners , Boston Red Sox , and Texas Rangers . He batted and threw right-handed . He became one of the most all-around accomplished players in history ; he ranks 13th in defensive Wins Above Replacement and was the fourth third baseman to reach 400 home runs and 1,500 runs batted in . Beltré was a four-time selection for the Silver Slugger Award and MLB All-Star Game , and a five-time winner of the Rawlings Gold Glove Award . The fifth major leaguer to hit at least 100 home runs for three teams , he hit at least 20 home runs in 12 seasons , and in five , drove in at least 100 runs . He hit a major league-leading 48 home runs while playing for the Dodgers in 2004 , was the team MVP of the Red Sox in 2010 , and tied for the major league lead in hits in 2013 while playing for the Rangers . Sharing the record as one of four major leaguers to hit for the cycle three times , Beltré was the only one to hit three at the same stadium , Globe Life Park in Arlington . He was the sixth player with a three-home-run game in both the regular season and postseason , and the second with both a three-home-run game and cycle in the same week . On July 30 , 2017 , he became the 31st player in MLB history to reach 3,000 hits , and the first from the Dominican Republic . When he retired , Beltré ranked in the top ten all-time at his position in games played , assists , putouts , and double plays .'}]}, {'value': '621', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-2004 Los Angeles ( NL ) ; 2005-09 Seattle ; 10 Boston ; 11-18 Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . The Dodgers have won six World Series championships and twenty three National League pennants . Eleven NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of thirteen MVP Awards ; eight Cy Young Award winners have also pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has eighteen Rookie of the Year Award winners , more than twice as many as the second place New York Yankees 8 . The Dodgers have had four consecutive Rookies of the Year from 1979 to 1982 and five in a row from 1992 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Mariners', 'summary': "The Seattle Mariners are an American professional baseball team based in Seattle , Washington . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team joined the American League as an expansion team in 1977 playing their home games in the Kingdome . Since July 1999 , the Mariners ' home ballpark has been T-Mobile Park ( formerly Safeco Field ) , located in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle . The Mariners name originates from the prominence of marine culture in the city of Seattle . They are nicknamed the M 's , a title featured in their primary logo from 1987 to 1992 . They adopted their current team colors - navy blue , northwest green ( teal ) , and silver - prior to the 1993 season , after having been royal blue and gold since the team 's inception . Their mascot is the Mariner Moose . The organization did not field a winning team until 1991 , and any real success eluded them until 1995 when they won their first division championship and defeated the New York Yankees in the ALDS . The game-winning hit in Game 5 , in which Edgar Martínez drove home Ken Griffey Jr. to win the game in the 11th inning , clinched a series win for the Mariners , served as a powerful impetus to preserve baseball in Seattle , and has since become an iconic moment in team history . The Mariners won 116 games in 2001 , which set the American League record for most wins in a single season and tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the Major League record for most wins in a single season . Through the end of the 2019 season , the franchise has finished with a losing record in 29 of 43 seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)', 'summary': "The Texas Rangers are an American professional baseball team based in Arlington , Texas , located in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . In 2020 , they will move to the new Globe Life Field after having played at Globe Life Park in Arlington from 1994 to 2019 . The team 's name is borrowed from the famous law enforcement agency of the same name . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Washington Senators , an expansion team awarded to Washington , D.C. , after the city 's first AL ballclub , the second Washington Senators , moved to Minnesota and became the Twins ( the original Washington Senators played primarily in the National League during the 1890s ) . After the 1971 season , the new Senators moved to Arlington , and debuted as the Rangers the following spring . The Rangers have made eight appearances in the MLB postseason , seven following division championships in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , and 2016 and as a wild card team in 2012 . In 2010 , the Rangers advanced past the Division Series for the first time , defeating the Tampa Bay Rays . The team then brought home their first American League pennant after beating the New York Yankees in six games . In the 2010 World Series , the franchise 's first , the Rangers fell to the San Francisco Giants in five games . They repeated as American League champions the following year , then lost the 2011 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Molitor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Molitor', 'summary': 'Paul Leo Molitor ( born August 22 , 1956 ) , nicknamed Molly and The Ignitor , is an American former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player and former manager of the Minnesota Twins , who is in the Baseball Hall of Fame . During his 21-year baseball career , he played for the Milwaukee Brewers ( 1978-1992 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 1993-1995 ) , and Minnesota Twins ( 1996-1998 ) . He was known for his exceptional hitting and speed . He made seven All-Star Game appearances , and was the World Series MVP in 1993 . Molitor grew up in Minnesota and attended the University of Minnesota before beginning his MLB career . Molitor served as a coach for the Seattle Mariners and the Twins after his retirement as a player . In 2004 , he was elected to the Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility , becoming one of the first players enshrined after spending a significant portion of his career as a designated hitter . He was a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team . On November 3 , 2014 , Molitor was announced as the 13th manager of the Minnesota Twins . He managed the team for four seasons , and was fired in October 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '605', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978-92 Milwaukee ( AL ) ; 93-95 Toronto ; 96-98 Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays', 'summary': "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto , Ontario . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team plays its home games at Rogers Centre . The name Blue Jays originates from the bird of the same name , and blue is also the traditional colour of two of Toronto 's other professional sports teams : the Maple Leafs ( ice hockey ) and the Argonauts ( Canadian football ) . In addition , the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company , makers of the popular beer Labatt 's Blue . Colloquially nicknamed the Jays , the team 's official colours are royal blue , navy blue , red , and white . An expansion franchise , the club was founded in Toronto in 1977 . Originally based at Exhibition Stadium , the team began playing its home games at SkyDome upon its opening in 1989 . Since 2000 , the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004 , SkyDome was purchased by that company , which renamed it Rogers Centre . They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States , and currently the only team based outside the U.S. after the first Canadian franchise , the Montreal Expos , became the Washington Nationals in 2005 . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the Blue Jays went through struggles typical of an expansion team , frequently finishing in last place in its division . In 1983 , the team had its first winning season and two years later , they became division champions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Twins', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team is named after the Twin Cities area comprising Minneapolis and St. Paul . The franchise was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . The team relocated to Minnesota and was renamed the Minnesota Twins at the start of the 1961 season . The Twins played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009 . The team played its inaugural game at Target Field on April 12 , 2010 . The franchise won the World Series in 1924 as the Senators , and in 1987 and 1991 as the Twins . Through the 2019 season , the team has fielded 19 American League batting champions . The team has hosted five All-Star Games : 1937 and 1956 in Washington , D.C. ; and 1965 , 1985 , and 2014 in Minneapolis-St. Paul .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Waner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Waner', 'summary': "Paul Glee Waner ( April 16 , 1903 - August 29 , 1965 ) , nicknamed Big Poison , was an American professional baseball right fielder who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for four teams between 1926 and 1945 , most notably playing his first 15 seasons with the Pittsburgh Pirates . The greatest Pirate outfielder up to his retirement , he won the 1927 NL Most Valuable Player Award in his second season , collecting a team record 237 hits that year . Waner set the team record for doubles in a season three times , including in 1932 when he set the NL record for doubles in a season with 62 . In the only postseason appearance of his career , he hit .333 in the Pirates ' 1927 World Series loss against the New York Yankees . Waner won three National League ( NL ) batting titles , led the NL in hits twice and collected over 200 hits in eight seasons from 1926 to 1934 . On June 19 , 1942 , Waner became the seventh member of the 3,000 hit club , with a single off of Rip Sewell . He led the NL in putouts four times and holds the career record for most putouts by a right fielder . His 191 triples are 10th all time , and his 605 doubles are 14th all time . A career .333 hitter , and known for his ability to hit while drunk or hungover , he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1952 . When his younger brother Lloyd Waner got elected to the Hall of Fame they became the second pair of brothers in the National Baseball Hall of Fame , after Harry and George Wright . Paul and Lloyd also hold the record for most hits recorded by brothers ( 5,611 ) . On July 21 , 2007 , Waner 's No ."}]}, {'value': '605', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926-40 Pittsburgh ; 41-42 Boston ( NL ) ; 43-44 Brooklyn ; 44-45 New York ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The Atlanta Braves , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Boston , Massachusetts . This article details the history of the Boston Braves , from 1871 to 1952 , after which they moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin to become the Milwaukee Braves , and then eventually to Atlanta to become the Atlanta Braves . The Boston franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952 . Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University . The franchise , from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta , is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers', 'summary': "The Brooklyn Dodgers were a Major League baseball team , active primarily in the National League ( founded 1876 ) from 1884 until 1957 , after which the club moved to Los Angeles , California , where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals , the New York Giants , also in the National League , relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants . The team 's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city 's trolley streetcar network . The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn , each named Washington Park , and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913 . The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'Cal Ripken , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_Ripken,_Jr.', 'summary': "Calvin Edwin Ripken Jr. ( born August 24 , 1960 ) , nicknamed The Iron Man , is an American former baseball shortstop and third baseman who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Baltimore Orioles ( 1981-2001 ) . One of his position 's most offensively productive players , Ripken compiled 3,184 hits , 431 home runs , and 1,695 runs batted in during his career , and he won two Gold Glove Awards for his defense . He was a 19-time All-Star and was twice named American League ( AL ) Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . Ripken holds the record for consecutive games played , 2,632 , surpassing Lou Gehrig 's streak of 2,130 that had stood for 56 years and that many deemed unbreakable . In 2007 , he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility with 98.53% of votes , the sixth-highest election percentage ever . Born in Maryland , Ripken grew up traveling around the United States as his father , Cal Sr. , was a player and coach in the Orioles ' organization . After playing at Aberdeen High School , Ripken Jr. was drafted by the Orioles in the second round of the 1978 MLB draft . He reached the major leagues in 1981 as a third baseman , but the following year , he was shifted to shortstop , his long-time position for Baltimore . That year , Ripken also won the AL Rookie of the Year Award and began his consecutive games played streak . In 1983 , he won a World Series championship and his first AL MVP Award . One of Ripken 's best years came in 1991 when he was named an All-Star , won the Home Run Derby , and was recipient of his first All-Star Game MVP Award , his second AL MVP Award , and first Gold Glove Award . He broke the consecutive games played record on September 6 , 1995 , in his 2,131st consecutive game , which fans voted as the league 's most memorable moment in the history of the game in an MLB.com poll ; Ripken voluntarily ended his 17-year streak at 2,632 games before the final home game of the 1998 season ."}]}, {'value': '603', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981-2001 Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '601', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-92 Pittsburgh ; 93-2007 San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions - both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and fifth overall ( the New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record-holders ) with 11 , and the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox both with 9 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times - 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco - but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season ."}]}], 'section_title': '600 Career Doubles', 'section_text': '( Through May 5 , 2018 )', 'uid': 'List_of_Major_League_Baseball_doubles_records_0', 'intro': "Major League Baseball has various records related to doubles. Players denoted in boldface are still actively contributing to the record noted. (r) denotes a player's rookie season."} | null | null | Which two years did the team of the player who won a batting title in three different decades win the World Series ? | 1985 and 2015 |
0574f39e733b2035 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bettendorf Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bettendorf_Transit', 'summary': 'Bettendorf Transit is the operator of public transportation in Scott County , Iowa . Bus service began in the city in 1974 , with the municipality contracted with Moline for the creation of one intercity line . In 1980 , fixed route service began , and today four local and one intercity routes are provided , using 6 standard and two smaller buses . Standard fares are 60 cents ; while all buses are wheelchair accessible , paratransit is not a function of this agency , but instead is a function of River Bend Transit .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_County,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa . As of the 2010 census , the population was 165,224 , making it the third-most populous county in Iowa . The county seat is Davenport . Scott County is included in the Davenport-Moline-Rock Island , IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Bettendorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Bettendorf is a city in Scott County , Iowa , United States . It is the 15th largest city of Iowa and the fourth largest city in the Quad Cities . It is part of the Davenport-Moline-Rock Island , IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 33,217 at the 2010 U.S. Census and was estimated to be 36,543 by July 2018 . Bettendorf is one of the Quad Cities , along with neighboring Davenport and the Illinois cities of Moline , East Moline and Rock Island . The Quad Cities have a population estimate of 382,630 . In 2011 , Bettendorf was named U.S. 95th Best Town by CNNMoney .'}]}, {'value': 'Cambus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambus', 'summary': 'Cambus is a public transport bus system , primarily serving the University of Iowa campus in Iowa City , Iowa . The service is intended to provide transportation for students , faculty , and staff around the main campus , University of Iowa Research Park , residence halls , and commuter parking lots . Cambus is a no-fare service open to the general public . Cambus provides approximately 4,500,000 rides per year . The service is operated by the Department of Parking and Transportation for the University of Iowa with funding from the Parking & Transportation Department , a UI Student fee , and the Federal Transportation Administration . Cambus was founded by University of Iowa students and has been in operation since 1972 . The University of Iowa campus is divided into east and west halves by the Iowa River . Most Liberal Arts and Sciences classes take place on the east side of the river ; thus the purpose of the new bus service was to facilitate easier transportation between the west-side dormitories and the east-side classrooms . At first there was no name for this service , so the founding students created a contest open to all U of I students to select one . Cambus was the name eventually chosen after Cambuskenneth , and the winner , Larry Page , was awarded a free pizza . The first Cambus buses were used school buses , repainted by Cambus employees . There were three different bus routes ; Red Route , Blue Route , and the Interdorm Shuttle .'}]}, {'value': 'Iowa City and the University of Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa', 'summary': "Iowa City is a city in Johnson County , Iowa , United States . It is the home of the University of Iowa and county seat of Johnson County , at the center of the Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 76,290 in 2018 , making it the state 's fifth-largest city . The metropolitan area , which encompasses Johnson and Washington counties , has a population of over 171,000 . Iowa City was the second capital of the Iowa Territory and the first capital city of the State of Iowa . The Old Capitol building is a National Historic Landmark in the center of the University of Iowa campus . The University of Iowa Art Museum and Plum Grove , the home of the first Governor of Iowa , are also tourist attractions . In 2008 , Forbes magazine named Iowa City the second-best small metropolitan area for doing business in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Iowa', 'summary': "The University of Iowa ( UI , U of I , UIowa , or simply Iowa ) is a public research university in Iowa City , Iowa . Founded in 1847 , it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state . The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees . Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River , the University of Iowa is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university is best known for its programs in health care , law , and the fine arts , with programs ranking among the top 25 nationally in those areas . The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree and it operates the Iowa Writer 's Workshop , which has produced 17 of the university 's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners . Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities , the Universities Research Association , and the Big Ten Academic Alliance . Among American universities , the University of Iowa was the first public university to open as coeducational , opened the first coeducational medical school , and opened the first Department of Religious Studies at a public university . The University of Iowa 's 33,000 students take part in nearly 500 student organizations . Iowa 's 22 varsity athletic teams , the Iowa Hawkeyes , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000 graduates ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa', 'summary': "Iowa City is a city in Johnson County , Iowa , United States . It is the home of the University of Iowa and county seat of Johnson County , at the center of the Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 76,290 in 2018 , making it the state 's fifth-largest city . The metropolitan area , which encompasses Johnson and Washington counties , has a population of over 171,000 . Iowa City was the second capital of the Iowa Territory and the first capital city of the State of Iowa . The Old Capitol building is a National Historic Landmark in the center of the University of Iowa campus . The University of Iowa Art Museum and Plum Grove , the home of the first Governor of Iowa , are also tourist attractions . In 2008 , Forbes magazine named Iowa City the second-best small metropolitan area for doing business in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'CyRide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CyRide', 'summary': 'CyRide is a partnership between Iowa State University , the ISU Student Government , and Ames , Iowa . CyRide provides public transportation to the community throughout the city of Ames . The word CyRide is a portmanteau of two words : Cy ( which is the mascot of the Iowa State Cyclones ) and the word ride . In January 2012 , CyRide was recognized as the nations small urban transit system with the highest number of rides per capita at 106 rides per capita .'}]}, {'value': 'Ames and Iowa State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ames,_Iowa', 'summary': "Ames ( /eɪmz/ ) is a city in Story County , Iowa , United States approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Des Moines in central Iowa . It is best known as the home of Iowa State University ( ISU ) , with leading Agriculture , Design , Engineering , and Veterinary Medicine colleges . A United States Department of Energy national laboratory , Ames Laboratory , is located on the ISU campus . In 2017 , Ames had a population of 66,498 . Iowa State University is home to 36,321 students ( Fall 2017 ) , which make up approximately one half of the city 's population . Ames also hosts United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) sites : the largest federal animal disease center in the United States , USDA 's Agricultural Research Service 's National Animal Disease Center ( NADC ) . , as well as , one of two national USDA sites for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) , which comprises the National Veterinary Services Laboratory and the Center for Veterinary Biologics . Ames has the headquarters for the Iowa Department of Transportation . In 2010 , Ames was ranked ninth on CNNMoney 's Best Places to Live list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iowa_State_University', 'summary': "Iowa State University of Science and Technology ( Iowa State ) is a public land-grant and space-grant research university in Ames , Iowa . It is the largest university in the state of Iowa and the third largest university in the Big 12 athletic conference . Iowa State is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . It is also a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) . Founded in 1858 and coeducational from its start , Iowa State became the nation 's first designated land-grant institution when the Iowa Legislature accepted the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act on September 11 , 1862 , making Iowa the first state in the nation to do so . Iowa State 's academic offerings are administered today through eight colleges , including the graduate college , that offer over 100 bachelor 's degree programs , 112 master 's degree programs , and 83 at the Ph.D. level , plus a professional degree program in Veterinary Medicine . Iowa State University 's athletic teams , the Cyclones , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are a founding member of the Big 12 . The Cyclones field 16 varsity teams and have won numerous NCAA national championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Ames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ames,_Iowa', 'summary': "Ames ( /eɪmz/ ) is a city in Story County , Iowa , United States approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Des Moines in central Iowa . It is best known as the home of Iowa State University ( ISU ) , with leading Agriculture , Design , Engineering , and Veterinary Medicine colleges . A United States Department of Energy national laboratory , Ames Laboratory , is located on the ISU campus . In 2017 , Ames had a population of 66,498 . Iowa State University is home to 36,321 students ( Fall 2017 ) , which make up approximately one half of the city 's population . Ames also hosts United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) sites : the largest federal animal disease center in the United States , USDA 's Agricultural Research Service 's National Animal Disease Center ( NADC ) . , as well as , one of two national USDA sites for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) , which comprises the National Veterinary Services Laboratory and the Center for Veterinary Biologics . Ames has the headquarters for the Iowa Department of Transportation . In 2010 , Ames was ranked ninth on CNNMoney 's Best Places to Live list ."}]}, {'value': 'Des Moines Area Regional Transit ( DART )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines_Area_Regional_Transit', 'summary': 'Des Moines Area Regional Transit Authority ( DART ) operates mass transit service in Greater Des Moines .'}]}, {'value': 'Polk County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polk_County,_Iowa', 'summary': "Polk County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa . As of the 2010 census , the population was 430,640 , making it Iowa 's most populous county , hosting over 14% of the state 's residents . The county seat is Des Moines , which is also the capital city of Iowa . Polk County is included in the Des Moines-West Des Moines , IA Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Des Moines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa', 'summary': "Des Moines ( /dɪˈmɔɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is also the county seat of Polk County . A small part of the city extends into Warren County . It was incorporated on September 22 , 1851 , as Fort Des Moines , which was shortened to Des Moines in 1857 . It is on and named after the Des Moines River , which likely was adapted from the early French name , Rivière des Moines , meaning River of the Monks . The city 's population was 216,853 as of the 2018 population estimate . The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 89th in terms of population in the United States with 655,409 residents according to the 2018 estimate by the United States Census Bureau , and is the largest metropolitan area fully located within the state . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Des Moines is a major center of the US insurance industry and has a sizable financial services and publishing business base . The city was credited as the number one spot for U.S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article and named the third-largest insurance capital of the world . The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group , the Meredith Corporation , Ruan Transportation , TMC Transportation , EMC Insurance Companies , and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield . Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo , Voya Financial , Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , ACE Limited , Marsh , Monsanto , and DuPont Pioneer have large operations in or near the metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': 'Sioux City Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sioux_City_Transit', 'summary': 'Sioux City Transit , is the primary provider of mass transportation in Woodbury County , Iowa . Ten routes operate from Monday through Saturday . Via Route 9 , a connection can also be made with the suburb of South Sioux City , Nebraska across the Missouri River .'}]}, {'value': 'Sioux City , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Sioux City ( /suː/ ) is a city in Woodbury and Plymouth counties in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Iowa . The population was 82,684 in the 2010 census , which makes it the fourth largest city in Iowa . The bulk of the city is in Woodbury County , of which it is the county seat , though a small portion is in Plymouth County . Sioux City is located at the navigational head of the Missouri River . The city is home to several cultural points of interest including the Sioux City Public Museum , Sioux City Art Center and Sergeant Floyd Monument , which is a National Historic Landmark . The city is also home to Chris Larsen Park , commonly referred to as the Riverfront , which includes the Anderson Dance Pavilion , Sergeant Floyd Riverboat Museum and Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center . Sioux City is the primary city of the five-county Sioux City , IA-NE-SD Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , with a population of 168,825 in 2010 and a slight increase to an estimated 169,405 in 2018 . The Sioux City-Vermillion , IA-NE-SD Combined Statistical Area had a population of 182,675 as of 2010 but has decreased to an estimated population of 178,448 as of 2018 . Sioux City is at the navigational head , or the most upstream point to which general cargo ships can travel , of the Missouri River , about 95 miles ( 153 km ) north of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area . Sioux City and the surrounding areas of northwestern Iowa , northeastern Nebraska and southeastern South Dakota are sometimes referred to as Siouxland , especially by local media and residents . It is also a part of the Sioux Falls-Sioux City Designated Market Area ( DMA ) , a larger media market region that covers parts of four states and has a population of 1,043,450 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sioux City , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Sioux City ( /suː/ ) is a city in Woodbury and Plymouth counties in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Iowa . The population was 82,684 in the 2010 census , which makes it the fourth largest city in Iowa . The bulk of the city is in Woodbury County , of which it is the county seat , though a small portion is in Plymouth County . Sioux City is located at the navigational head of the Missouri River . The city is home to several cultural points of interest including the Sioux City Public Museum , Sioux City Art Center and Sergeant Floyd Monument , which is a National Historic Landmark . The city is also home to Chris Larsen Park , commonly referred to as the Riverfront , which includes the Anderson Dance Pavilion , Sergeant Floyd Riverboat Museum and Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center . Sioux City is the primary city of the five-county Sioux City , IA-NE-SD Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , with a population of 168,825 in 2010 and a slight increase to an estimated 169,405 in 2018 . The Sioux City-Vermillion , IA-NE-SD Combined Statistical Area had a population of 182,675 as of 2010 but has decreased to an estimated population of 178,448 as of 2018 . Sioux City is at the navigational head , or the most upstream point to which general cargo ships can travel , of the Missouri River , about 95 miles ( 153 km ) north of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area . Sioux City and the surrounding areas of northwestern Iowa , northeastern Nebraska and southeastern South Dakota are sometimes referred to as Siouxland , especially by local media and residents . It is also a part of the Sioux Falls-Sioux City Designated Market Area ( DMA ) , a larger media market region that covers parts of four states and has a population of 1,043,450 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Iowa', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_15', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'} | null | null | When did bus service start in Scott County ? | 1974 |
057591b9ef8fe40c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'title': 'Canada at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Ciccarelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Ciccarelli', 'summary': "Michael Ciccarelli Nickname : Bubble Boy Ciccarelli ( born September 4 , 1996 ) is a Canadian snowboarder . He hails from Ancaster , Ontario and is a member of the Canadian National Slopestyle/Big Air Team . Coming from a family of skiers , Mikey has been snowboarding since the age of six , when his parents finally relented to his begging and bought him a board . Mikey 's career was catapulted in 2012 when he won the gold medal for slopestyle at the Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria . His pro resume highlights consist of a win at the 2015 Stoneham World Cup , a 2nd-place finish at the 2017 Burton US Open , a 2nd-place finish at the 2016 Fenway Park U.S. Grand Prix/World Cup Big Air , a 3rd-place finish at the 2015 Cardona World Cup , and a 4th-place finish at the 2017 Air & Style in Innsbruck . Mikey rides in the memory of his father , who he lost to cancer in October 2014 . Ciccarelli finished second to fellow Canadian Mark McMorris while Sven Thorgren of Sweden was third at the Burton U.S. Open , one of the most prestigious events in snowboarding . It was the first U.S. Open podium finish for Ciccarelli . It 's crazy , I ca n't believe it . To put that ( cab triple cork 1620 melon ) down in my run , it all came together , Ciccarelli said in a release from Snowboard Canada . I did n't even really feel too much pressure , I just wanted to put a run down and I 'm just so stoked . STONEHAM , Quebec ( AP ) Canada 's Michael Ciccarelli won first slopestyle title Saturday in the FIS Snowboard World Cup tour opener ."}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Snowboarding at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 16 to 19 January .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' Slopestyle", 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Audrey McManiman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Snowboarding at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 16 to 19 January .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Slopestyle", 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roni Remme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roni_Remme', 'summary': 'Veronica Roni Remme ( born 14 February 1996 ) is a Canadian World Cup alpine ski racer . From Collingwood , Ontario , Remme raced collegiately in the United States for the University of Utah and competed for Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2019 World Championships . She made her World Cup debut in December 2017 and gained her first podium in February 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympia Run Patscherkofel in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 14 to 22 January . The difference in the Youth Olympic program for alpine skiing compared to the Winter Olympics was that there were no downhill for both genders , and an inclusion of a team event .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_slalom", 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympia Run Patscherkofel in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 14 to 22 January . The difference in the Youth Olympic program for alpine skiing compared to the Winter Olympics was that there were no downhill for both genders , and an inclusion of a team event .'}]}, {'value': '20 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Scoffin Corryn Brown Derek Oryniak Emily Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Scoffin', 'summary': 'Thomas Scoffin ( born April 25 , 1994 in Sudbury , Ontario ) is a Canadian curler from Whitehorse , Yukon . He was the skip of the Canadian mixed team at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Austria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Corryn_Brown', 'summary': 'Corryn Cecile Brown ( born July 19 , 1995 ) is a Canadian curler from British Columbia .'}]}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Curling was contested at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics at the Innsbruck Exhibition Centre in Innsbruck , Austria from 14 January to 22 January . The mixed team event took place from 14 January to 18 January , while the mixed doubles tournament took place from 20 January to 22 January . The Athlete Role Models for the Youth Olympics curling competition were Eve Muirhead of Great Britain and Uli Kapp of Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Mixed_team', 'summary': 'Mixed team curling at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held from January 14 to 18 at the Innsbruck Exhibition Centre in Innsbruck , Austria .'}]}, {'value': '18 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Herauf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freestyle Skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Freestyle Skiing at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 17 January to 22 January . The difference in the Youth Olympic program for freestyle skiing compared to the Winter Olympics was that there were no aerials or moguls competition for both genders , and an inclusion of a ski half-pipe for both genders .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' ski cross", 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ice hockey at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Tyrolean Ice Arena in Innsbruck , Austria from 13 to 22 January . The difference between the Youth Olympic program for ice hockey and the Winter Olympics was the addition of a skill challenge for each gender .'}]}, {'value': 'Boys', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_tournament", 'summary': "The boys ' ice hockey tournament at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held from 13 to 22 January at the Tyrolean Ice Arena in Innsbruck , Austria . Teams from five national hockey associations competed , in one single preliminary round group . The tournament consisted of 14 games : 10 in the preliminary round ( teams played all other teams ) ; 2 semifinal games ; 1 bronze medal game ; and 1 gold medal game . All games were played in three 15-minute periods , as opposed to the traditional 20-minute periods ."}]}, {'value': '21 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corey Gillies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skeleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "Skeleton at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria on 16 January . The competition had a boys ' and a girls ' event ."}]}, {'value': "Boys ' Skeleton", 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carli Brockway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skeleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "Skeleton at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria on 16 January . The competition had a boys ' and a girls ' event ."}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Skeleton", 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 Jan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taylor Henrich Nathaniel Mah Dusty Korek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taylor_Henrich', 'summary': "Taylor Henrich ( born 1 November 1995 ) is a Canadian ski jumper . Born in Calgary , Alberta , Henrich began the sport at age seven . Henrich competed Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the premier of Ski jumping at the 2014 Winter Olympics - Women 's normal hill individual and her ranking in 2013/2014 was 23rd . She reached her first World Cup podium with 3rd place in Oberstdorf on 25 January 2015 . This is also the first ever Ladies World Cup podium for Canada ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dusty_Korek', 'summary': "Dusty Korek ( born April 19 , 1995 in Edmonton , Alberta ) is a Canadian ski jumper of Polish descent . He competed for Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Men 's normal hill individual ."}]}, {'value': 'Ski Jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Toni-Seelos-Olympiaschanze in Seefeld , Austria on 14 January . For the first time ever women competed in ski jumping at an Olympic event'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed Team', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 Jan', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Canada_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Canada competed at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck. Beckie Scott was named as the chef de mission. Canada did not send any speed skaters (long and short track), along with figure skaters after the governing body for the sport in the country (Speed Skating Canada and Skate Canada, respectively) deemed the event not developmentally appropriate.'} | null | null | between Thomas Scoffin and Roni Remme what is the date of the earlier birthday ? | April 25 , 1994 |
0576cd8d892c8fe5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of tallest buildings in the United States', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Height ft ( m )', 'Floors', 'Year* ( est . )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '2 World Trade Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center', 'summary': '2 World Trade Center ( also known as 200 Greenwich Street ) is a skyscraper under construction as part of the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan , New York City . It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center , which was completed in 1972 , and subsequently destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001 , and it will occupy the position of the original 5 World Trade Center . The foundation work was completed in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,323 ft ( 403 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Would become the second-tallest building in the new World Trade Center complex upon completion ; construction on hold as of January 2012 due to a lack of tenants . As of April 2015 , Larry Silverstein was in talks with 21st Century Fox and News Corp to anchor the building . Bjarke Ingels had replaced Norman Foster as architect for the building , a decision which was later reversed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001–present)', 'summary': 'The World Trade Center is a mostly completed complex of buildings in Lower Manhattan , New York City , U.S. , replacing the original seven buildings on the same site that were destroyed in the September 11 attacks . The site is being rebuilt with up to six new skyscrapers , four of which have been completed ; a memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks ; the elevated Liberty Park adjacent to the site , containing the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and Vehicular Security Center ; and a transportation hub . [ note 1 ] The 104-story One World Trade Center , the second tallest building in the Western Hemisphere , just behind the CN Tower , is the lead building for the new complex . The buildings are among many created by the World Trade Centers Association . The original World Trade Center featured the landmark Twin Towers , which opened in 1973 , and were the tallest buildings in the world at the time of their completion . They were destroyed on the morning of September 11 , 2001 , when al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the complex in a coordinated act of terrorism . The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753 people . The resulting collapse of the World Trade Center caused structural failure in the surrounding buildings as well . The process of cleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center site took eight months , after which rebuilding of the site commenced . After years of delay and controversy , reconstruction at the World Trade Center site started . The new complex includes One World Trade Center , 3 World Trade Center , 4 World Trade Center , 7 World Trade Center , and one other high-rise office building being planned at 2 World Trade Center . The new World Trade Center complex also includes a museum and memorial , and a transportation hub building that is similar in size to Grand Central Terminal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Larry_Silverstein', 'summary': "Larry A. Silverstein ( born May 30 , 1931 ) is an American businessman . Among his real estate projects , he is the developer of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in lower Manhattan as well as one of New York 's tallest residential towers at 30 Park Place , where he owns a home . His worth has been estimated at $ 3.5 billion as of 2016 . Silverstein was born in Brooklyn , and became involved in real estate , together with his father , establishing Silverstein Properties . Silverstein separated from his business partner , Bernard Mendik , in 1977 , and bought a number of large office buildings in Midtown and Lower Manhattan in the late 1970s . In 1980 , Silverstein won a bid from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to construct 7 World Trade Center on Vesey Street , just north of the main World Trade Center site . Silverstein was interested in acquiring the original World Trade Center complex , and put in a bid when the Port Authority put it up for lease in 2000 . Silverstein won the bid when a deal between the initial winner and the Port Authority fell through , and he signed the lease on July 24 , 2001 . Soon after the September 11 attacks , in 2001 , Silverstein declared his intent to rebuild , though he and his insurers became embroiled in a multi-year dispute over whether the attacks had constituted one event or two under the terms of the insurance policy , which provided for a maximum of $ 3.55 billion coverage per event . A settlement was reached in 2007 , with insurers agreeing to pay out $ 4.55 billion , which was not as much as Silverstein had sought . Silverstein also ran into multiple disputes with other parties in the rebuilding effort , including with the Port Authority . In an agreement reached in April 2006 , Silverstein retained rights to build three office towers ( 150 Greenwich Street , 175 Greenwich Street , and 200 Greenwich Street ) , while One World Trade Center ( previously referred to as the Freedom Tower ) would be owned by the Port Authority , as would Tower Five , which it would have the option of leasing to a different private developer and having redesigned as a residential building ."}, {'url': '/wiki/21st_Century_Fox', 'summary': "Twenty-First Century Fox , Inc. , doing business as 21st Century Fox ( 21CF ) , was an American multinational mass media corporation that was based in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . It was one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation , as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1980 . 21st Century Fox was the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries . It was the United States ' fourth-largest media conglomerate until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2019 . The other company , the present-day News Corporation , holds Murdoch 's print interests and other media assets in Australia ( both owned by him and his family via a family trust with 39% interest in each ) . Murdoch was co-executive chairman , while his sons Lachlan Murdoch and James Murdoch were co-executive chairman and CEO , respectively . 21st Century Fox 's assets included the Fox Entertainment Group - owners of the 20th Century Fox film studio ( the company 's partial namesake ) , the Fox television network , and a majority stake in National Geographic Partners - the commercial media arm of the National Geographic Society , among other assets . It also had significant foreign operations , including the prominent Indian television channel operator Star India . The company ranked No . 109 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . On July 27 , 2018 , 21st Century Fox shareholders agreed to sell the majority of its assets to Disney for $ 71.3 billion . The sale covered the majority of 21CF 's entertainment assets , including 20th Century Fox , FX Networks , and National Geographic Partners among others ."}, {'url': '/wiki/News_Corp_(2013–present)', 'summary': "The current incarnation of News Corp is an American mass media and publishing company , formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation ( as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1980 ) focusing on newspapers and publishing . It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation , alongside 21st Century Fox - which consisted of the old News Corporation 's broadcasting and media properties , such as Fox Entertainment Group . The spin-out was structured so that 21st Century Fox would be the legal successor and continuation of the old News Corporation , with the new News Corp being an entirely new company formed by a stock split . Following the acquisition of most of 21st Century Fox assets by The Walt Disney Company on March 20 , 2019 , Fox Corporation , which is the News Corp 's sister company and the successor of former 21st Century Fox that focused on American broadcasting , news and sports businesses , is also owned and controlled by the Murdoch family . Its notable assets include Dow Jones & Company ( publisher of The Wall Street Journal ) , News UK ( publisher of The Sun and The Times ) , News Corp Australia , Realtor.com as well as book publisher HarperCollins ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bjarke_Ingels', 'summary': "Bjarke Bundgaard Ingels ( Danish pronunciation : [ pjaːkə pɔnkɒ ˈeŋˀl̩s ] ; born 2 October 1974 ) is a Danish architect , founder and creative partner of Bjarke Ingels Group ( BIG ) . In Denmark , Ingels became well known after designing two housing complexes in Ørestad : VM Houses and Mountain Dwellings . In 2006 he founded Bjarke Ingels Group , which grew to a staff of 400 by 2015 , with noted projects including the 8 House housing complex , VIA 57 West in Manhattan , the Google North Bayshore headquarters ( co-designed with Thomas Heatherwick ) , the Superkilen park , and the Amager Resource Center ( ARC ) waste-to-energy plant - the latter which incorporates both a ski slope and climbing wall on the building exterior . Since 2009 , Ingels has won numerous architectural competitions . He moved to New York City in 2012 , where in addition to the VIA 57 West , BIG won a design contest after Hurricane Sandy for improving Manhattan 's flood resistance , and are now designing the new Two World Trade Center building . Ingels and his company are the subject of the 2017 documentary BIG Time . In 2011 , the Wall Street Journal named Ingels Innovator of the Year for architecture . and in 2016 Time Magazine named him one of the 100 Most Influential People ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norman_Foster', 'summary': 'Norman Robert Foster , Baron Foster of Thames Bank , OM , RA ( born 1 June 1935 ) , is an English architect whose company , Foster + Partners , maintains an international design practice . He is the President of the Norman Foster Foundation . The Norman Foster Foundation promotes interdisciplinary thinking and research to help new generations of architects , designers and urbanists to anticipate the future . The foundation , which opened in June 2017 , is based in Madrid and operates globally . He is one of the most prolific British architects of his generation . In 1999 , he was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize , often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture .'}]}, {'value': '45 Broad Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/45_Broad_Street', 'summary': "45 Broad Street is a 68-story , 1,200-foot ( 370-meter ) supertall residential skyscraper on hold in the Financial District of Manhattan , New York , United States . The building will become Lower Manhattan 's tallest residential tower ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,200 ft ( 366 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set to become the tallest residential building in Downtown Manhattan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 DeKalb Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9_DeKalb_Avenue', 'summary': "9 DeKalb Avenue ( originally referred to as 340 Flatbush Avenue Extension ) is a supertall residential skyscraper under construction in Downtown Brooklyn , Brooklyn , New York City by Michael Stern 's JDS Development Group . When completed it will become the tallest structure in New York City outside Manhattan , as well as the first supertall building in Brooklyn ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,066 ft ( 325 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Upon completion , 9 DeKalb Avenue will become New York City 's tallest building outside of Manhattan , and give Brooklyn its first supertall skyscraper", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Spiral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Spiral_(New_York_City)', 'summary': 'The Spiral , also known as 66 Hudson Boulevard , is a 66-floor skyscraper under construction in Hudson Yards , Manhattan , New York City . The project was announced in 2016 by real estate developer Tishman Speyer as a 1,041 foot skyscraper with 2.85 million square feet and 66 floors . The tower is being designed by Danish architectural firm Bjarke Ingels Group , which also designed the nearby West 57 . The Spiral will be located on 34th Street between Hudson Boulevard and Tenth Avenue . When completed , The Spiral will join other developments made possible by rezoning , including Hudson Yards , 3 Hudson Boulevard and Manhattan West . A distinguishing feature of the proposed building is that each floor will have outdoor gardens that will spiral around the building .'}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,041 ft ( 317 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34th Street and 10th Avenue , at the north end of the High Line . Almost every floor will have its own outdoor terrace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Line', 'summary': "The High Line is a 1.45-mile-long ( 2.33 km ) elevated linear park , greenway and rail trail created on a former New York Central Railroad spur on the west side of Manhattan in New York City . The High Line 's design is a collaboration between James Corner Field Operations , Diller Scofidio + Renfro , and Piet Oudolf . The abandoned spur has been redesigned as a living system drawing from multiple disciplines which include landscape architecture , urban design , and ecology . Since opening in 2009 , the High Line has become an icon of contemporary landscape architecture . The park is built on a disused , southern viaduct section of the New York Central Railroad line known as the West Side Line . Originating in the Meatpacking District , the park runs from Gansevoort Street - three blocks below 14th Street - through Chelsea to the northern edge of the West Side Yard on 34th Street near the Javits Center . The West Side Line formerly extended south to a railroad terminal at Spring Street , just north of Canal Street , and north to 35th Street at the site of the Javits Center . The southern portion of the viaduct was demolished in segments during the late 20th century . Due to a decline in rail traffic along the rest of the viaduct , it was effectively abandoned in 1980 when the construction of the Javits Center required the demolition of the viaduct 's northernmost portion . The High Line was inspired by the 3-mile-long ( 4.8 km ) Promenade plantée ( tree-lined walkway ) , a similar project in Paris completed in 1993 . Repurposing the railway into an urban park began in 2006 and opened in phases during 2009 , 2011 , and 2014 . A short stub above Tenth Avenue and 30th Street was delayed for several years before finally opening on June 4 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '50 Hudson Yards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50_Hudson_Yards', 'summary': "50 Hudson Yards is a 58-story , 1,011-foot ( 308 m ) -tall building being developed as part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project in Hudson Yards , Manhattan , New York City . The building is to be located to the north of 30 Hudson Yards , and on the east side of the Hudson Park and Boulevard , adjacent to 55 Hudson Yards . It is expected to be completed in 2022 . When completed , 50 Hudson Yards will rank as the fourth largest office tower in New York City in terms of available leaseable area , with 2,900,000 square feet ( 270,000 m2 ) of commercial space . Located at the southwest corner of 34th Street and 10th Avenue , it will replace the drive-through McDonald 's that had long occupied the space ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,011 ft ( 308 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 Hudson Boulevard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3_Hudson_Boulevard', 'summary': "3 Hudson Boulevard ( previously known as GiraSole ) is a skyscraper under construction along the Hudson Park and Boulevard in the Hudson Yards and Hell 's Kitchen neighborhoods of Manhattan , New York City . Its developer is Joseph Moinian ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '987 ft ( 301 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formerly known as GiraSole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Chicago East Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Chicago_Square', 'summary': 'One Chicago ( formerly One Chicago Square ) is a development currently under construction in the River North neighborhood of Chicago . The complex will contain two towers connected by a central podium . When completed , the taller of the two towers will be the sixth-tallest structure in Chicago with anticipated 78 stories , although a final height has not been determined and a spire may be added to the design . The development has been approved by the Chicago Plan Commission for its zoning change and is proceeding as planned , containing up to 812 residential units , both apartments and condominiums . Planned tenants for the podium of the two towers include a Whole Foods Market and Lifestyle Fitness health club , as well as a restaurant and an event center catered toward receptions for weddings at Holy Name Cathedral . In April of 2019 , the developer JDL announced that the project name was changed from One Chicago Square to One Chicago to better connect the property to its address of 1 West Chicago Avenue .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '969 ft ( 295 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One River Point Towers 1 & 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}]}, {'value': '928 ft ( 283 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel/Residential complex consisting of twin condo towers . Construction began as of February 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hudson 's Site Development", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': '912 ft ( 278 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broke ground in December 2017 Estimated height increased October 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceanwide Center , Tower 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceanwide_Center,_San_Francisco', 'summary': 'Oceanwide Center is a mixed-use skyscraper complex under construction in the South of Market neighborhood of San Francisco , California , consisting of two towers .'}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': '905 ft ( 276 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Will be the second tallest building in San Francisco once completed , only behind the Salesforce Tower . Construction started December 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NEMA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NEMA_(Chicago)', 'summary': "NEMA ( Chicago ) ( also 1210 South Indiana and formerly 113 East Roosevelt or One Grant Park ) is a residential tower in Chicago , Illinois in the Central Station neighborhood , of the Near South Side . The tower , built by developer Crescent Heights , has 800 apartments and rises 896 feet ( 273.1 m ) making it the city 's tallest rental apartment building . NEMA is currently the eighth-tallest building in Chicago and the forty first-tallest building in the United States . It is the tallest all-rental residential building in the city . NEMA is designed by Rafael Viñoly as the first of a three phase development that includes an even taller 648-unit structure as the second phase and a 100-unit townhouse development with a public park as the third phase . Building interiors are designed by David Rockwell ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '892 ft ( 272 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rainier Square Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainier_Square_Tower', 'summary': 'Rainier Square Tower is a mixed-use skyscraper in the Metropolitan Tract of Downtown Seattle , Washington that is currently under construction . The 850-foot ( 260 m ) tall , 58-story tower will be located at Union Street between 4th and 5th Avenues adjacent to the existing Rainier Tower , and will be the second-tallest building in Seattle upon completion . The $ 600 million project is scheduled to be completed by 2020 , and will be the tallest building constructed in the city since 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': '849 ft ( 259 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proposed by Urban Visions and designed by NBBJ . Approved in 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBBJ', 'summary': 'NBBJ is an American global architecture , planning and design firm with offices in Beijing , Boston , Columbus , Hong Kong , London , Los Angeles , New York , Portland , Pune , San Francisco , Seattle , and Shanghai . NBBJ provides services in architecture , interiors , planning and urban design , branding , consulting , landscape design , and lighting . The firm is involved in multiple markets and building types including : civic , corporate , commercial , healthcare , higher education , science , sports , and transportation . It is the only architecture firm to be named a Global Growth Company by the World Economic Forum and a member of the New Cities Foundation . The firm accepted the Architecture 2030 challenge , a global initiative stating that all new buildings and major renovations reduce their fossil-fuel GHG-emitting consumption by 50 percent by 2010 , incrementally increasing the reduction for new buildings to carbon neutral by 2030 . In addition , the firm has been recognized by Engineering News-Record magazine as one of the most green architecture firms in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '2 Manhattan West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_West', 'summary': 'Manhattan West is a 5,400,000-square-foot ( 500,000 m2 ) mixed-use development by Brookfield Properties , being built as part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment . The project consists of two large office towers and two smaller residential towers , as well as a 1.5-acre ( 0.6-hectare ) public park . The towers are being built on a platform over Penn Station storage tracks along Ninth Avenue . The buildings are close to the Hudson Yards mega-development to the west across Tenth Avenue . Upon its completion , the taller west tower will extend 995 feet ( 303 m ) up to its roof and will be one of the tallest buildings in New York City .'}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '849 ft ( 259 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 X Guadalupe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '848 ft ( 258 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sutton 58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '847 ft ( 258 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aston Martin Residences', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}]}, {'value': '817 ft ( 249 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residential building in Miami under the Aston Martin brand name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston_Martin', 'summary': "Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc is a British independent manufacturer of luxury sports cars and grand tourers . It was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford . Steered from 1947 by David Brown , it became associated with expensive grand touring cars in the 1950s and 1960s , and with the fictional character James Bond following his use of a DB5 model in the 1964 film Goldfinger . Their sports cars are regarded as a British cultural icon . Aston Martin has held a Royal Warrant as purveyor of motorcars to the Prince of Wales since 1982 . It has over 150 car dealerships in over 50 countries on six continents , making them a global automobile brand . The company is traded at the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index . In 2003 it received the Queen 's Award for Enterprise for outstanding contribution to international trade . Aston Martin primarily operates on three sites . The headquarters and main production of its sports cars and grand tourers are in a 22-hectare ( 55-acre ) facility in Gaydon , Warwickshire , England , on the site of a former RAF V Bomber airbase alongside one of Jaguar Land Rover 's development centres . The 36-hectare ( 90-acre ) factory in St. Athan , Wales is the production site of the company 's first-ever SUV the DBX and future Lagonda models , and the old plant in Newport Pagnell now serves as the home of the Aston Martin Works classic car department . Aston Martin has announced plans to turn itself into a global luxury brand , and is increasingly branching out into projects including speed boats , bicycles , clothing and real estate development , even submarines and aircraft , mostly on a licensing basis ."}]}, {'value': '110 North Wacker Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '800 ft ( 244 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bank of America will be the building 's anchor tenant", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_of_America', 'summary': "The Bank of America Corporation ( abbreviated as BofA ) is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina , with central hubs in New York City , London , Hong Kong , Minneapolis , and Toronto . Founded in San Francisco , Bank of America was formed through NationsBank 's acquisition of BankAmerica in 1998 . It is the second largest banking institution in the United States , after JPMorgan Chase . As a part of the Big Four , it services approximately 10.73% of all American bank deposits , in direct competition with Citigroup , Wells Fargo , and JPMorgan Chase . Its primary financial services revolve around commercial banking , wealth management , and investment banking . One branch of its history stretches back to Bank of Italy , founded by Amadeo Pietro Giannini in 1904 , which provided Italian immigrants who faced service discrimination various banking options . Originally headquartered in San Francisco , California , Giannini acquired Banca d'America e d'Italia ( Bank of America and Italy ) in 1922 . The passage of landmark federal banking legislation facilitated rapid growth in the 1950s , quickly establishing a prominent market share . After suffering a significant loss after the 1998 Russian bond default , BankAmerica , as it was then known , was acquired by the Charlotte-based NationsBank for US $ 62 billion . Following what was then the largest bank acquisition in history , the Bank of America Corporation was founded . Through a series of mergers and acquisitions , it built upon its commercial banking business by establishing Merrill Lynch for wealth management and Bank of America Merrill Lynch for investment banking in 2008 and 2009 , respectively ( since renamed BofA Securities ) . Both Bank of America and Merrill Lynch Wealth Management retain large market shares in their respective offerings ."}]}, {'value': 'Skyline Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skyline_Tower_(Queens)', 'summary': 'Skyline Tower , previously known as Court Square City View Tower , is a residential skyscraper under construction in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens , New York City . The building topped out in October 2019 , surpassing One Court Square to become the tallest building in Queens , at 778 feet ( 237 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '778 ft ( 237 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also known as Court Square City View Tower . It will become the tallest building in Queens upon completion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50 West 66th Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50_West_66th_Street', 'summary': '50 West 66th Street is a skyscraper planned for the Upper West Side in Manhattan , New York City . It is being developed by Extell Development Company and designed by Snøhetta . The building is more contextual than other Extell developments . The building was originally to be 25 stories , but the plans were later changed . When plans for an enlarged tower were released in late 2017 , the tower faced immediate opposition by those living in the neighborhood . The city approved the tower , overriding neighborhood opposition , in December 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '775 ft ( 236 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2021', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Would become the tallest building in the Upper West Side upon completion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Journal Squared Tower 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Journal_Squared', 'summary': 'Journal Squared , or J2 , is a retail and 3-tower residential complex under construction at Journal Square in Jersey City , New Jersey Upon completion , the complex will consist of a 54-story , 60-story , and 70-story building , among the tallest buildings in the state .'}]}, {'value': 'Jersey City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jersey_City', 'summary': "Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey , after Newark . It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the county 's largest city . As of 2018 , the Census Bureau 's Population Estimates Program calculated that Jersey City 's population was 265,549 , with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010 , an increase of about 9.4% from the 2010 United States Census , when the city 's population was at 247,597 , ranking the city the 78th-most-populous in the nation . Part of the New York metropolitan area , Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay . A port of entry , with 30.7 miles ( 49.4 km ) of waterfront and extensive rail infrastructure and connectivity , the city is an important transportation terminus and distribution and manufacturing center for the Port of New York and New Jersey . Jersey City shares significant mass transit connections with Manhattan . Redevelopment of the Jersey City waterfront has made the city one of the largest centers of banking and finance in the United States and has led to the district being nicknamed Wall Street West . After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census , the city 's population saw a half-century-long decline to a nadir of 223,532 in the 1980 Census . Since then , the city 's population has rebounded , with the 2010 population reflecting an increase of 7,542 ( +3.1% ) from the 240,055 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 11,518 ( +5.0% ) from the 228,537 counted in the 1990 Census ."}]}, {'value': '759 ft ( 231 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tallest under construction , approved and proposed -- Under construction', 'section_text': 'This lists buildings that are under construction in the United States and are planned to rise at least 700 feet ( 213 m ) . Buildings that have already been topped out are excluded .', 'uid': 'List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States_3', 'intro': "The world's first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1885. Since then, the United States has been home to some of the world's tallest skyscrapers. Eleven American buildings have held the title of tallest building in the world (9 in New York City). New York City and Chicago have always been the centers of American skyscraper building. The 10-story Home Insurance Building, built in Chicago in 1885, is regarded as the world's first skyscraper; the building was constructed using a novel steel-loadbearing frame which became a standard of the industry worldwide. Since its topping out in 2013, One World Trade Center in New York City has been the tallest skyscraper in the United States. Its spire brings the structure to a symbolic architectural height of 1,776 feet (541 m), connoting the year the U.S. Declaration of Independence was signed, though the absolute tip (or pinnacle) of the structure is measured at 1,792 ft (546 m). However, the observation deck elevation and highest occupied floor of One World Trade Center are surpassed by 432 Park Avenue and Chicago's Willis Tower (formerly and still commonly known as the Sears Tower). Steinway Tower, and Central Park Tower will also have higher occupied floors and roofs upon their completion. Prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City, the twin towers of the World Trade Center occupied the second and third positions on the list below, behind Willis Tower. The North Tower stood at 1,368 feet (417 m), while the South Tower was 1,362 feet (415 m) tall."} | null | null | Who designed the 775 ft tower in New York City ? | Snøhetta |
0576ecf0bf073278 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA', 'title': 'Miss Teen USA', 'header': ['Year', '1st runner-up', 'State Represented', 'Hometown', 'Age'], 'data': [{'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1983', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1983 , the first ever Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Lakeland Civic Auditorium in Lakeland , Florida on 30 August 1983 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Ruth Zakarian of New York was crowned Miss Teen USA , by Miss USA 1983 Julie Hayek and Miss Universe 1983 Lorraine Downes .'}]}, {'value': 'Tina Marrocco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Virginia_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Virginia Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Virginia in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Virginia is one of the more successful states at Miss Teen USA , and is placed in the top twenty in terms of number and value of placements . Their most successful decade was the 1980s . No Miss Virginia Teen USA has won the Miss Teen USA crown , but their highest placement came in the first year of competition , when Tina Marrocco placed 1st runner-up to Ruth Zakarian of New York . Virginia ties the record for the most Teens to cross over to win the Miss Virginia USA title and compete at Miss USA with eight in all . One of these is Kristi Lauren Glakas , a Triple Crown winner who competed at Miss USA 2004 and placed 3rd runner-up at Miss America 2006 . Amya Caldwell of Charlottesville was crowned Miss Virginia Teen USA 2020 on January 19 , 2020 at the Carpenter Theater in Richmond . She will represent Virginia for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'McLean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLean,_Virginia', 'summary': 'McLean ( /məˈkleɪn/ mə-KLAYN ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Fairfax County in Northern Virginia . McLean is home to many diplomats , businesspeople , members of Congress , and high-ranking government officials partially due to its proximity to Washington , D.C. and the Central Intelligence Agency . It is the location of Hickory Hill , the former home of Ethel Kennedy , the widow of Robert F. Kennedy . It is also the location of Salona , the former home of Light-Horse Harry Lee , the Revolutionary War hero . The community had an estimated total population of 53,673 in 2015 , according to estimates prepared by the United States Census Bureau . It is located between the Potomac River and the town of Vienna . McLean is often distinguished by its luxury homes and its nearby high-profit shopping destinations : the Tysons Corner Center and the Tysons Galleria . The two McLean zip codes - 22101 and 22102 - are among the most expensive ZIP Codes in Virginia and the United States . In 2018 , data from the American Community Survey revealed that McLean was the 3rd wealthiest city in the United States , based on its poverty rate of 2.6% and its median household income of $ 190,258 .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1984', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1984 , the second Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Memphis Cook Convention Center , Memphis , Tennessee on 3 April 1984 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Cherise Haugen of Illinois was crowned by outgoing queen Ruth Zakarian of New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Malia Yamamura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Hawaii_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Hawaii Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Hawaii in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Although Hawaii has made the cut fewer times than many states , they have achieved a number of high placings . Hawaii Teen USAs have been quite successful at Miss Teen USA , and are ranked fifteenth in terms of number and value of placements and were ranked third in the 1980s . Kelly Hu won the competition in 1985 and two Hawaii teens have placed 1st runner-up . Kelly Hu was the first Hawaii teen to cross over to Miss Hawaii USA , and she was also the most successful . Only two other Teens have competed at Miss USA . Kiʻilani Arruda of Kapaʻi was crowned Miss Hawaii Teen USA 2020 on November 10 , 2019 at Hawaii Convention Center in Honolulu . She will represent Hawaii for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Honolulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honolulu', 'summary': 'Honolulu ( /ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/ ; Hawaiian : [ honoˈlulu ] ) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii . It is an unincorporated part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu along the southeast coast of the island of Oʻahu . [ a ] The city is the main gateway to Hawaiʻi and a major portal into the United States . The city is also a major hub for international business and military defense , as well as being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific cultures , cuisine , and traditions . Honolulu is the remotest city of its size in the world , and is the westernmost and southernmost major U.S. city . For statistical purposes , the United States Census Bureau recognizes the approximate area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu ( not to be confused with the City and County ) as a census county division ( CCD ) . Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean . The population of the Honolulu census designated place ( CDP ) was 359,870 as of the 2017 population estimate , while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738 and the population of the consolidated city and county was 953,207 . Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port in Hawaiian . The old name is Kou , a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuʻuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district . The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan near the city on December 7 , 1941 . As of 2015 [ update ] , Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings , and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U.S .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1985', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1985 , the third Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the James L. Knight International Center Arena in Miami , Florida on 22 January 1985 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Kelly Hu of Hawaii was crowned by outgoing queen Cherise Haugen of Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'Emily Ernst', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wyoming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Wyoming_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Wyoming Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Wyoming in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Wyoming 's highest placement was at Miss Teen USA 1985 when Emily Ernst placed first runner-up to Kelly Hu of Hawaii . Five Miss Wyoming Teen USA winners have gone on to win the Miss Wyoming USA title and compete at Miss USA . Baylee Drewry of Greybull was crowned Miss Wyoming Teen USA 2020 on September 14 , 2019 at John F. Welsh Auditorium on Natrona County High School in Casper . She will represent Wyoming for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 on the spring of 2020 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Gillette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gillette,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Gillette is a city in and the county seat of Campbell County , Wyoming , United States . The population was estimated at 30,560 as of July 1 , 2017 . Gillette is centrally located in an area involved with the development of vast quantities of American coal , oil , and coalbed methane gas . The city calls itself the Energy Capital of the Nation , noting that the state of Wyoming provides nearly 35% of the nation 's coal . Over the last decade , Gillette had a population increase of 48% from the 2000 census of 19,646 residents ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1986', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1986 , the 4th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Ocean Center , Daytona Beach , Florida on January 21 , 1986 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Allison Brown of Oklahoma was crowned by outgoing queen Kelly Hu of Hawaii . This was the first year the pageant was held in Daytona Beach , although it had been staged in Miami the previous year . The pageant was hosted by Michael Young , the host from 1983-1984 who returned from hosting after a break in 1985 . Colour commentary was provided by Morgan Brittany , and there was entertainment from The Commodores .'}]}, {'value': 'Becky Pestana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Texas_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Texas Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Texas in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is part of the Miss Universe Organization , owned by William Morris Endeavor ( also known as WME ) . Texas is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Alongside Oregon they are the only two states to have produced three winners . Anissa Mendez of Laredo was crowned Miss Texas Teen USA 2020 on December 1 , 2019 at Hilton Post Oak Hotel in Houston . She will represent Texas for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1987', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1987 , the 5th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from El Paso Civic Center , El Paso , Texas on July 21 , 1987 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Kristi Lynn Addis of Mississippi was crowned by outgoing queen Allison Brown of Oklahoma . This was the only year that the pageant was held in El Paso . It would not return to Texas until Miss Teen USA 1997 , the first of three years it was held on South Padre Island . The 1987 event was hosted by Michael Young , with colour commentary from Tracy Scoggins .'}]}, {'value': 'Peggy Blackwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_North_Carolina_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss North Carolina Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of North Carolina in the Miss Teen USA pageant and is part of the RPM Productions group . North Carolina has been moderately successful at Miss Teen USA , but has never won the title . Their best placement was in 1987 , 2006 and 2016 when Peggy Blackwell , Melissa Lingafelt and Emily Wakeman placed first runner-up respectively . North Carolina 's greatest success came from the mid-1980s to early 1990s . Their most recent placement came in 2016 , when Emily Wakeman placed first runner-up . Five Miss North Carolina Teen USA 's has crossed over to win the Miss North Carolina USA title . The first was Chelsea Cooley , who went on to win the Miss USA title and place in the top 10 at Miss Universe . The second was Erin O ' Kelley , Miss North Carolina Teen USA 2001 who made the top 15 at Miss USA 2007 . The third was Julia Dalton who was a second runner up in Miss Teen USA 2008 . However , she did n't place at Miss USA 2015 . And the fourth was Katie Coble , a second runner up in Miss Teen USA 2007 and a non finalist in Miss USA 2017 . The fifth was Jane Axhoj , a second runner up in Miss Teen USA 2015 and will be pending to place in Miss USA 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fayetteville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Fayetteville ( /ˈfeɪətˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . It is the county seat of Cumberland County , and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city . Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 , with an estimated population of 209,468 in 2018 . It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region , on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people , the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina , and the fifth-largest in the state . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . Fayetteville 's mayor is Mitch Colvin , who is serving his first term ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1988', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1988 , the sixth Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from San Bernardino , California on July 25 , 1988 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Mindy Duncan of Oregon was crowned by outgoing queen Kristi Addis of Mississippi . This was the first of two years the pageant was held in San Bernardino . It was hosted by Dick Clark for the first time , He would later host the Miss USA Pageants from 1989 to 1993 and Miss Universe Pageants from 1990 to 1993 and returned to The Miss Teen USA Pageants in 1991 on CBS and remained as host until 1993 , with color commentary from Tracy Scoggins .'}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Collins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Collins_(actress_born_1971)', 'summary': "Jessica Collins ( born Jessica Lynn Capogna ; April 1 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She is best known for portraying Dinah Lee Mayberry on the ABC soap opera Loving ( 1991-1994 ) and Avery Bailey Clark on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless ( 2011-2015 ) . She also starred as Meredith Davies on Fox 's Tru Calling , and appeared in recurring and guest roles in many other shows ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_New_York_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss New York Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of New York in the Miss Teen USA pageant . It is directed by D & D Productions . New York is in the top 10 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . The first Miss Teen USA competition was won by a Miss New York Teen USA . That winner was Ruth Zakarian , who went on to be an actress . Two New York teens have also placed 1st runner-up in the Miss Teen USA pageant . [ citation needed ] Five New York teens have also competed at Miss USA , including Zakarian who competed as Miss Teen USA in the Miss USA competition ( a short-lived tradition gave four Miss Teen USA titleholders this opportunity in the early 1980s ) . Two won the Miss New York USA crown , and one won the Miss Vermont USA title . [ citation needed ] In 1998 , Kimberly Pressler , Miss New York Teen USA 1994 , won the Miss New York USA 1999 title and went on to win the Miss USA 1999 pageant held in February the following year . Pressler later competed at Miss Universe 1999 and was the first Miss USA to miss the cut at Miss Universe since 1976 . [ citation needed ] New York is also one of only five states to have won the Miss Congeniality award at least two times . [ citation needed ] Maya Dominguez of Yonkers was crowned Miss New York Teen USA 2020 on January 19 , 2020 at The Performing Arts Center in Purchase College in Harrison .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam_(city),_New_York', 'summary': 'Amsterdam is a city in Montgomery County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 18,620 . The city is named after Amsterdam in the Netherlands . The City of Amsterdam is surrounded on the north , east , and west sides by the town of Amsterdam . The city developed on both sides of the Mohawk River , with the majority located on the north bank . The Port Jackson area on the south side is also part of the city .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1989', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1989 , the 7th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Orange Pavilion , San Bernardino , California on July 25 , 1989 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Brandi Sherwood of Idaho was crowned by outgoing titleholder Mindy Duncan of Oregon . This was the second and final year the pageant was held in San Bernardino . It was hosted by Wil Shriner , with color commentary from Marcia Strassman and Angela Visser , Miss Universe 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kristie Dawn Hicks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Kentucky_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Kentucky Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Kentucky in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Mattie Barker of Louisville was crowned Miss Kentucky Teen USA 2020 on February 1 , 2020 at The Center for Rural Development in Somerset . She will represent Kentucky for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bardstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bardstown,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Bardstown is a home rule-class city in Nelson County , Kentucky , United States . The population was recorded as 11,700 by the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Nelson County . It is named for the pioneering Bard brothers . David Bard obtained a 1,000 acres ( 400 ha ) land grant in 1785 in what was then Jefferson County , Virginia , from Governor Patrick Henry . William Bard surveyed and platted the town . It was originally chartered as Baird 's Town in 1788 , and has also been known as Beardstown , and Beards Town ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1990', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1990 , the eighth Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum , Biloxi , Mississippi on July 16 , 1990 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Bridgette Wilson of Oregon was crowned by outgoing titleholder Brandi Sherwood of Idaho . 1990 marked the year that Oregon won the pageant for the second of three times in the history of the pageant . Oregon and Texas are the only states that have won more than two Miss Teen USA titles , Oregon : Mindy Duncan in 1988 , Bridgette Wilson in 1990 and Tami Farrell in 2003 . Texas : Christie Lee Woods in 1996 , Danielle Doty in 2011 , and Karlie Hay in 2016 . This was the first year the pageant was held at the Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , where it would be held for the following four years . Sandy Duncan hosted the event for the only time , with color commentary by Leeza Gibbons and Miss Teen USA 1985 Kelly Hu . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra . Duncan was the first female host of an American beauty pageant .'}]}, {'value': 'Marla Johnson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alaska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Alaska_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'Miss Alaska Teen USA is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Alaska in the Miss Teen USA pageant and the name of the title held by that winner . The pageant is part of the Miss Universe Organization which also holds the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants . The Miss Alaska Teen USA pageant is generally held in the late fall or early winter in Anchorage , Alaska together with the Miss Alaska USA . The current directors are former titleholders and sisters Rachel Saldana ( 2002 ) and Sonja Garness ( 2005 ) . There are three categories of competition which include Personality Interview , Swimsuit , and Evening gown . The fourth judging category is the on-stage impromptu question that is completed by the top five finalists . Alaska has never won Miss Teen USA title , with only three teens making the semi-finals or better . However , Marla Johnston placed 1st runner-up to Bridgette Wilson of Oregon at Miss Teen USA 1990 . The other two placements are recent , coming in 2003 and 2005 . Alaska has not won any special awards . Three Alaska teens later won the Miss Alaska USA title . Jadyn Fraser of Alaska was crowned Miss Alaska Teen USA 2020 on November 2 , 2019 at Wendy Williamson Auditorium on the UAA Campus in Anchorage .'}]}, {'value': 'Anchorage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska', 'summary': "Anchorage ( officially called the Municipality of Anchorage ; Dena'ina : Dgheyay Kaq ' ) is a unified home rule municipality in the U.S. state of Alaska , on the West Coast of the United States . With an estimated 291,538 residents in 2018 , it is Alaska 's most populous city and contains more than 40% of the state 's population ; among the 50 states , only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in its most populous city . The Anchorage metropolitan area , which includes Anchorage and the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough , had a population of 399,148 in 2018 , accounting for more than half the state 's population . At 1,706 square miles ( 4,420 km2 ) of land area , the city is the fourth-largest by area in the United States and larger than the smallest state , Rhode Island , which has 1,212 square miles ( 3,140 km2 ) . Anchorage is in Southcentral Alaska , at the terminus of the Cook Inlet , on a peninsula formed by the Knik Arm to the north and the Turnagain Arm to the south . The city limits span 1,961.1 square miles ( 5,079.2 km2 ) , encompassing the urban core , a joint military base , several outlying communities and almost all of Chugach State Park . Due to its location , almost equidistant from New York City and Tokyo , Anchorage lies within \u200b9 1⁄2 hours by air of nearly 90% of the industrialized world . For this reason , Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a common refueling stop for international cargo flights and home to a major FedEx hub , which the company calls a critical part of its global network of services . Anchorage has won the All-America City Award four times : in 1956 , 1965 , 1984-85 , and 2002 , from the National Civic League . Kiplinger has named it the United States ' most tax-friendly city ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1991', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1991 , the 9th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , Mississippi on 19 August 1991 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Janel Bishop of New Hampshire was crowned by outgoing titleholder Bridgette Wilson of Oregon . Bishop is the first African American winner ever and the first titleholder from New Hampshire . The pageant was hosted by Dick Clark ( who last hosted it in 1988 and was already also hosting Miss USA & Miss Universe Pageants on CBS ) , with color commentary by Leeza Gibbons and Miss Teen USA 1985 Kelly Hu for the second time . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra . This was the second of five years that the pageant was held in Biloxi . After the city hosted Miss Teen USA 1990 , it entered negotiations with the Miss Universe company in October 1990 to host the pageant for a further four years , and an announcement to that effect was made in early November .'}]}, {'value': 'Meredith Young', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Georgia_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Georgia Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Georgia in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is directed Greenwood Productions under the ownership of Miss Tennessee USA 1989 Kim Greenwood . The pageant is hosted on McDonough , Georgia . Georgia is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Despite this , like their sister pageant , Miss Georgia USA , they have never won the competition despite having placed 2nd , 3rd , 4th , and 5th as well as several finalist and semi-finalist spots . They have never won any of the main awards , but did win Style awards in 1999 and 2000 . Four Georgia teens later won the Miss Georgia USA crown , and two others won the Miss Indiana USA and Miss Virginia USA titles , respectively . Kelly Jerles , the first Miss Georgia Teen USA , became the first Teen titleholder to compete at Miss America , representing Georgia in 1987 . Another Georgia teen also competed for Alabama at that pageant . Shayla Jackson of Valdosta was crowned Miss Georgia Teen USA 2020 on November 23 , 2019 at Henry County Performing Arts Center Theatre in McDonough . She will represent Georgia for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cairo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cairo,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Cairo ( /ˈkeɪroʊ/ ) is a city in Grady County , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 9,607 . The city is the county seat of Grady County .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1992', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1992 , the 10th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Mississippi Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , Mississippi on 25 August 1992 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Jamie Solinger of Iowa was crowned by outgoing queen Janel Bishop of New Hampshire . Jamie is the first Miss Teen USA from Iowa . The pageant was hosted by Dick Clark for the third of four years , with color commentary by Leeza Gibbons in her third and final year , and Miss Teen USA 1990 Bridgette Wilson , for the only time . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra for the third consecutive year .'}]}, {'value': 'Angela Logan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Oklahoma_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Oklahoma Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Oklahoma in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is directed by Vanbros and Associates , headquartered in Lenexa , Kansas . In 1997 , Oklahoma joined the Vanbros group of state pageants for the Miss USA and Teen USA system . Oklahoma is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Oklahoma 's best performance came in the 1980s through the early 1990s . After Oklahoma was taken over by Vanbros there was a six-year lapse , before Nikki Carver brought the state back into the semi-finals in 2003 . The state 's most recent placement was in 2019 , when Abigail Billings finished in the top 15 . Oklahoma has produced one Miss Teen USA , Allison Brown , who won in 1986 . Four Oklahoma teens have crossed over to win the Miss Oklahoma USA title and compete at Miss USA , with Morgan Woolard being the most successful with a 1st runner-up placement at Miss USA 2010 . Danika Christopherson of Lawton was crowned Miss Oklahoma Teen USA 2020 on December 22 , 2019 at The Grand Casino Hotel Resort in Shawnee . She will represent Oklahoma for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_City', 'summary': "Oklahoma City ( /oʊkləˌhoʊmə -/ ) , often shortened to OKC , is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The county seat of Oklahoma County , the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population . The population grew following the 2010 Census , with the population estimated to have increased to 649,021 as of July 2018 . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,396,445 , and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,469,124 residents , making it Oklahoma 's largest municipality and metropolitan area by population . Oklahoma City 's city limits extend somewhat into Canadian , Cleveland , and Pottawatomie counties , though much of those areas outside the core Oklahoma County area are suburban tracts or protected rural zones ( watershed ) . The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by total area when including consolidated city-counties ; it is the second largest city in the United States by total area , following Houston , when not including consolidated cities . Lying in the Great Plains region , Oklahoma City has one of the world 's largest livestock markets . Oil , natural gas , petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy . The city is in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds . The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation 's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center ( these two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department 's Enterprise Service Center , respectively ) . Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor , which is one of the primary travel corridors south into neighboring Texas and Mexico and north towards Wichita and Kansas City . Located in the state 's Frontier Country region , the city 's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1993', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1993 , the 11th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , Mississippi on 10 August 1993 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Charlotte Lopez of Vermont was crowned by outgoing titleholder Jamie Solinger of Iowa . The pageant was hosted by Dick Clark for the fourth and final year , with color commentary by Arthel Neville and Miss Teen USA 1985 Kelly Hu for the final time . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra . This was the fourth of five years that the pageant was held in Biloxi . Contestants arrived on 26 June and were involved in two weeks of events and preliminary competition prior to the final broadcast , such as pre-taping scenes along the Mississippi coast , and being involved in an autograph signing party .'}]}, {'value': 'Kelly Lloyd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Indiana_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Indiana Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Indiana in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is independently conducted and produced by Sanders & Associates based in Buckhannon , West Virginia . Indiana had a slow start at Miss Teen USA , and did not place until 1991 . That placement became the first of a four-year streak , which included three semi-finalist and one 1st runner-up placings . Six Indiana teens have gone on to win the Miss Indiana USA crown , more than most other states . The most successful of these , Kelly Lloyd , who achieved Indiana 's highest ever Miss Teen USA placement also went on to earn one of Miss Indiana USA 's highest placements in 2002 . Even more notable , Lloyd was a Triple Crown winner . Jinnie Tomes of Indianapolis was crowned Miss Indiana Teen USA 2020 on November 24 , 2019 at Grand Wayne Convention Center in Fort Wayne . She will represent Indiana for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1994', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1994 , the 12th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , Mississippi on 16 August 1994 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Shauna Gambill of California was crowned by outgoing queen Charlotte Lopez of Vermont . The pageant was hosted by Bob Goen for the first of three years , with color commentary by Daisy Fuentes and Jamie Solinger , Miss Teen USA 1992 . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra . This was the fifth and final year that the pageant was held in Biloxi .'}]}, {'value': 'Whitney Fuller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Georgia_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Georgia Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Georgia in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is directed Greenwood Productions under the ownership of Miss Tennessee USA 1989 Kim Greenwood . The pageant is hosted on McDonough , Georgia . Georgia is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Despite this , like their sister pageant , Miss Georgia USA , they have never won the competition despite having placed 2nd , 3rd , 4th , and 5th as well as several finalist and semi-finalist spots . They have never won any of the main awards , but did win Style awards in 1999 and 2000 . Four Georgia teens later won the Miss Georgia USA crown , and two others won the Miss Indiana USA and Miss Virginia USA titles , respectively . Kelly Jerles , the first Miss Georgia Teen USA , became the first Teen titleholder to compete at Miss America , representing Georgia in 1987 . Another Georgia teen also competed for Alabama at that pageant . Shayla Jackson of Valdosta was crowned Miss Georgia Teen USA 2020 on November 23 , 2019 at Henry County Performing Arts Center Theatre in McDonough . She will represent Georgia for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sautee Nacoochee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sautee_Nacoochee,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Sautee Nacoochee ( or Sautee-Nacoochee ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in White County , Georgia , United States , near Sautee Creek in the Appalachian foothills of northeast Georgia , approximately 95 miles ( 153 km ) north of Atlanta . The nearest incorporated town is the tourist destination of Helen .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1995', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1995 , the 13th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Century II Convention Center in Wichita , Kansas on 15 August 1995 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Keylee Sue Sanders of Kansas was crowned by outgoing queen Shauna Gambill of California . The pageant was hosted by Bob Goen for the second year , with color commentary by Maty Monfort and entertainment by All-4-One . This was the only year that the pageant was held in Wichita , which also held the Miss USA pageant from 1990-1994 , and it was the first time that a delegate won the Miss Teen USA title in her home state .'}]}, {'value': 'Katie Aselton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katie_Aselton', 'summary': "Kathryn Aselton ( born October 1 , 1978 ) is an American actress , film director and producer . She directed and co-starred in The Freebie , which was shown in the non-competition Next category at the Sundance Film Festival in 2010 . She also starred in the FX sitcom The League for its seven season run from 2009 to 2015 , and in the first two seasons of FX 's Marvel Comics X-Men drama Legion ."}]}, {'value': 'Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Maine_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Maine Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Maine in the Miss Teen USA pageant . The pageant is directed by The Clemente Organization . Maine is one of the least successful states at Miss Teen USA , having placed only four times . Their highest placement was in 1995 , when Katie Aselton finished 1st runner-up to Keylee Sue Sanders . Four Maine teens have gone on to win the Miss Maine USA title , and five competed at Miss USA . Grace Morey of Deer Isle was crowned Miss Maine Teen USA 2020 on November 10 , 2019 at Portland Marriott at Sable Oaks in Portland . She will represent Maine for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Milbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milbridge,_Maine', 'summary': 'Milbridge is a town in Washington County , Maine , United States at the mouth of the Narraguagus River . The population was 1,353 at the 2010 census . The town was incorporated in 1848 .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1996', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1996 , the 14th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Las Cruces , New Mexico on 21 August 1996 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Christie Lee Woods of Texas was crowned by outgoing queen Keylee Sue Sanders of Kansas . The pageant was hosted by Bob Goen for the third and final year , with color commentary by Shari Belafonte and entertainment from The Monkees . This was the only year that the pageant was held in Las Cruces , although Albuquerque had previously played host to the 1987 Miss USA pageant .'}]}, {'value': 'Patricia Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Pennsylvania_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Pennsylvania Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Pennsylvania in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is independently conducted and produced by Sanders & Associates , Inc. , dba- Pageant Associates based in Buckhannon , West Virginia . Pennsylvania has been reasonably successful at Miss Teen USA . Their best decade was the 1990s , when they ranked fifth-equal in terms of number and value of placements . All but three of this state 's placements came in the 1990s , with only one placement in the 1980s and two in the 2000s . The placement in 2000 was their best , however , when Jillian Parry captured the Miss Teen USA crown . Three Pennsylvania teens have crossed over to win the Miss Pennsylvania USA title and compete at Miss USA . Kiara Lin of Cranberry Township was crowned Miss Pennsylvania Teen USA 2020 on November 3 , 2019 at Pasquerilla Performing Arts Center in Johnstown . She will represent Pennsylvania for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1997', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1997 , the 15th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from South Padre Island , Texas on 20 August , 1997 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Shelly Moore of Tennessee was crowned by outgoing queen Christie Lee Woods of Texas . The pageant was hosted by J. Eddie Peck , with color commentary by Ivanka Trump , daughter of new pageant owner Donald Trump . This was the first year since 1988 that there was no special entertainment .'}]}, {'value': 'Autumn Waterbury', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Illinois_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Illinois Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Illinois in the Miss Teen USA pageant . It is directed by Vanbros and Associates and is previously directed by D & D Productions from 2001 to 2014 before becoming part of Vanbros organization in 2014 , headquartered in Lenexa , Kansas . Illinois is in the top ten states in terms of number and value of placements over the thirty-seven years of the Miss Teen USA competition . Illinois ties with Florida for the most Miss Photogenic awards won at Miss Teen USA ( 3 ) and has won more awards than any other state . Like the Miss USA Pageant , Illinois went on to win the Miss Teen USA title in the second edition of the pageant . Three Illinois teens have competed at Miss USA , although none won the Miss Illinois USA title . The first was Cherise Haugen , Illinois ' only Miss Teen USA , who competed as Miss Teen USA at the 1985 pageant ( the first few Miss Teen USAs were given this opportunity ) . Later two more would compete at the Miss USA pageant , representing Vanbros states : Terri Bollinger represented Missouri in 1999 and Anne-Marie Dixon Oklahoma in 1998 . Vanbros is a pageant production company that owns the Miss Teen USA franchises for , and produces and directs , several state pageants in the Midwest . The Miss Illinois Teen USA Pageant has been the single largest official state preliminary competition with over 150 contestants every year since at least 2002 and has always ranked among the top ten largest state preliminary pageants . [ citation needed ] Victoria Blair Rhemrev of Chicago was crowned Miss Illinois Teen USA 2020 on September 2 , 2019 at Braden Auditorium in Bloomington-Normal . She will represent Illinois for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 on the spring of 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Marion is a city in and the county seat of Williamson County , Illinois , United States . The population was 17,193 at the 2010 census . It is part of a dispersed urban area that developed out of the early 20th-century coal fields . Today Marion serves as the largest retail trade center in Southern Illinois with its central location along Interstate 57 and Illinois Route 13 . It is home to the Illinois Star Centre mall and the Southern Illinois Miners baseball team . It was dubbed the Hub of the Universe by former mayor the late Robert L. Butler . The city is part of the Marion-Herrin Micropolitan Area and is a part of the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin , Illinois Combined Statistical Area with 123,272 residents , the sixth most populous Combined statistical area in Illinois .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1998', 'summary': "Miss Teen USA 1998 , the 16th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Shreveport , Louisiana on 17 August 1998 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Vanessa Minnillo of South Carolina was crowned by outgoing queen Shelly Moore of Tennessee . The pageant was hosted by Mario Lopez with color commentary by Ali Landry and Julie Moran . Landry held the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1990 , Miss Louisiana USA 1996 and Miss USA 1996 titles , making the semi-finals at Miss Teen USA 1990 pageant before winning Miss USA 1996 . During the pageant there was entertainment by N'Sync ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridgett Jordan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Tennessee_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Tennessee Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state Tennessee in the Miss Teen USA pageant . The pageant is directed by Greenwood Productions under the ownership of Miss Tennessee USA 1989 , Kimberly Payne Greenwood , since 1992 . Tennessee is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . In the 1990s , they were placed first . They have the third ( equal ) highest number of semi-finalist ( or better ) placings and are one of only five states to have received more than three awards . Five Tennessee teens have gone on to win the Miss Tennessee USA title and compete at Miss USA , including Lynnette Cole , who won the Miss USA title in 2000 and Rachel Smith , Miss USA 2007 . Both Cole and Smith won Miss Photogenic awards at Miss Teen USA , each five years prior to their Miss USA win . This makes Miss Tennessee Teen USA the only state and pageant to have two Miss USAs win the Miss Photogenic award at Miss Teen USA . Ansley Ecker of Memphis was crowned Miss Tennessee Teen USA 2020 on October 12 , 2019 at Austin Peay State University in Clarksville . She will represent Tennessee for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 on the spring of 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Collierville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Collierville is a town in Shelby County , Tennessee , United States , and a suburb located in the Memphis metropolitan area . It had a population of 43,965 at the 2010 census , making it the state 's largest town by population in that Census . Collierville is a town of large houses and considerable retail expansion . Smaller , older houses are still found in the heart of Collierville , mainly between Byhalia Road and Collierville-Arlington on the east and west and Shelton and Highway 72 on the north and south . Some industry , notably Pepsi and Carrier , still dots the areas located south of Poplar Avenue . The town is also home to the Avenue at Carriage Crossing , an 800,000+ sq ft shopping center that opened in October 2005 . Baptist Hospital , Collierville , serves the medical needs of the town 's residents . Collierville will become part of the Interstate 69 highway plan integrating Bill Morris Parkway ( SR 385 ) as Interstate 269 , part of this USDOT project linking Canada and Mexico with the United States . Collierville was chosen as one of Relocate-America 's Top 100 Places to Live in 2008 . In 2014 , Collierville 's historic town square was ranked by Parade Magazine as the Best Main Street in America ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1999', 'summary': "Miss Teen USA 1999 , the 17th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Shreveport , Louisiana on 24 August 1999 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Ashley Coleman of Delaware was crowned by outgoing queen Vanessa Minnillo of South Carolina . The pageant was hosted by newcomer Carson Daly with color commentary by Ali Landry and Julie Moran for the second year . Landry held the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1990 , Miss Louisiana USA 1996 and Miss USA 1996 titles , making the semi-finals at Miss Teen USA 1990 pageant before winning Miss USA 1996 . During the pageant there were performances by Britney Spears and N'Sync . This was the second year that N'Sync provided entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Thornhill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Louisiana_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Louisiana Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Louisiana in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Louisiana is in the top 10 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Notable former Miss Louisiana Teen USA titleholders are Miss USA 1996 Ali Landry , Miss Teen USA 2004 Shelley Hennig , Miss Teen USA 2015 Katherine Haik , and Jennifer Dupont , who placed first runner-up at Miss America 2005 . Landry and Hennig have gone on to successful acting careers . Candice Stewart , Miss Louisiana Teen USA 2002 was a contestant on CBS 's Big Brother 15 in 2013 . At 15 , Haik is the youngest woman to win the Miss Teen USA title . Miss Louisiana Teen USA is produced by RPM Productions since 1990 , which also produces the Miss USA and Miss Teen USA state pageants for Alabama , North Carolina and South Carolina . Sydney Taylor of Livingston was crowned Miss Louisiana Teen USA 2020 on October 19 , 2019 at Lafon Performing Arts Center in Luling . She will represent Louisiana for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 on the spring of 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Slidell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slidell,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Slidell /slaɪˈdɛl/ is a city on the northeast shore of Lake Pontchartrain in St. Tammany Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 27,068 at the 2010 census . Greater Slidell has a population of about 90,000 . It is part of the New Orleans−Metairie−Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2000', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 2000 , the 18th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Shreveport , Louisiana on August 26 , 2000 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Jillian Parry of Pennsylvania was crowned by outgoing queen Ashley Coleman of Delaware . The pageant was hosted by newcomer Brian McFayden with color commentary by Ali Landry and Julie Moran for the third year . Landry held the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1990 , Miss Louisiana USA 1996 and Miss USA 1996 titles , making the semi-finals at Miss Teen USA 1990 pageant before winning Miss USA 1996 . During the pageant there were performances by Rachel Lampa , 98 Degrees and Westlife .'}]}, {'value': "Nicole O'Brian", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Nicole_O'Brian", 'summary': "Claudia Nicole O'Brian ( born August 10 , 1982 ) is a former beauty queen and reality television show contestant from Friendswood , Texas , who has competed in the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA pageants . O'Brian was crowned Miss Texas Teen USA 2000 in a state pageant held Thanksgiving weekend 1999 in Houston , Texas . She had placed third runner-up to Misty Giles the year previously . In August 2000 , O'Brian competed in the Miss Teen USA pageant held in Shreveport , Louisiana , where she became the third Texas teen in succession to make the semi-finals . O'Brian won the swimsuit portion of the semi-final competition ( 9.34 ) , and was third in evening gown ( 9.33 ) , and had the highest average combined score going into the final round . In that section , she slipped to third behind Kristen Johnson of Kentucky and Jillian Parry of Pennsylvania . At the conclusion of the competition , O'Brian finished 1st runner-up to Parry , Texas ' highest placement since 1996 when Christie Lee Woods was crowned Miss Teen USA . She gave up her Texas title to Katherine Perallo later that year . Only eight months later , O'Brian competed in the Miss Texas USA 2002 pageant as Miss Southeast Texas USA but did not place . The following year won the Miss Bay Area USA title and went on to win the Miss Texas USA 2003 crown , in Lubbock , Texas , on July 15 , 2002 . She was only 19 at the time , one of the youngest titleholders in the history of the pageant . She was only the third person to win both the Teen and Miss titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Texas_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Texas Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Texas in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is part of the Miss Universe Organization , owned by William Morris Endeavor ( also known as WME ) . Texas is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Alongside Oregon they are the only two states to have produced three winners . Anissa Mendez of Laredo was crowned Miss Texas Teen USA 2020 on December 1 , 2019 at Hilton Post Oak Hotel in Houston . She will represent Texas for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Friendswood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friendswood,_Texas', 'summary': "Friendswood is a city in the U.S. state of Texas . It is part of the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area . The city lies in Galveston and Harris Counties . As of the 2010 census , the population of Friendswood was 35,805 . In 2007 , CNN/Money magazine listed Friendswood as one of 100 America 's Best Places to Live for that year , making it one of 900 small towns recognized since the rankings first began in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2001', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 2001 , the 19th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from South Padre Convention Island Center , South Padre Island , Texas on 22 August 2001 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Marissa Whitley of Missouri was crowned by outgoing queen Jillian Parry of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Gloria Almonte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gloria_Almonte', 'summary': 'Gloria Sophia Almonte ( born July 19 , 1983 in The Bronx , New York City ) is an American beauty queen who represented New York at Miss Teen USA 2001 and Miss USA 2007 and represented Carolina municipality at Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_New_York_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss New York Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of New York in the Miss Teen USA pageant . It is directed by D & D Productions . New York is in the top 10 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . The first Miss Teen USA competition was won by a Miss New York Teen USA . That winner was Ruth Zakarian , who went on to be an actress . Two New York teens have also placed 1st runner-up in the Miss Teen USA pageant . [ citation needed ] Five New York teens have also competed at Miss USA , including Zakarian who competed as Miss Teen USA in the Miss USA competition ( a short-lived tradition gave four Miss Teen USA titleholders this opportunity in the early 1980s ) . Two won the Miss New York USA crown , and one won the Miss Vermont USA title . [ citation needed ] In 1998 , Kimberly Pressler , Miss New York Teen USA 1994 , won the Miss New York USA 1999 title and went on to win the Miss USA 1999 pageant held in February the following year . Pressler later competed at Miss Universe 1999 and was the first Miss USA to miss the cut at Miss Universe since 1976 . [ citation needed ] New York is also one of only five states to have won the Miss Congeniality award at least two times . [ citation needed ] Maya Dominguez of Yonkers was crowned Miss New York Teen USA 2020 on January 19 , 2020 at The Performing Arts Center in Purchase College in Harrison .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronx,_New_York', 'summary': "The Bronx ( /brɒŋks/ ) is a borough of New York City , coterminous with Bronx County , in the U.S. state of New York , the third-most densely populated county in the United States . It is south of Westchester County ; northeast and east of Manhattan , across the Harlem River ; and north of Queens , across the East River . The Bronx has a land area of 42 square miles ( 109 km2 ) and a population of 1,432,132 in 2018 . Of the five boroughs , it has the fourth-largest area , fourth-highest population , and third-highest population density . It is the only borough predominantly on the U.S. mainland . If each borough were ranked as a city , the Bronx would rank as the eighth-most populous in the U.S . The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a hillier section in the west , and a flatter eastern section . East and west street names are divided by Jerome Avenue . The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874 , and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895 . Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914 . About a quarter of the Bronx 's area is open space , including Woodlawn Cemetery , Van Cortlandt Park , Pelham Bay Park , the New York Botanical Garden , and the Bronx Zoo in the borough 's north and center . These open spaces are situated primarily on land deliberately reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2002', 'summary': "Miss Teen USA 2002 , the 20th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from South Padre Island , Texas on 28 August 2002 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Miss Wisconsin Teen USA Vanessa Marie Semrow was crowned by outgoing queen Marissa Whitley of Missouri . This was the second consecutive year that the pageant was held on South Padre Island , although it had also been held there in 1997 . Semrow was only the second teenager from Wisconsin to place in the pageant , and the first to win the title . The state 's previous placement was in 1984 . In the years after the pageant , two delegates who competed at Miss Teen USA 2002 went on to win the Miss USA title . The class of 2002 is the first to produce two Miss USA winners . The first was Tara Conner of Kentucky , who placed second runner-up at Miss Teen USA 2002 and won the Miss USA 2006 pageant ; she was followed by Rachel Smith of Tennessee ( semi-finalist and Miss Photogenic at Miss Teen USA ) who won Miss USA 2007 . Both placed fourth runner-up in the Miss Universe pageant . A third contestant , fourth runner-up Kimberly Harlan of Georgia , competed at Miss World 2003 but did not place ."}]}, {'value': 'Jennifer Morgan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_California_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss California Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of California in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is part of the Miss Universe Organization , owned by William Morris Endeavor ( also known as WME ) . [ citation needed ] California is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Miss California Teen USA titleholders have been invited to red-carpet movie premieres , such as that for Santa Clause 3 attended by Kylee Lin , and She 's the Man , attended by Jessica Powell . Zoe Hunt of Coronado , California was crowned Miss California Teen USA 2020 on January 26 , 2020 at Arcadia Performing Arts Center in Arcadia . She will represent California for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine,_California', 'summary': 'Alpine is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the Cuyamaca Mountains of San Diego County , California . Alpine had a population of 14,236 at the 2010 census , up from 13,143 at the 2000 census . The town is largely surrounded by the Cleveland National Forest and borders two reservations of the Kumeyaay Nation , Viejas and Sycuan , and the rural unincorporated areas of the city [ clarification needed ] of El Cajon .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of Miss Teen USA runners-up -- 1st runners-up', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Miss_Teen_USA_3', 'intro': 'Miss Teen USA is a beauty pageant run by the Miss Universe Organization for girls aged 14-19. Unlike its sister pageants Miss Universe and Miss USA, which are broadcast on Fox, this pageant is webcast on the Miss Teen USA website and simulcast on mobile devices and video game consoles. The pageant was first held in 1983 and has been broadcast live on CBS until 2002 and then on NBC from 2003-2007. In March 2007, it was announced that the broadcast of the Miss Teen USA pageant on NBC had not been renewed, and that Miss Teen USA 2007 would be the final televised event. From 2008-15, the pageant was held at the Atlantis Paradise Island Resort, located in Nassau, Bahamas. Notable pageant winners include actresses Kelly Hu (1985, Hawaii), Bridgette Wilson (1990, Oregon), Charlotte Lopez-Ayanna (1993, Vermont), Vanessa Minnillo (1998, South Carolina) and Shelley Hennig (2004, Louisiana). The current titleholder is Kaliegh Garris of Connecticut who was crowned on April 28, 2019 at Grand Sierra Resort in Reno, Nevada.'} | null | null | How many times was the Miss Teen USA Pageant held in Texas ? | 4 |
0578a6bcdae2cc0c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds', 'title': 'List of sheep breeds', 'header': ['Name', 'Picture', 'Alternative name', 'Origin', 'Purpose'], 'data': [{'value': 'Acıpayam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acıpayam_sheep', 'summary': 'The Acıpayam is a breed of domesticated sheep that originated in Turkey . They are a dual-purpose breed ( wool and meat ) . They are a mix of Awassi , Ost Fries and Daglic breeds .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat , wool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton', 'summary': 'Lamb , hogget , and mutton , generically sheep meat , are the meat of domestic sheep , Ovis aries . A sheep in its first year is a lamb and its meat is also lamb . A sheep in its second year and its meat are hogget . Older sheep meat is mutton . Generally , hogget and sheep meat are not used by consumers outside New Zealand and Australia , only the industry . In South Asian , Australian , and Jamaican cuisine , mutton usually means goat meat . Lamb is the most expensive of the three types and in recent decades sheep meat is increasingly only retailed as lamb , sometimes stretching the accepted distinctions given above . The stronger-tasting mutton is now hard to find in many areas , despite the efforts of the Mutton Renaissance Campaign in the UK . In Australia , the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat . Other languages , for example French , Spanish , Italian and Arabic , make similar or even more detailed , distinctions among sheep meats by age and sometimes by sex and diet , though these languages do not always use different words to refer to the animal and its meat - for example , lechazo in Spanish refers to meat from milk-fed ( unweaned ) lambs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wool', 'summary': 'Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals , including cashmere and mohair from goats , qiviut from muskoxen , from hide and fur clothing from bison , angora from rabbits , and other types of wool from camelids ; additionally , the Highland and the Mangalica breeds of cattle and swine , respectively , possess woolly coats . Wool consists of protein together with a small percentage of lipids . In this regard it is chemically quite distinct from the more dominant textile , cotton , which is mainly cellulose .'}]}, {'value': 'Adal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adal_sheep', 'summary': 'Adal is a domesticated breed of sheep from Ethiopia . They are bred mostly for their meat .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Africana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Africana_sheep', 'summary': 'Africana is a breed of domesticated sheep ( also known as Pelona , Camuro or Camura , Red African , Rojo Africana , Colombian Wooless , West African ) found in Colombia and Venezuela . This breed is polled and is about the same size as the Pelibüey . The Africana is raised for their meat and is classified as a hair breed .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camura , Colombian Wooless , Pelona , Red African , Rojo Africana , West African', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afrikaner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afrikaner_sheep', 'summary': 'The Afrikaner sheep ( also known as Cape fat tail ) is a breed of fat tailed , hair sheep indigenous to South Africa .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cape fat tail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat , pelts honed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afrino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afrino_sheep', 'summary': 'The Afrino is a breed of sheep originating from South Africa . It was developed by crossing Ronderib Afrikaner sheep with Merino and South African Mutton Merino ( SAMM ) sheep , and is classified as a Merino breed . The Afrino was developed at the Carnarvon Research Station . It was made using 25% Afrikaner , 25% Merino and 50% SAMM genetics . This allowed scientists to combine the improved wool and carcass traits of the Merino and SAMM with the indigenous Afrikaner breed that was suited to the environmental conditions of South Africa . It is a minor , dual-purpose breed farmed for meat and wool in South Africa . It produces fine wool . The Afrino is also used as a terminal sire in meat production to increase early growth in lambs and reach slaughter weight sooner . It has a relatively low rate of inbreeding compared to other South African breeds .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meat , wool , crossbreeding', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alai_(sheep)', 'summary': 'Alai is a breed of domesticated sheep found in Kyrgyzstan . This breed is a dual purpose breed raised for its meat and wool .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyrgyzstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyrgyzstan', 'summary': "Kyrgyzstan ( /ˌkɜːrɡɪˈstɑːn/ KUR-gih-STAHN ; Kyrgyz : Кыргызстан Kırğızstan Kyrgyz pronunciation : [ qɯrʁɯsˈstɑn ] ) , officially the Kyrgyz Republic ( Kyrgyz : Кыргыз Республикасы , romanized : Kırğız Respublikası ; Russian : Кыргызская Республика , tr . Kyrgyzskaya Respublika ) , and also known as Kirghizia ( Russian : Киргизия [ kʲɪrˈɡʲizʲɪjə ] ) , is a country in Central Asia . Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain . It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north , Uzbekistan to the west and southwest , Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east . Its capital and largest city is Bishkek . Kyrgyzstan 's recorded history spans over 2,000 years , encompassing a variety of cultures and empires . Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain , which has helped preserve its ancient culture , Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the Silk Road and other commercial and cultural routes . Though long inhabited by a succession of independent tribes and clans , Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under foreign domination and attained sovereignty as a nation-state only after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Since independence , the sovereign state has officially been a unitary parliamentary republic , although it continues to endure ethnic conflicts , revolts , economic troubles , transitional governments and political conflict . Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States , the Eurasian Economic Union , the Collective Security Treaty Organization , the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Turkic Council , the Türksoy community and the United Nations . Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country 's six million people , followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians . Kyrgyz is closely related to other Turkic languages , although Russian remains widely spoken and is an official language , a legacy of a century of Russification ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat , wool', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alcarreña', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcarreña', 'summary': 'Alcarreña is a domesticated breed of sheep found in Spain . They are bred for their meat . The alcarreña is a member of the entrefino class of sheep .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Algarve Churro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algarve_Churro', 'summary': 'Algarve Churro is a domesticated breed of sheep in Portugal . Although this breed does grow wool , it is primarily raised for its meat .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpines Steinschaf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpines_Steinschaf', 'summary': 'The Alpines Steinschaf is a breed of domestic sheep indigenous to the Eastern Alps of Austria and southern Germany . It is used for wool , meat and vegetation management .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat , wool , vegetation management', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Targeted_grazing', 'summary': 'Conservation grazing or targeted grazing is the use of semi-feral or domesticated grazing livestock to maintain and increase the biodiversity of natural or semi-natural grasslands , heathlands , wood pasture , wetlands and many other habitats . Conservation grazing is generally less intensive than practices such as prescribed burning , but still needs to be managed to ensure that overgrazing does not occur . The practice has proven to be beneficial in moderation in restoring and maintaining grassland and heathland ecosystems . The optimal level of grazing will depend on the goal of conservation , and different levels of grazing , alongside other conservation practices , can be used to induce the desired results .'}]}, {'value': 'Altay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Altay_(sheep)', 'summary': 'Altay is a breed of domesticated sheep originating in the dry , cold mountain basins of China . This breed belongs to the fat-rumped carpet wool type of sheep and the Kazakh group . Although the Altay grows wool , it is raised primarily for the meat .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Blackbelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Blackbelly_sheep', 'summary': 'The American Blackbelly is a breed of domestic sheep that originated in the United States . The breed was developed in Texas by crossing Barbados blackbelly sheep with Rambouillet sheep and mouflon . This produced a horned animal with a heavier carcase and increased muscle mass compared to the original black bellied breed . American blackbellies are mainly used for trophy hunting .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Trophy hunting', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ancon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ancon_(sheep)', 'summary': 'Ancon sheep ( also called Otter sheep ) are a grouping of domestic sheep with long bodies and very short legs , with the fore-legs being crooked . The term is generally applied to a line of sheep bred from a single affected lamb born in 1791 in Massachusetts , USA . The breed was artificially selected and maintained for its desirable inability to jump over fences . It was allowed to go extinct in 1876 when it was no longer required . The name Ancon has also been applied to other strains of sheep arising from individuals with the same phenotype , such as a Norwegian stock bred from a single individual born in 1919 , and a Texan , USA stock bred from a single individual born in 1962 . These lineages were also allowed to go extinct after scientists no longer needed them for genetic research . Excavations in Leicester , UK have also revealed metacarpals , metatarsals and phalanges characteristic of Ancon sheep that date to approximately AD 1500 , thereby demonstrating that the phenotype has arisen independently at least four times . The unique features of ancon sheep are caused by a recessive dwarf mutation , which often results in crippling . The specific effect of the mutation is to cause chondrodystrophy .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otter sheep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenninica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenninica', 'summary': 'The Appenninica is a modern breed of sheep from the central Apennine mountains of Italy . It is raised principally in Tuscany and Umbria , but also in Abruzzo , Emilia-Romagna , Lazio , the Marche and Campania . The breed was created in the 1970s by cross-breeding and subsequent selection of local breeds such as the Bariscianese , the Casentinese , the Chietina Varzese , the Pagliarola , the Perugina del piano , the Pomarancina , the Senese delle Creti and the Vissana with Bergamasca rams and with the French Ile-de-France and Berrichon du Cher , with the aim of increasing the meat yield . The breed was recognised in 1980 and a herdbook established in 1981 . Although this is a medium-coarse wool breed , it is raised primarily for meat . It has been used in the development of the Laticauda breed in the Campanian Apennines .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenninica , Bariscianese , Chietina Varzese , Perugina del piano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arabi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arabi_(sheep)', 'summary': 'Arabi is a domesticed breed of sheep from southwestern Iran , southern Iraq and northeastern Arabia and Egypt . Though it does grow wool , it is primarily raised for meat .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iran , Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkhar-Merino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkhar-Merino', 'summary': 'The Arkhar-Merino is a sheep breed . This breed was produced by crossbreeding between wild Arkhar rams and Precoce merino ewes in the Kurmektinski research station between 1934 and 1949 in Kazakhstan , then in the Soviet Union . This station is located between Kungei and Zailiiskii mountains in the Alma Ata region . The Arkhar-Merino has a firm and expanded skeleton . It is also bulky with long legs and broad chest . The average staple length is 6.24 to 8.08 cm in different regions of body . The average rate of wool fat is 11.95% . The average fiber diameter is 22.99 in ewes and 23.51 in ram . The greasy fleece weight is about 4.19 kg . In 1994 the Arkhar-Merino sheep was transformed to Arasbaran research station which is attached to the Research Center for Natural Resources and Domestic Animals of East Azerbaijan ( This station is located in the Khodaafarin district ) .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Wool', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afghan Arabi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afghan_Arabi', 'summary': 'Afghan Arabi is a breed of domesticated sheep found in Afghanistan . They are a member of the fat-rump breeds of sheep . The wool is carpet quality and the Arghan Arabi are raised for their meat .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afghanistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afghanistan', 'summary': "Afghanistan ( /æfˈɡænɪstæn , æfˈɡɑːnɪstɑːn/ ( listen ) ; Pashto/Dari : افغانستان , Pashto : Afġānistān [ avɣɒnisˈtɒn , ab- ] , [ a ] Dari : Afġānestān [ avɣɒnesˈtɒn ] ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , is a landlocked country in Asia . Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south ; [ b ] Iran to the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan to the north ; and China to the northeast . Occupying 652,000 square kilometers ( 252,000 sq mi ) , it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest . Kabul is the capital and largest city . The population is 32 million , mostly composed of ethnic Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras and Uzbeks . Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era , and the country 's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia . The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns , including those by Alexander the Great , Mauryas , Muslim Arabs , Mongols , British , Soviets , and by the United States with allied countries . The land also served as the source from which the Kushans , Hephthalites , Samanids , Saffarids , Ghaznavids , Ghorids , Khaljis , Mughals , Hotaks , Durranis , and others have risen to form major empires . The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century . In the late 19th century , Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire . Its border with British India , the Durand Line , was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter 's independence in 1947 . Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence , eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan , until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established ."}]}, {'value': 'Meat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Algerian sheep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algerian_Arab_sheep', 'summary': 'Algerian Arab sheep ( also called Ouled Jellal and Western Thin-tailed ) is a breed of domesticated sheep found throughout Algeria . This breed does grow a carpet-grade wool , and is raised primarily for meat .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ouled Jellal , Western Thin-tailed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Meat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arapawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arapawa_Sheep', 'summary': 'The Arapawa Sheep is a breed of feral sheep found primarily on Arapaoa Island in the Marlborough Sounds , New Zealand , where they have probably been isolated since they were introduced in 1867 . Although there are many theories of how the sheep arrived , it is generally accepted that they are descendants of Merino strains from Australia . The New Zealand Rare Breeds Conservation Society classifies this breed as rare . This breed is raised primarily for wool .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'Wool', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armenian Semicoarsewool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenian_Semicoarsewool', 'summary': 'Armenian Semicoarsewool ( also known as Armyanskaya Polugrubosherstnaya in Russian ) is a breed of domesticated sheep found in Armenia . A medium-wool fat-tail breed which is kept for meat and milk production . This breed was developed by crossing Rambouillet and Lincoln with Balbas .'}]}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armyanskaya Polugrubosherstnaya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}]}, {'value': 'Meat , milk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milk', 'summary': "Milk is a nutrient-rich , white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals . It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals ( including humans who are breastfed ) before they are able to digest other types of food . Early-lactation milk contains colostrum , which carries the mother 's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases . It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose . Interspecies consumption of milk is not uncommon , particularly among humans , many of whom consume the milk of other mammals . As an agricultural product , milk , also called dairy milk , is extracted from farm animals during or soon after pregnancy . Dairy farms produced about 730 million tonnes of milk in 2011 , from 260 million dairy cows . India is the world 's largest producer of milk , and is the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder , yet it exports few other milk products . The ever-increasing rise in domestic demand for dairy products and a large demand-supply gap could lead to India being a net importer of dairy products in the future . New Zealand , Germany and the Netherlands are the largest exporters of milk products . China and Russia were the world 's largest importers of milk and milk products until 2016 when both countries became self-sufficient , contributing to a worldwide glut of milk . Throughout the world , more than six billion people consume milk and milk products ."}]}, {'value': 'Askanian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Askanian', 'summary': 'Askanian ( Ukrainian : Асканійський , romanized : Askaniysky , full name : Ukrainian : Асканійська тонкорунна вівця ) is a breed of domesticated sheep found in Ukraine . It is a fine-wool breed bred for its wool . It was developed by crossing American Rambouillet with Merinos in the early 1900s .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Askaniysky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Wool', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Domestic sheep breeds -- A', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sheep_breeds_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of domestic breeds of sheep. Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are partially derived from mouflon (Ovis orientalis) stock, and have diverged sufficiently to be considered a different species.'} | null | null | What is the alternative name of the breed that was artificially selected and maintained for its desirable inability to jump over fences ? | Otter sheep |
0578f0c0cba0c571 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampang_and_Sri_Petaling_lines', 'title': 'Ampang and Sri Petaling lines', 'header': ['Code', 'Name', 'Platform type', 'Interchange/Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'AG1 SP1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentul Timur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sentul_Timur_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Sentul Timur LRT station or Sentul Timur is the terminal station for the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . The station is located in Sentul , a suburb of Kuala Lumpur , which is surrounded by medium density low cost housing developments . Pangsapuri Melur is the nearest residential properties to this station . Sentul is a main town area in Kuala Lumpur . It is divided into two sections namely Sentul Barat ( West Sentul ) and Sentul Timur ( East Sentul ) . Jalan Sentul and Jalan Ipoh are the two major roads servicing this area . Although , not an interchange officially , commuters may walk up to the KC02 Sentul Komuter station from Sentul Timur station . It takes approximately 15 - 20 minutes for the walking distance .'}]}, {'value': 'Terminus ( Side )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terminus_station', 'summary': 'A train station , railway station , railroad station , or depot is a railway facility or area where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight or both . It generally consists of at least one track-side platform and a station building ( depot ) providing such ancillary services as ticket sales , waiting rooms , and baggage/freight service . If a station is on a single-track line , it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements . The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or , in some parts of the world , as halts ( flag stops ) . Stations may be at ground level , underground , or elevated . Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other transport modes such as buses , trams , or other rapid transit systems .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern terminus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AG2 SP2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sentul_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Sentul LRT station is an above ground Light Rapid Station operated by Rapid Rail in Sentul Selatan , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is served by the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . This station is situated next to two secondary schools , Sentul Methodist Boys School and Wesleys Methodist School , three primary schools , and around are medium density low cost housing developments . Although , Sentul LRT station has a similar name as the KC02 Sentul Komuter station , it is of note that these two stations are quite far apart from each other ( at approximately 800 metres in walking distance ) . Sentul LRT station was opened to public in 1998 as part of the final phase of development of the STAR Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AG3 SP3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Titiwangsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Titiwangsa_station', 'summary': 'Titiwangsa station is a rapid transit interchange station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia that allows for transfers between the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line rapid transit system ( formerly known as STAR ) at one station , and the KL Monorail . Seamless physical and fare integration was achieved on 1 March 2012 when the paid-up or restricted areas of both the LRT and monorail stations , which previously operated as two separate stations , were linked up , allowing passengers to transfer without needing to buy new tickets for the first time since the monorail became operational in 2003 . Situated at Tun Razak Road ( Malay : Jalan Tun Razak ) in the district of Pekeliling beside Titiwangsa , just beside the Pekeliling Flats ( currently was demolished ) , the stations are also located close to the Gombak River , as well as an adjoining bus station . In the future , it will be integrated with the MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station with MR11 KL Monorail as well as future interchange with SSP13 MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line . ( Opening 2022 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KL_Monorail', 'summary': 'The KL Monorail Line is the eighth rail transit line and the one of the operational monorail systems in Malaysia . Operated by Rapid Rail , a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia , it is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 8 and coloured Light Green on official transit maps .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh_Serdang_Putrajaya_Line', 'summary': 'The MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya line ( MRT SSP ) or MRT 2 will be the twelfth rail transit line , the fourth fully automated and driverless rail system in Klang Valley area . It is a part of the larger rail transport system in Kuala Lumpur known as Greater KL/Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 12 and coloured Gold on transit map . It is one of three planned MRT rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Kwasa Damansara and Kampung Batu is expected to be operational by July 2021 . The remaining line is expected to be operational in January 2023 . The approved rail alignment is 52.2 km in length , of which 13.5 km is underground . A total of 37 stations , 11 of them underground , will be built . The line will stretch from Sungai Buloh to Putrajaya and will include densely populated areas Sri Damansara , Kepong , Batu , Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah , Jalan Tun Razak , KLCC , Tun Razak Exchange , Kuchai Lama , Seri Kembangan and Cyberjaya . It is expected to have a ridership of 533,000 passengers per day once completed .'}]}, {'value': 'AG4 SP4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PWTC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PWTC_LRT_station', 'summary': "PWTC LRT station is an LRT station in Kuala Lumpur that is served by the RapidKL Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . PWTC stands for Putra World Trade Center which is a main convention and exhibition centre in Kuala Lumpur . PWTC has become the preferred venue for local and international conventions , concerts and other prestigious events in Malaysia . The station is located at Kuala Lumpur 's Golden Triangle and only 45 minutes from Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) and within easy walking distant of a mall , restaurants , entertainment centres and 3 - 5 star hotels . Also , about a 400-metre walk from the station , there is the KA04 Putra Komuter station served by the Seremban Line and Port Klang Line . Sunway Putra Mall shopping complex is located right next to the station ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedestrian access to KA04 Putra for KTM Seremban Line and KTM Port Klang Line walking a distance of 600 metres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Putra_Komuter_station', 'summary': 'Putra Komuter station is a Malaysian commuter train halt in Kuala Lumpur named in part after the Putra World Trade Centre located nearby . The halt forms part of a common KTM Komuter railway line shared by both the Port Klang Line and the Seremban Line . The halt is also the northernmost station in the KTM Komuter network where trains from both lines stop .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seremban_Line', 'summary': "The Seremban Line ( Malay : Laluan Seremban ) or Seremban Komuter Line ( Malay : Laluan Komuter Seremban ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . Its electric trains run between Batu Caves and Pulau Sebang/Tampin , with some services terminating in Seremban . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Rawang . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The system is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 1 and coloured Blue on official transit maps . It is named after its former terminus , Seremban station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Klang_Line', 'summary': "Port Klang Line ( Malay : Laluan Pelabuhan Klang ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . The electric trains run between Tanjung Malim and Port Klang . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Batu Caves . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The line is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 2 and coloured Red on official transit maps . It is named after its terminus , Port Klang station ."}]}, {'value': 'AG5 SP5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sultan Ismail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_LRT_station', 'summary': "Sultan Ismail LRT station is a rapid transit station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , operated by RapidKL served by the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . This station was opened in 1996 , along with 17 other LRT stations , as Phase 1 of the STAR LRT Line . It was the terminus of the Ampang-Sultan Ismail route before the extension to Sentul Timur . The Sultan Ismail LRT station stands between Sekolah Kebangsaan Lelaki Jalan Batu and Chung Kwok Primary School . The Malaysia 's leading multinational conglomerate Sime Darby head office is opposite of this station . There is an artist impression of the station erected at SK Lelaki Jalan Batu ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedestrian access to MR9 Medan Tuanku for KL Monorail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medan_Tuanku_Monorail_station', 'summary': 'Medan Tuanku Monorail station is a Malaysian elevated monorail train station that serves as a part of the Kuala Lumpur Monorail ( KL Monorail ) , located in Kuala Lumpur and opened alongside the rest of the train service on August 31 , 2003 . This station was formerly called Wawasan Monorail station . The station is situated above Jalan Sultan Ismail , just south of Chow Kit and located east from an intersection with Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman ; it marks the start and end of the Monorail line that runs parallel along Sultan Ismail Road , until the Bukit Bintang station , after which the line turns west to Jalan Imbi at the both road intersection . The station is situated in and named after Medan Tuanku , a small district connected to Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman , Jalan Sultan Ismail and Jalan Dang Wangi via backroads .'}, {'url': '/wiki/KL_Monorail', 'summary': 'The KL Monorail Line is the eighth rail transit line and the one of the operational monorail systems in Malaysia . Operated by Rapid Rail , a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia , it is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 8 and coloured Light Green on official transit maps .'}]}, {'value': 'AG6 SP6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandaraya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandaraya_LRT_station', 'summary': "Bandaraya LRT station is an elevated rapid transit station in central Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The station is on the common route shared by the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line ( originally known as STAR Line ) . The station was opened on 16 December 1996 , as part of the first phase of the STAR system 's opening , along with 13 adjoining stations along the Sultan Ismail to Ampang route . The station stands between the eastern banks of the Gombak River and an intersection between Jalan Raja Laut , a major thoroughfare along the Gombak River , and Jalan Isfahan . The station is the southernmost station along the Gombak River . The station is also within close proximity of several shopping complexes , the present Kuala Lumpur City Hall building , the Bank Negara headquarters , and Little India Precinct . The station is some 140 m from the KA03 Bank Negara station , a KTM Komuter station , to which it is linked by a footbridge . It was the first station on the line to have an interchange with another railway system and , prior to the opening of Kelana Jaya Line and remaining phases of the STAR lines , the only station of this kind , although there was no network integration in terms of fares or ticketing . Bandaraya is also close to bus stops along Jalan Raja Laut , Jalan Dang Wangi and Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecting station to KA03 Bank Negara or KTM Seremban Line and KTM Port Klang Line via a 250-meter pedestrian access', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_Negara_Komuter_station', 'summary': "Bank Negara Komuter station is a KTM Komuter train station in central Kuala Lumpur , named after the Central Bank of Malaysia headquarters located nearby . The halt forms part of a common KTM Komuter railway line shared by both the Port Klang Line and the Seremban Line . It is located at Jalan Dato ' Onn ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seremban_Line', 'summary': "The Seremban Line ( Malay : Laluan Seremban ) or Seremban Komuter Line ( Malay : Laluan Komuter Seremban ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . Its electric trains run between Batu Caves and Pulau Sebang/Tampin , with some services terminating in Seremban . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Rawang . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The system is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 1 and coloured Blue on official transit maps . It is named after its former terminus , Seremban station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Klang_Line', 'summary': "Port Klang Line ( Malay : Laluan Pelabuhan Klang ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . The electric trains run between Tanjung Malim and Port Klang . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Batu Caves . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The line is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 2 and coloured Red on official transit maps . It is named after its terminus , Port Klang station ."}]}, {'value': 'AG7 SP7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masjid Jamek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masjid_Jamek_LRT_station', 'summary': "Masjid Jamek LRT station is a rapid transit station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is the interchange station between two of Rapid KL 's light rapid transit ( LRT ) systems , namely the LRT Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines and the LRT Kelana Jaya Line . The station is one of the only two stations that integrate the LRT lines , the other being Putra Heights station.The station is situated near , and named after the Masjid Jamek in central Kuala Lumpur . Despite being called an interchange station , up until 28 November 2011 , there were effectively two Masjid Jamek stations in operational terms . An elevated Masjid Jamek station served the Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines while an underground Masjid Jamek station served the Kelana Jaya Line , each having their own ticketing systems which were not integrated with each other . Commuters had to exit one system , purchase a new ticket before entering the other system if they wanted to transfer from one line to the other . Prior to 2006 when a plaza was built above the Klang River linking the stations , Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line 's Masjid Jamek station and Kelana Jaya Line 's Masjid Jamek station were two physically separate buildings . There were limited pedestrian walkways between the two stations resulting in commuters having to be exposed to the sun and rain , and even having to cross the busy Jalan Tun Perak , just to change from one line to the other . On 28 November 2011 , the fare gates which kept the two systems separated were removed and the plaza which physically linked the two stations became part of the paid ( or restricted ) zone of a physically integrated Masjid Jamek station . This allowed commuters to transfer from one line to the other without leaving the system for the first time since the two stations became operational ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station with KJ13 LRT Kelana Jaya Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LRT_Kelana_Jaya_Line', 'summary': 'The LRT Kelana Jaya Line is the fifth rail transit line and the first fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area and forms a part of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . Servicing 37 stations , the line has 46.4 km of grade-separated tracks running mostly on underground and elevated guideways . Formerly known as the PUTRA LRT , it is currently operated by Rapid KL , a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia . The line is named after its former terminus , Kelana Jaya station . The line is numbered 5 and coloured Ruby on the official transit map .'}]}, {'value': 'AG8 SP8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plaza Rakyat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaza_Rakyat_station', 'summary': "Plaza Rakyat LRT station is an elevated rapid transit station in central Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The station is on the common route of the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . ( both lines originally known as STAR-LRT ) The station was opened on 16 December 1996 , as part of the first phase of the STAR-LRT system 's opening , along with 13 adjoining stations along the Sultan Ismail to Ampang route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station to SBK17 Merdeka for MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line via 180-metre air-conditioned covered walkway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merdeka_station', 'summary': "The Merdeka MRT station is a mass rapid transit ( MRT ) underground station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is one of the stations of the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit ( KVMRT ) Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line and serves as an interchange station with Plaza Rakyat LRT station for LRT Ampang and Sri Petaling lines . The station was opened on 17 July 2017 under Phase Two operations of the MRT line . The station 's name translates to Independence in English and is taken from its location near the historic Stadium Merdeka ( Malay ; English : Independence Stadium ) , where the independence of the Federation of Malaya was declared on 31 August 1957 , and the covered Stadium Negara ( English : National Stadium ) . The station is located beneath Jalan Hang Jebat ( English : Hang Jebat Road ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh–Kajang_line', 'summary': "The MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang line , or known as SBK Line , is the ninth rail transit line and the second fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area , Malaysia after the Kelana Jaya Line . It is a part of Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 9 and Green on official transit maps . It is one of three planned rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Sungai Buloh and Semantan commenced service on 16 December 2016 . Phase 2 between Muzium Negara and Kajang was opened on 17 July 2017 , as a free shuttle service , by former Malaysian Prime Minister , Dato ' Seri Najib Tun Razak in a ceremony at the Tun Razak Exchange station . Full revenue service between Sungai Buloh and Kajang began the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'AG9 SP9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hang Tuah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hang_Tuah_station', 'summary': 'Hang Tuah station is an interchange station in the Pudu district of Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , between the Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines ( formerly known as STAR ) and the KL Monorail . Seamless physical and fare integration was achieved on 1 March 2012 when the paid-up or restricted areas of both the LRT and monorail stations , which previously operated as two separate stations , were linked up , allowing passengers to transfer without needing to buy new tickets for the first time since the monorail became operational in 2003 . Located on the northwestern tip of Pudu , the station is in the vicinity of the Methodist Boys School , Victoria Institution , the former Pudu Prison , the Hang Tuah police station and the National Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station with MR4 KL Monorail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KL_Monorail', 'summary': 'The KL Monorail Line is the eighth rail transit line and the one of the operational monorail systems in Malaysia . Operated by Rapid Rail , a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia , it is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 8 and coloured Light Green on official transit maps .'}]}, {'value': 'AG10 SP10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pudu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pudu_LRT_station', 'summary': "Pudu LRT station is an elevated rapid transit station situated in Pudu , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The station serves a single line that is shared by both the Ampang Line and Sri Petaling Line . The station was opened on December 16 , 1996 , as part of the first phase of the STAR LRT system 's opening , alongside 13 adjoining stations along the Sultan Ismail-Ampang route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AG11 SP11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chan Sow Lin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chan_Sow_Lin_LRT_station', 'summary': "Chan Sow Lin LRT station is an at-grade rapid transit station and interchange station situated in Pudu , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The station serves as an interchange station for the Sri Petaling Line and Ampang Line , formerly known as STAR . The station is a part of the common route shared by both the Ampang Line ( Sentul Timur-Ampang ) and Sri Petaling Line ( Sentul Timur-Putra Heights ) . Beginning from July 2016 and with the completion of the LRT extension , the station was designated as the only interchange station between both lines for the new mode of operation due to the upgrading of the signalling systems . After December 2016 , train service from Ampang to Sentul Timur was restored . The station is the southernmost station for the Ampang Line . The station was opened on 16 December 1996 , as part of the first phase of the STAR system 's opening , alongside 13 adjoining stations along the Sultan Ismail-Ampang route . In the future , it will be integrated with the upcoming MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line ."}]}, {'value': 'Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Future interchange SSP20 with the MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line ( Opening 2022 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh_Serdang_Putrajaya_Line', 'summary': 'The MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya line ( MRT SSP ) or MRT 2 will be the twelfth rail transit line , the fourth fully automated and driverless rail system in Klang Valley area . It is a part of the larger rail transport system in Kuala Lumpur known as Greater KL/Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 12 and coloured Gold on transit map . It is one of three planned MRT rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Kwasa Damansara and Kampung Batu is expected to be operational by July 2021 . The remaining line is expected to be operational in January 2023 . The approved rail alignment is 52.2 km in length , of which 13.5 km is underground . A total of 37 stations , 11 of them underground , will be built . The line will stretch from Sungai Buloh to Putrajaya and will include densely populated areas Sri Damansara , Kepong , Batu , Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah , Jalan Tun Razak , KLCC , Tun Razak Exchange , Kuchai Lama , Seri Kembangan and Cyberjaya . It is expected to have a ridership of 533,000 passengers per day once completed .'}]}, {'value': 'SP12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheras_LRT_station', 'summary': "Cheras LRT station is a Malaysian light rail transit station situated near and named after the Kuala Lumpur township of Cheras . The station is part of the Sri Petaling Line ( formerly known as STAR ) . The station was opened on July 11 , 1998 , as part of the second phase of the STAR system 's opening , including 7 new stations along the Chan Sow Lin-Sri Petaling route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feeder Bus T401 to SBK21 Cochrane for the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cochrane_MRT_station', 'summary': "The Cochrane station is a Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) underground station in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , on the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line . The station was opened on 17 July 2017 as part of the second phase operations of the line . The station is located in the Cheras area of Kuala Lumpur adjacent to Jalan Cochrane ( English : Cochrane Road ) , Jalan Peel ( English : Peel Road 啤律 ) and Jalan Shelley ( English : Shelley Road ) . It is also well known for being located near two large shopping complexes - MyTown Shopping Centre ( housing Malaysia 's second IKEA store ) and Sunway Velocity Mall , with the former being connected to the station via an underground pedestrian linkway and the latter via an elevated pedestrian bridge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sungai_Buloh–Kajang_MRT_line', 'summary': "The MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang line , or known as SBK Line , is the ninth rail transit line and the second fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area , Malaysia after the Kelana Jaya Line . It is a part of Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 9 and Green on official transit maps . It is one of three planned rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Sungai Buloh and Semantan commenced service on 16 December 2016 . Phase 2 between Muzium Negara and Kajang was opened on 17 July 2017 , as a free shuttle service , by former Malaysian Prime Minister , Dato ' Seri Najib Tun Razak in a ceremony at the Tun Razak Exchange station . Full revenue service between Sungai Buloh and Kajang began the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'SP13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salak Selatan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salak_Selatan_LRT_station', 'summary': "Salak Selatan LRT station is a Malaysian low-rise rapid transit station situated near and named after the Kuala Lumpur township of Salak South ( Malay : Salak Selatan ) . The station is part of the Sri Petaling Line ( formerly known as STAR ) . The station was opened on July 11 , 1998 , as part of the second phase of the STAR system 's opening , including 7 new stations along the Chan Sow Lin-Sri Petaling route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feeder Bus T402 to SBK24 Taman Midah for the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taman_Midah_MRT_station', 'summary': 'The Taman Midah station ( working name : Taman Bukit Mewah station ) is a mass rapid transit ( MRT ) station on the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line serving the suburbs of Taman Midah and Taman Bukit Mewah in Cheras constituency , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Opened on 17 July 2017 as Phase Two of the SBK MRT system , the station is built at the site of the former Jalan Cheras toll plaza of the Cheras Highway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sungai_Buloh–Kajang_MRT_line', 'summary': "The MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang line , or known as SBK Line , is the ninth rail transit line and the second fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area , Malaysia after the Kelana Jaya Line . It is a part of Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 9 and Green on official transit maps . It is one of three planned rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Sungai Buloh and Semantan commenced service on 16 December 2016 . Phase 2 between Muzium Negara and Kajang was opened on 17 July 2017 , as a free shuttle service , by former Malaysian Prime Minister , Dato ' Seri Najib Tun Razak in a ceremony at the Tun Razak Exchange station . Full revenue service between Sungai Buloh and Kajang began the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'SP14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandar Tun Razak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandar_Tun_Razak_LRT_station', 'summary': "Bandar Tun Razak LRT station ( formerly Mulia LRT station ) is a Malaysian low-rise rapid transit station situated near and named after the Kuala Lumpur township of Bandar Tun Razak . The station is part of the Sri Petaling Line ( formerly known as STAR ) . The station was opened on July 11 , 1998 , as part of the second phase of the STAR system 's opening , including 7 new stations along the Chan Sow Lin-Sri Petaling route ."}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SP15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandar Tasik Selatan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandar_Tasik_Selatan_station', 'summary': "Bandar Tasik Selatan station ( BTS ) is a Malaysian interchange station located next to and named after Bandar Tasik Selatan , in Kuala Lumpur . The station serves as both a stop and an interchange for the KTM Komuter 's Seremban Line , KTM ETS , the LRT Sri Petaling Line , and the Express Rail Link 's KLIA Transit trains . BTS is integrated with the Terminal Bersepadu Selatan bus hub ( TBS ) . BTS and TBS are developed as an intermodal transportation hub . Facilities for the reloading of Touch ' n Go cards are also provided in the interchange , at the Sri Petaling Line concourse ."}]}, {'value': 'Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interchange station , without paid area integration , to : KB04 KTM Seremban Line and ETS KTM ETS ; KT2 ERL KLIA Transit ; Terminal Bersepadu Selatan ( TBS ) Bus Hub Feeder bus T410 to SBK26 Taman Connaught for the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seremban_Line', 'summary': "The Seremban Line ( Malay : Laluan Seremban ) or Seremban Komuter Line ( Malay : Laluan Komuter Seremban ) is one of the three KTM Komuter Central Sector lines provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu . Its electric trains run between Batu Caves and Pulau Sebang/Tampin , with some services terminating in Seremban . Prior to 15 December 2015 , the northern terminus of this line was Rawang . KTM Komuter is an electrified commuter train service first introduced in 1995 , catering especially to commuters in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding suburban areas . It is a popular mode of transportation for commuters working in Kuala Lumpur , as they can travel to the city without the hassle of traffic congestion . Coaches are modern and air-conditioned . For those who drive to the stations/halts , 'Park & Ride ' facility is provided at a nominal charge . The system is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 1 and coloured Blue on official transit maps . It is named after its former terminus , Seremban station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KTM_ETS', 'summary': 'The ETS covers the section of the West Coast Main Line between Padang Besar on the Malaysia-Thailand border and Gemas on the border between Negeri Sembilan and Johor , including the branch between Bukit Mertajam and Butterworth . The line from Gemas to Johor Bahru is currently a single track and is being double tracked and electrified . The ETS operates 5 routes , namely :'}, {'url': '/wiki/KTM_ETS', 'summary': 'The ETS covers the section of the West Coast Main Line between Padang Besar on the Malaysia-Thailand border and Gemas on the border between Negeri Sembilan and Johor , including the branch between Bukit Mertajam and Butterworth . The line from Gemas to Johor Bahru is currently a single track and is being double tracked and electrified . The ETS operates 5 routes , namely :'}, {'url': '/wiki/KLIA_Transit', 'summary': 'KLIA Transit is a commuter rail service in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia between Kuala Lumpur Sentral ( KL Sentral ) and Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) and klia2 . The service is one of the two services on the Express Rail Link ( ERL ) , sharing the same tracks as the KLIA Ekspres . KLIA Transit stops at all stations along the line , while KLIA Ekspres runs non-stop between KL Sentral and KLIA/klia2 . The ERL is operated by Express Rail Link Sdn . Bhd . The line is one of the components of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . It is numbered 7 and coloured Teal on official transit maps .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Terminal_Bersepadu_Selatan', 'summary': "Bandar Tasik Selatan station ( BTS ) is a Malaysian interchange station located next to and named after Bandar Tasik Selatan , in Kuala Lumpur . The station serves as both a stop and an interchange for the KTM Komuter 's Seremban Line , KTM ETS , the LRT Sri Petaling Line , and the Express Rail Link 's KLIA Transit trains . BTS is integrated with the Terminal Bersepadu Selatan bus hub ( TBS ) . BTS and TBS are developed as an intermodal transportation hub . Facilities for the reloading of Touch ' n Go cards are also provided in the interchange , at the Sri Petaling Line concourse ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taman_Connaught_MRT_station', 'summary': 'Taman Connaught MRT station is an elevated rapid transit station on the Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line ( SBK line ) , located in Taman Connaught , Bandar Tun Razak constituency in southeastern Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It was opened on 17 July 2017 , along with 19 adjoining stations ( from Muzium Negara to Kajang ) as part of Phase 2 of the system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh-Kajang_Line', 'summary': "The MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang line , or known as SBK Line , is the ninth rail transit line and the second fully automated and driverless rail system in the Klang Valley area , Malaysia after the Kelana Jaya Line . It is a part of Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 9 and Green on official transit maps . It is one of three planned rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Sungai Buloh and Semantan commenced service on 16 December 2016 . Phase 2 between Muzium Negara and Kajang was opened on 17 July 2017 , as a free shuttle service , by former Malaysian Prime Minister , Dato ' Seri Najib Tun Razak in a ceremony at the Tun Razak Exchange station . Full revenue service between Sungai Buloh and Kajang began the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'SP16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sungai Besi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sungai_Besi_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Sungai Besi LRT station is a LRT station in Sungai Besi , a town in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . This station is served by the Sri Petaling line and was opened in 1996 , along with 17 other LRT stations . In the future , it will be integrated with the MRT Sungai Buloh Serdang Putrajaya Line . The MRT line is expected to start operatypotions in 2022 . The station will also be integrated with the proposed Maju KL Komuter station .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Future interchange SSP25 with the MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya Line ( Opening 2022 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MRT_Sungai_Buloh_Serdang_Putrajaya_Line', 'summary': 'The MRT Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya line ( MRT SSP ) or MRT 2 will be the twelfth rail transit line , the fourth fully automated and driverless rail system in Klang Valley area . It is a part of the larger rail transport system in Kuala Lumpur known as Greater KL/Klang Valley Integrated Transit System . The line is numbered 12 and coloured Gold on transit map . It is one of three planned MRT rail lines under Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project by MRT Corp . The Phase 1 between Kwasa Damansara and Kampung Batu is expected to be operational by July 2021 . The remaining line is expected to be operational in January 2023 . The approved rail alignment is 52.2 km in length , of which 13.5 km is underground . A total of 37 stations , 11 of them underground , will be built . The line will stretch from Sungai Buloh to Putrajaya and will include densely populated areas Sri Damansara , Kepong , Batu , Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah , Jalan Tun Razak , KLCC , Tun Razak Exchange , Kuchai Lama , Seri Kembangan and Cyberjaya . It is expected to have a ridership of 533,000 passengers per day once completed .'}]}, {'value': 'SP17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bukit Jalil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bukit_Jalil_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Bukit Jalil LRT station is an LRT station in Bukit Jalil , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is operated under the Sri Petaling Line ( formerly known as STAR LRT ) . This station is used by many sports fans due to its proximity to the KL Sports City ( formerly known as Kompleks Sukan Negara or National Sports Complex ) . This station opens at 6.00am and closes at 11.25pm daily , although during major events , its operating hours are extended .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exit to Bukit Jalil National Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bukit_Jalil_National_Stadium', 'summary': "The Bukit Jalil National Stadium ( Malay : Stadium Nasional Bukit Jalil ) in Bukit Jalil , located in the National Sports Complex to the south of the city centre of Malaysia 's capital city , Kuala Lumpur , all-seater multi-purpose stadium and the home ground of the Malaysian national football team . With a capacity of 87,411 , it is the largest in Southeast Asia and the eighth largest football stadium in the world . It was officially inaugurated by the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia , Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad , on 11 July 1998 ahead of the 1998 Commonwealth Games and staged the opening ceremony . Since then , it has also became the main venue for other international multi-sport events such as the 2001 Southeast Asian Games and the 2017 Southeast Asian Games , and nowadays host most Malaysian international football matches , national level football competition finals such as the Malaysia FA Cup , Malaysia Cup , athletic events and music concerts . It was built alongside other sport venues in the National Sports Complex by United Engineers Malaysia , and designed by Arkitek FAA , Weidleplan Consulting GMBH and Schlaich Bergermann Partner . A membrane structure is used for the roof , and the most of the materials used were reinforced concrete . Before the stadium was opened , Stadium Merdeka was the national stadium of Malaysia . The stadium , along with the National Sports Complex , is currently undergoing a major renovation at a combined cost of RM1.34 billion as a part of KL Sports City project in 2 phases . Project 1 ( Phase 1 ) has been completed ahead and for the 2017 SEA Games in Kuala Lumpur , with a new Populous-designed facade that covers the exterior of the stadium with twisted vertical louvres which are also LED-lighted , as well as recolouring the seats to a yellow-black design and upgraded facilities . After the 2017 ASEAN Para Games , Project 2 ( Phase 2 ) will commence , and will add a retractable roof , retractable seats , comfort ventilation and new sports and lifestyle facilities ."}]}, {'value': 'SP18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sri Petaling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Petaling_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Sri Petaling LRT station is a rapid transit station in Sri Petaling , a suburb about 20 km south of Kuala Lumpur , the capital of Malaysia . The original name was Komanwel LRT station , where Komanwel is the Malay spelling for Commonwealth . The station was opened in commemoration with the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur . The station is on the Sri Petaling Line and was the former southern terminus for passenger services on the line until October 31 , 2015 . It is the start of the new LRT extension project which extended the current terminus of the line to Putra Heights station . The station is also the namesake for the LRT line . Sri Petaling LRT station was opened in 1998 , along with 17 other stations , which at that time formed the STAR LRT Phase 2 . It was then renamed Sri Petaling Line to avoid confusion from names that differ only in the phase number . Vista Komanwel ( also known as Vista Commonwealth ) condominiums ( formerly used as 1998 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village ) and the International Medical University ( IMU ) is within walking distance to this station .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SP19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awan Besar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awan_Besar_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Awan Besar LRT station is a Light Rapid Transit station at Bukit OUG , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is operated under the Sri Petaling Line . Like most other LRT stations operating in Klang Valley , this station is elevated . Awan Besar station is also the nearest station to the Masonic Temple or locally known as the Freemason Hall and Bukit OUG Condominium . Awan Besar LRT station is located after the Sri Petaling station , the former terminus of the Sri Petaling branch line of the Ampang Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SP20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muhibbah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhibbah_LRT_station', 'summary': 'Muhibbah LRT station is a Light Rapid Transit station at Kampung Muhibbah , a village about 21 km south of Kuala Lumpur , the capital of Malaysia . Muhibbah station is the nearest station for PPR Kampung Muhibbah and Parklane OUG Service Apartments , although it is a 1.0 km walking distance thru PPR Kampung Muhibbah Block D. It is possible to walk from Muhibbah station to the next station , which is Awan Besar LRT station . It is operated under the Sri Petaling Line . Like most other LRT stations operating in Klang Valley , this station is elevated .'}]}, {'value': 'Side', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stations -- LRT Sri Petaling Line', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ampang_Line_1', 'intro': 'The LRT Ampang Line and the LRT Sri Petaling Line are light rapid transit lines in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The combined network comprises 45.1 kilometres of track (28.0 miles) with 36 stations, and is the first to use the standard gauge track and semi-automated trains in Klang Valley. A trip from one end to another takes 41 minutes on the Ampang Line, and 74 minutes on the Sri Petaling Line. The Ampang Line is named after its terminus, Ampang station, while the Sri Petaling Line is named after its former terminus, Sri Petaling station. The Ampang and Sri Petaling Lines form part of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System, numbered 3 and 4, and are coloured Orange and Maroon on the rail map respectively.'} | null | null | What is the code for a station named after a Kuala Lumpu township and opened in July of 1998 ? | SP12 |
0579edeb44f5df31 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_MLS_SuperDraft', 'title': '2000 MLS SuperDraft', 'header': ['Pick #', 'MLS team', 'Player', 'Position', 'Affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Fusion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Fusion', 'summary': "The Miami Fusion was a professional soccer team based in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . They played in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) for four seasons , from 1998 to 2001 . Announced in 1997 as one of the league 's first two expansion teams , their best season was 2001 , when they won the Supporters ' Shield with the best regular season finish . In 2002 , after four years of lackluster ticket sales and revenues , MLS contracted the Fusion along with its other Florida-based team , the Tampa Bay Mutiny . The Fusion played their home games at Lockhart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'David Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Wright_(soccer)', 'summary': 'David Wright is a retired American soccer defender who played professionally in the USL A-League . Wright graduated from Ballard High School . During his prep soccer career , Wright was a two-time high school state champion and the Kentucky High School Player of the Year . Wright attended Creighton University , where he was a 1999 NCAA First Team All American . Wright also played for the Jackson Chargers of the USL Premier Development League during the college off-season . In February 2000 , the Miami Fusion selected Wright in the third round ( twenty-fifth overall ) of the 2000 MLS SuperDraft . Wright was the last player released during the pre-season . However , the Pittsburgh Riverhounds had also drafted Wright in the second round ( 45th overall ) of the 2000 A-League Draft . After leaving the Fusion , Wright signed with the Riverhounds , playing for them until 2003 . In 2002 , Wright injured his knee in the pre-season and saw time in only nine games during the second half of the season . In January 2004 , Wright joined the Rochester Rhinos .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Creighton University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Creighton_University', 'summary': "Creighton University is a private , Jesuit university in Omaha , Nebraska . Founded by the Society of Jesus in 1878 , the university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . The university enrolls 8,393 graduate and undergraduate students on a 140-acre ( 57 ha ) campus just outside Omaha 's downtown business district ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff DiMaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_DiMaria', 'summary': 'Jeff DiMaria is a retired American soccer midfielder who played professionally in Major League Soccer and the second Major Indoor Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Louis University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Louis_University', 'summary': "Saint Louis University ( SLU ) is a private Roman Catholic research university with campuses in St. Louis , Missouri , United States , and Madrid , Spain . Founded in 1818 by Louis Guillaume Valentin Dubourg , it is the oldest university west of the Mississippi River and the second-oldest Jesuit university in the United States . It is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities . The university is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools . SLU 's athletic teams compete in NCAA 's Division I and are a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference . It has an enrollment of 12,546 students with an additional 7,101 students enrolled in its 1818 advanced college credit program . The 2019-20 student body includes 8,072 undergraduate students and 4,474 graduate students that represents all 50 states and more than 82 foreign countries . Its average class size for undergraduates is 26 and the student-faculty ratio is 9:1 . For more than 50 years , the university has maintained a campus in Madrid , Spain . The Madrid campus was the first freestanding campus operated by an American university in Europe and the first American institution to be recognized by Spain 's higher education authority as an official foreign university . The campus has 850 students , a faculty of 110 , an average class size of 17 and a student-faculty ratio of 12:1 ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '* Sergio Salas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergio_Salas', 'summary': 'Sergio Salas ( born March 21 , 1981 in Cochabamba ) is a Bolivian footballer who currently plays for West Texas United Sockers in the USL Second Division .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Project-40', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project-40', 'summary': 'Generation Adidas is a joint venture between Major League Soccer and U.S. Soccer aimed at raising the level of young professional soccer talent in the United States . The program , sponsored by Adidas , offers professional-ready players in the U.S. developmental system not yet eligible for the MLS SuperDraft early entry , allowing MLS to compete with foreign professional clubs without comparable restrictions on player signing . From its establishment in 1997 to 2005 , the program was sponsored by Nike and was called Project-40 . Originally intended to improve the U.S. national team player pool , American national team eligibility is no longer required for program entry . Carlos Parra was the first Project-40 player when he signed with the league and was allocated to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars in 1997 . Since then , the program has included players such as Tim Howard , DaMarcus Beasley , Maurice Edu , Carlos Bocanegra , Clint Dempsey , Jozy Altidore , Ben Olsen , Sacha Kljestan , Freddy Adu , Brad Guzan , Michael Bradley , Nick Rimando and Kyle Beckerman . Generation Adidas players do not count against the MLS senior roster and usually earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . Entering into the program automatically classifies a player as professional , and thus disqualifies them from playing college soccer . As a result , Generation Adidas players are also guaranteed scholarships to continue their college education should their professional career not pan out . From 1998 to 2000 , MLS entered a team of Project-40 players , supplemented by other MLS players who did not get much playing time , into the A-League in the USL . In 2017 , MLS introduced Canadian Generation Adidas players , part of a new initiative with the Canadian Soccer Association . Canadian Generation Adidas players count as domestic players on US based MLS teams .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Conway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Conway', 'summary': 'Jon Conway ( born May 6 , 1977 in Media , Pennsylvania ) is an American retired soccer goalkeeper and current goalkeeping coach for Toronto FC .'}]}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rutgers University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_University', 'summary': "Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey ( /ˈrʌtɡərz/ ) , commonly referred to as Rutgers University , or RU , is an American public research university in New Jersey . It is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey . Rutgers was originally chartered as Queen 's College on November 10 , 1766 . It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The college was renamed Rutgers College in 1825 in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers . For most of its existence , Rutgers was a private liberal arts college but it evolved into a coeducational public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956 . Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey : New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway , the Newark campus , and the Camden campus . The university has additional facilities elsewhere in the state . Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate and professional students . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance , the Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association . The New Brunswick campus was categorized by Howard and Matthew Green in their book titled The Public Ivies : America 's Flagship Public Universities ( 2001 ) as a Public Ivy ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'José Retiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Retiz', 'summary': 'José Retiz ( born January 22 , 1979 in Acapulco , Mexico ) is a Mexican footballer . Retiz played collegiate soccer for Rancho Santiago Junior College in Santa Ana , California . From 1998 to 1999 , he scored 21 goals and 45 assists and played in 51 matches , helping Rancho Santiago to a 47-1-3 record in those two seasons . He was originally drafted 29th overall by the Los Angeles Galaxy in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft but never joined the team . He spent the 2001 and 2002 season with Mexican side Santos Laguna on their reserve team . In 2001 , he also played for the Southern California Seahorses of the USL PDL . He returned to the Galaxy in 2003 as a non-roster invitee and appeared as a substitute in 5 games . In 2004 , he trained with Puebla F.C . He returned to the MLS on March 21 , 2006 when he signed with the Columbus Crew . Retiz played 22 games in 2006 for the injury-ravaged Crew , before being released by the team in February 2007 . He subsequently signed for the USL-1 expansion franchise California Victory .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rancho Santiago - Santa Ana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Ana_College', 'summary': 'Santa Ana College is a public community college in Santa Ana , California .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Wizards', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Kerry Zavagnin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerry_Zavagnin', 'summary': 'Kerry Zavagnin ( /zəˈvæɡnɪn/ ; born July 2 , 1974 in Plymouth , Michigan ) is a former American soccer midfielder , who last played defensive midfielder for the Kansas City Wizards of Major League Soccer , and sparingly for the US national team . Kerry Zavaginin also went to and played soccer for Detroit Catholic Central High School . He is currently an assistant coach with Sporting Kansas City . Zavagnin played his college soccer at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1992 to 1995 , where he registered 22 goals and 24 assists in 76 games . Upon graduating , Zavagnin joined the Raleigh Flyers of the USISL , one of the two major outdoor second divisions in US soccer , for their 1996 season .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lehigh Valley Steam ( A-League )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Steam', 'summary': 'Lehigh Valley Steam was a soccer club that competed in the A-League in 1999 . Based in Lehigh Valley , Pennsylvania , the club has problems securing a home stadium and folded after a single season . The club featured future U.S. national team player Kerry Zavagnin and was coached by Daryl Shore .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USL_First_Division', 'summary': "The United Soccer Leagues First Division ( usually referred to as USL-1 ) was a professional men 's soccer league in the United States , Canada and Puerto Rico from 2005 to 2010 . During its existence , it formed the second tier of soccer in the United States and Canada league pyramid behind Major League Soccer . It was operated by United Soccer League ( USL ) and was the successor of the old A-League , which existed from 1997 until 2004 . Several teams left the league in 2009 to form the new North American Soccer League , with the intent of running their own second tier league . Following a brief legal dispute , the two leagues operated in tandem under United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) mediation as the USSF Division 2 Professional League in 2010 before the split became final . The teams that remained in the First Division were merged with the USL Second Division in 2011 to form USL Pro ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': '* Shaker Asad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shaker_Asad', 'summary': 'Shaker Asad ( born August 18 , 1979 in Gaza , the Gaza Strip ) is a Palestinian former soccer midfielder who spent three seasons in Major League Soccer and one in the USL First Division . He also played for the Palestinian national team .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University', 'summary': "North Carolina State University ( also referred to as NCSU , NC State , or just State ) is a public research university in Raleigh , North Carolina . It is part of the University of North Carolina system and is a land- , sea- , and space-grant institution . The university forms one of the corners of the Research Triangle together with Duke University in Durham and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The North Carolina General Assembly founded the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts , now NC State , on March 7 , 1887 , as a land-grant college . Today , NC State has an enrollment of more than 35,000 students , making it the largest university in the Carolinas and among the largest in the country . NC State has historical strengths in engineering , statistics , agriculture , life sciences , textiles and design and offers bachelor 's degrees in 106 fields of study . The graduate school offers master 's degrees in 104 fields , doctoral degrees in 61 fields , and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_S.C.', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Yuri Lavrinenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuri_Lavrinenko', 'summary': 'Yuri Lavrinenko is a retired Ukrainian association football midfielder who played professionally in the USL First Division and Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington', 'summary': "Indiana University Bloomington ( IU Bloomington , IU , or simply Indiana ) is a public research university in Bloomington , Indiana . It is the flagship institution of the Indiana University system and , with over 40,000 students , its largest university . Indiana University is a Public Ivy university and consistently ranks in the top 100 national universities in the U.S. and among the top 50 public universities . It is a member of the Association of American Universities and has numerous schools and programs , including the Jacobs School of Music , the Luddy School of Informatics , Computing , and Engineering , the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs , the Kelley School of Business , the School of Public Health , the School of Nursing , the School of Optometry , the Maurer School of Law , the School of Education , the Media School , and the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies . As of Fall 2017 , 43,710 students attend Indiana University . While 55.1% of the student body was from Indiana , students from all 50 states , Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico and 165 countries were also enrolled . As of 2018 [ update ] , the average ACT score is a 28 and an SAT score of 1276 . The university is home to an extensive student life program , with more than 750 student organizations on campus and with around 17 percent of undergraduates joining the Greek system . Indiana athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Indiana Hoosiers . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference ; since it does not have a mascot , all teams are known simply as Hoosiers . Indiana 's faculty , staff , and alumni include nine Nobel laureates , 17 Rhodes Scholars , 17 Marshall Scholars , and five MacArthur Fellows . In addition , students and alumni have won six Academy Awards , 49 Grammy Awards , 32 Emmy Awards , 20 Pulitzer Prizes , four Tony Awards , and 104 Olympic medals ( 55 gold , 17 silver , and 32 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Winters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Winters_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Brian Winters is a retired American soccer player who played professionally in the USL A-League'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Portland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Portland', 'summary': "The University of Portland ( UP ) is a private Roman Catholic university in Portland , Oregon . It was founded in 1901 and is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross , which also founded UP 's sister school the University of Notre Dame . The university has a student body of approximately 4,200 students . The campus is located in the University Park neighborhood near St. Johns , on a bluff overlooking the Willamette River . With a college of arts and sciences ; a graduate school ; and schools of business , education , engineering , and nursing , it is the only comprehensive Catholic university in Oregon . It is the largest corporation in North Portland and has an annual economic impact on Portland of some $ 170 million . More than 13,000 alumni live in the Portland metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Burn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Burn', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Bernal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Bernal', 'summary': "Steve Bernal is a retired American soccer player who played professionally in the USL A-League . Bernal graduated from Batavia High School . He attended Creighton University , playing on the men 's soccer team from 1996 to 1999 . In February 2000 , the Dallas Burn selected Bernal in the third round ( 34th overall ) of the 2000 MLS SuperDraft He attended three weeks of the Burn 's pre-season training , then returned to Creighton to complete his degree . He eventually signed with the Milwaukee Rampage for the 2000 A-League season . In July 2000 , the Chicago Fire called up Bernal for two exhibition games . On August 26 , 2000 , the Dallas Burn signed Bernal to a one-year contract . He made several game-day rosters , but never came off the bench . On February 16 , 2001 , Dallas waived Bernal . Bernal returned to the Milwaukee Rampage where he played for the next two seasons . In July 2001 , the Chicago Fire called up Bernal , but he again never came off the bench . In 2002 , the Rampage won the A-League championship , but ceased operations that winter ."}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Creighton University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Creighton_University', 'summary': "Creighton University is a private , Jesuit university in Omaha , Nebraska . Founded by the Society of Jesus in 1878 , the university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . The university enrolls 8,393 graduate and undergraduate students on a 140-acre ( 57 ha ) campus just outside Omaha 's downtown business district ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Fusion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Fusion', 'summary': "The Miami Fusion was a professional soccer team based in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . They played in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) for four seasons , from 1998 to 2001 . Announced in 1997 as one of the league 's first two expansion teams , their best season was 2001 , when they won the Supporters ' Shield with the best regular season finish . In 2002 , after four years of lackluster ticket sales and revenues , MLS contracted the Fusion along with its other Florida-based team , the Tampa Bay Mutiny . The Fusion played their home games at Lockhart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '* Nick Rimando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Rimando', 'summary': 'Nicholas Paul Rimando ( born June 17 , 1979 ) is an American retired soccer player who last played as a goalkeeper for Real Salt Lake in Major League Soccer and the United States national team . He also holds the Major League Soccer records for career shutouts , wins , saves and appearances .'}]}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabio Zúñiga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabio_Zúñiga_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Fabio Zúñiga ( born June 11 , 1981 ) is a former American soccer player who played for New England Revolution in the MLS .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raritan Valley Community College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raritan_Valley_Community_College', 'summary': "Raritan Valley Community College ( RVCC ) is a public community college in North Branch , New Jersey . RVCC offers Associate degree programs leading to an Associate of Arts ( A.A. ) , Associate of Science ( A.S. ) , Associate of Fine Art ( A.F.A ) , or an Associate of Applied Science ( A.A.S . ) , as well as certificate programs and continuing education courses . The college was founded in late 1965 as Somerset County College and opened to its first class of students in the fall of 1968 . It was given its present name in 1987 , when it became the county college for Hunterdon County as well as its home of Somerset County . It was the first community college in New Jersey to be sponsored by two different counties . Raritan Valley 's University Center offers degree completion programs from a number of schools and university partners including Rutgers University ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Round 3', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2000_MLS_SuperDraft_2', 'intro': 'The 2000 Major League Soccer SuperDraft was held on February 6, 2000 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.'} | null | null | What is the pick number of the player who graduated from Ballard High School ? | 25 |
057a497214243c2a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_visited_museums_in_the_Netherlands', 'title': 'List of most visited museums in the Netherlands', 'header': ['Rank', 'Museum', 'City', 'Visitor count', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Van Gogh Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum', 'summary': "The Van Gogh Museum is a Dutch art museum dedicated to the works of Vincent van Gogh and his contemporaries in Amsterdam ; it is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South , close to the Stedelijk Museum , the Rijksmuseum , and the Concertgebouw . The museum opened on 2 June 1973 , and its buildings were designed by Gerrit Rietveld and Kisho Kurokawa . The museum contains the largest collection of Van Gogh 's paintings and drawings in the world . In 2017 , the museum had 2.3 million visitors , and was the most visited museum in the Netherlands , and the 23rd most visited art museum in the world . In 2019 , the Van Gogh Museum launched the Meet Vincent Van Gogh Experience , a technology-driven immersive exhibition on Van Gogh 's life and works , which has toured globally ."}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '2,260,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zaanse Schans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaanse_Schans', 'summary': 'Zaanse Schans ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈzaːnsə ˈsxɑns ] ) is a neighbourhood of Zaandam , near Zaandijk , Netherlands . It is best known for its collection of well-preserved historic windmills and houses . From 1961 to 1974 old buildings from all over the Zaanstreek were relocated using lowboy trailers to the area . The Zaans Museum , established in 1994 near the first Zaanse Schans windmill , is located south of the neighbourhood .'}]}, {'value': 'Zaandam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaandam', 'summary': 'Zaandam ( Dutch pronunciation : [ zaːnˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is a city in the province of North Holland , Netherlands . It is the main city of the municipality of Zaanstad , and received city rights in 1811 . It is located on the river Zaan , just north of Amsterdam . The statistical district Zaandam , which covers the city and the surrounding countryside , has a population of around 76,804 . Zaandam was a separate municipality until 1974 , when it became a part of the new municipality of Zaanstad .'}]}, {'value': '2,200,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rijksmuseum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rijksmuseum', 'summary': 'The Rijksmuseum ( Dutch : [ ˈrɛiksmyˌzeːjʏm ] ( listen ) ; English : National Museum ) is a Dutch national museum dedicated to arts and history in Amsterdam . The museum is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South , close to the Van Gogh Museum , the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam , and the Concertgebouw . The Rijksmuseum was founded in The Hague on 19 November 1798 and moved to Amsterdam in 1808 , where it was first located in the Royal Palace and later in the Trippenhuis . The current main building was designed by Pierre Cuypers and first opened in 1885 . On 13 April 2013 , after a ten-year renovation which cost € 375 million , the main building was reopened by Queen Beatrix . In 2013 and 2014 , it was the most visited museum in the Netherlands with record numbers of 2.2 million and 2.47 million visitors . It is also the largest art museum in the country . The museum has on display 8,000 objects of art and history , from their total collection of 1 million objects from the years 1200-2000 , among which are some masterpieces by Rembrandt , Frans Hals , and Johannes Vermeer . The museum also has a small Asian collection , which is on display in the Asian pavilion .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '2,160,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne Frank House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Frank_House', 'summary': "The Anne Frank House ( Dutch : Anne Frank Huis ) is a writer 's house and biographical museum dedicated to Jewish wartime diarist Anne Frank . The building is located on a canal called the Prinsengracht , close to the Westerkerk , in central Amsterdam in the Netherlands . During World War II , Anne Frank hid from Nazi persecution with her family and four other people in hidden rooms at the rear of the 17th-century canal house , known as the Secret Annex ( Dutch : Achterhuis ) . She did not survive the war but her wartime diary was published in 1947 . Ten years later the Anne Frank Foundation was established to protect the property from developers who wanted to demolish the block . The museum opened on 3 May 1960 . It preserves the hiding place , has a permanent exhibition on the life and times of Anne Frank , and has an exhibition space about all forms of persecution and discrimination . In 2013 and 2014 , the museum had 1.2 million visitors and was the 3rd most visited museum in the Netherlands , after the Rijksmuseum and Van Gogh Museum ."}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '1,266,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EYE Film Institute Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands', 'summary': 'Eye Filmmuseum is a film archive and museum in Amsterdam that preserves and presents both Dutch and foreign films screened in the Netherlands . The collection includes 37,000 film titles , 60,000 posters , 700,000 photographs and 20,000 books . The earliest materials date from the start of the film industry in the Netherlands in 1895 .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '751,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam', 'summary': 'The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌsteːdələk myˌzeːjʏm ˌɑmstərˈdɑm ] ; Municipal Museum Amsterdam ) , colloquially known as the Stedelijk , is a museum for modern art , contemporary art , and design located in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 19th century building was designed by Adriaan Willem Weissman and the 21st century wing with the current entrance was designed by Benthem Crouwel Architects . It is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South , where it is close to the Van Gogh Museum , the Rijksmuseum , and the Concertgebouw . The collection comprises modern and contemporary art and design from the early 20th century up to the 21st century . It features artists such as Vincent van Gogh , Wassily Kandinsky , Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , Marc Chagall , Henri Matisse , Jackson Pollock , Karel Appel , Andy Warhol , Willem de Kooning , Marlene Dumas , Lucio Fontana , and Gilbert & George . In 2015 , the museum had an estimated 675,000 visitors .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '680,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sexmuseum Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sexmuseum_Amsterdam', 'summary': 'The Sexmuseum or the Temple of Venus ( Dutch : Venustempel ) is a sex museum located in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The museum opened in 1985 . It had 675,000 visitors in 2015 , making it one of the most visited museums in the Netherlands . The museum features an extensive collection of pictures , recordings , photos , paintings and artifacts which allow visitors to explore the evolution of human sexuality throughout the ages . Visitors learn about the history of sex and how it has evolved over the centuries . Visitors may be surprised to learn just how open and free historical civilizations were . From Cleopatras regiment of men to the Romans insatiable appetite for sex , visitors will learn how sex was viewed throughout history , and this includes the repressive Middle Ages .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '675,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NEMO Science Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NEMO_(museum)', 'summary': 'NEMO Science Museum ( from latin Nobody ) is a science centre in Amsterdam , Netherlands . It is located in the Oosterdokseiland neighbourhood in the Amsterdam-Centrum borough , situated between the Oosterdokseiland and the Kattenburg . The museum has its origins in 1923 , and is housed in a building designed by Renzo Piano since 1997 . It contains five floors of hands-on science exhibitions and is the largest science center in the Netherlands . It attracts around 670,000 visitors annually , which makes it the eighth most visited museum in the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '670,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gemeentemuseum Den Haag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gemeentemuseum_Den_Haag', 'summary': "The Kunstmuseum Den Haag is an art museum in The Hague in the Netherlands , founded in 1866 as the 'Museum voor Moderne Kunst ' . Later , until 1998 , it was known as 'Haags Gemeentemuseum ' , and until the end of September 2019 as 'Gemeentemuseum Den Haag ' . It is renowned for its large Mondrian collection , the largest in the world . His last work , Victory Boogie-Woogie , is on display here . The museum building was constructed between 1931-1935 , designed by the Dutch architect H.P . Berlage . GEM ( museum for contemporary art ) and Fotomuseum Den Haag ( The Hague museum for photography ) are part of the Kunstmuseum , though not housed in the same building and with a separate entrance fee ."}]}, {'value': 'The Hague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hague', 'summary': "The Hague ( /heɪɡ/ ; Dutch : Den Haag [ dɛn ˈɦaːx ] ( listen ) or 's - Gravenhage [ ˌsxraːvə ( n ) ˈɦaːɣə ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands on the North Sea and the capital of the province of South Holland . It is also the seat of government of the Netherlands and hosts the International Court of Justice , one of the most important courts in the world . With a metropolitan population of more than 1 million , it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam and Rotterdam . The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million , is the 13th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country . Located in the west of the Netherlands , The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation . The Hague is the seat of the Cabinet , the States General , the Supreme Court , and the Council of State of the Netherlands , but the city is not the constitutional capital of the Netherlands , which is Amsterdam . King Willem-Alexander lives in Huis ten Bosch [ a ] and works at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague , together with Queen Máxima . Most foreign embassies in the Netherlands are located in the city . The Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and other Dutch companies . The Hague is known as the home of international law and arbitration . The International Court of Justice , the main judicial arm of the United Nations , is located in the city , as well as the International Criminal Court , the Permanent Court of Arbitration , Europol , and approximately 200 other international governmental organisations ."}]}, {'value': '560,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands Open Air Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_Open_Air_Museum', 'summary': "The Netherlands Open Air Museum ( Dutch : Nederlands Openluchtmuseum ) is a open-air museum located in Arnhem with antique houses , farms and factories from different parts of the Netherlands . It is a national museum focusing on the culture associated with the everyday lives of ordinary people . This will be linked to key aspects of Dutch history , including the Dutch East India Company and Michiel de Ruyter , as well as the First World War , slavery and child labour . The park was established on 24 April 1912 and open to the public from July 1918 , over the last century the Netherlands Open Air Museum has grown to become one of the country 's most visited museums . Annually , the museum has more than 555,000 visitors ."}]}, {'value': 'Arnhem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arnhem', 'summary': "Arnhem ( /ˈɑːrnəm/ , also US : /ˈɑːrnhɛm/ , Dutch : [ ˈɑrnɛm ] ( listen ) or [ ˈɑrnɦɛm ] ( listen ) ; German : Arnheim ; South Guelderish : Èrnem ) is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands . It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek , which was the source of the city 's development . Arnhem had a population of 159,265 in 2019 and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands . The municipality is part of the Arnhem-Nijmegen metropolitan area which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants . [ citation needed ] Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen , ArtEZ Institute of the Arts , Netherlands Open Air Museum , Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein ' , Royal Burgers ' Zoo , NOC*NSF and National Sports Centre Papendal . The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park . It is approximately 55 square kilometers in area , consisting of heathlands , sand dunes , and woodlands . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '532.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noordbrabants Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noordbrabants_Museum', 'summary': "Het Noordbrabants Museum is an art museum in 's-Hertogenbosch , Netherlands . The curator is Charles de Mooij . Notable exhibitions held at the museum include , Hieronymus Bosch - Visions of Genius ."}]}, {'value': "'s-Hertogenbosch", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/'s-Hertogenbosch", 'summary': "'s-Hertogenbosch ( UK : /ˌsɛərtoʊxənˈbɒs/ , US : /-ˈbɔːs , -ɡənˈ- , sɛərˌtoʊ-/ , Dutch : [ ˌsɛrtoːɣə ( m ) ˈbɔs ] ( listen ) ; French : Bois-le-Duc [ bwa l ( ə ) dyk ] ) , colloquially known as Den Bosch ( IPA : [ dɛm ˈbɔs ] ( listen ) ) , is a city and municipality in the Netherlands with a population of 152,968 . It is the capital of the province of North Brabant ."}]}, {'value': '510,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hermitage Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermitage_Amsterdam', 'summary': "Hermitage Amsterdam is a branch museum of the Hermitage Museum of Saint Petersburg , Russia , located on the banks of the Amstel river in Amsterdam . The museum is located in the former Amstelhof , a classical style building from 1681 . The dependency displayed small exhibitions in the adjacent Neerlandia Building from 24 February 2004 until the main museum opened on 19 June 2009 . It is currently the largest satellite of the Hermitage Museum , with a total area of 12,846 m2 ( 138,270 sq ft ) and fits with the museum 's plan to make its collections accessible to more people . The exhibition area covers 2,172 m2 ( 23,380 sq ft ) and is contained within two large exhibition halls and smaller exhibition rooms . The remaining space holds lecture halls , offices and staff accommodations and a restaurant ."}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '503,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amsterdam Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam_Museum', 'summary': 'The Amsterdam Museum , until 2011 called the Amsterdams Historisch Museum , is a museum about the history of Amsterdam . Since 1975 , it is located in the old city orphanage between Kalverstraat and Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '475,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Railway Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Railway_Museum_(Netherlands)', 'summary': 'The Railway Museum ( Dutch : Het Spoorwegmuseum ) in Utrecht is the Dutch national railway museum . It was established in 1927 and since 1954 has been housed in the Maliebaan station , a former railway station .'}]}, {'value': 'Utrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utrecht', 'summary': "Utrecht ( /ˈjuːtrɛkt/ YOO-trekt , also UK : /juːˈtrɛxt/ yoo-TREKHT , Dutch : [ ˈytrɛxt ] ( listen ) ) is the fourth-largest city and a municipality of the Netherlands , capital and most populous city of the province of Utrecht . It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation , in the very centre of mainland Netherlands ; it had a population of 357,179 as of 2019 . Utrecht 's ancient city centre features many buildings and structures , several dating as far back as the High Middle Ages . It has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century . It lost the status of prince-bishopric but remains the main religious centre in the country . Utrecht was the most important city in the Netherlands until the Dutch Golden Age , when it was surpassed by Amsterdam as the country 's cultural centre and most populous city . Utrecht is host to Utrecht University , the largest university in the Netherlands , as well as several other institutions of higher education . Due to its central position within the country , it is an important transport hub for both rail and road transport ; the busiest train station in the Netherlands , Utrecht Centraal , is in the city of Utrecht . It has the second highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam . In 2012 , Lonely Planet included Utrecht in the top 10 of the world 's unsung places ."}]}, {'value': '424,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauritshuis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauritshuis', 'summary': 'The Mauritshuis ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈmʌurɪtsɦœys ] ; English : Maurice House ) is an art museum in The Hague , Netherlands . The museum houses the Royal Cabinet of Paintings which consists of 854 objects , mostly Dutch Golden Age paintings . The collections contains works by Johannes Vermeer , Rembrandt van Rijn , Jan Steen , Paulus Potter , Frans Hals , Jacob van Ruisdael , Hans Holbein the Younger , and others . Originally , the 17th century building was the residence of count John Maurice of Nassau . It is now the property of the government of the Netherlands and is listed in the top 100 Dutch heritage sites .'}]}, {'value': 'The Hague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hague', 'summary': "The Hague ( /heɪɡ/ ; Dutch : Den Haag [ dɛn ˈɦaːx ] ( listen ) or 's - Gravenhage [ ˌsxraːvə ( n ) ˈɦaːɣə ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands on the North Sea and the capital of the province of South Holland . It is also the seat of government of the Netherlands and hosts the International Court of Justice , one of the most important courts in the world . With a metropolitan population of more than 1 million , it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam and Rotterdam . The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million , is the 13th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country . Located in the west of the Netherlands , The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation . The Hague is the seat of the Cabinet , the States General , the Supreme Court , and the Council of State of the Netherlands , but the city is not the constitutional capital of the Netherlands , which is Amsterdam . King Willem-Alexander lives in Huis ten Bosch [ a ] and works at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague , together with Queen Máxima . Most foreign embassies in the Netherlands are located in the city . The Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and other Dutch companies . The Hague is known as the home of international law and arbitration . The International Court of Justice , the main judicial arm of the United Nations , is located in the city , as well as the International Criminal Court , the Permanent Court of Arbitration , Europol , and approximately 200 other international governmental organisations ."}]}, {'value': '410,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naturalis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naturalis', 'summary': 'Naturalis Biodiversity Center ( Dutch : Nederlands Centrum voor Biodiversiteit Naturalis ) is a national museum of natural history and a research center on biodiversity in Leiden , Netherlands . The museum , exceptt the research facilities , was closed from September 2018 to mid 2019 due to renovations . Temporary exhibitions were held in the Pesthuis ( historical Plague hospital ) entrance building during the renovations . Although its current name and organization are relatively recent , the history of Naturalis can be traced back to the early 1800s . Its collection includes approximately 37 million specimens , making it one of the largest natural history collections in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Leiden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leiden', 'summary': "Leiden ( /ˈlaɪdən/ , Dutch : [ ˈlɛi̯də ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden ) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland , Netherlands . The municipality of Leiden had a population of 123,856 in August 2017 , but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration with its suburbs Oegstgeest , Leiderdorp , Voorschoten and Zoeterwoude with 206,647 inhabitants . The Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) further includes Katwijk in the agglomeration which makes the total population of the Leiden urban agglomeration 270,879 , and in the larger Leiden urban area also Teylingen , Noordwijk , and Noordwijkerhout are included with in total 348,868 inhabitants . Leiden is located on the Oude Rijn , at a distance of some 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) from The Hague to its south and some 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Amsterdam to its north . The recreational area of the Kaag Lakes ( Kagerplassen ) lies just to the northeast of Leiden . A university city since 1575 , Leiden has been one of Europe 's most prominent scientific centres for more than four centuries . Leiden is a typical university city , university buildings are scattered throughout the city and the many students from all over the world give the city a bustling , vivid and international atmosphere . Many important scientific discoveries have been made here , giving rise to Leiden 's motto : City of Discoveries . The city houses Leiden University , the oldest university of the Netherlands , and Leiden University Medical Center . Leiden University is one of Europe 's top universities , with thirteen Nobel Prize winners . It is a member of the League of European Research Universities and positioned highly in all international academic rankings . It is twinned with Oxford , the location of the United Kingdom 's oldest university ."}]}, {'value': '400,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moco Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moco_Museum', 'summary': 'The Moco Museum ( Modern Contemporary Museum Amsterdam ) is an independent museum located in Amsterdam , the Netherlands , dedicated to exhibiting modern and contemporary art . The museum was founded with the mission of attracting broader and younger audiences , and of making art accessible to the public . Moco Museum is situated on Museumplein , in the historic Villa Alsberg , a townhouse designed in 1904 by Eduard Cuypers the nephew of Pierre Cuypers , designer of Amsterdam Central Station and the Rijksmuseum . The townhouse was one of the first privately-owned residencies on Museumplein and remained so until 1939 .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '400,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joods Cultureel Kwartier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joods_Historisch_Museum', 'summary': 'The Joods Historisch Museum ( Dutch pronunciation : [ joːts ɦɪsˈtoːris myˈzeːjɵm ] ; English : Jewish Historical Museum ) , part of the Jewish Cultural Quarter , is a museum in Amsterdam dedicated to Jewish history , culture and religion , in the Netherlands and worldwide . It is the only museum in the Netherlands dedicated to Jewish history .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '370,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Het Loo Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Het_Loo_Palace', 'summary': 'Het Loo Palace ( Dutch : Paleis Het Loo [ paːˈlɛis ɦɛt ˈloː ] , meaning The Lea ) is a palace in Apeldoorn , Netherlands , built by the House of Orange-Nassau .'}]}, {'value': 'Apeldoorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apeldoorn', 'summary': 'Apeldoorn ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈaːpəldoːrn ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland in the centre of the Netherlands . It is a regional centre . The municipality of Apeldoorn , including villages like Beekbergen , Loenen , Ugchelen and Hoenderloo , had a population of 162,445 in 2019 . The western half of the municipality lies on the Veluwe ridge , the eastern half lies in the IJssel valley .'}]}, {'value': '356,386', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum', 'summary': 'The National Maritime Museum ( Dutch : Het Scheepvaartmuseum , pronounced [ ət ˈsxeːpfaːrtmyˌzeːjʏm ] ) is a maritime museum in Amsterdam in the Netherlands . The museum had 419,060 visitors in 2012 . It ranked as 11th most visited museum in the Netherlands in 2013 . The museum had 300,000 visitors in 2015 . In 2017 the museum received 350,000 visitors .'}]}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': '348,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "The Rijksmuseum is one of the most visited museums in the Netherlands Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam Anne Frank House in Amsterdam The list of most visited museums in the Netherlands contains the museums in the Netherlands with more than 250,000 visitors per year . Thirteen of these museums are located in Amsterdam , the country 's capital .", 'uid': 'List_of_most_visited_museums_in_the_Netherlands_0', 'intro': "The list of most visited museums in the Netherlands contains the museums in the Netherlands with more than 250,000 visitors per year. Thirteen of these museums are located in Amsterdam, the country's capital."} | null | null | How many people live in the city where the Railway Museum is found ? | 357,179 |
057a5f00c842a232 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Order_of_Merit', 'title': 'FIFA Order of Merit', 'header': ['Recipient', 'Year', 'Nationality'], 'data': [{'value': 'Franz Beckenbauer *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer', 'summary': "Franz Anton Beckenbauer ( pronounced [ ˈfʁants ˈbɛkn̩ˌbaʊɐ ] ; born 11 September 1945 ) is a German former professional footballer and manager . Early in his playing career he was nicknamed Der Kaiser ( The Emperor ) because of his elegant style , dominance and leadership on the field , and also as his first name Franz is reminiscent of the Austrian emperors . He is widely regarded to be one of the greatest players in the history of the sport . A versatile player who started out as a midfielder , Beckenbauer made his name as a central defender . He is often credited as having invented the role of the modern sweeper or libero . Twice named European Footballer of the Year , Beckenbauer appeared 103 times for West Germany and played in three FIFA World Cups . He is one of three men , along with Brazil 's Mário Zagallo and France 's Didier Deschamps to have won the World Cup as a player and as a manager ; he lifted the World Cup trophy as captain in 1974 , and repeated the feat as a manager in 1990 . He was the first captain to lift the World Cup and European Championship at international level and the European Cup at club level . He was named in the World Team of the 20th Century in 1998 , the FIFA World Cup Dream Team in 2002 , and in 2004 was listed in the FIFA 100 of the world 's greatest living players . At club level with Bayern Munich , Beckenbauer won the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1967 and three consecutive European Cups from 1974 to 1976 . The latter feat made him the first player to win three European Cups as captain of his club . He became team manager and later president of Bayern Munich ."}]}, {'value': '1984 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Schön', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Schön', 'summary': "Helmut Schön ( 15 September 1915 in Dresden , Germany - 23 February 1996 in Wiesbaden , Germany ) was a German football player and manager . He is best remembered for his exceptional career as manager of the West German national team in four consecutive World Cup tournaments , including winning the title in 1974 , losing in the final in 1966 , and coming in third in 1970 . In addition , his teams won the European Championship in 1972 and lost in the final in 1976 . He played as a striker for Dresdner SC , winning the German football championship in 1943 and 1944 as well as the cup in 1941 and 1942 . He appeared 16 times for his country between 1937 and 1941 , scoring 17 goals . After World War II he began his career in football management in his native state of Saxony , then part of Soviet-occupied East Germany . He was in charge of coaching selections from Saxony and the Soviet occupation zone before political interference to the sport made him flee to Western Germany in 1950 . Having played in Hamburg for FC St. Pauli even during his Friedrichstadt spell , he now was appointed player-coach with Hertha BSC Berlin where he had several former teammates in his squad but left before the end of the season . Schön became a licensed coach in Cologne before managing Wiesbaden . Between 1952 and 1956 , he was in charge of the then-independent Saarland side , who met West Germany in qualification for the 1954 World Cup . When the Saarland was reunified with West Germany in 1956 , Schön joined the West German national side as assistant to Sepp Herberger , whom he succeeded as manager in November 1964 . Under Schön 's leadership the West German teams were World Cup runners-up in 1966 ( lost 4-2 to England in the final ) , third in the World Cup of 1970 , European champions in 1972 ( defeated the Soviet Union 3-0 in the final ) , World Cup winners in 1974 ( defeated the Netherlands 2-1 in the final ) , and European Championship runners-up in 1976 ( lost to Czechoslovakia in the final on penalty kicks , after extra-time ) ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Mário Zagallo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mário_Zagallo', 'summary': "Mário Jorge Lobo Zagallo ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈmaɾju zaˈɡalu ] ; born 9 August 1931 ) is a Brazilian former football player and manager , who played as a forward . He holds the record for World Cup titles in general with 4 titles in total . He was the first person to win the FIFA World Cup as both a manager and as a player , winning the competition in 1958 and 1962 as a player , in 1970 as manager and in 1994 as assistant manager . Zagallo also coached Brazil in 1974 ( obtaining 4th place ) and in 1998 ( obtaining a runner-up ) and was a technical assistant in 2006 reaching the quarterfinal . He is one of three men , along with Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps to have won the World Cup as a player and as a manager and the only one that has done it 4 times . In 1992 Zagallo received the FIFA Order of Merit , the highest honour awarded by FIFA , for his contributions to football . He was also named the World Soccer Magazine 9th Greatest Manager of All Time in 2013"}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Karl Heinz Weigang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Heinz_Weigang', 'summary': 'Karl-Heinz Weigang ( 24 August 1935 - 12 June 2017 ) was a German professional football coach . Weigang had vast experience in coaching international football , having managed the likes of Sri Lanka , Vietnam , Mali , Ghana and Gabon over a career that spanned more than half a century . However , he is best remembered for his time with Malaysia in the early 1980s , when he led the national team to qualify for the 1980 Olympic Games . He was also a popular figure in the Malaysian league , where he had some domestic success over his multiple stints with Perak , the last being his role as coach and technical advisor in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Miljan Miljanić *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miljan_Miljanić', 'summary': "Miljan Miljanić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Миљан Миљанић ; 4 May 1930 - 13 January 2012 ) was a Yugoslav and Serbian football player , coach and administrator , who played as a defender . Born in Bitola , Vardar Banovina , Kingdom of Yugoslavia , to a family originating from the Banjani clan in the Nikšić municipality in Montenegro , Miljanić spent the first years of his life in what would later become SR Macedonia within SFR Yugoslavia and eventually present day North Macedonia . During his colourful career , Miljanić coached Red Star Belgrade ( won 10 trophies ) , Real Madrid ( won back-to-back La Liga titles , including a League/Cup double in the 1974-75 season ) , Valencia CF ( disappointing stint that lasted three quarters of the 1982-83 season when he got sacked with the team in 17th place in the league ) , and the Yugoslav national side , of which he was a head coach in the 1974 and 1982 World Cups . He is equally known as the all-powerful president of the Football Association of FR Yugoslavia ( FSJ ) , a post he occupied for years before leaving in 2001 . His influence on the game of football in Yugoslavia is huge as an entire generation of coaches including Ćiro Blažević , Ivica Osim , Toza Veselinović , etc . came up under his tutelage . In addition to admirers , Miljanić has his share of detractors who feel his trademark cautious and defensive tactics , as well as reliance on older players , contributed to the Yugoslav national team 's poor results and unattractive play throughout the 1970s and 1980s . In 2002 , for his contributions to association football , Miljanić became the recipient of the FIFA Order of Merit - the highest honour awarded by FIFA ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': 'Valeriy Lobanovskyi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valeriy_Lobanovskyi', 'summary': "Valeriy Vasylyovych Lobanovskyi ( Ukrainian : Вале́рій Васи́льович Лобано́вський [ wɐˈlɛrɪj lobɐˈnɔu̯sʲkɪj ] ; Russian : Вале́рий Васи́льевич Лобано́вский ; 6 January 1939 - 13 May 2002 ) was а Ukrainian football manager . He was the Master of Sports of USSR , the Distinguished Coach of USSR , and the laureate of the UEFA Order of Merit in Ruby ( 2002 ) and FIFA Order of Merit , the highest honour awarded by FIFA . In 2002 he was awarded the Hero of Ukraine award ( posthumously ) , the highest Ukrainian honour , for his contribution to Ukrainian football . Lobanovskyi is highly esteemed for his achievements as a coach and is widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time . Along with Rinus Michels , Lobanovskyi is recognized for being the inventor of the major football playing style known as Total Football in the 1970s . Nicknamed the football scientist , Lobanovskyi is credited for bringing a scientific and analytical approach and strong emphasis on physical fitness and diet to the game . With the cooperation with Anatoly Zelentsov , a scientist from the department of physical education theory of Kyiv State Institute of Physical Education , Lobanovskyi brought an accurate system of calculation of the training process and mathematical modeling of physical load for players . Lobanovskyi is most famous for his spells managing FC Dynamo Kyiv and the USSR national football team . Lobanovskyi established Dynamo as the most dominant club in Soviet football in the 1970s and 1980s , winning Soviet Top League eight times and Soviet Cup six times in 16 years . In 1975 his Dynamo Kyiv team became the first side from the Soviet Union to win a major European trophy when they beat Hungarian side Ferencváros in the final of the Cup Winners ' Cup . During the tournament , Dynamo Kyiv won eight games out of nine , resulting in a winning percentage of 88.88% - a record among all European main tournaments ' winning club sides , matched only by Paris Saint-Germain in 1995/96 . Lobanovskyi and the team repeated the Cup Winners ' Cup success in 1986 , beating Atletico Madrid in the final ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Sein Hlaing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sein_Hlaing', 'summary': 'Sein Hlaing ( Burmese : စိန်လှိုင် , pronounced [ sèiɴ l̥àiɴ ] ; 10 November 1918 - 7 May 2010 ) was a Burmese player and coach , regarded as being the most successful coach in the history of the national team . Sein Hlaing was awarded FIFA Order of Merit in 2004 in recognition of his achievements as a coach .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myanmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myanmar', 'summary': 'Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .'}]}, {'value': 'Kazimierz Górski *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazimierz_Górski', 'summary': 'Kazimierz Klaudiusz Górski ( 2 March 1921 - 23 May 2006 ) was a coach of Poland national football team and honorary president of Polish Football Union ( Polski Związek Piłki Nożnej , PZPN ) . He was also a football player , capped once for Poland .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nodar Akhalkatsi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nodar_Akhalkatsi', 'summary': "Nodar Akhalkatsi ( Georgian : ნოდარ ახალკაცი ; 2 January 1938 - 24 January 1998 ) was a professional football manager from Georgia . Akhalkatsi coached Soviet club Dinamo Tbilisi to the USSR league championship in 1978 , with a side that contained the likes of David Kipiani , Ramaz Shengelia , Vitaly Daraselia , Tengiz Sulakvelidze and Aleksandr Chivadze , all of whom were regular Soviet internationals . The team were renowned for their swashbuckling style of football and attack-minded approach . The following year , Dinamo entered the European Cup and stunned the reigning champions Liverpool with an impressive 3-0 win in the first round . However , they were eliminated by West German side Hamburg in their next tie . Two years later , Akhalkatsi enjoyed his finest moment as a manager when he guided Dinamo to victory in the 1981 Cup Winners ' Cup final , beating East German outfit Carl Zeiss Jena in Düsseldorf 's Rheinstadion . Dinamo had won the 1979 Soviet Cup to gain admittance to the competition , beating FC Dynamo Moscow on penalties in the final . Akhalkatsi was a member of USSR manager Konstantin Beskov 's coaching staff at the 1982 World Cup in Spain , forming a three-man technical team with Beskov and Dynamo Kiev 's coach Valeriy Lobanovskyi . In the early 1990s , Akhalkatsi was one of the integral figures in the formation of the Georgian Football Federation after the republic achieved independence from the USSR . He was the organisation 's president from 1990 to 1998 . He died of a heart attack in Tbilisi on 24 January 1998 , aged 60 , while on his way to attend a tournament in the city . In 2008 , for his contributions to association football , Akhalkatsi became the recipient ( posthumously ) of the FIFA Order of Merit , the highest honour awarded by FIFA ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(country)', 'summary': "Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველო , translit . : sakartvelo , IPA : [ sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ ] ( listen ) ) , known until 1995 as the Republic of Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos resp'ublik ' a ) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe , it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea , to the north by Russia , to the south by Turkey and Armenia , and to the southeast by Azerbaijan . The capital and largest city is Tbilisi . Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres ( 26,911 sq mi ) , and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million . Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic , with the government elected through a representative democracy . During the classical era , several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia , such as Colchis and Iberia . The Georgians officially adopted Christianity in the early 4th century . The Georgian Orthodox Church had enormous importance for the spiritual and political unification of early Georgian states . The unified Kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great in the 12th and early 13th centuries . Thereafter , the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers , including the Mongols , the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran ."}]}, {'value': 'Johan Cruijff *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johan_Cruijff', 'summary': "Hendrik Johannes Cruijff OON ( Dutch : [ ˈjoːɦɑn ˈkrœyf ] ( listen ) , internationally spelled Cruyff ; 25 April 1947 - 24 March 2016 ) was a Dutch professional football player and coach . As a player , he won the Ballon d'Or three times , in 1971 , 1973 , and 1974 . Cruyff was an exponent of the football philosophy known as Total Football explored by Rinus Michels , and is widely regarded as one of the greatest players in football history . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , Dutch football rose from obscurity to become a powerhouse in the sport . Cruyff led the Netherlands to the final of the 1974 FIFA World Cup and received the Golden Ball as player of the tournament . At the 1974 finals , he executed a feint that subsequently was named after him , the Cruyff Turn , a move widely replicated in the modern game . Wearing the number 14 jersey , he set a trend for wearing shirt numbers outside the usual starting line-up numbers of one to eleven . At club level , Cruyff started his career at Ajax , where he won eight Eredivisie titles , three European Cups and one Intercontinental Cup . In 1973 , he moved to Barcelona for a world record transfer fee , winning La Liga in his first season and was named European Footballer of the Year . After retiring from playing in 1984 , Cruyff became highly successful as manager of Ajax and later Barcelona ; he remained an influential advisor to both clubs . His son Jordi also played football professionally . In 1999 , Cruyff was voted European Player of the Century in an election held by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics , and came second behind Pelé in their World Player of the Century poll ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Winston Chung-Fah', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Óscar Tabárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Tabárez', 'summary': 'Óscar Washington Tabárez Silva ( American Spanish : [ ˈoskaɾ taˈβaɾes ] ; born 3 March 1947 ) , known as El Maestro ( The Teacher ) , is a Uruguayan football manager and former player , who played as a defender . He is the manager of the Uruguay national team with a contract through the Qatar 2022 World Cup . After an unassuming career as a player and after working as a primary school teacher , Tabárez embarked on an extensive coaching career which has lasted more than 30 years and included coaching teams in Colombia , Argentina , Italy and Spain . He managed the Uruguay national football team from 1988 to 1990 , returning to the job for a second time in 2006 . He led the team to fourth place in the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and to victory in the 2011 Copa América . With Tabárez , Uruguay qualified for three World Cups , reaching the round of 16 two times , and the semi-finals once . In October 2017 Tabárez qualified Uruguay for a fourth time ; reaching the 5th position at the 2018 World Cup tournament . On 25 March 2016 , two and a half weeks after completing ten years as the manager of Uruguay , Tabárez surpassed Francisco Maturana for the head coach with most World Cup qualifying games in South America with 47 , with the singularity that he has only managed Uruguay . Tabárez also is the fourth-ranked manager with most games at the Copa América with 30 , participating in six tournaments ( 1989 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 , 2016 and 2019 ) . In 2012 , for his contributions to association football , Tabaréz became the recipient of the FIFA Order of Merit , the highest honour awarded by FIFA .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uruguay', 'summary': 'Uruguay ( /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ uɾuˈɣwai ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( Spanish : República Oriental del Uruguay ; Portuguese : República Oriental do Uruguai ) , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.45 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers ( 68,000 sq mi ) , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America , after Suriname . Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4,000 years before the Portuguese established Colónia do Sacramento in 1680 ; Uruguay was colonized by Europeans relatively late compared with neighboring countries . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain , and later Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics . A series of economic crises put an end to a democratic period that had begun in the early 20th century , culminating in a 1973 coup , which established a civic-military dictatorship . The military government persecuted leftists , socialists , and political opponents , resulting in several deaths and numerous instances of torture by the military ; the military relinquished power to a civilian government in 1985 . Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government . Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , low perception of corruption , e-government , and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients -- Personalities directly involved in football', 'section_text': 'Oscar Tabaréz is the last person to receive the FIFA Order of Merit for his contributions as a coach', 'uid': 'FIFA_Order_of_Merit_3', 'intro': "The FIFA Order of Merit is the highest honour awarded by FIFA. The award is presented at the annual FIFA congress. It is normally awarded to people who are considered to have made a significant contribution to association football. At FIFA's centennial congress they made one award for every decade of their existence. These awards were also handed out to fans, organisations, clubs, and one to African Football. These were referred to as the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit. The winner doesn't have to be directly involved with football to receive it. One such notable non-footballing personality was Nelson Mandela who won it for bringing South Africa back to international football."} | null | null | What is the land area of the nation whose recipient whose middle name is Anton ? | 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) |
057af5b9e69ffc66 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress', 'title': 'List of LGBT members of the United States Congress', 'header': ['Representative ( lifespan )', 'Party', 'State', 'Term start', 'Term end', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Stewart McKinney ( 1931-1987 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_McKinney_(politician)', 'summary': "Stewart Brett McKinney ( January 30 , 1931 - May 7 , 1987 ) was an American politician who represented the Connecticut 's 4th congressional district in the House of Representatives from 1971 until his death from AIDS in Washington , D.C. in 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 7 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died of AIDS in 1987 . Outed as bisexual in obituary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Bauman ( born 1937 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Bauman', 'summary': "Robert E. Bauman ( born April 4 , 1937 ) is a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland 's 1st congressional district ( 1973-1981 ) . Bauman was a prominent conservative advocate in the House , legal counsel for The Sovereign Society , and author of financial books ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outed while in office ( 1980 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbara Jordan ( 1937-1996 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Jordan', 'summary': "Barbara Charline Jordan ( February 21 , 1936 - January 17 , 1996 ) was an American lawyer , educator and politician who was a leader of the Civil Rights Movement . A Democrat , she was the first African American elected to the Texas Senate after Reconstruction and the first Southern African-American woman elected to the United States House of Representatives . She was best known for her eloquent opening statement at the House Judiciary Committee hearings during the impeachment process against Richard Nixon , and as the first African-American as well as the first woman to deliver a keynote address at a Democratic National Convention . She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom , among numerous other honors . She was a member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors from 1978 to 1980 . She was the first African-American woman to be buried in the Texas State Cemetery . Jordan 's work as chair of the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform , which recommended reducing legal immigration by about one-third , is frequently cited by American immigration restrictionists ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outed in obituary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerry Studds ( 1937-2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerry_Studds', 'summary': "Gerry Eastman Studds ( /ˈɡɛri/ ; May 12 , 1937 - October 14 , 2006 ) was an American Democratic Congressman from Massachusetts who served from 1973 until 1997 . He was the first openly gay member of Congress . In 1983 he was censured by the House of Representatives after he admitted to a consensual relationship with a 17-year-old page . Studds was re-elected to the House six more times after the 1983 censure . He fought for many issues , including environmental and maritime issues , same-sex marriage , AIDS funding , and civil rights , particularly for gays and lesbians . Studds was an outspoken opponent of the Strategic Defense Initiative missile defense system , which he considered wasteful and ineffective , and he criticized the United States government 's secretive support for the Contra fighters in Nicaragua ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First member of Congress to come out in office , during the 1983 congressional page sex scandal First openly gay member of Congress to be reelected after outing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_congressional_page_sex_scandal', 'summary': 'The 1983 Congressional Page sex scandal was a political scandal in the United States involving members of the United States House of Representatives . On July 14 , 1983 , the House Ethics Committee recommended that Rep. Dan Crane ( R-IL ) and Rep. Gerry Studds ( D-MA ) be reprimanded for having engaged in sexual relationships with minors , specifically 17-year-old congressional pages . Though at least some of the sexual contact was not criminal , the committee felt any sexual relationship between a member of the House of Representatives and a congressional page , or any sexual advance by a member to a page , represents a serious breach of duty . The Congressional Report found that in 1980 , a year after entering office , Crane had sex four or five times at his suburban apartment with a female page and in 1973 , the year he entered office , Studds invited a male page , who testified he felt no ill will towards Studds , to his Georgetown apartment and later on a two-week trip to Portugal . Both representatives admitted to the charges . On July 20 , 1983 , the House voted by a supermajority to revise the reprimand recommendation to censure , a more extreme measure . Censure had never previously been used in a case of sexual misconduct . The motion to censure the two House members was introduced by Rep. Robert H. Michel ( R-IL ) , the Republican House Minority Leader . Aides later said that Michel proposed this bill to head off a move by Republicans to expel the two legislators . Rep. Newt Gingrich ( R-GA ) was one of the leaders of the calls for the expulsion of Crane and Studds . At the beginning of the debate , Rep. Crane said , I want the members to know I am sorry and that I apologize to one and all . When he was called to be censured , Rep. Crane stood facing the House .'}]}, {'value': 'Jon Hinson ( 1942-1995 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Hinson', 'summary': "Jon Clifton Hinson ( March 16 , 1942 - July 21 , 1995 ) was a Republican U.S. representative for Mississippi 's 4th congressional district from 1979 to 1981 . Following his 1981 resignation following arrest for engaging in a homosexual act , he became an LGBT activist in metropolitan Washington D.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi', 'summary': "Mississippi ( /ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpi/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States . Mississippi is bordered to the north by Tennessee , to the east by Alabama , to the south by the Gulf of Mexico , to the southwest by Louisiana , and to the northwest by Arkansas . Mississippi 's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River . Jackson is both the state 's capital and largest city . Greater Jackson , with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States . On December 10 , 1817 , Mississippi became the 20th state admitted to the Union . By 1860 , Mississippi was the nation 's top cotton producing state and enslaved persons accounted for 55% of the state population . Mississippi declared its secession from the Union on March 23 , 1861 , and was one of the seven original Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was restored to the Union on February 23 , 1870 . Until the Great Migration of the 1930s , African Americans were a majority of Mississippi 's population . Mississippi was the site of many prominent events during the American Civil Rights movement , including the 1962 Ole Miss riots , the 1963 assassination of Medgar Evers , and the 1964 Freedom Summer murders ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 13 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outed while in office ( 1980 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barney Frank ( born 1940 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barney_Frank', 'summary': 'Barnett Frank ( born March 31 , 1940 ) is an American former politician . He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts from 1981 to 2013 . A Democrat , Frank served as chairman of the House Financial Services Committee ( 2007-2011 ) and was a leading co-sponsor of the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act , a sweeping reform of the U.S. financial industry . Frank , a resident of Newton , Massachusetts , was considered the most prominent gay politician in the United States . Born and raised in Bayonne , New Jersey , Frank graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Law School . He worked as a political aide before winning election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1972 . He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1980 with 52 percent of the vote . He was re-elected every term thereafter by wide margins . In 1987 , he publicly came out as gay , becoming the first member of Congress to do so voluntarily . From 2003 until his retirement , Frank was the leading Democrat on the House Financial Services Committee , and he served as committee chairman when his party held a House majority from 2007 to 2011 . In July 2012 , he married his long-time partner , James Ready , becoming the first member of Congress to marry someone of the same sex while in office . Frank did not seek re-election in 2012 , and retired from Congress at the end of his term in January 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Came out in office ( 1987 ) First member of Congress in a same-sex marriage ( 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Gunderson ( born 1951 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Gunderson', 'summary': 'Steven Craig Gunderson ( born May 10 , 1951 ) is the former President and CEO of the Council on Foundations , the current president and CEO of the Career Education Colleges and Universities , and a former Republican congressman from Wisconsin .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outed on the floor of the House ( 1994 ) First openly gay Republican to be reelected after outing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Kolbe ( born 1942 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Kolbe', 'summary': "James Thomas Kolbe ( born June 28 , 1942 ) is a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives for Arizona 's 5th congressional district , 1985-2003 and 8th congressional district , 2003-2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Came out in office , after voting for the Defense of Marriage Act ( 1996 ) First openly gay person to address the Republican National Convention', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act', 'summary': "The Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) was a United States federal law passed by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton . It defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman , and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states . The act 's provisions were ruled unconstitutional or left effectively unenforceable by Supreme Court decisions in the cases of United States v. Windsor ( 2013 ) and Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) . Same-sex marriage emerged as an issue in the late 1980s , drawing opposition especially from socially conservative groups . Congressman Bob Barr and Senator Don Nickles , both members of the Republican Party , introduced the bill that became DOMA in May 1996 . It passed both houses of Congress by large , veto-proof majorities , with opposition coming from approximately one-third of the Democratic caucus in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . Clinton criticized the law as divisive and unnecessary , but nonetheless signed it into law in September 1996 . Section 2 of the act allowed states to deny recognition of same-sex marriages conducted by other states . Section 3 codified non-recognition of same-sex marriages for all federal purposes , including insurance benefits for government employees , social security survivors ' benefits , immigration , bankruptcy , and the filing of joint tax returns . It also excluded same-sex spouses from the scope of laws protecting families of federal officers laws evaluating financial aid eligibility , and federal ethics laws applicable to opposite-sex spouses . :23-24 After its passage , DOMA was subject to numerous lawsuits and repeal efforts . In United States v. Windsor , the U.S. Supreme Court declared Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause , thereby requiring the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages conducted by the states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_National_Convention', 'summary': "The Republican National Convention ( RNC ) is a series of presidential nominating conventions of the United States Republican Party since 1856 . Administered by the Republican National Committee , the primary goals of convention is to nominate and confirm a candidate for president and vice president , adopt a comprehensive party platform and unify the party . Pledged delegates from all fifty U.S. states and from American dependencies and territories such as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands attend the convention and cast their votes to choose the Party 's presidential candidate . Like the Democratic National Convention , the Republican National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season . Historically , the convention was the final determinant of the nomination , and often contentious as various factions of party insiders maneuvered to advance their candidates . Since the almost universal adoption of the primary election for selecting delegates in the last quarter of the 20th century , however , the convention 's significance has diminished . The national party focuses on the convention as a unity point to bring together a party platform and state parties by having delegates vote on issues , which the nominee can then incorporate into his presidential campaign ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Huffington ( born 1947 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Huffington', 'summary': 'Michael Huffington ( born September 3 , 1947 ) is an American politician , bisexual LGBT activist , and film producer . He was a member of the Republican Party , and a congressman for one term , 1993-1995 , from California . Huffington was married to Arianna Huffington , the Greek-born co-founder of The Huffington Post , from 1986 to 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Came out after serving in Congress ( 1998 ) First self-identified bisexual member of Congress Retired to run unsuccessfully for U.S . Senator from California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_California', 'summary': 'The 1994 United States Senate election in California was held November 8 , 1994 . Incumbent Democratic U.S . Senator Dianne Feinstein won re-election to her first full term .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_California', 'summary': 'California elects United States senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . The state has been represented by 44 people in the Senate since it was admitted to the Union on September 9 , 1850 . Its current U.S. senators are Democrats Dianne Feinstein and Kamala Harris .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Foley ( born 1954 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Foley', 'summary': "Mark Adam Foley ( born September 8 , 1954 ) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives . He served from 1995 until 2006 , representing the 16th District of Florida as a member of the Republican Party , before resigning due to revelations that he had sent sexually explicit messages to teenaged boys who had served as congressional pages . Foley resigned from Congress on September 29 , 2006 acting on a request by the Republican leadership after allegations surfaced that he had sent suggestive emails and sexually explicit instant messages to teenage boys who had formerly served and were at that time serving as Congressional pages . As a result of the disclosures , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the Florida Department of Law Enforcement conducted investigations of the messages to find possible criminal charges . Each ended with no criminal finding . In the case of the Florida Department of Law Enforcement , the FDLE conducted as thorough and comprehensive investigation as possible considering Congress and Mr. Foley denied us access to critical data , said FDLE commissioner Gerald Bailey with the closure of the case . The House Ethics Committee also conducted an investigation into the response of the House Republican leadership and their staff to possible earlier warnings of Foley 's conduct ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 29 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Came out in office , during the 2006 congressional page scandal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Foley_congressional_page_incident', 'summary': "The Mark Foley scandal , which broke in late September 2006 , centers on soliciting e-mails and sexually suggestive instant messages sent by Mark Foley , a Republican Congressman from Florida , to teenaged boys who had formerly served as congressional pages . Investigation was closed by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement ( FDLE ) on September 19 , 2008 citing insufficient evidence to pursue criminal charges as both Congress and Mr. Foley denied us access to critical data , said FDLE Commissioner Gerald Bailey . The scandal grew to encompass the response of Republican congressional leaders to previous complaints about Foley 's contacts with the pages and inconsistencies in the leaders ' public statements . There were also allegations that a second Republican Congressman , Jim Kolbe , had improper conduct with at least two youths , a 16-year-old page and a recently graduated page . The scandal led to Foley 's resignation from Congress on September 29 , 2006 . In some quarters , the scandal is believed to have contributed to the Republican Party 's loss of control over Congress in the November 7 , 2006 election , as well as the end of House Speaker Dennis Hastert 's leadership of the House Republicans . Kirk Fordham , chief of staff to Rep. Tom Reynolds and former chief of staff for Foley , also resigned as a result of the scandal . Newsweek 's June 7 , 2010 , issue 's Back Story listed Foley , among others , as a prominent conservative politician who had a record of anti-gay legislation and was later caught in a gay sex scandal . The questionable conversations , which took place between 1995 and 2005 , were investigated by the FBI for possible criminal violations . In September 2008 , Florida officials investigating Foley decided not to charge him , citing a lack of evidence and the expiration of the statute of limitations . The House Ethics Committee investigated the response of the House Republican leadership and their staff to earlier warnings about Foley 's conduct . In early October 2006 , two news organizations anonymously quoted former pages who said that they had sexual liaisons with Foley after turning 18 and 21 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tammy Baldwin ( born 1962 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin', 'summary': "Tammy Suzanne Green Baldwin ( born February 11 , 1962 ) is an American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Wisconsin since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , she served three terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly , representing the 78th district , and from 1999 to 2013 represented Wisconsin 's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives . In the 2012 United States Senate election in Wisconsin , Baldwin was elected to the United States Senate , defeating Republican nominee Tommy Thompson . In the 2018 United States Senate election in Wisconsin , Baldwin was reelected , defeating Republican nominee Leah Vukmir . As an openly gay woman , Baldwin has made history several times through her electoral success . In 1998 , she became the first openly gay woman and first openly LGBT woman elected to the United States Congress as well as the first woman elected to the United States Congress from Wisconsin . In 2012 , Baldwin became the first openly gay person and first openly LGBT person elected to the United States Senate ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First openly gay non-incumbent elected to Congress First openly gay woman in Congress Retired to run successfully for U.S . Senator from Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wisconsin', 'summary': "The 2012 United States Senate election in Wisconsin took place on November 6 , 2012 , alongside a U.S. presidential election as well as other elections to the United States Senate and House of Representatives and various state and local elections . Incumbent Democratic Senator Herb Kohl retired instead of running for re-election to a fifth term . This is the 1st open seat election since 1988 . Primary elections were held on August 14 , 2012 . Congresswoman Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin 's 2nd congressional district ran unopposed in the Democratic primary . The Republican nominee was former Governor of Wisconsin and Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson , who won with a plurality in a four-way race . In the general election , Baldwin defeated Thompson and won the open seat . She became the first woman elected to represent Wisconsin in the Senate and the first openly gay U.S . Senator in history . This is also the only time Thompson lost a statewide race ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Wisconsin was admitted to the Union on May 29 , 1848 . Its current U.S. senators are Republican Ron Johnson ( since 2011 , re-elected in 2016 ) and Democrat Tammy Baldwin ( since 2013 , re-elected in 2018 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Michaud ( born 1955 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Michaud', 'summary': "Michael Herman Michaud ( born January 18 , 1955 ) is an American politician from Maine . Michaud served as the U.S. Representative for Maine 's 2nd congressional district 2003 to 2015 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . The primarily rural district comprises nearly 80% of the state by area and includes the cities of Lewiston , Auburn , Bangor , and Presque Isle . It is the largest Congressional district by area east of the Mississippi River . Michaud was previously President of the Maine Senate . He was employed for over two decades at the Great Northern Paper Company and remains a member of the United Steelworkers . He was one of the few members of Congress during his tenure never to have attended college . He did , however , attend the John F. Kennedy School of Government Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government at Harvard University . He has also been awarded honorary Doctor of Public Service degrees from Maine 's Unity College , Husson College , and Maine Maritime Academy . Michaud , who speaks a little French , is the first Franco-American to be elected to a U.S. federal office from Maine . He was elected as a co-chair of the congressional French Caucus in January 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Came out in office ( 2013 ) Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Maine_gubernatorial_election', 'summary': "The 2014 Maine gubernatorial election took place on November 4 , 2014 , to elect the governor of Maine . Incumbent Republican governor Paul LePage ran for re-election to a second term in office , against Democrat Mike Michaud , the U.S. Representative from the second district , and independent Eliot Cutler , an attorney and second-place finisher from the 2010 gubernatorial election . The primary elections were held on June 10 , 2014 . LePage was initially considered vulnerable in this race , due to persistent approval ratings below 50% . The consensus among The Cook Political Report , Governing and The Rothenberg Political Report was that the race was a tossup and Daily Kos Elections and Sabato 's Crystal Ball rated the race as lean Democratic . At 12:04 am on November 5 , the Bangor Daily News declared that Paul LePage had won re-election to a second term ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Maine', 'summary': 'The Governor of Maine is the chief executive of the State of Maine . Before Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820 , Maine was part of Massachusetts and the Governor of Massachusetts was chief executive . The current Governor of Maine is Janet Mills , a Democrat , who took office January 2 , 2019 . The governor of Maine receives a salary of $ 70,000 , which as of 2016 [ update ] is the lowest by $ 20,000 of the 50 state governors .'}]}, {'value': 'Jared Polis ( born 1975 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jared_Polis', 'summary': "Jared Schutz Polis ( /ˈpoʊlɪs/ ; born May 12 , 1975 ) is an American politician , entrepreneur , and philanthropist serving as the 43rd governor of Colorado since January 2019 . A member of the Democratic Party , he served on the Colorado State Board of Education from 2001 to 2007 and was the United States Representative for Colorado 's 2nd congressional district from 2009 to 2019 . He was elected governor of Colorado in 2018 , defeating Republican nominee Walker Stapleton . Polis is the first openly gay person and second openly LGBT person ( after Kate Brown of Oregon ) to be elected governor in the United States . He is also the first Jewish person to be elected governor of Colorado ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado', 'summary': 'Colorado ( /ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ , -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ ( listen ) , other variants ) is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains . It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state . The estimated population of Colorado is 5,770,545 as of 2019 , an increase of 14.7% since the 2010 United States Census . The state was named for the Colorado River , which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado ( Red River ) for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains . The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28 , 1861 , and on August 1 , 1876 , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state . Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence . Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north , Nebraska to the northeast , Kansas to the east , Oklahoma to the southeast , New Mexico to the south , Utah to the west , and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners . Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains , forests , high plains , mesas , canyons , plateaus , rivers and desert lands . Colorado is part of the western and southwestern United States and is one of the Mountain States . Denver is the capital and most populous city of Colorado . Residents of the state are known as Coloradans , although the antiquated term Coloradoan is occasionally used .'}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Openly gay First same-sex parent in Congress ( 2011 ) Retired to run successfully for Governor of Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Colorado_gubernatorial_election', 'summary': "The 2018 Colorado gubernatorial election took place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next and the 43rd Governor of Colorado . Incumbent Democratic Governor John Hickenlooper was term-limited and could not seek reelection to a third consecutive term . The primary election was held on June 26 . The major party nominees were Jared Polis for the Democratic Party and Walker Stapleton for the Republican Party . The general election took place on November 6 , 2018 , with Polis winning by 268,000 votes . Polis ' victory marked the fourth straight election in which Colorado elected a Democratic governor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Colorado', 'summary': "The Governor of Colorado is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Colorado . The governor is the head of the executive branch of Colorado 's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws . The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Colorado General Assembly , to convene the legislature , and to grant pardons , except in cases of treason or impeachment . The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms , appointed by the President of the United States . Since statehood , there have been 36 governors , serving 41 distinct terms . The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm ( 1975-1987 ) and Roy Romer ( 1987-1999 ) , who each served 12 years over three terms . The shortest term occurred in March 16 and 17 , 1905 , when the state had three governors in the span of 24 hours : Alva Adams won the election , but soon after he took office , the legislature declared his opponent , James Hamilton Peabody , governor , but on the condition that he immediately resign , so that his lieutenant governor , Jesse McDonald , could be governor . Thus , Peabody served less than a day as governor . The current governor is Democrat Jared Polis , who took office on January 8 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Schock ( born 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Schock', 'summary': "Aaron Jon Schock ( born May 28 , 1981 ) is a former American politician who was Republican U.S. Representative for Illinois 's 18th congressional district from 2009 until 2015 . The district is based in Peoria and includes part of Springfield . He was the first member of the U.S. Congress born in the 1980s ; when he took his seat in 2009 he was the youngest member of Congress . Previously , Schock had served two terms in the Illinois House of Representatives , also as its youngest member . Schock resigned from Congress in March 2015 amid a scandal involving his use of public and campaign funds . A subsequent congressional ethics investigation revealed that he used taxpayer money to fund lavish trips and events . In November 2016 , a federal grand jury indicted him in connection with the scandal . After he pled not guilty , prosecutors reached an agreement with him in March 2019 whereby all charges against him were dropped . As part of the deal , Schocks campaign committee , Schock for Congress , pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor count of failing to properly report expenses ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 31 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outed in 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Cicilline ( born 1961 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cicilline', 'summary': "David Nicola Cicilline ( /sɪsɪˈliːni/ ; born July 15 , 1961 ) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for Rhode Island 's 1st congressional district since 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . He previously served as Mayor of Providence , Rhode Island , from 2003 to 2011 , and was the first openly gay mayor of a U.S. state capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Rhode Island ( /ˌroʊd -/ ( listen ) , like road ) , officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , is a state in the New England region of the United States . It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh least populous , but it is also the second most densely populated . Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west , Massachusetts to the north and east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound . It also shares a small maritime border with New York . Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island . On May 4 , 1776 , the Colony of Rhode Island was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown , and it was the fourth among the newly independent states to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9 , 1778 . The state boycotted the 1787 convention which drew up the United States Constitution and initially refused to ratify it ; it was the last of the original 13 states to do so on May 29 , 1790 . Rhode Island 's official nickname is The Ocean State , a reference to the large bays and inlets that amount to about 14 percent of its total area ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Openly gay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sean Maloney ( born 1966 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Patrick_Maloney', 'summary': "Sean Patrick Maloney ( born July 30 , 1966 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for New York 's 18th congressional district since 2013 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . He was a candidate for New York Attorney General in the 2018 election , losing to Letitia James in the Democratic primary . Born in Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada , and raised in Hanover , New Hampshire , Maloney earned his Bachelor of Arts and Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia . He entered politics as a volunteer for Bill Clinton 's presidential campaigns , and later served as his senior West Wing adviser and White House Staff Secretary . Prior to being elected to Congress , Maloney worked as an executive at a software company and as an attorney . He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2012 , defeating Republican incumbent Nan Hayworth . He campaigned for the election as a moderate and is a member of the New Democrat Coalition . He is the first openly gay person elected to Congress from New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Openly gay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Pocan ( born 1964 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Pocan', 'summary': "Mark William Pocan ( /ˈpoʊkæn/ ; born August 14 , 1964 ) is an American politician and businessman serving as the U.S. Representative for Wisconsin 's 2nd congressional district since 2013 . The district is based in the state capital , Madison . A member of the Democratic Party , Pocan serves as Co-Chair of both the Congressional Progressive Caucus and the Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus . From 1999 to 2013 he served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly , representing the 78th district , succeeding Tammy Baldwin there , whom he also replaced in Congress when Baldwin was elected to the Senate ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Openly gay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyrsten Sinema ( born 1976 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema', 'summary': "Kyrsten Lea Sinema ( /ˈkɪərstən ˈsɪnəmə/ ; born July 12 , 1976 ) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Arizona since 2019 . A member of the Democratic Party , she served as the U.S. Representative from Arizona 's 9th congressional district from 2013 to 2019 . She previously served in both chambers of the Arizona State Legislature , having been elected to the Arizona House of Representatives in 2004 and the Arizona Senate in 2010 . Sinema began her political career as an activist for the Green Party before joining the Arizona Democratic Party in 2004 . In the 2012 elections , she was elected to the United States House of Representatives . After her election to the United States Congress , she shifted toward the political center , joining the conservative Democratic Blue Dog Coalition and the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus and amassing a reliably moderate-Democratic voting record . Sinema won the 2018 United States Senate election in Arizona to replace retiring Senator Jeff Flake , defeating Republican nominee Martha McSally . As an openly bisexual woman , Sinema has made history several times through her electoral success . In 2012 , she became the first openly bisexual person and second openly LGBT woman ( after Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin ) elected to the United States Congress . In 2018 , she became the first openly bisexual person and second openly LGBT person ( after Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin ) elected to the United States Senate as well as the first woman elected to the United States Senate from Arizona ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First openly bisexual member of Congress Retired to run successfully for U.S . Senator from Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona', 'summary': 'The 2018 United States Senate election in Arizona took place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Arizona and replace incumbent Republican Senator Jeff Flake , who did not run for reelection to a second term . It was held concurrently with a gubernatorial election , other elections to the United States Senate , elections to the United States House of Representatives , as well as various other state and local elections . The candidate filing deadline was May 30 , 2018 , and the primary election was held on August 28 , 2018 . Martha McSally won the Republican Party primary , and Kyrsten Sinema won the Democratic Party primary . Green Party candidate Angela Green was also on the ballot but withdrew and endorsed Sinema . This election featured an all-female ballot for U.S . Senator , with three women on the ballot . Write-in candidates included Democrat Sheila Bilyeu , Libertarian Party candidate Barry Hess , Republican Robert Kay , and Jonathan Ringham of The Old Republic , among others . On the night of the election , McSally held a narrow lead of about one percent . But about a million mail-in and early ballots had to be counted , and Sinema took the lead the next day . The Associated Press called the race for Sinema on November 12 , 2018 , and McSally conceded that day . Sinema became the first Democrat to win a U.S. Senate seat in Arizona since 1988 when former Democratic senator Dennis DeConcini last ran for and won reelection to his third and final term in this seat .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14 , 1912 . U.S. senators from Arizona belong to Class 1 and Class 3 and are popularly elected for a six-year term beginning January 3 . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . The state 's current U.S. senators are Democrat Kyrsten Sinema and Republican Martha McSally , both serving since 2019 , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Takano ( born 1960 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Takano', 'summary': "Mark Allan Takano ( /təˈkɑːnoʊ/ ; born December 10 , 1960 ) is an American politician who has been the United States Representative for California 's 41st congressional district since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , Takano has served on the Riverside Community College Board of Trustees since 1990 . Upon taking office , Takano became the first openly gay person of Asian descent in Congress ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Openly gay First openly gay person of color elected to Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Person_of_color', 'summary': 'The term person of color ( plural : people of color , persons of color ; sometimes abbreviated POC ) is today primarily used in the United States to describe any person who is not considered white , including in various points in US history , African-Americans , Hispanic-Americans , Asian-Americans and others . The term emphasizes common experiences of systemic racism . The term may also be used with other collective categories of people such as communities of color , men of color ( MOC ) , and women of color ( WOC ) . The term colored was originally equivalent in use to the term person of color , but usage of the appellation colored in the Southern United States gradually came to be restricted to negroes , and is now considered a racial pejorative .'}]}, {'value': 'Angie Craig ( born 1972 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angie_Craig', 'summary': "Angela Dawn Craig ( born February 14 , 1972 ) is an American politician from the state of Minnesota . She is the United States Representative from Minnesota 's 2nd congressional district , having defeated incumbent Republican Jason Lewis in the 2018 elections . The district includes most of the southern suburbs of the Twin Cities , such as Burnsville , Eagan , Inver Grove Heights and Apple Valley . She is a member of the Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Openly gay First same-sex mother in Congress First non-incumbent elected to Congress in a same-sex marriage', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'House of Representatives', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_LGBT_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of gay, lesbian, and bisexual Americans in the U.S. Congress. As of January 2019[update], there were ten openly LGBTQ members of the 116th Congress - all Democrats. This list only includes people who are openly LGBTQ or were outed in obituaries. Current members of Congress are shaded in gray. There has never been an openly transgender member of Congress.'} | null | null | What did the person serving in Connecticut die from ? | AIDS |
057b6d1a05d2a301 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books', 'title': 'Silver Age of Comic Books', 'header': ['Title & Issue', 'Cover date', 'Publisher', 'Relevance'], 'data': [{'value': 'Detective Comics # 225', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detective_Comics', 'summary': "Detective Comics is an American comic book series published by DC Comics . The first volume , published from 1937 to 2011 ( and later continued in 2016 ) , is best known for introducing the superhero Batman in Detective Comics # 27 ( cover-dated May 1939 ) . A second series of the same title was launched in the fall of 2011 , but in 2016 reverted to the original volume numbering . The series is the source of its publishing company 's name , and - along with Action Comics , the series that launched with the debut of Superman - one of the medium 's signature series . The series published 881 issues between 1937 and 2011 and is the longest continuously published comic book in the United States . [ Note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': 'Nov. 1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Martian Manhunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martian_Manhunter', 'summary': "Martian Manhunter ( J'onn J'onzz ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Joseph Samachson and designed by artist Joe Certa , the character first appeared in the story The Manhunter from Mars in Detective Comics # 225 ( Nov. 1955 ) . Martian Manhunter is one of the seven original members of the Justice League of America and one of the most powerful beings in the DC Universe . Martian Manhunter has been featured in other DC Comics products , such as video games , television series , animated films and merchandise like action figures and trading cards . The character was ranked # 43 on IGN 's greatest comic book hero list ."}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showcase_(comics)', 'summary': 'Showcase is a comic anthology series published by DC Comics . The general theme of the series was to feature new and minor characters as a way to gauge reader interest in them , without the difficulty and risk of featuring untested characters in their own ongoing titles . Showcase is regarded as the most successful of such tryout series , having been published continuously for more than 14 years , launching numerous popular titles , and maintaining a considerable readership of its own . The series ran from March-April 1956 to September 1970 , suspending publication with issue # 93 , and then was revived for eleven issues from August 1977 to September 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Oct. 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Silver Age Flash ( Barry Allen ) . First Silver Age comic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)', 'summary': "The Flash ( Bartholomew Henry Barry Allen ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character first appeared in Showcase # 4 ( October 1956 ) , created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino . Barry Allen is a reinvention of a previous character called the Flash , who appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Jay Garrick . Because he is a speedster , his power consists mainly of superhuman speed . Various other effects are also attributed to his ability to control the speed of molecular vibrations , including his ability to vibrate at speed to pass through objects . The Flash wears a distinct red and gold costume treated to resist friction and wind resistance , traditionally storing the costume compressed inside a ring . Barry Allen 's classic stories introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics , and this concept played a large part in DC 's various continuity reboots over the years . The Flash has traditionally always had a significant role in DC 's major company-wide reboot stories , and in the crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths # 8 ( Nov. 1985 ) , Barry Allen died saving the Multiverse , removing the character from the regular DC lineup for 23 years . His return to regular comics is foreshadowed during the narrative ( and a single image of a blur ) in Grant Morrison 's crossover story Final Crisis : Rogues ' Revenge # 3 ( Nov. 2008 ) , fully actualized in Geoff Johns ' accompanying The Flash : Rebirth # 1 ( June 2009 ) , kicking off a six-issue limited series . He has since played a pivotal role in the crossover stories Blackest Night ( 2009 ) , Flashpoint ( 2011 ) , Convergence ( 2015 ) , and DC Rebirth ( 2016 ) . Allen is the most well-known and commonly featured individual to take the mantle of the Flash , being present in numerous media adaptations , one-shots and comic-book story-arcs taking place in alternate universes . Barry Allen has been featured in several media , first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and then in the related Super Friends program ."}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aug. 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': "First of two pilot issues for the feature Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Superman's_Girl_Friend,_Lois_Lane", 'summary': "Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane is an American comic book series published monthly by DC Comics . The series focusing on the adventures of Lois Lane began publication with a March/April 1958 cover date and ended its run in September/October 1974 , with 137 regular issues and two 80-page Annuals . Following the similar themed Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen , Superman 's Girl Friend Lois Lane was the second comic series based on a Superman supporting character . At the peak of its popularity in 1962 , Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane was the third best-selling comic book in the United States , surpassed only by Superman and Superboy in sales ."}]}, {'value': 'Adventure Comics # 247', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventure_Comics', 'summary': "Adventure Comics is an American comic book series published by DC Comics from 1938 to 1983 and revived from 2009 to 2011 . In its first era , the series ran for 503 issues ( 472 of those after the title changed from New Adventure Comics ) , making it the fifth-longest-running DC series , behind Detective Comics , Action Comics , Superman , and Batman . The series was revived in 2009 through a new # 1 issue by artist Clayton Henry and writer Geoff Johns . It returned to its original numbering with # 516 ( September 2010 ) . The series finally ended with # 529 ( October 2011 ) prior to a company-wide revision of DC 's superhero comic book line , known as The New 52 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Legion of Super-Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legion_of_Super-Heroes', 'summary': "The Legion of Super-Heroes is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Otto Binder and artist Al Plastino , the Legion is a group of superpowered beings living in the 30th and 31st centuries of the DC Comics Universe , and first appears in Adventure Comics # 247 ( April 1958 ) . Initially , the team was closely associated with the original Superboy character ( Superman when he was a teenager ) , and was portrayed as a group of time travelers . Later , the Legion 's origin and back story were fleshed out , and the group was given its own monthly comic . Eventually , Superboy was removed from the team altogether and appeared only as an occasional guest star . The team has undergone two major reboots during its run . The original version was replaced with a new rebooted version following the events of the Zero Hour storyline in 1994 and another rebooted team was introduced in 2004 . A fourth version of the team , nearly identical to the original version , was introduced in 2007 . In 2019 , DC announced a new series written by Brian Michael Bendis and drawn by Ryan Sook . The Legion of Superheroes appeared in live-action in the television series Smallville . The Legion of Superheroes appear in a recurring role in the television series Supergirl ."}]}, {'value': 'Adventure Comics # 260', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Silver Age Aquaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquaman', 'summary': "Aquaman ( Arthur Curry ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by Paul Norris and Mort Weisinger , the character debuted in More Fun Comics # 73 ( November 1941 ) . Initially a backup feature in DC 's anthology titles , Aquaman later starred in several volumes of a solo comic book series . During the late 1950s ' and 1960s ' superhero-revival period known as the Silver Age , he was a founding member of the Justice League . In the 1990s ' Modern Age , writers interpreted Aquaman 's character more seriously , with storylines depicting the weight of his role as king of Atlantis . The character 's original 1960s animated appearances left a lasting impression , making Aquaman widely recognized in popular culture and one of the world 's most recognized superheroes . Jokes about his wholesome , weak portrayal in Super Friends and perceived feeble powers and abilities have been staples of comedy programs and stand-up routines , leading DC at several times to attempt to make the character edgier or more powerful in comic books . Modern comic book depictions have attempted to reconcile these various aspects of his public perception , with many versions often casting Aquaman as serious and brooding , saddled with an ill reputation , and struggling to find a true role and purpose beyond his public side as a deposed king and a fallen hero . Aquaman has been featured in several adaptations , first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and then in the related Super Friends program . Since then he has appeared in various animated productions , including prominent roles in the 2000s series Justice League and Justice League Unlimited and Batman : The Brave and the Bold , as well as several DC Universe Animated Original Movies . Actor Alan Ritchson also portrayed the character in the live-action television show Smallville . In the DC Extended Universe , actor Jason Momoa portrays the character in the films Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Justice League , and Aquaman ."}]}, {'value': 'Action Comics # 252', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Action_Comics', 'summary': 'Action Comics is an American comic book/magazine series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics beginning with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'May 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Supergirl ( Kara Zor-El ) , cousin to Superman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supergirl_(Kara_Zor-El)', 'summary': "Supergirl is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.The character was created by writer Otto Binder and designed by artist Al Plastino . Supergirl first appeared in a story published in Action Comics # 252 ( May 1959 ) titled The Supergirl from Krypton . Kara Zor-El is the biological cousin of Kal-El ( Superman ) . During the 1980s and the revolution of the Modern Age of Comics , Superman editors believed the character 's history had become too convoluted , and desired to re-establish Superman as The Last Son of Krypton . Supergirl was thus killed during the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths and retconned out of existence . In the decades following Crisis , several characters unrelated to Superman used the Supergirl alias . Kara Zor-El re-entered mainstream continuity in 2004 when DC Comics Senior Vice President and Executive Editor Dan DiDio , along with editor Eddie Berganza and comic book writer Jeph Loeb , reintroduced the character in the Superman/Batman storyline The Supergirl from Krypton . The title paid homage to the original character 's 1959 debut . As the current Supergirl , Kara Zor-El stars in her own monthly comic book series . With DC 's 2011 relaunch , Kara , like most of the DC Universe , was revamped . DC relaunched the Supergirl comic in August 2016 as part of their DC Rebirth initiative ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Superman', 'summary': "Superman is a fictional superhero . The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster , and first appeared in Action Comics # 1 , a comic book published on April 18 , 1938 . The character regularly appears in comic books published by DC Comics , and has been adapted to a number of radio serials , movies , and television shows . Superman was born on the planet Krypton and was given the name Kal-El at birth . As a baby , his parents sent him to Earth in a small spaceship moments before Krypton was destroyed in a natural cataclysm . His ship landed in the American countryside , near the fictional town of Smallville . He was found and adopted by farmers Jonathan and Martha Kent , who named him Clark Kent . Clark developed various superhuman abilities , such as incredible strength and impervious skin . His foster parents advised him to use his abilities for the benefit of humanity , and he decided to fight crime as a vigilante . To protect his privacy , he changes into a colorful costume and uses the alias Superman when fighting crime . Clark Kent resides in the fictional American city of Metropolis , where he works as a journalist for the Daily Planet . Superman 's supporting characters include his love interest and fellow journalist Lois Lane , Daily Planet photographer Jimmy Olsen and editor-in-chief Perry White ."}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oct. 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Lantern', 'summary': "Green Lantern is the name of several superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . They fight evil with the aid of rings that grant them a variety of extraordinary powers , all of which come from imagination and/or emotions . [ citation needed ] The characters are typically depicted as members of the Green Lantern Corps , an interstellar law enforcement agency . The first Green Lantern character , Alan Scott , was created in 1940 by Martin Nodell during the Golden Age of Comic Books and usually fought common criminals in Capitol City ( and later , Gotham City ) with the aid of his magic ring . For the Silver Age of Comic Books , John Broome and Gil Kane reinvented the character as Hal Jordan in 1959 and shifted the focus of Green Lantern stories from fantasy to science fiction . Other notable Green Lanterns include Guy Gardner , John Stewart , and Kyle Rayner . The Green Lanterns are among DC Comics ' longer lasting sets of characters . They have been adapted to television , video games , and motion pictures ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hal_Jordan', 'summary': "Hal Jordan , also known as Green Lantern , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created in 1959 by writer John Broome and artist Gil Kane , and first appeared in Showcase # 22 ( October 1959 ) . Hal Jordan is a reinvention of the previous Green Lantern who appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Alan Scott . Hal Jordan is a fighter pilot , a member and occasionally leader of an intergalactic police force called the Green Lantern Corps , as well as a founding member of the Justice League , DC 's flagship superhero team , alongside well-known heroes such as Batman , Superman , and Wonder Woman . He fights evil across the universe with a ring that grants him a variety of superpowers , but is usually portrayed as one of the protectors of Sector 2814 , which is the sector where Earth resides . His powers derive from his power ring and Green Lantern battery , which in the hands of someone capable of overcoming great fear allows the user to channel their will power into creating all manner of fantastic constructs . Jordan uses this power to fly , even through the vacuum of space ; to create shields , swords , and lasers ; and to construct his Green Lantern costume , which protects his secret identity in his civilian life on Earth . Jordan and all other Green Lanterns are monitored and empowered by the mysterious Guardians of the Universe , who were developed from an idea editor Julius Schwartz and Broome had originally conceived years prior in a story featuring Captain Comet in Strange Adventures # 22 ( July 1952 ) entitled Guardians of the Clockwork Universe . During the 1990s , Jordan also appeared as a villain . The story line Emerald Twilight saw a Jordan traumatized by the supervillain Mongul 's destruction of Jordan 's hometown Coast City , adopt the name Parallax , and threaten to destroy the universe . In subsequent years , DC Comics rehabilitated the character , first by having Jordan seek redemption for his actions as Parallax , and later by revealing that Parallax was in fact an evil cosmic entity that corrupted Jordan and took control of his actions . Between the character 's stint as Parallax and his return to DC Comics as a heroic Green Lantern once more , the character also briefly served as the Spectre , a supernatural character in DC Comics stories who acts as God 's wrathful agent on Earth ."}]}, {'value': 'The Brave and the Bold # 28', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Brave_and_the_Bold', 'summary': 'The Brave and the Bold is a comic book series published by DC Comics as an ongoing series from 1955 to 1983 . It was followed by two mini-series in 1991 and 1999 , and was revived as an ongoing title in 2007 . The focus of the series has varied over time , but it most commonly features team-ups of characters from across the DC Universe .'}]}, {'value': 'March 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': "First gathering of DC 's superheroes as the Justice League of America", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_League_of_America', 'summary': "The Justice League is a team of fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The team was conceived by writer Gardner Fox during the Silver Age of Comic Books as a reimagining of the Golden Age 's Justice Society of America . Originally consisting of Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , The Flash , Green Lantern , Aquaman and the Martian Manhunter , they first appeared together as the Justice League of America ( JLA ) in The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( March 1960 ) . The Justice League 's roster has rotated throughout the years , consisting of various superheroes from the DC Universe , such as The Atom , Big Barda , Black Canary , Black Lightning , Captain Marvel/Shazam , Cyborg , Green Arrow , Elongated Man , The Flash , Green Lantern , Hawkgirl , Hawkman , Metamorpho , Plastic Man , Power Girl , Orion , Red Tornado , Stargirl , and Zatanna . In The New 52 reboot , Cyborg replaced the Martian Manhunter as one of the seven founding members . The team received its own comic book title called Justice League of America in November 1960 . With The New 52 in 2011 , DC Comics released a second volume of Justice League . In July 2016 , the DC Rebirth initiative again relaunched the Justice League comic book titles with the third volume of Justice League . Since its inception , the team has been featured in various films , television programs , and video games ."}]}, {'value': 'Richie Rich # 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)', 'summary': "Richie Rich ( often stylized as Ri¢hie Ri¢h ) is a fictional character in the Harvey Comics universe . He debuted in Little Dot # 1 , cover-dated September 1953 , and was created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer . Dubbed the poor little rich boy , Richie is the only child of fantastically wealthy parents and is the world 's richest kid . He is so rich , his middle name is a dollar sign , $ . During Harvey Comics ' heyday ( 1950-1982 ) , Richie was the publisher 's most popular character , eventually starring in over fifty separate titles , including such long-running comics as Richie Rich , Richie Rich Millions , Richie Rich Dollars and Cents , and Richie Rich Success Stories . In 2011 Ape Entertainment began publishing a new licensed Richie Rich comic book series , taking the character in a very different , action-oriented , direction ."}]}, {'value': 'Nov. 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richie Rich gets his own title', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Showcase # 30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feb. 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First of four pilot issues for Aquaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquaman', 'summary': "Aquaman ( Arthur Curry ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by Paul Norris and Mort Weisinger , the character debuted in More Fun Comics # 73 ( November 1941 ) . Initially a backup feature in DC 's anthology titles , Aquaman later starred in several volumes of a solo comic book series . During the late 1950s ' and 1960s ' superhero-revival period known as the Silver Age , he was a founding member of the Justice League . In the 1990s ' Modern Age , writers interpreted Aquaman 's character more seriously , with storylines depicting the weight of his role as king of Atlantis . The character 's original 1960s animated appearances left a lasting impression , making Aquaman widely recognized in popular culture and one of the world 's most recognized superheroes . Jokes about his wholesome , weak portrayal in Super Friends and perceived feeble powers and abilities have been staples of comedy programs and stand-up routines , leading DC at several times to attempt to make the character edgier or more powerful in comic books . Modern comic book depictions have attempted to reconcile these various aspects of his public perception , with many versions often casting Aquaman as serious and brooding , saddled with an ill reputation , and struggling to find a true role and purpose beyond his public side as a deposed king and a fallen hero . Aquaman has been featured in several adaptations , first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and then in the related Super Friends program . Since then he has appeared in various animated productions , including prominent roles in the 2000s series Justice League and Justice League Unlimited and Batman : The Brave and the Bold , as well as several DC Universe Animated Original Movies . Actor Alan Ritchson also portrayed the character in the live-action television show Smallville . In the DC Extended Universe , actor Jason Momoa portrays the character in the films Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Justice League , and Aquaman ."}]}, {'value': 'The Brave and the Bold # 34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Silver Age Hawkman and Hawkgirl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawkman', 'summary': "Hawkman is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville , the original Hawkman first appeared in Flash Comics # 1 , published by All-American Publications in 1940 . Several incarnations of Hawkman have appeared in DC Comics , all of them characterized by the use of archaic weaponry and by large , artificial wings , attached to a harness made from the special Nth metal that allows flight . Most incarnations of Hawkman work closely with a partner/romantic interest named Hawkgirl or Hawkwoman . Hawkman is most often depicted as human archaeologist Carter Hall - the modern-day reincarnation of an ancient Egyptian prince named Khufu - or as alien police officer Katar Hol from the planet Thanagar . The character is generally regarded as having one of the most confusing backstories of any in DC Comics , due to a series of reinventions over the years following DCs 1985 series Crisis on Infinite Earths . Some writers have attempted to integrate Carter Hall and Katar Hol into one story by linking the Thanagarian aliens to the Egyptian curse that causes Hawkman to reincarnate periodically throughout human history , or by using Carter Hall as Katar Hol 's alias , or otherwise depicting the merger of Carter and Katar into one being . The character has been adapted into other media numerous times , with significant appearances in the animated Justice League Unlimited cartoon , which featured Hawkgirl as a main character , as well as several DC Universe Original Animated Movies . In live action , the character first appeared onscreen in the two-part 1979 TV special Legend of the Superheroes by Bill Nuckols appearing alongside Adam West and Burt Ward as allies Batman and Robin . Hawkman was later portrayed by Michael Shanks in Smallville and by Falk Hentschel in the CW 's Arrowverse family of shows , with both versions favoring the ancient Egyptian version of the character ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hawkgirl', 'summary': "Hawkgirl is the name of several fictional superheroines appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The original Hawkgirl , Shiera Sanders Hall , was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville , and first appeared in Flash Comics # 1 ( January 1940 ) . Shayera Hol was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Joe Kubert , and first appeared in The Brave and the Bold # 34 ( March 1961 ) . Kendra Saunders was created by writer David S. Goyer and artist Stephen Sadowski , and first appeared in JSA : Secret Files and Origins # 1 ( August 1999 ) . One of DC 's earliest super-heroines , Hawkgirl has appeared in many of the company 's flagship team-up titles including Justice Society of America and Justice League of America . Several incarnations of Hawkgirl have appeared in DC Comics , all of them characterized by the use of archaic weaponry and artificial wings , attached to a harness made from the special Nth metal that allows flight . Most incarnations of Hawkgirl work closely with a partner/romantic interest Hawkman . Since DCs continuity was rewritten in the 1985 series Crisis on Infinite Earths , Hawkgirl history has become muddled with several new versions of the character appearing throughout the years , some associated with ancient Egypt and some with the fictional planet Thanagar . These versions of the character have starred in several series of various durations . Hawkgirl has been adapted into various media , including direct-to-video animated films , video games , and both live-action and animated television series , featuring as a main or recurring character in the shows Justice League Animated , Justice League Unlimited , The Flash , Arrow , Young Justice , DC Super Hero Girls and DC 's Legends of Tomorrow ."}]}, {'value': 'The Flash # 123', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)', 'summary': "The Flash ( Bartholomew Henry Barry Allen ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character first appeared in Showcase # 4 ( October 1956 ) , created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino . Barry Allen is a reinvention of a previous character called the Flash , who appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Jay Garrick . Because he is a speedster , his power consists mainly of superhuman speed . Various other effects are also attributed to his ability to control the speed of molecular vibrations , including his ability to vibrate at speed to pass through objects . The Flash wears a distinct red and gold costume treated to resist friction and wind resistance , traditionally storing the costume compressed inside a ring . Barry Allen 's classic stories introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics , and this concept played a large part in DC 's various continuity reboots over the years . The Flash has traditionally always had a significant role in DC 's major company-wide reboot stories , and in the crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths # 8 ( Nov. 1985 ) , Barry Allen died saving the Multiverse , removing the character from the regular DC lineup for 23 years . His return to regular comics is foreshadowed during the narrative ( and a single image of a blur ) in Grant Morrison 's crossover story Final Crisis : Rogues ' Revenge # 3 ( Nov. 2008 ) , fully actualized in Geoff Johns ' accompanying The Flash : Rebirth # 1 ( June 2009 ) , kicking off a six-issue limited series . He has since played a pivotal role in the crossover stories Blackest Night ( 2009 ) , Flashpoint ( 2011 ) , Convergence ( 2015 ) , and DC Rebirth ( 2016 ) . Allen is the most well-known and commonly featured individual to take the mantle of the Flash , being present in numerous media adaptations , one-shots and comic-book story-arcs taking place in alternate universes . Barry Allen has been featured in several media , first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and then in the related Super Friends program ."}]}, {'value': 'Sept. 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reappearance of the Golden Age Flash . Introduction of Earth-Two', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Garrick', 'summary': 'Jay Garrick is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . He is the first superhero known as the Flash . The character was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert . He first appeared in Flash Comics # 1 ( 1940 ) . After a bizarre laboratory accident , he acquired the ability to move at superhuman speed , and chose to fight crime as a costumed vigilante , calling himself the Flash . Jay Garrick has made numerous appearances in other media , including his live-action debut as a cameo in Smallville , played by Billy Mitchell , and recurring in the Arrowverse show The Flash , portrayed by John Wesley Shipp .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Earth-Two', 'summary': "Earth-Two is a fictional universe appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . First appearing in The Flash # 123 ( 1961 ) , Earth-Two was created to explain differences between the original Golden Age and then-current Silver Age versions of characters such as the Flash , and how the current ( Earth-One ) versions could appear in stories with their counterparts . This Earth-Two continuity includes DC Golden Age heroes , including the Justice Society of America , whose careers began at the dawn of World War II , concurrently with their first appearances in comics . Earth-Two , along with the four other surviving Earths of the DC Multiverse , were merged into one in the 1985 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths . However , following the events of Infinite Crisis , the Multiverse was reborn , although the subsequent Earth-Two was not the same as its pre-Crisis equivalent . Following the events of Flashpoint , Earth 2 underwent an additional reiteration . While it still houses a team of superheroes , its membership is younger than before . Earth 2 also has a tragic backstory , having been invaded by a horde of alien invaders from Apokolips five years prior to the reboot , ahead of Darkseid 's attempted invasion of Prime Earth . In the process , this reality 's Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman all died , while its Supergirl and Robin were swept through a dimensional warp to Prime Earth where they became known as Power Girl and Huntress ."}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oct. 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Silver Age Atom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atom', 'summary': "An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that constitutes a chemical element . Every solid , liquid , gas , and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms . Atoms are extremely small ; typical sizes are around 100 picometers ( 1×10−10 m , a ten-millionth of a millimeter , or 1/254,000,000 of an inch ) . They are so small that accurately predicting their behavior using classical physics - as if they were billiard balls , for example - is not possible . This is due to quantum effects . Current atomic models now use quantum principles to better explain and predict this behavior . Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus . The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons . Only the most common variety of hydrogen has no neutrons . Protons and neutrons are called nucleons . More than 99.94% of an atom 's mass is in the nucleus . The protons have a positive electric charge whereas the electrons have a negative electric charge ."}]}, {'value': 'The Fantastic Four # 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fantastic_Four', 'summary': "The Fantastic Four are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The group debuted in Fantastic Four # 1 ( cover dated Nov. 1961 ) , which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium . The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby and editor/co-plotter Stan Lee , who developed a collaborative approach to creating comics with this title that they would use from then on . The four individuals traditionally associated with the Fantastic Four , who gained superpowers after exposure to cosmic rays during a scientific mission to outer space , are Mister Fantastic ( Reed Richards ) , a scientific genius and the leader of the group , who can stretch his body into incredible lengths and shapes ; the Invisible Girl ( Susan Sue Storm ; later Invisible Woman ) , who eventually married Reed , who can render herself invisible and later project powerful invisible force fields ; the Human Torch ( Johnny Storm ) , Sue 's younger brother , who can generate flames , surround himself with them and fly ; and the monstrous Thing ( Ben Grimm ) , their grumpy but benevolent friend , a former college football star and Reed 's college roommate as well as a good pilot , who possesses tremendous superhuman strength , durability , and endurance due to the nature of his stone-like flesh . Since their original 1961 introduction , the Fantastic Four have been portrayed as a somewhat dysfunctional , yet loving , family . Breaking convention with other comic book archetypes of the time , they would squabble and hold grudges both deep and petty and eschewed anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status . The team is also well known for its recurring encounters with characters such as the villainous monarch Doctor Doom , the planet-devouring Galactus , the Kree Empire 's ruthless and tyrannical enforcer Ronan the Accuser , Annihilus , ruler of the Negative Zone , the sea-dwelling prince Namor , the spacefaring Silver Surfer , and the Skrull warrior Kl'rt . The Fantastic Four have been adapted into other media , including four animated series and four live-action films ."}]}, {'value': 'Nov. 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Fantastic Four', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantastic_Four', 'summary': "The Fantastic Four are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The group debuted in Fantastic Four # 1 ( cover dated Nov. 1961 ) , which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium . The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby and editor/co-plotter Stan Lee , who developed a collaborative approach to creating comics with this title that they would use from then on . The four individuals traditionally associated with the Fantastic Four , who gained superpowers after exposure to cosmic rays during a scientific mission to outer space , are Mister Fantastic ( Reed Richards ) , a scientific genius and the leader of the group , who can stretch his body into incredible lengths and shapes ; the Invisible Girl ( Susan Sue Storm ; later Invisible Woman ) , who eventually married Reed , who can render herself invisible and later project powerful invisible force fields ; the Human Torch ( Johnny Storm ) , Sue 's younger brother , who can generate flames , surround himself with them and fly ; and the monstrous Thing ( Ben Grimm ) , their grumpy but benevolent friend , a former college football star and Reed 's college roommate as well as a good pilot , who possesses tremendous superhuman strength , durability , and endurance due to the nature of his stone-like flesh . Since their original 1961 introduction , the Fantastic Four have been portrayed as a somewhat dysfunctional , yet loving , family . Breaking convention with other comic book archetypes of the time , they would squabble and hold grudges both deep and petty and eschewed anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status . The team is also well known for its recurring encounters with characters such as the villainous monarch Doctor Doom , the planet-devouring Galactus , the Kree Empire 's ruthless and tyrannical enforcer Ronan the Accuser , Annihilus , ruler of the Negative Zone , the sea-dwelling prince Namor , the spacefaring Silver Surfer , and the Skrull warrior Kl'rt . The Fantastic Four have been adapted into other media , including four animated series and four live-action films ."}]}, {'value': 'Tales to Astonish # 27', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tales_to_Astonish', 'summary': 'Tales to Astonish is the name of two American comic book series and a one-shot comic published by Marvel Comics . The primary title bearing that name was published from January 1959 to March 1968 . It began as a science-fiction anthology that served as a showcase for such artists as Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko , then featured superheroes during the period fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books . It became The Incredible Hulk with issue No . 102 ( April 1968 ) . Its sister title was Tales of Suspense . A second Marvel comic bearing the name , reprinting stories of the undersea ruler the Sub-Mariner , ran 14 issues from December 1979 to January 1981 . A superhero one-shot followed in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jan. 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Henry Pym , the future Ant-Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Pym', 'summary': 'Dr. Henry Pym is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by penciler Jack Kirby , editor-plotter Stan Lee and scripter Larry Lieber , the character first appeared in Tales to Astonish # 27 ( January 1962 ) . The character , a scientist that debuted in a standalone science-fiction anthology story , returned several issues later as the original iteration of the superhero Ant-Man with the power to shrink to the size of an insect . Alongside his crime-fighting partner-wife Janet van Dyne , he goes on to assume other superhero identities , including the size-changing Giant-Man and Goliath ; the insect-themed Yellowjacket ; and briefly the Wasp . He is a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers . Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , Hank Pym has featured in other Marvel-endorsed products such as animated films ; video games ; and television series . Michael Douglas portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ant-Man', 'summary': "Ant-Man is the name of several superheroes appearing in books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Stan Lee , Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby , Ant-Man 's first appearance was in Tales to Astonish # 35 ( September 1962 ) . The persona was originally the brilliant scientist Hank Pym 's superhero alias after inventing a substance that can change size , but reformed thieves Scott Lang and Eric O'Grady also took on the mantle after the original changed his superhero identity to various other aliases , such as Giant-Man , Goliath , and Yellowjacket . Ant-Man has appeared in several films based on the Marvel character , such as Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hulk # 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hulk', 'summary': "The Hulk is a fictional superhero appearing in publications by the American publisher Marvel Comics . Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in the debut issue of The Incredible Hulk ( May 1962 ) . In his comic book appearances , the character is both the Hulk , a green-skinned , hulking and muscular humanoid possessing a vast degree of physical strength , and his alter ego Dr. Robert Bruce Banner , a physically weak , socially withdrawn , and emotionally reserved physicist , the two existing as independent personalities and resenting of the other . Following his accidental exposure to gamma rays saving the life of Rick Jones during the detonation of an experimental bomb , Banner is physically transformed into the Hulk when subjected to emotional stress , at or against his will , often leading to destructive rampages and conflicts that complicate Banner 's civilian life . The Hulk 's level of strength is normally conveyed as proportionate to his level of anger . Commonly portrayed as a raging savage , the Hulk has been represented with other personalities based on Banner 's fractured psyche , from a mindless , destructive force , to a brilliant warrior , or genius scientist in his own right . Despite both Hulk and Banner 's desire for solitude , the character has a large supporting cast , including Banner 's lover Betty Ross , his best friend Rick Jones , his cousin She-Hulk , therapist and ally Doc Samson , and his co-founders of the superhero team the Avengers , etc . However , his uncontrollable power has brought him into conflict with his fellow heroes and others . Despite this he tries his best to do what 's right while battling villains such as Leader , Abomination , Absorbing Man and more . Lee stated that the Hulk 's creation was inspired by a combination of Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Although the Hulk 's coloration has varied throughout the character 's publication history , the most usual color is green . He has two main catchphrases : Hulk is strongest one there is !"}]}, {'value': 'May 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Hulk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hulk', 'summary': "The Hulk is a fictional superhero appearing in publications by the American publisher Marvel Comics . Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in the debut issue of The Incredible Hulk ( May 1962 ) . In his comic book appearances , the character is both the Hulk , a green-skinned , hulking and muscular humanoid possessing a vast degree of physical strength , and his alter ego Dr. Robert Bruce Banner , a physically weak , socially withdrawn , and emotionally reserved physicist , the two existing as independent personalities and resenting of the other . Following his accidental exposure to gamma rays saving the life of Rick Jones during the detonation of an experimental bomb , Banner is physically transformed into the Hulk when subjected to emotional stress , at or against his will , often leading to destructive rampages and conflicts that complicate Banner 's civilian life . The Hulk 's level of strength is normally conveyed as proportionate to his level of anger . Commonly portrayed as a raging savage , the Hulk has been represented with other personalities based on Banner 's fractured psyche , from a mindless , destructive force , to a brilliant warrior , or genius scientist in his own right . Despite both Hulk and Banner 's desire for solitude , the character has a large supporting cast , including Banner 's lover Betty Ross , his best friend Rick Jones , his cousin She-Hulk , therapist and ally Doc Samson , and his co-founders of the superhero team the Avengers , etc . However , his uncontrollable power has brought him into conflict with his fellow heroes and others . Despite this he tries his best to do what 's right while battling villains such as Leader , Abomination , Absorbing Man and more . Lee stated that the Hulk 's creation was inspired by a combination of Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Although the Hulk 's coloration has varied throughout the character 's publication history , the most usual color is green . He has two main catchphrases : Hulk is strongest one there is !"}]}, {'value': 'The Fantastic Four # 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Dr. Doom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Doom', 'summary': "Doctor Victor Von Doom is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby , the character made his debut in The Fantastic Four # 5 ( July 1962 ) . The monarch of the fictional nation Latveria , Doom is usually depicted both as a principal archenemy and ally of Mister Fantastic and the Fantastic Four , though he has come into conflict with other superheroes as well , including Spider-Man , Captain America , Iron Man , Thor , Doctor Strange , Black Panther , the X-Men , and the Avengers . Doctor Doom was ranked # 4 by Wizard on its list of the 101 Greatest Villains of All Time and # 3 on IGN 's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time . In a later article , IGN would declare Doom as Marvel 's greatest villain . The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into several forms of media , including television series , video games , and merchandise such as action figures and trading cards . Most notably , Doctor Doom has been portrayed in licensed Fantastic Four live-action feature films by Joseph Culp in Roger Corman 's unreleased 1994 film ; Julian McMahon in the 2005 film and its 2007 sequel ; and Toby Kebbell in the 2015 film ."}]}, {'value': 'Amazing Fantasy # 15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazing_Fantasy', 'summary': 'Amazing Adult Fantasy and its retitled final issue , Amazing Fantasy , is an American comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics from 1961 through 1962 , with the latter title revived with superhero features in 1995 and in the 2000s . The final 1960s issue , Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( cover-dated Aug. 1962 ) , introduced the popular superhero character Spider-Man . Amazing Adult Fantasy premiered with issue # 7 , taking over the numbering from Amazing Adventures .'}]}, {'value': 'Aug. 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Spider-Man ( Peter Parker )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spider-Man', 'summary': "Spider-Man is a fictional superhero created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko . He first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . He appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , as well as in a number of movies , television shows , and video game adaptations set in the Marvel Universe . In the stories , Spider-Man is the alias of Peter Parker , an orphan raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben in New York City after his parents Richard and Mary Parker were killed in a plane crash . Lee and Ditko had the character deal with the struggles of adolescence and financial issues , and accompanied him with many supporting characters , such as J. Jonah Jameson , Harry Osborn , Max Modell , romantic interests Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson , and foes such as Doctor Octopus , Green Goblin and Venom . His origin story has him acquiring spider-related abilities after a bite from a radioactive spider ; these include clinging to surfaces , shooting spider-webs from wrist-mounted devices , and detecting danger with his spider-sense . When Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s , teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist . The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker , a high school student from Queens behind Spider-Man 's secret identity and with whose self-obsessions with rejection , inadequacy , and loneliness young readers could relate . While Spider-Man had all the makings of a sidekick , unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin , Spider-Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman ; he thus had to learn for himself that with great power there must also come great responsibility - a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider-Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian , the late Uncle Ben . Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several comic book series , the first and longest-lasting of which is The Amazing Spider-Man . Over the years , the Peter Parker character developed from a shy , nerdy New York City high school student to troubled but outgoing college student , to married high school teacher to , in the late 2000s , a single freelance photographer . In the 2010s , he joins the Avengers , Marvel 's flagship superhero team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Parker', 'summary': "Spider-Man is a fictional superhero created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko . He first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . He appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , as well as in a number of movies , television shows , and video game adaptations set in the Marvel Universe . In the stories , Spider-Man is the alias of Peter Parker , an orphan raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben in New York City after his parents Richard and Mary Parker were killed in a plane crash . Lee and Ditko had the character deal with the struggles of adolescence and financial issues , and accompanied him with many supporting characters , such as J. Jonah Jameson , Harry Osborn , Max Modell , romantic interests Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson , and foes such as Doctor Octopus , Green Goblin and Venom . His origin story has him acquiring spider-related abilities after a bite from a radioactive spider ; these include clinging to surfaces , shooting spider-webs from wrist-mounted devices , and detecting danger with his spider-sense . When Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s , teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist . The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker , a high school student from Queens behind Spider-Man 's secret identity and with whose self-obsessions with rejection , inadequacy , and loneliness young readers could relate . While Spider-Man had all the makings of a sidekick , unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin , Spider-Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman ; he thus had to learn for himself that with great power there must also come great responsibility - a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider-Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian , the late Uncle Ben . Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several comic book series , the first and longest-lasting of which is The Amazing Spider-Man . Over the years , the Peter Parker character developed from a shy , nerdy New York City high school student to troubled but outgoing college student , to married high school teacher to , in the late 2000s , a single freelance photographer . In the 2010s , he joins the Avengers , Marvel 's flagship superhero team ."}]}, {'value': 'Journey into Mystery # 83', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Journey_into_Mystery', 'summary': "Journey into Mystery is an American comic book series initially published by Atlas Comics , then by its successor , Marvel Comics . Initially a horror comics anthology , it changed to giant-monster and science fiction stories in the late 1950s . Beginning with issue # 83 ( cover dated Aug. 1962 ) , it ran the superhero feature The Mighty Thor , created by writers Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and artist Jack Kirby , and inspired by the mythological Norse thunder god . The series , which was renamed for its superhero star with issue # 126 ( March 1966 ) , has been revived three times : in the 1970s as a horror anthology , and in the 1990s and 2010s with characters from Marvel 's Thor mythos . The title was also used in 2019 for a limited series as part of the War of the Realms storyline ."}]}, {'value': 'Aug. 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': "First appearance of Marvel 's Thor ( Thor Odinson / Donald Blake )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)', 'summary': "Thor Odinson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character , which is based on the Norse deity of the same name , is the Asgardian god of thunder who possesses the enchanted hammer , Mjolnir , which grants him the ability to fly and manipulate weather amongst his other superhuman attributes . Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , the character first appeared in Journey into Mystery # 83 ( August 1962 ) and was created by penciller-plotter Jack Kirby , editor-plotter Stan Lee , and scripter Larry Lieber . He has starred in several ongoing series and limited series , and is a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers , appearing in each volume of that series . The character has also appeared in associated Marvel merchandise including animated television series , movies , video games , clothing , toys and trading cards . The character was first portrayed in live action by Eric Allan Kramer in the 1988 television movie The Incredible Hulk Returns . Chris Hemsworth portrays Thor Odinson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor ( 2011 ) , The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) in a cameo , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) and will return in Thor : Love and Thunder ( 2021 ) . Additionally , archival footage of Hemsworth as Thor was used in the 2013 episodes Pilot and The Well of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . Thor placed 14th on IGN 's list of Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time in 2011 , and first in their list of The Top 50 Avengers in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donald_Blake_(Marvel_Comics)', 'summary': "Bakuto is a fictional ninja in Marvel Comics . The character , created by Andy Diggle , Antony Johnston and Marco Checchetto , first appeared in Daredevil # 505 ( April 2010 ) . Bakuto , the head Daimyo of South America , met with the other four Daimyos in Jigoku-Chu Castle in Japan . He showed some doubt in Matt Murdock leading The Hand and especially scoffed at White Tiger 's involvement due to her being a woman . Beforehand , Bakuto had killed his master , Izanagi , to showcase [ his ] strength of will , even going so far as to not allowing him seppuku . In the present , while having dinner , Bakuto 's food is spiked causing him to hallucinate demons . Matt goes to check on him as Daredevil and are both immediately attacked by ninjas that were secretly sent by the other Daimyos . After defeating them , Matt is led to believe that someone is attempting to take Bakuto 's life and ups the security . Despite this Bakuto believes that Matt was the one who sent the ninjas and begins plotting to kill him . He is later confronted by a possessed White Tiger and killed in sword combat ."}]}, {'value': 'Tales to Astonish # 35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sept. 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Ant-Man ( Henry Pym )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ant-Man', 'summary': "Ant-Man is the name of several superheroes appearing in books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Stan Lee , Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby , Ant-Man 's first appearance was in Tales to Astonish # 35 ( September 1962 ) . The persona was originally the brilliant scientist Hank Pym 's superhero alias after inventing a substance that can change size , but reformed thieves Scott Lang and Eric O'Grady also took on the mantle after the original changed his superhero identity to various other aliases , such as Giant-Man , Goliath , and Yellowjacket . Ant-Man has appeared in several films based on the Marvel character , such as Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Collectibility', 'section_text': 'The following comics are sought after by collectors due to their historical provenance . A near-mint plus copy of Amazing Fantasy # 15 , the first appearance of Spider-Man , sold for $ 1.1 million to an unnamed collector on March 7 , 2011 . [ 50 ]', 'uid': 'Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books_0', 'intro': "The Silver Age of Comic Books was a period of artistic advancement and widespread commercial success in mainstream American comic books, predominantly those featuring the superhero archetype. Following the Golden Age of Comic Books and an interregnum in the early to mid-1950s, the Silver Age is considered to cover the period from 1956 to circa 1970, and was succeeded by the Bronze and Modern Ages. The popularity and circulation of comic books about superheroes had declined following World War II, and comic books about horror, crime and romance took larger shares of the market. However, controversy arose over alleged links between comic books and juvenile delinquency, focusing in particular on crime, horror, and superheroes turning them into glorified firefighters. In 1954, publishers implemented the Comics Code Authority to regulate comic content. In the wake of these changes, publishers began introducing superhero stories again, a change that began with the introduction of a new version of DC Comics' The Flash in Showcase #4 (October 1956). In response to strong demand, DC began publishing more superhero titles including Justice League of America, which prompted Marvel Comics to follow suit beginning with The Fantastic Four #1. A number of important comics writers and artists contributed to the early part of the era, including writers Stan Lee, Gardner Fox, John Broome, and Robert Kanigher, and artists Curt Swan, Jack Kirby, Gil Kane, Steve Ditko, Mike Sekowsky, Gene Colan, Carmine Infantino, John Buscema, and John Romita, Sr. By the end of the Silver Age, a new generation of talent had entered the field, including writers Denny O'Neil, Gary Friedrich, Roy Thomas, and Archie Goodwin, and artists such as Neal Adams, Herb Trimpe, Jim Steranko, and Barry Windsor-Smith. Silver Age comics have become collectible, with the nicest known copy of Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the debut of Spider-Man, selling for $1.1 million in 2011."} | null | null | What was the real name of the superhero character in the comic with a cover date of Oct. 1956 ? | Bartholomew Henry Barry Allen |
057bf81182b52d27 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_players', 'title': 'List of Washington Redskins players', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Pos', 'College', 'GP', 'Seasons'], 'data': [{'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Fabini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Fabini', 'summary': 'Jason Tamer Fabini ( born August 25 , 1974 ) is a former American football offensive lineman . He was originally drafted by the New York Jets of the National Football League ( NFL ) in the fourth round of the 1998 NFL Draft . He played college football at Cincinnati .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati', 'summary': 'The University of Cincinnati ( UC or Cincinnati ) is a public research university in Cincinnati , Ohio . Founded in 1819 as Cincinnati College , it is the oldest institution of higher education in Cincinnati and has an annual enrollment of over 44,000 students , making it the second largest university in Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Fanucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Fanucci', 'summary': 'Michael Joseph Fanucci ( born September 28 , 1949 in Scranton , Pennsylvania ) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins , Houston Oilers , and Green Bay Packers . He later played with the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League . He played college football at Arizona State University . Fanucci attended Dunmore High School and played football there ; he graduated in the class of 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_University', 'summary': "Arizona State University ( commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State ) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area , and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona . ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. As of fall 2019 , the university had nearly 90,000 students attending classes across its metro campuses , more than 38,000 students attending online , including 83,000-plus undergraduates and more nearly 20,000 postgraduates . The university is organized into 17 colleges , featuring more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes . ASU offers 350 degree options for undergraduates students , as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs . ASU has nearly 600 ASU scholar-athletes across 26 varsity-level sports . The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 59 Pac-10/Pac-12 championships dating back to 1979 , and have captured 24 NCAA championships dating to its first ( baseball ) title in 1965 . In addition to its athletic program , the university is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations . ASU 's charter , approved by the board of regents in 2014 , is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Michael M. Crow upon his appointment as the institution 's 16th president in 2002 . It defines ASU as a comprehensive public research university , measured not by whom it excludes , but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed ; advancing research and discovery of public value ; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic , social , cultural and overall health of the communities it serves . Since 2005 , ASU has been ranked among the top research universities in the U.S. , public and private , based on research output , innovation , development , research expenditures , number of awarded patents and awarded research grant proposals . The 2019 university ratings by U.S. News & World Report rank ASU No . 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the fourth year in a row ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Farkas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Farkas', 'summary': 'Andrew Andy Geza Farkas ( May 2 , 1916 - April 10 , 2001 ) was an American football fullback in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins and the Detroit Lions .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Mercy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Detroit_Mercy', 'summary': 'The University of Detroit Mercy ( UDM ) is a private , Roman Catholic university in Detroit , Michigan , sponsored by both the Society of Jesus ( the Jesuits ) and the Religious Sisters of Mercy . Founded in 1877 , it is the largest Catholic university in Michigan . It has three campuses , where it offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study in liberal arts , clinical psychology , business , dentistry , education , law , engineering , architecture , nursing and allied health professions . In athletics , the university sponsors 19 NCAA Division I level varsity sports for men and women . It is a member of the Horizon League .'}]}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938-44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Farman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Farman', 'summary': 'Richard George Farman ( July 26 , 1916 - May 5 , 2002 ) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at Washington State University and was drafted in the sixteenth round of the 1939 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_State_University', 'summary': "Washington State University ( Washington State , WSU , or Wazzu ) is a public research university in Pullman , Washington . Founded in 1890 , WSU is one of the oldest land-grant universities in the American West . With an undergraduate enrollment of 24,470 and a total enrollment of 29,686 , it is the second largest institution for higher education in Washington state behind the University of Washington . The WSU Pullman campus is perched upon a hill , characterized by open spaces , views , deep green conifers , and a restrained red brick and basalt material palette - materials originally found on site . The university is nestled within the rolling topography of the Palouse in rural eastern Washington and remains intimately connected to the town , the region , and the landscape in which it sits . The university also operates campuses across Washington known as WSU Spokane , WSU Tri-Cities , and WSU Vancouver , all founded in 1989 . In 2012 , WSU launched an Internet-based Global Campus , which includes its online degree program , WSU Online . In 2015 , WSU expanded to a sixth campus , known as WSU Everett . These campuses award primarily bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Freshmen and sophomores were first admitted to the Vancouver campus in 2006 and to the Tri-Cities campus in 2007 . Enrollment for the four campuses and WSU Online exceeds 29,686 students . This includes 1,751 international students ."}]}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939-43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Farmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Farmer_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Thomas Manduis Farmer ( April 17 , 1921 - July 1 , 1980 ) was an American football halfback in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played for the Los Angeles Rams ( 1946 ) and the Washington Redskins ( 1947-1948 ) . He played college football at the University of Iowa and was drafted in the second round of the 1943 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Rams .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Iowa', 'summary': "The University of Iowa ( UI , U of I , UIowa , or simply Iowa ) is a public research university in Iowa City , Iowa . Founded in 1847 , it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state . The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees . Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River , the University of Iowa is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university is best known for its programs in health care , law , and the fine arts , with programs ranking among the top 25 nationally in those areas . The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree and it operates the Iowa Writer 's Workshop , which has produced 17 of the university 's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners . Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities , the Universities Research Association , and the Big Ten Academic Alliance . Among American universities , the University of Iowa was the first public university to open as coeducational , opened the first coeducational medical school , and opened the first Department of Religious Studies at a public university . The University of Iowa 's 33,000 students take part in nearly 500 student organizations . Iowa 's 22 varsity athletic teams , the Iowa Hawkeyes , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000 graduates ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947-48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jimmy Farris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Farris', 'summary': 'James Robert Farris ( born April 13 , 1978 ) is a former American football wide receiver who retired from the NFL in 2009 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Congress in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Montana-Missoula', 'summary': 'The University of Montana ( UM ) is a public research university in Missoula , Montana . UM is a flagship institution of the Montana University System and its second largest campus . UM reported 10,962 undergraduate and graduate students in the fall of 2018 . The University of Montana ranks 17th in the nation and fifth among public universities in producing Rhodes Scholars . The University of Montana has 11 Truman Scholars , 14 Goldwater Scholars and 40 Udall Scholars to its name .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Faulkner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Faulkner', 'summary': 'Jeffrey E. Faulkner ( born April 4 , 1964 in St. Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands ) is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League for the Kansas City Chiefs , Indianapolis Colts , Phoenix Cardinals , New Orleans Saints , Washington Redskins , and the New York Jets . He also played in the Arena Football League for the Chicago Bruisers , Orlando Predators and the Milwaukee Mustangs . He played college football at Southern University . He is distinguished as being the first Virgin Islander and St. Thomian to play in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'DL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_University', 'summary': "Southern University and A & M College ( Southern University , Southern , SUBR or SU ) is a public historically black university in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . It is the largest HBCU in Louisiana , a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and the flagship institution of the Southern University System . Its campus encompasses 512 acres , with an agricultural experimental station on an additional 372-acre site , five miles north of the main campus on Scott 's Bluff overlooking the Mississippi River in the northern section of Baton Rouge . Southern University 's 13 intercollegiate athletics teams are known as the Jaguars , and are members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) in NCAA Division I . The Human Jukebox is the internationally renowned collegiate marching band that has been representing the university since 1947 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Fauria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Fauria', 'summary': 'Christian Ashley Fauria ( born September 22 , 1971 ) is an American former football tight end .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder', 'summary': "The University of Colorado Boulder ( CU Boulder ) , colloquially referred to as CU or Colorado , is a public research university in Boulder , Colorado . It is the flagship university of the University of Colorado system and was founded five months before Colorado was admitted to the Union in 1876 . In 2015 , the university comprised nine colleges and schools and offered over 150 academic programs and enrolled almost 17,000 students . Twelve Nobel Laureates , nine MacArthur Fellows , and 20 astronauts have been affiliated with CU Boulder as students , researchers , or faculty members in its history . The university received nearly $ 454 million in sponsored research in 2010 to fund programs like the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics , and JILA . The Colorado Buffaloes compete in 17 varsity sports and are members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference . The Buffaloes have won 28 national championships : 20 in skiing , seven total in men 's and women 's cross country , and one in football . Approximately 900 students participate in 34 intercollegiate club sports annually as well ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred Felber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Felber', 'summary': 'Frederick Emmett Felber ( March 25 , 1909 - May 1978 ) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League for the Boston Braves and the Philadelphia Eagles . He played college football at the University of North Dakota .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota', 'summary': "The University of North Dakota ( also known as UND or North Dakota ) is a public research university in Grand Forks , North Dakota . Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883 , six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota , it is the state 's oldest university . UND was founded with a liberal arts foundation and expanded to include scientific research . The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota . Its best known college is perhaps its John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences , the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operations , and programs in aviation and aerospace . Several national research institutions are on the university 's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center , the School of Medicine and Health Sciences , and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center . North Dakota 's athletic teams compete in the NCAA 's Division I . Most teams compete as members of the Big Sky Conference , with the exceptions of men 's hockey ( National Collegiate Hockey Conference ) , and swimming ( Western Athletic Conference ) . The men 's ice hockey team has won eight national championships and play in the Ralph Engelstad Arena ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralph Felton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Felton', 'summary': 'Ralph Dwaine Rass Felton ( May 21 , 1932 - January 22 , 2011 ) was an American football player . Felton played college football at the University of Maryland at College Park and was drafted in the fourth round of the 1954 NFL Draft . He was a linebacker in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins and in the American Football League ( ALF ) for the Buffalo Bills .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park', 'summary': "The University of Maryland , College Park ( University of Maryland , UMD , or simply Maryland ) is a public research university in College Park , Maryland . Founded in 1856 , UMD is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland . It is also the largest university in both the state and the Washington metropolitan area , with more than 41,000 students representing all fifty states and 123 countries , and a global alumni network of over 360,000 . Its twelve schools and colleges together offer over 200 degree-granting programs , including 92 undergraduate majors , 107 master 's programs , and 83 doctoral programs . UMD is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Maryland 's proximity to the nation 's capital has resulted in many research partnerships with the federal government ; faculty receive research funding and institutional support from agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institute of Standards and Technology , the Food and Drug Administration , and the Department of Homeland Security . It is classified as a first tier research university by the Carnegie Foundation , and is labeled a Public Ivy , denoting a quality of education comparable to the private Ivy League . UMD is ranked among the top 100 universities both nationally and globally by several indices . In 2016 , the University of Maryland , College Park and the University of Maryland , Baltimore formalized their strategic partnership after their collaboration successfully created more innovative medical , scientific , and educational programs , as well as greater research grants and joint faculty appointments than either campus has been able to accomplish on its own . As of 2017 , the operating budget of the University of Maryland is approximately $ 2.1 billion . For the 2018 fiscal year , the university received a total of over $ 545 million in external research funding . In October 2017 , the university received a record-breaking donation of $ 219.5 million from the A. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation , ranking among the largest philanthropic gifts to a public university in the country ."}]}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954-60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12/27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neil Ferris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neil_Ferris', 'summary': 'Neil George Ferris ( October 31 , 1927 - January 30 , 1996 ) was an American football defensive back and halfback in the National Football League . A graduate of Loyola Marymount University , Ferris was inducted into their Hall of Fame in 1991 . Ferris played for three NFL teams , the Washington Redskins in 1951-1952 , the Philadelphia Eagles in 1952 , and also the Los Angeles Rams , in 1953 .'}]}, {'value': 'DB / HB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Marymount', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University', 'summary': "Loyola Marymount University ( LMU ) is a private Jesuit and Marymount research university in Los Angeles , California . It is located on the west side of the city and is scenically positioned atop the bluffs overlooking Playa Vista . LMU is also the parent school to Loyola Law School located in downtown Los Angeles . LMU offers 60 major and 55 minor undergraduate degrees and programs across 6 undergraduate colleges . The Graduate Division offers 51 master 's degree programs , one education doctorate , one doctorate in juridical science , one juris doctorate and 12 credential programs . As of 2019 [ update ] , Loyola Marymount University is one of the largest Roman Catholic universities on the U.S. West Coast with just under 9,700 undergraduate , graduate and law school students . LMU 's sports teams are called the Lions and compete at the NCAA Division I level as members of the West Coast Conference in 19 sports ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951-52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Filchock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Filchock', 'summary': 'Frank Joseph Filchock ( October 8 , 1916 - June 20 , 1994 ) was an American gridiron football player and coach . As a consequence of a famous scandal regarding the 1946 NFL Championship Game , he was suspended by the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1947 to 1950 for associating with gamblers .'}]}, {'value': 'QB / RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)', 'summary': "Indiana University Bloomington ( IU Bloomington , IU , or simply Indiana ) is a public research university in Bloomington , Indiana . It is the flagship institution of the Indiana University system and , with over 40,000 students , its largest university . Indiana University is a Public Ivy university and consistently ranks in the top 100 national universities in the U.S. and among the top 50 public universities . It is a member of the Association of American Universities and has numerous schools and programs , including the Jacobs School of Music , the Luddy School of Informatics , Computing , and Engineering , the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs , the Kelley School of Business , the School of Public Health , the School of Nursing , the School of Optometry , the Maurer School of Law , the School of Education , the Media School , and the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies . As of Fall 2017 , 43,710 students attend Indiana University . While 55.1% of the student body was from Indiana , students from all 50 states , Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico and 165 countries were also enrolled . As of 2018 [ update ] , the average ACT score is a 28 and an SAT score of 1276 . The university is home to an extensive student life program , with more than 750 student organizations on campus and with around 17 percent of undergraduates joining the Greek system . Indiana athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Indiana Hoosiers . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference ; since it does not have a mascot , all teams are known simply as Hoosiers . Indiana 's faculty , staff , and alumni include nine Nobel laureates , 17 Rhodes Scholars , 17 Marshall Scholars , and five MacArthur Fellows . In addition , students and alumni have won six Academy Awards , 49 Grammy Awards , 32 Emmy Awards , 20 Pulitzer Prizes , four Tony Awards , and 104 Olympic medals ( 55 gold , 17 silver , and 32 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938-41 , 1944-45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Fincher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Fincher', 'summary': 'Alfred William Fincher ( born August 15 , 1983 ) is a former American football linebacker . He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft . He played college football at Connecticut . Fincher has also been a member of the Detroit Lions , Washington Redskins , and New York Sentinels . Fincher works as a fisherman in the Bahamas with ex-Connecticut teammate and NFL prospect Deon McPhee .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Connecticut', 'summary': "The University of Connecticut ( UConn ) is a public land grant , National Sea Grant and National Space Grant research university in Storrs , Connecticut . It was founded in 1881 . The primary 4,400-acre ( 17.8 km2 ) campus is in Storrs , Connecticut , approximately a half hour 's drive from Hartford and 90 minutes from Boston . It is a flagship university that is ranked as tied for the best public national university in New England and is tied for 24th in top public schools and tied for 64th best national university in the 2020 U.S. News & World Report rankings . UConn has been ranked by Money Magazine and Princeton Review top 18th in value . The university is designated R-1 : Doctoral Universities - Highest Research Activity with the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education classifying the student body as More Selective , its most selective admissions category . The university has been recognized as a Public Ivy , defined as a select group of publicly funded universities considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . UConn is one of the founding institutions of the Hartford , Connecticut/Springfield , Massachusetts regional economic and cultural partnership alliance known as New England 's Knowledge Corridor . UConn was the second U.S. university invited into Universitas 21 , an elite international network of 24 research-intensive universities , who work together to foster global citizenship . UConn is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . UConn was founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School , named after two brothers who donated the land for the school . In 1893 , the school became a land grant college ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Fiorentino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Fiorentino', 'summary': 'Albert Michael Fiorentino ( February 28 , 1917 - January 28 , 2001 ) was an American football guard in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins and the Boston Yanks . He played college football at Boston College .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_College', 'summary': "Boston College ( BC ) is a private Jesuit research university in the Chestnut Hill and Brighton neighborhoods of Boston , Massachusetts and the city of Newton , Massachusetts . It was founded in 1863 and although it is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity its name reflects its historical position as a small liberal arts college . The university has more than 9,300 full-time undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduate students . It has historical ties to Boston College High School in Dorchester , as both the high school and the college were once on one campus in the South End of Boston . Its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America . Boston College offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its nine schools and colleges : Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences , Graduate School of Arts & Sciences , Carroll School of Management , Lynch School of Education and Human Development , Connell School of Nursing , Graduate School of Social Work , Boston College Law School , Boston College School of Theology and Ministry , Woods College of Advancing Studies . Boston College athletic teams are known as the Eagles , their colors are maroon and gold , and mascot is Baldwin the Eagle . The Eagles compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports offered by the ACC . The men 's and women 's ice hockey teams compete in Hockey East . Boston College 's men 's ice hockey team has won five national championships . As of January 2020 , alumni and affiliates of the university include governors , ambassadors , senators , House representatives , Hollywood actors , and professional athletes . Boston College has graduated several Rhodes , Fulbright , and Goldwater scholars ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943-44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51/60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Fischer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Fischer_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Mark Raymond Fischer ( born July 29 , 1974 in Cincinnati , Ohio ) is a former American football center who played in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at Purdue University and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1998 NFL Draft . During the 2000 NFL season , Fischer became the starting center of the Washington Redskins starting in all 16 games . The following year , Cory Raymer regained his starting position . In week 4 of the 2001 season Fischer sustained a season ending ACL rupture . He signed with the Denver Broncos in 2002 but was released before the season started . He currently [ when ? ] is a Managing Director at PNC Capital Markets LLC [ citation needed ] division of PNC Financial Services Group .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue_University', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pat Fischer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Fischer', 'summary': "Patrick Fischer ( born January 2 , 1940 in St. Edward , Nebraska ) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1961 to 1967 , and the Washington Redskins from 1968 to 1977 . Fischer attended Westside High School in Omaha and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln . At Nebraska , Fischer played safety , tailback , and quarterback . Fischer joined the NFL as the 17th-round draft choice of St. Louis in the 1961 NFL Draft . He then signed with Washington as a free agent in 1968 . He was a 1969 Pro Bowler . In 1972 , the Redskins won the NFC championship game of the 1972-73 NFL playoffs against the Dallas Cowboys , when they limited Roger Staubach , their quarterback , to only 9 completions in 20 attempts for 98 passing yards and three allowed sacks , Fischer and Mike Bass , the other cornerback , being particularly successful in shutting down their wide receivers . But though the Redskin defense allowed only 69 net passing yards , it could not stop the Miami Dolphins 's running game ( 184 rushing yards ) in losing Super Bowl VII . Fischer finished his 17-year career with 56 interceptions , and ranks seventh all-time in Redskins career interceptions with 27 and fourth all-time with 412 career interception return yards . At the time of his retirement , Fischer had played in 213 NFL games , then a record for a cornerback . He was well known for his strong tackling skills despite his diminutive size . Some of Fischer 's most memorable defensive match-ups occurred against Philadelphia Eagles receiver Harold Carmichael who stood eleven inches taller than Fischer ."}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': '126', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968-77', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Flanagan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Flanagan_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Matt Flanagan ( born March 26 , 1995 ) is an American football tight end who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Pittsburgh , and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Washington Redskins in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Panthers football program is the intercollegiate football team of the University of Pittsburgh , often referred to as Pitt , located in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Traditionally the most popular sport at the university , Pitt football has played at the highest level of American college football competition , now termed the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , since the beginning of the school 's official sponsorship of the sport in 1890 . As of the 2013 season , Pitt competes as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Pitt claims nine national championships and is among the top 20 college football programs in terms of all-time wins . Its teams have featured many coaches and players notable throughout the history of college football , including , among all schools , the twelfth most College Football Hall of Fame inductees , the twelfth most consensus All-Americans , and the fourth most Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees . The Panthers are currently coached by Pat Narduzzi . Pitt plays home games at Heinz Field which they share with the National Football League Pittsburgh Steelers and utilize the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Sports Performance Complex as their practice facility ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018- present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeron Flemister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeron_Flemister', 'summary': 'Zeron D. Flemister ( born September 8 , 1976 ) is a former American football tight end . As a senior at the University of Iowa , he played in and started seven games before playing in three postseason all-star games . Flemister was then signed as a free agent by the Washington Redskins in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London Fletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Fletcher', 'summary': "London Levi Fletcher ( born May 19 , 1975 ) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at John Carroll , and signed with the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 1998 . Fletcher also played for the Buffalo Bills and Washington Redskins . He made four Pro Bowls in his career , and was also a part of the Rams ' victory in Super Bowl XXXIV . Fletcher was well known for never missing a game in his career , being one of only five players in NFL history to play in over 250 consecutive games . Fletcher also holds the record for consecutive starts at the linebacker position . He eventually finished his career with 215 consecutive games started , which ties him for 6th all time along with Alan Page and Ronde Barber ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Carroll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Carroll_University', 'summary': "John Carroll University is a private Jesuit university in University Heights , Ohio . It is primarily an undergraduate , liberal arts institution accompanied by the John M. and Mary Jo Boler College of Business . John Carroll has an enrollment of 3,650 students . The university offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts , sciences , and business , and in selected areas at the master 's level . John Carroll offers 70 academic programs of study for undergraduate students . The university has been ranked in the top 10 of Midwest regional universities by U.S. News & World Report 's annual guide , America 's Best Colleges , for 29 consecutive years ."}]}, {'value': '112', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Flick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Flick', 'summary': "Thomas Lyle Flick ( born August 30 , 1958 ) is a former American football quarterback . He was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the 4th round of the 1981 NFL Draft . A 6 ' 2 , 190 lbs . record-setting quarterback from the University of Washington , Flick played in seven NFL seasons from 1981-1987 . He currently works as a corporate speaker on leadership and change ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- F', 'section_text': 'London Fletcher , a starting linebacker for the Redskins from 2007 to 2013 , as well as a defensive captain from 2008 . Lennie Friedman was an offensive guard for the Redskins from 2003 to 2005 . [ 29 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Washington_Redskins_players_5', 'intro': 'This is a list of American football players who have played for the Washington Redskins, as well as its predecessors the Boston Braves (1932) and Boston Redskins (1933-1936), in the National Football League (NFL). It includes players that have played at least five games in the NFL regular season. [a] The Washington Redskins franchise was founded in Boston, Massachusetts as the Boston Braves, named after the local baseball franchise. The name was changed the next year to the Redskins. In 1937, the franchise moved to Washington, D.C. The Redskins have played over 1,000 games. In those games, the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships. Overall, the Redskins have had a total of 23 players and coaches (17 primary, six minor)[b] inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Many Redskins players have also had successful college football careers, including six who were Heisman Trophy winners: Gary Beban, Desmond Howard, Vic Janowicz, George Rogers, Danny Wuerffel, and Robert Griffin III. In addition, the Heisman Trophy sculpture was modeled after Ed Smith in 1934, who became a Redskins player in 1936. Several former players have become head coach of the Redskins, including Turk Edwards, Dick Todd, and Jack Pardee.'} | null | null | How many states have sent students to the university attended by Ralph Felton ? | fifty |
057c1e713f34375e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakshi_Tanwar', 'title': 'Sakshi Tanwar', 'header': ['Year', 'Awards', 'Category', 'Character', 'For The Show', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian Telly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Telly_Awards', 'summary': 'The Indian Telly Awards is an annual award for excellence both on-screen and behind-the-scenes of television in India . Conceptualised and created by Anil Wanvari , the founder , CEO of media and services group , indiantelevision.com , they are in their 12th edition currently . Wanvari is also on the board of the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( which runs the International Emmy Awards ) , and has been a semi-final judging host for the awards since 2006 . [ citation needed ] The awards for Indian television are given in several categories such as best programme or series in a specific genre , most popular actors and awards for technical roles such as writers and directors . The awards are currently managed by a division within indiantelevision.com called ITV2.0 Productions .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress in Lead Role', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parvati Aggarwal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kahaani_Ghar_Ghar_Kii', 'summary': 'Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii ( English : The Story of Each House ) is a Hindi-language Indian soap opera on Indian television which ran on Star Plus from October 16 , 2000 to October 9 , 2008 . The soap opera was created by Ekta Kapoor and was produced by her production company Balaji Telefilms . The show starred Sakshi Tanwar and Kiran Karmarkar as the lead protagonists . The show explored the worlds of Parvati and Om Agarwal , living in a Marwadi joint family where Parvati is an ideal daughter-in-law of Agarwal family and Om the ideal son . The show is the story of the sons of Vishwanath Agarwal and their children thereof . The show also had Ali Asgar who played the role of Kamal Agarwal , Anup Soni who played the role of Suyash Mehra , Shweta Kawatra/ Achint Kaur who played the role of Pallavi Agarwal as the major supporting cast . Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii was dubbed in Sinhala language and broadcast on Sirasa TV .'}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalakar Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalakar_Awards', 'summary': 'Kalakar Awards is an award ceremony held in Eastern India , attended by a host of dignitaries , stars & celebrities and draws attention from the electronic and print media .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parvati Aggarwal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian Television Academy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Television_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The Indian Television Academy Awards , also known as the ITA Awards , is an annual event organised by the Indian Television Academy to honour excellence of Indian Television .'}]}, {'value': 'ITA Milestone Award', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parvati Aggarwal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian Television Academy Awards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Actress - Drama ( Jury )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ITA_Award_for_Best_Actress_Drama', 'summary': 'ITA Award for Best Actress - Drama ( also known as Best Actress Jury ) is an award given by Indian Television Academy as a part of its annual event .'}]}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Star Entertainment Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Star_Entertainment_Awards', 'summary': 'The Big STAR Entertainment Awards were presented annually by Reliance Broadcast Network Limited in association with Star India to honour personalities from the field of entertainment across movies , music , television , sports , theatre and dance . The award is touted to be a completely viewer driven award where in audience participation right from nominations to the final winners through SMS and online voting across the categories is used for deciding the winners . The award was announced on 12 December 2010 and the first ever nominations for 2010 Awards were published online through various entertainment websites on 15 December . The last award ceremony happened in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress in a Lead Role ( Television )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18th Lions Gold Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lions_Gold_Awards', 'summary': 'The Lions Gold Awards are annual accolades given by the Lions Club Mumbai to recognise excellence in Indian Film and Television Industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress in a Lead Role ( Television )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th Indian Telly Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/11th_Indian_Telly_Awards', 'summary': 'The 2012 Indian Telly Awards , officially the 11th Indian Telly Awards ceremony , presented by the Indiantelevision.com honouring the Indian Television Shows of 2011 took place on 31 May 2012 in Mumbai . The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Colors TV . Actors Ram Kapoor and Ronit Roy hosted the ceremony for the first time . The ceremony was co-hosted by Manish Paul & Roshni Chopra . The Telly Award Blue Carpet was hosted by Mona Singh & Manish Paul'}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress in a Lead Role ( Jury )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Telly_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Lead_Role', 'summary': 'Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role Female is an award given by IndianTelevision.com as part of its annual Indian Telly Awards for TV serials . The award was first awarded in 2002 . A special award called Best Actress Critics or Best Actress Jury is also awarding occasionally , whose winner was selected by the jury of critics assigned to the function . The jury award was awarded without prior nominations until 2012 . Since then , the jury award is also awarded with prior nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apsara_Film_&_Television_Producers_Guild_Awards', 'summary': "The Producers Guild Film Awards ( previously known as the Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award ) was an accolade given by the Apsara Producers Guild to recognize excellence in Indian film and television . Originated by filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna , the Star Guild Awards have been one of the major award events since 2004 till 2016 , when the last awards ceremony happened . The 22-karat gold statuette was sculpted and designed by the jewellery brand Tanishq and was inspired by the rich heritage of one of India 's most treasured possessions - the Ajanta and Ellora Caves . Nominations for the awards come from selected members of the guild , with the full membership ( around 160 ) available to vote for the winners . The ballots cast by the guild members are then taken to a common venue for the final counting ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress in Drama Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Guild_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series', 'summary': 'Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series is an award given by Apsara Producers Guild to recognize excellence in film and television , to recognize a male actor in television drama series who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role . The award was first awarded in 2003 under the title Best Actress in a Drama Series and is awarded every year annually thereafter .'}]}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5th Boroplus Gold Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boroplus_Gold_Awards', 'summary': 'Gold Awards is an annual awards show that honor the best performers in the Indian television industry . They were first awarded in 2007 . Boroplus was the title sponsor for the first 10 editions after which Kesh King took over . The awards are presented in various areas of excellence , such as popular programming , including music programmes , news , entertainment programmes , sports , travel , lifestyle and fashion ; best television channel in a particular category including news , sports and entertainment ; technical awards and popular awards . The event is managed by Vikaas Kalantari , founder of Gold Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress ( Critics )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boroplus_Gold_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Lead_Role', 'summary': 'Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role is an award given as part of its annual Gold Awards for TV serials . The award was first awarded in 2007 under the title Best Actress in a Lead Role . A special award called Best Actor - Critics or Best Actor - Jury is also awarded occasionally since 2008 , whose winner was selected by the jury of critics assigned to the function . The jury award was awarded without prior nominations until 2010 . Since then , the jury award is also awarded with prior nominations just like the original award which is now called Best Actress - Popular .'}]}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': "People 's Choice Awards India", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/People's_Choice_Awards_India", 'summary': "The People 's Choice Awards India was an awards show held on October 27 , 2012 , in Mumbai , India , and which aired on Colors TV on November 25 . An adaptation of the US version , the Indian edition is licensed and produced by Bulldog Media & Entertainment , sponsored by Procter & Gamble , and the winners were voted on by the general public ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Drama Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19th Lions Gold Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lions_Gold_Awards', 'summary': 'The Lions Gold Awards are annual accolades given by the Lions Club Mumbai to recognise excellence in Indian Film and Television Industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress in a Lead Role ( Television )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Guild Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Guild_Awards', 'summary': "The Producers Guild Film Awards ( previously known as the Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award ) was an accolade given by the Apsara Producers Guild to recognize excellence in Indian film and television . Originated by filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna , the Star Guild Awards have been one of the major award events since 2004 till 2016 , when the last awards ceremony happened . The 22-karat gold statuette was sculpted and designed by the jewellery brand Tanishq and was inspired by the rich heritage of one of India 's most treasured possessions - the Ajanta and Ellora Caves . Nominations for the awards come from selected members of the guild , with the full membership ( around 160 ) available to vote for the winners . The ballots cast by the guild members are then taken to a common venue for the final counting ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress in Drama Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Guild_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series', 'summary': 'Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series is an award given by Apsara Producers Guild to recognize excellence in film and television , to recognize a male actor in television drama series who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role . The award was first awarded in 2003 under the title Best Actress in a Drama Series and is awarded every year annually thereafter .'}]}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th Boroplus Gold Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boroplus_Gold_Awards', 'summary': 'Gold Awards is an annual awards show that honor the best performers in the Indian television industry . They were first awarded in 2007 . Boroplus was the title sponsor for the first 10 editions after which Kesh King took over . The awards are presented in various areas of excellence , such as popular programming , including music programmes , news , entertainment programmes , sports , travel , lifestyle and fashion ; best television channel in a particular category including news , sports and entertainment ; technical awards and popular awards . The event is managed by Vikaas Kalantari , founder of Gold Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress ( Critics )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boroplus_Gold_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Lead_Role', 'summary': 'Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role is an award given as part of its annual Gold Awards for TV serials . The award was first awarded in 2007 under the title Best Actress in a Lead Role . A special award called Best Actor - Critics or Best Actor - Jury is also awarded occasionally since 2008 , whose winner was selected by the jury of critics assigned to the function . The jury award was awarded without prior nominations until 2010 . Since then , the jury award is also awarded with prior nominations just like the original award which is now called Best Actress - Popular .'}]}, {'value': 'Priya Kapoor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bade_Achhe_Lagte_Hain', 'summary': "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ( pronounced [ bəɽɛː ətʃtʃʰɛː ləɡəteː ɦɛː◌̃ ] ; English : It Seems So Beautiful ) is a Hindi Indian soap opera which aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014 , when it ended its run after telecasting 644 episodes . Based on the Gujarati play Patrani by Imtiaz Patel , the soap opera is created by Ekta Kapoor and produced by her production company , Balaji Telefilms . The name of the soap opera , along with its title track , has been inspired by a song of the same name , composed by R.D . Burman , from the soundtrack of the 1976 Bollywood film Balika Badhu . Ekta Kapoor had got the name , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain , registered about six years before the soap opera premiered . The show explores the worlds of its protagonists , Priya Sharma ( Sakshi Tanwar ) and Ram Kapoor ( Ram Kapoor ) , who accidentally discover love after getting married . After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012 , many new actors and characters , including Samir Kochhar and Amrita Mukherjee who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively , were introduced . According to The Times of India , Bade Achhe Lagte Hain is the seventh most watched television show of 2011 in India . The soap opera won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial and the People 's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama , both in 2012 . The soap opera was voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013 , receiving a vote count of 43.68% . It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English , Tamil , and Telugu ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Awards and recognition', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sakshi_Tanwar_0', 'intro': 'Sakshi Tanwar (born 12 January 1973) is an Indian actress and television presenter. She is known for her work in the television soaps Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii and Bade Achhe Lagte Hain. In 2016, she starred in the Aamir Khan-starrer Dangal.'} | null | null | What is the category of the awards that are managed by Vikaas Kalantari ? | Best Actress ( Critics ) |
057c667f4591d778 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Wechsler_(actor)', 'title': 'Nick Wechsler (actor)', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Knight Rider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Knight_Rider', 'summary': 'Team Knight Rider ( TKR ) is a syndicated television series that was adapted from the Knight Rider franchise and ran between 1997 and 1998 . TKR was created by writer/producers Rick Copp and David A. Goodman , based on the original series created by Glen A. Larson , who was an executive producer . TKR was produced by Gil Wadsworth and Scott McAboy and was distributed by Universal Domestic Television and ran only a single season of 22 one-hour episodes before it was canceled due to poor ratings .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Trek Sanders', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main role', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roswell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roswell_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Roswell is an American science fiction television series developed , produced , and co-written by Jason Katims . The series debuted on October 6 , 1999 , on The WB and moved to UPN for the third season . The final episode aired on May 14 , 2002 . Sixty-one episodes in total were broadcast over the show 's three seasons . In the United Kingdom , the show aired as both Roswell High and Roswell . The series is based on the Roswell High young adult book series , written by Melinda Metz and edited by Laura J. Burns , who became staff writers for the television series . A re-imagining series was ordered to series on May 11 , 2018 and premiered on January 15 , 2019 on The CW ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Valenti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Valenti', 'summary': "Kyle Valenti is a fictional character created by Melinda Metz for the young adults book series Roswell High and adapted by Jason Katims for the 1999-2002 American science fiction television series Roswell . He was portrayed by actor Nick Wechsler in the television series . In the CW reboot , he 's played by Michael Trevino ."}]}, {'value': 'Main role Nominated - Teen Choice Awards for Choice Sidekick ( 2002 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards', 'summary': "The Teen Choice Awards is an annual awards show that airs on the Fox television network . The awards honor the year 's biggest achievements in music , film , sports , television , fashion , social media , and more , voted by viewers living in the United States , aged 13 and over , through various social media sites ; primarily Instagram , Twitter , Snapchat , and YouTube ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malcolm in the Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_in_the_Middle', 'summary': "Malcolm in the Middle is an American television sitcom created by Linwood Boomer for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series was first broadcast on January 9 , 2000 , and ended its six-year run on May 14 , 2006 , after seven seasons and 151 episodes . The series received critical acclaim and won a Peabody Award , seven Emmy Awards , one Grammy Award , and seven Golden Globe nominations . The series follows a dysfunctional , working-class family and stars Frankie Muniz in the lead role as Malcolm , a somewhat normal boy who tests at genius level . While he enjoys his intelligence , he despises having to take special classes for gifted children , who are mocked by the rest of the school and called Krelboynes . Jane Kaczmarek plays Malcolm 's overbearing , authoritarian mother , Lois , and Bryan Cranston plays his immature but loving father , Hal . Christopher Kennedy Masterson plays eldest brother Francis , the rebellious son who , in earlier episodes , was in military school , but eventually marries and settles into a steady job . Justin Berfield is Malcolm 's dimwitted older brother Reese , a cruel bully who tortures Malcolm at home , even while he defends him at school . Younger brother Dewey , bitter about his ruined childhood , smart , and musically talented , is portrayed by Erik Per Sullivan . In earlier episodes , the show 's focus was on Malcolm , but as the series progressed , it explored all six members of the family more . A fifth son , Jamie , was introduced as a baby at the end of Season 4 . Malcolm in the Middle was produced by Satin City and Regency Television in association with Fox Television Studios ( syndicated by Fox 's now Disney 's corporate sibling 20th Television ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Donnie', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Episode : Reese 's Party", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Malcolm_in_the_Middle_episodes', 'summary': 'Malcolm in the Middle is a Fox Broadcasting Company sitcom that ran for seven seasons from January 9 , 2000 to May 14 , 2006 with 151 episodes produced .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tru Calling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tru_Calling', 'summary': 'Tru Calling is an American television supernatural drama series that aired on Fox . Original episodes aired between October 30 , 2003 , and March 11 , 2005 ; however , the final episode was shown in other territories before it was aired in the U.S. due to lower than anticipated ratings . The show starred Eliza Dushku as Tru Davies , a twenty-two-year-old medical school student who takes a job at the city morgue when her internship falls through . When the corpse of a deceased woman seems to awaken and asks for her help , Tru discovers that she has the incredible power to relive that day in order to try to prevent that death . Over the course of the series , Tru struggles to keep her secret , juggle her responsibilities with her complicated personal life , and learn to control her power . Created by Jon Harmon Feldman , the show was produced by Original Film , Oh That Gus ! , Inc. , and 20th Century Fox Television .'}]}, {'value': 'Marc Colvin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : D.O.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Tru_Calling_episodes', 'summary': 'Tru Calling is an American television supernatural drama series that aired on Fox . Original episodes aired between October 30 , 2003 , and March 11 , 2005 ; however , the final episode was shown in other territories before it was aired in the U.S. due to lower than anticipated ratings . The show starred Eliza Dushku as Tru Davies , a twenty-two-year-old medical school student who takes a job at the city morgue when her internship falls through . When the corpse of a deceased woman seems to awaken and asks for her help , Tru discovers that she has the incredible power to relive that day in order to try to prevent that death . Over the course of the series , Tru struggles to keep her secret , juggle her responsibilities with her complicated personal life , and learn to control her power . Created by Jon Harmon Feldman , the show was produced by Original Film , Oh That Gus ! , Inc. , and 20th Century Fox Television .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Shore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Shore_(TV_series)', 'summary': "North Shore is an American prime-time soap opera that aired on Fox every Monday at 8 p.m. EST ( 7 p.m. CST ) for seven months in 2004 and 2005 . It centered on the staff and guests of the fictional Grand Waimea Hotel and Resort ( actually the real-life Turtle Bay Resort located near Kahuku , O'ahu ) on Oahu 's North Shore in Hawaii . From Fox 's website :"}]}, {'value': 'Justin Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Big One', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cold Case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cold_Case', 'summary': 'Cold Case is an American police procedural television series which ran on CBS from September 28 , 2003 to May 2 , 2010 . The series revolved around a fictionalized Philadelphia Police Department division that specializes in investigating cold cases . On May 18 , 2010 , CBS announced the cancellation of the series after seven seasons and 156 episodes . The series aired in syndication , and also on Ion Television in the U.S. and on Viva in Canada . Sleuth also aired the series occasionally . In 2011 , the show aired on MyNetworkTV . The show made its debut on the new over-the-air channel Start TV when it launched on September 3 , 2018 . It also airs on MBC Action and through the Roku channel . Due to licensing issues related to the use of contemporary music in each episode , none of the seasons have been released on DVD .'}]}, {'value': 'Manny', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Promise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cold_Case_(season_3)', 'summary': 'The third season of Cold Case , an American television series , began airing on September 25 , 2005 , and concluded on May 21 , 2006 . Season three regular cast members include Kathryn Morris , Danny Pino , John Finn , Thom Barry and Jeremy Ratchford . From episode 8 onwards , Tracie Thoms joins the main cast as Det . Kat Miller .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crossing Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossing_Jordan', 'summary': "Crossing Jordan is an American crime drama television series created by Tim Kring , that aired on NBC from September 24 , 2001 , to May 16 , 2007 . It stars Jill Hennessy as Dr. Jordan Cavanaugh , a crime-solving forensic pathologist employed in the Massachusetts Office of the Chief Medical Examiner . In addition to Jordan , the show followed an ensemble cast composed of Jordan 's co-workers and police detectives assigned to the various cases . After six seasons and 117 episodes , the series was canceled by NBC on May 14 , 2007 and concluded on May 16 , 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hooper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Thin Ice', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanished', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanished', 'summary': "Vanished is an American serial drama television series produced by 20th Century Fox . The series premiered on August 21 , 2006 on Fox and its last episode aired on November 10 , 2006 . Based in Atlanta , Georgia , the series begins with the sudden disappearance of the wife of a Georgia senator , which is quickly revealed to be part of a wider conspiracy . The family of the missing woman , a pair of FBI agents , a journalist and her lover/cameraman , are all drawn into an evolving mystery with political and religious undertones . The show was created by CSI writer Josh Berman , and executive produced by Mimi Leder , who also directed the show , and Paul Redford . On October 26 , 2006 , USA Today reported that the planned 22-episode series was ordered to be wrapped up after the 13th episode . The story arc of finding Sara Collins was to be concluded , with the mystery of a larger conspiracy left dangling in the event the series was extended . On November 16 , 2006 , Fox confirmed that the show would end after a final episode in December . On December 8 , 2006 , the final episode of Vanished appeared online . The production team was told a few months before the show was taken off the air to at least reveal Sara 's fate by the 13th episode , but none of the other plotlines were resolved . According to a report of E ! Online 's Kristin dos Santos on July 23 , 2007 , the unsolved mystery behind Vanished was to be the focus of an episode of Bones , during the third season ."}]}, {'value': 'Gabe Barnett', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episodes : The Velocity of Sara , Warm Springs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Without a Trace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Without_a_Trace', 'summary': 'Without a Trace is an American police procedural drama television series that originally aired on CBS from September 26 , 2002 to May 19 , 2009 , following the cases of a Missing Persons Unit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in New York City . On May 19 , 2009 , CBS announced the cancellation of the series after seven seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Guisti', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terminator:_The_Sarah_Connor_Chronicles', 'summary': "Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( sometimes abbreviated as Terminator : TSCC or simply TSCC ) is an American science fiction television series that aired on Fox from January 2008 to April 2009 . The show was produced by Warner Bros. Television , and C2 Pictures ( C2 Pictures was replaced by The Halcyon Company in season two ) . It is a spin-off from the Terminator series of films . It revolves around the lives of the fictional characters Sarah and John Connor , following the events of Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . The series premiered on Sunday , January 13 , 2008 , on the U.S. television network Fox . Production for the series was provided by the Judgment Day and Rise of the Machines producers and C2 Pictures , Sony Pictures Entertainment ( International ) co-presidents Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna , C2 Senior Vice President James Middleton , David Nutter and Josh Friedman , who not only served as executive producer but also wrote the script for the first two episodes . The show opened mid-season with a shortened run of nine episodes , January through March 2008 . It was the highest-rated new scripted series of the 2007-08 television season and was renewed for a second season , which began on September 8 , 2008 , and ended April 10 , 2009 ( the same year Warner Bros. and the Halcyon Company produced McG 's Terminator Salvation ) . On May 18 , 2009 , despite fan efforts , Fox Entertainment president Kevin Reilly announced Fox would not renew the show for a third season ."}]}, {'value': 'Deputy Ridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Pilot', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': "It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/It's_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia", 'summary': "It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 , and moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season in 2013 . It was created by Rob McElhenney , who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of The Gang , a group of narcissistic friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . On April 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which matched The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet with the most seasons for a live-action sitcom in American television history . Season 14 premiered on September 25 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brad', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Past Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Past_Life_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Past Life is an American crime drama fantasy television series which aired on Fox from February 9 to June 4 , 2010 . The series premiered on Tuesday , February 9 at 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central . After the premiere , subsequent airings were broadcast on Thursdays beginning February 11 , during the 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central timeslot . The series was created by David Hudgins and inspired by the book The Reincarnationist , a crime thriller by M. J . Rose , whose main character , Josh Ryder , solves a 21st-century crime with memories and clues from his past life in ancient Rome . Although seven episodes were produced , the series was canceled after three episodes aired due to rapidly declining ratings . The network announced plans to air the remaining episodes on successive Friday nights from May 28 to June 4 , 2010 . On June 8 , Fox announced that they would not air the final two episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Soul Music', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chase_(2010_TV_series)', 'summary': "Chase is an American police procedural drama television series created by Jennifer Johnson for the NBC network . The series follows a U.S . Marshals fugitive-apprehension team , based out of Houston , Texas . Jerry Bruckheimer and Johnson serve as executive producers for the one-hour drama . The series originally aired on Mondays at 10:00 pm ET/9:00 pm CT and premiered on September 20 , 2010 . After the mid-season break , Chase returned on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm ET/8:00 pm CT. On October 19 , 2010 , the network ordered a full season consisting of 22 episodes , but this order was cut to 18 in December . On February 3 , 2011 , the show was put on a hiatus with no plan regarding the remaining episodes . On April 6 , 2011 , NBC announced the remaining five episodes would be broadcast on Saturday nights beginning on April 23 and ended the series on May 21 , 2011 . Later the show was replaced by Harry 's Law . In the United Kingdom , Chase was re-titled Jerry Bruckheimer 's Chase and , as of July 2010 , was expected to debut on Living TV in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Rothschild', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Above the Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Revenge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Revenge_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Revenge is an American drama television series created by Mike Kelley and starring Madeleine Stowe and Emily VanCamp , which debuted on September 21 , 2011 , on ABC . The plot is inspired by the Alexandre Dumas novel The Count of Monte Cristo . During its first season , it aired on Wednesdays at 10:00 pm ( Eastern ) , and later airing on Sundays at 9:00 pm for seasons two through four . The series was picked up for a full season by the ABC television network after garnering a 3.3 Nielsen rating in the 18-49 age advertising demographic for its pilot episode , and regularly winning its time slot against every other television network ( CBS , Fox , The CW , and NBC ) in 18-34 demo . Madeleine Stowe was nominated for the 2012 Golden Globe Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a TV Drama , while the series was nominated for Favorite New TV Drama at the 2012 People 's Choice Awards . Revenge became ABC 's highest-rated series in Wednesdays 10 pm slot since Lost 's 2006-2007 season and was the only new series in more than four years to replicate the 18-49 demo ratings success that Lost had in its time slot since leaving the air . Revenge ended after four seasons on ABC , with the final episode airing on May 10 , 2015 . The series finale was watched by 4.80 million viewers . On August 4 , 2015 , ABC announced the possibility of a spin-off series . On November 6 , 2019 , it was announced that a sequel series with the same title was in the works at ABC ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Porter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main role Nominated - Teen Choice Awards for Choice TV Actor : Drama ( 2013 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award_for_Choice_TV_Actor_Drama', 'summary': 'The following is a list of Teen Choice Award winners and nominees for the Choice TV Actor - Drama award , which was formerly known as the Choice TV Actor - Action/Drama award .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Player', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Player_(2015_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Player ( formerly known as Endgame ) is an American action thriller crime drama television series created by John Rogers and John Fox , starring Philip Winchester , Wesley Snipes and Charity Wakefield . NBC ordered the pilot to series on May 8 , 2015 , and the show aired from September 24 , to November 19 , 2015 for one season . Because of low ratings , the count of episodes has been reduced to nine ( thirteen had originally been ordered ) , with the production wrapping up after shooting the ninth episode . Before that , Sony had sold the series ' airing rights to 105 international territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago PD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_P.D._(TV_series)', 'summary': "Chicago P.D . is an American police procedural drama television series created by Dick Wolf and Matt Olmstead as a part of Dick Wolf 's Chicago franchise . The series premiered on NBC as a mid-season replacement on January 8 , 2014 . The show follows the uniformed patrol officers and the Intelligence Unit of the 21st District of the Chicago Police Department as they pursue the perpetrators of the city 's major street offenses . The seventh season premiered on September 25 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenny Rixton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recurring role ( season 4 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dynasty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dynasty_(2017_TV_series)', 'summary': "Dynasty is an American prime time television soap opera reboot based on the 1980s series of the same name . Developed by Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , and Sallie Patrick , the first season stars Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington , Grant Show as her father Blake Carrington , Nathalie Kelley as Blake 's new wife Cristal , and James Mackay as his son Steven , with Robert Christopher Riley as chauffeur Michael Culhane , Sam Adegoke as tech billionaire Jeff Colby , Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Sammy Jo Jones , Cristal 's nephew and Steven 's love interest , and Alan Dale as Joseph Anders , the Carrington majordomo . The series later introduced Alexis Carrington ( Nicollette Sheridan/Elaine Hendrix ) , Blake 's ex-wife and the estranged mother of Steven and Fallon ; Anders ' daughter Kirby ( Maddison Brown ) ; Blake 's third wife Cristal Jennings ( Ana Brenda Contreras/Daniella Alonso ) ; Blake and Alexis 's long-missing son , Adam Carrington ( Sam Underwood ) ; Blake 's half-sister and Jeff 's and Monica 's mother Dominique Deveraux ( Michael Michele ) ; and Fallon 's former husband Liam Ridley ( Adam Huber ) . The pilot , which was announced in September 2016 , was ordered to series in May 2017 . Dynasty premiered on October 11 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on Netflix internationally a day later . On November 8 , 2017 , The CW picked up Dynasty for a full season of 22 episodes . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on October 12 , 2018 . Dynasty was renewed for a third season on January 31 , 2019 , which premiered on October 11 , 2019 . On January 7 , 2020 , the show was renewed for a fourth season ."}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Blaisdel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Blaisdel_(Dynasty_2017)', 'summary': "Dynasty is an American prime time television soap opera reboot based on the 1980s series of the same name . In season one , heiress Fallon Carrington ( Elizabeth Gillies ) is unhappy to find her billionaire father Blake ( Grant Show ) engaged to Cristal Flores ( Nathalie Kelley ) , a rival employee at the family company . When Fallon 's machinations to separate the couple backfire and cost her a promotion , she allies with Blake 's nemesis , Jeff Colby ( Sam Adegoke ) , and strikes out on her own . Meanwhile , the arrival of Cristal 's opportunistic nephew Sam ( Rafael de la Fuente ) - who becomes romantically involved with Fallon 's wayward brother Steven ( James Mackay ) - threatens to expose Cristal 's shady past . Watching out for the Carringtons are majordomo Anders ( Alan Dale ) and chauffeur Michael Culhane ( Robert Christopher Riley ) . Later in the season , Fallon marries Liam Ridley ( Adam Huber ) to thwart Jeff 's plot to ruin her , and Blake 's ex-wife Alexis Carrington ( Nicollette Sheridan ) , the estranged mother of Steven and Fallon , returns . Season two introduces Ana Brenda Contreras as Cristal Jennings ; Maddison Brown as Anders 's daughter Kirby ; Sam Underwood as Adam Carrington , Blake 's and Alexis 's eldest son ; and Michael Michele as Dominique Deveraux , Blake 's half-sister and the mother of Jeff and Monica Colby ( Wakeema Hollis ) . In season three , Daniella Alonso portrays Cristal , and Elaine Hendrix plays Alexis . The reboot updates several elements from the 1980s original , including moving the setting from Denver , Colorado to Atlanta , Georgia ; making Steven 's homosexuality a nonissue to Blake ; and changing gold digger Sammy Jo from a woman to a gay man . Additionally , in the new series , Blake 's new wife and her nephew are Hispanic , and both Michael and the Colby family are African-American ."}]}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shades of Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shades_of_Blue_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Shades of Blue is an American crime drama television series created by Adi Hasak that aired on NBC . The series premiered on January 7 , 2016 . The series is set in New York City and stars Jennifer Lopez as Harlee Santos , a single-mother NYPD detective who is forced to work for the FBI 's anti-corruption task force , while dealing with her own financial and family problems . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for a third season . NBC later announced in April 2018 that this would be the final season , and that it would consist of 10 episodes . The third and final season premiered on June 17 , 2018 , and the series finale aired on August 19 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Cole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recurring role ( season 3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This Is Us', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/This_Is_Us_(TV_series)', 'summary': "This Is Us is an American family comedy-drama television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20 , 2016 . The series follows the lives and families of two parents , and their three children , in several different time frames . It stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Lonnie Chavis , Eris Baker , and Faithe Herman . This Is Us is filmed in Los Angeles . The series has been nominated for Best Television Series - Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Awards , as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute . Sterling K. Brown has received an Emmy , a Golden Globe , a Critics ' Choice Award , and an NAACP Image Award for his acting in the series . Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz received Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress . In 2017 , the series received ten Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . On September 27 , 2016 , NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . In January 2017 , NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each . The second season premiered on September 26 , 2017 . The third season premiered on September 25 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Sharp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episodes : Strangers , Storybook Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/This_Is_Us_(season_4)', 'summary': 'The fourth season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods . The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions , Zaftig Films , and 20th Century Fox Television , with Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners . The series was renewed for a fourth , fifth , and sixth season in May 2019 , with production for season four beginning that July . The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Jon Huertas , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Eris Baker , Faithe Herman , Lonnie Chavis , Lyric Ross , Asante Blackk and Griffin Dunne . The fourth season premiered on September 24 , 2019 , and will consist of 18 episodes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/This_Is_Us_(season_4)', 'summary': 'The fourth season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods . The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions , Zaftig Films , and 20th Century Fox Television , with Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners . The series was renewed for a fourth , fifth , and sixth season in May 2019 , with production for season four beginning that July . The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Jon Huertas , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Eris Baker , Faithe Herman , Lonnie Chavis , Lyric Ross , Asante Blackk and Griffin Dunne . The fourth season premiered on September 24 , 2019 , and will consist of 18 episodes .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Nick_Wechsler_(actor)_1', 'intro': 'Samuel Nicholas Wechsler (born September 3, 1978) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Kyle Valenti on The WB teen drama series Roswell, and as Jack Porter on the ABC primetime soap opera Revenge.'} | null | null | Nick Wechsler played Marc Colvin in a 2004 series starring which actress ? | Eliza Dushku |
057e600e80807937 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_country_music', 'title': '1988 in country music', 'header': ['US', 'Album', 'Artist', 'Record Label'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Live', 'summary': "Alabama Live is the first live album by the American band Alabama . Their first live compilation , it was released in 1988 and was a Number One album on Top Country Albums . The album includes live renditions of various singles from the band 's career , as well as the album tracks Red River , Fireworks and Gon na Have a Party . Also included is a cover of the Marshall Tucker Band 's Ca n't You See , which Alabama had never included on any of their studio albums ."}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)', 'summary': "Alabama is an American country and Southern rock band formed in Fort Payne , Alabama , in 1969 . The band was founded by Randy Owen ( lead vocals , rhythm guitar ) and his cousin Teddy Gentry ( bass , backing vocals ) . They were soon joined by their other cousin , Jeff Cook ( lead guitar , fiddle , and keyboards ) . First operating under the name Wildcountry , the group toured the Southeast bar circuit in the early 1970s , and began writing original songs . They changed their name to Alabama in 1977 and following the chart success of two singles , were approached by RCA Records for a record deal . Alabama 's biggest success came in the 1980s , where the band had over 27 number one hits , seven multi-platinum albums and received numerous awards . Alabama 's first single on RCA Records , Tennessee River , began a streak of 21 number one singles , including Love in the First Degree ( 1981 ) , Mountain Music ( 1982 ) , Dixieland Delight ( 1983 ) , If You 're Gon na Play in Texas ( You Got ta Have a Fiddle in the Band ) ( 1984 ) and Song of the South ( 1988 ) . The band 's popularity waned slightly in the 1990s although they continued to produce hit singles and multi-platinum album sales . Alabama disbanded in 2004 following a farewell tour and two albums of inspirational music but reunited in 2010 and have continued to record and tour worldwide . The band 's blend of traditional country music and Southern rock combined with elements of bluegrass , folk , gospel and pop music gave it a crossover appeal that helped lead to their success . They also toured extensively and incorporated production elements such as lighting and sets inspired by rock concerts into their shows . The band has over 41 number one country records on the Billboard charts to their credit and have sold over 75 million records , making them the most successful band in country music history ."}]}, {'value': 'RCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Keyed Up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Becky Hobbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Becky_Hobbs', 'summary': "Becky Hobbs ( born January 24 , 1950 in Bartlesville , Oklahoma ) is an American country singer , songwriter and pianist . She first attracted critical attention from rock journalist Stann Findelle , who also wrote the liner notes on her debut MCA album , Becky Hobbs . She has recorded seven studio albums , and has charted multiple singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , including the No . 10 hit Let 's Get Over Them Together , a duet with Moe Bandy . Besides her work as a solo artist , Hobbs has also written for several country and pop acts , such as Helen Reddy , George Jones , Loretta Lynn , and Shelly West , as well as Alabama 's 1994 single Angels Among Us and Ken Mellons ' 1995 single Rub-a-Dubbin ' . She is a direct descendant of Nancy Ward ."}]}, {'value': 'MTM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Dreams in a Small Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Dreams_in_a_Small_Town', 'summary': "Big Dreams in a Small Town is the third studio album by American country music group Restless Heart . It was released by RCA Nashville in July 1988 . The songs : The Bluest Eyes in Texas , the title track A Tender Lie , and Say What 's in Your Heart were all released as singles prior to the album . The album reached number 4 on the Top Country Albums chart and has been certified Gold by the RIAA ."}]}, {'value': 'Restless Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Restless_Heart', 'summary': "Restless Heart is an American country music band established in 1984 . The band 's longest-lasting lineup has consisted of Larry Stewart ( lead vocals ) , John Dittrich ( drums , background vocals ) , Paul Gregg ( bass guitar , background vocals ) , Dave Innis ( piano , keyboards , guitars , background vocals ) , and Greg Jennings ( lead guitar , mandolin , background vocals ) . Verlon Thompson was the band 's original lead singer , but he was replaced by Stewart before the band had issued its first single . The band was established by record producer Tim DuBois , who wanted to create a studio band for the recording of songwriting demos . Between 1984 and 1998 , Restless Heart recorded for RCA Records Nashville , releasing the albums Restless Heart , Wheels , Big Dreams in a Small Town , Fast Movin ' Train , Big Iron Horses , and Matters of the Heart . Stewart departed for a solo career before Big Iron Horses , which resulted in Dittrich , Innis , and Gregg alternating as lead vocalists ; Innis also departed before Matters of the Heart , and the band ultimately went on hiatus from 1994 to 1998 . During this time , Jennings became a member of Vince Gill 's road band , and Dittrich recorded one album as drummer for The Buffalo Club . Outside a brief reunion for new tracks on a Greatest Hits album in 1998 , the band remained inactive until 2002 , when Dittrich , Gregg , Innis , Jennings , and Stewart resumed touring , and issued the album Still Restless on Audium Entertainment two years later . Overall , Restless Heart has released seven studio albums , two greatest-hits albums , and a live album which is only available on their website . Their second through fifth albums are all certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , and 26 of their singles have entered the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , including six that reached number one . Four of their country releases also crossed over to the Adult Contemporary chart , with two of those ( I 'll Still Be Loving You in 1986 and When She Cries in 1992 ) also reaching top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The band also had a number one on Adult Contemporary in 1993 with Tell Me What You Dream , a collaboration with smooth jazz saxophonist Warren Hill ."}]}, {'value': 'RCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenas_Noches_from_a_Lonely_Room', 'summary': "Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room is the third album by country singer Dwight Yoakam . The album contains Yoakam 's first ( and , as of 2017 , only ) two No . 1 Hot Country Singles singles . The first was Streets of Bakersfield , a duet with country music veteran Buck Owens , who had originally released a version of the song in 1973 . The second was an original composition of Yoakam 's titled I Sang Dixie . A third song on the album , I Got You , also an original composition , peaked at No . 5 . The title song , Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room ( She Wore Red Dresses ) , also charted , but only to the No . 46 position ."}]}, {'value': 'Dwight Yoakam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam', 'summary': 'Dwight David Yoakam ( born October 23 , 1956 ) is an American singer-songwriter , musician , and actor , known for his pioneering style of country music . First becoming popular in the mid-1980s , Yoakam has recorded more than twenty albums and compilations , charted more than thirty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , and sold more than 25 million records . He has recorded five Billboard # 1 albums , twelve gold albums , and nine platinum albums , including the triple-platinum This Time . In addition to his many achievements in the performing arts , he is also the most frequent musical guest in the history of The Tonight Show .'}]}, {'value': 'Reprise', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiseled in Stone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiseled_in_Stone_(album)', 'summary': 'Chiseled in Stone is a studio album by American country music artist Vern Gosdin . It was released in 1988 via Columbia Records . The album peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart .'}]}, {'value': 'Vern Gosdin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vern_Gosdin', 'summary': "Vernon Gosdin ( August 5 , 1934 - April 28 , 2009 ) was an American country music singer . Known as The Voice he had 19 top-10 solo hits on the country music charts from 1977 through 1990 . Three of these hits went to Number One : I Can Tell By the Way You Dance ( You 're Gon na Love Me Tonight ) , Set 'Em Up Joe , and I 'm Still Crazy ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Come as You Were', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. Graham Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._Graham_Brown', 'summary': "Anthony Graham Brown ( born October 30 , 1954 ) , known professionally as T. Graham Brown , is an American country music singer . Active since 1973 , Brown has recorded a total of thirteen studio albums , and has charted more than twenty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts . Three of these singles - Hell and High Water and Do n't Go to Strangers from 1986 , and Darlene from 1988 - reached Number One , and eight more reached Top Ten ."}]}, {'value': 'Capitol', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Comin ' Home to Stay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Comin'_Home_to_Stay", 'summary': "Comin ' Home to Stay is the ninth studio album by American country music artist Ricky Skaggs . It was released in 1988 via Epic Records . The album peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Skaggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs', 'summary': 'Rickie Lee Skaggs ( born July 18 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Ricky Skaggs , is an American country and bluegrass singer , musician , producer , and composer . He primarily plays mandolin ; however , he also plays fiddle , guitar , mandocaster and banjo . Skaggs was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2016 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Epic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Copperhead Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copperhead_Road', 'summary': "Copperhead Road is the third studio album by Steve Earle , released in 1988 . The album is often referred to as Earle 's first rock record ; Earle himself calls it the world 's first blend of heavy metal and bluegrass , and the January 26 , 1989 review of the album by Rolling Stone suggested that the style be called power twang ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Earle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Earle', 'summary': 'Stephen Fain Earle ( /ɜːrl/ ) ( born January 17 , 1955 ) is an American rock , country and folk singer-songwriter , record producer , author and actor . Earle began his career as a songwriter in Nashville and released his first EP in 1982 . His breakthrough album was the 1986 album Guitar Town . Since then Earle has released 15 studio albums and received three Grammy awards . His songs have been recorded by Johnny Cash , Waylon Jennings , Willie Nelson , Levon Helm , The Highwaymen ( country supergroup ) , Travis Tritt , Vince Gill , Patty Loveless , Shawn Colvin , Bob Seger , and Emmylou Harris . He has appeared in film and television , and has written a novel , a play , and a book of short stories .'}]}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diamonds & Dirt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diamonds_&_Dirt', 'summary': "Diamonds & Dirt is an album released in 1988 by American singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell ( see 1988 in country music ) . His fifth studio album , it was also his second release for the Columbia Records label . The album was also his most successful , achieving RIAA gold certification . In addition , all five of its singles reached Number One on the Billboard country charts , setting a record for the most Number One hits from a country album . In order of release , these were It 's Such a Small World ( a duet with then-wife Rosanne Cash ) , I Could n't Leave You If I Tried , She 's Crazy for Leaving , After All This Time , and a cover of Buck Owens ' Above and Beyond ( The Call of Love ) . This was Crowell 's first album recorded entirely in Nashville and the first aimed squarely at a country audience . The album was later re-issued by Columbia Legacy with three bonus tracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Rodney Crowell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodney_Crowell', 'summary': "Rodney Crowell ( born August 7 , 1950 ) is an American musician , known primarily for his work as a singer and songwriter in country music . Crowell has had five number one singles on Hot Country Songs , all from his 1988 album Diamonds & Dirt . He has also written songs and produced for other artists . He was influenced by songwriters Guy Clark and Townes Van Zandt . Crowell played guitar and sang for three years in Emmylou Harris ' Hot Band . He has won two Grammy Awards in his career , one in 1990 for Best Country Song for the song After All This Time and one in 2014 Best Americana Album for his album Old Yellow Moon ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Do n't Close Your Eyes", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Close_Your_Eyes_(album)", 'summary': "Do n't Close Your Eyes is the second studio album by country music artist Keith Whitley and the last to be released during his lifetime . It was released on May 31 , 1988 through RCA Records . After the success of his debut album , L.A. to Miami ( 1985 ) , Whitley re-entered the studio and began recording a second album with producer Blake Mevis . After its completion , Whitley was unhappy with its production , and he convinced his label to shelve the recordings . Do n't Close Your Eyes was subsequently recorded with producer Garth Fundis . The album 's liner notes credit Fundis and Whitley with production on all tracks except Some Old Side Road and Would These Arms Be in Your Way , which are credited to Mevis . The album became a commercial success , and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . It contained three consecutive number one hits on the Hot Country Singles chart : Do n't Close Your Eyes , When You Say Nothing at All , and I 'm No Stranger to the Rain ."}]}, {'value': 'Keith Whitley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Whitley', 'summary': "Jackie Keith Whitley ( July 1 , 1954 - May 9 , 1989 ) was an American country music singer . During his career , Whitley only recorded two albums but charted 12 singles on the Billboard country charts , and 7 more after his death . Born in Ashland , Kentucky , Whitley grew up in nearby Sandy Hook , Kentucky . Whitley began his career there in 1970 , performing in Ralph Stanley 's band . Establishing himself as a lead singer in bluegrass music , Whitley moved to Nashville , Tennessee , in 1983 and began his recording career there . His first Top 20 Country Hit single , Miami , My Amy , was released in 1986 . While touring for his album L.A. to Miami , he married country singer Lorrie Morgan . In 1988 , his first three singles from his studio album Do n't Close Your Eyes , the title song , When You Say Nothing at All and I 'm No Stranger to the Rain were number-one hits . Years of alcoholism severely compromised his health and he died of alcohol intoxication in 1989 at his Goodlettsville home at the age of 34 . His later two singles , I Wonder Do You Think of Me and It Ai n't Nothin ' , were released after his death ."}]}, {'value': 'RCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greatest Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Judds_album)', 'summary': 'Greatest Hits is the first greatest hits collection released in 1988 by the American country music duo The Judds . It features the singles Give a Little Love and Change of Heart .'}]}, {'value': 'The Judds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Judds', 'summary': 'The Judds were an American country music duo composed of Naomi Judd ( born 1946 ) and her daughter , Wynonna Judd ( born 1964 ) . The duo signed to RCA Records in 1983 and released six studio albums between then and 1991 . The Judds were one of the most successful acts in country music history , winning five Grammy Awards for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , and eight Country Music Association awards . They also had 25 singles on the country music charts between 1983 and 2000 , of which 14 went to No . 1 . After eight successful years as a duet , the Judds ceased performing in 1991 after Naomi was diagnosed with Hepatitis C. Soon after , Wynonna embarked on a highly successful solo career . The two have occasionally reunited for special tours , the most recent of which began in late 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Curb/RCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highway 101 , Volume 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highway_101,_Volume_2', 'summary': "101² is the second studio album by the American country band Highway 101 . It accounted for four singles on the Hot Country Songs : ( Do You Love Me ) Just Say Yes at No . 1 , All the Reasons Why at No . 5 , Honky Tonk Heart at No . 6 , and their cover of Dire Straits ' Setting Me Up at No . 7 . The album itself reached No . 8 on Top Country Albums ."}]}, {'value': 'Highway 101', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highway_101_(band)', 'summary': 'Highway 101 was an American country music band founded in 1986 by Paulette Carlson ( lead vocals ) , Jack Daniels ( guitar ) , Curtis Stone ( bass guitar , mandolin ) , and Scott Cactus Moser ( drums ) . With Carlson as lead vocalist , the band recorded three albums for Warner Bros. Records Nashville and charted ten consecutive Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs chart , four of which went to Number One . After Carlson left in 1990 to pursue a solo career , the band recorded a fourth album for Warner with Nikki Nelson on lead vocals before exiting the label . One album each followed on Liberty , Intersound , and Free Falls Records under various lineups .'}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homesick Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homesick_Heroes', 'summary': "Homesick Heroes is a studio album by The Charlie Daniels Band released on August 15 , 1988 . The album is known for the bands cover of the Jimmy Dean classic , Big Bad John , which also includes guest harmony vocals by The Oak Ridge Boys , and for the song Uneasy Rider '88 which is musically and thematically similar to their renowned 1973 song Uneasy Rider but with a story set in a Houston , Texas gay bar ."}]}, {'value': 'The Charlie Daniels Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Daniels', 'summary': 'Charles Edward Daniels ( born October 28 , 1936 ) is an American singer , songwriter and multi-instrumentalist known for his contributions to Southern rock , country , and bluegrass music . He is best known for his number-one country hit The Devil Went Down to Georgia . Daniels has been active as a singer and musician since the 1950s . He was inducted into the Cheyenne Frontier Days Hall of Fame in 2002 , the Grand Ole Opry in 2008 , the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2009 , and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Epic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honky Tonk Angel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honky_Tonk_Angel_(Patty_Loveless_album)', 'summary': "Honky Tonk Angel is the third album recorded by country music artist Patty Loveless . With five tracks from the album charting in the Billboard Top Ten Country Singles , including two at # 1 , it served as a breakthrough album for Loveless . The album itself was Loveless ' highest charting at # 7 on the Country Albums category . The two # 1 singles were Chains and Timber , I 'm Falling in Love . Loveless also did a cover of the Lone Justice song , Do n't Toss Us Away , which featured Rodney Crowell on backing vocals . The song charted at # 5 . Famed songwriter Kostas had a major role by writing three of the album 's tunes , including Timber , I 'm Falling in Love and The Lonely Side of Love , which peaked at # 6 ."}]}, {'value': 'Patty Loveless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patty_Loveless', 'summary': "Patricia Lee Ramey ( born January 4 , 1957 ) , known professionally as Patty Loveless , is an American country music singer . Since her emergence on the country music scene in late 1986 with her first ( self-titled ) album , Loveless has been one of the most popular female singers of neotraditional country . She has also recorded albums in the country pop and bluegrass genres . Loveless was born in Pikeville , Kentucky , and raised in Elkhorn City , Kentucky , and Louisville , Kentucky . She rose to stardom thanks to her blend of honky tonk and country-rock and a plaintive , emotional ballad style . Throughout her career , Loveless has sold 15 million albums worldwide . Loveless has charted more than 40 cuts on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , including five in the No . 1 position : Timber , I 'm Falling in Love , Chains , Blame It on Your Heart , You Can Feel Bad , and Lonely Too Long . She has recorded 14 studio albums ( not counting compilations ) ; in the United States , four of these albums have been certified platinum , and two have been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . She has been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since 1988 . Loveless was married to Terry Lovelace , from whom she derived her professional name , from 1976 to 1986 . She has been married to record producer Emory Gordy Jr. since 1989 ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Should Be with You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Should_Be_with_You', 'summary': "I Should Be with You is an album by American country music artist Steve Wariner . It was released on March 7 , 1988 by MCA Records . It includes the singles Baby I 'm Yours , I Should Be With You and Hold On ( A Little Longer ) , which reached # 2 , # 2 , and # 6 , respectively , on the Billboard country charts . The album peaked at # 20 on Top Country Albums . More Than Enough was recorded the same year by Glen Campbell on Light Years , also produced by Jimmy Bowen for MCA ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Wariner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Wariner', 'summary': "Steven Noel Wariner ( born December 25 , 1954 ) is an American country music singer , songwriter , and guitarist . Initially a backing musician for Dottie West , he also worked with Bob Luman and Chet Atkins before beginning a solo career in the late 1970s . He has released eighteen studio albums for multiple labels , including the Nashville divisions of RCA , MCA , Arista , and Capitol Records , along with his own SelecTone label . He has also charted more than fifty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , of which ten reached number one : All Roads Lead to You , Some Fools Never Learn , You Can Dream of Me , Life 's Highway , Small Town Girl , The Weekend , Lynda , Where Did I Go Wrong , I Got Dreams , and What If I Said , a duet with Anita Cochran . Three of his studio albums have been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 500,000 copies in the United States . In addition to writing or co-writing most of his own songs , Wariner holds several writing credits for other artists , including singles by Clint Black , Garth Brooks , Bryan White , and Keith Urban . Wariner has also won four Grammy Awards : one for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals , and three for Best Country Instrumental . Wariner 's musical style is defined by his lead guitar work , lyrical content , and stylistic diversity ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "If You Ai n't Lovin ' , You Ai n't Livin '", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/If_You_Ain't_Lovin',_You_Ain't_Livin'", 'summary': "If You Ai n't Lovin ' You Ai n't Livin ' is the eighth studio album by American country music artist George Strait , released on February 22 , 1988 by MCA Records . It is certified platinum by the RIAA and it produced three singles for Strait on the Hot Country Songs charts : the title track ( originally recorded by Faron Young ) , Baby Blue , and Famous Last Words of a Fool ( originally recorded by Dean Dillon , all of which reached Number One ."}]}, {'value': 'George Strait', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Strait', 'summary': "George Harvey Strait Sr. ( born May 18 , 1952 ) is an American country music singer , songwriter , actor , and music producer . George Strait is known as the King of Country and is considered one of the most influential and popular recording artists of all time . He is known for his neotraditionalist country style , cowboy look , and being one of the first and most prominent country artists to bring country music back to its roots and away from the pop country era in the 1980s . Strait 's success began when his first single Unwound was a hit in 1981 . During the 1980s , seven of his albums reached number one on the country charts . In the 2000s , Strait was named Artist of the Decade by the Academy of Country Music , was elected into the Country Music Hall of Fame , and won his first Grammy award for the album Troubadour . Strait was named CMA Entertainer of the Year in 1989 , 1990 and 2013 , and ACM Entertainer of the Year in 1990 and 2014 . He has been nominated for more CMA and ACM awards and has more wins in both categories than any other artist . By 2009 , he broke Conway Twitty 's previous record for the most number-one hits on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart when his 44 number one singles surpassed Twitty 's 40 . Counting all music charts , Strait has amassed a total of 60 number-one hits , breaking a record also previously set by Twitty , giving him more number one songs than any other artist in any genre of music . Strait is also known for his touring career when he designed a 360-degree configuration and introduced festival style tours . For example , the Strait Tours earned $ 99 million in three years ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loving Proof', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loving_Proof_(album)', 'summary': "Loving Proof is the second album by country music artist Ricky Van Shelton . The Singles , I 'll Leave This World Loving You , From a Jack to a King , and Living Proof all reached number one on the charts.Hole In My Pocket reached number 4 . The album was certified platinum by the RIAA on December 20 , 1989 . From a Jack to a King is a cover of Ned Miller 's crossover hit from 1962 . He 's Got You was first performed by Patsy Cline as the opening track on her 1963 album , Sentimentally Yours ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Van Shelton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Van_Shelton', 'summary': "Ricky Van Shelton ( born January 12 , 1952 ) is an American former country music artist . Active between 1986 and 2006 , he charted more than twenty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts . This figure includes ten Number One hits : Somebody Lied , Life Turned Her That Way , 'Do n't We All Have the Right , I 'll Leave This World Loving You , From a Jack to a King ( a cover of the Ned Miller hit ) , Living Proof , I 've Cried My Last Tear for You , Rockin ' Years ( a duet with Dolly Parton ) , I Am a Simple Man , and Keep It Between the Lines . Besides these , seven more of his singles have landed in the Top Ten on the same chart . He has also released nine studio albums , of which his first four have all been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monongahela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monongahela_(album)', 'summary': 'Monongahela is the 14th country studio album by American country music group The Oak Ridge Boys , released in 1988 via MCA Records . The album peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart . The album includes three singles that charted on Hot Country Songs : Gon na Take a Lot of River , which reached number 1 , followed by Bridges and Walls at number 10 and Beyond Those Years at number 7 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Oak Ridge Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Oak_Ridge_Boys', 'summary': 'The Oak Ridge Boys are an American country and gospel vocal quartet . The group was founded in the 1940s as the Oak Ridge Quartet . They became popular in southern gospel during the 1950s . Their name was changed to the Oak Ridge Boys in the early 1960s , and they remained a gospel group until the mid-1970s , when they changed their image and concentrated on country music . The lineup which produced their most well-known country and crossover hits ( such as Elvira ( 1981 ) , Bobbie Sue ( 1982 ) , and American Made ( 1983 ) consists of Duane Allen ( lead ) , Joe Bonsall ( tenor ) , William Lee Golden ( baritone ) , and Richard Sterban ( bass ) . Golden and Allen joined the group in the mid-1960s , and Sterban and Bonsall joined in the early 1970s . Aside from an eight-year gap ( 1987-95 ) when Golden left the group and was replaced , this lineup has been together since 1973 and continues to tour and record .'}]}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old 8×10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_8×10', 'summary': "Old 8×10 is the third studio album by country music star Randy Travis . It was released on July 12 , 1988 by Warner Bros. Records Nashville . The album produced the singles Honky Tonk Moon , Deeper Than the Holler , Is It Still Over , and Promises . All of these except Promises reached Number One on the Hot Country Songs charts in the late 1980s . The German edition of the album ( the first Randy Travis release in that country ) contained the bonus track Forever and Ever , Amen . In January 1990 , Old 8×10 earned Travis three American Music Awards for 'Favorite Country Male Artist ' , 'Favorite Country Album ' , and 'Favorite Country Single ' ( Deeper Than the Holler ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Randy Travis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Travis', 'summary': 'Randy Bruce Traywick ( born May 4 , 1959 ) , known professionally as Randy Travis , is an American country music and gospel music singer , songwriter , guitarist , and actor . Active since 1978 , he has recorded 20 studio albums and charted more than 50 singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , including sixteen that reached the No . 1 position . Considered a pivotal figure in the history of country music , Travis broke through in the mid-1980s with the release of his album Storms of Life , which sold more than four million copies . The album established him as a major force in the neotraditional country movement . Travis followed up his successful debut with a string of platinum and multi-platinum albums . He is known for his distinctive baritone vocals , delivered in a traditional style that has made him a country music star since the 1980s . By the mid-1990s , Travis saw a decline in his chart success . In 1997 , he left Warner Bros. Records for DreamWorks Records and then for Word Records , where he began recording more Christian material . Although the career shift produced only one more number-one country hit Three Wooden Crosses , Travis went on to earn several Dove Awards , including Country Album of the Year five times . In addition to his singing career , he pursued an acting career , appearing in numerous films and television series , including The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) with Matt Damon , Black Dog ( 1998 ) with Patrick Swayze , Texas Rangers ( 2001 ) with James Van Der Beek , and seven episodes of the Touched by an Angel television series . Travis has sold over 25 million records and has won seven Grammy Awards , six CMA Awards , eleven ACM Awards , 10 AMA Awards , eight Dove Awards , and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Time , One Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Time,_One_Night', 'summary': "Sweethearts of the Rodeo 's second album , One Time , One Night , came out in 1988 and continued on the success of their first . The top songs included Satisfy You and Blue to the Bone , which both hit # 5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart . A cover of the Beatles 's I Feel Fine rose to # 9 , while If I Never See Midnight Again could only manage a # 39 ranking . Other notable tunes include You Never Talk Sweet and a cover of an Everly Brothers song , So Sad ( To Watch Good Love Go Bad ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweethearts of the Rodeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweethearts_of_the_Rodeo', 'summary': 'Sweethearts of the Rodeo is an American country music duo composed of sisters Janis Oliver ( guitar , vocals ) and Kristine Arnold ( née Oliver ) ( vocals ) . The duo recorded for Columbia Records between 1986 and 1991 , releasing four albums and twelve singles for the label . During the 1990s , they also recorded two albums for Sugar Hill Records . The duo reached Top Ten on the Hot Country Songs chart seven times in the late 1980s , with their highest-charting singles being the No . 4 hits Midnight Girl/Sunset Town and Chains of Gold , both in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top new album releases', 'section_text': 'See also : List of number-one country albums of 1988 ( U.S . )', 'uid': '1988_in_country_music_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1988.'} | null | null | How many songs by the musician with the record Diamonds & Dirt topped Hot Country Songs ? | five |
0581ad34e6878073 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_League_(New_Zealand)', 'title': 'Northern League (New Zealand)', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Home Ground ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Birkenhead United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birkenhead_United', 'summary': 'Birkenhead United AFC is a semi-professional football club based in Birkenhead , on the North Shore of Auckland , New Zealand . They currently compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Birkenhead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birkenhead,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Birkenhead is a suburb of Auckland , in northern New Zealand . It is located on the North Shore of the Waitemata Harbour , four kilometres northwest of the Auckland CBD . In November 2010 , the suburb was included into the North Shore ward , one of the thirteen administrative divisions of the newly-formed Auckland Council . Under the council , Birkenhead is part of the Kaipatiki Local Board Area . It is surrounded by the suburbs of Northcote to the east , Glenfield to the north and Birkdale , Chelsea and Chatswood to the west . The southern part of the suburb is known as Birkenhead Point and lies on a promontory between Chelsea Bay and Little Shoal Bay , one kilometre to the west of the northern approaches to the Auckland Harbour Bridge . The shopping area is known as the Birkenhead Town Centre with the term Highbury being used for the older shopping centre at the junction of Birkenhead Avenue and Mokoia Road .'}]}, {'value': 'Shepherds Park ( 10,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_United', 'summary': 'Central United Football Club ( formed in 1962 ) is an amateur association football ( soccer ) club based in Sandringham , Auckland , New Zealand . They currently compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier . The team was officially called Central until 1996 when it added United to its name .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiwitea Street Stadium ( 5,000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiwitea_Street', 'summary': 'Kiwitea Street , also known as Freyberg Field , is a multi-purpose stadium in the suburb of Sandringham in Auckland , New Zealand . It is used for football ( soccer ) matches and is the home stadium of both Auckland City FC and Central United . Terraced seating can accommodate 250 patrons . The stadium is named for Bernard Freyberg , 1st Baron Freyberg . Kiwitea Street was the venue of the 2007 Chatham Cup final .'}]}, {'value': 'East Coast Bays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Coast_Bays_AFC', 'summary': 'East Coast Bays A.F.C . is a professional Association football club in Northcross , North Shore City , New Zealand . They currently compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier . The club is notable for winning the 2008 Chatham Cup and 1981 , 2010 , 2013 Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier seasons . In 2013 , they won their third Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier title .'}]}, {'value': 'North Shore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Shore,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'The North Shore is part of the urban area of Auckland , New Zealand , located to the north of the Waitematā Harbour .'}]}, {'value': 'Bay City Park Stadium ( 4,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Suburbs Reserves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_AFC', 'summary': 'Eastern Suburbs Association Football Club is a semi-professional association football club based in the suburb of Kohimarama in Auckland , New Zealand . The club competes in the ISPS Handa Premiership , the highest level of domestic football in the country . Alongside their ISPS Handa Premiership club status , in the winter the club fields a reserve team in the highest level of winter football in New Zealand , which is contested regionally , in the NRFL Premier .'}]}, {'value': 'Kohimarama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kohimarama', 'summary': 'Kohimarama is a coastal residential Auckland suburb , located to the east of the city , with many homes having some of the best views across the Auckland Harbour . Kohimarama is situated between Mission Bay and St Heliers and has an accessible beach with a boardwalk and green recreational spaces located amongst residential areas . According to the 2013 census , Kohimarama has a population of 7092 . Local government of Kohimarama is the responsibility of the Orākei Local Board , which also includes the suburbs of Orakei , Mission Bay , St Heliers , Glendowie , St Johns , Meadowbank , Remuera and Ellerslie .'}]}, {'value': 'Madills Farm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenfield Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfield_Rovers', 'summary': 'Glenfield Rovers is a semi-professional football ( soccer ) club based in Glenfield , New Zealand . that competes in the Lotto NRFL Premier League'}]}, {'value': 'Glenfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfield,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Glenfield ( called Mayfield until 1912 ) is a suburb on Auckland 's North Shore in New Zealand . The population of central Glenfield was 4,791 in the 2013 census , an increase of 237 from 2006 . Glenfield North has an additional 4,311 people , and parts of the census area of Kaipatiki , with 4,560 people , might also be considered as part of Glenfield ."}]}, {'value': 'McFetridge Park ( 2,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton Wanderers Reserves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Wanderers', 'summary': 'Hamilton Wanderers Association Football Club is a professional association football club from Hamilton , New Zealand , that currently competes in the ISPS Handa Premiership . The club is noted for their youth academy , with graduates including current New Zealand internationals Chris Wood and Marco Rojas .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': 'Porritt Stadium ( 2,700 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manukau United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manukau_United_FC', 'summary': 'Manukau United FC are an association football club based in Mangere East , Auckland , New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Mangere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mangere', 'summary': "Mangere ( officially Māngere ; Māori pronunciation : [ ˈmaːŋɛɾɛ ] ) , is one of the largest suburbs in Auckland , in northern New Zealand . It is located on mainly flat land on the northeastern shore of the Manukau Harbour , to the northwest of Manukau City Centre and 15 kilometres south of the Auckland city centre . It is the location of Auckland Airport , which lies close to the harbour 's edge to the south of the suburb . Mangere has two major sub-areas : Mangere Bridge and Mangere East , with Favona ( in the east ) sometimes counted as part of Mangere as well . The suburb is named after Māngere Mountain , one of Auckland 's largest volcanic cones . The cone 's name comes from the Māori phrase hau māngere , meaning lazy winds , after the shelter the mountain provides from the prevailing westerly wind . [ citation needed ] In 2019 , the name of the suburb was officially gazetted as Māngere ."}]}, {'value': 'Centre Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melville United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melville_United', 'summary': 'Melville United AFC is a semiprofessional football ( soccer ) club in Melville , Hamilton , New Zealand . It competes in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier .'}]}, {'value': 'Melville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melville,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Melville is a suburb in southern Hamilton in New Zealand . It is named after James Dougal Melville . Many of the streets in Melville are named after war heroes , including Douglas Bader , Bernard Montgomery , Odette Hallowes , David Beatty and William Slim . Melville was named after the districts pioneer J Melville who lived in 1904 opposite the site of Melville Primary School . The Hospital paved the way for a great deal of development throughout the Melville area . Opened in 1887 the area quickly became known as Hospital Hill although it was not added to the Hamilton Borough until 1936 . Hamilton city extended its boundaries to Collins Road , Melville in 1954 and again in 1962 to Houchens Road , Glenview and Dixon Road , Glenview . In 1960 Melville gained Hamiltons 4th suburban post office which was followed in 1964 with the opening of Melville High School . The facilities in Melville reflected the significant growth of Melville / Glenview throughout the 1950s . Melville lends its name to one of Hamilton 's top association football teams , Melville United who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier . Melville was transferred from Waipa County to Hamilton City in 1949 . It borders the suburbs of Glenview and Fitzroy ."}]}, {'value': 'Gower Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Shore United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Shore_United', 'summary': 'North Shore United Association Football Club is a semi-professional football ( soccer ) club based in the North Shore , Auckland , New Zealand . They currently compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier . Their home ground is Allen Hill Stadium , which is located in the suburb of Devonport .'}]}, {'value': 'Devonport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devonport,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Devonport is a harbourside suburb of Auckland , New Zealand . It is located on the North Shore , at the southern end of a peninsula that runs southeast from near Lake Pupuke in Takapuna , forming the northern side of the Waitematā Harbour . East of Devonport lies North Head , the northern promontory guarding the mouth of the harbour . The population of Devonport and the adjoining suburb of Cheltenham was 5,340 in the 2013 census , an increase of 3 since 2006 . With the additional suburbs of Stanley Bay , Vauxhall and Narrow Neck , the 2006 population was 11,142 . The suburb hosts the Devonport Naval Base of the Royal New Zealand Navy , the main facility for the country 's naval vessels , but is best known for its harbourside dining and drinking establishments and its heritage charm . Devonport has been compared to Sausalito , California due to its setting and scenery ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen Hill Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Onehunga Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onehunga_Sports', 'summary': 'Onehunga Sports Football Club is a semi-professional football ) club based in Onehunga , New Zealand . They currently compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier , having won the competition in its last two seasons . The club is widely regarded within New Zealand for their strong focus on youth development under the leadership of head coach Hiroshi Miyazawa . In recent years , Onehunga Sports have most notably produced New Zealand internationals Sarpreet Singh , Chris Wood and Moses Dyer .'}]}, {'value': 'Onehunga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onehunga', 'summary': "Onehunga is a suburb of Auckland in New Zealand and the location of the Port of Onehunga , the city 's small port on the Manukau Harbour . It is eight kilometres south of the city centre , close to the volcanic cone of Maungakiekie/One Tree Hill . It was formerly governed by Auckland City Council until the merger of all of Auckland 's councils into the 'super city ' in 2010 . Onehunga is a residential and light-industrial suburb . According to the 2013 census , there were 14,733 residents in Onehunga . There are almost 1,000 commercial and industrial businesses in the area . Onehunga stretches south from Royal Oak to the northern shore of the Manukau Harbour . To the east are the areas of Oranga and Te Papapa ; to the west , Hillsborough . On the southern shore of the Manukau Harbour , and linked to Onehunga by two bridges , is the suburb of Mangere Bridge ."}]}, {'value': 'Waikaraka Park Sports Ground ( 3,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waitakere City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitakere_City_F.C.', 'summary': 'Waitakere City F.C . is a New Zealand football ( soccer ) club . They currently compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Waitakere City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitakere_City', 'summary': "Waitakere City was a territorial authority district in the west of Auckland , New Zealand ; it was governed by the Waitakere City Council from 1989 to 2010 . It was New Zealand 's fifth largest city , with an annual growth of about 2% . In 2010 the council was amalgamated with other regional authorities into one new Auckland Council . The name Waitakere comes from the Waitakere River in the Waitakere Ranges and was applied to Waitakere County , which covered much of the later city ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Taylor Park Stadium ( 10,000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Taylor_Park', 'summary': 'Fred Taylor Park is an association football ground . It is the home ground of Waitakere City F.C . and Waitakere United . Coordinates : 36°48′00″S 174°35′45″E / 36.8001°S 174.5957°E / -36.8001 ; 174.5957'}]}, {'value': 'Western Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Springs_AFC', 'summary': "Western Springs AFC is an association football club in Westmere , Auckland . Western Springs AFC is one of New Zealand 's largest clubs with strong junior/youth programmes and senior teams that compete in the regions leagues . Both the Senior Women 's and Senior Men 's teams currently play in the Lotto NRFL Premier League while the other teams compete in premier or community grade competitions from 5th grade to Over 45s . The Western Springs ' home ground is at Seddon Field on Meola Road in Westmere and also play home games at Cox 's Bay , Walker Park and Eastdale Reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Westmere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westmere,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Westmere is a residential suburb of Auckland City , New Zealand . Westmere is under the local governance of the Auckland Council . The suburb was originally a working-class area , containing some state houses ; mostly private housing originating from housing development in the 1920s . It is known for its Californian style bungalow architecture . It is now a highly sought-after residential location with extensive redevelopment . Westmere is broadly bisected by Garnet Road and is bounded by Coxs Bay to the North and the green belt running from Western Springs , the Auckland Zoo and Western Springs College to the South and West . In 2016 Auckland Transport proposed significant changes to Westmere 's main roads ( Garnet Road , Old Mill Road , etc . ) to create safer infrastructure for cyclists , with physically-separate cycle lanes , making safe daily travel between homes and schools even easier than currently ."}]}, {'value': 'Seddon Fields', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current clubs', 'section_text': 'As of the 2019 season . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'Northern_League_(New_Zealand)_0', 'intro': "The Northern Region Football League, currently known as Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier for sponsorship reasons, is a semi-professional New Zealand association football league competition that is run by the Auckland Football Federation. The NRFL competition is played during the off-season of the country's main football competition, the New Zealand Football Championship, and includes football clubs located in the northern part of the North Island, New Zealand from the Northland, Auckland, Waikato and Bay of Plenty provinces."} | null | null | Where else does the club that play at Seddon Fields play home games ? | Cox 's Bay , Walker Park and Eastdale Reserve |
0581c4bba44fe167 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_television_series_premieres_on_Australian_television_in_2011', 'title': 'List of international television series premieres on Australian television in 2011', 'header': ['Program', 'Network', 'Debut date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pair of Kings Pair of Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pair_of_Kings', 'summary': "Pair of Kings is an American television sitcom that originally aired on the cable channel Disney XD from September 10 , 2010 to February 18 , 2013 . The sitcom 's target audience was teenagers . The series began production on February 15 , 2010 , with stars Mitchel Musso and Doc Shaw departing fellow Disney series Hannah Montana and The Suite Life on Deck respectively , and premiered on September 10 , 2010 on the Disney Channel . The show is filmed before a live studio audience , but uses a laugh track . On November 20 , 2010 , Disney XD announced Pair of Kings had been renewed for a second season , which premiered on June 13 , 2011 . In December 2011 , the series was renewed for a third season , however Disney announced Musso would be replaced with actor Adam Hicks who has worked with Disney on previous projects such as Zeke and Luther . The third season premiered on June 18 , 2012 . However , on November 3 , 2012 , it was announced on Adam Hicks 's Twitter page that Disney XD would not renew Pair of Kings for a fourth season . The series revolves around a pair of Chicago teens who discover they are rulers of a fictitious Pacific island nation ."}]}, {'value': 'Disney Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': "Disney Channel ( originally called The Disney Channel from 1996 to 1997 ) is a pay television channel that is broadcast in Australia . It is the flagship television property owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company in Australia . Launched in 1996 , the network is targeted towards children and their families , with original series and movies . The network 's programming is composed of original animated and live action television series sourced from Disney Channel in the United States , including their original made-for-cable movies , as well as screenings of Disney 's theatrical releases and other acquired programming . The network closed in New Zealand on 30 November 2019 on Sky , and will be discontinued in Australia on 29 February 2020 on Foxtel , and 30 April 2020 on Fetch TV ."}]}, {'value': '31 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shake It Up Shake It Up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shake_It_Up_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "Shake It Up ( sometimes stylized as Shake It Up ! ) is an American sitcom that originally aired on Disney Channel from November 7 , 2010 , to November 10 , 2013 . Created by Chris Thompson and starring Bella Thorne and Zendaya , the show follows the adventures of CeCe Jones ( Bella Thorne ) and Rocky Blue ( Zendaya ) as they star as background dancers on a local show , Shake It Up Chicago . It also chronicles their misadventures on and off-set and their troubles and rising social status at school . Davis Cleveland , Roshon Fegan , Adam Irigoyen , Kenton Duty , and Caroline Sunshine also are other main cast members in the series . The show 's original concept was for Disney to create a female buddy comedy with a dance aspect . On September 29 , 2011 , Disney Channel announced it had increased Shake It Up 's second season order to 26 episodes . A 90-minute special episode Made In Japan aired August 17 , 2012 , as the season two finale . On June 4 , 2012 , Disney Channel announced that Shake It Up was renewed for a third season and announced that Kenton Duty would not be a regular cast member for season 3 , but would instead make special guest appearances . Despite this announcement , he did not appear in a single episode . On July 25 , 2013 , Disney Channel confirmed that Shake It Up would end after its third season . The series finale aired on November 10 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Disney Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': "Disney Channel ( originally called The Disney Channel from 1996 to 1997 ) is a pay television channel that is broadcast in Australia . It is the flagship television property owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company in Australia . Launched in 1996 , the network is targeted towards children and their families , with original series and movies . The network 's programming is composed of original animated and live action television series sourced from Disney Channel in the United States , including their original made-for-cable movies , as well as screenings of Disney 's theatrical releases and other acquired programming . The network closed in New Zealand on 30 November 2019 on Sky , and will be discontinued in Australia on 29 February 2020 on Foxtel , and 30 April 2020 on Fetch TV ."}]}, {'value': 'February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Radio Free Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Radio_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Free Radio is a television show , created by Lance Krall and Rory Rosegarten . The show originated on VH1 , but has also played on Comedy Central , and Super Channel ( Canada ) . It stars Lance Krall , prominent for his role on The Joe Schmo Show , and Anna Vocino , who also starred with Krall on The Lance Krall Show .'}]}, {'value': 'The Comedy Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel', 'summary': 'The Comedy Channel ( promoted on air as comedy ) is an Australian subscription television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television .'}]}, {'value': '5 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bakugan : Mechtanium Surge Bakugan : Mechtanium Surge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Bakugan:_Mechtanium_Surge_episodes', 'summary': "Bakugan : Mechtanium Surge is the fourth and final season of the Japanese anime television series Bakugan Battle Brawlers . The series originally had 26 episodes ordered , however , Nelvana recently announced that this series will be extended to 46 episodes total in length , with production by TMS Entertainment and Maxpire Entertainment . Unlike the other seasons , Mechtanium Surge is split into two separate stories . The series premiered in Canada on February 13 , 2011 , United States on March 5 , 2011 and Australia on March 8 , 2011 on Cartoon Network . On January 15 , 2012 CoroCoro Comics announced that a series was in production which will feature the characters from the BakuTech ! Manga . It premiered on April 7 , 2012 , on TV Tokyo . The original version of Mechtanium Surge began airing in Taiwan on August 11 , 2012 on YoYo TV every Saturday ; also , this program began airing in Hong Kong on October 25 , 2012 on TVB every weekday . Taiwan aired the original version of New Vestroia six months before Japan . The TW/HK version of Mechtanium Surge uses the original Japanese score , but the opening theme audio is Cho ! Saikyou ! Warriors which is New Vestroia 's OP ( and the Gundalian Invaders in overseas version including Taiwan and Hong Kong did the same , except for Japan version ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cartoon Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia)', 'summary': 'Cartoon Network is an Australian pay television television channel created by Turner Broadcasting which primarily shows animated programming . It was launched on 3 October 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '8 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naruto Shippuden Naruto Shippuden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naruto', 'summary': "Naruto ( ナルト ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto . It tells the story of Naruto Uzumaki , a young ninja who seeks to gain recognition from his peers and also dreams of becoming the Hokage , the leader of his village . The story is in two parts , the first set in Naruto 's pre-teen years , and the second in his teens . The series is based on two one-shot manga by Kishimoto : Karakuri ( 1995 ) , which earned Kishimoto an honorable mention in Shueisha 's monthly Hop Step Award the following year , and Naruto ( 1997 ) . Naruto was serialized in Shueisha 's magazine , Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1999 to 2014 , and released in tankōbon ( book ) form in 72 volumes . The manga was adapted into an anime television series produced by Pierrot and Aniplex , which broadcast 220 episodes in Japan from 2002 to 2007 ; the English adaptation of the series aired on Cartoon Network and YTV from 2005 to 2009 . Naruto : Shippuden , a sequel to the original series , premiered in Japan in 2007 , and ended in 2017 , after 500 episodes . The English adaptation was broadcast on Disney XD from 2009 to 2011 , airing the first 98 episodes , and then switched over to Adult Swim 's Toonami programming block in January 2014 , starting over from the first episode . The English adaptation is still airing weekly on Adult Swim to this day . Besides the anime series , Pierrot has developed eleven movies and twelve original video animations ( OVAs ) . Other Naruto-related merchandise includes light novels , video games , and trading cards developed by several companies . Viz Media licensed the manga and anime for North American production and serialized Naruto in their digital Weekly Shonen Jump magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Cartoon Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia)', 'summary': 'Cartoon Network is an Australian pay television television channel created by Turner Broadcasting which primarily shows animated programming . It was launched on 3 October 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '8 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Louie Spence 's Showbusiness Louie Spence 's Showbusiness", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Louie_Spence's_Showbusiness", 'summary': "Louie Spence 's Showbusiness is a docusoap follow-up series to the hit show Pineapple Dance Studios . After initially indicating that a second series of Pineapple Dance Studios would be produced , Sky1 reverted this decision due to failing to come to terms with studio owner Debbie Moore . Louie Spence 's Showbusiness had the same format as its predecessor Pineapple Dance Studios and continued , among other things , to follow Pineapple Studios and its characters such as Louie Spence , Andrew Stone and Tricia Walsh-Smith , although Walsh-Smith did not return until episode eight , despite being featured in the opening titles . The show ran for twelve episodes , and ended after one series ."}]}, {'value': 'Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_(TV_network)', 'summary': "Arena is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel , Austar , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms ."}]}, {'value': '9 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Radio Neighbors from Hell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neighbors_from_Hell', 'summary': 'Neighbors from Hell is an American adult animated sitcom that ran on TBS from June 7 to July 26 , 2010 . The executive producer of the series is Pam Brady . The series consisted of 10 episodes . The series is owned by 20th Century Fox Film Corporation . It is produced by Bento Box Entertainment and MoonBoy Animation , a division of DreamWorks Animation . The majority of the animation is produced by Bardel Entertainment in Vancouver , with retake animation work handled mostly in-house at Bento Box .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '13 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Fat Gypsy Weddings Big Fat Gypsy Weddings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Fat_Gypsy_Weddings', 'summary': 'Big Fat Gypsy Weddings is a British documentary series broadcast on Channel 4 , that explored the lives and traditions of several Irish Traveller families as they prepared to unite one of their members in marriage . The series also featured Romanichal ( British Gypsies ) in several episodes , and has been criticised by some Romani for not accurately representing Englands Romani and Travelling community . It was first broadcast in February 2010 as a one-off documentary called My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , filmed as part of the Cutting Edge series and voted Most Groundbreaking Show in the Cultural Diversity Awards 2010 . A series of 5 episodes were later commissioned , and the series first aired in January 2011 . A second series began airing in February 2012 . A third series was not commissioned , rather the show ended with eleven stand-alone specials . In North America , the show airs on TLC under the title My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , with the original narration by Barbara Flynn replaced by Ellen K. , while the TLC network started airing a spin-off featuring American Roma called My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding .'}]}, {'value': 'LifeStyle You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LifeStyle_You', 'summary': 'Lifestyle You ( stylised as Lifestyle YOU ) was an Australian subscription TV channel . It was a sister channel to Lifestyle , Lifestyle Home and Lifestyle Food . Lifestyle You was home to personal makeovers , hilarious and honest reality , health , wellness , family and relationship programming . In August 2017 , Foxtel announced that Lifestyle You would end in October and that its content would move to Lifestyle and Arena .'}]}, {'value': '20 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Power Rangers Samurai Power Rangers Samurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Power_Rangers_Samurai', 'summary': "Power Rangers Samurai is the eighteenth season of the American children 's television series Power Rangers . With Saban Brands buying back the franchise , the show was produced by SCG Power Rangers and began airing on Nickelodeon and Nicktoons on February 7 , 2011 , making it the first to use the Saban name since the first half of Power Rangers : Wild Force . As with all Power Rangers programs , Power Rangers Samurai is based on one of the entries of the Super Sentai Series ; in the case of Samurai , the source series is Samurai Sentai Shinkenger . Saban Brands have said the show will have a brighter tone and gets an infusion of fun and comedy that was n't present in seasons 16 and 17 . Power Rangers Samurai is the first Power Rangers season to be shot and broadcast in HD ( Boukenger being the first Super Sentai series to be in HD in Japan , with Operation Overdrive , Jungle Fury and RPM using HD footage of the Sentai and almost to be in HD ) and to be airing on Nickelodeon . Samurai is split into two 20-episode seasons ; the second set of 20 episodes began on February 18 , 2012 , and is called Power Rangers Super Samurai , Super Samurai is considered the nineteenth season . By 2012 , the show had an average of 2 million viewers on Nickelodeon . The highest rated episode was the May 15 , 2011 broadcast of The Blue and the Gold , with 3.7 million viewers ."}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': '2 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Falling Skies Falling Skies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falling_Skies', 'summary': "Falling Skies is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction television series created by Robert Rodat and executive produced by Steven Spielberg . The series stars Noah Wyle as Tom Mason , a former history professor who becomes the second-in-command of the 2nd Massachusetts Militia Regiment , a group of civilians and fighters fleeing Boston following an alien invasion that devastated the world . The series , a production of DreamWorks Television - and from 2014 to 2015 , being a production from Spielberg 's Amblin Television and Warner Bros. Television - was broadcast in the United States on the cable channel TNT , and in Canada on Super Channel ( first-run broadcasts ) and on Space ( second-run broadcasts on a one-year delay ) . The series premiered on June 19 , 2011 . On July 18 , 2014 , TNT renewed the show for a 10-episode fifth and final season , which started on June 28 , 2015 , and concluded on August 30 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '7 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Game of Thrones Game of Thrones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_of_Thrones', 'summary': "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss for HBO . It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire , George R. R. Martin 's series of fantasy novels , the first of which is A Game of Thrones . The show was both produced and filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom . Filming locations also included Canada , Croatia , Iceland , Malta , Morocco , and Spain . The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17 , 2011 , and concluded on May 19 , 2019 , with 73 episodes broadcast over eight seasons . Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos , Game of Thrones has several plots and a large ensemble cast and follows several story arcs . One arc is about the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms and follows a web of alliances and conflicts among the noble dynasties either vying to claim the throne or fighting for independence from it . Another focuses on the last descendant of the realm 's deposed ruling dynasty , who has been exiled and is plotting a return to the throne , while another story arc follows the Night 's Watch , a brotherhood defending the realm against the fierce peoples and legendary creatures of the North . Game of Thrones attracted a record viewership on HBO and has a broad , active , and international fan base . The series was acclaimed by critics for its acting , complex characters , story , scope , and production values , although its frequent use of nudity and violence ( including sexual violence ) was criticized ; the final season received further criticism for its condensed story and creative decisions , with many considering it a disappointing conclusion . The series received 58 Primetime Emmy Awards , the most by a drama series , including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 , 2016 , 2018 , 2019 . Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation ( 2012-2014 ) , a 2011 Peabody Award , and five nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Drama ( 2012 and 2015-2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Showcase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showcase_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': "Fox Showcase ( formerly known as Showcase ) is an Australian premium drama cable and satellite television channel . It was initially part of the Showtime Australia channels and was managed by PMP chief executive officer Peter Rose . In 2007 Rose said Showcase provides a real home at last for quality drama in Australia , and this list of outstanding event television is just the start . Showcase launched with the Australian TV premieres of Dexter and Australian-made series Satisfaction . FOX Showcase is now owned and operated by Foxtel Networks ; and is their flagship entertainment channel . FOX Showcase can be found on channel 114 on Foxtel and Optus TV . Foxtel took over managing and producing Showcase and the other Showtime channels as of 31 October 2012 , with it purchasing assets of the PMP . On 9 December 2012 , it was announced that Movie Network and Showtime ( with the exception of Showcase ) would be replaced with a new lineup of Foxtel-branded movie channels to be named Foxtel Movies Showcase would continue to be the home of premium dramas from HBO and other international networks , original programming , documentaries , and independent films . On 3 November 2014 Showcase moved from Foxtel 's Premium Movies and Drama package to the newly founded Drama package . In addition , the channel moved from channel 404 to channel 115 and showcase + 2 moved from channel 414 to channel 158 . Following the closure of SoHo and the launch of the channel Binge on 5 October 2016 , showcase moved to channel 114 ."}]}, {'value': '17 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Planet Sheen Planet Sheen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Planet_Sheen', 'summary': 'Planet Sheen is an American CGI animated television series . It is the second spin-off of the 2001 film Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius . The series was picked up for 26 episodes by Nickelodeon for its first , and only season . Jeffrey Garcia returned as the voice of Sheen , and Bob Joles and Rob Paulsen are the voices of Nesmith and Doppy . The series was originally animated by C.O.R.E . in Toronto , but animation production moved to Bardel Entertainment in Vancouver after C.O.R.E closed down . At that time Chris Neuhahn took over as Supervising Producer . Planet Sheen premiered on Nickelodeon on October 2 , 2010 ( along with T.U.F.F . Puppy ) in the United States . The series aired its final episode on February 15 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': '21 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.N.T . Farm A.N.T . Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.N.T._Farm', 'summary': 'A.N.T . Farm is an American teen sitcom which originally aired on Disney Channel from May 6 , 2011 to March 21 , 2014 . It first aired on May 6 , 2011 , as a special one-episode preview and continued as a regular series starting on June 17 , 2011 . After airing as the preview of the series , the pilot episode transplANTed later re-aired after the series finale of The Suite Life on Deck . The series was created by Dan Signer , a former writer and co-executive producer of The Suite Life on Deck and creator of the YTV series Mr. Young . In mid-November 2010 , Disney Channel greenlit the series , with production beginning in early 2011 . The first promo was released during the premiere of Lemonade Mouth . Taking place in San Francisco , the series stars China Anne McClain , Sierra McCormick , and Jake Short as middle-schoolers in a gifted program at their local high school called the Advanced Natural Talent or A.N.T . program .'}]}, {'value': 'Disney Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': "Disney Channel ( originally called The Disney Channel from 1996 to 1997 ) is a pay television channel that is broadcast in Australia . It is the flagship television property owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company in Australia . Launched in 1996 , the network is targeted towards children and their families , with original series and movies . The network 's programming is composed of original animated and live action television series sourced from Disney Channel in the United States , including their original made-for-cable movies , as well as screenings of Disney 's theatrical releases and other acquired programming . The network closed in New Zealand on 30 November 2019 on Sky , and will be discontinued in Australia on 29 February 2020 on Foxtel , and 30 April 2020 on Fetch TV ."}]}, {'value': '15 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borgias , The / / The Borgias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Borgias is a historical-fiction drama television series created by Neil Jordan ; it debuted in 2011 and was canceled in 2013 . The series is set in Renaissance-era Italy and follows the Borgia family in their scandalous ascension to the papacy . Mercilessly cruel and defiantly decadent , the Borgias use bribery , simony , intimidation and murder in their relentless quest for wealth and power that make them history 's most infamous crime family . It stars Jeremy Irons as Pope Alexander VI with François Arnaud as Cesare , Holliday Grainger as Lucrezia and David Oakes as Juan . Colm Feore also stars as Cardinal della Rovere ( later Pope Julius II ) . It premiered on April 3 , 2011 , at 9 p.m . ET on Showtime in the United States and 10 p.m. Eastern ( UTC−04:00 ) on Bravo ! in Canada , and received its first major television network premiere on June 21 , 2011 , on Canada 's CTV Television Network . The second season premiered on April 8 , 2012 . On May 4 , 2012 , Showtime ordered a third season of 10 episodes , which premiered on April 14 , 2013 . On June 5 , 2013 , Showtime canceled the series , a season short of Jordan 's planned four-season arc for the series . The cancellation was implied to be due to the expense of production , with plans for a two-hour wrap-up finale also scrapped ."}]}, {'value': 'W', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': "SoHo was an Australian pay television channel . Originally launched a FX in 1995 and oriented towards classic programming , it was rebranded as W. and shifted its focus to women 's programming on 1 November 2003 . Later , on 20 August 2012 , it was again rebranded as SoHo and shifted its focus to drama television series . The channel closed down on 4 October 2016 , and was replaced by Binge ."}]}, {'value': '29 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mob Wives Mob Wives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mob_Wives', 'summary': "Mob Wives is an American reality television series that aired for six seasons on VH1 , from April 17 , 2011 , until March 16 , 2016 . It focuses on the lives of several women residing in the New York City borough of Staten Island , whose family members have been arrested and imprisoned for crimes that are allegedly connected to the American Mafia . The series originally focused on Drita D'Avanzo , Carla Facciolo , Karen Gravano , and Renee Graziano . D'Avanzo and Graziano appeared in all six seasons , while Gravano was absent for the fourth , and Facciolo was absent for the fourth and fifth . Later additions to the cast include Angela Big Ang Raiola ( seasons 2-6 ) , Ramona Rizzo ( seasons 2-3 ) , Love Majewski ( season 3 ) , Alicia DiMichelle Garafalo ( season 4 ) , and Natalie Guercio ( seasons 4-5 ) . Raiola died from complications of throat cancer and pneumonia on February 18 , 2016 , less than a month before the final season concluded . The show 's success sired several spin-offs , including Mob Wives : The Sit Down , Mob Wives Chicago , Big Ang , and Miami Monkey . A revival of the series has been discussed since December 2017 , in which D'Avanzo has confirmed she would not be featured ."}]}, {'value': 'LifeStyle You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LifeStyle_You', 'summary': 'Lifestyle You ( stylised as Lifestyle YOU ) was an Australian subscription TV channel . It was a sister channel to Lifestyle , Lifestyle Home and Lifestyle Food . Lifestyle You was home to personal makeovers , hilarious and honest reality , health , wellness , family and relationship programming . In August 2017 , Foxtel announced that Lifestyle You would end in October and that its content would move to Lifestyle and Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awkward Awkward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awkward._(TV_series)', 'summary': "Awkward is an American teen comedy-drama television series created by Lauren Iungerich for MTV . The show 's central character is Jenna Hamilton ( Ashley Rickards ) , a Palos Verdes , California , teenager who struggles with her identity , especially after an accident is misconstrued as a suicide attempt . The series premiered on July 19 , 2011 , and was renewed for a second season in August 2011 . In June 2013 , it was announced that creator Iungerich would be exiting the series after production of the third season concluded in June 2013 . MTV renewed the series for a fourth season in August 2013 with new showrunners Chris Alberghini and Mike Chessler replacing Iungerich . Awkward 's first season was generally well received , with television critics praising the show 's realism and writing as well as its central character , and it was included in various critics ' top ten lists . The show also earned several award nominations , winning one Teen Choice Award and one People 's Choice Award . In October 2014 , Awkward was renewed for a fifth and final season , which premiered in August 2015 . The second half of the fifth season did not begin to air until March 2016 . Alberghini indicated that there could possibly be a sixth season . While most cast members agreed that they would happily return in that event , telling fans to let MTV know if they wanted more seasons , no further episodes of the series were produced . The series finale aired on May 24 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'MTV Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MTV_Australia', 'summary': 'MTV is a 24-hour general entertainment channel specialising in music and youth culture programming which serves Australia and New Zealand . It is operated by parent company ViacomCBS International Media Networks headquartered in London with a local office in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': '5 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Amazing World of Gumballs / / The Amazing World of Gumball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Amazing_World_of_Gumball', 'summary': "The Amazing World of Gumball ( TAWOG or simply Gumball ) is a British-American surreal comedy animated television series created by Ben Bocquelet for Cartoon Network . Produced primarily by Cartoon Network Studios Europe , it first aired on May 3 , 2011 . The series revolves around the lives of 12-year-old Gumball Watterson , a blue cat and his goldfish best friend - adoptive brother 10-year-old Darwin , who attend middle school in the fictional city of Elmore . They frequently find themselves involved in various shenanigans around the city , during which time they interact with fellow family members - younger sister Anais , mother Nicole and father Richard - and an extended supporting cast of characters . in 2020 , the series is the 2nd longest Cartoon Network running show Bocquelet based several of the series ' characters on rejected characters from his previous commercial work and making its premise a mixture of family shows and school shows , which Cartoon Network was heavily interested in . He pitched The Amazing World of Gumball to the network and Turner Broadcasting executive Daniel Lennard subsequently greenlit production of the series . It is the first series to be produced by Cartoon Network Studios Europe , and is currently co-produced with Studio SOI in Germany and Great Marlborough Productions Limited . One unique feature of the series is its lack of stylistic unity . Characters are designed , filmed , and animated using multiple styles and techniques ( stylised traditional animation , puppetry , CGI , stop motion , Flash animation , live-action , etc . ) The series has made multiple stylistic changes throughout its production , specifically in the transition between its first and second seasons . Such changes include character redesigns , an increase in the use of VFX , higher quality animation , and a shift towards a much darker , more satirical comedic style . Bocquelet later stated on September 6 , 2016 that the sixth season would be his last time working on the show , but production could continue without him ."}]}, {'value': 'Cartoon Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia)', 'summary': 'Cartoon Network is an Australian pay television television channel created by Turner Broadcasting which primarily shows animated programming . It was launched on 3 October 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '1 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': "America 's Got Talent America 's Got Talent", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/America's_Got_Talent", 'summary': "America 's Got Talent ( often abbreviated as AGT ) is a televised American talent show competition , and is part of the global Got Talent franchise created by Simon Cowell . The program is produced by Fremantle USA and Syco Entertainment , distributed by the former , and broadcast on the NBC television network , premiering on June 21 , 2006 , after plans for a British edition in 2005 were suspended following a dispute within the British broadcaster ITV ; production would later resume in 2007 . Each season is mainly run during the network 's summer schedule , and has featured various hosts over the course of the program 's history ; the current host is Terry Crews . The program attracts a variety of participants , from across the United States and abroad , to take part and who possess some form of talents , with acts ranging from singing , dancing , comedy , magic , stunts , variety , and other genres . Each participant who auditions attempts to secure a place in the live episodes of a season by impressing a panel of judges - the current line-up consists of Cowell , and Howie Mandel with two new judges to be announced for the upcoming season . Those that make it into the live episodes compete against each other for both the judges ' and public 's vote in order to reach the live final , where the winner receives a large cash prize , primarily paid over a period of time , and , since the third season , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Since its premiere , America 's Got Talent has helped to unearth new talent and kickstart/boost the careers of various performers who took part in the competition , while the show itself has been a rating success for NBC , drawing in on average around 10 million viewers per season . In 2013 , a book titled Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent was released , providing a description of the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show , along with detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons , up to the date of the book 's publication . The program has run for a total of fourteen seasons , and spawned a spin-off competition titled America 's Got Talent : The Champions , consisting of notable contestants from the U.S. and other international versions of the franchise , which premiered on NBC on January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '6 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Secret Circle The Secret Circle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Secret_Circle_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Secret Circle is an American supernatural fantasy teen drama television series that aired on The CW from September 15 , 2011 , to May 10 , 2012 . It is based on the book series of the same name written by L. J. Smith . Set in the town of Chance Harbor , Washington , the series focuses on Cassie Blake who , after moving to Chance Harbor , discovers that she is a hereditary witch and soon after joins a secret coven of five others . The series was developed by Andrew Miller and was picked up on May 17 , 2011 , by The CW . On October 12 , 2011 , The CW ordered a full 22-episode season of the series . On May 11 , 2012 , The CW canceled the series . The ratings declined in the second half of the season ; the high costs of special effects and location shooting were cited as reasons for the show 's cancellation ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '31 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic / My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic', 'summary': "My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic is a Canadian-American animated fantasy television series created by Lauren Faust for Hasbro . The series is based on Hasbro 's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred to by collectors as the fourth generation ( G4 ) of the franchise . The series premiered on October 10 , 2010 , on The Hub cable channel ( which was renamed as Discovery Family in late 2014 ) , and ended on October 12 , 2019 . Hasbro selected animator Lauren Faust as the creative director and executive producer for the show . Faust sought to challenge the established nature of the existing My Little Pony line , creating more in-depth characters and adventurous settings ; she left the series during season 2 , to be replaced by Meghan McCarthy as showrunner for the remainder of the series . The show follows a studious anthropomorphic unicorn ( later an alicorn ) pony named Twilight Sparkle as her mentor Princess Celestia guides her to learn about friendship in the town of Ponyville . Twilight and her dragon assistant Spike become close friends with five other ponies : Applejack , Rarity , Fluttershy , Rainbow Dash , and Pinkie Pie . Each of the ponies represent a different facet of friendship , and Twilight discovers herself to be a key part of the magical artifacts known as the Elements of Harmony . The ponies travel on adventures and help others around Equestria while working out problems that arise in their own friendships . The series has become a major commercial success , becoming the most highly rated original production in the Hub Network 's broadcast history and leading to new merchandising opportunities for Hasbro , including books , clothing , collectible trading cards , and comics . Despite the target demographic of young girls , Friendship Is Magic has also gained a large following of older viewers , mainly young and middle-aged men , who call themselves bronies . Portions of the show have become part of the remix culture , and have formed the basis for a variety of internet memes ."}]}, {'value': 'Cartoon Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia)', 'summary': 'Cartoon Network is an Australian pay television television channel created by Turner Broadcasting which primarily shows animated programming . It was launched on 3 October 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '31 October', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Premieres -- Subscription television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_international_television_series_premieres_on_Australian_television_in_2011_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of international television programs which first aired on Australian television in 2011. The list is arranged chronological order. Where more than one program premiered on the same date, those programs are listed alphabetically.'} | null | null | What was the original channel of the show that premiered in Australia on The Comedy Channel on 5 February 2011 ? | VH1 |
0581d8fd2f92902c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_war_memorials', 'title': 'Canadian war memorials', 'header': ['Memorial name', 'Location', 'Map', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Albert Memorial Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Memorial_Bridge_(Regina,_Saskatchewan)', 'summary': 'The Albert Memorial Bridge is a beam bridge that spans across the north and south banks of Wascana Creek along Albert Street in Regina , Saskatchewan . This functional war memorial is 256 metres ( 840 feet ) long and 22 metres ( 72 feet ) wide .'}]}, {'value': 'Regina , Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Regina ( /rɪˈdʒaɪnə/ ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . The city is the second-largest in the province , after Saskatoon , and a cultural and commercial centre for southern Saskatchewan . As of the 2016 census , Regina had a city population of 215,106 , and a Metropolitan Area population of 236,481 . It is governed by Regina City Council . The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No . 159 . Regina was previously the seat of government of the North-West Territories , of which the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part , and of the District of Assiniboia . The site was previously called Wascana ( Buffalo Bones in Cree ) , but was renamed to Regina ( Latin for Queen ) in 1882 in honour of Queen Victoria . This decision was made by Queen Victoria 's daughter Princess Louise , who was the wife of the Governor General of Canada , the Marquess of Lorne . Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West , on its treeless flat plain Regina has few topographical features other than the small spring run-off , Wascana Creek . Early planners took advantage of such opportunity by damming the creek to create a decorative lake to the south of the central business district with a dam a block and a half west of the later elaborate 260-metre ( 850 ft ) long Albert Street Bridge across the new lake . Regina 's importance was further secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906 ."}]}, {'value': '50°26′10.2012″N 104°37′5.3544″W / 50.436167000°N 104.618154000°W / 50.436167000 ; -104.618154000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honours Saskatchewan soldiers who died in World War I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Animals in War Memorial / Les animaux en temps de guerre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animals_in_War_Memorial,_Ottawa', 'summary': 'The Animals in War Memorial ( officially Animals in War and Les animaux en temps de guerre ) is a memorial sculpture located at Confederation Park in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . It commemorates animals used by the Canadian military ( Canadian Army ) in conflicts since the Second Boer War ( this excludes the use of animals by British Army and French Army before Canada existed as a country ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa', 'summary': 'Ottawa ( /ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɒtəwɑː/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔtawa ] ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada . In June 2019 , the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning to trade . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '45°25′21.84″N 075°41′31.68″W / 45.4227333°N 75.6921333°W / 45.4227333 ; -75.6921333 ( Animals in War Memorial )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A memorial by David Clendining to animals ( mainly mules , horse , dogs , pigeons ) that have served for Canada in military conflicts since World War I and is located in Confederation Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Confederation_Park', 'summary': 'Confederation Park ( French : Parc de la Confédération ) is a public park and National Historic Site of Canada , located in downtown Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . It is bordered on the south by Laurier Avenue and Ottawa City Hall ; on the east by the Rideau Canal and National Defence Headquarters ; on the north by the Mackenzie King Bridge , the Rideau Centre , and the National Arts Centre ; and , to the west , by Elgin Street and the Lord Elgin Hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashburnham Memorial Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peterborough , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario', 'summary': "Peterborough ( /ˈpiːtərbʌroʊ/ PEE-tər-burr-oh ) is a city on the Otonabee River in Central Ontario , Canada , 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) northeast of Toronto and about 270 kilometres ( 167 mi ) southwest of Ottawa . According to the 2016 Census , the population of the City of Peterborough was 81,032 . The population of the Peterborough Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) , which includes the surrounding Townships of Selwyn , Cavan Monaghan , Otonabee-South Monaghan , and Douro-Dummer , was 121,721 in 2016 . In 2016 , Peterborough ranked No . 32 among the countrys 35 census metropolitan areas according to the CMA in Canada . Significant growth is expected starting in late 2019 when the Ontario Highway 407 extension is completed , connecting it to Highway 115/35 south of Peterborough . The current mayor of Peterborough is Diane Therrien . Peterborough is known as the gateway to the Kawarthas , cottage country , a large recreational region of the province . It is named in honour of Peter Robinson , an early Canadian politician who oversaw the first major immigration to the area . The city is the seat of Peterborough County . Peterborough 's nickname in the distant past was The Electric City as it was the first town in Canada to use electric streetlights . It also underscores the historical and present-day importance of technology and manufacturing as an economic base of the city , which has operations from large multi-national companies such as Siemens , Rolls-Royce Limited , and General Electric , and more local businesses such as Merit Precision Ltd. , Dynacast and Bryston ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '44°18′36″N 078°18′10″W / 44.31000°N 78.30278°W / 44.31000 ; -78.30278 ( Ashburnham Memorial Park )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial to the men of Peterborough who died in the First World War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze Angel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal , Quebec ; Vancouver , British Columbia ( pictured ) ; Winnipeg , Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}, {'url': '/wiki/British_Columbia', 'summary': "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze Angel , by sculptor , Coeur Lion MacCarthy , war memorial depicts the angel of victory raising up a young soldier to heaven at the moment of his death , 1921 commemorates 1,115 Canadian Pacific Railway employees killed during the First World War erected at the Canadian Pacific Railway stations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway', 'summary': "The Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) ( reporting marks CP , CPAA , MILW , SOO ) , also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996 , and known as simply Canadian Pacific is a historic Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881 . The railway is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited , which began operations as legal owner in a corporate restructuring in 2001 . Headquartered in Calgary , Alberta , it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres ( 12,500 mi ) of track all across Canada and into the United States , stretching from Montreal to Vancouver , and as far north as Edmonton . Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul , Milwaukee , Detroit , Chicago , and New York City in the United States . The railway was first built between eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885 ( connecting with Ottawa Valley and Georgian Bay area lines built earlier ) , fulfilling a trusty extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871 . It was Canada 's first transcontinental railway , but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast . Primarily a freight railway , the CPR was for decades the only practical means of long-distance passenger transport in most regions of Canada , and was instrumental in the settlement and development of Western Canada . The CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada , a position it held as late as 1975 . Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986 , after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978 . A beaver was chosen as the railway 's logo in honour of Sir Donald A Smith ( 1st . Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal ) who had risen from Factor to Governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade . Smith was a principal financier of the C.P.R ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Camp X Memorial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_X', 'summary': 'Camp X was the unofficial name of the secret Special Training School No . 103 , a Second World War British paramilitary installation for training covert agents in the methods required for success in clandestine operations . It was located on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario between Whitby and Oshawa in Ontario , Canada . The area is known today as Intrepid Park , after the code name for Sir William Stephenson , Director of British Security Co-ordination ( BSC ) , who established the program to create the training facility . The facility was jointly operated by the Canadian military , with help from Foreign Affairs and the RCMP but commanded by the BSC ; it also had close ties with MI-6 . In addition to the training program , the Camp had a communications tower that could send and transmit radio and telegraph communications , called Hydra . Established December 6 , 1941 , the training facility closed before the end of 1944 ; the buildings were removed in 1969 and a monument was erected at the site . Historian Bruce Forsyth summarized the purpose of the facility : Trainees at the camp learned sabotage techniques , subversion , intelligence gathering , lock picking , explosives training , radio communications , encode/decode , recruiting techniques for partisans , the art of silent killing and unarmed combat . Communication training , including Morse code , was also provided . The camp was so secret that even Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was unaware of its full purpose .'}]}, {'value': 'Whitby Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitby,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Whitby is a town in Durham Region . Whitby is located in Southern Ontario east of Ajax and west of Oshawa , on the north shore of Lake Ontario , and is home to the headquarters of Durham Region . It had a population of 128,377 at the 2016 census . It is approximately 20 km ( 12 mi ) east of the Toronto borough of Scarborough , and it is known as a commuter suburb in the eastern part of the Greater Toronto Area . While the southern portion of Whitby is predominantly urban and an economic hub , the northern part of the municipality is more rural and includes the communities of Ashburn , Brooklin , Myrtle , and Myrtle Station .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '43°51′20.28″N 078°53′00.06″W / 43.8556333°N 78.8833500°W / 43.8556333 ; -78.8833500 ( Camp X Memorial )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honours the men and women of Camp X who served during the Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_X', 'summary': 'Camp X was the unofficial name of the secret Special Training School No . 103 , a Second World War British paramilitary installation for training covert agents in the methods required for success in clandestine operations . It was located on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario between Whitby and Oshawa in Ontario , Canada . The area is known today as Intrepid Park , after the code name for Sir William Stephenson , Director of British Security Co-ordination ( BSC ) , who established the program to create the training facility . The facility was jointly operated by the Canadian military , with help from Foreign Affairs and the RCMP but commanded by the BSC ; it also had close ties with MI-6 . In addition to the training program , the Camp had a communications tower that could send and transmit radio and telegraph communications , called Hydra . Established December 6 , 1941 , the training facility closed before the end of 1944 ; the buildings were removed in 1969 and a monument was erected at the site . Historian Bruce Forsyth summarized the purpose of the facility : Trainees at the camp learned sabotage techniques , subversion , intelligence gathering , lock picking , explosives training , radio communications , encode/decode , recruiting techniques for partisans , the art of silent killing and unarmed combat . Communication training , including Morse code , was also provided . The camp was so secret that even Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was unaware of its full purpose .'}]}, {'value': 'Coronation Park Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to those who served in the Second World War . Erected in 1995 as a part of the 50th anniversary commemorations of the Second World War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cremation Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottawa , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa', 'summary': 'Ottawa ( /ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɒtəwɑː/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔtawa ] ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada . In June 2019 , the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning to trade . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '45°26′42″N 075°39′57″W / 45.44500°N 75.66583°W / 45.44500 ; -75.66583 ( Cremation Memorial )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A sheltered space in the National Cemetery of Canada that honours the memory of Canadian servicemen who died in Canada and the United States and who were cremated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross of Sacrifice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quebec City , Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec_City', 'summary': "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '46°48′31.9″N 071°12′43.85″W / 46.808861°N 71.2121806°W / 46.808861 ; -71.2121806 ( Cross of Sacrifice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to those who died in the First World War , the Second World War , and the Korean War ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great War Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': "Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is on the western bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario , with a population of 88,071 at the 2016 census . The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903 . Across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls , New York . The Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls at this location , creating a natural spectacle which attracts millions of tourists each year . The tourist area , which stretches along the Niagara Parkway and promenade , is particularly concentrated at the brink of the falls . Apart from the river 's natural attractions , it includes observation towers , high-rise hotels , souvenir shops , museums , indoor water parks , casinos and theatres , mostly with colourful neon billboards and advertisements . Farther to the north or south , golf courses are operated alongside historic sites from the War of 1812 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '43°05′23.81″N 079°04′22.57″W / 43.0899472°N 79.0729361°W / 43.0899472 ; -79.0729361 ( Great War Memorial )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial to those who died in the First and Second World Wars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halifax Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halifax , Nova Scotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality', 'summary': "Halifax , officially known as the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) , is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . It had a population of 403,131 in 2016 , with 316,701 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour . The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996 : Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford , and Halifax County . Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada , with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies . Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence , Dalhousie University , Saint Mary 's University , the Halifax Shipyard , various levels of government , and the Port of Halifax . Agriculture , fishing , mining , forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Nova Scotia ( /noʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/ ) is a province in eastern Canada . With a population of 923,598 as of 2016 , it is the most populous of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and the four Atlantic provinces . It is the country 's second most-densely populated province and second-smallest province by area , both after neighbouring Prince Edward Island . Its area of 55,284 square kilometres ( 21,345 sq mi ) includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800 other coastal islands . The peninsula that makes up Nova Scotia 's mainland is connected to the rest of North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto , on which the province 's land border with New Brunswick is located . The province borders the Bay of Fundy to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east , and is separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot straits , respectively . The land that comprises what is now Nova Scotia has been inhabited by the indigenous Miꞌkmaq people for thousands of years . France 's first settlement in North America , Port-Royal , was established in 1605 and intermittently served in various locations as the capital of the French colony of Acadia for over a hundred years . The Fortress of Louisbourg was a key focus point in the struggle between the British and French for control of the area , changing hands numerous times in the until France relinquished its claims with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . During the American Revolutionary War , thousands of Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia . In 1848 , Nova Scotia became the first British colony to achieve responsible government , and it federated in July 1867 with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) to form what is now the country of Canada . Nova Scotia 's capital and largest city is Halifax , which is today home to about 45 per cent of the province 's population , is the thirteenth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada , the largest city in Atlantic Canada , and Canadas second largest coastal city ( after Vancouver ) ."}]}, {'value': '44°37′08.76″N 063°33′55.93″W / 44.6191000°N 63.5655361°W / 44.6191000 ; -63.5655361 ( Halifax Memorial )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to the Canadian servicemen and women who died at sea during both World Wars and includes the Royal Canadian Navy , the Canadian Merchant Navy and the Canadian Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy', 'summary': 'The Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ; French : Marine royale canadienne ) is the naval force of Canada . The RCN is one of three environmental ( land - army , sea - navy , and air - air force ) commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces . As of 2017 [ update ] , The Royal Canadian Navy operates 12 frigates , 4 attack submarines , 12 coastal defence vessels and 8 patrol/training vessels , as well as several auxiliary vessels . The Royal Canadian Navy consists of 8,500 Regular Force and 5,100 Primary Reserve sailors , supported by 5,300 civilians . [ a 1 ] Vice-Admiral Art McDonald is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy and Chief of the Naval Staff . [ a 2 ] Founded in 1910 as the Naval Service of Canada and given royal sanction on 29 August 1911 , the Royal Canadian Navy was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Canadian Army to form the unified Canadian Armed Forces in 1968 , after which it was known as Maritime Command until 2011 . In 2011 , its historical title of Royal Canadian Navy was restored . Over the course of its history , the RCN has served in the First and Second World Wars , the Korean War , the Persian Gulf War , the War in Afghanistan and numerous United Nations peacekeeping missions and NATO operations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Merchant_Navy', 'summary': 'Canada , like several other Commonwealth nations , created the Canadian Merchant Navy in a large-scale effort during World War II . 184 ships are involved in merchant shipping activity in the Canadian shipping industry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army', 'summary': 'The history of the Canadian Army , began when the title first came into official use in November 1940 , during the Second World War , and is still used today . Although the official titles , Force Mobile Command , and later Land Force Command , were used from February 1968 to August 2011 , Canadian Army continued to be unofficially used to refer to the ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces , much as it has been from Confederation in 1867 to the present . The term was often even used in official military publications , for example in recruiting literature and the official newspaper of the Canadian Forces , The Maple Leaf . On August 16 , 2011 , the title , Canadian Army , was officially restored , once again bringing the official designation in line with common and historical usage .'}]}, {'value': 'Harbord War Memorials', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located on the grounds of Harbord Collegiate Institute , a public secondary school , it includes two sculptures . The first sculpture was erected in 1921 and was dedicated to those who served in the First World War ; and a second sculpture dedicated to those who served in the Second World War , completed in 2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harbord_Collegiate_Institute', 'summary': 'Harbord Collegiate Institute ( HCI or Harbord ) is a public secondary school located in downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The school is located in the Palmerston-Little Italy-Annex neighbourhood , situated on the north side of Harbord Street , between Euclid Avenue and Manning Street . From the 1920s to the 1950s , about 90 per cent of the student body was Jewish , while today the student body largely consists of students of East Asian and Portuguese descent .'}]}, {'value': 'Law Society of Upper Canada Great War Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to the 115 lawyers and law students of the Law Society of Upper Canada during the First World War . Located in the Great Library of Osgoode Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_Society_of_Ontario', 'summary': "The Law Society of Ontario ( LSO ; French : Barreau de l'Ontario ) is the law society responsible for the self-regulation of lawyers and paralegals in the Canadian province of Ontario . Founded in 1797 as The Law Society of Upper Canada ( LSUC ; French : Barreau du Haut-Canada ) , the society adopted its current name after a majority vote by its governing body in November 2017 . The change was formalized on May 8 , 2018 by amendment to provincial legislation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Osgoode_Hall', 'summary': 'Osgoode Hall is a landmark building in downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The original \u200b2 1⁄2-storey building was started in 1829 and finished in 1832 from a design by John Ewart and William Warren Baldwin . The structure was named after William Osgoode , the first Chief Justice of Upper Canada ( now the province of Ontario ) . It originally served to house the regulatory body for lawyers in Ontario along with its law school ( formally established as Osgoode Hall Law School in 1889 ) , which was the only recognized professional law school for the province at the time . The original building was constructed between 1829 and 1832 in the late Georgian Palladian and Neoclassical styles . It currently houses the Ontario Court of Appeal , the Divisional Court of the Superior Court of Justice , the offices of the Law Society of Ontario and the Great Library of the Law Society .'}]}, {'value': 'Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria , British Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Victoria ( Saanich : METULIYE mətúliyə ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia , located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada 's Pacific coast . The city has a population of 85,792 , and the Greater Victoria Area has a population of 367,770 . Victoria is the 7th most densely populated city in Canada with 4,405.8 people per square kilometre , which is a greater population density than Toronto . Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada , and is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from British Columbia 's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland . The city is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from Seattle by airplane , ferry , or the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry which operates daily , year round between Seattle and Victoria , and 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Port Angeles , Washington , by ferry Coho across the Strait of Juan de Fuca . Named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and , at the time , British North America , Victoria is one of the oldest cities in the Pacific Northwest , with British settlement beginning in 1843 . The city has retained a large number of its historic buildings , in particular its two most famous landmarks , Parliament Buildings ( finished in 1897 and home of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia ) and the Empress hotel ( opened in 1908 ) . The city 's Chinatown is the second oldest in North America after San Francisco 's . The region 's Coast Salish First Nations peoples established communities in the area long before non-native settlement , possibly several thousand years earlier , which had large populations at the time of European exploration . Known as The Garden City , Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination with a regional technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry . Victoria is in the top twenty of world cities for quality-of-life , according to Numbeo . The city has a large non-local student population [ citation needed ] , who come to attend the Victoria College of Art , the Canadian College of Performing Arts , and high school programs run by the region 's three school districts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/British_Columbia', 'summary': "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ."}]}, {'value': '48°25′14.20″N 123°22′16.66″W / 48.4206111°N 123.3712944°W / 48.4206111 ; -123.3712944 ( Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Memorial , Victoria )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to Canadian volunteers of the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion during the Spanish Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mackenzie–Papineau_Battalion', 'summary': 'The Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion or Mac-Paps were a battalion of Canadians who fought as part of the XV International Brigade on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War . Except for France , no other country gave a greater proportion of its population as volunteers in Spain than Canada . The first Canadians in the conflict were dispatched mainly with the U.S. Abraham Lincoln Battalion and later the North American George Washington Battalion , with about forty Canadians serving in each group . The XV International Brigade was involved in the Battle of Jarama in which nine Canadians are known to have been killed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War', 'summary': "The Spanish Civil War ( Spanish : Guerra Civil Española ) [ note 2 ] was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939 . Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Second Spanish Republic , in alliance with anarchists and communists , fought against a revolt by the Nationalists , an alliance of Falangists , monarchists , conservatives and Catholics , led by a military group among whom General Francisco Franco soon achieved a preponderant role . Due to the international political climate at the time , the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle , a war of religion , a struggle between dictatorship and republican democracy , between revolution and counterrevolution , and between fascism and communism . It has been frequently called the dress rehearsal for World War II . The Nationalists won the war , which ended in early 1939 , and ruled Spain until Franco 's death in November 1975 . The war began after a pronunciamiento ( a declaration of military opposition ) against the Republican government by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces , originally under the leadership of José Sanjurjo . The government at the time was a coalition of Republicans , supported in the Cortes by communist and socialist parties , under the leadership of centre-left President Manuel Azaña . The Nationalist group was supported by a number of conservative groups , including CEDA , monarchists , including both the opposing Alfonsists and the religious conservative Carlists , and the FE de las JONS , a fascist political party . After the deaths of Sanjurjo , Emilio Mola and Manuel Goded Llopis , Franco emerged as the remaining leader of the Nationalist side . The coup was supported by military units in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , Pamplona , Burgos , Zaragoza , Valladolid , Cádiz , Córdoba , and Seville . However , rebelling units in some important cities - such as Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Bilbao , and Málaga - did not gain control , and those cities remained under the control of the government . This left Spain militarily and politically divided ."}]}, {'value': 'Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottawa , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa', 'summary': 'Ottawa ( /ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɒtəwɑː/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔtawa ] ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada . In June 2019 , the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning to trade . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '45°26′24.61″N 075°41′47.05″W / 45.4401694°N 75.6964028°W / 45.4401694 ; -75.6964028 ( Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Memorial )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to Canadian volunteers of the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion during the Spanish Civil War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malvern Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to the students of Malvern Collegiate Institute that served in the First World War . Malvern Collegiate Institute is a public secondary school', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malvern_Collegiate_Institute', 'summary': 'Malvern Collegiate Institute ( Malvern CI , MCI or Malvern is a high school located in Toronto , Ontario , Canada part of the Toronto District School Board . Prior to 1998 , it was part of the Toronto Board of Education .'}]}, {'value': 'Memorial Clock Tower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wainwright , Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wainwright,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Wainwright is a town in east-central Alberta , Canada , 206 kilometres ( 128 mi ) southeast of Edmonton . Located west of the Alberta-Saskatchewan border , Wainwright is 61 kilometres ( 38 mi ) south of Vermilion in the Battle River valley . Highway 41 , called the Buffalo Trail , and Highway 14 go through the town . CFB Wainwright is located in Denwood , southwest of Wainwright .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': '52°50′00.66″N 110°51′39.76″W / 52.8335167°N 110.8610444°W / 52.8335167 ; -110.8610444 ( Memorial Clock Tower )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to the local men who fought and died in both World Wars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial Gates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memorial_Gates_(University_of_Saskatchewan)', 'summary': 'Memorial Gates are a military memorial which are part of the University of Saskatchewan , City of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . These Gates were originally the entrance gates to the university campus and flanked University Drive . In the 1980s , due to increased traffic to the southwest portion of the campus , primarily Royal University Hospital , a new road entrance was built to the west . The gates remain , with the remnant of University Drive passing through them renamed Memorial Crescent . The gates are now primarily used by pedestrians , though the roadway is open to vehicles .'}]}, {'value': 'Saskatoon , Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatoon', 'summary': "Saskatoon ( /ˌsæskəˈtuːn/ ) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . It straddles a bend in the South Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province . It is located along the Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway , and has served as the cultural and economic hub of central Saskatchewan since its founding in 1882 as a Temperance colony . With a 2016 census population of 246,376 , Saskatoon is the largest city in the province , and the 17th largest Census Metropolitan Area in Canada , with a 2016 census population of 295,095 . The City of Saskatoon has estimated its population to be 278,500 as of July 2018 , while Statistics Canada has estimated the CMA 's population to be 323,809 as of 2017 . Saskatoon is home to the University of Saskatchewan , the Meewasin Valley Authority which protects the South Saskatchewan River and provides for the city 's popular riverbank park spaces , and Wanuskewin Heritage Park , a National Historic Site of Canada and UNESCO World Heritage applicant representing 6,000 years of First Nations history . The Rural Municipality of Corman Park No . 344 , the most populous rural municipality in Saskatchewan , surrounds the city and contains many of the developments associated with it , including Wanuskewin . Saskatoon is named after the saskatoon berry which is native to the region , and is itself derived from the Cree misâskwatômina . The city has a significant Indigenous population and several urban Reserves . The city has nine river crossings and is nicknamed Paris of the Prairies and Bridge City . Historic neighbourhoods of Saskatoon include Nutana and Riversdale , which were separate towns before amalgamating with the town of Saskatoon and incorporating as a city in 1906 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Saskatchewan ( /səˈskætʃəwən , sæ- , -wɒn/ ( listen ) ) is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada , the only province without a natural border . It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres ( 251,700 sq mi ) , nearly 10 percent of which ( 59,366 square kilometres ( 22,900 sq mi ) ) is fresh water , composed mostly of rivers , reservoirs , and the province 's 100,000 lakes . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta , on the north by the Northwest Territories , on the east by Manitoba , to the northeast by Nunavut , and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota . As of Q3 2019 , Saskatchewan 's population was estimated at 1,178,657 . Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province , while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated . Of the total population , roughly half live in the province 's largest city Saskatoon , or the provincial capital Regina . Other notable cities include Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , Swift Current , North Battleford , Melfort , and the border city Lloydminster ( partially within Alberta ) . Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters . As a result , its climate is extremely continental , rendering severe winters throughout the province . Southern areas have very warm or hot summers . Midale and Yellow Grass ( both near the U.S. border ) are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada , with 45 °C ( 113 °F ) observed at both locations on July 5 , 1937 . In winter , temperatures below −45 °C ( −49 °F ) are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps ."}]}, {'value': '52°07′45.43″N 106°38′34.05″W / 52.1292861°N 106.6427917°W / 52.1292861 ; -106.6427917 ( Memorial Gates )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Military memorial which is a part of the University of Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan', 'summary': "The University of Saskatchewan ( U of S ) is a Canadian public research university , founded on March 19 , 1907 , and located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada . An Act to establish and incorporate a University for the Province of Saskatchewan was passed by the provincial legislature in 1907 . It established the provincial university on March 19 , 1907 for the purpose of providing facilities for higher education in all its branches and enabling all persons without regard to race , creed or religion to take the fullest advantage.Coordinates : 52°7′47″N 106°37′58″W / 52.12972°N 106.63278°W / 52.12972 ; -106.63278 The University of Saskatchewan is the largest education institution in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . The University of Saskatchewan is one of Canadas top research universities ( based on the number of Canada Research Chairs ) and is a member of the U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities ( the 15 most research-intensive universities in Canada ) . The university began as an agricultural college in 1907 and established the first Canadian university-based department of extension in 1910 . There were 120 hectares ( 300 acres ) set aside for university buildings and 400 ha ( 1,000 acres ) for the U of S farm , and agricultural fields . In total 10.32 km2 ( 3.98 sq mi ) was annexed for the university . The main University campus is situated upon 981 ha ( 2,425 acres ) , with another 200 ha ( 500 acres ) allocated for Innovation Place Research Park . The University of Saskatchewan agriculture college still has access to neighbouring urban research lands . The University of Saskatchewan 's Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization ( VIDO ) facility , ( 2003 ) develops DNA-enhanced immunization vaccines for both humans and animals . The University is also home to the Canadian Light Source synchrotron , which is considered one of the largest and most innovative investments in Canadian science . Since its origins as an agricultural college , research has played an important role at the university ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal Cenotaph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cenotaph_(Montreal)', 'summary': 'The Cenotaph is a public monument in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , commemorating the First and Second World Wars and Korean War .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreal , Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '45°29′55.03″N 073°34′07.75″W / 45.4986194°N 73.5688194°W / 45.4986194 ; -73.5688194 ( Cenotaph , Montreal )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to Montrealers who died in the First World War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Clock Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Clock_Tower', 'summary': "Montreal Clock Tower ( Tour de l'Horloge ) is located in Quai de l'Horloge , originally called the Victoria Pier , in the Old Port of Montreal in Montreal , Quebec , Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal , Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '45°30′44.44″N 073°32′44.84″W / 45.5123444°N 73.5457889°W / 45.5123444 ; -73.5457889 ( Montreal Clock Tower )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dedicated to Canadian naval sailors who died during the First World War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monument des Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monument_des_Braves,_Shawinigan', 'summary': 'The Monument des Braves is a cenotaph located in Shawinigan , Quebec . It was completed in 1948 , when François Roy was mayor . The monument is located in downtown Shawinigan at the intersection of Fourth Street and Promenade du Saint-Maurice ( then Riverside Street ) near the Saint-Maurice River . It was designed by Trois-Rivières architect J. Cuvelier and consists of a 35-foot ( 10.7 m ) tall granite obelisk topped with a soldier helmet and a victory wreath . A sword underneath three laurel wreaths appear on both the north and the south sides of the memorial . The names of local soldiers who died in World War I are shown on the south side . Those who died during World War II are remembered on the north side of the structure . Every year on Remembrance Day weekend , members of the 62nd ( Shawinigan ) Field Artillery Regiment gather nearby the Monument des Braves cenotaph and conduct a ceremony to commemorate soldiers who died on a field of honor .'}]}, {'value': 'Shawinigan , Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawinigan', 'summary': 'Shawinigan is a city located on the Saint-Maurice River in the Mauricie area in Quebec , Canada . It had a population of 50,060 as of the Canada 2011 Census . Shawinigan is also a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Shawinigan . Its geographical code is 36 . Shawinigan is the seat of the judicial district of Saint-Maurice . The name Shawinigan has had numerous spellings over time : Chaouinigane , Oshaouinigane , Assaouinigane , Achawénégan , Chawinigame , Shawenigane , Chaouénigane . It may mean south portage , portage of beeches , angular portage , or summit or crest . Before 1958 , the city was known as Shawinigan Falls .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '46°32′22.38″N 072°45′12.85″W / 46.5395500°N 72.7535694°W / 46.5395500 ; -72.7535694 ( Monument des Braves )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commemorates those who died in the First World War , and Second World War', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'War memorials in Canada -- First and Second World Wars', 'section_text': 'The war memorial sculptors at work in Canada in the years following the First World War include : Emanuel Hahn , George W. Hill , Frank Norbury , Walter Allward , Hamilton MacCarthy , Coeur de Lion MacCarthy , Alfred Howell , Sydney March , Elizabeth Wyn Wood , Henri Hebert , J. Massey Rhind , Hubert Garnier , Nicholas Pirotton , Charles Adamson , Frances Loring , and Ivor Lewis .', 'uid': 'Canadian_war_memorials_2', 'intro': "Canadian war memorials are buildings, monuments, and statues that commemorate the armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Canada, the role of the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping operations, and Canadians who died or were injured in a war. Much of this military history of Canada is commemorated today with memorials across the country and around the world. Canadian memorials commemorate the sacrifices made as early as the Seven Years' War to the modern day War on Terror. As Newfoundland was a British Dominion until joining Confederation in 1949, there are several monuments in Newfoundland and Labrador and abroad which were dedicated to Newfoundland servicemen and women. There are currently 6,293 war memorials in Canada registered with the National Inventory of Military Memorials, which is under the Canadian Department of Veterans Affairs. There are also war memorials across the world, some of which are operated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, which are dedicated to Canada as well as the Commonwealth members. There currently are 17 in France, six in Belgium, four in the United Kingdom, two in Afghanistan and in South Korea and one each in Egypt, Hong Kong, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates."} | null | null | Which is the most populous province of Canada ? | Ontario |
058240e2aedb5588 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Ottawa_Renegades_season', 'title': '2002 Ottawa Renegades season', 'header': ['Rd', 'Pick', 'Player', 'Position', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandre Gauthier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandre_Gauthier', 'summary': 'Alex Gauthier ( born December 8 , 1976 ) is a Canadian football offensive lineman who is currently retired . He most recently played for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted first overall by the expansion Ottawa Renegades in the 2002 CFL Draft . He was a CFL East All-Star in 2007 . Gauthier was signed by the Roughriders in 2011 . He played CIS football for the Laval Rouge et Or .'}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offensive_lineman', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage . The linemen of the team currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line , while linemen on the opposing team are the defensive line . A number of NFL rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for the offensive line , whose job is to help protect the quarterback from getting sacked for a loss , or worse , fumbling . The defensive line is covered by the same rules that apply to all defensive players . Linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight , since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions .'}]}, {'value': 'Laval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laval_Rouge_et_Or', 'summary': "Rouge et Or ( French : [ ʁuʒ e ɔʁ ] , Red and Gold ) are Université Laval 's varsity sports teams . Home games are all held in the PEPS indoor and outdoor sports facilities . Université Laval is located in Quebec City ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Vilimek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Vilimek', 'summary': 'Mike Vilimek ( born January 5 , 1979 ) was a professional Canadian football player who is currently retired . Vilimek played the fullback position . During the offseasons , Vilimek held marketing and business development positions at Ballard Power Systems , Protexis Inc. , and Serebra Learning Corp . He has also held leadership positions at ACL ( software ) , Talent Technology , and Oracle Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Simon Fraser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Fraser_Clan', 'summary': 'The Simon Fraser Clan are the athletic teams that represent Simon Fraser University ( SFU ) in Burnaby , British Columbia , Canada . The Clan are members of NCAA Division II and are the only Canadian university affiliated with the U.S.-based National Collegiate Athletic Association .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.J . Owchar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_Lineman', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage . The linemen of the team currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line , while linemen on the opposing team are the defensive line . A number of NFL rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for the offensive line , whose job is to help protect the quarterback from getting sacked for a loss , or worse , fumbling . The defensive line is covered by the same rules that apply to all defensive players . Linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight , since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions .'}]}, {'value': 'Bowling Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pat Fleming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Fleming_(Canadian_football)', 'summary': 'Pat Fleming ( born June 30 , 1978 ) is a former Canadian Football League punter and placekicker who played for five seasons for the Ottawa Renegades , Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Winnipeg Blue Bombers . He played college football for the Bowling Green Falcons .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(American_football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Bowling Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brock Ralph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brock_Ralph', 'summary': 'Brock Ralph ( born 7 July 1980 ) is a former professional Canadian football slotback and wide receiver .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_Receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Wyoming', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Lawrence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Kevin Lawrence ( born 18 October 1987 ) is a South African cricket umpire . He has stood in domestic matches in the 2017-18 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup and the 2016-17 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwestern', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youdlain Marcellus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_Back', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , defensive backs ( DBs ) are the players on the defensive team who take positions somewhat back from the line of scrimmage ; they are distinguished from the defensive line players and linebackers , who take positions directly behind or close to the line of scrimmage . The defensive backs , in turn , generally are classified into several different specialized positions :'}]}, {'value': 'University of Buffalo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyler Paopao', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Occidental College', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Offseason -- CFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2002_Ottawa_Renegades_season_0', 'intro': 'The 2002 Ottawa Renegades season was the first in franchise history. It was the first time since the 1996 CFL season that the city of Ottawa had a team in the CFL. The Renegades finished 4th place in the East division with a 4-14 record and failed to make the playoffs.'} | null | null | Where is this university located that the retired football player who held leadership positions at ACL and Talent Technology attended ? | Burnaby , British Columbia , Canada |
05829c4ae9061880 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia', 'title': 'List of diplomatic missions in Russia', 'header': ['Delegation', 'Mission type', 'District', 'Mission website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Abkhazia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abkhazia', 'summary': "Abkhazia [ a ] ( /æbˈkɑːziə/ ( listen ) , /æbˈkeɪziə/ ; ) is a de facto sovereign state that is internationally recognized as an autonomous republic of Georgia . It lies in the South Caucasus on the eastern coast of the Black Sea , south of the Greater Caucasus mountains in northwestern Georgia . It covers 8,660 square kilometres ( 3,340 sq mi ) and has a population of around 240,000 . Its capital is Sukhumi . The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict and Georgia-Russia relations . The polity is recognised as a state by Russia , Venezuela , Nicaragua , Nauru and Syria . While Georgia lacks control over Abkhazia , the Georgian government and most United Nations member states consider Abkhazia legally part of Georgia , whose constitution designates the area as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia . The region had autonomy within Soviet Georgia at the time when the Soviet Union began to disintegrate in the late 1980s . Simmering ethnic tensions between the Abkhaz - the region 's titular ethnicity - and Georgians - the largest single ethnic group at that time - culminated in the 1992-1993 War in Abkhazia which resulted in Georgia 's loss of control of most of Abkhazia , the de facto independence of Abkhazia , and the ethnic cleansing of Georgians from Abkhazia . Despite the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations , the dispute remains unresolved . The long-term presence of a United Nations Observer Mission and a Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) peacekeeping force failed to prevent the flare-up of violence on several occasions . In August 2008 , Abkhaz and Russian forces fought a war against Georgian forces , which led to the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia , the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement , and the termination of the UN mission ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Abkhazia_in_Moscow', 'summary': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia . As the world 's largest country , a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union , the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow . Moscow hosts 148 embassies , with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Tverskoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tverskoy_District', 'summary': 'Tverskoy District ( Russian : Тверско́й райо́н , IPA : [ tvʲɪrˈskoj ] ( listen ) ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 75,378 ( 2010 Census ) ; 75,955 ( 2002 Census ) . The district extends from Kitai-gorod northwest to Belorussky and Savyolovsky Rail Terminals . Its southern boundary runs one or two city blocks south from Tverskaya Street ; eastern boundary follows the track of the Neglinnaya River now flowing in a tunnel under Samotechnaya Street , Tsvetnoy Boulevard , and Neglinnaya Street . Tverskoy District houses State Duma , Federation Council , the Mayor of Moscow , Moscow City Council , and Moscow Police Headquarters . It contains Theatre Square , the business district of Tverskaya Street with Pushkin Square , Petrovka Street , Dmitrovka Street , and the western part of Kuznetsky Most . It has the highest concentration of theatres , including Bolshoi Theatre and the historical Pillar Hall of the House of the Unions . Historical areas of Patriarshy Ponds , Malaya Bronnaya Street , and most of Tverskoy Boulevard , while closely associated with Tverskaya Street actually belong to Presnensky District . Since 2002 Tverskoy District also includes Kitai-gorod , which was once a separate territory managed directly by Central Administrative Okrug .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afghanistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afghanistan', 'summary': "Afghanistan ( /æfˈɡænɪstæn , æfˈɡɑːnɪstɑːn/ ( listen ) ; Pashto/Dari : افغانستان , Pashto : Afġānistān [ avɣɒnisˈtɒn , ab- ] , [ a ] Dari : Afġānestān [ avɣɒnesˈtɒn ] ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , is a landlocked country in Asia . Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south ; [ b ] Iran to the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan to the north ; and China to the northeast . Occupying 652,000 square kilometers ( 252,000 sq mi ) , it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest . Kabul is the capital and largest city . The population is 32 million , mostly composed of ethnic Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras and Uzbeks . Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era , and the country 's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia . The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns , including those by Alexander the Great , Mauryas , Muslim Arabs , Mongols , British , Soviets , and by the United States with allied countries . The land also served as the source from which the Kushans , Hephthalites , Samanids , Saffarids , Ghaznavids , Ghorids , Khaljis , Mughals , Hotaks , Durranis , and others have risen to form major empires . The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century . In the late 19th century , Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire . Its border with British India , the Durand Line , was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter 's independence in 1947 . Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence , eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan , until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Afghanistan_in_Moscow', 'summary': "The Embassy of Afghanistan in Moscow ( Persian : سفارت کبرای جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان در مسكو/ Pashto : په مسکو کې د افغانستان د اسلامي جمهوریت لوی سفارت ) is the diplomatic mission of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the Russian Federation . It is located at 42 Povarskaya Street ( Russian : Поварская ул. , 42 ) in the Arbat district of Moscow . The mission is housed in historical Ponizovsky House , designed by Lev Kekushev , although its exterior was later radically altered and does not display signs of Kekushev 's Art Nouveau style . In 1902 Jacob Reck 's development company purchased a large Volchkov estate , split it in two lots , and invited Kekushev to design two luxury mansions for resale . The better known Mindovsky House ( present-day Embassy of New Zealand ) was set right on the street corner , with the main entrance facing the spacious inner courtyard . Ponizovsky House was set back from Povarskaya street line , allowing a narrow strip of garden between the wall and sidewalk ; its main entrance faces the corner of Povarskaya Street and Skatertny Lane . Period photographs show that the building had a flattened yet prominent dome above the main entrance and a smaller curvilinear gable above Povarskaya street facade ; overall styling was reserved , with clear vertical lines of windows cut through a tiled wall . In 1914 , when Kekushev was already inactive , Ponizovsky House was rebuilt to a neoclassical design , losing the dome and all original exterior finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'Presnensky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presnensky_District', 'summary': "This section is based on P.V.Sytin 's History of Moscow Streets ( 1948 ) The name of Presnya ( noun ; adjective : Presnensky ) district is inherited from the Presnya River , now flowing largely in an underground pipe and entering the Moskva River immediately west of the White House of Russia . Ponds that were set up on Presnya River and its tributaries in the seventeenth century survive as Patriarshy Pond ( one of three ponds formerly on the Bubna stream in the Goat Marsh area ) and the Moscow Zoo ponds ( on the Presnya River proper ) . Another small north-south brook flows in piping two kilometers west from Presnya river . Today , it fills four ponds separating the old Presnya district from the Expocenter and Moskva-City developments . This river , named in municipal reports as Studenetz ( after a spring on its route ) or Vaganskoi ( after a cemetery ) River flows just under 4 km ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albania', 'summary': 'Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə , ɔːl-/ ( listen ) a ( w ) l-BAY-nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë , pronounced [ ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo [ a ] to the northeast , North Macedonia to the east , Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece , Montenegro and Italy to the west . Geographically , the country displays varied climatic , geological , hydrological and morphological conditions , defined in an area of 28,748 km2 ( 11,100 sq mi ) . It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea . Historically , the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians , Thracians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Venetians and Ottomans . The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century . The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries . Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century , the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe . Between the 18th and 19th centuries , Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance . After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars , the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912 . In the 20th century , the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany . Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation .'}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Albania_in_Moscow', 'summary': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia . As the world 's largest country , a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union , the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow . Moscow hosts 148 embassies , with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Yakimanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakimanka_District', 'summary': 'Yakimanka District ( Russian : райо́н Якима́нка ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 26,578 ( 2010 Census ) ; 22,822 ( 2002 Census ) . It is named after the former church of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne . Yakimanka contains the western half of the historical Zamoskvorechye area ( its eastern half is administered as Zamoskvorechye District proper ) , including the Tretyakov Gallery and the territories of Gorky Park and Neskuchny Sad . The boundary between Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye districts follows Balchug Street and Bolshaya Ordynka Street ( north of Garden Ring ) , Korovy Val and Mytnaya streets ( south of Garden Ring ) .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Algeria_in_Moscow', 'summary': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia . As the world 's largest country , a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union , the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow . Moscow hosts 148 embassies , with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Tverskoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tverskoy_District', 'summary': 'Tverskoy District ( Russian : Тверско́й райо́н , IPA : [ tvʲɪrˈskoj ] ( listen ) ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 75,378 ( 2010 Census ) ; 75,955 ( 2002 Census ) . The district extends from Kitai-gorod northwest to Belorussky and Savyolovsky Rail Terminals . Its southern boundary runs one or two city blocks south from Tverskaya Street ; eastern boundary follows the track of the Neglinnaya River now flowing in a tunnel under Samotechnaya Street , Tsvetnoy Boulevard , and Neglinnaya Street . Tverskoy District houses State Duma , Federation Council , the Mayor of Moscow , Moscow City Council , and Moscow Police Headquarters . It contains Theatre Square , the business district of Tverskaya Street with Pushkin Square , Petrovka Street , Dmitrovka Street , and the western part of Kuznetsky Most . It has the highest concentration of theatres , including Bolshoi Theatre and the historical Pillar Hall of the House of the Unions . Historical areas of Patriarshy Ponds , Malaya Bronnaya Street , and most of Tverskoy Boulevard , while closely associated with Tverskaya Street actually belong to Presnensky District . Since 2002 Tverskoy District also includes Kitai-gorod , which was once a separate territory managed directly by Central Administrative Okrug .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angola', 'summary': "Angola ( /ænˈɡoʊlə/ ( listen ) ; Portuguese : [ ɐ̃ˈɡɔlɐ ] ) , officially the Republic of Angola ( Portuguese : República de Angola ) , is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa . It is the seventh-largest country in Africa , bordered by Namibia to the south , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Zambia to the east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . Angola has an exclave province , the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda . The territory of Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era , hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups , tribes and kingdoms . The nation state of Angola originated from Portuguese colonisation , which initially began with coastal settlements and trading posts founded in the 16th century . In the 19th century , European settlers gradually began to establish themselves in the interior . The Portuguese colony that became Angola did not have its present borders until the early 20th century because of resistance by groups such as the Cuamato , the Kwanyama and the Mbunda . After a protracted anti-colonial struggle , independence was achieved in 1975 as the Marxist-Leninist People 's Republic of Angola , a one-party state supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba . The civil war between the ruling People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) and the insurgent anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) , supported by the United States and apartheid South Africa , lasted until 2002 . The sovereign state has since become a relatively stable unitary , presidential constitutional republic . Angola has vast mineral and petroleum reserves , and its economy is among the fastest-growing in the world , especially since the end of the civil war ; however , the standard of living remains low for most of the population , and life expectancy in Angola is among the lowest in the world , while infant mortality is among the highest ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Angola_in_Moscow', 'summary': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia . As the world 's largest country , a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union , the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow . Moscow hosts 148 embassies , with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Ramenki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramenki_District', 'summary': 'Ramenki District ( Russian : район Раменки ) is a district in Western Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . The area of the district is 18.76 square kilometres ( 7.24 sq mi ) . Population : 126,000 ( 2017 est . ) 125,128 ( 2010 Census ) ; 101,485 ( 2002 Census ) .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Argentina_in_Moscow', 'summary': "The Embassy of Argentina in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of the Argentine Republic to the Russian Federation . It is located at 72 Bolshaya Ordynka Street ( Russian : ул . Большая Ордынка , 72 ) in the Yakimanka District of Moscow . The Empire style building was completed in 1823-1824 as tradeswoman Nadezhda Lobanova 's home . Lobanova lived here until 1835 ; subsequent owners also belonged to the merchant estate . Pugovkin family , who owned the house since 1859 , altered the facade in line with eclecticism of the period . Prior to Embassy of Argentina , the building housed Embassy of Rwanda . Embassy of Argentina moved here in 2007 [ chronology citation needed ] from the historical List house in Glazovsky Lane ."}]}, {'value': 'Yakimanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakimanka_District', 'summary': 'Yakimanka District ( Russian : райо́н Якима́нка ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 26,578 ( 2010 Census ) ; 22,822 ( 2002 Census ) . It is named after the former church of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne . Yakimanka contains the western half of the historical Zamoskvorechye area ( its eastern half is administered as Zamoskvorechye District proper ) , including the Tretyakov Gallery and the territories of Gorky Park and Neskuchny Sad . The boundary between Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye districts follows Balchug Street and Bolshaya Ordynka Street ( north of Garden Ring ) , Korovy Val and Mytnaya streets ( south of Garden Ring ) .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Armenia_in_Moscow', 'summary': 'The Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages , ( Armenian : Արևելյան լեզուների Լազարյան ինստիտուտ ) established in 1815 , was a Moscow school specializing in orientalism , particularly that of Armenia , and the cultural center of the Armenian diaspora in Russia . Many Russian scholars specializing in Transcaucasia received their education at the institute . The former Institute in Armyansky Lane is a listed memorial building and currently houses the Embassy of Armenia in Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Basmanny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basmanny_District', 'summary': "Basmanny District ( Russian : райо́н Басма́нный ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 108,204 ( 2010 Census ) ; 100,899 ( 2002 Census ) . The district extends northeast from Kitai-gorod , within the radial boundaries of Vorontsovo Pole Street and Yauza River in the south and Myasnitskaya Street and Novaya Basmannaya Street in the north . It also includes the territory of Lefortovo Hospital on the opposite , southern bank of Yauza ( between the river and Gospitalny Val Street ) . Historical Lefortovskaya Square also lies within Basmanny District , on the northern side of Yauza . The district contains Kursky Rail Terminal , historical areas of Khitrovka , Clean Ponds , Red Gates ( shared with Krasnoselsky District ) , German Quarter and Basmannaya Sloboda . It retains memorial buildings of Petrine Baroque , Neoclassicism and Art Nouveau periods . Its history is closely associated with Peter I of Russia , Matvey Kazakov and Alexander Pushkin . The district is home to Russia 's largest engineering college , Moscow State Technical University ."}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Australia_in_Moscow', 'summary': 'The Embassy of Australia in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of Australia to the Russian Federation . The chancery is located at 10A/2 Podkolokolny Lane ( Russian : Подколокольный переулок , д . 10А/2 ) in the Tagansky District of Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Tagansky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tagansky_District', 'summary': 'Tagansky District ( Russian : Тага́нский райо́н ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia , located between the Moskva and Yauza Rivers near the mouth of the latter . Population : 116,744 ( 2010 Census ) ; 109,993 ( 2002 Census ) . The district takes its name from the former Taganskaya sloboda , where the copper-smiths lived in the 16th century . Tagan is the old Russian word for their product , a trivet to set a pot on ( known in English as brand-iron ) .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Austria_in_Moscow', 'summary': 'The Embassy of Austria in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Austria to the Russian Federation . It is located at 1 Starokonyushenny Lane ( Russian : Староконюшенный переулок , 1 ) in the Khamovniki District of Moscow . The Consulate , located in the same building until 2007 , now operates from a new nearby building at 7 Bolshoy Levshinsky Lane .'}]}, {'value': 'Khamovniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khamovniki_District', 'summary': "Khamovniki District ( Russian : Хамо́вники ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 102,730 ( 2010 Census ) ; 97,110 ( 2002 Census ) . The district extends from Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge into the Luzhniki bend of Moskva River ; northern boundary with Arbat District follows Znamenka Street , Gogolevsky Boulevard , Sivtsev Vrazhek and Borodinsky Bridge . The district contains Pushkin Museum , Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , Devichye Pole medical campus , Novodevichy Convent and memorial cemetery , Luzhniki Stadium . The stretch of Khamovniki between Boulevard Ring and Garden Ring , known as Golden Mile , is downtown Moscow 's most expensive housing area ."}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Azerbaijan_in_Moscow', 'summary': 'The Embassy of Azerbaijan in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Russian Federation . It is located at 16 Leontyevsky Lane ( Russian : Леонтьевский переулок , 16 ) in the Presnensky District of Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Presnensky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presnensky_District', 'summary': "This section is based on P.V.Sytin 's History of Moscow Streets ( 1948 ) The name of Presnya ( noun ; adjective : Presnensky ) district is inherited from the Presnya River , now flowing largely in an underground pipe and entering the Moskva River immediately west of the White House of Russia . Ponds that were set up on Presnya River and its tributaries in the seventeenth century survive as Patriarshy Pond ( one of three ponds formerly on the Bubna stream in the Goat Marsh area ) and the Moscow Zoo ponds ( on the Presnya River proper ) . Another small north-south brook flows in piping two kilometers west from Presnya river . Today , it fills four ponds separating the old Presnya district from the Expocenter and Moskva-City developments . This river , named in municipal reports as Studenetz ( after a spring on its route ) or Vaganskoi ( after a cemetery ) River flows just under 4 km ."}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahrain', 'summary': "Bahrain ( /bɑːˈreɪn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : البحرين al-Baḥrayn Arabic pronunciation : [ al baħrajn ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain ( Arabic : مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn ) , is a sovereign state in the Persian Gulf . The island nation comprises a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island , situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia , to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre ( 16 mi ) King Fahd Causeway . According to the most recent 2010 census , Bahrain 's population is over 1.2 million , of which around half are non-nationals . At 780 square kilometres ( 300 sq mi ) in size , it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore . The capital and largest city is Manama . Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization . It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries , which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century . Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam , in 628 AD . Following a period of Arab rule , Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521 , who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire . In 1783 , the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family , with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain 's first hakim . In the late 1800s , following successive treaties with the British , Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom . In 1971 , it declared independence ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Bahrain_in_Moscow', 'summary': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia . As the world 's largest country , a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union , the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow . Moscow hosts 148 embassies , with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Yakimanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakimanka_District', 'summary': 'Yakimanka District ( Russian : райо́н Якима́нка ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 26,578 ( 2010 Census ) ; 22,822 ( 2002 Census ) . It is named after the former church of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne . Yakimanka contains the western half of the historical Zamoskvorechye area ( its eastern half is administered as Zamoskvorechye District proper ) , including the Tretyakov Gallery and the territories of Gorky Park and Neskuchny Sad . The boundary between Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye districts follows Balchug Street and Bolshaya Ordynka Street ( north of Garden Ring ) , Korovy Val and Mytnaya streets ( south of Garden Ring ) .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangladesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh', 'summary': "Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ) pronounced /ˌbɑːŋlɑːˈdɛʃ/ ( bung-lah-desh ) or [ ˈbaŋladeʃ ] ( listen ) ; literally meaning The country of Bengal ; and officially called the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's 8th-most populous country with nearly 163 million people , and is the 92nd-largest country in land area , spanning 147,570 square kilometres ( 56,980 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely-populated countries in the world . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west , north , and east , Myanmar to the southeast , and the Bay of Bengal to the south . It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by India 's Siliguri Corridor in the north and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the northeast . Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation 's economic , political and cultural hub . Chittagong , the largest sea port , is the second largest city . The dominant geographic feature is the Ganges delta , which empties into the Bay of Bengal the combined waters of several river systems , including the Brahmaputra and the Ganges , with numerous criss-crossing rivers and inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests cover the northeastern and southeastern regions . The seacoast features the longest natural sea beach and most of the world 's largest mangrove forest . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plants and wildlife , including the endangered Bengal tiger , the national animal . Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . According to the ancient Indian epics , Ramayana and Mahabharata , the Vanga Kingdom , one of the namesakes of the Bengal region , was a strong naval ally of the legendary Ayodhya ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Bangladesh_in_Moscow', 'summary': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia . As the world 's largest country , a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union , the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow . Moscow hosts 148 embassies , with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Khamovniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khamovniki_District', 'summary': "Khamovniki District ( Russian : Хамо́вники ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 102,730 ( 2010 Census ) ; 97,110 ( 2002 Census ) . The district extends from Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge into the Luzhniki bend of Moskva River ; northern boundary with Arbat District follows Znamenka Street , Gogolevsky Boulevard , Sivtsev Vrazhek and Borodinsky Bridge . The district contains Pushkin Museum , Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , Devichye Pole medical campus , Novodevichy Convent and memorial cemetery , Luzhniki Stadium . The stretch of Khamovniki between Boulevard Ring and Garden Ring , known as Golden Mile , is downtown Moscow 's most expensive housing area ."}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Belarus_in_Moscow', 'summary': 'The Embassy of Belarus in Moscow is the chief diplomatic mission of Belarus in the Russian Federation . It is located at 17 Maroseika Street ( Russian : ул . Маросейка 17 ) in the Basmanny District of Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Basmanny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basmanny_District', 'summary': "Basmanny District ( Russian : райо́н Басма́нный ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 108,204 ( 2010 Census ) ; 100,899 ( 2002 Census ) . The district extends northeast from Kitai-gorod , within the radial boundaries of Vorontsovo Pole Street and Yauza River in the south and Myasnitskaya Street and Novaya Basmannaya Street in the north . It also includes the territory of Lefortovo Hospital on the opposite , southern bank of Yauza ( between the river and Gospitalny Val Street ) . Historical Lefortovskaya Square also lies within Basmanny District , on the northern side of Yauza . The district contains Kursky Rail Terminal , historical areas of Khitrovka , Clean Ponds , Red Gates ( shared with Krasnoselsky District ) , German Quarter and Basmannaya Sloboda . It retains memorial buildings of Petrine Baroque , Neoclassicism and Art Nouveau periods . Its history is closely associated with Peter I of Russia , Matvey Kazakov and Alexander Pushkin . The district is home to Russia 's largest engineering college , Moscow State Technical University ."}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Belgium_in_Moscow', 'summary': 'The Embassy of Belgium in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of Belgium in Russia . It is located at 7 Malaya Molchanovka Street ( Russian : ул . М. Молчановка , 7 ) in the Arbat District of Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Arbat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbat_District', 'summary': 'Arbat District ( Russian : райо́н Арба́т ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 28,179 ( 2010 Census ) ; 25,699 ( 2002 Census ) . The district extends from central Mokhovaya Street west to Novoarbatsky Bridge over the Moskva River . Its irregular boundaries correspond roughly to Znamenka Street and Sivtsev Vrazhek Lane in the south and Povarskaya Street in the north . Main radial streets are Vozdvizhenka Street , New Arbat Street and pedestrian Arbat Street .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benin', 'summary': "Benin ( /bɛˈniːn/ ( listen ) ben-EEN , /bɪˈniːn/ bin-EEN ; French : Bénin [ benɛ̃ ] ) , officially the Republic of Benin ( French : République du Bénin ) and formerly Dahomey , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Togo to the west , Nigeria to the east , Burkina Faso to the north-west , and Niger to the north-east . The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin , part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean . The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo , but the seat of government is in Cotonou , the country 's largest city and economic capital . Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres ( 44,310 sq mi ) and its population in 2018 was estimated to be approximately 11.49 million . Benin is a tropical nation , highly dependent on agriculture , and is a large exporter of cotton and palm oil . Substantial employment and income arise from subsistence farming . The official language of Benin is French , with several indigenous languages such as Fon , Bariba , Yoruba and Dendi also being commonly spoken . The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism , followed closely by Islam , Vodun ( commonly referred to as Voodoo outside the country ) and Protestantism . Benin is a member of the United Nations , the African Union , the Economic Community of West African States , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone , La Francophonie , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority . Little is known of Benin 's early history . From the 17th to the 19th century , the main political entities in the area were the Kingdom of Dahomey , along with the city-state of Porto-Novo , and a large area with many different nations to the north ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Benin_in_Moscow', 'summary': 'The Embassy of Benin in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of Benin in the Russian Federation . It is located at 7 Uspensky Lane ( Russian : Успенский переулок , 7 ) in the Tverskoy District of Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Tverskoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tverskoy_District', 'summary': 'Tverskoy District ( Russian : Тверско́й райо́н , IPA : [ tvʲɪrˈskoj ] ( listen ) ) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . Population : 75,378 ( 2010 Census ) ; 75,955 ( 2002 Census ) . The district extends from Kitai-gorod northwest to Belorussky and Savyolovsky Rail Terminals . Its southern boundary runs one or two city blocks south from Tverskaya Street ; eastern boundary follows the track of the Neglinnaya River now flowing in a tunnel under Samotechnaya Street , Tsvetnoy Boulevard , and Neglinnaya Street . Tverskoy District houses State Duma , Federation Council , the Mayor of Moscow , Moscow City Council , and Moscow Police Headquarters . It contains Theatre Square , the business district of Tverskaya Street with Pushkin Square , Petrovka Street , Dmitrovka Street , and the western part of Kuznetsky Most . It has the highest concentration of theatres , including Bolshoi Theatre and the historical Pillar Hall of the House of the Unions . Historical areas of Patriarshy Ponds , Malaya Bronnaya Street , and most of Tverskoy Boulevard , while closely associated with Tverskaya Street actually belong to Presnensky District . Since 2002 Tverskoy District also includes Kitai-gorod , which was once a separate territory managed directly by Central Administrative Okrug .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolivia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolivia', 'summary': "Bolivia ( /bəˈlɪviə/ ( listen ) Spanish pronunciation : [ bo.ˈli.βja ] ) , officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia ( Spanish : Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðo pluɾinasjoˈnal de βoˈliβja ] ( listen ) ) , is a landlocked country located in western-central South America . The capital is Sucre , while the seat of government and financial center is located in La Paz . The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra , located on the Llanos Orientales ( tropical lowlands ) , a mostly flat region in the east of the country . The sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state , divided into nine departments . Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West , to the Eastern Lowlands , situated within the Amazon Basin . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by Argentina , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range . With 1,098,581 km2 ( 424,164 sq mi ) of area , Bolivia is the fifth largest country in South America , after Brazil , Argentina , Peru and Colombia ( and alongside Paraguay , one of the only two landlocked countries in the Americas ) , the 27th largest in the world , the largest landlocked country in the Southern Hemisphere and the world 's seventh largest landlocked country , after Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Chad , Niger , Mali and Ethiopia . The country 's population , estimated at 11 million , is multiethnic , including Amerindians , Mestizos , Europeans , Asians and Africans . Spanish is the official and predominant language , although 36 indigenous languages also have official status , of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani , Aymara and Quechua languages . Before Spanish colonization , the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire , while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent tribes . Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Bolivia_in_Moscow', 'summary': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia . As the world 's largest country , a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union , the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow . Moscow hosts 148 embassies , with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Danilovsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danilovsky_District,_Moscow', 'summary': 'Danilovsky District , Moscow ( Russian : Дани́ловский райо́н ) is an administrative district ( raion ) of Southern Administrative Okrug , and one of the 125 raions of Moscow , Russia . The area of the district is 12.60 square kilometers ( 4.86 sq mi ) [ citation needed ] .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bosnia and Herzegovina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina', 'summary': 'Bosnia and Herzegovina , [ a ] abbreviated BiH or B & H , [ b ] sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia , is a country of South and Southeast Europe , located within the Balkans . Sarajevo is the capital and largest city . Bosnia and Herzegovina is an almost landlocked country - to the south it has a narrow coast on the Adriatic Sea , about 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) long and surrounding the town of Neum . It is bordered by Serbia to the east , Montenegro to the southeast , and Croatia surrounding north and southwest . In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous , in the northwest moderately hilly , and the northeast predominantly flatland . The inland , Bosnia , is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate , with hot summers and cold and snowy winters . The southern tip , Herzegovina , has a Mediterranean climate and mostly mountainous topography . Bosnia and Herzegovina traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age , during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations . Culturally , politically , and socially , the country has a rich history , having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries . In the 12th century the Banate of Bosnia was established , which evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century , after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire , under whose rule it remained from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries . The Ottomans brought Islam to the region , and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country . This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , which lasted up until World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramenki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramenki_District', 'summary': 'Ramenki District ( Russian : район Раменки ) is a district in Western Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . The area of the district is 18.76 square kilometres ( 7.24 sq mi ) . Population : 126,000 ( 2017 est . ) 125,128 ( 2010 Census ) ; 101,485 ( 2002 Census ) .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embassy_of_Brazil_in_Moscow', 'summary': 'The Embassy of Brazil in Moscow is the diplomatic mission of Brazil in the Russian Federation . It is located at 54 Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street ( Russian : ул . Большая Никитская , 54 ) in the Presnensky District of Moscow . The embassy is housed in Lopatina House , designed by Alexander Kaminsky .'}]}, {'value': 'Presnensky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presnensky_District', 'summary': "This section is based on P.V.Sytin 's History of Moscow Streets ( 1948 ) The name of Presnya ( noun ; adjective : Presnensky ) district is inherited from the Presnya River , now flowing largely in an underground pipe and entering the Moskva River immediately west of the White House of Russia . Ponds that were set up on Presnya River and its tributaries in the seventeenth century survive as Patriarshy Pond ( one of three ponds formerly on the Bubna stream in the Goat Marsh area ) and the Moscow Zoo ponds ( on the Presnya River proper ) . Another small north-south brook flows in piping two kilometers west from Presnya river . Today , it fills four ponds separating the old Presnya district from the Expocenter and Moskva-City developments . This river , named in municipal reports as Studenetz ( after a spring on its route ) or Vaganskoi ( after a cemetery ) River flows just under 4 km ."}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brunei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunei', 'summary': "Brunei ( /bruːˈnaɪ/ ( listen ) broo-NY ) , officially the Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace ( Malay : Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : نڬارا بروني دارالسلام ) , is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , the country is completely surrounded by the insular Malaysian state of Sarawak . It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo ; the remainder of the island 's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei 's population was 428,963 in 2018 . At the peak of the Bruneian Empire , Sultan Bolkiah ( reigned 1485-1528 ) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu Archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo , Seludong ( modern-day Manila ) , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The maritime state was visited by Spain 's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castilian War . During the 19th century , the Bruneian Empire began to decline . The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888 , Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906 . After the Japanese occupation during World War II , in 1959 a new constitution was written . In 1962 , a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorogomilovo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorogomilovo_District', 'summary': 'Dorogomilovo District ( Russian : райо́н Дорогоми́лово ) is a district of Western Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . The area of the district is 7.93 square kilometres ( 3.06 sq mi ) . Population : 67,720 ( 2010 Census ) ; 59,732 ( 2002 Census ) . Postal codes : 113000 to 119000 . [ citation needed ] The district , adjacent to Presnensky , Arbat , and Khamovniki Districts of Central Administrative Okrug , contains a prestigious [ peacock term ] 5-kilometer ( 3.1 mi ) [ citation needed ] strip of land along Kutuzovsky Prospekt , Victory Park , and Kiyevsky Rail Terminal .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramenki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramenki_District', 'summary': 'Ramenki District ( Russian : район Раменки ) is a district in Western Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . The area of the district is 18.76 square kilometres ( 7.24 sq mi ) . Population : 126,000 ( 2017 est . ) 125,128 ( 2010 Census ) ; 101,485 ( 2002 Census ) .'}]}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Diplomatic missions in Russia -- Embassies in Moscow', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia_0', 'intro': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia. As the world's largest country, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow. Moscow hosts 148 embassies, with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country."} | null | null | In which district does the country with an area of 30,689 km2 have its embassy ? | Arbat |
0582feb8c6b4d78d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_Nordic_combined', 'title': 'List of Olympic medalists in Nordic combined', 'header': ['Games', 'Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze'], 'data': [{'value': '1988 Calgary details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of two events , held from 23 February to 28 February . The ski jumping portion took place at Canada Olympic Park , while the cross-country portion took place at Canmore Nordic Centre . The Calgary Games saw two substantial changes in the Nordic combined program . A team event was added , marking the first time that more than one medal would be awarded in Nordic combined . The combined events also changed their format , replacing the points-based system used in previous years with the Gundersen method , in which ski jumping points totals were translated to time gaps for a pursuit cross-country race . This change ensured that the first competitor across the finish line in the cross-country race was the overall Olympic champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics_–_Team', 'summary': "The men 's team Nordic combined competition for the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary was held at Canada Olympic Park and Canmore Nordic Centre on 23 and 24 February ."}]}, {'value': 'West Germany ( FRG ) Thomas Müller Hans-Peter Pohl Hubert Schwarz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) competed at the Winter Olympic Games for the last time as a separate nation at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Following German reunification in 1990 , a single German team would compete in the 1992 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Müller_(skier)', 'summary': 'Thomas Müller ( born 5 March 1961 , in Aschaffenburg ) is a former West German nordic combined skier who competed during the 1980s and early 1990s . He won the Nordic combined 3 x 10 km team event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and also won gold medals in the 3 x 10 km team events at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in both 1985 and 1987 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hans-Peter_Pohl', 'summary': 'Hans-Peter Pohl ( born 30 January 1965 in Triberg im Schwarzwald ) is a former German nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and also won two medals in the 3 x 10 km team events at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 1987 ( with West Germany ) and a bronze in 1993 ( with a unified Germany ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hubert_Schwarz', 'summary': 'Hubert Schwarz ( born 13 September 1960 , in Oberaudorf ) is a former German nordic combined skier who competed during the 1980s . He won the Nordic combined 3 x 10 km team event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary after having won the gold medal in that same event at the 1985 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Seefeld .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland ( SUI ) Fredy Glanzmann Hippolyt Kempf Andreas Schaad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Switzerland competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fredy_Glanzmann', 'summary': 'Fredy Glanzmann ( born July 16 , 1963 ) is a former Swiss nordic combined skier who competed during the 1980s . He won a silver medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and also won a silver medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hippolyt_Kempf', 'summary': 'Hippolyt Kempf ( born 10 December 1965 in Lucerne ) is a Swiss Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a complete set of Olympic medals , earning two of them at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( gold : 15 km individual , silver : 3 x 10 km team ) and the third at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer ( bronze : 3 x 10 km team ) . Kempf also earned a 3 x 10 km team silver medal at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Schaad', 'summary': 'Andreas Schaad ( born April 18 , 1965 ) is a former Swiss Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a two medals in the 3 x 10 km team event at the Winter Olympics with a silver in 1988 and a bronze in 1994 . He also won a silver medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria ( AUT ) Hansjörg Aschenwald Günther Csar Klaus Sulzenbacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hansjörg_Aschenwald', 'summary': 'Hansjörg Ashenwald ( born 28 June 1965 ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a bronze medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Günther_Csar', 'summary': 'Günther Csar ( born 7 March 1966 in Zell am Ziller ) is a former Austrian nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a bronze medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and also won a gold medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Val di Fiemme .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Sulzenbacher', 'summary': "Klaus Sulzenbacher ( born 3 February 1965 in Kitzbühel , Austria ) is a former Nordic combined skier . Between 1983 and 1991 he won 14 World Cup competitions , and also won the World Cup twice . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , he won silver in the 15 km individual competition , and bronze in the 3 x 10 km team competition . At the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he finished second in the 15 km individual competition , and won in the 3 x 10 km team event . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , he won bronze medals in both the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team competitions . Sulzenbacher grew up in Kitzbuehel , Tyrol , which is often considered Austria 's mecca of Alpine skiing . That he went to train in Nordic skiing in his youth , and not in Alpine styles , is remarkable given that at the time virtually the entire well-funded Austrian Ski Federation system was geared towards Alpine ski racing . Sulzenbacher must be credited for breaking new ground . As Austria 's first successful Nordic skier , Sulzenbacher is regarded as cornerstone for the successes of both Mario Stecher and Felix Gottwald . With four Olympic medals , he is among Austria 's most successful Olympic competitors . Following his retirement from competition , he now works as a physiotherapist in Stams ."}]}, {'value': '1992 Albertville details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Nordic combined event at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of two athletic disciplines ( ski jumping and cross-country skiing ) , held from 11 February to 17 February . The ski jumping portion and the 15 km cross-country portion of the Nordic Combined event were both held at Courchevel-le Praz . A temporary cross-country stadium was constructed in a field directly adjacent ( east ) to the Tremplin du Praz ski jump outrun . All other cross-country and Biathlon competitions were held at Les Saisies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Team', 'summary': "The men 's team Nordic combined competition for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville was held at Courchevel and Les Saisies on 16 and 17 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan ( JPN ) Reiichi Mikata Takanori Kōno Kenji Ogiwara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Japan competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Reiichi_Mikata', 'summary': 'Reiichi Mikata ( 三ヶ田 礼一 , Mikata Reiichi ) ( born January 14 , 1967 ) is a Japanese nordic combined skier who competed during the early 1990s . He won the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . Mikata also won a bronze medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Val di Fiemme .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Takanori_Kono', 'summary': 'Takanori Kono ( 河野 孝典 , Kōno Takanori ) ( born March 7 , 1969 ) is a former Japanese nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , the Winter Olympics , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . Kono won three medals at the Winter Olympics , including two golds ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) and a silver ( 15 km individual : 1994 ) . He also won two gold medals in the team event at the world championships ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) . Kono also won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1993 , becoming the first Asian to win at the prestigious event . Kono was Deputy Vice Mayor of the Athletes Village at the 1998 Winter Olympics . He is now coach for the Japanese Nordic combined team , a role he has had since 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenji_Ogiwara', 'summary': "Kenji Ogiwara ( 荻原 健司 , Ogiwara Kenji ) ( born 20 December 1969 ) is a Japanese former Nordic combined skier who won several medals at the Winter Olympics , the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . He won gold medals in the Nordic combined team events at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics . Ogiwara won two gold medals each in the 15 km individual ( 1993 , 1997 ) and the team ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) events and one bronze in the 7.5 km sprint ( 1999 ) at the Nordic skiing world championships . In 1995 , Ogiwara won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival . Ogiwara received the Holmenkollen medal in 1995 , becoming the first non-European and first Asian to ever receive the honor . At the 1998 Winter Olympics , he took the Athlete 's Oath . Ogiwara 's twin brother Tsugiharu competed with him at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario , sharing a gold with him in the 4 x 5 km team event . Ogiwara has also stood as candidate for Liberal Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Norway ( NOR ) Knut Tore Apeland Fred Børre Lundberg Trond Einar Elden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Knut_Tore_Apeland', 'summary': 'Knut Tore Apeland ( born 11 December 1968 in Vinje ) is a former Norwegian Nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Winter Olympics in the team events . Apeland won two medals at the Winter Olympics , both silvers in the 3 x 10 km team event ( 1992 , 1994 ) and four medals at the Nordic skiing world championships ( one individual and three in the team event ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Børre_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( born 25 December 1969 in Hammerfest and raised in Bardufoss ) is a former Nordic combined skier from Bardu , Norway . He dominated the sport in the 1990s , winning both at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and at the Winter Olympics . Lundberg won six medals at the Nordic skiing world championships , including three golds ( 15 km individual : 1991 , 1995 ; 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) and three silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1993 , 4 x 5 km team : 1995 , and 1999 ) . At the Winter Olympics , he won four medals , including two golds ( 15 km individual : 1994 , 4 x 5 km team 1998 ) and two silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) . He won the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Larissa Lazutina , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . Lundberg lives with Marit Bjørgen , an Olympic champion in cross-country skiing , in Holmenkollen , Oslo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trond_Einar_Elden', 'summary': 'Trond Einar Elden ( born 21 February 1970 ) is a former Norwegian Nordic combined skier who represented Namdalseid I.L . in Trondheim . He competed at three Winter Olympics . At the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti , he became the youngest world champion ever , fifteen days after his nineteenth birthday . At Falun in 1993 , he won a bronze medal in the 15 km individual event . Additionally , Elden won two medals in the 3 × 10 km team event at the Nordic skiing world championships with a gold in 1989 and a silver in 1993 . Elden also won the Nordic combined event twice at the Holmenkollen ski festival ( 1989 , 1991 ) . In 1991 , Elden received the Holmenkollen medal ( which he shared with Vegard Ulvang , Ernst Vettori , and Jens Weißflog ) . He would also win silver in the 3 × 10 km team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . Elden was relatively strong in cross-country skiing as well , spending his final years of competition as a ski sprinter . He later coached the American national skiing team . Elden received the Egebergs Ærespris in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria ( AUT ) Klaus Ofner Stefan Kreiner Klaus Sulzenbacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Ofner', 'summary': 'Klaus Ofner ( born 15 June 1968 ) in Murau , Steiermark ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a bronze medal in the Nordic combined 3 x 10 km team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . Ofner also won two medals at the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Val di Fiemme with gold in the 3 x 10 km team event and bronze in the 15 km individual event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Kreiner', 'summary': 'Stefan Kreiner ( born October 30 , 1973 ) is a former Austrian nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s . He won a bronze in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Sulzenbacher', 'summary': "Klaus Sulzenbacher ( born 3 February 1965 in Kitzbühel , Austria ) is a former Nordic combined skier . Between 1983 and 1991 he won 14 World Cup competitions , and also won the World Cup twice . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , he won silver in the 15 km individual competition , and bronze in the 3 x 10 km team competition . At the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he finished second in the 15 km individual competition , and won in the 3 x 10 km team event . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , he won bronze medals in both the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team competitions . Sulzenbacher grew up in Kitzbuehel , Tyrol , which is often considered Austria 's mecca of Alpine skiing . That he went to train in Nordic skiing in his youth , and not in Alpine styles , is remarkable given that at the time virtually the entire well-funded Austrian Ski Federation system was geared towards Alpine ski racing . Sulzenbacher must be credited for breaking new ground . As Austria 's first successful Nordic skier , Sulzenbacher is regarded as cornerstone for the successes of both Mario Stecher and Felix Gottwald . With four Olympic medals , he is among Austria 's most successful Olympic competitors . Following his retirement from competition , he now works as a physiotherapist in Stams ."}]}, {'value': '1994 Lillehammer details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 1994 Winter Olympics , consisted of two events , held from 18 February to 24 February . The ski jumping portion took place at Lysgårdsbakken , while the cross-country portion took place at Birkebeineren Ski Stadium .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_–_Team', 'summary': "The men 's team Nordic combined competition for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer was held at Lysgårdsbakken and Birkebeineren Ski Stadium on 23 and 24 February . Japan 's margin of victory , preceded by their four-minute margin of victory at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Falun the previous year , would lead the FIS to change the Nordic combined team event from a 3 x 10 km relay to a 4 x 5 km relay later in 1994 that would become effective at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995 in Thunder Bay and at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan ( JPN ) Takanori Kōno Masashi Abe Kenji Ogiwara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Japan competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway . As Nagano would be the host city for the following Winter Olympics , a traditional Japanese segment was performed at the closing ceremony .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Takanori_Kono', 'summary': 'Takanori Kono ( 河野 孝典 , Kōno Takanori ) ( born March 7 , 1969 ) is a former Japanese nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , the Winter Olympics , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . Kono won three medals at the Winter Olympics , including two golds ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) and a silver ( 15 km individual : 1994 ) . He also won two gold medals in the team event at the world championships ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) . Kono also won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1993 , becoming the first Asian to win at the prestigious event . Kono was Deputy Vice Mayor of the Athletes Village at the 1998 Winter Olympics . He is now coach for the Japanese Nordic combined team , a role he has had since 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Masashi_Abe', 'summary': 'Masashi Abe ( 阿部 雅司 , Abe Masashi ) ( born August 13 , 1965 ) is a Japanese Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . Abe also won three medals in the team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with golds in 1993 ( 3 x 10 km ) and 1995 ( 4 x 5 km ) , and a bronze in 1991 ( 3 x 10 km ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenji_Ogiwara', 'summary': "Kenji Ogiwara ( 荻原 健司 , Ogiwara Kenji ) ( born 20 December 1969 ) is a Japanese former Nordic combined skier who won several medals at the Winter Olympics , the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . He won gold medals in the Nordic combined team events at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics . Ogiwara won two gold medals each in the 15 km individual ( 1993 , 1997 ) and the team ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) events and one bronze in the 7.5 km sprint ( 1999 ) at the Nordic skiing world championships . In 1995 , Ogiwara won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival . Ogiwara received the Holmenkollen medal in 1995 , becoming the first non-European and first Asian to ever receive the honor . At the 1998 Winter Olympics , he took the Athlete 's Oath . Ogiwara 's twin brother Tsugiharu competed with him at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario , sharing a gold with him in the 4 x 5 km team event . Ogiwara has also stood as candidate for Liberal Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Norway ( NOR ) Knut Tore Apeland Bjarte Engen Vik Fred Børre Lundberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway was the host nation for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . It was the second time that Norway had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , after the 1952 Games in Oslo . In 1994 , Norway finished second in the medal ranking to Russia , with strong results in the skiing events . During the games , Norway set a record : most gold medals won by a host nation , with 10 . The United States tied it when they hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , but Canada broke it during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Knut_Tore_Apeland', 'summary': 'Knut Tore Apeland ( born 11 December 1968 in Vinje ) is a former Norwegian Nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Winter Olympics in the team events . Apeland won two medals at the Winter Olympics , both silvers in the 3 x 10 km team event ( 1992 , 1994 ) and four medals at the Nordic skiing world championships ( one individual and three in the team event ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bjarte_Engen_Vik', 'summary': "Bjarte Engen Vik ( born March 3 , 1971 in Tromsø ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined athlete . He won the FIS World Cup overall twice , in 1997/98 and 1998/99 with a total of 24 wins . He also has eight medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with five golds ( 1997 : 4 x 5 km team , 1999 : 15 km individual , 7.5 km sprint , 2001 : 15 km individual , 4 x 5 km team ) , and three silvers ( 1995 : 4 x 5 km team , 1997 : 15 km individual , 1999 : 4 x 5 km team ) . He also won a bronze medal in the Norwegian championship in ski jumping . His consecutive wins in the Individual Gundersen at the Nordic skiing World Championships in 1999 and 2001 were the first since Oddbjørn Hagen did it in 1934 and 1935 . Vik also found great success at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined individual event five times ( 1996-2000 ) , becoming one of only four athletes to do so ( Lauritz Bergendahl , Johan Grøttumsbråten , and Rauno Miettinen are the others. ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the festival twice ( 1997 , 2000 ) . Vik 's seven career wins at the Holmenkollen are the most among any competitor in Nordic combined . Vik received the Holmenkollen medal in 1997 ( shared with Stefania Belmondo and Bjørn Dæhlie ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Børre_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( born 25 December 1969 in Hammerfest and raised in Bardufoss ) is a former Nordic combined skier from Bardu , Norway . He dominated the sport in the 1990s , winning both at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and at the Winter Olympics . Lundberg won six medals at the Nordic skiing world championships , including three golds ( 15 km individual : 1991 , 1995 ; 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) and three silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1993 , 4 x 5 km team : 1995 , and 1999 ) . At the Winter Olympics , he won four medals , including two golds ( 15 km individual : 1994 , 4 x 5 km team 1998 ) and two silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) . He won the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Larissa Lazutina , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . Lundberg lives with Marit Bjørgen , an Olympic champion in cross-country skiing , in Holmenkollen , Oslo .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland ( SUI ) Jean-Yves Cuendet Hippolyt Kempf Andreas Schaad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Switzerland competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean-Yves_Cuendet', 'summary': 'Jean-Yves Cuendet ( born February 20 , 1970 ) is a retired Swiss nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s . He won a bronze medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . Cuendet also won a bronze medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hippolyt_Kempf', 'summary': 'Hippolyt Kempf ( born 10 December 1965 in Lucerne ) is a Swiss Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a complete set of Olympic medals , earning two of them at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( gold : 15 km individual , silver : 3 x 10 km team ) and the third at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer ( bronze : 3 x 10 km team ) . Kempf also earned a 3 x 10 km team silver medal at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Schaad', 'summary': 'Andreas Schaad ( born April 18 , 1965 ) is a former Swiss Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a two medals in the 3 x 10 km team event at the Winter Olympics with a silver in 1988 and a bronze in 1994 . He also won a silver medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti .'}]}, {'value': '1998 Nagano details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 1998 Winter Olympics , consisted of two events , held from 13 February to 20 February . The ski jumping portion took place at Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium , while the cross-country portion took place at Snow Harp .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_–_Team', 'summary': "The men 's team Nordic combined competition for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano was held at Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium and Snow Harp on 19 and 20 February . For the first time , the Olympic team Nordic combined event featured a 4 x 5 kilometre relay race , rather than the 3 x 10 km used previously ."}]}, {'value': 'Norway ( NOR ) Halldor Skard Kenneth Braaten Bjarte Engen Vik Fred Børre Lundberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Halldor_Skard', 'summary': 'Halldor Skard ( born April 11 , 1973 in Oslo ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined skier who competed from 1990 to 2000 . He won the 4 x 5 km team Event at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . Skard also won two medals in the 4 x 5 km team Event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 1997 and a silver in 1995 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Braaten', 'summary': 'Kenneth Braaten ( born 24 September 1974 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier who competed from 1994 to 2005 . He won the 4 x 5 km team event at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . Braaten also won two medals in the 4 x 5 km team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 2001 and a silver in 1999 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bjarte_Engen_Vik', 'summary': "Bjarte Engen Vik ( born March 3 , 1971 in Tromsø ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined athlete . He won the FIS World Cup overall twice , in 1997/98 and 1998/99 with a total of 24 wins . He also has eight medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with five golds ( 1997 : 4 x 5 km team , 1999 : 15 km individual , 7.5 km sprint , 2001 : 15 km individual , 4 x 5 km team ) , and three silvers ( 1995 : 4 x 5 km team , 1997 : 15 km individual , 1999 : 4 x 5 km team ) . He also won a bronze medal in the Norwegian championship in ski jumping . His consecutive wins in the Individual Gundersen at the Nordic skiing World Championships in 1999 and 2001 were the first since Oddbjørn Hagen did it in 1934 and 1935 . Vik also found great success at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined individual event five times ( 1996-2000 ) , becoming one of only four athletes to do so ( Lauritz Bergendahl , Johan Grøttumsbråten , and Rauno Miettinen are the others. ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the festival twice ( 1997 , 2000 ) . Vik 's seven career wins at the Holmenkollen are the most among any competitor in Nordic combined . Vik received the Holmenkollen medal in 1997 ( shared with Stefania Belmondo and Bjørn Dæhlie ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Børre_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( born 25 December 1969 in Hammerfest and raised in Bardufoss ) is a former Nordic combined skier from Bardu , Norway . He dominated the sport in the 1990s , winning both at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and at the Winter Olympics . Lundberg won six medals at the Nordic skiing world championships , including three golds ( 15 km individual : 1991 , 1995 ; 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) and three silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1993 , 4 x 5 km team : 1995 , and 1999 ) . At the Winter Olympics , he won four medals , including two golds ( 15 km individual : 1994 , 4 x 5 km team 1998 ) and two silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) . He won the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Larissa Lazutina , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . Lundberg lives with Marit Bjørgen , an Olympic champion in cross-country skiing , in Holmenkollen , Oslo .'}]}, {'value': 'Finland ( FIN ) Samppa Lajunen Jari Mantila Tapio Nurmela Hannu Manninen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Samppa_Lajunen', 'summary': 'Samppa Lajunen ( born 23 April 1979 in Turku ) is a retired Finnish Nordic combined athlete who competed during the late 1990s and early 2000s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jari_Mantila', 'summary': 'Jari Mantila ( born July 14 , 1971 in Kotka ) is a Finnish nordic combined athlete who competed from 1992 to 2003 . He won a gold medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2002 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Mantila also won five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold ( 4 x 5 km team : 1999 ) , two silvers ( 15 km individual : 1995 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) , and one bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tapio_Nurmela', 'summary': 'Tapio Nurmela ( born January 2 , 1975 in Rovaniemi ) is a Finnish nordic combined athlete who competed during the 1990s . He won a silver medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . Nurmela also won two medals in the 4 x 5 km team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 1999 and a silver in 1997 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hannu_Manninen', 'summary': "Hannu Kalevi Manninen ( born 17 April 1978 in Rovaniemi ) is a Finnish nordic combined athlete . Debuting at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer at the age of 15 , he took his first medal three years later at the age of 18 when he won silver in the 4 × 5 km team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . At the 2002 Winter Olympics , he won a gold medal in the 4 × 5 km team event at the age of 23 . He has five other Nordic skiing World Championships medals , earning three golds ( 4 × 5 km team : 1999 , 2007 and 7.5 km sprint : 2007 ) and two bronzes ( 4 × 5 km team : 2001 , 2003 ) . He has two other Olympic team medals as well ( silver : 1998 , bronze : 2006 ) . Manninen has the record for most wins ( 48 ) and most championship titles ( 4 ) , after passing Kenji Ogiwara 's records during the 2006-07 season , in the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup . He also has won the 7.5 km sprint event of the Nordic combined three times ( 2002 , 2004 , 2005 ) at the Holmenkollen ski festival . As a cross country skier , he finished 8th in the individual sprint event at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Manninen announced his first retirement from competition on May 29 , 2008 to focus on his family and a future career as an airline pilot . He made his comeback to World Cup on November 28 , 2009 in Ruka ( Kuusamo ) , Finland , where he finished 2nd . Day after he won his first race after comeback . The first race in 2010 took place in Oberhof Germany where Manninen won for the 47th time in his sporting career ."}]}, {'value': 'France ( FRA ) Sylvain Guillaume Nicolas Bal Ludovic Roux Fabrice Guy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'France competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sylvain_Guillaume', 'summary': 'Sylvain Guillaume ( born 6 July 1968 in Champagnole , Jura ) is a former French nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville he won a silver in the 15 km individual , then a bronze in the 4 x 5 km team competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . He also won a bronze medal in the 15 km individual at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Bal', 'summary': 'Nicholas Bal ( born June 2 , 1978 ) is a former French Nordic combined skier who competed from 1996 to 2007 . At the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano he won a bronze in the 4 x 5 km team event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ludovic_Roux', 'summary': "Ludovic Roux ( born April 4 , 1979 ) is a former French Nordic combined skier who has competed since 1996 . At the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano he won a bronze medal in the 4 x 5 km team event . Roux married his longtime girlfriend Isabelle Delobel in the summer of 2009 . The couple 's first child a son , Loïc , was born on October 1 , 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fabrice_Guy', 'summary': 'Fabrice Guy ( born 30 December 1968 in Pontarlier , Doubs ) is a former French nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville he won gold in the 15 km individual , then won a bronze in the 4 x 5 km team competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . He also has two medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a silver medal in the 3 x 10 km team event in 1991 and a bronze medal in the 15 km individual event in 1997 . Guy also won the Nordic combined event at the 1992 Holmenkollen ski festival .'}]}, {'value': '2002 Salt Lake City details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 2002 Winter Olympics , consisted of three events held over ten days , from 9 February to 22 February . The ski jumping part took place in Park City , while the cross-country part took place in Soldier Hollow . This was the first Winter Olympics to have two individual Nordic Combined events : the 10 km individual normal hill ( sprint ) and the 10 km individual large hill ( individual ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Team', 'summary': "The Men 's team Nordic combined competition for the 2002 Winter Olympics was held in Park City & Soldier Hollow , United States . The ski jumping part took place on February 16 , and the cross-country race on February 17 ."}]}, {'value': 'Finland ( FIN ) Jari Mantila Hannu Manninen Jaakko Tallus Samppa Lajunen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . The nation won all Nordic combined events , most notably Samppa Lajunen , in the individual events .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jari_Mantila', 'summary': 'Jari Mantila ( born July 14 , 1971 in Kotka ) is a Finnish nordic combined athlete who competed from 1992 to 2003 . He won a gold medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2002 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Mantila also won five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold ( 4 x 5 km team : 1999 ) , two silvers ( 15 km individual : 1995 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) , and one bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hannu_Manninen', 'summary': "Hannu Kalevi Manninen ( born 17 April 1978 in Rovaniemi ) is a Finnish nordic combined athlete . Debuting at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer at the age of 15 , he took his first medal three years later at the age of 18 when he won silver in the 4 × 5 km team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . At the 2002 Winter Olympics , he won a gold medal in the 4 × 5 km team event at the age of 23 . He has five other Nordic skiing World Championships medals , earning three golds ( 4 × 5 km team : 1999 , 2007 and 7.5 km sprint : 2007 ) and two bronzes ( 4 × 5 km team : 2001 , 2003 ) . He has two other Olympic team medals as well ( silver : 1998 , bronze : 2006 ) . Manninen has the record for most wins ( 48 ) and most championship titles ( 4 ) , after passing Kenji Ogiwara 's records during the 2006-07 season , in the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup . He also has won the 7.5 km sprint event of the Nordic combined three times ( 2002 , 2004 , 2005 ) at the Holmenkollen ski festival . As a cross country skier , he finished 8th in the individual sprint event at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Manninen announced his first retirement from competition on May 29 , 2008 to focus on his family and a future career as an airline pilot . He made his comeback to World Cup on November 28 , 2009 in Ruka ( Kuusamo ) , Finland , where he finished 2nd . Day after he won his first race after comeback . The first race in 2010 took place in Oberhof Germany where Manninen won for the 47th time in his sporting career ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jaakko_Tallus', 'summary': 'Jaakko Tapio Tallus ( born February 23 , 1981 in Lieksa ) is a nordic combined athlete from Finland who won gold ( 4 x 5 km team ) and silver ( 15 km individual ) medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics and a bronze ( 4 x 5 km team ) medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics . He also earned three medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 x 5 km team events with one gold ( 2007 ) and two bronze ( 2001 , 2003 ) . Tallus has three individual career victories , all earned in Finland in 1998 . He also has three World Cup victories in team events between 2001 and 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Samppa_Lajunen', 'summary': 'Samppa Lajunen ( born 23 April 1979 in Turku ) is a retired Finnish Nordic combined athlete who competed during the late 1990s and early 2000s .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany ( GER ) Björn Kircheisen Georg Hettich Marcel Höhlig Ronny Ackermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Germany competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . In terms of gold metals , Germany finished ranking second with 12 gold medals . Meanwhile , the 36 total medals won by German athletes were the most of any nation at these Games , as well at any Winter Olympics , until this record was broken by the United States at the 2010 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Björn_Kircheisen', 'summary': 'Björn Kircheisen ( also spelled Bjoern ; born 6 August 1983 in Erlabrunn ) is a German nordic combined skier who has competed since 2000 . He won four 4 x 5 km team medals at the Winter Olympics with three silvers ( 2002 , 2006 , 2014 ) and a bronze ( 2010 ) . Kircheisen also won ten medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with eight silvers ( 10 km individual large hill : 2009 , 15 km individual : 2005 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) and two bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2007 ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the 2006 Holmenkollen ski festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georg_Hettich', 'summary': 'Georg Hettich ( born October 12 , 1978 in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald , Baden-Württemberg ) is a Nordic combined skier and Olympic medalist from Germany . Hettich was a surprise winner of the 15 km individual event at the 2006 Winter Olympics . At the 2002 Winter Olympics , he won a silver medal in the 4 x 5 km team event and repeated this in 2006 . With his bronze in the 7.5 km sprint contest in 2006 , he completed his medal collection . Hettich also won silver medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 x 5 km team event both in 2003 and 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Höhlig', 'summary': 'Marcel Höhlig ( born April 14 , 1979 in Rodewisch ) is a Nordic combined athlete from Germany who has competed since 2000 . He won a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in the 4 x 5 km team Competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ronny_Ackermann', 'summary': 'Ronny Ackermann ( born 16 May 1977 in Bad Salzungen , Bezirk Suhl ) is a successful German Nordic combined skier . Ackermann started to learn to ski when he was five years old and took up ski-jumping two years later . As of 2004 , he belongs to the team of Rhöner WSV Dermbach . His many successes include winning the Nordic combined World Cup in 2002 , 2003 and 2008 . Ackermann found success in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , winning ten medals , including four golds ( 15 km individual : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ; 7.5 km sprint : 2005 ) , five silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) , and a bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2001 . ) He also has won three silvers at the Winter Olympics in the sprint ( 2002 ) and team ( 2002 , 2006 ) events . Ackermann is the first person to win the 15 km individual World Championships three straight times and the first to do it at the World Championships or Winter Olympic level since fellow German Ulrich Wehling did it during the Winter Olympics of 1972 , 1976 , 1980 . Ackermann has also won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival three times , with 2 wins in the individual competition ( 2002 , 2004 ) and a win in the sprint competition ( 2003 ) . In 2003 , Ackermann received the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Felix Gottwald ) . He was elected Sportler des Jahres ( Sportsman of the Year ) in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria ( AUT ) Christoph Bieler Michael Gruber Mario Stecher Felix Gottwald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christoph_Bieler', 'summary': "Christoph Bieler ( born 28 October 1977 in Hall in Tirol ) is an Austrian athlete competing in Nordic combined who has competed since 1996 . Competing in four Winter Olympics , he won two medals in the 4 x 5 km team event with a gold in 2006 and a bronze medal in 2002 . Bieler 's best individual Winter Olympic finish was tenth in the 10 km individual large hill event at Vancouver in 2010 . He also won two 4 x 5 km team medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with gold in 2003 and bronze in 2005 , and had his best individual finish of sixth twice ( 10 km mass start : 2009 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) . Bieler has four individual victories since 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Gruber_(skier)', 'summary': 'Michael Gruber ( born 5 December 1979 in Schwarzach im Pongau ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who competed from 1997 to 2008 . He won a gold medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . Gruber won two 4 x 5 km team event medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 2003 and a bronze in 2005 . He has two individual career victories ( 1998 : 7.5 km sprint , 2004 : 15 km individual ) . He retired after the 2007-08 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Stecher', 'summary': "Mario Stecher ( born 17 July 1977 , in Eisenerz ) is an Austrian former Nordic combined skier . Competing in six Winter Olympics , he won three medals in the 4 x 5 km team event with two golds ( 2006 , 2010 ) and a bronze ( 2002 ) . Stecher 's best individual finish was fifth in the 10 km individual normal hill event at Vancouver in 2010 . He won six medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two gold , three silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 1999 , 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) and a bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) . Stecher has a total of nine World Cup victories since 1994 , including the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival that same year . Being 16 years old , he was the youngest winner on the Holmenkollen . - On February 27th , 2015 , he announced his retirement , after he was n't nominated by the Austrian Ski Federation to compete in the FIS Nordic Skiing World Championships 2015 in Falun . He is married to Carina Raich since 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Felix_Gottwald', 'summary': 'Felix Gottwald ( born 13 January 1976 in Zell am See , Austria , now resides in Salzburg , Austria ) is an Austrian Nordic combined athlete who competed from 1994 to 2007 and then returned to compete in 2009 . He is 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) , weighing 150 lb ( 10 st 10 lb ; 68 kg ) . Gottwald made his Olympic debut as an 18-year-old in the 15 km individual event at the 1994 Winter Olympics , then competed in the 4 x 5 km team and 15 km individual events at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Gottwald won bronze medals in the 7.5 km sprint , 15 km individual and 4 x 5 km team Nordic combined events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Coming into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he had regularly ranked among the top three in the world . He won golds in the 7.5 km sprint and 4 x 5 km team competitions , and took silver in the 15 km individual . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Gottwald won gold in the 4 x 5 km team event . He is the most decorated Nordic combined skier at the Winter Olympics with seven medals . Gottwald topped the World Cup standings in 2001 , and was a member of the Austrian team that won gold at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Eight years later , at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo , he was again part of the Austrian team that became team world champion both in the normal hill and in the large hill competition . He also has two silvers ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) and six bronzes ( 15 km individual : 2001 , 2005 , 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , normal hill : 2011 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 , 2005 ) from the World Championships . So he is also the most decorated Nordic combined skier at World Championships with eleven medals .'}]}, {'value': '2006 Turin details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 2006 Winter Olympics , consisted of three events held over ten days , from 11 February to 21 February . The events took place in Pragelato .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Team', 'summary': "The Men 's team Nordic combined competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Pragelato , Italy . It was originally scheduled for 15 February , but high winds meant that only part of the ski jumping competition was completed on that day , with the conclusion , and the cross-country race , taking place on 16 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria ( AUT ) Michael Gruber Christoph Bieler Felix Gottwald Mario Stecher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Gruber_(skier)', 'summary': 'Michael Gruber ( born 5 December 1979 in Schwarzach im Pongau ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who competed from 1997 to 2008 . He won a gold medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . Gruber won two 4 x 5 km team event medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 2003 and a bronze in 2005 . He has two individual career victories ( 1998 : 7.5 km sprint , 2004 : 15 km individual ) . He retired after the 2007-08 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christoph_Bieler', 'summary': "Christoph Bieler ( born 28 October 1977 in Hall in Tirol ) is an Austrian athlete competing in Nordic combined who has competed since 1996 . Competing in four Winter Olympics , he won two medals in the 4 x 5 km team event with a gold in 2006 and a bronze medal in 2002 . Bieler 's best individual Winter Olympic finish was tenth in the 10 km individual large hill event at Vancouver in 2010 . He also won two 4 x 5 km team medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with gold in 2003 and bronze in 2005 , and had his best individual finish of sixth twice ( 10 km mass start : 2009 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) . Bieler has four individual victories since 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Felix_Gottwald', 'summary': 'Felix Gottwald ( born 13 January 1976 in Zell am See , Austria , now resides in Salzburg , Austria ) is an Austrian Nordic combined athlete who competed from 1994 to 2007 and then returned to compete in 2009 . He is 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) , weighing 150 lb ( 10 st 10 lb ; 68 kg ) . Gottwald made his Olympic debut as an 18-year-old in the 15 km individual event at the 1994 Winter Olympics , then competed in the 4 x 5 km team and 15 km individual events at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Gottwald won bronze medals in the 7.5 km sprint , 15 km individual and 4 x 5 km team Nordic combined events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Coming into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he had regularly ranked among the top three in the world . He won golds in the 7.5 km sprint and 4 x 5 km team competitions , and took silver in the 15 km individual . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Gottwald won gold in the 4 x 5 km team event . He is the most decorated Nordic combined skier at the Winter Olympics with seven medals . Gottwald topped the World Cup standings in 2001 , and was a member of the Austrian team that won gold at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Eight years later , at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo , he was again part of the Austrian team that became team world champion both in the normal hill and in the large hill competition . He also has two silvers ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) and six bronzes ( 15 km individual : 2001 , 2005 , 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , normal hill : 2011 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 , 2005 ) from the World Championships . So he is also the most decorated Nordic combined skier at World Championships with eleven medals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Stecher', 'summary': "Mario Stecher ( born 17 July 1977 , in Eisenerz ) is an Austrian former Nordic combined skier . Competing in six Winter Olympics , he won three medals in the 4 x 5 km team event with two golds ( 2006 , 2010 ) and a bronze ( 2002 ) . Stecher 's best individual finish was fifth in the 10 km individual normal hill event at Vancouver in 2010 . He won six medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two gold , three silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 1999 , 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) and a bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) . Stecher has a total of nine World Cup victories since 1994 , including the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival that same year . Being 16 years old , he was the youngest winner on the Holmenkollen . - On February 27th , 2015 , he announced his retirement , after he was n't nominated by the Austrian Ski Federation to compete in the FIS Nordic Skiing World Championships 2015 in Falun . He is married to Carina Raich since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany ( GER ) Björn Kircheisen Georg Hettich Ronny Ackermann Jens Gaiser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Germany competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , winning once again the most total medals of any nation . The National Olympic Committee of Germany ( German : Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland , reorganized to German Olympic Sports Confederation ( German : Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund , DOSB ) in May 2006 ) nominated a total of 162 ( 164 ) athletes to compete , as the 5th largest team , in all 15 of the Winter Olympic sports .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Björn_Kircheisen', 'summary': 'Björn Kircheisen ( also spelled Bjoern ; born 6 August 1983 in Erlabrunn ) is a German nordic combined skier who has competed since 2000 . He won four 4 x 5 km team medals at the Winter Olympics with three silvers ( 2002 , 2006 , 2014 ) and a bronze ( 2010 ) . Kircheisen also won ten medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with eight silvers ( 10 km individual large hill : 2009 , 15 km individual : 2005 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) and two bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2007 ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the 2006 Holmenkollen ski festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georg_Hettich', 'summary': 'Georg Hettich ( born October 12 , 1978 in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald , Baden-Württemberg ) is a Nordic combined skier and Olympic medalist from Germany . Hettich was a surprise winner of the 15 km individual event at the 2006 Winter Olympics . At the 2002 Winter Olympics , he won a silver medal in the 4 x 5 km team event and repeated this in 2006 . With his bronze in the 7.5 km sprint contest in 2006 , he completed his medal collection . Hettich also won silver medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 x 5 km team event both in 2003 and 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ronny_Ackermann', 'summary': 'Ronny Ackermann ( born 16 May 1977 in Bad Salzungen , Bezirk Suhl ) is a successful German Nordic combined skier . Ackermann started to learn to ski when he was five years old and took up ski-jumping two years later . As of 2004 , he belongs to the team of Rhöner WSV Dermbach . His many successes include winning the Nordic combined World Cup in 2002 , 2003 and 2008 . Ackermann found success in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , winning ten medals , including four golds ( 15 km individual : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ; 7.5 km sprint : 2005 ) , five silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) , and a bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2001 . ) He also has won three silvers at the Winter Olympics in the sprint ( 2002 ) and team ( 2002 , 2006 ) events . Ackermann is the first person to win the 15 km individual World Championships three straight times and the first to do it at the World Championships or Winter Olympic level since fellow German Ulrich Wehling did it during the Winter Olympics of 1972 , 1976 , 1980 . Ackermann has also won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival three times , with 2 wins in the individual competition ( 2002 , 2004 ) and a win in the sprint competition ( 2003 ) . In 2003 , Ackermann received the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Felix Gottwald ) . He was elected Sportler des Jahres ( Sportsman of the Year ) in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jens_Gaiser', 'summary': "Jens Gaiser ( born August 15 , 1978 in Baiersbronn ) is a German nordic combined skier who has competed since 1998 . He won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin in the 4 x 5 km team event . Gaiser also finished 19th in the 7.5 km sprint event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . Gaiser 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 31st in the 7.5 km sprint event at Ramsau in 1999 . His best World Cup career finish was fourth in a 15 km individual event in Norway in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Finland ( FIN ) Antti Kuisma Anssi Koivuranta Jaakko Tallus Hannu Manninen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Finland competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , with 102 athletes competing in 11 of the 15 sports . Janne Lahtela , a moguls freestyle skier and a defending Olympic champion , was the flag bearer at the Opening Ceremonies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antti_Kuisma', 'summary': 'Antti Kuisma ( born 23 February 1978 in Jyväskylä ) is a Nordic combined athlete from Finland who won a bronze medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics in the 4 x 5 km team event . He finished 17th in the 15 km individual event at those same games . His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fifth in the 15 km individual at Oberstdorf in 2005 . Kuisma competed from 2000 to 2008 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anssi_Koivuranta', 'summary': 'Anssi Einar Koivuranta ( born 3 July 1988 ) is a retired Finnish ski jumper and former Nordic combined skier , best known for winning the 2008-09 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup . He won the gold medal in the 4 × 5 km team event and a bronze medal in the 15 km Gundersen race at the 2007 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Sapporo . After winning a Ski Jumping World Cup competition in Innsbruck on 4 January 2014 , Koivuranta became the first ever athlete in history of ski jumping to win an event in both Nordic combined and the ski jumping World Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jaakko_Tallus', 'summary': 'Jaakko Tapio Tallus ( born February 23 , 1981 in Lieksa ) is a nordic combined athlete from Finland who won gold ( 4 x 5 km team ) and silver ( 15 km individual ) medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics and a bronze ( 4 x 5 km team ) medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics . He also earned three medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 x 5 km team events with one gold ( 2007 ) and two bronze ( 2001 , 2003 ) . Tallus has three individual career victories , all earned in Finland in 1998 . He also has three World Cup victories in team events between 2001 and 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hannu_Manninen', 'summary': "Hannu Kalevi Manninen ( born 17 April 1978 in Rovaniemi ) is a Finnish nordic combined athlete . Debuting at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer at the age of 15 , he took his first medal three years later at the age of 18 when he won silver in the 4 × 5 km team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . At the 2002 Winter Olympics , he won a gold medal in the 4 × 5 km team event at the age of 23 . He has five other Nordic skiing World Championships medals , earning three golds ( 4 × 5 km team : 1999 , 2007 and 7.5 km sprint : 2007 ) and two bronzes ( 4 × 5 km team : 2001 , 2003 ) . He has two other Olympic team medals as well ( silver : 1998 , bronze : 2006 ) . Manninen has the record for most wins ( 48 ) and most championship titles ( 4 ) , after passing Kenji Ogiwara 's records during the 2006-07 season , in the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup . He also has won the 7.5 km sprint event of the Nordic combined three times ( 2002 , 2004 , 2005 ) at the Holmenkollen ski festival . As a cross country skier , he finished 8th in the individual sprint event at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Manninen announced his first retirement from competition on May 29 , 2008 to focus on his family and a future career as an airline pilot . He made his comeback to World Cup on November 28 , 2009 in Ruka ( Kuusamo ) , Finland , where he finished 2nd . Day after he won his first race after comeback . The first race in 2010 took place in Oberhof Germany where Manninen won for the 47th time in his sporting career ."}]}, {'value': '2010 Vancouver details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The nordic combined competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 14 and 25 February 2010 . Sprint and individual Gundersen events of 7.5 km and 15 km events were replaced by two 10 km individual events with one jump each from the normal and large hills respectively . Team event went from two jumps down for one jump per team member . This was done during the 2008-09 Nordic Combined World Cup season and was also applied to the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec , Czech Republic .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Team_large_hill/4_×_5_km', 'summary': "The men 's team large hill/4 x 5 km Nordic combined competition for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 23 February . The Austrian team of Michael Gruber , Christoph Bieler , Felix Gottwald , and Mario Stecher were the defending Olympic champions . Gruber retired after the 2007-08 season . Gottwald originally retired after the 2006-07 World Cup season , but came out of retirement in May 2009 to compete for the 2009-10 World Cup season including the 2010 Games . The defending world champions were the Japanese team of Yūsuke Minato , Taihei Kato , Akito Watabe , and Norihito Kobayashi . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 Games in this format took place on 12 December 2009 in Harrachov , Czech Republic , but that event was cancelled on 4 December 2009 to warm weather and lack of snow . A team normal hill event took place prior to the 2010 Winter Games in Schonach , Germany on 24 January 2010 and was won by the German team of Georg Hettich , Eric Frenzel , Björn Kircheisen , and Tino Edelmann ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria ( AUT ) Bernhard Gruber Felix Gottwald Mario Stecher David Kreiner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Gruber', 'summary': 'Bernhard Gruber ( born 12 August 1982 ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who has competed since 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Felix_Gottwald', 'summary': 'Felix Gottwald ( born 13 January 1976 in Zell am See , Austria , now resides in Salzburg , Austria ) is an Austrian Nordic combined athlete who competed from 1994 to 2007 and then returned to compete in 2009 . He is 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) , weighing 150 lb ( 10 st 10 lb ; 68 kg ) . Gottwald made his Olympic debut as an 18-year-old in the 15 km individual event at the 1994 Winter Olympics , then competed in the 4 x 5 km team and 15 km individual events at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Gottwald won bronze medals in the 7.5 km sprint , 15 km individual and 4 x 5 km team Nordic combined events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Coming into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he had regularly ranked among the top three in the world . He won golds in the 7.5 km sprint and 4 x 5 km team competitions , and took silver in the 15 km individual . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Gottwald won gold in the 4 x 5 km team event . He is the most decorated Nordic combined skier at the Winter Olympics with seven medals . Gottwald topped the World Cup standings in 2001 , and was a member of the Austrian team that won gold at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Eight years later , at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo , he was again part of the Austrian team that became team world champion both in the normal hill and in the large hill competition . He also has two silvers ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) and six bronzes ( 15 km individual : 2001 , 2005 , 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , normal hill : 2011 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 , 2005 ) from the World Championships . So he is also the most decorated Nordic combined skier at World Championships with eleven medals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Stecher', 'summary': "Mario Stecher ( born 17 July 1977 , in Eisenerz ) is an Austrian former Nordic combined skier . Competing in six Winter Olympics , he won three medals in the 4 x 5 km team event with two golds ( 2006 , 2010 ) and a bronze ( 2002 ) . Stecher 's best individual finish was fifth in the 10 km individual normal hill event at Vancouver in 2010 . He won six medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two gold , three silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 1999 , 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) and a bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) . Stecher has a total of nine World Cup victories since 1994 , including the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival that same year . Being 16 years old , he was the youngest winner on the Holmenkollen . - On February 27th , 2015 , he announced his retirement , after he was n't nominated by the Austrian Ski Federation to compete in the FIS Nordic Skiing World Championships 2015 in Falun . He is married to Carina Raich since 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Kreiner', 'summary': 'David Kreiner ( born 8 March 1981 in Kitzbühel ) is an Austrian Nordic combined skier who has competed since 1998 . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , he won gold in the 4 x 5 team event . Kreiner also won two medals in the 4 x 5 km team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one silver ( 2001 ) and one bronze ( 2005 ) . His best individual finish was ninth twice ( 7.5 km sprint : 2007 , 15 km individual : 2001 ) . He has five individual career victories from 2001 to 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States ( USA ) Brett Camerota Todd Lodwick Johnny Spillane Bill Demong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The United States participated in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The U.S. team had a historic Winter Games , winning an unprecedented 37 medals . Team USA 's medal haul , which included nine gold , marked the first time since the 1932 Lake Placid Games that the U.S. earned more medals than any other participant . The U.S. alpine ski team rebounded from a disappointing showing in 2006 by having its most successful Olympic performance ever , gathering a total of eight medals . Lindsey Vonn became the first American woman to win gold in the downhill event ; while Bode Miller became the most successful U.S. alpine skier in history after winning gold in the super combined as well as two other medals . Medal winning performances by Julia Mancuso and Andrew Weibrecht contributed to the team 's success . In Nordic combined , the U.S. team ended an 86-year drought during which the United States had not earned a single medal in the sport . Bill Demong won gold in the individual large hill/10 km , and Johnny Spillane won silver in both the individual normal hill/10 km and the individual large hill/10 km . Demong , Spillane , Todd Lodwick and Brett Camerota also won silver in the team event . Short track speed skater Apolo Ohno surpassed Bonnie Blair as the most decorated American Winter Olympic athlete in history with a total of eight medals in his Olympic career . Ohno gave the US relay team the final push for the bronze in the 5000 meter relay , and earned silver and bronze medals in the 1500 and 1000 meter individual events respectively . Women 's 1000 meter silver medalist Katherine Reutter broke a streak dating back to 1994 in which no American woman had medaled in an individual short track event ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brett_Camerota', 'summary': 'Brett Camerota ( born January 9 , 1985 ) is an American Nordic combined skier . Competing at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics , he won a silver medal in the 4×5 km team event in 2010 , while his best individual finish was 36th place in the 10 km individual normal hill event at the same games . His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 31st in the 15 km individual Gundersen event at Sapporo in 2007 . His best individual World Cup finish was 9th in the HS 137/ 10 km event in Oberstdorf , Germany , in 2009 . His twin brother , Eric Camerota , is also an Olympic Nordic combined skier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Todd_Lodwick', 'summary': 'Todd Lodwick ( born November 21 , 1976 ) is an American Nordic combined skier . He competed at the 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 Olympics and won a team silver medal in 2010 . His best individual result was fourth place in 2010 , when he finished 0.7 seconds behind the third place in the individual normal hill/10 km event . At the world championships he won two individual gold medals in 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Spillane', 'summary': 'Johnny Spillane ( born November 24 , 1980 ) is an American athlete who competes in nordic combined , a combination event consisting of ski jumping and cross-country skiing . Spillane is a world champion and three-time Olympic silver medalist . He announced his retirement from Nordic combined on April 18 , 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bill_Demong', 'summary': 'William Bill Demong ( born March 29 , 1980 in Vermontville , New York ) is an American former Nordic combined skier and Olympic gold medalist . Demong is a five-time Olympian , having competed in Nagano , Salt Lake City , Torino , Vancouver and Sochi .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany ( GER ) Johannes Rydzek Tino Edelmann Eric Frenzel Björn Kircheisen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Germany participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . 153 athletes represented Germany , entering all 15 sports . Figure skater Sarah Hecken ( aged 16 ) was the youngest team member , while Curling European Champion Andrea Schöpp was the oldest at 44 . Three time Olympic champion André Lange ( bobsleigh ) was the flagbearer at the opening ceremony on 12 February 2010 . German athletes earned €15,000 for a gold medal , €10,000 for a silver , and €7,500 for a bronze .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johannes_Rydzek', 'summary': 'Johannes Rydzek ( born 9 December 1991 ) is a German nordic combined skier who has competed since 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tino_Edelmann', 'summary': 'Tino Edelmann ( born 13 April 1985 ) is a retired German Nordic combined skier who has competed since 2001 . He won a bronze medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and six silver medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . He has five World Cup victories , three individually and two in team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eric_Frenzel', 'summary': 'Eric Frenzel ( born 21 November 1988 ) is a German nordic combined skier who has been competing since 2000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Björn_Kircheisen', 'summary': 'Björn Kircheisen ( also spelled Bjoern ; born 6 August 1983 in Erlabrunn ) is a German nordic combined skier who has competed since 2000 . He won four 4 x 5 km team medals at the Winter Olympics with three silvers ( 2002 , 2006 , 2014 ) and a bronze ( 2010 ) . Kircheisen also won ten medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with eight silvers ( 10 km individual large hill : 2009 , 15 km individual : 2005 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) and two bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2007 ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the 2006 Holmenkollen ski festival .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the RusSki Gorki Jumping Center . The three events took place between 12-20 February 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Team_large_hill/4_×_5_km', 'summary': "The men 's team large hill/4 × 5 km Nordic combined competition for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , was held at RusSki Gorki Jumping Center on 20 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Norway ( NOR ) Jørgen Graabak Håvard Klemetsen Magnus Krog Magnus Moan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The 2014 Games marked the first time a Norwegian Olympic team competed in Russia , as Norway and 64 western countries took part at the American-led boycott in the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow due to the Soviet-Afghan War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jørgen_Graabak', 'summary': 'Jørgen Nyland Gråbak ( born 26 April 1991 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier and Olympic gold medalist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Håvard_Klemetsen', 'summary': 'Håvard Klemetsen ( born 5 January 1979 ) is a Norwegian former Nordic combined skier who has competed since 2002 , representing Kautokeino I.L . He debuted in the World Cup in 2003 . He has four 4 x 5 km team medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 2005 and bronze in 2007 and twice in 2011 . Klemetsen also finished 20th in the 15 km individual event at the 2005 championships . Klemetsen finished 20th in the 15 km individual at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . His best individual career finish was second in a 7.5 km sprint event in Park City , Utah in the United States in 2002 . In April 2017 , he announced his retirement from sport .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Magnus_Krog', 'summary': 'Magnus Krog ( born 19 March 1987 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier who has competed since 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Magnus_Moan', 'summary': 'Magnus Hovdal Moan ( born 26 August 1983 ) is a retired Norwegian Nordic combined skier who has competed since 2002 until 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany ( GER ) Eric Frenzel Björn Kircheisen Fabian Rießle Johannes Rydzek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Germany competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The first round of nominations was on 18 December , the second round on 23 January . Germany sent 153 athletes ( 76 men , 77 women ) . Chef de Mission was Michael Vesper . The outfitting was held in January at the Erding Air Base . During the Games , Germany had a German House , that was located in the village of Estosadok , on the Mzymta River , 4 kilometers ( 2.5 mi ) upstream from Krasnaya Polyana ( Mountain Cluster ) . German president Joachim Gauck did not attend the 2014 Winter Olympics . He has not said publicly that the decision was a political gesture . On 21 February it was announced that biathlete Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle had tested positive for methylhexanamine and was sent home from Sochi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eric_Frenzel', 'summary': 'Eric Frenzel ( born 21 November 1988 ) is a German nordic combined skier who has been competing since 2000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Björn_Kircheisen', 'summary': 'Björn Kircheisen ( also spelled Bjoern ; born 6 August 1983 in Erlabrunn ) is a German nordic combined skier who has competed since 2000 . He won four 4 x 5 km team medals at the Winter Olympics with three silvers ( 2002 , 2006 , 2014 ) and a bronze ( 2010 ) . Kircheisen also won ten medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with eight silvers ( 10 km individual large hill : 2009 , 15 km individual : 2005 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) and two bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2007 ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the 2006 Holmenkollen ski festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fabian_Rießle', 'summary': 'Fabian Rießle ( also spelled Riessle , born 18 December 1990 ) is a German nordic combined skier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johannes_Rydzek', 'summary': 'Johannes Rydzek ( born 9 December 1991 ) is a German nordic combined skier who has competed since 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria ( AUT ) Christoph Bieler Bernhard Gruber Lukas Klapfer Mario Stecher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Austria competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The team was composed of 132 athletes in 14 sports , consisting of 90 men and 42 women . The 132 athletes is 27 more than the country 's previous largest Winter Olympics team . Originally Benjamin Raich was scheduled to carry the flag at the opening ceremony , however he withdrew after he decided to skip the combined competition , thus delaying his arrival in Sochi . Nordic combined athlete Mario Stecher was named his replacement . The Austrian Olympic Committee received a Russian letter containing a kidnap threat against Alpine skier Bernadette Schild and skeleton pilot Janine Flock during the Sochi Games . On 23 February , skier Johannes Dürr was suspended from the Winter Olympics after testing positive for EPO ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christoph_Bieler', 'summary': "Christoph Bieler ( born 28 October 1977 in Hall in Tirol ) is an Austrian athlete competing in Nordic combined who has competed since 1996 . Competing in four Winter Olympics , he won two medals in the 4 x 5 km team event with a gold in 2006 and a bronze medal in 2002 . Bieler 's best individual Winter Olympic finish was tenth in the 10 km individual large hill event at Vancouver in 2010 . He also won two 4 x 5 km team medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with gold in 2003 and bronze in 2005 , and had his best individual finish of sixth twice ( 10 km mass start : 2009 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) . Bieler has four individual victories since 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Gruber', 'summary': 'Bernhard Gruber ( born 12 August 1982 ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who has competed since 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lukas_Klapfer', 'summary': 'Lukas Klapfer ( born 25 December 1985 ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who has been competing since 2002 . His best World Cup finish was second in the normal hill Gundersen event in Austria in February 2009 . At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec , Klapfer was scheduled to compete in the 10 km normal hill mass start event , but did not start .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Stecher', 'summary': "Mario Stecher ( born 17 July 1977 , in Eisenerz ) is an Austrian former Nordic combined skier . Competing in six Winter Olympics , he won three medals in the 4 x 5 km team event with two golds ( 2006 , 2010 ) and a bronze ( 2002 ) . Stecher 's best individual finish was fifth in the 10 km individual normal hill event at Vancouver in 2010 . He won six medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two gold , three silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 1999 , 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) and a bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) . Stecher has a total of nine World Cup victories since 1994 , including the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival that same year . Being 16 years old , he was the youngest winner on the Holmenkollen . - On February 27th , 2015 , he announced his retirement , after he was n't nominated by the Austrian Ski Federation to compete in the FIS Nordic Skiing World Championships 2015 in Falun . He is married to Carina Raich since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '2018 Pyeongchang details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Nordic combined at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre and Alpensia Cross-Country Centre . The three events were scheduled to take place between 14 and 22 February 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_–_Team_large_hill/4_×_5_km', 'summary': "The men 's team large hill/4 × 5 km Nordic combined competition for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , was held on 22 February 2018 at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre and Alpensia Cross-Country Centre on 22 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany ( GER ) Vinzenz Geiger Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel Johannes Rydzek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Germany competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 153 competitors in 14 sports . They won 31 medals in total , 14 gold , 10 silver and 7 bronze , ranking second in the medal table after Norway at the 2018 Winter Olympics . Germany excelled in ice track events ( 11 medals ) , biathlon ( 7 medals ) , Nordic combined ( 5 medals ) and Ski jumping ( 4 medals ) . The men 's ice hockey team took a silver medal , having lost a closely contested final to Olympic Athletes from Russia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vinzenz_Geiger', 'summary': 'Vinzenz Geiger ( born 24 July 1997 ) is a German nordic combined skier . He debuted in the World Cup in the 2015-16 season in Lillehammer , Norway in December 2016 finishing 31st in the Large Hill . His first win in the World Cup came in Val di Fiemme , in the 2018-19 season , in January 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fabian_Rießle', 'summary': 'Fabian Rießle ( also spelled Riessle , born 18 December 1990 ) is a German nordic combined skier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eric_Frenzel', 'summary': 'Eric Frenzel ( born 21 November 1988 ) is a German nordic combined skier who has been competing since 2000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johannes_Rydzek', 'summary': 'Johannes Rydzek ( born 9 December 1991 ) is a German nordic combined skier who has competed since 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway ( NOR ) Jan Schmid Espen Andersen Jarl Magnus Riiber Jørgen Graabak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Norway competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 . It was represented by 109 competitors in 11 sports . Norway was the most successful nation at the games with 39 total medals , setting a new record for the most medals won by a country at a single Winter Olympics . The previous record of 37 was set by the United States at the 2010 Winter Olympics . Norway , together with Germany , also matched the record of most gold medals at a single Winter Olympics with 14 gold , originally set by Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics . Cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen was the most successful athlete of the games , with five medals , while her male colleagues Johannes Høsflot Klæbo , Simen Hegstad Krüger and Martin Johnsrud Sundby won three each . Biathletes Johannes Thingnes Bø and Emil Hegle Svendsen and ski jumper Robert Johansson also won three medals each . Additional nine Norwegian athletes won two medals each : Ragnhild Haga , Johann André Forfang , Håvard Lorentzen , Sverre Lunde Pedersen , Ragnhild Mowinckel , Marte Olsbu , Kjetil Jansrud , Tiril Eckhoff and Maiken Caspersen Falla .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jan_Schmid', 'summary': 'Jan Andreas Schmid ( born 24 November 1983 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier , of Swiss origin . He won two medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec with a silver in the 10 km individual normal hill event and a bronze in the 4 x 5 km team event . Competing two Winter Olympics for Switzerland , he earned his best finish of fourth in the 4 x 5 km team event at Turin in 2006 . Schmid also competed in two World Championships for Switzerland . At the 2010 Winter Olympics for Norway , he finished fifth in the 4 x 5 km team event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Espen_Andersen', 'summary': "Espen Andersen ( born July 12 , 1961 ) is a Norwegian Nordic combined skier who competed from 1982 to 1987 . He won the 3 x 10 km silver medal at the 1982 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and the silver medal in 1985 . [ citation needed ] Andersen 's first victories was at the 1984 Holmenkollen ski festival , the World Cup in Falun in 1983 , and at the World Cup in Sapporo in 1983 . [ citation needed ] His strength was in the jumping hill . He also had three individual World Cup victories through his career . He is the brother of ski jumper Geir Andersen . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Jarl_Magnus_Riiber', 'summary': 'Jarl Magnus Riiber ( born 15 October 1997 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier who has been competing since 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jørgen_Graabak', 'summary': 'Jørgen Nyland Gråbak ( born 26 April 1991 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier and Olympic gold medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria ( AUT ) Wilhelm Denifl Lukas Klapfer Bernhard Gruber Mario Seidl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 105 competitors in 12 sports . They won 14 medals in total : five gold , three silver and six bronze ; ranking 10th in the medal table .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilhelm_Denifl', 'summary': 'Wilhelm Denifl ( born 10 November 1980 ) is a retired Austrian nordic combined skier who has competed between 2000 and 2019 . He won a gold medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Val di Fiemme and finished 8th in the 15 km individual event at those same championships . Denifil has only one victory in his career in the World Cup , in January 2014 , in Chaykovsky . He owns the record for the most starts in the World Cup - 295 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lukas_Klapfer', 'summary': 'Lukas Klapfer ( born 25 December 1985 ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who has been competing since 2002 . His best World Cup finish was second in the normal hill Gundersen event in Austria in February 2009 . At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec , Klapfer was scheduled to compete in the 10 km normal hill mass start event , but did not start .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Gruber', 'summary': 'Bernhard Gruber ( born 12 August 1982 ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who has competed since 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Seidl', 'summary': 'Mario Seidl ( born 8 December 1992 ) is an Austrian nordic combined skier . He debuted in the World Cup in the 2011-12 season in Val di Fiemme , Italy on 3 February 2012 finishing 36th in the Large Hill . His first podium in the World Cup was in the 2016-17 World Cup which was held at PyeongChang , South Korea in February 2017 , where he finished second . His first win came in Ruka , Finland , în November 2018 . In January 2019 , he won the trophy in the Nordic Combined Triple .'}]}], 'section_title': '4 x 5 km team ( 3 x 10 km : 1988–94 )', 'section_text': 'This involves each team taking one jump from the ski jumping large hill . For each one point difference between teams at the ski jump , there are 1.33 seconds between them at the start of the cross country skiing part of the competition . Point-time differentials for previous Olympics are as follows : 1988–1994 – 1 pt = 5 seconds , 1998 – 1 pt = 3 seconds , 2002 – 1 pt = 1.5 seconds , 2006 – 1 pt = 1 second .', 'uid': 'List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_Nordic_combined_1', 'intro': 'This is the complete list of Olympic medalists in Nordic combined.'} | null | null | The silver medalist from the most recent Canadian games who is also a twin was born on which date ? | January 9 , 1985 |
0583cc28679adcbf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Pettyfer', 'title': 'Alex Pettyfer', 'header': ['Year', 'Award', 'Category', 'Nominated work', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Young Artist Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_Artist_Awards', 'summary': 'The Young Artist Award ( originally known as the Youth in Film Award ) is an accolade presented by the Young Artist Association , a non-profit organization founded in 1978 to honor excellence of youth performers , and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically disabled or financially unstable . First presented in 1979 , the Young Artist Awards was the first organization established to specifically recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film , television , theater and music . The 1st Youth In Film Awards ceremony was held in October 1979 , at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood to honor outstanding young performers of the 1978/1979 season . The 38th Annual Young Artist Awards ceremony , honoring young performers of 2016 , was held at the Alex Theatre in Los Angeles , California on March 17 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Performance in an International Feature Film Leading Young Actor or Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stormbreaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stormbreaker_(film)', 'summary': "Stormbreaker ( titled Alex Rider : Stormbreaker in the United States ) is a 2006 action spy film directed by Geoffrey Sax . The screenplay by Anthony Horowitz is based on his 2000 novel Stormbreaker , the first novel in the Alex Rider series . The film stars Alex Pettyfer as Alex Rider , and also stars Mickey Rourke , Bill Nighy , Sophie Okonedo , Alicia Silverstone , Sarah Bolger , Stephen Fry and Ewan McGregor . Stormbreaker was an international co-production between companies and financiers from the United Kingdom , the United States , and Germany . The film 's plot follows a teenage boy who is recruited by MI6 after his uncle , a secret agent , is killed in action . He is sent on a mission in Cornwall to gather intelligence behind Stormbreaker , an advanced computer system being provided to schools across Britain , and its creator , billionaire Darrius Sayle . Intended to be the first entry in a film franchise , Stormbreaker grossed between $ 20.7 and $ 23.9 million worldwide upon its theatrical release , failing to recoup its $ 40 million budget and making the film a box office bomb . According to Rotten Tomatoes , the film was largely criticized for its lack of originality and believability . As a result of these factors , plans to produce further Alex Rider films were dropped ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_Award', 'summary': 'The Empire Awards is an annual British awards ceremony honoring cinematic achievements in the local and global film industry . Winners are awarded the Empire Award statuette . The awards , first presented in 1996 , are presented by the British film magazine Empire with the winners voted by the readers of the magazine . The 23rd Empire Awards , the most recent ceremony , honoring films in 2017 , was held on 18 March 2018 in London , England . The awards are sponsored by Jameson Irish Whiskey since the 14th Empire Awards and since then are officially called the Jameson Empire Awards . The official sponsor of the Awards changed to Rakuten TV for the 23rd Empire Awards . Since 2018 , the Empire Awards have discontinued for unknown reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Male Newcomer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_Award_for_Best_Newcomer', 'summary': 'The Empire Award for Best Newcomer ( formerly known as Best Debut ) was an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine Empire to honor a director with a breakthrough film or an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry . The Empire Award for Best Newcomer was first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 with Bryan Singer receiving the award for his direction of The Usual Suspects and last presented at the 16th Empire Awards ceremony in 2011 . Winners were voted by the readers of Empire magazine . Since its inception , the award has been given to two male directors , eight actors , seven actresses and one film crew . Gemma Arterton was the only individual to be nominated two times , at the 13th and 14th Empire Awards ceremonies in 2008 and 2009 respectively . Twice two awards were handed out at the same year . The first time was at the 5th Empire Awards ceremony in 2000 where there was a tie between Carrie-Anne Moss and the crew of East Is East and the second time was at the 12th Empire Awards ceremony in 2007 where the award was split to Best Male and Best Female newcomers . Chloë Grace Moretz was the last winner in this category for her roles in Kick-Ass and Let Me In .'}]}, {'value': 'Stormbreaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stormbreaker_(film)', 'summary': "Stormbreaker ( titled Alex Rider : Stormbreaker in the United States ) is a 2006 action spy film directed by Geoffrey Sax . The screenplay by Anthony Horowitz is based on his 2000 novel Stormbreaker , the first novel in the Alex Rider series . The film stars Alex Pettyfer as Alex Rider , and also stars Mickey Rourke , Bill Nighy , Sophie Okonedo , Alicia Silverstone , Sarah Bolger , Stephen Fry and Ewan McGregor . Stormbreaker was an international co-production between companies and financiers from the United Kingdom , the United States , and Germany . The film 's plot follows a teenage boy who is recruited by MI6 after his uncle , a secret agent , is killed in action . He is sent on a mission in Cornwall to gather intelligence behind Stormbreaker , an advanced computer system being provided to schools across Britain , and its creator , billionaire Darrius Sayle . Intended to be the first entry in a film franchise , Stormbreaker grossed between $ 20.7 and $ 23.9 million worldwide upon its theatrical release , failing to recoup its $ 40 million budget and making the film a box office bomb . According to Rotten Tomatoes , the film was largely criticized for its lack of originality and believability . As a result of these factors , plans to produce further Alex Rider films were dropped ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ShoWest Award', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Male Star of Tomorrow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MTV Movie Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards', 'summary': "The MTV Movie & TV Awards ( formerly known as the MTV Movie Awards ) is a film and television awards show presented annually on MTV . The nominees are decided by producers and executives at MTV . Winners are decided online by the general public . Presently , voting is done through MTV 's official website through a Movie & TV Awards voting website . The 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards took place on May 7 , 2017 , and featured the first time men and women competing jointly in the acting categories . Winners are presented with the golden popcorn statue , made by New York firm , Society Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Biggest Badass Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MTV_Movie_Award_for_Best_Breakthrough_Performance', 'summary': 'This is a following list of the MTV Movie Award winners and nominees for Best Breakthrough Performance , first awarded in 1992 . In 2010 and 2011 , it was renamed Best Breakout Star . In 2012 , it returned to its original name but was turned into a non-voting category , where an academy of outstanding directors honors a silver screen newcomer with extraordinary talent . In 2017 , it was renamed Next Generation and was converted to a voting category . From 1999 to 2005 , and in 2009 , it was split into two categories : Best Male Breakthrough Performance and Best Female Breakthrough Performance .'}]}, {'value': 'I Am Number Four', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Am_Number_Four_(film)', 'summary': "I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action film directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer , Timothy Olyphant , Teresa Palmer , Dianna Agron , and Callan McAuliffe . The screenplay , by Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Marti Noxon , is based on the novel of the same name , one of the Lorien Legacies young adult science fiction novels . Produced by Michael Bay , I Am Number Four was the first film production from DreamWorks Pictures to be released by Touchstone Pictures , as part of the studio 's 2009 distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The Hollywood Reporter estimated the budget to be between $ 50 million and $ 60 million . The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres on February 18 , 2011 , received generally negative reviews , and grossed $ 150 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teen Choice Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards', 'summary': "The Teen Choice Awards is an annual awards show that airs on the Fox television network . The awards honor the year 's biggest achievements in music , film , sports , television , fashion , social media , and more , voted by viewers living in the United States , aged 13 and over , through various social media sites ; primarily Instagram , Twitter , Snapchat , and YouTube ."}]}, {'value': 'Choice Movie : Liplock ( shared with Vanessa Hudgens )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Teen_Choice_Awards', 'summary': 'The 2011 Teen Choice Awards ceremony , hosted by Kaley Cuoco , aired live on August 7 , 2011 , at 8/7c on Fox . This was the first time that the ceremonies were aired live since the 2007 show .'}]}, {'value': 'Beastly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beastly_(film)', 'summary': "Beastly is a 2011 American romantic fantasy drama film loosely based on Alex Flinn 's 2007 novel of the same name . It is a retelling of the fairytale Beauty and the Beast and is set in modern-day New York City . The film was written and directed by Daniel Barnz and stars Alex Pettyfer and Vanessa Hudgens ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teen Choice Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards', 'summary': "The Teen Choice Awards is an annual awards show that airs on the Fox television network . The awards honor the year 's biggest achievements in music , film , sports , television , fashion , social media , and more , voted by viewers living in the United States , aged 13 and over , through various social media sites ; primarily Instagram , Twitter , Snapchat , and YouTube ."}]}, {'value': 'Choice Movie : Breakout Male', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Teen_Choice_Awards', 'summary': 'The 2011 Teen Choice Awards ceremony , hosted by Kaley Cuoco , aired live on August 7 , 2011 , at 8/7c on Fox . This was the first time that the ceremonies were aired live since the 2007 show .'}]}, {'value': 'Beastly and I Am Number Four', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beastly_(film)', 'summary': "Beastly is a 2011 American romantic fantasy drama film loosely based on Alex Flinn 's 2007 novel of the same name . It is a retelling of the fairytale Beauty and the Beast and is set in modern-day New York City . The film was written and directed by Daniel Barnz and stars Alex Pettyfer and Vanessa Hudgens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/I_Am_Number_Four_(film)', 'summary': "I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action film directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer , Timothy Olyphant , Teresa Palmer , Dianna Agron , and Callan McAuliffe . The screenplay , by Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Marti Noxon , is based on the novel of the same name , one of the Lorien Legacies young adult science fiction novels . Produced by Michael Bay , I Am Number Four was the first film production from DreamWorks Pictures to be released by Touchstone Pictures , as part of the studio 's 2009 distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The Hollywood Reporter estimated the budget to be between $ 50 million and $ 60 million . The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres on February 18 , 2011 , received generally negative reviews , and grossed $ 150 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acapulco Black Film Festival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acapulco_Black_Film_Festival', 'summary': 'The American Black Film Festival ( originally called the Acalpulco Black Film Festival ) is an independent film festival that focuses primarily on black film -- works by Black members of the film industry . It is held to recognize achievements of film actors of African descent and to honor films that stand out in their portrayal of Black experience . It has been called the nations most prominent film festival . The festival is held annually and features full-length narratives , short films , mobile entertainment ( defined by the official website as all short form content including experimental films , music videos and webisodes ) , and documentaries , all by and/or featuring Black writers , directors , actors , and actresses . The festival is held annually in Miami Beach [ citation needed ] . The American Black Film Festival was formerly named the Black Movie Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Best Ensemble Cast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Butler', 'summary': "The Butler ( full title Lee Daniels ' The Butler ) is a 2013 American historical drama film directed and co-produced by Lee Daniels and with a screenplay by Danny Strong . It is inspired by Wil Haygood 's Washington Post article A Butler Well Served by This Election . Loosely based on the real life of Eugene Allen , who worked in the White House for decades , the film stars Forest Whitaker as Cecil Gaines , an African-American who is a witness of notable political and social events of the 20th century during his 34-year tenure serving as a White House butler . In addition to Whitaker , the film 's all-star cast also features Oprah Winfrey , John Cusack , Jane Fonda , Alex Pettyfer , Cuba Gooding Jr. , Terrence Howard , Lenny Kravitz , James Marsden , David Oyelowo , Vanessa Redgrave , Alan Rickman , Liev Schreiber , Robin Williams , Minka Kelly , Mariah Carey , and Clarence Williams III . It was the last film produced by Laura Ziskin , who died on June 12 , 2011 . The film was theatrically released by The Weinstein Company on August 16 , 2013 , to mostly positive reviews from critics , with many praising the cast but criticized the historical accuracy , particularly the portrayal of President Reagan . The film grossed over $ 176 million worldwide against a budget of $ 30 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Screen Actors Guild Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards', 'summary': "Screen Actors Guild Awards ( also known as SAG Awards ) are accolades given by the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( SAG-AFTRA ) to recognize outstanding performances in film and prime time television . The statuette given , a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy , is called The Actor . It is 16 inches ( 41 cm ) tall , weighs over 12 pounds ( 5.4 kg ) , is cast in solid bronze , and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank , California . SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995 . Nominations for the awards come from two committees , one for film and one for television , each numbering 2100 members of the union , randomly selected anew each year , with the full membership ( 165,000 as of 2012 ) available to vote for the winners . It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards . The awards have been telecast since 1998 on TNT , and since 2007 have been simulcast on TBS . The inaugural SAG Awards aired live on February 25 , 1995 from Universal Studios ' Stage 12 . The second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium , while subsequent awards have been held at the Shrine Auditorium . On December 4 , 2017 , it was announced that the award show would have its first host ever in its twenty-four year history with actress Kristen Bell presiding over the ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture', 'summary': 'The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Motion Picture ( or Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ) , is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film .'}]}, {'value': 'The Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Butler', 'summary': "The Butler ( full title Lee Daniels ' The Butler ) is a 2013 American historical drama film directed and co-produced by Lee Daniels and with a screenplay by Danny Strong . It is inspired by Wil Haygood 's Washington Post article A Butler Well Served by This Election . Loosely based on the real life of Eugene Allen , who worked in the White House for decades , the film stars Forest Whitaker as Cecil Gaines , an African-American who is a witness of notable political and social events of the 20th century during his 34-year tenure serving as a White House butler . In addition to Whitaker , the film 's all-star cast also features Oprah Winfrey , John Cusack , Jane Fonda , Alex Pettyfer , Cuba Gooding Jr. , Terrence Howard , Lenny Kravitz , James Marsden , David Oyelowo , Vanessa Redgrave , Alan Rickman , Liev Schreiber , Robin Williams , Minka Kelly , Mariah Carey , and Clarence Williams III . It was the last film produced by Laura Ziskin , who died on June 12 , 2011 . The film was theatrically released by The Weinstein Company on August 16 , 2013 , to mostly positive reviews from critics , with many praising the cast but criticized the historical accuracy , particularly the portrayal of President Reagan . The film grossed over $ 176 million worldwide against a budget of $ 30 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brasov International Film Festival & Market', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Lead Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Endless Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Endless_Love_(2014_film)', 'summary': "Endless Love is a 2014 American romantic drama film directed by Shana Feste and co-written by Feste with Joshua Safran . A second adaptation of Scott Spencer 's novel , the film stars Alex Pettyfer , Gabriella Wilde , Bruce Greenwood , Joely Richardson , and Robert Patrick . The film was released on February 14 , 2014 by Universal Pictures in the US and UK , and on February 13 , 2014 in Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Awards and nominations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Alex_Pettyfer_3', 'intro': 'Alexander Richard Pettyfer (born 10 April 1990) is a British actor and model. He appeared in school plays and on television before being cast as Alex Rider, the main character in the 2006 film version of Stormbreaker. Pettyfer was nominated for a Young Artist Award and an Empire Award for his role. He has been seen as a model in several advertising campaigns for Burberry and has starred in a number of other films, including I Am Number Four, Beastly, and Magic Mike. He starred as Brody in the Netflix science fiction miniseries The I-Land.'} | null | null | Which year was the Award with a category for Best Male Newcomer discontinued ? | 2018 |
058469df629ebbf4 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_personal_information_managers', 'title': 'List of personal information managers', 'header': ['PIM application', 'Platform ( s )', 'Software license', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '3D Topicscape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3D_Topicscape', 'summary': "3D Topicscape , a software application , is a Personal Information Manager that provides a template loosely based on mind-mapping or concept mapping . It presents the mind map as a 3D scene where each node is a cone ( or pyramid , or variation on such a shape ) . It can also display in a 2D format . Nodes are arranged in a way that indicates how they are related in much the same way as a mind map . In addition to its use for information management it is claimed to be suitable as a task manager , and for use in project management . A Topicscape is created by importing folders ( by Drag-and-drop or menus ) , importing from other mind mapping software including FreeMind , PersonalBrain and MindManager or by hand with mouse clicks or keyboard shortcuts . Import sources may be converted to a new Topicscape or added as a portion of an existing one . The number of levels that can be stored is not limited , but up to seven levels of the hierarchy may be viewed at once . Any node may be chosen as the centre of the 3D scene and choosing one at the edge will cause more to come into view . Topicscape 's most obvious difference from 2D mind mapping software is that it provides a zooming interface and simulates flying as noted by Wall Street Journal columnist Jeremy Wagstaff in his column Fly through your computer . The BBC World Service and PC World have also reviewed 3D Topicscape ."}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Commercial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'organizes information into 3D landscapes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calendar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)', 'summary': "Calendar is a personal calendar app made by Apple Inc. that runs on both the macOS desktop operating system and the iOS mobile operating system . It offers online cloud backup of calendars using Apple 's iCloud service , or can synchronize with other calendar services , including Google Calendar and Microsoft Exchange Server . The macOS version was known as iCal before the release of OS X Mountain Lion in July 2012 . Originally released as a free download for Mac OS X v10.2 on September 10 , 2002 , it was bundled with the operating system as iCal 1.5 with the release of Mac OS X v10.3 . iCal was the first calendar application for Mac OS X to offer support for multiple calendars and the ability to intermittently publish/subscribe to calendars on WebDAV servers . Version 2 of iCal was released as part of Mac OS X v10.4 , Version 3 as part of Mac OS X v10.5 , Version 4 as part of Mac OS X v10.6 , Version 5 as part of Mac OS X v10.7 , Version 6 as part of OS X v10.8 , Version 7 as part of OS X v10.9 , Version 8 as part of OS X v10.10 and OS X v10.11 , and version 9 as part of macOS v10.12 . Apple licensed the iCal name from Brown Bear Software , who have used it for their iCal application since 1997. iCal 's initial development was quite different from other Apple software : it was designed independently by a small French team working secretly in Paris , led by Jean-Marie Hullot , a friend of Steve Jobs . iCal 's development has since been transferred to Apple US headquarters in Cupertino ."}]}, {'value': 'macOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}]}, {'value': 'Commercial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Included with macOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outlook Calendar on Outlook.com', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outlook.com', 'summary': 'Outlook.com is a web-based suite of webmail , contacts , tasks , and calendaring services from Microsoft . Founded in 1996 by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith as Hotmail , Microsoft acquired it in 1997 for an estimated $ 400 million and launched it as MSN Hotmail , later rebranded to Windows Live Hotmail as part of the Windows Live suite of products . Microsoft released the final version of Hotmail in October 2011 and it was replaced by Outlook.com in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freeware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freeware', 'summary': "Freeware is software , most often proprietary , that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user . There is no agreed-upon set of rights , license , or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously ; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers . For instance , modification , redistribution by third parties , and reverse engineering without the author 's permission are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others . Unlike with free and open-source software , which are also often distributed free of charge , the source code for freeware is typically not made available . Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by , for example , encouraging sales of a more capable version , as in the freemium and shareware business models ."}]}, {'value': 'Has a freeware offline client , Calendar ( Windows )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calendar_(Windows)', 'summary': "Calendar is a personal calendar application made by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows . It offers synchronization of calendars using Microsoft Exchange Server , Outlook.com Apple 's iCloud calendar service , and Google Calendar . It supports the popular iCalendar format ."}]}, {'value': 'Gubb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gubb_(application)', 'summary': 'gubb was a Web-based list application that required no downloaded software . With gubb , users could create , manage and share an unlimited number of lists . gubb also offered a fully functional mobile Web application . gubb was created in 2006 by former White House intern and Walt Disney Company executive Josh Weinstein and Peppercoin founding member Joe Bergeron .'}]}, {'value': 'Web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freeware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freeware', 'summary': "Freeware is software , most often proprietary , that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user . There is no agreed-upon set of rights , license , or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously ; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers . For instance , modification , redistribution by third parties , and reverse engineering without the author 's permission are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others . Unlike with free and open-source software , which are also often distributed free of charge , the source code for freeware is typically not made available . Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by , for example , encouraging sales of a more capable version , as in the freemium and shareware business models ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CintaNotes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CintaNotes', 'summary': 'CintaNotes is a freemium Microsoft Windows notetaking program . It provides a way to store and retrieve text collected from other documents or websites . Since version 3.0 CintaNotes supports attaching files and images to notes . CintaNotes supports clipping text from any application via a hotkey and also captures the web or local file link . The program allows tags and has instant search based on tags , text , links or date . The entire database or individually selected notes can be exported into either Unicode text or XML format .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Freemium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freemium', 'summary': 'Freemium , a portmanteau of the words free and premium , is a pricing strategy by which a product or service is provided free of charge , but money ( a premium ) is charged for additional features , services , or virtual ( online ) or physical ( offline ) goods that expand the functionality of the free version of the software . This business model has been used in the software industry since the 1980s . A subset of this model used by the video game industry is called free-to-play .'}]}, {'value': 'organizes information as notes , grouped using tags', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'eM Client', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EM_Client', 'summary': 'eM Client is a Windows and macOS based e-mail client for sending and receiving e-mails , managing calendars , contacts , and tasks . It was developed as a user-friendly alternative to existing e-mail clients and calendar solutions . eM Client was originally developed in 2006 and has provided updated versions . eM Client requires Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 installation .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freemium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freemium', 'summary': 'Freemium , a portmanteau of the words free and premium , is a pricing strategy by which a product or service is provided free of charge , but money ( a premium ) is charged for additional features , services , or virtual ( online ) or physical ( offline ) goods that expand the functionality of the free version of the software . This business model has been used in the software industry since the 1980s . A subset of this model used by the video game industry is called free-to-play .'}]}, {'value': 'Personal information manager , Email client , Calendaring software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Personal_information_manager', 'summary': "A personal information manager ( often referred to as a PIM tool or , more simply , a PIM ) is a type of application software that functions as a personal organizer . The acronym PIM is now , more commonly , used in reference to personal information management as a field of study . As an information management tool , a PIM tool 's purpose is to facilitate the recording , tracking , and management of certain types of personal information ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Email_client', 'summary': "An email client , email reader or more formally mail user agent ( MUA ) is a computer program used to access and manage a user 's email . A web application which provides message management , composition , and reception functions may act as an web email client , and a piece of computer hardware or software whose primary or most visible role is to work as an email client may also use the term ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Calendaring_software', 'summary': 'Calendaring software is software that minimally provides users with an electronic version of a calendar . Additionally , the software may provide an appointment book , address book , and/or contact list . These tools are an extension of many of the features provided by time management software such as desk accessory packages and computer office automation systems . Calendaring is a standard feature of many PDAs , EDAs and smartphones and also of many office suites for personal computers . The software may be a local application designed for individual use ( such as the Lightning extension for Mozilla Thunderbird , Microsoft Outlook without Exchange Server , or Windows Calendar ) or may be a networked package that allows for the sharing of information between users ( such as Mozilla Sunbird , Windows Live Calendar , Google Calendar , or Microsoft Outlook with Exchange Server ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Evernote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evernote', 'summary': 'Evernote is an app designed for note taking , organizing , task management , and archiving . It is developed by the Evernote Corporation , headquartered in Redwood City , California . The app allows users to create notes , which can be text , drawings , photographs , or saved web content . Notes are stored in notebooks and can be tagged , annotated , edited , searched , given attachments , and exported . Evernote is cross-platform , for Android , iOS , macOS , and Microsoft Windows . It is free to use with monthly usage limits , and offers paid plans for expanded or lifted limits .'}]}, {'value': 'macOS , Windows , Web , Android', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commercial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evolution_(software)', 'summary': "GNOME Evolution ( formerly Novell Evolution and Ximian Evolution , prior to Novell 's 2003 acquisition of Ximian ) is the official personal information manager for GNOME . It has been an official part of GNOME since Evolution 2.0 was included with the GNOME 2.8 release in September 2004 . It combines e-mail , address book , calendar , task list and note-taking features . Its user interface and functionality is similar to Microsoft Outlook . Evolution is free software licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Linux , Unix , GNOME', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Unix', 'summary': 'Unix ( /ˈjuːnɪks/ ; trademarked as UNIX ) is a family of multitasking , multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT & T Unix , development starting in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie , and others . Initially intended for use inside the Bell System , AT & T licensed Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s , leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including University of California , Berkeley ( BSD ) , Microsoft ( Xenix ) , IBM ( AIX ) , and Sun Microsystems ( Solaris ) . In the early 1990s , AT & T sold its rights in Unix to Novell , which then sold its Unix business to the Santa Cruz Operation ( SCO ) in 1995 . The UNIX trademark passed to The Open Group , a neutral industry consortium , which allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the Single UNIX Specification ( SUS ) . Unix systems are characterized by a modular design that is sometimes called the Unix philosophy : the operating system provides a set of simple tools that each performs a limited , well-defined function , with a unified filesystem ( the Unix filesystem ) as the main means of communication , and a shell scripting and command language ( the Unix shell ) to combine the tools to perform complex workflows . Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system : almost the entire operating system is written in the C programming language , thus allowing Unix to reach numerous platforms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GNOME', 'summary': 'GNOME ( / ( ɡ ) noʊm/ ) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems . GNOME was originally an acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment , but the acronym was dropped because it no longer reflected the vision of the GNOME project . GNOME is part of the GNU Project and developed by The GNOME Project which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors , the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat . It is an international project that aims to develop software frameworks for the development of software , to program end-user applications based on these frameworks , and to coordinate efforts for internationalization and localization and accessibility of that software . GNOME 3 is the default desktop environment on many major Linux distributions including Fedora , Debian , Ubuntu , SUSE Linux Enterprise ( exclusively ) , Red Hat Enterprise Linux , CentOS , Oracle Linux , SteamOS , Tails , Kali Linux and Endless OS , as well as Solaris , a major Unix operating system ; and provided as an official edition by Manjaro ; also the continued fork of the last GNOME 2 release that goes under the name MATE is default on many Linux distros that targets low usage of system resources .'}]}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Included with GNOME', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNOME', 'summary': 'GNOME ( / ( ɡ ) noʊm/ ) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems . GNOME was originally an acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment , but the acronym was dropped because it no longer reflected the vision of the GNOME project . GNOME is part of the GNU Project and developed by The GNOME Project which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors , the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat . It is an international project that aims to develop software frameworks for the development of software , to program end-user applications based on these frameworks , and to coordinate efforts for internationalization and localization and accessibility of that software . GNOME 3 is the default desktop environment on many major Linux distributions including Fedora , Debian , Ubuntu , SUSE Linux Enterprise ( exclusively ) , Red Hat Enterprise Linux , CentOS , Oracle Linux , SteamOS , Tails , Kali Linux and Endless OS , as well as Solaris , a major Unix operating system ; and provided as an official edition by Manjaro ; also the continued fork of the last GNOME 2 release that goes under the name MATE is default on many Linux distros that targets low usage of system resources .'}]}, {'value': 'Google Calendar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Google_Calendar', 'summary': "Google Calendar is a time-management and scheduling calendar service developed by Google . It became available in beta release April 13 , 2006 , and in general release in July 2009 , on the web and as mobile apps for the Android and iOS platforms . Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events . Reminders can be enabled for events , with options available for type and time . Event locations can also be added , and other users can be invited to events . Users can enable or disable the visibility of special calendars , including Birthdays , where the app retrieves dates of births from Google contacts and displays birthday cards on a yearly basis , and Holidays , a country-specific calendar that displays dates of special occasions . Over time , Google has added functionality that makes use of machine learning , including Events from Gmail , where event information from a user 's Gmail messages are automatically added to Google Calendar ; Reminders , where users add to-do activities that can be automatically updated with new information ; Smart Suggestions , where the app recommends titles , contacts , and locations when creating events ; and Goals , where users enter information on a specified personal goal , and the app automatically schedules the activity at optimal times . Google Calendar 's mobile apps have received polarized reviews . 2015 reviews of the Android and iOS apps both praised and criticized the design . While some critics praised the design for being cleaner , bold and making use of colorful graphics , other reviewers asserted that the graphics took up too much space . The Smart Suggestions feature was also liked and disliked , with varying levels of success in the app actually managing to suggest relevant information upon event creation . The integration between Google Calendar and Gmail was praised , however , with critics writing that all of the relevant details are there ."}]}, {'value': 'Web', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Web_application', 'summary': 'In computing , a web application or web app is a client-server computer program that the client ( including the user interface and client-side logic ) runs in a web browser . Common web applications include webmail , online retail sales , online banking , and online auctions .'}]}, {'value': 'Freeware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freeware', 'summary': "Freeware is software , most often proprietary , that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user . There is no agreed-upon set of rights , license , or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously ; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers . For instance , modification , redistribution by third parties , and reverse engineering without the author 's permission are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others . Unlike with free and open-source software , which are also often distributed free of charge , the source code for freeware is typically not made available . Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by , for example , encouraging sales of a more capable version , as in the freemium and shareware business models ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GroupWise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GroupWise', 'summary': "GroupWise is a messaging and collaboration platform from Micro Focus that supports email , calendaring , personal information management , instant messaging , and document management . The GroupWise platform consists of desktop client software , which is available for Windows , Mac OS X , and Linux , and the server software , which is supported on Windows Server and Linux . The platform also supports WebAccess , its browser-based webmail client . Mobile access to messaging , calendaring , contacts and other data from smartphones and tablet computers is supported ( through the GroupWise Mobility Service software ) via the Exchange ActiveSync protocol . Enterprise instant messaging and presence is handled by GroupWise Messenger , which integrates with GroupWise . The product 's ownership history includes WordPerfect , Novell and Attachmate ; Micro Focus 's 2014 acquisition of Attachmate resulted in the product 's Micro Focus GroupWise name . The latest generation of the platform is GroupWise 18 ."}]}, {'value': 'Linux , macOS , Windows , Web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commercial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IBM Notes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IBM_Notes', 'summary': "HCL Notes ( formerly IBM Domino and Lotus Notes ; see Branding below ) and HCL Domino ( formerly IBM Domino and Lotus Domino ) are the client and server , respectively , of a collaborative client-server software platform formerly sold by IBM , now by HCL Technologies . HCL Notes provides business collaboration functions , such as email , calendars , to-do lists , contact management , discussion forums , file sharing , microblogging , instant messaging , blogs , and user directories . It can also be used with other HCL Domino applications and databases . HCL Notes 9 Social Edition removed integration with the office software package IBM Lotus Symphony , which had been integrated with the IBM Lotus Notes client in versions 8.x . Lotus Development Corporation originally developed Lotus Notes in 1989 . IBM bought Lotus in 1995 and it became known as the Lotus Development division of IBM . As late as 2015 , it formed part of the IBM Software and Systems Group under the name IBM Collaboration Solutions . IBM Notes is a desktop workflow application , commonly used in corporate environments for email and to create discussion groups , websites , document libraries , custom applications and business workflows . On December 6 , 2018 , IBM announced that it was selling a number of software products to HCL Technologies for $ 1.8bn , including IBM Notes , Domino , Commerce , Portal , Connections , BigFix , Unica and AppScan . Their location within HCL Technologies ' umbrella is named HCL Software ."}]}, {'value': 'Linux , macOS , Windows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commercial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ical_(Unix)', 'summary': "ical is a calendar package written in Tcl/Tk by Sanjay Ghemawat for Unix systems . ical is known for its simple , intuitive interface . It 's possible for Tcl/Tk programmers to extend ical with custom functionality . It stores all calendaring information in a single flat text file per user that may be easily parsed by other programs . ical is free software released under the GNU General Public License . ical is not related to the iCalendar format standard , and does not support it . It is also not related to Apple Inc. 's calendaring application , Calendar ( which was previously called iCal ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kontact', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kontact', 'summary': 'Kontact is a personal information manager and groupware software suite developed by KDE . It supports calendars , contacts , notes , to-do lists , news , and email . It offers a number of inter-changeable graphical UIs ( KMail , KAddressBook , Akregator , etc . ) all built on top of a common core .'}]}, {'value': 'Linux , Windows , Unix , macOS , KDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KDE', 'summary': "KDE is an international free software community developing Free and Open Source software . As a central development hub , it provides tools and resources that allow collaborative work on this kind of software . Well-known products include the Plasma Desktop , Frameworks and a range of cross-platform applications like Krita or digiKam designed to run on Unix and Unix-like desktops , Microsoft Windows and Android . Being one of KDE 's most recognized projects , the Plasma Desktop is the default desktop environment on many Linux distributions , such as Fedora KDE Plasma Desktop Edition , KDE neon. , KaOS , Kubuntu , Manjaro KDE Edition , Netrunner , PCLinuxOS , openSUSE and Solus Plasma ."}]}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Included with KDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KDE', 'summary': "KDE is an international free software community developing Free and Open Source software . As a central development hub , it provides tools and resources that allow collaborative work on this kind of software . Well-known products include the Plasma Desktop , Frameworks and a range of cross-platform applications like Krita or digiKam designed to run on Unix and Unix-like desktops , Microsoft Windows and Android . Being one of KDE 's most recognized projects , the Plasma Desktop is the default desktop environment on many Linux distributions , such as Fedora KDE Plasma Desktop Edition , KDE neon. , KaOS , Kubuntu , Manjaro KDE Edition , Netrunner , PCLinuxOS , openSUSE and Solus Plasma ."}]}, {'value': 'Leo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leo_(text_editor)', 'summary': 'Leo ( Leonine Editor with Outlines ) is an open-source text editor/outliner that features clones ( virtual copies of outline nodes ) as its central tool of organization , navigation , customization and scripting .'}]}, {'value': 'Linux , Windows , macOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MIT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Python-scriptable folding editor/IDE organized around multiple views ( clones ) of underlying text spread across files . Inspired by literate programming and similar to org-mode', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lightning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lightning_(software)', 'summary': 'The Lightning project , announced on December 22 , 2004 , and currently [ update ] developed by the Mozilla Foundation , produces an extension that adds calendar and scheduling functionality to the Mozilla Thunderbird mail and newsgroup client and SeaMonkey internet suite . Lightning is an iCalendar compatible calendar . Unlike the discontinued Mozilla Sunbird and Mozilla Calendar extension , Lightning integrates tightly with Thunderbird . Lightning is available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions for Windows , macOS and Linux , and is installed by default on Thunderbird .'}]}, {'value': 'Linux , Windows , macOS , others', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}]}, {'value': 'MPL , GPL , LGPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License', 'summary': "The Mozilla Public License ( MPL ) is a free and open source software license developed and maintained by the Mozilla Foundation . It is a weak copyleft license , characterized as a middle ground between permissive free software licenses and the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , that seeks to balance the concerns of proprietary and open source developers . As such , it allows re-licensing . MPL software can thus be converted into a copyleft license such as the GPL , or to a proprietary license ( example : KaiOS ) . It has undergone two revisions , a minor update to version 1.1 , and a major update to version 2.0 with the goals of greater simplicity and better compatibility with other licenses . The MPL is the license for Mozilla Firefox , Mozilla Thunderbird , and most other Mozilla software , but it has been used by others , such as Adobe to license their Flex product line , and The Document Foundation to license LibreOffice 4.0 ( also on LGPL 3+ ) . Version 1.1 was adapted by several projects to form derivative licenses like Sun Microsystems ' own Common Development and Distribution License ."}, {'url': '/wiki/GNU_GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}, {'url': '/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own ( even proprietary ) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components . However , any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license . For proprietary software , code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library , so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components . The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries , although it is also used by some stand-alone applications . The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License . The word Lesser in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user 's complete freedom in the use of software ; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL , but not for any proprietary components ."}]}, {'value': 'Addon for the Thunderbird e-mail client', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird', 'summary': "Mozilla Thunderbird is a free and open-source , cross-platform email client , news client , RSS , and chat client developed by the Mozilla Foundation . The project strategy was modeled after that of the Mozilla Firefox web browser . It is installed by default on Ubuntu desktop systems . On December 7 , 2004 , version 1.0 was released , and received more than 500,000 downloads in its first three days of release , and 1,000,000 in 10 days . On July 6 , 2012 , Mozilla announced the company was dropping the priority of Thunderbird development because the continuous effort to extend Thunderbird 's feature set was mostly fruitless . The new development model shifted to Mozilla offering only Extended Support Releases , which deliver security and maintenance updates , while allowing the community to take over the development of new features . On December 1 , 2015 , Mozilla Executive Chair Mitchell Baker announced in a company-wide memo that Thunderbird development needs to be uncoupled from Firefox . She referred to Thunderbird developers spending large efforts responding to changes to Mozilla technologies , while Firefox was paying a tax to support Thunderbird development . She also said that she does not believe Thunderbird has the potential for industry-wide impact that Firefox does . At the same time , it was announced that Mozilla Foundation would provide at least a temporary legal and financial home for the Thunderbird project . Since the memo in 2015 , Mozilla has brought Thunderbird back in-house in an announcement on May 9 , 2017 , and continues to support its development . The Thunderbird development team has also expanded by adding several new members and has undergone an overhaul on security and user interface ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Outlook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook', 'summary': 'Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft , available as a part of the Microsoft Office suite . Primarily an email application , it also includes a calendar , task manager , contact manager , note taking , journal , and web browsing . It can be used as a stand-alone application , or can work with Microsoft Exchange Server and Microsoft SharePoint Server for multiple users in an organization , such as shared mailboxes and calendars , Exchange public folders , SharePoint lists , and meeting schedules . Microsoft has also released mobile applications for most mobile platforms , including iOS and Android . Developers can also create their own custom software that works with Outlook and Office components using Microsoft Visual Studio . In addition , Windows Phone devices can synchronize almost all Outlook data to Outlook Mobile .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows , macOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commercial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mobile PhoneTools', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobile_PhoneTools', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commercial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MyInfo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MyInfo', 'summary': 'MyInfo is a personal information manager developed by Milenix Software . MyInfo collects , organizes , edit , stores , and retrieves personal-reference information like text documents , web snippets , e-mails , notes , and files from other applications . Latest major version adds reminders , multiple document windows , hoist , and workspaces . MyInfo uses both hierarchical , and folder-like structures along with tags , categories and other meta-information for organizing its content . It is one of the several PIM applications for Windows to do so .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commercial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free form personal information manager', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OneNote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OneNote', 'summary': "Microsoft OneNote is a program for free-form information gathering and multi-user collaboration . It gathers users ' notes , drawings , screen clippings and audio commentaries . Notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the Internet or a network . Previously , OneNote was available as a part of the Microsoft Office suite . Microsoft also publishes versions of OneNote as a free , standalone application for macOS , Windows 10 , iOS and Android . Microsoft also provides a web-based version of OneNote as part of OneDrive and Office for the web ; this version enables users to edit notes in a web browser ."}]}, {'value': 'Windows , macOS , Web , Android , Windows Phone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freeware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freeware', 'summary': "Freeware is software , most often proprietary , that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user . There is no agreed-upon set of rights , license , or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously ; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers . For instance , modification , redistribution by third parties , and reverse engineering without the author 's permission are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others . Unlike with free and open-source software , which are also often distributed free of charge , the source code for freeware is typically not made available . Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by , for example , encouraging sales of a more capable version , as in the freemium and shareware business models ."}]}, {'value': 'Notes manager', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'org-mode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Org-mode', 'summary': 'Org-mode ( also : Org mode ; /ˈɔːrɡ moʊd/ ) is a document editing , formatting , and organizing mode , designed for notes , planning , and authoring within the free software text editor Emacs . The name is used to encompass plain text files ( org files ) that include simple marks to indicate levels of a hierarchy ( such as the outline of an essay , a topic list with subtopics , nested computer code , etc . ) , and an editor with functions that can read the markup and manipulate hierarchy elements ( expand/hide elements , move blocks of elements , check off to-do list items , etc. ) . Org-mode was created by Carsten Dominik in 2003 , originally to organize his own life and work , and since the first release numerous other users and developers have contributed to this free software package . Emacs includes Org-mode as a major mode by default . Bastien Guerry is the current maintainer , in cooperation with an active development community . Since its success in Emacs , some other systems have also begun providing functions to work with org files . Almost orthogonally , Org-mode has functionalities aimed at executing code in various external languages ; these functionalities form org-babel .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Integrates with Emacs BBDB for contact management support , web browsers for hyperlink storing support . Free iPhone and Android apps available ( Orgzly , MobileOrg and Beorg )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Applications', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_personal_information_managers_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of personal information managers (PIMs) and online organizers.'} | null | null | For the PIM application that requires no downloaded software was founded by what former White House intern ? | Josh Weinstein |
0586d74c3c3fac51 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Colombia at the 2012 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mariana Pajón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariana_Pajón', 'summary': "Mariana Pajón Londoño ODB ( born 10 October 1991 ) is a Colombian cyclist , two-time Olympic gold medalist and BMX World Champion . She won her first national title at age of 5 and her first world title at 9 . Overall , she is the winner of 14 world championships , 2 national championships in the United States , 9 Latin American Championships and 10 Pan American championships . She also won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , on 10 August 2012 , as well as in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio . She is the first Colombian to win two Olympic gold medals . Pajón 's achievements in BMX have earned her the nickname Queen of BMX . She was selected to be the flag-bearer for Colombia at the 2012 Summer Olympics at the Opening Ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The cycling competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at five venues between 28 July and 12 August . The venues were the London Velopark for track cycling and BMX , and Hadleigh Farm , in Essex , for mountain biking . The road races took place over a course starting and ending in The Mall in central London and heading out into Surrey , while the time trials started and finished at Hampton Court Palace in Richmond upon Thames . Eighteen events were contested and around 500 athletes participated . Cycling events have been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics , artistic gymnastics , fencing and swimming . Compared to the cycling at the 2008 Olympics , there were many changes in the Olympic track cycling programme . The men 's and women 's individual pursuit and points race , and the men 's Madison were removed . Team sprint , team pursuit and keirin were added to the women 's programme , while Omnium was a new race for both men and women . Countries were restricted to one entry per track event , a restriction which seemed to be directed at preventing the British team from double-medalling in the same event as they had in four events in 2008 , thus lowering their medal chances . However , similar to the 2008 Beijing Games , the cycling events were dominated by the British team , which , with a haul including eight gold medals , was the only one to win more than a single gold medal ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's BMX", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_BMX", 'summary': "The women 's BMX racing at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at the BMX track at the Velopark within the Olympic Park , from 8 to 10 August . Mariana Pajón from Colombia won the gold medal - the only at the 2012 Games for the country - with a winning time of 37.706 seconds . Sarah Walker from New Zealand won the silver medal and Laura Smulders of the Netherlands took bronze ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rigoberto Urán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rigoberto_Urán', 'summary': "Rigoberto Urán Urán , ODB ( born 26 January 1987 ) is a Colombian professional road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam EF Pro Cycling . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he won a silver medal in the road race . He became the first Colombian ever to make the podium of the Giro d'Italia , when he finished second behind Vincenzo Nibali in the 2013 edition of the race , having taken leadership of Team Sky following the abandonment of team captain Bradley Wiggins . He also won a mountain-top stage in that race with a solo breakaway . The previous year , he had won the white jersey for best young rider , and a seventh-place finish overall . In the 2014 Giro d'Italia he finished second again in the general classification , this time behind countryman Nairo Quintana . His most impressive result came at the 2017 Tour de France , where he won a stage and finish 2nd overall ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The cycling competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at five venues between 28 July and 12 August . The venues were the London Velopark for track cycling and BMX , and Hadleigh Farm , in Essex , for mountain biking . The road races took place over a course starting and ending in The Mall in central London and heading out into Surrey , while the time trials started and finished at Hampton Court Palace in Richmond upon Thames . Eighteen events were contested and around 500 athletes participated . Cycling events have been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics , artistic gymnastics , fencing and swimming . Compared to the cycling at the 2008 Olympics , there were many changes in the Olympic track cycling programme . The men 's and women 's individual pursuit and points race , and the men 's Madison were removed . Team sprint , team pursuit and keirin were added to the women 's programme , while Omnium was a new race for both men and women . Countries were restricted to one entry per track event , a restriction which seemed to be directed at preventing the British team from double-medalling in the same event as they had in four events in 2008 , thus lowering their medal chances . However , similar to the 2008 Beijing Games , the cycling events were dominated by the British team , which , with a haul including eight gold medals , was the only one to win more than a single gold medal ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's road race", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_individual_road_race", 'summary': "The men 's road race , one of the cycling events at the 2012 Olympic Games in London , took place on 28 July at 10 a.m. in central and southwest London and north Surrey , starting and finishing on The Mall . Samuel Sánchez of Spain would have been the defending champion , but due to an injury incurred at the 2012 Tour de France he could not compete . It was anticipated over one million people would line the route - a record for an Olympic event if reached . The race was won by Kazakhstan 's Alexander Vinokourov . He sprinted clear of Colombia 's Rigoberto Urán , who claimed the silver medal . Alexander Kristoff of Norway won the sprint from the following group to take bronze ."}]}, {'value': '28 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Óscar Figueroa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Figueroa_(weightlifter)', 'summary': 'Oscar Albeiro Figueroa Mosquera ( born 27 April 1983 ) is a Colombian weightlifter , and Olympic Champion competing in the 62 kg category until 2018 and 67 kg starting in 2018 after the International Weightlifting Federation reorganized the categories . He was born in Zaragoza , Cartago Valle del Cauca . He initially retired from the sport after the 2016 Summer Olympics , but has returned to international competition and has competed at the 2018 World Weightlifting Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Weightlifting competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London were held from 28 July to 7 August in the ExCeL venue . Fifteen gold medals were awarded and 260 athletes took part ( 156 men and 104 women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 62 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_62_kg", 'summary': "The Men 's 62 kg weightlifting event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , took place at ExCeL London on 30 July ."}]}, {'value': '30 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caterine Ibargüen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caterine_Ibargüen', 'summary': 'Caterine Ibargüen Mena ODB ( born 12 February 1984 ) is a Colombian athlete competing in high jump , long jump and triple jump . Her notable achievements include a gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics , silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics , two gold medals in the IAAF World Championships in Athletics , and two gold medals in the 2011 Pan American Games and 2015 Pan American Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's triple jump", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_triple_jump", 'summary': "The Women 's triple jump competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 3-5 August . Greece 's Paraskevi Papachristou was sent home by the national delegation for comments she made on Twitter . Four athletes achieved the automatic qualifier , Kimberly Williams and home team favorite Yamilé Aldama , just two weeks short of her 40th birthday , hit the mark in their first attempt . Olga Rypakova 's third round jump of 14.79 led the way , while it took 14.16 to make the final . The only returning medalist from 2008 was Tatyana Lebedeva , but at 36 , she was jumping more than 1.20 m less than four years ago . Fourth place from that competition Olga Rypakova took the lead in the first round . Hanna Knyazyeva edged ahead in the second round . In the third round Caterine Ibargüen took the lead briefly , but then Rypakova hit the winner at 14.98 on the next jump . In the final round , Olha Saladukha nailed her best jump to move into silver medal position . Two jumps later , Ibargüen bested that by a mere centimeter to push Saladukha back to bronze . Rypakova 's winning jump was 13 cm less than her 4th place jump , even less than the 6th place jump in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '5 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuri Alvear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuri_Alvear', 'summary': 'Yuri Alvear Orejuela ( born 29 March 1986 ) is a Colombian female judoka , three times World Champion in her division .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The judo 2012 London|ExCeL Exhibition Centre .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 70 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_70_kg", 'summary': "Women 's 70 kg competition in judo at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , took place at ExCeL London . The gold and silver medals were determined by a single-elimination tournament , with the winner of the final taking gold and the loser receiving silver . Judo events awarded two bronze medals . Quarterfinal losers competed in a repechage match for the right to face a semifinal loser for a bronze medal ( that is , the judokas defeated in quarterfinals A and B competed against each other , with the winner of that match facing the semifinal loser from the other half of the bracket ) ."}]}, {'value': '1 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Óscar Muñoz Oviedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Muñoz_Oviedo', 'summary': 'Óscar Luis Muñoz Oviedo ( born 9 May 1993 ) is a Colombian taekwondo practitioner who won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the -58 kg weight class . This was the fifth Olympic medal for Colombia at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and the first medal in this sport . At the 2016 Olympics he was eliminated in the first bout . Muñoz took up taekwondo aged 12 . In March 2016 he started working as a taekwondo coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was held from 8 August to 11 August at the ExCeL London . Competition was held in eight weight categories ; four for men , and four for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 58 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_58_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 58 kg competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held on 8 August , at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre ."}]}, {'value': '8 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackeline Rentería', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackeline_Rentería', 'summary': "Jackeline Rentería Castillo ( born February 23 , 1986 in Cali , Colombia ) is a female wrestler from Colombia . She won a bronze medal in the women 's freestyle 55 kg at the 2008 Summer Olympics , and repeated the feat in the women 's freestyle 55 kg category at the London 2012 Summer Olympics . She reached the semifinals in both tournaments , losing to the eventual silver medalists and winning the repechage bout . With her second medal she tied Helmut Bellingrodt , an Olympic Sports Shooter as the most decorated Colombian Olympian . In the Rio 2016 Olympics , they were joined by Óscar Figueroa in Weightlifting , Caterine Ibargüen in Triple Jump and Mariana Pajón in BMX . She is studying at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and also at the Universidad de Thomas Gomez ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics were held between 5 and 12 August , the final day of the Games , at ExCeL London . It was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which were further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the freestyle events , with 18 gold medals awarded . Wrestling has been contested at every modern Summer Olympic Games , except Paris 1900 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's freestyle 55 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_freestyle_55_kg", 'summary': "Women 's freestyle 55 kg competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , took place on 9 August at ExCeL London . This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament , with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals . The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals . Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage , culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket . Each bout consists of up to three rounds , lasting two minutes apiece . The wrestler who scores more points in each round is the winner of that rounds ; the bout ends when one wrestler has won two rounds ( and thus the match ) ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Oquendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Oquendo', 'summary': "Carlos Mario Oquendo Zabala ( born November 16 , 1987 , Medellín ) is a Colombian racing cyclist ( BMX style ) . Carlos was selected to represent Colombia at the London 2012 Summer Olympics in the men 's BMX category , and won the bronze medal in that competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The cycling competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at five venues between 28 July and 12 August . The venues were the London Velopark for track cycling and BMX , and Hadleigh Farm , in Essex , for mountain biking . The road races took place over a course starting and ending in The Mall in central London and heading out into Surrey , while the time trials started and finished at Hampton Court Palace in Richmond upon Thames . Eighteen events were contested and around 500 athletes participated . Cycling events have been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics , artistic gymnastics , fencing and swimming . Compared to the cycling at the 2008 Olympics , there were many changes in the Olympic track cycling programme . The men 's and women 's individual pursuit and points race , and the men 's Madison were removed . Team sprint , team pursuit and keirin were added to the women 's programme , while Omnium was a new race for both men and women . Countries were restricted to one entry per track event , a restriction which seemed to be directed at preventing the British team from double-medalling in the same event as they had in four events in 2008 , thus lowering their medal chances . However , similar to the 2008 Beijing Games , the cycling events were dominated by the British team , which , with a haul including eight gold medals , was the only one to win more than a single gold medal ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's BMX", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_BMX", 'summary': "The men 's BMX racing at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at the BMX track at the Velopark within the Olympic Park , from 8 to 10 August . Latvia 's Māris Štrombergs won the gold medal , successfully defending his victory in 2008 , with a time of 37.576 seconds . Sam Willoughby , representing Australia , won silver and Carlos Oquendo from Colombia took the bronze ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Colombia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Colombia competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. This was the nation's eighteenth appearance at the Olympics, having not competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Comité Olímpico Colombiano sent the nation's largest delegation to the Games, surpassing the record by having more than a quarter more athletes than represented Colombia in Beijing. A total of 104 athletes, 48 men and 56 women, competed in 18 sports. Women's football was the only team-based sport in which Colombia was represented in these Olympic Games. There was only a single competitor in fencing, shooting, table tennis, taekwondo and triathlon. This was Colombia's most successful Olympics (until Rio 2016), winning a total of eight medals (one gold, three silver, and four bronze). BMX rider and world champion Mariana Pajón, who was Colombia's flag bearer at the opening ceremony, won the nation's first gold medal since the 2000 Summer Olympics. Freestyle wrestler Jackeline Rentería became the first Colombian female athlete to claim two Olympic medals, while triple jumper Caterine Ibargüen won the nation's second medal in the track and field after 20 years. Other notable accomplishments included the nation's first ever Olympic medals in road cycling, judo and taekwondo."} | null | null | Where is Jackeline Rentería currently studying at ? | Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and also at the Universidad de Thomas Gomez |
0588bab0162a3514 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Gopalaswamy', 'title': 'Lakshmi Gopalaswamy', 'header': ['Film', 'Year', 'Character', 'Co-stars', 'Director', 'Language'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arayannangalude Veedu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arayannangalude_Veedu', 'summary': 'Arayannegalude Veedu is a Malayalam film written and directed by A. K. Lohithadas in 2000 . It was a critically celebrated film . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seetha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammooty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mammooty', 'summary': 'Muhammad Kutty Paniparambil Ismail ( born 7 September 1951 ) , better known by his stage name Mammootty is an Indian film actor and producer who works in Malayalam cinema . In his career spanning four decades , he has appeared in over 400 films , predominantly in Malayalam language and also in Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Hindi and English . Mammootty initially used the stage name Sajin in his early films . After establishing himself as a lead actor in the 1980s , his major breakthrough came with the commercial success of the 1987 film New Delhi . He has won three National Film Awards for Best Actor , seven Kerala State Film Awards and thirteen Filmfare Awards South . In 1998 , the Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri for his contributions to the arts . He has also received honorary doctorate degrees from the University of Kerala in January 2010 and from the University of Calicut in December 2010 . Mammootty has appeared in neighbouring industries as well . He entered Tamil cinema through Mounam Sammadham ( 1990 ) , in Telugu cinema through Swati Kiranam ( 1992 ) , in Bollywood through Triyathri though his debut as a lead was in Dhartiputra ( 1993 ) . He debuted in Kannada cinema through the bilingual film , Shikari ( 2012 ) . He also acted in an Indian English film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar ( 2000 ) . Mammootty is the chairman of Malayalam Communications , which runs the Malayalam television channels Kairali TV , People TV and WE TV .'}]}, {'value': 'Lohitha Das', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malayalam', 'summary': 'Malayalam ( /ˌmələˈjɑːləm/ ; Malayalam : മലയാളം , Malayāḷam ? [ mələjaːɭəm ] ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé district ) by the Malayali people . It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India spoken by nearly 2.88% of Indians . Malayalam has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé ) and is spoken by 37 million people worldwide . Malayalam is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the neighbouring states ; with significant number of speakers in the Nilgiris , Kanyakumari , and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu , and Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka . Due to Malayali expatriates in the Persian Gulf , the language is also widely spoken in Gulf countries . The origin of Malayalam remains a matter of dispute among scholars . One view holds that Malayalam and modern Tamil are offshoots of Middle Tamil and separated from it sometime after the c. 7th century AD . A second view argues for the development of the two languages out of Proto-Dravidian or Proto-Tamil-Malayalam in the prehistoric era . Designated a Classical Language in India in 2013 , it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan in the 16th century . The oldest documents written purely in Malayalam and still surviving are the Vazhappalli Copper plates from 832 AD and Tharisapalli Copper plates from 849 AD . The earliest script used to write Malayalam was the Vatteluttu alphabet , and later the Kolezhuttu , which derived from it .'}]}, {'value': 'Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kochu_Kochu_Santhoshangal', 'summary': 'Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal ( transl . The small moments of happiness ) is a 2000 Indian Malayalam-language family drama film written and directed by Sathyan Anthikkad from a story by C. V. Balakrishnan . It stars Jayaram , Kalidas Jayaram , Lakshmi Gopalaswamy , and Kavya Madhavan . The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja . The film won two National Film Awards - Best Feature Film in Malayalam and Best Choreography ( for Kala ) .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asha Lakshmi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jayaram', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sathyan Anthikkad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Achaneyanenikkishtam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Achaneyanenikkishtam', 'summary': 'Achaneyanenikkishtam ( transl . Father is my favourite ) is a 2001 Indian Malayalam-language family drama film directed by Suresh Krishnan , written by Suresh Poduval and produced by Menaka . It features Ashwin Thampi , Kalabhavan Mani , Biju Menon , and Lakshmi Gopalaswamy in the lead roles , and Mohanlal appears in a guest role . The film was released on 30 November 2001 . It won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director for M. G. Radhakrishnan .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seetha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biju Menon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suresh Krishna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Punyam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punyam', 'summary': 'Punyam is a 2002 Indian Malayalam film , directed by Rajesh Narayanan , produced by Nizar Abdul Rahim , starring Boban Alummoodan and Lakshmi Gopalaswamy in the lead roles .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sukanya', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanavu Meippada Vaendum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hema', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramya Krishnan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramya_Krishnan', 'summary': "Ramya Krishnan ( born 15 September 1970 ) , is an Indian film actress . She has acted in over 200 films in five languages : Telugu , Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam and Hindi . Ramya has won four Filmfare Awards , three Nandi Awards and a Tamil Nadu State Film Award . She is credited as Ramya Krishna in the Telugu and Kannada film industries . She is known for playing Neelambari in Padayappa which also won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil . She also won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Telugu for the 2009 dramedy Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam . Ramya 's portrayal of Sivagami Devi in the Baahubali series ( 2015-17 ) received universal acclaim . While Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) is the sixth highest grossing Indian film , its sequel Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) is the second highest grossing Indian film of all time . Her performance in Baahubali : The Beginning also won her the Best Supporting Actress - Telugu at the 2016 Filmfare Awards and Best Supporting Actress at Nandi Awards by Government of Andhra Pradesh ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_language', 'summary': 'Tamil ( /ˈtæmɪl/ ; தமிழ் Tamiḻ [ t̪amiɻ ] , pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka , and by the Tamil diaspora , Sri Lankan Moors , Chindians , and Douglas . Tamil is an official language in three countries : India , Sri Lanka and Singapore . In India , it is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry . Furthermore , Tamil is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia , along with English , Malay and Mandarin . Tamil is spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . Tamil is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world . A. K. Ramanujan described it as the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past . The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as one of the great classical traditions and literatures of the world . A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years . The earliest period of Tamil literature , Sangam literature , is dated from ca . 300 BC - AD 300 .'}]}, {'value': 'Poorvapara', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '--', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naveen Mayur , Geetha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geetha_(actress)', 'summary': "Geetha Kadambee ( born 14 July 1962 ) is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam , Tamil , Kannada , Telugu and Hindi films . She debuted in the Tamil film Bairavi ( as Rajinikanth 's sister ) . Since then she has acted in over 200 films in all major South Indian languages , and in a few Hindi films . She also appears in South Indian television serials . Geetha has won two Filmfare Awards South and a Karnataka State Film Awards and Kerala State Film Awards each ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kannada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kannada', 'summary': 'Kannada ( /ˈkɑːnədə , ˈkæn-/ ; ಕನ್ನಡ , [ ˈkɐnnɐɖaː ] ) , also known as Kanarese , is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by people of Karnataka in southwestern India , and by significant linguistic minorities in the states of Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Telangana , Kerala and abroad . The language has roughly 44 million native speakers , who are called Kannadigas . Kannada is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9 million non-Kannada speakers in Karnataka , which adds up to 56 million speakers . It is one of the scheduled languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka . The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script , which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script . Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia , and literary Old Kannada flourished in the 6th-century Ganga dynasty and during the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Dynasty . Kannada has an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years . Kannada literature has been presented with 8 Jnanapith awards , the most for any Dravidian language and the second highest for any Indian language . Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts , appointed by the ministry of culture , the government of India designated Kannada a classical language of India . In July 2011 , a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages at Mysore to facilitate research related to the language .'}]}, {'value': 'Mampazhakkalam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mampazhakkalam', 'summary': 'Mampazhakkalam ( transl . The season of mangoes ) is a 2004 Indian Malayalam-language family drama film directed by Joshiy , written by T. A. Shahid and produced by M. Mani . It stars Mohanlal and Shobana , alongside a large supporting cast . The film features original songs composed by M. Jayachandran and background score by S. P. Venkatesh . Mampazhakkalam released on 4 November 2004 was a commercial success at the box office .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nirmala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohanlal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohanlal', 'summary': "Mohanlal Viswanathan ( born 21 May 1960 ) , known mononymously as Mohanlal , is an Indian actor , producer , playback singer , and distributor , who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema . He has had a prolific career spanning over four decades , during which he has acted in more than 350 films . In addition to Malayalam , he has also appeared in other regional Indian films . Mohanlal made his acting debut as a teenager in the Malayalam film Thiranottam in 1978 , but the film was delayed in its release for 25 years due to censorship issues . His screen debut was in the 1980 romance film Manjil Virinja Pookkal , in which he played the role of a villain . In the following years , he played antagonistic characters in several films and gradually rose to supporting roles . Towards mid-1980s , he established himself as a bankable leading actor and gained stardom after starring in a series of commercially successful films in 1986 ; the crime drama Rajavinte Makan released in that year heightened his stardom . Mohanlal prefers to work in Malayalam films , but he has also appeared in some Hindi , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada films . Some of his best known non-Malayalam films include the Tamil political drama Iruvar ( 1997 ) , the Hindi crime drama Company ( 2002 ) and the Telugu film Janatha Garage ( 2016 ) . Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards - two Best Actor , a Special Jury Mention and a Special Jury Award for acting , and an award for Best Feature Film ( as producer ) , also nine Kerala State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards South and numerous other accolades . The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2001 , and Padma Bhushan in 2019 , India 's fourth and third highest civilian honours , for his contributions to Indian cinema . In 2009 , he became the first actor to be awarded the honorary rank of Lieutenant colonel in the Territorial Army ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vamanapuram Bus Route', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vamanapuram_Bus_Route', 'summary': 'Vamanapuram Bus Route is a 2004 Indian Malayalam-language comedy-drama film directed by Sonu Shishupal and written by Sudheesh John , starring Mohanlal and Lakshmi Gopalaswamy . Shishupal also composed the songs featured in the film , while C. Rajamani provided the background score . The film was released on 23 January 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meenakshi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohanlal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohanlal', 'summary': "Mohanlal Viswanathan ( born 21 May 1960 ) , known mononymously as Mohanlal , is an Indian actor , producer , playback singer , and distributor , who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema . He has had a prolific career spanning over four decades , during which he has acted in more than 350 films . In addition to Malayalam , he has also appeared in other regional Indian films . Mohanlal made his acting debut as a teenager in the Malayalam film Thiranottam in 1978 , but the film was delayed in its release for 25 years due to censorship issues . His screen debut was in the 1980 romance film Manjil Virinja Pookkal , in which he played the role of a villain . In the following years , he played antagonistic characters in several films and gradually rose to supporting roles . Towards mid-1980s , he established himself as a bankable leading actor and gained stardom after starring in a series of commercially successful films in 1986 ; the crime drama Rajavinte Makan released in that year heightened his stardom . Mohanlal prefers to work in Malayalam films , but he has also appeared in some Hindi , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada films . Some of his best known non-Malayalam films include the Tamil political drama Iruvar ( 1997 ) , the Hindi crime drama Company ( 2002 ) and the Telugu film Janatha Garage ( 2016 ) . Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards - two Best Actor , a Special Jury Mention and a Special Jury Award for acting , and an award for Best Feature Film ( as producer ) , also nine Kerala State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards South and numerous other accolades . The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2001 , and Padma Bhushan in 2019 , India 's fourth and third highest civilian honours , for his contributions to Indian cinema . In 2009 , he became the first actor to be awarded the honorary rank of Lieutenant colonel in the Territorial Army ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Symphony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Symphony_(film)', 'summary': 'Symphony is a 2004 Malayalam-language Indian feature film directed by I. V. Sasi and produced by M N Thankachan , starring newcomers Siva and Anu Sasi with Swathi Varma , Riyaz Khan , Jagadish and Jagathi Sreekumar The film was among the biggest box-office disasters of 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sindhu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jagathy Sreekumar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jagathy_Sreekumar', 'summary': 'Sreekumar P. K. ( born 5 January 1951 ) , better known by his stage name Jagathy Sreekumar , is an Indian film actor who has starred in over 1000 Malayalam films in a career spanning almost four decades . Hailed as one of the greatest comedians of all-time in Malayalam cinema , he is also known for his highly nuanced character roles . He is the son of acclaimed dramaturge and writer , the late Jagathy N. K. Achary . Jagathy Sreekumar won five Kerala State Film Awards among numerous other awards for his roles in various films . He has also directed two films and written screenplays for two more . His stage name is derived from the neighborhood of Jagathy in Trivandrum from where he hails . He is an outspoken orator holding strong views , quite unlike his onscreen image and his speeches are still popular . With 1,070-odd Malayalam films to his credit ( as of 2005 ) , he was reckoned as one of the most prolific actors in the industry , however Jagathy was involved in a vehicle accident in March 2012 and was hospitalized for over a year . He is still recovering from his injuries . His film career has been being on hold since the accident . It has been reported via various news outlets that Jagathy Sreekumar is back to acting through a television ad .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vishnu Sena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vishnu_Sena', 'summary': 'Vishnu Sena is a 2005 Indian Kannada drama - action film directed by Naganna and produced by M. Govinda . The film stars Dr.Vishnuvardhan along with Ramesh Aravind , Lakshmi Gopalaswamy and Gurleen Chopra in the prominent roles . The film had a musical score and soundtrack composed and written by Deva . The film is a remake of Tamil blockbuster film Ramanaa ( 2002 ) directed by A. R. Murugadoss and starred Vijayakanth , Ashima Bhalla and Simran . The film released on 23 December 2005 to generally positive reviews from critics .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '--', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr.Vishnuvardhan , Ramesh Aravind , Doddanna , Ashutosh Rana ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vishnuvardhan_(actor)', 'summary': "Dr.Vishnuvardhan ( 18 September 1950 - 30 December 2009 ) , born Sampath Kumar , was an Indian film actor known for his predominantly in Kannada cinema . He appeared in over 220 films in Kannada , Hindi , Telugu , Tamil and Malayalam . He was called 'The Phoenix of Indian Cinema ' . He made his debut in the 1972 film , Vamsha Vriksha , in a supporting role . The same year he played the lead role in Puttanna Kanagal 's Naagarahaavu , and was recognized as 'The Angry Young Man of Kannada Cinema ' . He has played a variety of roles in different genres . In 2008 , a poll conducted by CNN-IBN listed Vishnuvardhan as the most popular star in the Kannada Film Industry . A road stretching 14.5 km from Banashankari Temple to Kengeri in Bengaluru has been named after the superstar . It is the longest road in Asia to be named after a celebrity . He was a martial artist , In an interview with The Hindu , he had said that it was the era of Bruce Lee and it was only Kamal Haasan and himself who had learnt martial arts in his generation . He was also the story writer of the 1997 movie Ganesha I Love You directed by Phani Ramachandra . He was also fondly called as Sahasasimha and Abhinava Bhargava by the people of Karnataka ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ramesh_Aravind', 'summary': "Ramesh Aravind ( born 1964 ) is an Indian actor , director , TV show host , screenwriter , motivational speaker and author . Ramesh Aravind has been in the entertainment industry for over 25 years and has works in six languages . He has predominantly worked in Kannada . He also appeared in Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam and Hindi films . He is known for his roles in Pushpaka Vimana , Rama Shama Bhama , Sathi Leelavathi , Duet , America America , Nammoora Mandara Hoove , Apthamitra , Ulta Palta , Hoomale , Mungarina Minchu , Chandramukhi Pranasakhi and Amrutha Varshini . He has earned and been nominated for numerous awards during his career , including winning two Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and Karnataka State Awards for Best Actor and Best Story for his script in Hoomale , as well as Udaya TV and Suvarna TV Awards . He 's also the brand ambassador of BHIVE Workspace and VIDWATH mobile app . He is the host of WEEKEND WITH RAMESH show which has had four successful seasons on Zee Kannada and also hosted Season 3 of Kannadada Kotiyadipathi , the Kannada version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Doddanna', 'summary': 'Doddanna ( born 11 November 1949 ) is an Indian actor in the Kannada film industry who has acted in about 800 films . He started his career as a theatre actor . During this time , he entered the Kannada film industry as a character actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ashutosh_Rana', 'summary': 'Ashutosh Rana Ramnarayan Neekhra ( born 10 November 1967 ) , known professionally as Ashutosh Rana , is an Indian actor , working in Marathi , Telugu , Kannada , Tamil film & Hindi . He has also worked in Indian television shows . He has also won two Filmfare Awards for Dushman and Sangharsh . He won these awards in the category Filmfare Awards in a negative role .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kannada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boy Friennd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boyy_Friennd', 'summary': 'Boyy Friennd is a 2005 Malayalam film co-written and directed by Vinayan . The film stars Manikuttan , Mukesh and Sreenivasan in the lead roles . The film was released on 28 October .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nandini', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ganesh Kumar , Mukesh , Manikuttan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ganesh_Kumar', 'summary': 'Keezhoote Balakrishna Pillai Ganesh Kumar ( born 25 May 1966 ) is an Indian actor , television host , and politician . Ganesh Kumar is the current Member of the Legislative Assembly ( M.L.A . ) representing the Pathanapuram ( State Assembly constituency ) of Kollam district , Kerala . He made his debut as an actor in the film Irakal ( 1985 ) directed by K. G. George . He has starred in over 100 Malayalam films doing a variety of roles . Most recently , he was the Minister for Forests & Environment , Sports and Cinema in the Government of Kerala beginning May 2011 until his resignation on 1 April 2013 . He was elected to the State Legislative Assembly ( M.L.A . ) from Pathanapuram ( State Assembly constituency ) in Kollam district for the first time in 2001 and has represented the constituency ever since . He was Transport Minister from May 2001 to March 2003 . He is the son of Kezhoote Balakrishna Pillai , former Minister of Kerala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mukesh_(actor)', 'summary': 'Mukesh ( born Mukesh Madhavan on 5 March 1956 ) is an Indian film actor , producer , television presenter , and politician known for his work predominantly in Malayalam cinema , while having appeared in a few Tamil films.He is best known for his comedic roles in films . He was the chairman of Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy . Mukesh is the current Member of the Legislative Assembly ( M.L.A . ) representing the Kollam constituency of Kerala state .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manikuttan', 'summary': 'Thomas James , better known by his stage name Manikuttan is an Indian film and television actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinayan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanaka Simhasanam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanaka_Simhasanam', 'summary': 'Kanaka Simhasanam ( transl . Golden throne ) is a 2006 Indian Malayalam-language comedy film directed by Rajasenan . The film stars Jayaram , Karthika , and Lakshmi Gopalaswamy .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seethalakshmi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jayaram', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajasenan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smart City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smart_City_(film)', 'summary': 'Smart City is a 2006 Malayalam action film written and directed by B. Unnikrishnan . The film stars Suresh Gopi , Murali , Gopika , Jayasurya , Lakshmi Gopalaswami , Manoj K. Jayan , Siddique and Sanjay Mitra in the lead roles . This is the debut movie of B. Unnikrishnan as a director .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suresh Gopi , Manoj K Jayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suresh_Gopi', 'summary': 'Suresh Gopi ( born 26 June 1959 ) is an Indian film actor , politician , playback singer and television presenter . He works predominantly in Malayalam cinema and has also appeared in few Tamil , Telugu , Kannada and Bollywood films . Suresh has acted in more than 200 films and is a recipient of a National Film Award and Kerala State Film Award . He currently serves as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in Rajya Sabha . Suresh Gopi is also a philanthropist , social worker , and advocates for environmental protection .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manoj_K_Jayan', 'summary': "Manoj Kadampoothramadam Jayan , popularly known as Manoj K. Jayan , is an Indian actor who predominantly acts in Malayalam and Tamil films in addition to a few Telugu and Kannada films . Manoj has won three Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor , respectively for his portrayals of Hariharan 's Kuttan Thampuran in Sargam ( 1992 ) , Thalakkal Chandu in Pazhassi Raja ( 2009 ) and Kunjiraman in Farook Abdul Rahiman 's Kaliyachan . His most critically acclaimed characters are Kuttan Thampuran ( Sargam ) , Digambaran ( Anandabhadram ) and Thalakkal Chandu ( Pazhassi Raja ) .He is known for his polished acting skills and style quotient ."}]}, {'value': 'B. Unnikrishnan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keerthi Chakra / Aran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keerthi_Chakra_(film)', 'summary': 'Keerthi Chakra is a 2006 Indian Malayalam-language war film written and directed by Major Ravi , in his debut directorial . Starring Mohanlal in lead role as Major Mahadevan and also features Jiiva , Nawab Shah , Biju Menon , Lakshmi Gopalaswamy , and Gopika in major supporting roles . The film is based on true events related to incidents that took place in Jammu and Kashmir . The film is the first in the Major Mahadevan film series . The title is derived from the Indian gallantry award , Kirti Chakra . The film was released worldwide on 3 August 2006 . It was critically and commercial well received . It was the third highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year . The film was dubbed released into Tamil titled Aran , with a few additional scenes shot and added for Prakash Raj . Major Ravi won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay for the film .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sreekutty Mahadevan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohanlal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohanlal', 'summary': "Mohanlal Viswanathan ( born 21 May 1960 ) , known mononymously as Mohanlal , is an Indian actor , producer , playback singer , and distributor , who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema . He has had a prolific career spanning over four decades , during which he has acted in more than 350 films . In addition to Malayalam , he has also appeared in other regional Indian films . Mohanlal made his acting debut as a teenager in the Malayalam film Thiranottam in 1978 , but the film was delayed in its release for 25 years due to censorship issues . His screen debut was in the 1980 romance film Manjil Virinja Pookkal , in which he played the role of a villain . In the following years , he played antagonistic characters in several films and gradually rose to supporting roles . Towards mid-1980s , he established himself as a bankable leading actor and gained stardom after starring in a series of commercially successful films in 1986 ; the crime drama Rajavinte Makan released in that year heightened his stardom . Mohanlal prefers to work in Malayalam films , but he has also appeared in some Hindi , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada films . Some of his best known non-Malayalam films include the Tamil political drama Iruvar ( 1997 ) , the Hindi crime drama Company ( 2002 ) and the Telugu film Janatha Garage ( 2016 ) . Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards - two Best Actor , a Special Jury Mention and a Special Jury Award for acting , and an award for Best Feature Film ( as producer ) , also nine Kerala State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards South and numerous other accolades . The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2001 , and Padma Bhushan in 2019 , India 's fourth and third highest civilian honours , for his contributions to Indian cinema . In 2009 , he became the first actor to be awarded the honorary rank of Lieutenant colonel in the Territorial Army ."}]}, {'value': 'Major Ravi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paradesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paradesi_(2007_film)', 'summary': "Paradesi ( transl . Foreigner ) is a 2007 Indian Malayalam-language drama film written and directed by P. T. Kunju Muhammed . It was produced by Antony Perumbavoor under the company Aashirvad Cinemas . Mohanlal plays Valiyakaththu Moosa , in three stages of his life , between the ages of 35 and 80 . It also features Lakshmi Gopalaswamy , Swetha Menon , Padmapriya Janakiraman , Jagathy Sreekumar , and Siddique in significant roles . The film talks the issue of Indian citizens who left the country before independence in search of job , mostly to Arabia , and happened to reach Pakistan , and then when returned to the homeland , happened to be holding a Pakistani passport , and now is forced by the Indian authorities to leave the nation to Pakistan , which even the Pakistani authorities wo n't allow ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khadeeja', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohanlal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohanlal', 'summary': "Mohanlal Viswanathan ( born 21 May 1960 ) , known mononymously as Mohanlal , is an Indian actor , producer , playback singer , and distributor , who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema . He has had a prolific career spanning over four decades , during which he has acted in more than 350 films . In addition to Malayalam , he has also appeared in other regional Indian films . Mohanlal made his acting debut as a teenager in the Malayalam film Thiranottam in 1978 , but the film was delayed in its release for 25 years due to censorship issues . His screen debut was in the 1980 romance film Manjil Virinja Pookkal , in which he played the role of a villain . In the following years , he played antagonistic characters in several films and gradually rose to supporting roles . Towards mid-1980s , he established himself as a bankable leading actor and gained stardom after starring in a series of commercially successful films in 1986 ; the crime drama Rajavinte Makan released in that year heightened his stardom . Mohanlal prefers to work in Malayalam films , but he has also appeared in some Hindi , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada films . Some of his best known non-Malayalam films include the Tamil political drama Iruvar ( 1997 ) , the Hindi crime drama Company ( 2002 ) and the Telugu film Janatha Garage ( 2016 ) . Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards - two Best Actor , a Special Jury Mention and a Special Jury Award for acting , and an award for Best Feature Film ( as producer ) , also nine Kerala State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards South and numerous other accolades . The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2001 , and Padma Bhushan in 2019 , India 's fourth and third highest civilian honours , for his contributions to Indian cinema . In 2009 , he became the first actor to be awarded the honorary rank of Lieutenant colonel in the Territorial Army ."}]}, {'value': 'P.T . Kunjumuhammed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paranju Theeratha Visheshangal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paranju_Theeratha_Visheshangal', 'summary': 'Paranju Theeratha Visheshangal is a Malayalam language film starring Suresh Gopi & Lakshmi Gopalaswamy , Kunchacko Boban in the lead roles . It was released in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijayalakshmi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suresh Gopi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suresh_Gopi', 'summary': 'Suresh Gopi ( born 26 June 1959 ) is an Indian film actor , politician , playback singer and television presenter . He works predominantly in Malayalam cinema and has also appeared in few Tamil , Telugu , Kannada and Bollywood films . Suresh has acted in more than 200 films and is a recipient of a National Film Award and Kerala State Film Award . He currently serves as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in Rajya Sabha . Suresh Gopi is also a philanthropist , social worker , and advocates for environmental protection .'}]}, {'value': 'Harikumar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thaniye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thaniye', 'summary': 'Thaniye is a 2007 Indian Malayalam film , directed by Babu Thiruvalla , starring Nedumudi Venu and Lakshmi Gopalaswamy in the lead roles .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Home nurse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nedumudi Venu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nedumudi_Venu', 'summary': 'Kesavan Venugopal ( born 22 May 1948 ) , known popularly by his stage name Nedumudi Venu , is an Indian film actor from Keralam , who predominantly works in the Malayalam Cinema . Widely regarded as one of the greatest actors in Indian cinema of all time , he has acted in more than 500 films , primarily in Malayalam and also in Tamil . He has also written screenplays and has directed one film . He has won two National Film Awards and six Kerala State Film Awards for his various performances .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bheema', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bheema', 'summary': 'Bheemaa is a 2008 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by N. Linguswamy . It stars Vikram , Trisha , Prakash Raj , Raghuvaran , and Ashish Vidyarthi . The film score was by composer Harris Jayaraj , shot by cinematographer R. D. Rajasekhar , and edited by Anthony . The film was released on 14 January 2008 , after two years of production delays , to mixed reviews . The release coincides with the Thai Pongal harvest festival in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Later it was dubbed in Hindi as Vachanbadh by Baba Arts Ltd in 2012 . The film was remade in Bengali as Vikram .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Padma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vikram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vikram_(actor)', 'summary': "Kennedy John Victor ( born 17 April 1966 ) , better known by his stage name Vikram or Chiyaan Vikram , is an Indian actor and singer who predominantly appears in Tamil language films . He has won seven Filmfare Awards as well as one National Film Award and Tamil Nadu State Film Award amongst other recognitions and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the People 's University of Milan in May 2011 . He made his debut in the 1990 film En Kadhal Kanmani , which was followed by a series of small-budget Tamil , Malayalam and Telugu films in the 1990s , many of which went unnoticed . However , the success of Bala 's tragedy film Sethu ( 1999 ) , in which Vikram appeared as a rogue turned lover , started Vikram 's successful career as an actor . In the early 2000s , Vikram appeared in a series of masala films , with Dhill ( 2001 ) , Gemini ( 2002 ) , Dhool ( 2003 ) and Saamy ( 2003 ) becoming commercially successful ventures . During the period , Vikram also appeared in diverse roles and received critical acclaim for his performance as a blind villager in Kasi and a Robin Hood-esque figure in Samurai . In 2003 , Vikram 's performance as a gravedigger with autism spectrum disorders in Bala 's Pithamagan saw him win the National Film Award for Best Actor , with his character only speaking a couple of lines of dialogue in the entire film . His appearance as an idealistic lawyer with multiple personality disorder in Shankar 's blockbuster Anniyan ( 2005 ) also won critical acclaim , as did his appearance as a superhero in Kanthaswamy ( 2009 ) . Vikram 's portrayal of Veeraiya , a tribal leader inspired by the Ramayana character Ravana , in Mani Ratnam 's Raavanan saw him secure further accolades , as did his appearance as a mentally challenged adult with the maturity of a six-year-old boy in Deiva Thirumagal ( 2011 ) . He consequently appeared in multiple get-ups as a bodybuilder and a crippled hunchback , losing up to 35 kilograms for sequences , during the making of Shankar 's romantic thriller I ( 2015 ) and won rave reviews from critics for his performance . It is currently the sixth highest-grossing Tamil film of all time . Vikram has promoted various social causes and appeared as the Youth Envoy for the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'N. Linguswamy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/N._Linguswamy', 'summary': 'Nammalvar Lingusamy is an Indian film director , screenwriter and film producer in Tamil cinema based in Chennai . Lingusamy made his directorial debut with the Mammootty starrer family-drama Aanandham in 2001 and followed by successful films as Run ( 2002 ) , Sandakozhi ( 2005 ) , Paiyaa ( 2010 ) and Vettai ( 2012 ) . He and his brother N. Subash Chandrabose have also produced films through his production company , Thirupathi Brothers .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bhagavan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhagavan', 'summary': "Bhagavān ( Sanskrit : भगवान् , Bhagavān ) or Bhagwan is an epithet for a deity , particularly for Krishna and other avatars of Lord Vishnu in Vaishnavism and for Lord Shiva in the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism . The term is used by Jains to refer to the Tirthankaras , particularly Mahavira , and by Buddhists to refer to Lord Buddha in India . In many parts of India and South Asia , Bhagavān represents the abstract concept of a universal God to Hindus who are spiritual and religious but do not worship a specific deity . The term Bhagavān does not appear in Vedas or in the early or middle Upanishads . There is the use of the term Bhag in Mundaka Upanishad , but not for the term God . The word Ishwar is not used in Vedic scripture , except Ishawasyopanishad . The oldest Sanskrit texts use the term Brahman to represent an abstract Supreme Soul and Absolute Reality , while using names of deities like Krishna , Vishnu , Shiva to represent Gods and Goddesses . The term Ishvara appears in Vedas and Upanishads , where it is used to discuss spiritual concepts . The word Bhagavān is found in later Vedic shaastr [ disambiguation needed ] , such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Puranas . In Bhakti school literature , the term is typically used for any deity to whom prayers are offered ; for example , Rama , Ganesha , Krishna , Brahma , Shiva , or Vishnu . A particular deity is often the devotee 's one and only Bhagavan . Bhagavan is male in Bhakti traditions , and the female equivalent of Bhagavān is Bhagavatī ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohanlal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohanlal', 'summary': "Mohanlal Viswanathan ( born 21 May 1960 ) , known mononymously as Mohanlal , is an Indian actor , producer , playback singer , and distributor , who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema . He has had a prolific career spanning over four decades , during which he has acted in more than 350 films . In addition to Malayalam , he has also appeared in other regional Indian films . Mohanlal made his acting debut as a teenager in the Malayalam film Thiranottam in 1978 , but the film was delayed in its release for 25 years due to censorship issues . His screen debut was in the 1980 romance film Manjil Virinja Pookkal , in which he played the role of a villain . In the following years , he played antagonistic characters in several films and gradually rose to supporting roles . Towards mid-1980s , he established himself as a bankable leading actor and gained stardom after starring in a series of commercially successful films in 1986 ; the crime drama Rajavinte Makan released in that year heightened his stardom . Mohanlal prefers to work in Malayalam films , but he has also appeared in some Hindi , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada films . Some of his best known non-Malayalam films include the Tamil political drama Iruvar ( 1997 ) , the Hindi crime drama Company ( 2002 ) and the Telugu film Janatha Garage ( 2016 ) . Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards - two Best Actor , a Special Jury Mention and a Special Jury Award for acting , and an award for Best Feature Film ( as producer ) , also nine Kerala State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards South and numerous other accolades . The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2001 , and Padma Bhushan in 2019 , India 's fourth and third highest civilian honours , for his contributions to Indian cinema . In 2009 , he became the first actor to be awarded the honorary rank of Lieutenant colonel in the Territorial Army ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pakal Nakshatrangal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakal_Nakshatrangal', 'summary': 'Pakal Nakshatrangal ( English : Morning Stars ) is a 2008 Malayalam film directed by Rajeev Nath and written by Anoop Menon who made his debut in screenplay writing through this film . The film stars Anoop Menon , Suresh Gopi , Murali , Kalpana , Mohanlal , and Lakshmi Gopalaswamy . It is about the lives of a group of intellectuals in Kerala in the later half of the 1990s . The film was critically acclaimed .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Padma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohanlal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohanlal', 'summary': "Mohanlal Viswanathan ( born 21 May 1960 ) , known mononymously as Mohanlal , is an Indian actor , producer , playback singer , and distributor , who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema . He has had a prolific career spanning over four decades , during which he has acted in more than 350 films . In addition to Malayalam , he has also appeared in other regional Indian films . Mohanlal made his acting debut as a teenager in the Malayalam film Thiranottam in 1978 , but the film was delayed in its release for 25 years due to censorship issues . His screen debut was in the 1980 romance film Manjil Virinja Pookkal , in which he played the role of a villain . In the following years , he played antagonistic characters in several films and gradually rose to supporting roles . Towards mid-1980s , he established himself as a bankable leading actor and gained stardom after starring in a series of commercially successful films in 1986 ; the crime drama Rajavinte Makan released in that year heightened his stardom . Mohanlal prefers to work in Malayalam films , but he has also appeared in some Hindi , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada films . Some of his best known non-Malayalam films include the Tamil political drama Iruvar ( 1997 ) , the Hindi crime drama Company ( 2002 ) and the Telugu film Janatha Garage ( 2016 ) . Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards - two Best Actor , a Special Jury Mention and a Special Jury Award for acting , and an award for Best Feature Film ( as producer ) , also nine Kerala State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards South and numerous other accolades . The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2001 , and Padma Bhushan in 2019 , India 's fourth and third highest civilian honours , for his contributions to Indian cinema . In 2009 , he became the first actor to be awarded the honorary rank of Lieutenant colonel in the Territorial Army ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Lakshmi_Gopalaswamy_0', 'intro': "Lakshmi Gopalaswamy is an Indian film actress from Karnataka and a classical dancer, qualified in Bharatanatyam. She has acted in several Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil films. She has also acted in some TV serials. She won the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in her Kannada film Vidaya. Her debut Malayalam film Arayannangalude Veedu alongside Mammootty won her the Kerala State Film Award as the best supporting actor. She was a judge on Asianet's dance show Vodafone Thakadhimi."} | null | null | who is the character of the film that stars Lakshmi Gopalaswamy and others ? | Asha Lakshmi |
058b36b170d6b290 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Mississippi', 'title': 'List of National Historic Landmarks in Mississippi', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Date designated', 'Location', 'County', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ammadelle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ammadelle', 'summary': 'Ammadelle is a historic house at 637 North Lamar Street in Oxford , Mississippi . Built in 1859 , it is an Italianate mansion designed by Calvert Vaux , which he regarded as one of his finest works . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1974 ( # 74001064 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oxford 34°22′21″N 89°31′06″W / 34.372615°N 89.518443°W / 34.372615 ; -89.518443 ( Ammadelle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Oxford is a city in , and the county seat of , Lafayette County , Mississippi , United States . Founded in 1837 , it was named after the British university city of Oxford in hopes of having the state university located there , which it did successfully attract . As of the 2010 US Census , the population is 18,916 ; the Census Bureau estimates the city 's 2017 population at 23,639 . Oxford is the home of the University of Mississippi , founded in 1848 , also commonly known as Ole Miss ."}]}, {'value': 'Lafayette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Lafayette County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 47,351 . Its county seat is Oxford . The local pronunciation of the name is la-FAY-et . The county 's name honors Marquis de Lafayette , a French military hero and American general who fought during the American Revolutionary War . The Oxford , MS Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Lafayette County . The County is policed by the Lafayette County Sheriff 's Department . Lafayette County is often regarded as the inspiration for Yoknapatawpha County , the fictional setting of many of William Faulkner 's stories ."}]}, {'value': 'Italianate villa built in 1859 , designed by Calvert Vaux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Calvert_Vaux', 'summary': "Calvert Vaux ( /vɔːks/ ; December 20 , 1824 - November 19 , 1895 ) was a British-American architect and landscape designer . Vaux is best known as the co-designer , along with his protégé and junior partner Frederick Law Olmsted , of what would become New York City 's Central Park . Vaux , on his own and in various partnerships , designed and created dozens of parks across the United States . He introduced new ideas about the significance of public parks in America during a hectic time of urbanization . This industrialization of the cityscape inspired Vaux to focus on an integration of buildings , bridges , and other forms of architecture into their natural surroundings . He favored naturalistic , rustic , and curvilinear lines in his designs ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Site', 'summary': 'The Anna Site ( 22 AD 500 ) is a prehistoric Plaquemine culture archaeological site located in Adams County , Mississippi 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Natchez . It is the type site for the Anna Phase ( 1200 to 1350 CE ) of the Natchez Bluffs Plaquemine culture chronology . It was declared a National Historic Landmark on September 14 , 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 14 , 1993 ( # 93001606 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natchez 31°41′43″N 91°20′59″W / 31.695381°N 91.349769°W / 31.695381 ; -91.349769 ( Anna Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Natchez ( /ˈnætʃɪz/ ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County , Mississippi , United States . Natchez has a total population of 15,792 ( as of the 2010 census ) . Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish , Louisiana , Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years , a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade . Natchez is some 90 miles ( 140 km ) southwest of Jackson , the capital of Mississippi , which is located near the center of the state . It is approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , located on the lower Mississippi River . Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state . The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans , who with their ancestors , inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period .'}]}, {'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,297 . The county seat is Natchez . The county is the first to have been organized in the former Mississippi Territory . It is named for the second President of the United States , John Adams , who held that office when the county was organized in 1799 . Adams County is part of the Natchez micropolitan area which consists of Adams County , Mississippi and Concordia Parish , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'A Plaquemine culture archaeological site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaquemine_culture', 'summary': 'The Plaquemine culture was an archaeological culture ( circa 1200 to 1700 CE ) centered on the Lower Mississippi River valley . It had a deep history in the area stretching back through the earlier Coles Creek ( 700-1200 CE ) and Troyville cultures ( 400-700 CE ) to the Marksville culture ( 100 BCE to 400 CE ) . The Natchez and related Taensa peoples were their historic period descendants . The type site for the culture is the Medora Site in Louisiana ; while other examples include the Anna , Emerald , Holly Bluff , and Winterville sites in Mississippi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Archaeological_site', 'summary': 'An archaeological site is a place ( or group of physical sites ) in which evidence of past activity is preserved ( either prehistoric or historic or contemporary ) , and which has been , or may be , investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record . Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground , to buildings and other structures still in use . Beyond this , the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely , depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington_(Natchez,_Mississippi)', 'summary': "Arlington is a historic Federal style house and outbuildings in Natchez , Mississippi . The 55-acre ( 22 ha ) property , which includes three contributing buildings , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . It was further declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 . Following a fire that destroyed much of the main house , it was placed on Mississippi 's 10 most endangered historic places for 2009 by the Mississippi Heritage Trust ."}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1974 ( # 73000999 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natchez 31°33′10″N 91°23′33″W / 31.552778°N 91.3925°W / 31.552778 ; -91.3925 ( Arlington )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Natchez ( /ˈnætʃɪz/ ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County , Mississippi , United States . Natchez has a total population of 15,792 ( as of the 2010 census ) . Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish , Louisiana , Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years , a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade . Natchez is some 90 miles ( 140 km ) southwest of Jackson , the capital of Mississippi , which is located near the center of the state . It is approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , located on the lower Mississippi River . Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state . The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans , who with their ancestors , inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period .'}]}, {'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,297 . The county seat is Natchez . The county is the first to have been organized in the former Mississippi Territory . It is named for the second President of the United States , John Adams , who held that office when the county was organized in 1799 . Adams County is part of the Natchez micropolitan area which consists of Adams County , Mississippi and Concordia Parish , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Early historic home', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_(Natchez,_Mississippi)', 'summary': 'Auburn is an antebellum mansion in Duncan Park in Natchez , Mississippi . It was designed and constructed by Levi Weeks in 1812 , and was the first building to exhibit Greek Revival order in the town . Its prominent two-story Greek portico served as a model for the subsequent architectural development of local mansions . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 and a Mississippi Landmark in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1974 ( # 74001047 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natchez 31°32′44″N 91°23′27″W / 31.54565°N 91.390733°W / 31.54565 ; -91.390733 ( Auburn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Natchez ( /ˈnætʃɪz/ ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County , Mississippi , United States . Natchez has a total population of 15,792 ( as of the 2010 census ) . Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish , Louisiana , Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years , a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade . Natchez is some 90 miles ( 140 km ) southwest of Jackson , the capital of Mississippi , which is located near the center of the state . It is approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , located on the lower Mississippi River . Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state . The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans , who with their ancestors , inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period .'}]}, {'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,297 . The county seat is Natchez . The county is the first to have been organized in the former Mississippi Territory . It is named for the second President of the United States , John Adams , who held that office when the county was organized in 1799 . Adams County is part of the Natchez micropolitan area which consists of Adams County , Mississippi and Concordia Parish , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Early historic home', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beauvoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beauvoir_(Biloxi,_Mississippi)', 'summary': "The Beauvoir estate is notable as the historic post-war home ( 1876-1889 ) of the former President of the Confederate States of America , Jefferson Davis , ( 1807/08-1889 ) . Its construction was begun in 1848 facing the Gulf Coastline ( Gulf of Mexico ) at Biloxi , Mississippi . It was purchased earlier in 1873 by the planter Samuel Dorsey and his wife Sarah Dorsey . After her husband 's death in 1875 , the widow , Sarah Ellis Dorsey learned of former Confederate President Jefferson Davis ' difficulties . She invited him to visit at the plantation and offered him a cottage near the main house , where he could live and work at his memoirs ( Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ) . He ended up living there the rest of his life . The house and plantation have since been designated as a National Historic Landmark , recognized and listed by the U.S. Department of the Interior and its National Park Service ( established 1916 ) . Ill with cancer , in 1878 Sarah Ellis Dorsey remade her will , bequeathing her entire estate , including Beauvoir to Jefferson Davis making his youngest daughter , Varina Anne Davis , known as Winnie , the residuary legatee , inheriting after her father died . His wife , Winnie 's mother , Varina Howell Davis , was also living there . The three Davises lived there until former President Davis ' death in 1889 . Davis ' widow , Varina Howell Davis , and their daughter , Winnie , moved to New York City in 1891 . After the death of Varina Anne Davis ( Winnie ) in 1898 , Varina Howell Davis inherited the plantation ."}]}, {'value': 'November 7 , 1993 ( # 71000448 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biloxi 30°23′33″N 88°51′46″W / 30.392509°N 88.862787°W / 30.392509 ; -88.862787 ( Beauvoir )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Biloxi ( /bɪˈlʌksi/ bi-LUK-see ; French : [ bilusi ] ) is a city and one of two county seats of Harrison County , Mississippi , United States ( the other seat being the adjoining city of Gulfport ) . The 2010 United States Census recorded the population as 44,054 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 45,968 . The area was first settled by French colonists . The city is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi metropolitan area and the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula , MS Combined Statistical Area . Pre-Katrina , Biloxi was the third-largest city in Mississippi , behind Jackson and Gulfport . Due to the widespread destruction and flooding , many refugees left the city . Post-Katrina , the population of Biloxi decreased , and it became the fifth-largest city in the state , being surpassed by Hattiesburg and Southaven . The beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound , with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico . Keesler Air Force Base lies within the city and is home to the 81st Training Wing and the 403d Wing of the U.S. Air Force Reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrison_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Harrison County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 187,105 , making it the second-most populous county in Mississippi . Its county seats are Biloxi and Gulfport . The county is named after U.S. President William Henry Harrison . Harrison County is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula , MS Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county was severely damaged from both Hurricane Camille on August 17 , 1969 and Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , causing catastrophic effects .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-war home and library of Confederate President Jefferson Davis , damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , restored by 2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_Davis', 'summary': "Jefferson Finis Davis [ a ] ( June 3 , 1808 - December 6 , 1889 ) was an American politician who served as the president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865 . As a member of the Democratic Party , he represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives before the American Civil War . He previously served as the United States Secretary of War from 1853 to 1857 under President Franklin Pierce . Davis was born in Fairview , Kentucky , to a moderately prosperous farmer , the youngest of ten children . He grew up in Wilkinson County , Mississippi , and also lived in Louisiana . His eldest brother Joseph Emory Davis secured the younger Davis 's appointment to the United States Military Academy . After graduating , Jefferson Davis served six years as a lieutenant in the United States Army . He fought in the Mexican-American War ( 1846-1848 ) , as the colonel of a volunteer regiment . Before the American Civil War , he operated a large cotton plantation in Mississippi , which his brother Joseph gave him , and owned as many as 113 slaves . Although Davis argued against secession in 1858 , he believed that states had an unquestionable right to leave the Union . Davis married Sarah Knox Taylor , daughter of general and future President Zachary Taylor , in 1835 , when he was 27 years old . They were both stricken with malaria soon thereafter , and Sarah died after three months of marriage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina', 'summary': "Hurricane Katrina was the most destructive tropical cyclone on record , tied with Hurricane Harvey in 2017 , causing $ 125 billion in damage , particularly in the city of New Orleans and the surrounding areas , and over 1,200 deaths . The storm was the third major hurricane of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season , and the fourth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record to make landfall in the contiguous United States , behind only the 1935 Labor Day hurricane , Hurricane Camille in 1969 , and Hurricane Michael in 2018 . Katrina originated on August 23 , 2005 as a tropical depression from the merger of a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . Early the following day , the depression intensified into a tropical storm as it headed generally westward toward Florida , strengthening into a hurricane two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach on August 25 . After briefly weakening to tropical storm strength over southern Florida , Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and began to rapidly intensify . The storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico before weakening to Category 3 strength at its second landfall on August 29 over southeast Louisiana and Mississippi . Over fifty breaches in surge protection levees surrounding the city of New Orleans , Louisiana caused of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina . Eventually , 80% of the city , as well as large tracts of neighboring parishes , were inundated for weeks . The flooding also destroyed most of New Orleans ' transportation and communication facilities , leaving tens of thousands of people who had not evacuated the city prior to landfall stranded with little access to food , shelter or basic necessities . The scale of the disaster in New Orleans provoked massive national and international response efforts ; federal , local and private rescue operations evacuated displaced persons out of the city over the following weeks . Multiple investigations in the aftermath of the storm concluded that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , which had designed and built the region 's levees decades earlier , was responsible for the failure of the flood-control systems , though federal courts later ruled that the Corps could not be held financially liable because of sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . The emergency response from federal , state and local governments was widely criticized , resulting in the resignations of Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) director Michael D. Brown and New Orleans Police Department ( NOPD ) Superintendent Eddie Compass ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Champion Hill Battlefield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champion_Hill_Battlefield', 'summary': "The Battle of Champion Hill , fought May 16 , 1863 , was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) . Union Army commander Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Tennessee pursued the retreating Confederate States Army , under Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton and defeated his army twenty miles to the east of Vicksburg , Mississippi , leading inevitably to the Siege of Vicksburg and surrender . The battle is also known as Baker 's Creek ."}]}, {'value': 'May 5 , 1977 ( # 71000450 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolton 32°19′12″N 90°32′33″W / 32.32°N 90.5425°W / 32.32 ; -90.5425 ( Champion Hill Battlefield )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolton,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Bolton is a town in Hinds County , Mississippi , United States . The population was 567 at the 2010 census , down from 629 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Hinds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hinds_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Hinds County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 245,285 , making it the most populous county in Mississippi . Its county seats are Raymond and Jackson , the state capital . The county is named for General Thomas Hinds , a hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 . Hinds County is a central part of the Jackson , MS Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is a professional , educational , business and industrial hub in the state . It is bordered on the northwest by the Big Black River and on the east by the Pearl River . It is one county width away from the Yazoo River and the southern border of the Mississippi Delta . In the 19th century , the rural areas of the county were devoted to cotton plantations worked by enslaved African Americans and depended on agriculture well into the 20th century . From 1877 to 1950 , this county had 22 lynchings , the highest number in the state . Mississippi has the highest total number of lynchings of any state .'}]}, {'value': 'A turning point of the American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Commercial Bank and Banker 's House", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Commercial_Bank_and_Banker's_House", 'summary': "The Commercial Bank and Banker 's House is an unusual combination building , housing both a bank premises and the principal banker 's residence , at 206 Main Street and 107 Canal Street in Natchez , Mississippi . Built-in 1833 , it is a remarkably high-quality and well-preserved example of Greek Revival architecture . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974 . The bank portion of the building , used for a time by a Christian Science congregation , is presently vacant , while the house portion is a private residence ."}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1974 ( # 74002252 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Natchez 31°33′41″N 91°24′19″W / 31.561482°N 91.405185°W / 31.561482 ; -91.405185 ( Commercial Bank and Banker 's House )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Natchez ( /ˈnætʃɪz/ ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County , Mississippi , United States . Natchez has a total population of 15,792 ( as of the 2010 census ) . Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish , Louisiana , Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years , a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade . Natchez is some 90 miles ( 140 km ) southwest of Jackson , the capital of Mississippi , which is located near the center of the state . It is approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , located on the lower Mississippi River . Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state . The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans , who with their ancestors , inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period .'}]}, {'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,297 . The county seat is Natchez . The county is the first to have been organized in the former Mississippi Territory . It is named for the second President of the United States , John Adams , who held that office when the county was organized in 1799 . Adams County is part of the Natchez micropolitan area which consists of Adams County , Mississippi and Concordia Parish , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Unusual dual-function building', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siege and Battle of Corinth Sites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siege_and_Battle_of_Corinth_Sites', 'summary': "The Siege and Battle of Corinth Sites are a National Historic Landmark District encompassing surviving elements of three significant American Civil War engagements in and near Corinth , Mississippi . Included are landscape and battlefield features of the Siege of Corinth ( April 29 to June 10 , 1862 ) , the Second Battle of Corinth ( October 3-4 , 1862 ) , and the lesser Battle of Hatchie 's Bridge on October 5 , 1862 . The district includes features located in both Alcorn County , Mississippi and Hardeman County , Tennessee , with some of the former preserved as part of Shiloh National Military Park . It was designated a landmark in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 6 , 1991 ( # 91001050 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinth , MS and Hardeman County , TN 34°56′02″N 88°31′19″W / 34.934°N 88.522°W / 34.934 ; -88.522 ( Siege and Battle of Corinth Sites )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Corinth is a city in and the county seat of Alcorn County , Mississippi , United States . The population was 14,573 at the 2010 census . Its ZIP codes are 38834 and 38835 . It lies on the state line with Tennessee .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hardeman_County,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'Hardeman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee . As of the 2010 census , the population was 27,253 . Its county seat is Bolivar .'}]}, {'value': 'Alcorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcorn_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Alcorn County is a county located in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 37,057 . Its county seat is Corinth . The county is named in honor of Governor James L. Alcorn . The Corinth Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Alcorn County .'}]}, {'value': 'Corinth battlefield - Corinth and Hardeman County , TN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiloh_National_Military_Park', 'summary': 'Shiloh National Military Park preserves the American Civil War Shiloh and Corinth battlefields . The main section of the park is in the unincorporated town of Shiloh , about nine miles ( 14 km ) south of Savannah , Tennessee , with an additional area located in the city of Corinth , Mississippi , 23 miles ( 37 km ) southwest of Shiloh . The Battle of Shiloh began a six-month struggle for the key railroad junction at Corinth . Afterward , Union forces marched from Pittsburg Landing to take Corinth in a May siege , then withstood an October Confederate counter-attack . The visitor center provides exhibitions , films and a self-guided auto-tour .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Corinth is a city in and the county seat of Alcorn County , Mississippi , United States . The population was 14,573 at the 2010 census . Its ZIP codes are 38834 and 38835 . It lies on the state line with Tennessee .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hardeman_County,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'Hardeman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee . As of the 2010 census , the population was 27,253 . Its county seat is Bolivar .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dancing_Rabbit_Creek_Treaty_Site', 'summary': 'The Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty Site is a historic Choctaw Native American gathering place in rural Noxubee County , Mississippi . Located near a freshwater spring above the floodplain of Dancing Rabbit Creek in the southwestern part of the county , it was the site of a treaty negotiation between the Choctaw and the federal government in 1830 , resulting in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek , in which the Choctaw agreed to surrender their ancestral lands for territory in what is now Oklahoma . It was the first treaty negotiated after passage of the Indian Removal Act , and served as a model for other treaties passed pursuant to that act . It also led to the Choctaw Trail of Tears . The site , now marked by a stone memorial and a small Choctaw cemetery , was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 19 , 1996 ( # 73001024 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macon 33°00′36″N 88°45′15″W / 33.009878°N 88.754175°W / 33.009878 ; -88.754175 ( Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macon,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Macon is a city in Noxubee County , Mississippi along the Noxubee River . The population was 2,768 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Noxubee County .'}]}, {'value': 'Noxubee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noxubee_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Noxubee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 11,545 . Its county seat is Macon . The name is derived from the Choctaw word nakshobi meaning to stink .'}]}, {'value': 'Gathering place of Choctaw Indians , site of 1830 treaty leading to their relocation west of the Mississippi River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Choctaw', 'summary': "The Choctaw ( Choctaw : Chahta ) [ note 1 ] are a Native American people originally occupying what is now the Southeastern United States ( modern-day Alabama , Florida , Mississippi and Louisiana ) . Their Choctaw language belongs to the Muskogean language family group . They are believed to be descended from the peoples of the Hopewell and Mississippian cultures , who lived throughout the east of the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries . About 1,700 years ago , the Hopewell people built Nanih Waiya , a great earthwork mound in what is present-day central Mississippi . It is still considered sacred by the Choctaw , who regained control of the site in 2008 . The anthropologist John Reed Swanton suggested that the Choctaw derived their name from an early leader . Henry Halbert , a historian , suggests that their name is derived from the Choctaw phrase Hacha hatak ( river people ) . The early Spanish explorers of the mid-16th century in the Southeast encountered Mississippian-culture villages and chiefs . The Choctaw coalesced as a people in the 17th century , and developed three distinct political and geographical divisions : eastern , western and southern . These groups sometimes formed distinct , independent alliances with European powers , including the French , based on the Gulf Coast and in Louisiana Territory ; the English of the Southeast ; and the Spanish of Florida and Louisiana during the colonial era . During the American Revolution , most Choctaw supported the Thirteen Colonies ' bid for independence from the British Empire . They never went to war against the United States , but were forcibly relocated in 1831-33 as part of Indian Removal , in order for the US to take over their land in the Southeast for development by European Americans ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunleith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunleith', 'summary': "Dunleith is an antebellum mansion at 84 Homochitto Street in Natchez , Mississippi . Built about 1855 , it is Mississippi 's only surviving example of a plantation house with a fully encircling colonnade of Greek Revival columns , a form once seen much more frequently than today . Now an inn and conference center , it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974 . Currently the original horse stable serves as a fine dining establishment with a traditional English pub in the lower levels of the structure"}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 1974 ( # 72000684 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natchez 31°32′59″N 91°23′57″W / 31.549717°N 91.399147°W / 31.549717 ; -91.399147 ( Dunleith )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Natchez ( /ˈnætʃɪz/ ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County , Mississippi , United States . Natchez has a total population of 15,792 ( as of the 2010 census ) . Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish , Louisiana , Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years , a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade . Natchez is some 90 miles ( 140 km ) southwest of Jackson , the capital of Mississippi , which is located near the center of the state . It is approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , located on the lower Mississippi River . Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state . The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans , who with their ancestors , inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period .'}]}, {'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,297 . The county seat is Natchez . The county is the first to have been organized in the former Mississippi Territory . It is named for the second President of the United States , John Adams , who held that office when the county was organized in 1799 . Adams County is part of the Natchez micropolitan area which consists of Adams County , Mississippi and Concordia Parish , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'A Natchez mansion built in 1855', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Natchez ( /ˈnætʃɪz/ ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County , Mississippi , United States . Natchez has a total population of 15,792 ( as of the 2010 census ) . Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish , Louisiana , Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years , a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade . Natchez is some 90 miles ( 140 km ) southwest of Jackson , the capital of Mississippi , which is located near the center of the state . It is approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , located on the lower Mississippi River . Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state . The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans , who with their ancestors , inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emerald Mound Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerald_Mound_Site', 'summary': "The Emerald Mound Site ( 22 AD 504 ) , also known as the Selsertown site , is a Plaquemine culture Mississippian period archaeological site located on the Natchez Trace Parkway near Stanton , Mississippi , United States . The site dates from the period between 1200 and 1730 CE . It is the type site for the Emerald Phase ( 1500 to 1680 CE ) of the Natchez Bluffs Plaquemine culture chronology and was still in use by the later historic Natchez people for their main ceremonial center . The platform mound is the second-largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the country , after Monk 's Mound at Cahokia , Illinois . The mound covers eight acres , measuring 770 feet ( 230 m ) by 435 feet ( 133 m ) at the base and is 35 feet ( 11 m ) in height . Emerald Mound has a flat top with two smaller secondary mounds at each end . It was constructed around a natural hill . Travelers in the early 19th century noted a number of adjoining mounds and an encircling ditch that are no longer present.This site once had six other secondary mounds which were lost due to the plowing of the surface of the mound . Emerald Mound was stabilized by the National Park Service in 1955 . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989 . The mound is now managed by the Park Service 's Natchez Trace Parkway unit , and is open to the public ."}]}, {'value': 'December 29 , 1989 ( # 88002618 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanton 31°38′10″N 91°14′50″W / 31.636106°N 91.247228°W / 31.636106 ; -91.247228 ( Emerald Mound Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanton,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Stanton is an unincorporated community in Adams County , Mississippi . It is the nearest community to Emerald Mound Site , a National Historic Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,297 . The county seat is Natchez . The county is the first to have been organized in the former Mississippi Territory . It is named for the second President of the United States , John Adams , who held that office when the county was organized in 1799 . Adams County is part of the Natchez micropolitan area which consists of Adams County , Mississippi and Concordia Parish , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'A Plaquemine culture archaeological site', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medgar Evers House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medgar_Evers_House', 'summary': 'The Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument , also known as Medgar Evers House , is a historic house museum at 2332 Margaret Walker Alexander Drive in Jackson , Mississippi . Built in 1956 , it was the home of African-American civil rights activist Medgar Evers ( 1925-1963 ) at the time of his assassination . Now owned by Tougaloo College , the restored house is open for tours by appointment . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2017 . The John D. Dingell , Jr. Conservation , Management , and Recreation Act , signed March 12 , 2019 , authorized it as a national monument , pending acquisition of property by the National Park Service .'}]}, {'value': 'February 16 , 2017 ( # 100000791 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson 32°20′27″N 90°12′45″W / 32.340899°N 90.212605°W / 32.340899 ; -90.212605 ( Medgar Evers House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Hinds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hinds_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Hinds County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 245,285 , making it the most populous county in Mississippi . Its county seats are Raymond and Jackson , the state capital . The county is named for General Thomas Hinds , a hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 . Hinds County is a central part of the Jackson , MS Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is a professional , educational , business and industrial hub in the state . It is bordered on the northwest by the Big Black River and on the east by the Pearl River . It is one county width away from the Yazoo River and the southern border of the Mississippi Delta . In the 19th century , the rural areas of the county were devoted to cotton plantations worked by enslaved African Americans and depended on agriculture well into the 20th century . From 1877 to 1950 , this county had 22 lynchings , the highest number in the state . Mississippi has the highest total number of lynchings of any state .'}]}, {'value': 'Home of civil rights activist Medgar Evers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medgar_Evers', 'summary': "Medgar Wiley Evers ( July 2 , 1925 - June 12 , 1963 ) was an American civil rights activist in Mississippi , the state 's field secretary for the NAACP , and a World War II veteran who had served in the United States Army . He worked to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi , end the segregation of public facilities , and expand opportunities for African Americans , which included the enforcement of voting rights . A college graduate , Evers became active in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s . Following the 1954 ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated public schools were unconstitutional , Evers challenged the segregation of the state-supported public University of Mississippi , applying to law school there . He also worked for voting rights , economic opportunity , access to public facilities , and other changes in the segregated society . Evers was awarded the 1963 NAACP Spingarn Medal . Evers was assassinated in 1963 by Byron De La Beckwith , a member of the White Citizens ' Council in Jackson , Mississippi . This group was formed in 1954 in Mississippi to resist the integration of schools and civil rights activism . As a veteran , Evers was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery . His murder and the resulting trials inspired civil rights protests ; his life and these events inspired numerous works of art , music , and film . All-white juries failed to reach verdicts in the first two trials of Beckwith in the 1960s . He was convicted in 1994 in a new state trial based on new evidence ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Faulkner House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowan_Oak', 'summary': "Rowan Oak , also known as William Faulkner House , is William Faulkner 's former home in Oxford , Mississippi . It is a primitive Greek Revival house built in the 1840s by Robert Sheegog . Faulkner purchased the house when it was in disrepair in the 1930s and did many of the renovations himself . Other renovations were done in the 1950s . The house sits on 4 landscaped and twenty nine acres of largely wooded property known as Bailey 's Woods . One of its more famous features is the outline of Faulkner 's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel A Fable , penciled in graphite and red on the plaster wall of his study . Though the rowan oak is a mythical tree , the grounds and surrounding woods of Rowan Oak contain hundreds of species of native Mississippi plants , most of which date back to antebellum times . The alley of cedars that lines the driveway was common in the 19th century . The studs of the house are 4x4 square cypress , which were hand-hewn . Faulkner drew much inspiration for his treatment of multi-layered Time from Rowan Oak , where past and future seemed to inhabit the present . In 1972 , his daughter , Jill Faulkner Summers , sold the house to the University of Mississippi . The University maintains the home in order to promote Faulkner 's literary heritage ."}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1968 ( # 68000028 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oxford 34°21′35″N 89°31′29″W / 34.3598°N 89.5247°W / 34.3598 ; -89.5247 ( William Faulkner House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Oxford is a city in , and the county seat of , Lafayette County , Mississippi , United States . Founded in 1837 , it was named after the British university city of Oxford in hopes of having the state university located there , which it did successfully attract . As of the 2010 US Census , the population is 18,916 ; the Census Bureau estimates the city 's 2017 population at 23,639 . Oxford is the home of the University of Mississippi , founded in 1848 , also commonly known as Ole Miss ."}]}, {'value': 'Lafayette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Lafayette County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 47,351 . Its county seat is Oxford . The local pronunciation of the name is la-FAY-et . The county 's name honors Marquis de Lafayette , a French military hero and American general who fought during the American Revolutionary War . The Oxford , MS Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Lafayette County . The County is policed by the Lafayette County Sheriff 's Department . Lafayette County is often regarded as the inspiration for Yoknapatawpha County , the fictional setting of many of William Faulkner 's stories ."}]}, {'value': 'Well-preserved mansion where author William Faulkner lived and wrote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Faulkner', 'summary': "William Cuthbert Faulkner ( /ˈfɔːknər/ ; September 25 , 1897 - July 6 , 1962 ) was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford , Mississippi . Faulkner wrote novels , short stories , screenplays , poetry , essays , and a play . He is primarily known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County , based on Lafayette County , Mississippi , where he spent most of his life . Faulkner is one of the most celebrated writers in American literature generally and Southern literature specifically . Though his work was published as early as 1919 and largely during the 1920s and 1930s , Faulkner 's renown reached its peak upon the publication of Malcolm Cowley 's The Portable Faulkner and his 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature , making him the only Mississippi-born Nobel winner . Two of his works , A Fable ( 1954 ) and his last novel The Reivers ( 1962 ) , each won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . In 1998 , the Modern Library ranked his 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century ; also on the list were As I Lay Dying ( 1930 ) and Light in August ( 1932 ) . Absalom , Absalom ! ( 1936 ) appears on similar lists . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort St. Pierre Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_St._Pierre_Site', 'summary': 'Fort St. Pierre was a colonial French fortified outpost on the Yazoo River in what is now Warren County , Mississippi . Also known as Fort St. Claude and the Yazoo Post , it was established in 1719 and served as the northernmost outpost of French Louisiana . It was destroyed in 1729 by Native Americans and was not rebuilt . Its location , north of Vicksburg on the east bank of the river , was discovered by archaeologists in the 1970s , and was given the Smithsonian trinomial 23-M-5 . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 00000263 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vicksburg 32°29′44″N 90°47′55″W / 32.495692°N 90.798533°W / 32.495692 ; -90.798533 ( Fort St. Pierre Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Vicksburg is a historic American city , located on a high bluff on the east bank of the Mississippi River across from Louisiana . Originally built by French colonists in 1719 , the outpost withstood an attack from the native Natchez people . It was incorporated as Vicksburg in 1825 after Methodist missionary Newitt Vick . In the American Civil War , it was a key Confederate river-port , and its surrender to Ulysses S. Grant in July 1863 marked the turning-point of the war . Vicksburg then had a troubled history of racial conflict , well into the 20th century . The city is home to three large installations of the US Army Corps of Engineers , which has often been involved in local flood control . Vicksburg is the county seat of Warren County , Mississippi , with a population of 23,856 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Warren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Warren County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 48,773 . Its county seat is Vicksburg . Created by legislative act of 22 December 1809 , Warren County is named for American Revolutionary War officer Joseph Warren . Part of the Mississippi Delta and the historic cotton culture , Warren County is included in the Vicksburg , MS Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Jackson-Vicksburg-Brookhaven , MS Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Site of French fort during 1719-1729 , important for use in dating other archaeological sites due to its integrity and brief period of use', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archaeological_site', 'summary': 'An archaeological site is a place ( or group of physical sites ) in which evidence of past activity is preserved ( either prehistoric or historic or contemporary ) , and which has been , or may be , investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record . Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground , to buildings and other structures still in use . Beyond this , the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely , depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Village of the Natchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Natchez', 'summary': "Grand Village of the Natchez , ( 22 AD 501 ) also known as the Fatherland Site , is a 128.1-acre ( 0.518 km2 ) site encompassing a prehistoric indigenous village and earthwork mounds in present-day south Natchez , Mississippi . The village complex was constructed starting about 1200 CE by members of the prehistoric Plaquemine culture . They built the three platform mounds in stages . Another phase of significant construction work by these prehistoric people has been dated to the mid-15th century . It was named for the historic Natchez people , who used the site in the 17th and 18th centuries . In the early 18th century , when the historic Natchez people occupied the site , they added to the mounds . The village was the Natchez tribe 's main political and religious ceremonial center in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , according to historical and archaeological evidence . It replaced the Emerald Mound Site in this role . After suffering a 1730 military defeat by French settlers , the Natchez abandoned the site and moved away . In the early 19th century , the land was privately owned and cultivated as part of the Fatherland Plantation . Archaeological excavations started in 1930 , and three mounds were found . ( They had been partially buried by loess soils , with some erosion due to St. Catherine 's Creek . )"}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000408 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natchez 31°31′31″N 91°22′54″W / 31.525205°N 91.381638°W / 31.525205 ; -91.381638 ( Grand Village of the Natchez )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Natchez ( /ˈnætʃɪz/ ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County , Mississippi , United States . Natchez has a total population of 15,792 ( as of the 2010 census ) . Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish , Louisiana , Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years , a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade . Natchez is some 90 miles ( 140 km ) southwest of Jackson , the capital of Mississippi , which is located near the center of the state . It is approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , located on the lower Mississippi River . Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state . The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans , who with their ancestors , inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period .'}]}, {'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,297 . The county seat is Natchez . The county is the first to have been organized in the former Mississippi Territory . It is named for the second President of the United States , John Adams , who held that office when the county was organized in 1799 . Adams County is part of the Natchez micropolitan area which consists of Adams County , Mississippi and Concordia Parish , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Village and archaeological site of the Plaquemine culture and their descendants the Natchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natchez_people', 'summary': 'The Natchez ( /ˈnætʃəz/ ; Natchez pronunciation [ naːʃt͡seh ] ) are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area in the Lower Mississippi Valley , near the present-day city of Natchez , Mississippi in the United States . They spoke a language with no known close relatives , although it may be very distantly related to the Muskogean languages of the Creek Confederacy . The Natchez are noted for being the only Mississippian culture with complex chiefdom characteristics to have survived long into the period after the European colonization of America began . Others had generally declined a century or two before European encounter . The Natchez are also noted for having had an unusual social system of nobility classes and exogamous marriage practices . It was a strongly matrilineal kinship society , with descent reckoned along female lines . The paramount chief named the Great Sun was always the son of the Female Sun , whose daughter would be the mother of the next Great Sun . This ensured that the chiefdom stayed under the control of the single Sun lineage . Ethnologists have not reached consensus on how the Natchez social system originally functioned , and the topic is somewhat controversial . Around 1730 , after several wars with the French , the Natchez were defeated and dispersed . Most survivors were sold by the French into slavery in the West Indies ; others took refuge with other tribes , such as the Muskogean Chickasaw and Creek , and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee . Today , most Natchez families and communities are found in Oklahoma , where Natchez members are enrolled in the federally recognized Cherokee and Muscogee ( Creek ) nations in Oklahoma .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hester Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hester_Site', 'summary': 'Hester Site ( known by the two Smithsonian trinomials 22MO569 and 22MO1011 ) is a major prehistoric archaeological site in Monroe County , Mississippi . It is a multicomponent site whose major occupation took place during the Archaic period with artifacts dating from 9000-8000 BCE , and other occupations during the Woodland and Mississippian periods . The site is one of the largest Archaic sites in the southeastern United States , and its well-stratified nature was critical in providing for accurate relative dating of finds at other sites throughout the region . The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2001 ( # 75001051 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amory,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Amory is a city in Monroe County , Mississippi , United States . The population was 7,316 as of the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Monroe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monroe_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Monroe County is a county on the northeast border of the U.S. state of Mississippi next to Alabama . As of the 2010 census , the population was 36,989 . Its county seat is Aberdeen .'}]}, {'value': 'Archaeological site , a campsite used by Paleo-Indian and Archaic peoples in 9000-7000 BC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archaeological_site', 'summary': 'An archaeological site is a place ( or group of physical sites ) in which evidence of past activity is preserved ( either prehistoric or historic or contemporary ) , and which has been , or may be , investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record . Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground , to buildings and other structures still in use . Beyond this , the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely , depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paleo-Indian', 'summary': 'Paleo-Indians , Paleoindians or Paleoamericans , were the first peoples who entered , and subsequently inhabited , the Americas during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period . The prefix paleo- comes from the Greek adjective palaios ( παλαιός ) , meaning old or ancient . The term Paleo-Indians applies specifically to the lithic period in the Western Hemisphere and is distinct from the term Paleolithic . Traditional theories suggest that big-animal hunters crossed the Bering Strait from North Asia into the Americas over a land-and-ice bridge ( Beringia ) . This bridge existed from 45,000 to 12,000 BCE ( 47,000-14,000 BP ) . Small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska . From c. 16,500 - c. 13,500 BCE ( c. 18,500 - c. 15,500 BP ) , ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America . This allowed animals , followed by humans , to migrate south into the interior of the continent . The people went on foot or used primitive boats along the coastline . The precise dates and routes of the peopling of the New World remain subjects of ongoing debate . At least two morphologically different Paleo-Indian populations were coexisting in different geographical areas of Mexico 10,000 years ago . Stone tools , particularly projectile points and scrapers , are the primary evidence of the earliest human activity in the Americas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas', 'summary': 'In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America , the Archaic period in North America , taken to last from around 8500 to 3000 BC in the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages , is a period defined by the archaic stage of cultural development . The Archaic stage is characterized by subsistence economies supported through the exploitation of nuts , seeds , and shellfish . As its ending is defined by the adoption of sedentary farming , this date can vary significantly across the Americas . The rest of the Americas also have an Archaic Period .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highland Park Dentzel Carousel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highland_Park_Dentzel_Carousel_and_Shelter_Building', 'summary': "The Highland Park Dentzel Carousel and Shelter Building is a carousel and building in Highland Park in Meridian , Mississippi . Manufactured about 1896 for the 1904 St. Louis Exposition by the Dentzel Carousel Company of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , the carousel was sold and shipped to Meridian . Highland Park Dentzel Carousel has been in operation since 1909 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987 . It is the only remaining two-row stationary Dentzel menagerie in the world . Its closest contemporaries both are held in Indiana . The Children 's Museum carousel , also called The Carousel of Wishes and Dreams in Indianapolis , was probably manufactured pre-1900 . It is not a pure Dentzel product , though ; much of the original carousel has been modified from its original design . In Logansport , the Spencer Park Dentzel Carousel has been partially restored . It is dated between 1900 and 1903 , although it may predate 1900 as well ."}]}, {'value': 'February 27 , 1987 ( # 87000863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meridian 32°22′28″N 88°43′05″W / 32.37455°N 88.71793°W / 32.37455 ; -88.71793 ( Highland Park Dentzel Carousel )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Meridian is the seventh largest city in the state of Mississippi , United States . It is the county seat of Lauderdale County and the principal city of the Meridian , Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area . Along major highways , the city is 93 mi ( 150 km ) east of Jackson , Mississippi ; 154 mi ( 248 km ) southwest of Birmingham , Alabama ; 202 mi ( 325 km ) northeast of New Orleans , Louisiana ; and 231 mi ( 372 km ) southeast of Memphis , Tennessee . Established in 1860 , at the junction of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and Southern Railway of Mississippi , Meridian built an economy based on the railways and goods transported on them , and it became a strategic trading center . During the American Civil War , General William Tecumseh Sherman burned much of the city to the ground in the Battle of Meridian ( February 1864 ) . Rebuilt after the war , the city entered a Golden Age . It became the largest city in Mississippi between 1890 and 1930 , and a leading center for manufacturing in the South , with 44 trains arriving and departing daily . Union Station , built in 1906 , is now a multi-modal center , with access to Amtrak and Greyhound Buses averaging 242,360 passengers per year . Although the economy slowed with the decline of the railroad industry , the city has diversified , with healthcare , military , and manufacturing employing the most people in 2010 . The population within the city limits , according to 2008 census estimates , is 38,232 , but a population of 232,900 in a 45-mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526,500 in a 65-mile ( 105 km ) radius , of which 104,600 and 234,200 people respectively are in the labor force , feeds the economy of the city . The area is served by two military facilities , Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field , which employ over 4,000 people . NAS Meridian is home to the Regional Counter-Drug Training Academy ( RCTA ) and the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state .'}]}, {'value': 'Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lauderdale_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Lauderdale County is a county located on the eastern border of the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 80,261 . The county seat is Meridian . The county is named for Colonel James Lauderdale , who was killed at the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812 . Lauderdale County is included in the Meridian , MS Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'German-American built carousel within Highland Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highland_Park_(Meridian,_Mississippi)', 'summary': 'Highland Park is a historic park in Meridian , Mississippi . Home to a museum honoring Jimmie Rodgers , a Meridian native , the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . The park is also home to the Highland Park Dentzel Carousel and Shelter Building , a National Historic Landmark manufactured around 1896 by Gustav Dentzel of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The historic carousel is the only two-row stationary Dentzel menagerie still in existence .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holly Bluff Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holly_Bluff_Site', 'summary': "The Holly Bluff Site ( 22 YZ 557 ) , sometimes known as the Lake George Site , and locally as The Mound Place , is an archaeological site that is a type site for the Lake George phase of the prehistoric Plaquemine culture period of the area . The site is on the southern margin of the Mississippian cultural advance down the Mississippi River and on the northern edge of that of the Cole 's Creek and Plaquemine cultures of the South . The site was first excavated by Clarence Bloomfield Moore in 1908 and tested by Philip Phillips , Paul Gebhard and Nick Zeigler in 1949 . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000412 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holly Bluff 32°48′51″N 90°40′59″W / 32.814103°N 90.68295°W / 32.814103 ; -90.68295 ( Holly Bluff Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holly_Bluff,_Mississippi', 'summary': "The Village of Holly Bluff is a small unincorporated community in Yazoo County , Mississippi , in the Mississippi Delta . Originally known as Sharbrough 's Landing to river boat pilots the community was established by the Sharbrough family in 1877 . Located on the Sunflower River , early delta cotton planters used the river to ship their cotton to Vicksburg and New Orleans ."}]}, {'value': 'Yazoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yazoo_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Yazoo County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 28,065 . The county seat is Yazoo City . It is named for the Yazoo River , which forms its western border . Its name is said to come from a Choctaw language word meaning River of Death .'}]}, {'value': 'A Plaquemine Mississippian culture archaeological site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaquemine_Mississippian_culture', 'summary': 'The Plaquemine culture was an archaeological culture ( circa 1200 to 1700 CE ) centered on the Lower Mississippi River valley . It had a deep history in the area stretching back through the earlier Coles Creek ( 700-1200 CE ) and Troyville cultures ( 400-700 CE ) to the Marksville culture ( 100 BCE to 400 CE ) . The Natchez and related Taensa peoples were their historic period descendants . The type site for the culture is the Medora Site in Louisiana ; while other examples include the Anna , Emerald , Holly Bluff , and Winterville sites in Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': "House on Ellicott 's Hill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/House_on_Ellicott's_Hill", 'summary': "The House on Ellicott 's Hill , also known as Connelly 's Tavern , James Moore House , or Gilreath 's Hill , is a historic house museum at 211 North Canal Street in Natchez , Mississippi . Built in 1798 , it is the oldest surviving building in Natchez from its early territorial period . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 and a Mississippi Landmark in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1974 ( # 74001050 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Natchez 31°33′48″N 91°24′14″W / 31.563196°N 91.403806°W / 31.563196 ; -91.403806 ( House on Ellicott 's Hill )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Natchez ( /ˈnætʃɪz/ ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County , Mississippi , United States . Natchez has a total population of 15,792 ( as of the 2010 census ) . Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish , Louisiana , Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years , a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade . Natchez is some 90 miles ( 140 km ) southwest of Jackson , the capital of Mississippi , which is located near the center of the state . It is approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , located on the lower Mississippi River . Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state . The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans , who with their ancestors , inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period .'}]}, {'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,297 . The county seat is Natchez . The county is the first to have been organized in the former Mississippi Territory . It is named for the second President of the United States , John Adams , who held that office when the county was organized in 1799 . Adams County is part of the Natchez micropolitan area which consists of Adams County , Mississippi and Concordia Parish , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'NRHP 74001050', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaketown Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaketown_Site', 'summary': "Jaketown Site ( 22 HU 505 ) is an archaeological site with two prehistoric earthwork mounds in Humphreys County , Mississippi , United States . While the mounds have not been excavated , distinctive pottery sherds found in the area lead scholars to date the mounds ' construction and use to the Mississippian culture period , roughly 1100 CE to 1500 CE . The site was a complex regional trade center that developed and was inhabited much earlier , from 2000-600 BCE , during the Poverty Point culture within the Late Archaic period of the United States . This culture is seen in more than 100 sites on both sides of the Mississippi River , from present-day Louisiana to Mississippi ; it also was linked to more distant areas through a trading network . The site has evidence of trade in raw materials and manufacture of finished items that were distributed through the network throughout the Eastern United States . The largest and most elaborate earthwork complex of the period is at Poverty Point , Louisiana . The mounds were constructed as part of a later , succeeding culture , built to mark the political and religious center of a chiefdom . There would have been numerous elite residences nearby , as well as structures to support certain crafts . Because of its importance of a regional trade center of the Poverty Point culture in the Archaic period , and long human occupation , the site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990 . It is managed by the state of Mississippi . Mississippi Highway 7 is routed near the site , which is approximately seven miles north of Belzoni . Artifacts found in the area near the site are featured on display in the Jaketown Museum in Belzoni ."}]}, {'value': 'December 14 , 1990 ( # 73001017 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belzoni 33°14′14″N 90°29′13″W / 33.237095°N 90.487026°W / 33.237095 ; -90.487026 ( Jaketown Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belzoni,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Belzoni ( /bɛlˈzoʊnə/ bel-ZOHN-ə ) is a city in Humphreys County , Mississippi , United States , in the Mississippi Delta region , on the Yazoo River . The population was 2,235 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Humphreys County . It was named for the 19th-century Italian archaeologist/explorer Giovanni Battista Belzoni . The area was named Farm-Raised Catfish Capital of the World in 1976 by then Governor Cliff Finch , since it produces more farm-raised catfish than any other U.S. county . About 40,000 acres ( 160 km2 ) of the county are under water in ponds used to grow catfish . About 60% of U.S. farm-raised catfish are grown within a 65-mile ( 100-km ) radius of Belzoni . The title Catfish Capital is also claimed by Savannah , Tennessee , Des Allemands , Louisiana , and Selkirk , Manitoba . Belzoni is known for the World Catfish Festival held every April .'}]}, {'value': 'Humphreys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humphreys_County,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Humphreys County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 9,375 . Its county seat is Belzoni . The county is named for Benjamin G. Humphreys . Humphreys County is Mississippi 's newest county , having been formed in 1918 . Humphreys County is located in the Mississippi Delta region . It was named 'Farm-Raised Catfish Capital of the World ' in 1976 by then Governor Cliff Finch , since it produced more farm-raised catfish than any other U.S. county . Forty thousand acres ( 160 square kilometers ) of the county are underwater and used to grow catfish . About 60% of U.S. farm-raised catfish is raised within a 65-mile ( 105 km ) radius of the county seat , Belzoni . The title Catfish Capital has also been claimed by Savannah , Tennessee , and Des Allemands , Louisiana ."}]}, {'value': 'An archaeological site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archaeological_site', 'summary': 'An archaeological site is a place ( or group of physical sites ) in which evidence of past activity is preserved ( either prehistoric or historic or contemporary ) , and which has been , or may be , investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record . Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground , to buildings and other structures still in use . Beyond this , the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely , depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist .'}]}], 'section_title': 'National Historic Landmarks in Mississippi', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Mississippi_0', 'intro': 'This is a List of National Historic Landmarks in Mississippi. It includes current National Historic Landmarks (NHLs), and also National Park Service areas in Mississippi that overlap.'} | null | null | When was this historic house built in the city of 18,916 as of 2010 ? | 1859 |
058c55a34e542a99 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'title': 'India at the 1994 Commonwealth Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaspal Rana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaspal_Rana', 'summary': "Jaspal Rana ( born 28 June 1976 ) is an Indian shooter . He contested mainly in the 25 m Centre Fire Pistol category . He was a gold medallist at the 1994 Asian Games , 1998 Commonwealth Games - Men 's Center Fire Pistol , Men 's Center Fire Pistol Pairs , 2002 Commonwealth Games - Men 's 25m Center Fire Pistol , 2006 Commonwealth Games - Men 's 25m Center Fire Pistol Pairs , and 2006 Asian Games . At present , Rana coaches at the Jaspal Rana Institute of Education and Technology in Dehradun ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_sports', 'summary': 'Shooting sports is a collective group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy , precision and speed in shooting - the art of using various types of ranged weapons , mainly referring to human-portable guns ( firearms and airguns , in forms such as handguns , rifles and shotguns ) and bows/crossbows . Different disciplines of shooting sports can be categorized by equipment , shooting distances , targets , time limits and degrees of athleticism involved . Shooting sports may involve both team and individual competition , and team performance is usually assessed by summing the scores of the individual team members . Due to the noise of shooting and the high ( and often lethal ) impact energy of the projectiles , shooting sports are typically conducted at either designated permanent shooting ranges or temporary shooting fields in the area away from settlements .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Pistol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roopa Unnikrishnan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roopa_Unnikrishnan', 'summary': 'Roopa Unnikrishnan is an Indian-born American sports shooter and innovation consultant .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_sports', 'summary': 'Shooting sports is a collective group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy , precision and speed in shooting - the art of using various types of ranged weapons , mainly referring to human-portable guns ( firearms and airguns , in forms such as handguns , rifles and shotguns ) and bows/crossbows . Different disciplines of shooting sports can be categorized by equipment , shooting distances , targets , time limits and degrees of athleticism involved . Shooting sports may involve both team and individual competition , and team performance is usually assessed by summing the scores of the individual team members . Due to the noise of shooting and the high ( and often lethal ) impact energy of the projectiles , shooting sports are typically conducted at either designated permanent shooting ranges or temporary shooting fields in the area away from settlements .'}]}, {'value': 'Small Bore Rifle , Three Positions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Badathala Adisekhar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badathala_Adisekhar', 'summary': 'Badathala Adisekhar ( born 14 April 1964 ) is an Indian weightlifter . He competed in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Flyweight-Snatch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murgesan Veerasamy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Flyweight-Overall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandersekaran Raghavan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight-Snatch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandersekaran Raghavan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight-Clean and Jerk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandersekaran Raghavan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight-Overall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satish Rai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satish_Rai', 'summary': "Satheesha Rai is an Indian weightlifter and Olympian from Mangalore , Karnataka . He is also a recipient of the Arjuna Award given in 1999 . He won a gold medal and two silver medals in the 1998 Commonwealth Games . He also won two gold medals and a bronze medal in 2002 Commonwealth Games but the medal he won in 2002 was stripped because he tested positive for intaking a banned substance . Rai pleaded innocence and stated , I have participated in over 16 International events including the Olympics and the World championships the Asian Games , the Commonwealth Games besides a host of Asian Weightlifting championships and SAF Games . And in all these Games too tests are mandatory and I have come through clean . Also just before the teams left for Manchester , Sports Authority of India ( SAI ) conducted tests thrice and unless it 's negative we are informed , . but was subsequently served a life ban"}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Lightweight-Clean and Jerk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satish Rai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satish_Rai', 'summary': "Satheesha Rai is an Indian weightlifter and Olympian from Mangalore , Karnataka . He is also a recipient of the Arjuna Award given in 1999 . He won a gold medal and two silver medals in the 1998 Commonwealth Games . He also won two gold medals and a bronze medal in 2002 Commonwealth Games but the medal he won in 2002 was stripped because he tested positive for intaking a banned substance . Rai pleaded innocence and stated , I have participated in over 16 International events including the Olympics and the World championships the Asian Games , the Commonwealth Games besides a host of Asian Weightlifting championships and SAF Games . And in all these Games too tests are mandatory and I have come through clean . Also just before the teams left for Manchester , Sports Authority of India ( SAI ) conducted tests thrice and unless it 's negative we are informed , . but was subsequently served a life ban"}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Lightweight-Overall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashok Kumar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashok_Kumar_(wrestler,_born_1969)', 'summary': "Ashok Kumar ( born 7 July 1969 ) is an Indian wrestler . He competed in the men 's freestyle 57 kg at the 1992 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randhir Singh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Middleweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria , in the province of British Columbia in Canada , from 18 to 28 August 1994 . The XV Commonwealth Games ( French : XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth ) marked South Africa 's return to the Commonwealth Games following the apartheid era , and over 30 years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958 . Namibia participated in its first Games after gaining independence from South Africa in 1990 , and the Caribbean island of Montserrat also made their Games debut . This was Hong Kong 's last appearance at the Games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China . The official mascot of the Games was an anthropomorphic killer whale named Klee Wyck . Klee Wyck , meaning the laughing one , was a nickname given to Canadian painter and sculptor Emily Carr by the Ucluelet First Nation . Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , lawn bowls , shooting , weightlifting , and wrestling ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Medalists -- Silver medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'India_at_the_1994_Commonwealth_Games_1', 'intro': 'N/A'} | null | null | What was the hometown of the silver medalist in lightweight-clean and jerk weightlifting at the 1994 Commonwealth Games ? | Mangalore |
058cdb080f5fd833 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Turkey at the 1960 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Müzahir Sille', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Müzahir_Sille', 'summary': "Müzahir Sille ( 21 September 1931 - 17 May 2016 ) was a Turkish Olympic champion sports wrestler in the Featherweight class and a trainer . He won the gold medal in Men 's Greco-Roman wrestling at the 1960 Olympics . Born in Istanbul , he began 1949 sports wrestling in the Istanbul Güreş Ihtisas Kulübü , a club specialized in wrestling . Competing in Greco-Roman style , Müzahir Sille became gold medalist in wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics after he won the silver medal twice at World championships and ranked 4th at the 1956 Summer Olympics . He continued his wrestling career from 1961 on in the wrestling club KSV Witten 07 in Germany along with his teammate Mithat Bayrak , where he became regional champion . After his wrestling career ended , he returned to Istanbul to start several non-profit organizations mainly targeted towards helping the homeless . To this day he resides in Istanbul with his wife , Dinani Sille ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman Featherweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mithat Bayrak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mithat_Bayrak', 'summary': "Mithat Bayrak ( 3 March 1929 - 20 April 2014 ) was a Turkish sports wrestler and trainer , who won two gold medals in the Welterweight class of Men 's Greco-Roman Wrestling at the 1956 Olympics and 1960 Olympics . Born on 3 March 1929 in Adapazarı of Sakarya Province , he began 1948 the wrestling sport in Sakarya Güneş Spor club . Following his admission to the national team , he was trained by the renowned wrestlers Gazanfer Bilge , Mehmet Oktav , Hüseyin Erkmen and Celal Atik . Mithat Bayrak won the gold medal twice for Turkey at the Olympic Games . He ceased his international career after the 1960 Olympics and emigrated to Germany , where he joined the wrestling sports club KSV Witten 07 . There , he wrestled almost 20 years more and served later also as trainer . After the end of his career , he ran a restaurant in Witten , Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman Welterweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tevfik Kis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tevfik_Kis', 'summary': "Tevfik Kış ( 10 August 1934 - 4 September 2019 ) was a Turkish European , World and Olympic champion sports wrestler in the Light heavyweight class ( 87 kg ) and a trainer . He won the gold medal in men 's Greco-Roman wrestling at the 1960 Olympics . Born 1934 in the village of Pelitçik in the Kargı district in the Çorum Province , he began wrestling in 1956 . Competing in Greco-Roman style , Kış became a gold medalist in wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics . He won later World and European championships . After his unsuccessful participation at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , he retired from the active sports and served then as trainer of his country 's national team . Kış was a co-founder of the Turkish Wrestling Foundation and was active on its board . He was married with two children and lived in Ankara running a restaurant ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman Light Heavyweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmet Bilek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmet_Bilek', 'summary': "Ahmet Bilek ( 1932 , Kula in Manisa , Turkey - 1971 , Germany ) , was a Turkish Olympic champion sports wrestler in the flyweight class ( 52 kg ) and a trainer . He won the gold medal in men 's freestyle wrestling at the 1960 Olympics . He was born in 1932 in the western Turkish town of Kula in Manisa Province . After his successful participation at the Olympics in Rome , Ahmet Bilek emigrated to Germany following his teammates Mithat Bayrak and Müzahir Sille . He continued his sports career in the wrestling club KSV Köllerbach in Püttlingen , a small town near Saarbrücken and became German champion in 1966 and 1968 . Ahmet Bilek committed suicide in 1971 in Germany . He was married to Ayten and had a son Ali and a daughter Sevil ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Freestyle Flyweight", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mustafa Dagistanli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mustafa_Dagistanli', 'summary': 'Mustafa Dağıstanlı ( born 11 April 1931 ) is a retired Turkish wrestler . He had his best achievements in freestyle wrestling , winning gold medals at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics and 1954 , 1957 and 1959 world championships . In Greco-Roman wrestling he won a gold medal at the 1955 Mediterranean Games . Dağıstanlı took up wrestling in 1949 and in 1958 became member of the national team . Following his retirement , he entered politics and served between 1973 and 1980 as deputy of his hometown Samsun from the Justice Party . Recently , Mustafa Dağıstanlı owns an overland coach business in Ankara bearing his family name .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle Featherweight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hasan Güngör', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hasan_Güngör', 'summary': 'Hasan Güngör ( 5 July 1934 - 13 October 2011 ) was a middleweight Turkish wrestler ( 79 kg before 1961 , 87 kg after 1961 ) and a wrestling coach . He won a gold medal at the 1960 Olympics and a silver medal at the 1964 Olympics , as well as multiple medals at the World , European and Balkan championships . After retiring from competitions in 1967 , Güngör worked for more than 20 years as a coach of the junior and senior national teams . Güngör was married and had three children . He lived in Denizli until his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle Middleweight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ismet Atli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ismet_Atli', 'summary': "İsmet Atlı ( 1931 - 4 April 2014 ) was a Turkish Olympic medalist sports wrestler in the Light heavyweight class and a trainer . He won the gold medal in Men 's Freestyle wrestling at the 1960 Olympics . He was born 1931 in Çukurören village of Kozan district in Adana Province of southern Turkey . He began wrestling in 1950 and was trained by the renowned wrestlers Celal Atik and Yaşar Doğu . İsmet Atlı competed at several international wrestling events successfully in both wrestling styles and participated at three consecutive Olympic Games in 1952 , 1956 and 1960 . After his retirement from the active sports in 1962 , İsmet Atlı acted as a trainer . He also worked as a sports journalist ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle Light Heavyweight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ismail Ogan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ismail_Ogan', 'summary': 'İsmail Ogan ( born 5 March 1933 ) is a retired Turkish freestyle wrestler and coach . He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won a silver and a gold medal , respectively . He also collected three medals at the world championships in 1957-1963 . Ogan began wrestling in the traditional Turkish yağlı güreş ( oil wrestling ) style and in 1950 changed to freestyle wrestling after he was discovered by Yaşar Doğu . Soon , he was admitted to the national team , where he was trained by Celal Atik and Yaşar Doğu . Ogan retired from competitions in 1964 , and then worked as a wrestling coach and the national Sports Minister .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle Welterweight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamit Kaplan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamit_Kaplan', 'summary': "Hamit Kaplan ( 20 September 1934 - 5 January 1976 ) was a Turkish World and Olympic champion sports wrestler of Circassian descent in the Heavyweight class . He won the gold , silver and bronze medal in men 's freestyle wrestling at three consecutive Olympic Games in 1956 , 1960 and 1964 . Born in Hamamözü town in Amasya Province , he began wrestling as a youngster in the traditional Turkish sport Yağlı güreş ( oil wrestling ) . Soon , he switched over to sports wrestling and became juniors champion in the Heavyweight class . Hamit Kaplan was admitted to the national team in 1954 and was trained by the renowned wrestler Celal Atik for his skill . Already at his age of 22 , he represented Turkey at the World Championships held in Karlsruhe , Germany and ranked 3rd in the Greco-Roman style . Besides three Olympic medals , he won many more titles at international competitions both in freestyle and Greco-Roman category . Hamit Kaplan , weighing 100 kg at his 1.90 m height , was a defensive wrestler , who finished much of his matches in draw . Hamit Kaplan resigned after the 1964 Olympics , because he was no more match for his strong opponents like Hungarian István Kozma , Soviet Russians Aleksandr Ivanitsky and Aleksandr Medved . He was 175 times international for his country . He died on 5 January 1976 at the age of 41 following a traffic accident in Çorum . He was laid to rest in his hometown Hamamözü ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , all for men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle Heavyweight', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Turkey_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Turkey competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.'} | null | null | How many years did the winner of gold in the men 's freestyle middleweight wrestling event at the 1960 Summer Olympics work as a coach ? | 20 |
058d6393689f6f58 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Utopian_communities', 'title': 'List of American Utopian communities', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Founder', 'Founding date', 'Ending date', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arden Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arden,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Arden is a village and art colony in New Castle County , Delaware , in the United States , founded in 1900 as a radical Georgist single-tax community by sculptor Frank Stephens and architect Will Price . The village occupies about 160 acres , with half kept as open land . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the village is 439 . In 1973 , the entire village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Two neighboring villages of similar size were founded on Georgist principles , Ardentown , in 1922 , and Ardencroft , in 1950 . In 2003 they were also listed on the NRHP as the Ardens Historic District . Many Ardenites , as the villagers of Arden are called , consider themselves to be close-knit , nature-loving , liberal , tolerant , free-spirited , artistic , intellectual , even ex-hippie .'}]}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Stephens Will Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Francis_Stephens', 'summary': 'George Francis Stephens ( 1859-1935 ) , known as Frank Stephens , was an American sculptor , political activist and co-founder of a utopian single-tax community in Arden , Delaware .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Will_Price', 'summary': 'William Lightfoot Price ( November 9 , 1861 - October 14 , 1916 ) was an American architect , a pioneer in the use of reinforced concrete , and a founder of the utopian communities of Arden , Delaware and Rose Valley , Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Currently Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An art colony founded as a Georgist single-tax art community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_colony', 'summary': "An art colony or artists ' colony is a place where creative practitioners live and interact with one another . Artists are often invited or selected through a formal process , for a residency from a few weeks to over a year . Beginning with the early 20th century models , such as MacDowell Colony and Yaddo , hundreds of modern-day artist colonies now offer the benefit of time , space , and collaborative time away from the usual workaday world . Worldwide , the two primary organizations serving artist colonies and residential centres are Res Artis , based in Amsterdam , and the Alliance of Artists Communities , based in Providence , Rhode Island . The Intra Asia Network , based in Taiwan , is a less formal body working to advance creative communities and exchanges throughout Asia . These consortia comprise most of the world 's active artists ' colonies . The art movement itself has only started to be investigated by scholars , with the chief historical studies consisting of Michael Jacobs 's introductory The Good and Simple Life and Nina Lübbren 's Artists Colonies in Europe 1870-1910 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgism', 'summary': "Georgism , also called geoism and single tax ( archaic ) , is an economic ideology holding that while people should own the value they produce themselves , economic value derived from land ( often including natural resources and natural opportunities ) should belong equally to all members of society . Developed from the writings of the economist and social reformer Henry George , the Georgist paradigm seeks solutions to social and ecological problems , based on principles of land rights and public finance which attempt to integrate economic efficiency with social justice . Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by natural monopolies , pollution and the control of commons , including title of ownership for natural resources and other contrived privileges ( e.g . intellectual property ) . Any natural resource which is inherently limited in supply can generate economic rent , but the classical and most significant example of land monopoly involves the extraction of common ground rent from valuable urban locations . Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is efficient , fair and equitable . The main Georgist policy recommendation is a tax assessed on land value . Georgists argue that revenues from a land value tax ( LVT ) can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes ( for example , on income , trade , or purchases ) that are unfair and inefficient . Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a basic income or citizen 's dividend . Economists since Adam Smith and David Ricardo have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency , unlike other taxes . A land value tax also has progressive tax effects . Advocates of land value taxes argue that they would reduce economic inequality , increase economic efficiency , remove incentives to underutilize urban land and reduce property speculation ."}]}, {'value': 'Zion , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zion,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Zion is a city in Lake County , Illinois , United States . The population was 22,866 at the 2000 census , and had grown to 24,413 as of 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Alexander Dowie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Alexander_Dowie', 'summary': 'John Alexander Dowie ( 25 May 1847 - 9 March 1907 ) was a Scottish evangelist and faith healer who ministered in Australia and the United States . He founded the city of Zion , Illinois , and the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church .'}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Utopian Christian religious community , reorganized following fraud allegations and founder 's death into modern city", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Wind Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Wind_Community', 'summary': 'East Wind Community is an intentional community located in the Missouri Ozarks . Founded in 1974 , it is a secular and democratic community in which members hold all community assets in common . Each member is also given food , shelter , clothing , medical care , education , and a monthly stipend . All major decisions are made by direct democratic processes with managers for various positions being elected annually .'}]}, {'value': 'Ozark County , Missouri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A secular and democratic community in which members hold all communities assets in common', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Equality Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equality_Colony', 'summary': 'Equality Colony was a United States socialist colony founded in Skagit County , Washington by a political organization known as the Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth in the year 1897 . It was meant to serve as a model which would convert the rest of Washington and later the entire continent to socialism .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norman W. Lermond Ed Pelton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Wallace_Lermond', 'summary': "Norman Wallace Lermond ( July 27 , 1861 - Spring 1944 ) was an American naturalist and socialist activist . Lermond helped found the People 's Party ( the so-called Populists ) in Maine . and in 1892 , Lermond ran for the U.S. Congress from Maine 's 2nd congressional district for the Populists , finishing in third place with 3.63% of the vote . In 1900 , Lermond ran for Governor of Maine , becoming the first socialist candidate for governor in Maine history . He lost to Republican John Fremont Hill ."}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Socialist Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist', 'summary': "Socialism is a political , social and economic philosophy encompassing a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers ' self-management of enterprise , including the political theories and movements associated with such systems . Social ownership can be public , collective or cooperative ownership , or citizen ownership of equity . There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them , with social ownership being the common element shared by its various forms . Socialist systems are divided into non-market and market forms . Non-market socialism involves replacing factor markets and money with engineering and technical criteria based on calculation performed in-kind , thereby producing an economic mechanism that functions according to different economic laws from those of capitalism . Non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system . The socialist calculation debate , originated by the economic calculation problem , concerns the feasibility and methods of resource allocation for a planned socialist system . By contrast , market socialism retains the use of monetary prices , factor markets and in some cases the profit motive , with respect to the operation of socially owned enterprises and the allocation of capital goods between them . Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm , or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend . Socialist politics has been both internationalist and nationalist in orientation ; organised through political parties and opposed to party politics ; at times overlapping with trade unions and at other times independent and critical of them ; and present in both industrialised and developing nations . Social democracy originated within the socialist movement , supporting economic and social interventions to promote social justice . While having socialism as a long-term goal , it has come to embrace a Keynesian mixed economy within a predominantly , developed capitalist market economy and liberal democratic polity that includes substantial state intervention in the form of income redistribution , regulation and a welfare state ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairhope Single Tax Corporation , Fairhope , AL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairhope_Single_Tax_Corporation', 'summary': 'Fairhope is a city in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States on the eastern shoreline of Mobile Bay . The 2010 census lists the population of the city as 15,326 . Fairhope is a principal city of the Daphne-Fairhope-Foley micropolitan area , which includes all of Baldwin County . In 2016 , Fairhope was named the best small town in the South by Southern Living magazine .'}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairhope Industrial Association', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'currently still in operation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairhope was first settled in 1894 by Georgist . The Single tax experiment was incorporated as the Fairhope Single Tax Corporation under Alabama law in 1904 . The municipality of Fairhope was incorporated in 1908', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgist', 'summary': "Georgism , also called geoism and single tax ( archaic ) , is an economic ideology holding that while people should own the value they produce themselves , economic value derived from land ( often including natural resources and natural opportunities ) should belong equally to all members of society . Developed from the writings of the economist and social reformer Henry George , the Georgist paradigm seeks solutions to social and ecological problems , based on principles of land rights and public finance which attempt to integrate economic efficiency with social justice . Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by natural monopolies , pollution and the control of commons , including title of ownership for natural resources and other contrived privileges ( e.g . intellectual property ) . Any natural resource which is inherently limited in supply can generate economic rent , but the classical and most significant example of land monopoly involves the extraction of common ground rent from valuable urban locations . Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is efficient , fair and equitable . The main Georgist policy recommendation is a tax assessed on land value . Georgists argue that revenues from a land value tax ( LVT ) can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes ( for example , on income , trade , or purchases ) that are unfair and inefficient . Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a basic income or citizen 's dividend . Economists since Adam Smith and David Ricardo have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency , unlike other taxes . A land value tax also has progressive tax effects . Advocates of land value taxes argue that they would reduce economic inequality , increase economic efficiency , remove incentives to underutilize urban land and reduce property speculation ."}]}, {'value': 'The Farm ( Tennessee )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Farm_(Tennessee)', 'summary': 'The Farm is an intentional community in Lewis County , Tennessee , near the town of Summertown , Tennessee , based on principles of nonviolence and respect for the Earth . It was founded in 1971 by Stephen Gaskin , and 300 spiritual seekers from Haight-Ashbury and San Francisco . The Farm was the setting for the rebirth of midwifery in the United States and the creation of the modern home-birth movement . Its members have founded a number of nonprofit organizations , including Plenty International , a relief and development organization , and Swan Conservation Trust , who established the 1,358 acres ( 550 ha ) Big Swan Headwaters Preserve . The Farm has approximately 200 members and residents .'}]}, {'value': 'Lewis County , Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Gaskin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Gaskin', 'summary': 'Stephen Gaskin ( February 16 , 1935 - July 1 , 2014 ) was an American counterculture Hippie icon best known for his presence in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco in the 1960s and for co-founding The Farm , a famous spiritual intentional community in Summertown , Tennessee . He was a Green Party presidential primary candidate in 2000 on a platform which included campaign finance reform , universal health care , and decriminalization of marijuana . He was the author of over a dozen books , political activist , a philanthropic organizer and a self-proclaimed professional Hippie .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hippie Buddhist-inspired vegetarian community . De-collectivized in 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freeland Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freeland,_Washington', 'summary': 'Freeland is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) on Whidbey Island in Island County , Washington , United States . At the time of the 2010 census the population was 2,045 . The town received its name based on its origins as a socialist commune in the early 1900s : in the eyes of its founders , the land of the town was literally to be free for all people . Some of the first settlers were veterans of a prior experiment in socialism , the nearby Equality Colony .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dissident members of the Equality Colony', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A socialist commune . The first settlers dissident members of the nearby Equality Colony . While the Freeland Association dissolved in 1906 the census-designated place ( CDP ) of Freeland , Washington continues to exist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialism', 'summary': "Socialism is a political , social and economic philosophy encompassing a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers ' self-management of enterprise , including the political theories and movements associated with such systems . Social ownership can be public , collective or cooperative ownership , or citizen ownership of equity . There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them , with social ownership being the common element shared by its various forms . Socialist systems are divided into non-market and market forms . Non-market socialism involves replacing factor markets and money with engineering and technical criteria based on calculation performed in-kind , thereby producing an economic mechanism that functions according to different economic laws from those of capitalism . Non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system . The socialist calculation debate , originated by the economic calculation problem , concerns the feasibility and methods of resource allocation for a planned socialist system . By contrast , market socialism retains the use of monetary prices , factor markets and in some cases the profit motive , with respect to the operation of socially owned enterprises and the allocation of capital goods between them . Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm , or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend . Socialist politics has been both internationalist and nationalist in orientation ; organised through political parties and opposed to party politics ; at times overlapping with trade unions and at other times independent and critical of them ; and present in both industrialised and developing nations . Social democracy originated within the socialist movement , supporting economic and social interventions to promote social justice . While having socialism as a long-term goal , it has come to embrace a Keynesian mixed economy within a predominantly , developed capitalist market economy and liberal democratic polity that includes substantial state intervention in the form of income redistribution , regulation and a welfare state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Commune_(intentional_community)', 'summary': 'A commune ( the French word appearing in the 12th century from Medieval Latin communia , meaning a large gathering of people sharing a common life ; from Latin communis , things held in common ) is an intentional community of people living together , sharing common interests , often having common values and beliefs , as well as shared property , possessions , resources , and , in some communes , work , income or assets . In addition to the communal economy , consensus decision-making , non-hierarchical structures and ecological living have become important core principles for many communes . There are many contemporary intentional communities all over the world , a list of which can be found at the Fellowship for Intentional Community ( FIC ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Equality_Colony', 'summary': 'Equality Colony was a United States socialist colony founded in Skagit County , Washington by a political organization known as the Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth in the year 1897 . It was meant to serve as a model which would convert the rest of Washington and later the entire continent to socialism .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Census-designated_place', 'summary': "A census-designated place ( CDP ) is a concentration of population defined by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only . CDPs have been used in each decennial census since 1980 as the counterparts of incorporated places , such as self-governing cities , towns , and villages , for the purposes of gathering and correlating statistical data . CDPs are populated areas that generally include one officially designated but currently unincorporated community , for which the CDP is named , plus surrounding inhabited countryside of varying dimensions and , occasionally , other , smaller unincorporated communities as well . CDPs include small rural communities , colonias located along the Mexico-United States border , and unincorporated resort and retirement communities and their environs . The boundaries of a CDP have no legal status and may not always correspond with the local understanding of the area or community with the same name . However , criteria established for the 2010 Census require that a CDP name be one that is recognized and used in daily communication by the residents of the community ( not a name developed solely for planning or other purposes ) and recommend that a CDP 's boundaries be mapped based on the geographic extent associated with inhabitants ' regular use of the named place . The Census Bureau states that census-designated places are not considered incorporated places and that it includes only census-designated places in its city population list for Hawaii because that state has no incorporated cities . In addition , census city lists from 2007 included Arlington County , Virginia 's CDP in the list with the incorporated places , but since 2010 , only the Urban Honolulu CDP , Hawaii representing the historic core of Honolulu , Hawaii , is shown in the city and town estimates ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Freeland,_Washington', 'summary': 'Freeland is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) on Whidbey Island in Island County , Washington , United States . At the time of the 2010 census the population was 2,045 . The town received its name based on its origins as a socialist commune in the early 1900s : in the eyes of its founders , the land of the town was literally to be free for all people . Some of the first settlers were veterans of a prior experiment in socialism , the nearby Equality Colony .'}]}, {'value': 'Post', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C.W . Post', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.W._Post', 'summary': 'Charles William C. W. Post ( October 26 , 1854 - May 9 , 1914 ) was an American inventor , breakfast cereal and foods manufacturer and a pioneer in the prepared-food industry . He was the founder of what is now Post Consumer Brands .'}]}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'now Post , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Post,_Texas', 'summary': 'Post is a city in and the county seat of Garza County , Texas , United States . The population was 5,376 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Llano del Rio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llano_del_Rio', 'summary': "Llano del Rio was a commune ( or colony ) located in what is now Llano , California , east of Palmdale in the Antelope Valley , Los Angeles County . The colony was devised by lawyer and socialist politician Job Harriman after he had failed his bid to become the mayor of Los Angeles in 1911 . The colony 's land was acquired in 1913 and it was formally launched on May 1 , 1914 . The Llano del Rio Colony settled in the southern edge of the Mojave Desert along Highway 138 near what is now 165th Street East , in the alluvial plain that spread out to the north from the San Gabriel Mountains . The colony took advantage of water from Big Rock Creek , an intermittent stream that flowed from the San Gabriel Mountains . Several structures were constructed using local granite boulders and lumber , including a hotel , meeting house , and water storage tank . There was also a small open aqueduct made of granite cobbles and cement . The remnants of the built features are still visible at the site . During 1918 , the colony was abandoned . Llano del Rio turned out to be too far from other settlements to develop a sustaining economy , and the water supply from Big Rock Creek proved to be unreliable . Some of the settlers , approximately 60 families in all , relocated to form New Llano , Louisiana ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Job Harriman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Job_Harriman', 'summary': 'Job Harriman ( January 15 , 1861 - October 26 , 1925 ) was an ordained minister who later became an agnostic and a socialist . In 1900 , he ran for Vice President of the United States along with Eugene Debs on the ticket of the Socialist Party of America . He later twice ran for mayor of Los Angeles , drawing considerable attention and support . He also founded a socialist utopian community called Llano del Rio in California , later relocated to Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unbuilt project by architect and planner Alice Constance Austin with strong emphasis on shared domestic work', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_Constance_Austin', 'summary': 'Alice Constance Austin was born to Joseph B. and Sarah L. Austin in 1862 in Chicago , Illinois . She was an architect , city planner , radical feminist , socialist , and designer . Her most famous proposal at Llano del Rio , though never fully realized , greatly impacted later city designs and architectural planning . In 1935 , Austin published her book The Next Step ; How to Plan for Beauty , Comfort , and Peace with Great Savings Effected by the Reduction of Waste , discussing socialism , difficulties with the Llano del Rio project , and some of her other ideas on planning . Her feminist efforts in the history of city planning have gone so far as to influence the development of modern-day issues such as minimum wage , social security , low cost housing , welfare , and universal healthcare .'}]}, {'value': 'Twin Oaks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twin_Oaks_Community,_Virginia', 'summary': "Twin Oaks Community is an ecovillage and intentional community of about one hundred people living on 450 acres ( 1.8 km2 ) in Louisa County , Virginia . It is a member of the Federation of Egalitarian Communities . Founded in 1967 , it is one of the longest-enduring and largest secular intentional communities in North America . The community 's basic values are cooperation , egalitarianism , non-violence , sustainability , and income sharing . About 100 adults and 17 children live in the community ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'currently active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '1900s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_American_Utopian_communities_1', 'intro': 'A list of American Utopian communities.'} | null | null | What was the occupation of the Zion , Illinois founder ? | evangelist and faith healer |
058d8405f9a46d0d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_100_metres_butterfly', 'title': 'World record progression 100 metres butterfly', 'header': ['Time', 'Swimmer', 'Date', 'Place'], 'data': [{'value': '1:10.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atie Voorbij', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atie_Voorbij', 'summary': 'Aartje Johanna Atie Voorbij ( born 20 September 1940 ) is a retired Dutch butterfly swimmer who won a gold medal in the 4×100 m medley team event ( together with Ada den Haan , Cocky Gastelaars and Lenie de Nijs ) at the 1958 European Aquatics Championships . She also won a silver medal in 100 m butterfly at the same championships . She participated in the 1960 Summer Olympics and was fifth in 100 m butterfly . Between 1955 and 1960 she was five times national champion in 100 m butterfly and set nine world records in the 100 m butterfly and 4×100 m medley events .'}]}, {'value': 'August 4 , 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhenen , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhenen', 'summary': 'Rhenen ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a municipality and a city in the central Netherlands . The municipality also includes the villages of Achterberg , Remmerden , Elst and Laareind . The town lies at a geographically interesting location , namely on the southernmost part of the chain of hills known as the Utrecht Hill Ridge ( Utrechtse Heuvelrug ) , where this meets the river Rhine . Because of this Rhenen has a unique character with quite some elevation through town . Directly to the east of the built-up area lies the Grebbeberg , a hill with a top elevation of about 50 metres ( 160 ft ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '1:09.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nancy Ramey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Ramey', 'summary': 'Nancy Jane Ramey ( born June 29 , 1940 ) , later known by her married name Nancy Lethcoe , is an American former competition swimmer , 1956 Olympic medalist , and former world record-holder in two events . After the Olympics , Ramey earned her doctorate and became a college instructor , environmental activist and political candidate .'}]}, {'value': 'June 28 , 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_United_States', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': '1:09.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nancy Ramey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Ramey', 'summary': 'Nancy Jane Ramey ( born June 29 , 1940 ) , later known by her married name Nancy Lethcoe , is an American former competition swimmer , 1956 Olympic medalist , and former world record-holder in two events . After the Olympics , Ramey earned her doctorate and became a college instructor , environmental activist and political candidate .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_United_States', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '1:08.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janice Andrew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janice_Andrew', 'summary': 'Janice Andrew ( born 25 November 1943 ) , also known by her married name Janice Thornett , is an Australian butterfly swimmer of the 1950s , who won a bronze medal in the 100-metre butterfly and a silver medal in the 4×100-metre medley relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics . Arriving at the 1960 Olympics in Rome , Andrew had been regarded as a medal contender in the 100-metre butterfly . She was in the spotlight when during a team meeting , Australian team officials had ordered Dawn Fraser to swim the butterfly leg in the 4×100-metre medley relay preliminaries in her place , as she was ordered to rest ahead of her individual event later that night . Fraser refused , hitting Andrew with a pillow . It was only when Alva Colquhoun volunteered that the dispute was resolved . In the 100-metre event that night , Andrew claimed bronze behind Carolyn Schuler of the United States and Marianne Heemskerk of the Netherlands . She later combined with Fraser , Rosemary Lassig and Marilyn Wilson to register a silver medal in the 4×100-metre medley relay , trailing the Americans home by 5 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1:08.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Stewart_(swimmer)', 'summary': 'Mary Beth Pauline Stewart ( born December 8 , 1945 ) , also known by her married name Mary McIlwaine , is a Canadian former competitive swimmer .'}]}, {'value': 'August 12 , 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '1:08.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Doerr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susan_Doerr', 'summary': "Susan Elizabeth Doerr ( born January 13 , 1945 ) is an American former competition swimmer and world record-holder . She represented the United States as a 15-year-old at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome , where she swam for the gold medal-winning U.S. team in the preliminary round of the 4×100-meter freestyle relay . She did not receive a medal , because only relay swimmers who competed in the event final were eligible under the 1960 Olympic rules . Doerr began her career in age group swimming in Philadelphia . She competed in her first United States Women 's National Championships in the spring of 1959 , representing Vesper Boat Club . She went on to be a leading member of Vesper when they clinched their first high point award at the 1961 United States Women 's National Championships ; the same year , Doerr set a world record in the 100 m butterfly . Doerr graduated from Abington Friends School in Abington , Pennsylvania in 1963 , and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 12 , 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '1:07.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Stewart_(swimmer)', 'summary': 'Mary Beth Pauline Stewart ( born December 8 , 1945 ) , also known by her married name Mary McIlwaine , is a Canadian former competitive swimmer .'}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver , Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver,_Canada', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': '1:06.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kathy Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathy_Ellis', 'summary': "Kathleen Ellis ( born November 28 , 1946 ) is an American former competition swimmer , two-time Olympic champion , and former world record-holder in three events . Ellis represented the United States as a 17-year-old at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan . She won two gold medals as a member of the winning U.S. teams in the women 's 4×100-meter freestyle relay and women 's 4×100-meter medley relay . Individually , she also received two bronze medals for her third-place finishes in the women 's 100-meter freestyle and women 's 100-meter butterfly events . Ellis was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an Honor Swimmer in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16 , 1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High Point , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Point,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "High Point is a city located in the Piedmont Triad region of the U.S. state of North Carolina . Most of the city is located in Guilford County , with portions extending into neighboring Randolph , Davidson , and Forsyth counties . High Point is North Carolina 's only city that extends into four counties . As of the 2010 census the city had a total population of 104,371 , with an estimated population of 112,316 in 2018 . High Point is currently the ninth-largest municipality in North Carolina , and the 259th largest city in America . Major industries in High Point include furniture , textiles , and bus manufacturing . The city 's official slogan is North Carolina 's International City due to the semi-annual High Point Furniture Market that attracts 100,000 exhibitors and buyers from around the world . It is home to High Point University , a private Methodist-affiliated institution founded in 1924 ."}]}, {'value': '1:06.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ada Kok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada_Kok', 'summary': "Aagje ( Ada ) Kok ( born 6 June 1947 , in Amsterdam , North Holland ) is a former swimmer who ranked among the world 's best in the butterfly stroke category during the 1960s . Her international career started in 1962 when , at the age of fifteen , she took the European title in the 100 m butterfly in Leipzig . She was also part of the silver 4×100 m medley relay team . At the Tokyo Olympics two years later she finished second in both events . She was also good at freestyle swimming , which showed when she took second place in the 400 metres at the 1966 European Championships in Utrecht . In the same tournament she also won the 100 m butterfly and the 4×100 m relay . She achieved nine world records between 1963 and 1967 in the 100 m and 200 m ( not introduced until later ) . Kok reached her peak at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City . She won the gold medal in the 200 meter butterfly race in a time of 2:24.7 , beating the East German Helga Lindner by 0.1 seconds . The 100 meter butterfly race in that Olympic Games ended in disappointment for her , when she did not feel well beforehand , and finished in fourth place ."}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soestduinen , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soestduinen', 'summary': 'Soestduinen ( 52°9′N 5°18′E / 52.150°N 5.300°E / 52.150 ; 5.300 ) is a town in the Dutch province of Utrecht . It is a part of the municipality of Soest , and lies about 3 km south of Soest . In 2001 , the town of Soestduinen had 113 inhabitants . The built-up area of the town was 0.07 km² , and contained 45 residences .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '1:05.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ada Kok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada_Kok', 'summary': "Aagje ( Ada ) Kok ( born 6 June 1947 , in Amsterdam , North Holland ) is a former swimmer who ranked among the world 's best in the butterfly stroke category during the 1960s . Her international career started in 1962 when , at the age of fifteen , she took the European title in the 100 m butterfly in Leipzig . She was also part of the silver 4×100 m medley relay team . At the Tokyo Olympics two years later she finished second in both events . She was also good at freestyle swimming , which showed when she took second place in the 400 metres at the 1966 European Championships in Utrecht . In the same tournament she also won the 100 m butterfly and the 4×100 m relay . She achieved nine world records between 1963 and 1967 in the 100 m and 200 m ( not introduced until later ) . Kok reached her peak at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City . She won the gold medal in the 200 meter butterfly race in a time of 2:24.7 , beating the East German Helga Lindner by 0.1 seconds . The 100 meter butterfly race in that Olympic Games ended in disappointment for her , when she did not feel well beforehand , and finished in fourth place ."}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackpool , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackpool', 'summary': "Blackpool /ˈblækpuːl/ ( listen ) is a town and seaside resort on the Lancashire coast in North West England . The town is on the Irish Sea , between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries , 15 miles ( 24 km ) northwest of Preston , 27 miles ( 43 km ) north of Liverpool , 28 miles ( 45 km ) northwest of Bolton and 40 miles ( 64 km ) northwest of Manchester . It had an estimated population of 139,720 at the 2011 Census , making it the most populous town in Lancashire . Throughout the Medieval and Early Modern period , Blackpool was a coastal hamlet in Lancashire 's Hundred of Amounderness , and remained such until the mid-18th century when it became fashionable in England to travel to the coast in the summer to improve well-being . In 1781 , visitors attracted to Blackpool 's 7-mile ( 11 km ) sandy beach were able to use a new private road , built by Thomas Clifton and Sir Henry Hoghton . Stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester in the same year , and from Halifax in 1782 . In the early 19th century , Henry Banks and his son-in-law John Cocker erected new buildings in Blackpool such that its population grew from less than 500 in 1801 to over 2,500 in 1851 . St John 's Church in Blackpool was consecrated in 1821 . Blackpool rose to prominence as a major centre of tourism in England when a railway was built in the 1840s connecting it to the industrialised regions of Northern England . The railway made it much easier and cheaper for visitors to reach Blackpool , triggering an influx of settlers , such that in 1876 Blackpool was incorporated as a borough , governed by its own town council and aldermen . In 1881 , Blackpool was a booming resort with a population of 14,000 and a promenade complete with piers , fortune-tellers , public houses , trams , donkey rides , fish-and-chip shops and theatres . By 1901 the population of Blackpool was 47,000 , by which time its place was cemented as the archetypal British seaside resort ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1:04.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharon Stouder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharon_Stouder', 'summary': "Sharon Marie Stouder ( November 9 , 1948 - June 23 , 2013 ) , also known by her married name Sharon Stouder Clark , was an American competition swimmer , three-time Olympic champion , and former world record-holder in four events . As a 15-year-old , she won three gold medals and one silver at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan . She won the women 's 100-meter butterfly , and was a member of the winning U.S. teams in the women 's 4×100-meter freestyle relay and the women 's 4×100-meter medley relay . She also took second place in the women 's 100-meter freestyle , finishing behind Australian Dawn Fraser , for a total of four medals . Stouder swam sprint butterfly and sprint freestyle . She was the second woman in history to go under the one-minute barrier in the 100-meter freestyle , the event she got her silver medal in at the 1964 Olympics . In 1964 she twice broke the world record in the women 's 200-meter butterfly . She was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1972 . Stouder died June 23 , 2013 ; she was 64 years old . She was survived by her son and daughter ."}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1:04.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ada Kok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada_Kok', 'summary': "Aagje ( Ada ) Kok ( born 6 June 1947 , in Amsterdam , North Holland ) is a former swimmer who ranked among the world 's best in the butterfly stroke category during the 1960s . Her international career started in 1962 when , at the age of fifteen , she took the European title in the 100 m butterfly in Leipzig . She was also part of the silver 4×100 m medley relay team . At the Tokyo Olympics two years later she finished second in both events . She was also good at freestyle swimming , which showed when she took second place in the 400 metres at the 1966 European Championships in Utrecht . In the same tournament she also won the 100 m butterfly and the 4×100 m relay . She achieved nine world records between 1963 and 1967 in the 100 m and 200 m ( not introduced until later ) . Kok reached her peak at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City . She won the gold medal in the 200 meter butterfly race in a time of 2:24.7 , beating the East German Helga Lindner by 0.1 seconds . The 100 meter butterfly race in that Olympic Games ended in disappointment for her , when she did not feel well beforehand , and finished in fourth place ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14 , 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Budapest , Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Budapest,_Hungary', 'summary': "Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/ , Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈbudɒpɛʃt ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary , and the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits . The city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres ( 203 square miles ) . Budapest is both a city and county , and forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area , which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres ( 2,944 square miles ) and a population of 3,303,786 , comprising 33% of the population of Hungary . The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum , the capital of Lower Pannonia . The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century , but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42 . Re-established Buda became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century . The Battle of Mohács , in 1526 , was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule . After the reconquest of Buda in 1686 , the region entered a new age of prosperity , with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda , Óbuda , and Pest on 17 November 1873 , with the name 'Budapest ' given to the new capital . Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a great power that dissolved in 1918 , following World War I . The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the Battle of Budapest in 1945 , and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Budapest is an Alpha − global city with strengths in commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment . It is Hungary 's financial centre and was ranked as the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:04.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alice Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_Jones_(swimmer)', 'summary': 'Alice Jones is an award-winning international swimmer who swam for the Cincinnati Marlins . At the 1970 Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) Outdoor Swimming Championships , Jones won two gold metals , setting world records in the 100- and 200-meter butterfly . The next summer , at the 1971 Pan American Games , she won a silver metal in the 200-meter butterfly . She was named World Swimmer of the Year in 1970 by Swimming World . Jones attended the University of Cincinnati .'}]}, {'value': 'August 20 , 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_United_States', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': '1:03.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayumi Aoki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayumi_Aoki', 'summary': 'Mayumi Aoki ( 青木 まゆみ , Aoki Mayumi , born May 1 , 1953 ) is a Japanese swimmer . She competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 200 m butterfly and 4 × 100 m medley relay and won a gold medal in the 100 m fly . She won a bronze medal in this event at the 1973 World Aquatics Championships . In 1972 she twice broke the world record in the 100 m fly . After retiring from competition she worked as a swimming coach and a high school teacher . In 1989 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'July 21 , 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1:03.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Gyarmati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Gyarmati', 'summary': 'Andrea Gyarmati ( born 15 April 1954 ) is a retired Hungarian swimmer . She competed at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics in eight events in total and won two individual medals in 1972 ; in 1972 she set a world record in the 100 m butterfly in the semifinals . She also won four medals at the 1970 European Championships . For these achievements she was named Hungarian Sportswoman of The Year in 1970-1972 . Her mother and coach Éva Székely was a 1952 Olympic champion in breaststroke , and her father Dezső Gyarmati was an Olympic champion in water polo . Gyarmati married and later divorced Mihály Hesz , an Olympic champion in canoe . In 1995 , following her both parents , she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'August 31 , 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munich , West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '1:03.34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayumi Aoki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayumi_Aoki', 'summary': 'Mayumi Aoki ( 青木 まゆみ , Aoki Mayumi , born May 1 , 1953 ) is a Japanese swimmer . She competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 200 m butterfly and 4 × 100 m medley relay and won a gold medal in the 100 m fly . She won a bronze medal in this event at the 1973 World Aquatics Championships . In 1972 she twice broke the world record in the 100 m fly . After retiring from competition she worked as a swimming coach and a high school teacher . In 1989 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munich , West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': '1:03.05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kornelia Ender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kornelia_Ender', 'summary': "Kornelia Ender ( later Matthes now Grummt , born 25 October 1958 in Plauen , Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt ) is a former East German swimmer who at the 1976 Summer Olympics became the first woman swimmer to win four gold medals at a single Olympic Games , all in world record times . It was later proven that the East German team doctors had systematically administered steroids to their athletes ( albeit without the athletes ' knowledge ) . As she had exhibited symptoms of steroid use in 1976 ( deep voice , overdeveloped body ) , strong suspicion was cast on the validity of Ender 's accomplishments . Ender trained from a young age and won her first Olympic medals as a 13-year-old at the 1972 Olympics in Munich : three silver medals , including one in the 200 m individual medley , finishing behind Australia 's Shane Gould . Over the following years she broke 32 world records in individual events , including the four at the Montreal Games . In 1991 , she addressed the long-held suspicions about her physical condition at the 1976 Games , acknowledging that team doctors and coaches had given her numerous injections of drugs over the preceding months ( cf . doping in East Germany ) . Ender said that she did not know at the time , nor had she ever subsequently found out , exactly what the drugs were . She said she was told only that the drugs would help her regenerate and recuperate and therefore , although she was surprised by the muscle mass she added , she nonetheless attributed it simply to her rigorous training . When she became suspicious and refused to take chlorodehydromethyltestosterone in 1977 she was banned from the team by the Marxist authorities . Ender was married for four years to East German backstroke swimmer and multiple Olympic champion Roland Matthes . She is now married to former East German - German track and field athlete and bobsledder Steffen Grummt ."}]}, {'value': 'April 14 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Berlin , East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Berlin', 'summary': "East Berlin was the capital city of the German Democratic Republic from 1949 to 1990 . Formally , it was the Soviet sector of Berlin , established in 1945 . The American , British , and French sectors were known as West Berlin . From 13 August 1961 until 9 November 1989 , East Berlin was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall . The Western Allied powers did not recognise East Berlin as the GDR 's capital , nor the GDR 's authority to govern East Berlin . On 3 October 1990 , the day Germany was officially reunified , East and West Berlin formally reunited as the city of Berlin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Germany', 'summary': "East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised ."}]}, {'value': '1:02.31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kornelia Ender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kornelia_Ender', 'summary': "Kornelia Ender ( later Matthes now Grummt , born 25 October 1958 in Plauen , Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt ) is a former East German swimmer who at the 1976 Summer Olympics became the first woman swimmer to win four gold medals at a single Olympic Games , all in world record times . It was later proven that the East German team doctors had systematically administered steroids to their athletes ( albeit without the athletes ' knowledge ) . As she had exhibited symptoms of steroid use in 1976 ( deep voice , overdeveloped body ) , strong suspicion was cast on the validity of Ender 's accomplishments . Ender trained from a young age and won her first Olympic medals as a 13-year-old at the 1972 Olympics in Munich : three silver medals , including one in the 200 m individual medley , finishing behind Australia 's Shane Gould . Over the following years she broke 32 world records in individual events , including the four at the Montreal Games . In 1991 , she addressed the long-held suspicions about her physical condition at the 1976 Games , acknowledging that team doctors and coaches had given her numerous injections of drugs over the preceding months ( cf . doping in East Germany ) . Ender said that she did not know at the time , nor had she ever subsequently found out , exactly what the drugs were . She said she was told only that the drugs would help her regenerate and recuperate and therefore , although she was surprised by the muscle mass she added , she nonetheless attributed it simply to her rigorous training . When she became suspicious and refused to take chlorodehydromethyltestosterone in 1977 she was banned from the team by the Marxist authorities . Ender was married for four years to East German backstroke swimmer and multiple Olympic champion Roland Matthes . She is now married to former East German - German track and field athlete and bobsledder Steffen Grummt ."}]}, {'value': 'July 14 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Berlin , East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Berlin', 'summary': "East Berlin was the capital city of the German Democratic Republic from 1949 to 1990 . Formally , it was the Soviet sector of Berlin , established in 1945 . The American , British , and French sectors were known as West Berlin . From 13 August 1961 until 9 November 1989 , East Berlin was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall . The Western Allied powers did not recognise East Berlin as the GDR 's capital , nor the GDR 's authority to govern East Berlin . On 3 October 1990 , the day Germany was officially reunified , East and West Berlin formally reunited as the city of Berlin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Germany', 'summary': "East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised ."}]}, {'value': '1:02.09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosemarie Kother', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosemarie_Kother', 'summary': 'Rosemarie Gabriel ( née Kother , born 27 February 1956 ) is a retired German swimmer . She competed at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics in five events in total and won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 1976 , swimming for the East German team in a preliminary round . Individually , she won a bronze medal in the 200 m butterfly in 1976 . Between 1973 and 1975 she won seven gold and two silver medals in the 100 m and 200 m butterfly and 4 × 100 m medley relay at the world and European championships . She also set eleven world records :'}]}, {'value': 'August 21 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vienna , Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna,_Austria', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': '1:01.99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosemarie Kother', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosemarie_Kother', 'summary': 'Rosemarie Gabriel ( née Kother , born 27 February 1956 ) is a retired German swimmer . She competed at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics in five events in total and won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 1976 , swimming for the East German team in a preliminary round . Individually , she won a bronze medal in the 200 m butterfly in 1976 . Between 1973 and 1975 she won seven gold and two silver medals in the 100 m and 200 m butterfly and 4 × 100 m medley relay at the world and European championships . She also set eleven world records :'}]}, {'value': 'August 22 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vienna , Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna,_Austria', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Women -- Long course', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'World_record_progression_100_metres_butterfly_2', 'intro': "The first world record in the 100 metres butterfly in long course (50 metres) swimming was recognised by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) in 1957, for both men and women. In the short-course (25 metres) swimming events, the world's governing body recognizes world records since March 3, 1991."} | null | null | What degree did the swimmer who swam the 100 metres butterfly in 1:09.6 on June 28 , 1958 earn after the Olympics ? | doctorate |
058f76c3cac5c613 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_El_Dorado_County', 'title': 'California Historical Landmarks in El Dorado County', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '748', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coloma Road-Coloma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park 38°48′08″N 120°53′34″W / 38.802317°N 120.892767°W / 38.802317 ; -120.892767 ( Coloma Road-Coloma )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Gold_Discovery_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': "Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park is a state park of California , United States , marking the discovery of gold by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in 1848 , sparking the California Gold Rush . The park grounds include much of the historic town of Coloma , California , which is now considered a ghost town as well as a National Historic Landmark District . The park contains two California Historical Landmarks : a monument to commemorate James Marshall ( # 143 ) and the actual spot where he first discovered gold in 1848 ( # 530 ) . Established in 1942 , the park now comprises 576 acres ( 233 ha ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Coloma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coloma,_California', 'summary': "Coloma ( formerly Colluma and Culloma ) is a census-designated place in El Dorado County , California , US . It is approximately 36 miles ( 58 km ) northeast of Sacramento , California . Coloma is most noted for being the site where James W. Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada foothills , at Sutter 's Mill on January 24 , 1848 , leading to the California Gold Rush . Coloma 's population is 529 . The settlement is a tourist attraction known for its ghost town and the centerpiece of the Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park . Coloma was designated a National Historic Landmark District on July 4 , 1961 . It lies at an elevation of 764 feet ( 233 m ) ."}]}, {'value': '747', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coloma Road-Rescue', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4222 Green Valley Rd at Rescue Junction General Store 38°42′40″N 120°57′07″W / 38.711167°N 120.952°W / 38.711167 ; -120.952 ( Coloma Road-Rescue )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rescue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rescue,_California', 'summary': 'Rescue is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located north-northwest of Shingle Springs and north-northeast of Cameron Park . The zip code is 95672 , and Rescue is located in area code 530 . The town lies at an elevation of 1214 feet ( 370 m ) . It has also been noted for its unusual place name . Formerly Green Valley , El Dorado County , California'}]}, {'value': '572', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Condemned Bar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Condemned_Bar,_California', 'summary': 'Condemned Bar is a former settlement , in Yuba County , California . It lay at the confluence of Dobbins Creek and the Yuba River , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) south-southeast of Dobbins , It is in the Sierra Nevada foothills , at an elevation of 548 feet ( 167 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Folsom Lake State Recreation Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom_Lake_State_Recreation_Area', 'summary': 'The Folsom Lake State Recreation Area surrounds Folsom Lake in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , and is managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation . It is located near the city of Folsom , California , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Sacramento .'}]}, {'value': 'Folsom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom,_California', 'summary': 'Folsom is a city in Sacramento County , California , United States . It is commonly known for Folsom Prison , the song Folsom Prison Blues as well as for Folsom Lake . The population was 72,203 at the 2010 census . The median home price in Folsom , CA is $ 624,000 with the average household income at $ 102,692 . Folsom is part of the Sacramento−Arden-Arcade−Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '487', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diamond Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diamond_Springs,_California', 'summary': 'Diamond Springs ( formerly , Diamond Spring and Diamond ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in El Dorado County , California , United States . It is part of the Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 11,037 at the 2010 census , up from 4,888 at the 2000 census . The town is registered as California Historical Landmark number 487 . It lies at an elevation of 1791 feet ( 546 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Hwy 49 and China Garden Rd . 38°41′41″N 120°48′54″W / 38.694722°N 120.815°W / 38.694722 ; -120.815 ( Diamond Springs )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diamond Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diamond_Springs,_California', 'summary': 'Diamond Springs ( formerly , Diamond Spring and Diamond ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in El Dorado County , California , United States . It is part of the Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 11,037 at the 2010 census , up from 4,888 at the 2000 census . The town is registered as California Historical Landmark number 487 . It lies at an elevation of 1791 feet ( 546 m ) .'}]}, {'value': '486', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Dorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Dorado,_California', 'summary': 'El Dorado ( Spanish for The golden ; formerly Eldorado , Mud Spring , and Mud Springs ) , not to be confused with the nearby El Dorado Hills , is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of Placerville , at an elevation of 1608 feet ( 490 m ) . The population was 4,096 at the 2000 census . The town is registered as California Historical Landmark # 486 . The ZIP code is 95623 . The community is inside area code 530 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pleasant Valley Rd & Church St. 38°40′58″N 120°50′52″W / 38.682778°N 120.847778°W / 38.682778 ; -120.847778 ( El Dorado )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Dorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Dorado,_California', 'summary': 'El Dorado ( Spanish for The golden ; formerly Eldorado , Mud Spring , and Mud Springs ) , not to be confused with the nearby El Dorado Hills , is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of Placerville , at an elevation of 1608 feet ( 490 m ) . The population was 4,096 at the 2000 census . The town is registered as California Historical Landmark # 486 . The ZIP code is 95623 . The community is inside area code 530 .'}]}, {'value': '700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Dorado-Nevada House ( Mud Springs ) - Overland Pony Express Route in California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Dorado,_California', 'summary': 'El Dorado ( Spanish for The golden ; formerly Eldorado , Mud Spring , and Mud Springs ) , not to be confused with the nearby El Dorado Hills , is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of Placerville , at an elevation of 1608 feet ( 490 m ) . The population was 4,096 at the 2000 census . The town is registered as California Historical Landmark # 486 . The ZIP code is 95623 . The community is inside area code 530 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pleasant Valley Rd . near Church St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Dorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Dorado,_California', 'summary': 'El Dorado ( Spanish for The golden ; formerly Eldorado , Mud Spring , and Mud Springs ) , not to be confused with the nearby El Dorado Hills , is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of Placerville , at an elevation of 1608 feet ( 490 m ) . The population was 4,096 at the 2000 census . The town is registered as California Historical Landmark # 486 . The ZIP code is 95623 . The community is inside area code 530 .'}]}, {'value': '728', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Friday 's Station - Overland Pony Express Route in California", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Friday's_Station,_California", 'summary': "Friday 's Station , on US 50 between Kingsbury Grade and Loop Road in Stateline , Nevada , is a two-story wood-frame white building built as a Pony Express station and inn in 1860 . In 1986 , it was known as Park Cattle Company Residence and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The two-story wood-frame white building is visible from U.S. Route 50 near the California-Nevada border at Stateline , Nevada . When built , is was also a Union Army military post of the District of California . During the 1870s through the 1880 ' a it operated as a resort under the name Buttermilk Bonanza Ranch . The listing included two contributing buildings : the second was a blacksmith shop and stable built in 1850 at the rear of the inn . The nearest locale was called Smalls by 1891 , but had changed its name to Tahoe Village by 1955 . The interior of the building has undergone several remodels throughout its history , but the original floor plan included space for both a restaurant and a saloon on the lower floor . The upper floor has remained largely unchanged since its construction , except that it now features bathrooms which were not part of the original structure . It is the only Pony Express station in the state of Nevada to survive in a largely intact form . It is designated as California Historical Landmark # 728 ."}]}, {'value': "Stateline , Hwy 50 38°57′51″N 119°56′21″W / 38.964067°N 119.93905°W / 38.964067 ; -119.93905 ( Friday 's Station - Overland Pony Express Route in California )", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Friday 's Station", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Friday's_Station,_California", 'summary': "Friday 's Station , on US 50 between Kingsbury Grade and Loop Road in Stateline , Nevada , is a two-story wood-frame white building built as a Pony Express station and inn in 1860 . In 1986 , it was known as Park Cattle Company Residence and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The two-story wood-frame white building is visible from U.S. Route 50 near the California-Nevada border at Stateline , Nevada . When built , is was also a Union Army military post of the District of California . During the 1870s through the 1880 ' a it operated as a resort under the name Buttermilk Bonanza Ranch . The listing included two contributing buildings : the second was a blacksmith shop and stable built in 1850 at the rear of the inn . The nearest locale was called Smalls by 1891 , but had changed its name to Tahoe Village by 1955 . The interior of the building has undergone several remodels throughout its history , but the original floor plan included space for both a restaurant and a saloon on the lower floor . The upper floor has remained largely unchanged since its construction , except that it now features bathrooms which were not part of the original structure . It is the only Pony Express station in the state of Nevada to survive in a largely intact form . It is designated as California Historical Landmark # 728 ."}]}, {'value': '484', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgetown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown,_California', 'summary': 'Georgetown ( formerly Growlersburg ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in El Dorado County , California . It is the northeastern-most town in the California Mother Lode . The population was 2,367 at the 2010 census , up from 962 in 2000 . The town is registered as California Historical Landmark # 484 .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgetown Fire Station 38°54′24″N 120°50′20″W / 38.906617°N 120.838933°W / 38.906617 ; -120.838933 ( Georgetown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgetown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown,_California', 'summary': 'Georgetown ( formerly Growlersburg ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in El Dorado County , California . It is the northeastern-most town in the California Mother Lode . The population was 2,367 at the 2010 census , up from 962 in 2000 . The town is registered as California Historical Landmark # 484 .'}]}, {'value': '530', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold discovery site', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sutter's_Mill", 'summary': "Sutter 's Mill was a sawmill , owned by 19th-century pioneer John Sutter , where gold was found , setting off the California Gold Rush , a major event of the history of the United States . It was located on the bank of the South Fork American River in Coloma , California and is today part of the Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park 38°48′00″N 120°53′48″W / 38.8°N 120.896667°W / 38.8 ; -120.896667 ( Gold discovery site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Gold_Discovery_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': "Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park is a state park of California , United States , marking the discovery of gold by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in 1848 , sparking the California Gold Rush . The park grounds include much of the historic town of Coloma , California , which is now considered a ghost town as well as a National Historic Landmark District . The park contains two California Historical Landmarks : a monument to commemorate James Marshall ( # 143 ) and the actual spot where he first discovered gold in 1848 ( # 530 ) . Established in 1942 , the park now comprises 576 acres ( 233 ha ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Coloma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coloma,_California', 'summary': "Coloma ( formerly Colluma and Culloma ) is a census-designated place in El Dorado County , California , US . It is approximately 36 miles ( 58 km ) northeast of Sacramento , California . Coloma is most noted for being the site where James W. Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada foothills , at Sutter 's Mill on January 24 , 1848 , leading to the California Gold Rush . Coloma 's population is 529 . The settlement is a tourist attraction known for its ghost town and the centerpiece of the Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park . Coloma was designated a National Historic Landmark District on July 4 , 1961 . It lies at an elevation of 764 feet ( 233 m ) ."}]}, {'value': '521', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_El_Dorado_County,_California', 'summary': 'Greenwood ( formerly , Long Valley , Green Valley , Lewisville , and Louisville ) is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) west of Georgetown , at an elevation of 1608 feet ( 490 m ) . The place was originally called Long Valley , then Green Valley , then Lewisville , and finally Greenwood , in honor of John Greenwood who set up a trading post there in 1848 . The Louisville post office operated from 1852 to 1852 , when it was moved and renamed to Greenwood . Lewisville and Louisville were names in honor of Lewis B. Meyer , father of the first child born there . The community is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 521 .'}]}, {'value': 'State Hwy 193 and Greenwood St. 38°53′48″N 120°54′46″W / 38.896667°N 120.912778°W / 38.896667 ; -120.912778 ( Greenwood )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwood,_El_Dorado_County,_California', 'summary': 'Greenwood ( formerly , Long Valley , Green Valley , Lewisville , and Louisville ) is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) west of Georgetown , at an elevation of 1608 feet ( 490 m ) . The place was originally called Long Valley , then Green Valley , then Lewisville , and finally Greenwood , in honor of John Greenwood who set up a trading post there in 1848 . The Louisville post office operated from 1852 to 1852 , when it was moved and renamed to Greenwood . Lewisville and Louisville were names in honor of Lewis B. Meyer , father of the first child born there . The community is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 521 .'}]}, {'value': '141', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hangman 's Tree", 'urls': []}, {'value': "305 Main St. 38°43′42″N 120°48′09″W / 38.728283°N 120.80245°W / 38.728283 ; -120.80245 ( Hangman 's Tree )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Placerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placerville,_California', 'summary': 'Placerville ( /ˈplæsərvɪl/ , PLASS-ər-vil ; formerly Old Dry Diggings , Dry Diggings , and Hangtown ) is the county seat of El Dorado County , California . The population was 10,389 at the 2010 census , up from 9,610 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '319', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Marshall 's Blacksmith Shop", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Hwy 193', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelsey,_California', 'summary': "Kelsey ( formerly , Kelsey 's Diggings ) is an unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) north of Chili Bar , at an elevation of 1923 feet ( 586 m ) . A post office operated at Kelsey from 1856 to 1872 , from 1875 to 1903 , with several moves , and from 1920 . The name honors Benjamin Kelsey , who came to California in 1841 and discovered gold at the site in 1848 . The town was first known as Kelsey 's Diggings because of the mining there ."}]}, {'value': '143', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshall Monument', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Gold_Discovery_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': "Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park is a state park of California , United States , marking the discovery of gold by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in 1848 , sparking the California Gold Rush . The park grounds include much of the historic town of Coloma , California , which is now considered a ghost town as well as a National Historic Landmark District . The park contains two California Historical Landmarks : a monument to commemorate James Marshall ( # 143 ) and the actual spot where he first discovered gold in 1848 ( # 530 ) . Established in 1942 , the park now comprises 576 acres ( 233 ha ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park 38°47′48″N 120°53′40″W / 38.796567°N 120.894583°W / 38.796567 ; -120.894583 ( Marshall Monument )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Gold_Discovery_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': "Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park is a state park of California , United States , marking the discovery of gold by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in 1848 , sparking the California Gold Rush . The park grounds include much of the historic town of Coloma , California , which is now considered a ghost town as well as a National Historic Landmark District . The park contains two California Historical Landmarks : a monument to commemorate James Marshall ( # 143 ) and the actual spot where he first discovered gold in 1848 ( # 530 ) . Established in 1942 , the park now comprises 576 acres ( 233 ha ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Coloma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coloma,_California', 'summary': "Coloma ( formerly Colluma and Culloma ) is a census-designated place in El Dorado County , California , US . It is approximately 36 miles ( 58 km ) northeast of Sacramento , California . Coloma is most noted for being the site where James W. Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada foothills , at Sutter 's Mill on January 24 , 1848 , leading to the California Gold Rush . Coloma 's population is 529 . The settlement is a tourist attraction known for its ghost town and the centerpiece of the Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park . Coloma was designated a National Historic Landmark District on July 4 , 1961 . It lies at an elevation of 764 feet ( 233 m ) ."}]}, {'value': '767', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1031 Thompson Way 38°43′40″N 120°47′40″W / 38.7278°N 120.79445°W / 38.7278 ; -120.79445 ( Methodist Episcopal Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Placerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placerville,_California', 'summary': 'Placerville ( /ˈplæsərvɪl/ , PLASS-ər-vil ; formerly Old Dry Diggings , Dry Diggings , and Hangtown ) is the county seat of El Dorado County , California . The population was 10,389 at the 2010 census , up from 9,610 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '705', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Moore 's ( Riverton ) - Overland Pony Express Route in California", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverton,_California', 'summary': "Riverton ( formerly , Moore 's Station and Moores ) is a small unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located on the South Fork of the American River 8.5 miles ( 14 km ) west of Kyburz , at an elevation of 3238 feet ( 987 m ) . The ZIP code is 95726 . The community is inside area code 530 . The place was on a toll road operated by John M. Moore , and was originally called Moore 's Station . A post office operated at Riverton from 1893 to 1898 . The community is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 705 ."}]}, {'value': "U.S. Hwy 50 and Ice House Rd . 38°46′16″N 120°26′57″W / 38.771183°N 120.449133°W / 38.771183 ; -120.449133 ( Moore 's ( Riverton ) - Overland Pony Express Route in California )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyburz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyburz,_California', 'summary': 'Kyburz ( formerly , Slippery Ford and Slipperyford ) is a small unincorporated community in El Dorado County , California . It is located along the South Fork of the American River and U.S. Route 50 , and is surrounded by the Eldorado National Forest . Its elevation is 4058 feet ( 1237 m ) above sea level . Settlement began a mile west at Websters Sugar Loaf House as a remount station for the pony express on April 3 , 1860 . The route ran through where US 50 locally is today . The Slippery Ford post office opened in 1861 . The name was changed to Slipperyford in 1896 , and to Kyburz in 1911 , by its Postmaster Albert Kyburz , in memory of his father Samuel Kyburz , who was an early California pioneer with John Sutter . The locale was along the Lincoln Highway Sierra Nevada Southern Route by 1916 . Ski racer Spider Sabich grew up in Kyburz , where his father , Vladimir , Sr. , was stationed with the California Highway Patrol . Spider and his younger brother Steve raced at the Edelweiss ski area , which closed in the 1960s , and is now known as Camp Sacramento .'}]}, {'value': '569', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mormon Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mormon_Island,_California', 'summary': 'Mormon Island was once a mining town , which had an abundance of Mormon immigrants seeking gold in the American River during the California Gold Rush . Its site is in present-day Sacramento County , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Folsom Lake State Recreation Area 38°42′13″N 121°07′03″W / 38.7035°N 121.1174°W / 38.7035 ; -121.1174 ( Mormon Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom_Lake_State_Recreation_Area', 'summary': 'The Folsom Lake State Recreation Area surrounds Folsom Lake in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , and is managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation . It is located near the city of Folsom , California , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Sacramento .'}]}, {'value': 'Folsom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom,_California', 'summary': 'Folsom is a city in Sacramento County , California , United States . It is commonly known for Folsom Prison , the song Folsom Prison Blues as well as for Folsom Lake . The population was 72,203 at the 2010 census . The median home price in Folsom , CA is $ 624,000 with the average household income at $ 102,692 . Folsom is part of the Sacramento−Arden-Arcade−Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '699', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mormon Tavern - Overland Pony Express Route in California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mormon_Tavern,_California', 'summary': "Mormon Tavern is a former settlement in El Dorado County , California . It was located on the emigrant road 0.5 miles ( 0.80 km ) west of Clarksville . The place was founded in 1849 . It served as a stop on the Pony Express from 1860 to 1861 . There is no certain account of how the place got its name , which is quite incongruous : Mormons ( Latter Day Saints ) typically do n't drink alcohol ( as would be served in a tavern ) . The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 699 ."}]}, {'value': '38°39′22″N 121°03′35″W / 38.6561°N 121.05975°W / 38.6561 ; -121.05975 ( Mormon Tavern - Overland Pony Express Route in California )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Dorado Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Dorado_Hills,_California', 'summary': "El Dorado Hills ( EDH ) is an unincorporated census-designated place ( CDP ) in El Dorado County , California , 22 miles ( 35 km ) east of the state capital of Sacramento . The population was 42,108 at the 2010 census , up from 18,016 at the 2000 census . This growth is a combination of population increase within the 2000 CDP boundaries and expansion of the boundaries . The area of EDH was expanded from 17.9 square miles ( 46 km2 ) in 2000 to 48.606 square miles ( 125.89 km2 ) in 2010 . El Dorado Hills residents and businesses are most closely affiliated with El Dorado County , a generally rural area . El Dorado County is part of the Sacramento Metropolitan Area because it is socially and economically integrated with the much larger Sacramento County and especially the city of Folsom . El Dorado Hills is recognized nationally for its high median household income , ranking 77th in CNN Money Magazine 's best places to live in 2007 , with the median household income for 2007 over $ 115,000 ."}]}, {'value': '570', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Negro Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Folsom Lake State Recreation Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom_Lake_State_Recreation_Area', 'summary': 'The Folsom Lake State Recreation Area surrounds Folsom Lake in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , and is managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation . It is located near the city of Folsom , California , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Sacramento .'}]}, {'value': 'Folsom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom,_California', 'summary': 'Folsom is a city in Sacramento County , California , United States . It is commonly known for Folsom Prison , the song Folsom Prison Blues as well as for Folsom Lake . The population was 72,203 at the 2010 census . The median home price in Folsom , CA is $ 624,000 with the average household income at $ 102,692 . Folsom is part of the Sacramento−Arden-Arcade−Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '475', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Dry Higgins-Old Hangtown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bedford and Main St. 38°43′47″N 120°47′57″W / 38.729717°N 120.799083°W / 38.729717 ; -120.799083 ( Old Dry Higgins-Old Hangtown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Placerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placerville,_California', 'summary': 'Placerville ( /ˈplæsərvɪl/ , PLASS-ər-vil ; formerly Old Dry Diggings , Dry Diggings , and Hangtown ) is the county seat of El Dorado County , California . The population was 10,389 at the 2010 census , up from 9,610 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '701', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Placerville - Overland Pony Express Route in California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placerville,_California', 'summary': 'Placerville ( /ˈplæsərvɪl/ , PLASS-ər-vil ; formerly Old Dry Diggings , Dry Diggings , and Hangtown ) is the county seat of El Dorado County , California . The population was 10,389 at the 2010 census , up from 9,610 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Main St. & Sacramento St. 38°43′40″N 120°48′12″W / 38.727883°N 120.803283°W / 38.727883 ; -120.803283 ( Placerville - Overland Pony Express Route in California )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Placerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placerville,_California', 'summary': 'Placerville ( /ˈplæsərvɪl/ , PLASS-ər-vil ; formerly Old Dry Diggings , Dry Diggings , and Hangtown ) is the county seat of El Dorado County , California . The population was 10,389 at the 2010 census , up from 9,610 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in El Dorado County , California . Click the `` Map of all coordinates '' link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below .", 'uid': 'California_Historical_Landmarks_in_El_Dorado_County,_California_0', 'intro': 'This list includes properties and districts listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in El Dorado County, California. Click the Map of all coordinates link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.'} | null | null | What is the population of the town that has the historic Sutter 's Mill ? | 529 |
0590c094cf93c3d6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_pigs', 'title': 'List of fictional pigs', 'header': ['Name', 'Origin', 'Author ( s )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ace , the Very Important Pig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick King-Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_King-Smith', 'summary': "Ronald Gordon King-Smith OBE , Hon.MEd ( 27 March 1922 - 4 January 2011 ) , was a prolific English writer of children 's books , primarily using the pen name Dick King-Smith . He is best known for The Sheep-Pig ( 1983 ) , or Babe the Gallant Pig in the US . It was adapted as the movie Babe ( 1995 ) and translations have been published in fifteen languages . He was awarded an Honorary Master of Education degree by the University of the West of England in 1999 and appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2010 New Year Honours . Dick and Myrle had three children - two daughters ( Juliet and Lizzie ) and one son ( Giles ) . Dick King-Smith 's first book , The Foxbusters , was published in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': 'Great-grandson of Babe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agnes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pig_(novel)', 'summary': "Pig , is the debut novel of English author Andrew Cowan . Published in 1994 it won the Sunday Times Young Writer of the Year Award , a Betty Trask Award , the Ruth Hadden Memorial Award , the Authors ' Club Best First Novel Award and a Scottish Council Book Award , and was shortlisted for five other awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Cowan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Cowan_(writer)', 'summary': 'Andrew Cowan ( born 1960 ) is an English novelist and former director of the creative writing programme at the University of East Anglia .'}]}, {'value': 'Named after the narrators recently deceased grandmother who owned the pig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Babe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sheep-Pig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sheep-Pig', 'summary': "The Sheep-Pig , or Babe , the Gallant Pig in the US , is a children 's novel by Dick King-Smith , first published by Gollancz in 1983 with illustrations by Mary Rayner . Set in rural England , where King-Smith spent twenty years as a farmer , it features a lone pig on a sheep farm . It was adapted as the 1995 film Babe , which was a great international success . King-Smith won the 1984 Guardian Children 's Fiction Award , a once-in-a-lifetime book award judged by a panel of British children 's writers . Crown published the first US edition in 1985 , retaining the Rayner illustrations under the new title Babe , the Gallant Pig . There have been dozens of English-language editions and translations in fifteen other languages , primarily in 1995 and later , sometimes with new illustrations ."}]}, {'value': 'Dick King-Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_King-Smith', 'summary': "Ronald Gordon King-Smith OBE , Hon.MEd ( 27 March 1922 - 4 January 2011 ) , was a prolific English writer of children 's books , primarily using the pen name Dick King-Smith . He is best known for The Sheep-Pig ( 1983 ) , or Babe the Gallant Pig in the US . It was adapted as the movie Babe ( 1995 ) and translations have been published in fifteen languages . He was awarded an Honorary Master of Education degree by the University of the West of England in 1999 and appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2010 New Year Honours . Dick and Myrle had three children - two daughters ( Juliet and Lizzie ) and one son ( Giles ) . Dick King-Smith 's first book , The Foxbusters , was published in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester the Worldly Pig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Peet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Peet', 'summary': "William Bartlett Bill Peet ( né Peed ; January 29 , 1915 - May 11 , 2002 ) was an American children 's book illustrator and a story writer and animator for Walt Disney Animation Studios . Peet joined Disney in 1937 and worked first on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) near the end of its production . Progressively , his involvement in the Disney studio 's animated feature films and shorts increased , and he remained there until early in the development of The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) . A row with Walt Disney over the direction of the project led to a permanent personal break . Peet 's subsequent career was as a writer and illustrator of numerous children 's books , including Capyboppy ( 1966 ) , The Wump World ( 1970 ) , The Whingdingdilly ( 1970 ) , The Ant and the Elephant ( 1972 ) , and Cyrus the Unsinkable Serpent ( 1975 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daggie Dogfoot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pigs Might Fly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick King-Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_King-Smith', 'summary': "Ronald Gordon King-Smith OBE , Hon.MEd ( 27 March 1922 - 4 January 2011 ) , was a prolific English writer of children 's books , primarily using the pen name Dick King-Smith . He is best known for The Sheep-Pig ( 1983 ) , or Babe the Gallant Pig in the US . It was adapted as the movie Babe ( 1995 ) and translations have been published in fifteen languages . He was awarded an Honorary Master of Education degree by the University of the West of England in 1999 and appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2010 New Year Honours . Dick and Myrle had three children - two daughters ( Juliet and Lizzie ) and one son ( Giles ) . Dick King-Smith 's first book , The Foxbusters , was published in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empress of Blandings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empress_of_Blandings', 'summary': 'Empress of Blandings is a fictional pig , featured in many of the Blandings Castle novels and stories by P. G. Wodehouse . Owned by the doting Lord Emsworth , the Empress is an enormous black Berkshire sow , who wins many prizes in the Fat Pigs class at the local Shropshire Agricultural Show , and is the subject of many plots and schemes , generally involving her kidnap for various purposes . In 2005 Hall & Woodhouse , the Dorset-based Brewers of Badger beer , named a public house in Hampshire in honour of the Empress .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P. G. Wodehouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse', 'summary': "Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse KBE ( /ˈwʊdhaʊs/ , WOOD-howss ; 15 October 1881 - 14 February 1975 ) was an English author and one of the most widely read humorists of the 20th century . Born in Guildford , the third son of a British magistrate based in Hong Kong , Wodehouse spent happy teenage years at Dulwich College , to which he remained devoted all his life . After leaving school , he was employed by a bank but disliked the work and turned to writing in his spare time . His early novels were mostly school stories , but he later switched to comic fiction , creating several regular characters who became familiar to the public over the years . They include the jolly gentleman of leisure Bertie Wooster and his sagacious valet Jeeves ; the immaculate and loquacious Psmith ; Lord Emsworth and the Blandings Castle set ; the Oldest Member , with stories about golf ; and Mr. Mulliner , with tall tales on subjects ranging from bibulous bishops to megalomaniac movie moguls . Most of Wodehouse 's fiction is set in England , although he spent much of his life in the US and used New York and Hollywood as settings for some of his novels and short stories . He wrote a series of Broadway musical comedies during and after the First World War , together with Guy Bolton and Jerome Kern , that played an important part in the development of the American musical . He began the 1930s writing for MGM in Hollywood . In a 1931 interview , his naïve revelations of incompetence and extravagance in the studios caused a furore . In the same decade , his literary career reached a new peak . In 1934 Wodehouse moved to France for tax reasons ; in 1940 he was taken prisoner at Le Touquet by the invading Germans and interned for nearly a year . After his release he made six broadcasts from German radio in Berlin to the US , which had not yet entered the war ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fener the Boar of Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Malazan Book of the Fallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Malazan_Book_of_the_Fallen', 'summary': "Malazan Book of the Fallen is a high fantasy book series by the Canadian author Steven Erikson . The series , published by Bantam Books in the U.K. and Tor Books in the U.S. , consists of ten volumes , beginning with Gardens of the Moon ( 1999 ) and concluding with The Crippled God ( 2011 ) . Erikson 's series is extremely complex with a wide scope , and presents the narratives of a large cast of characters spanning thousands of years across multiple continents . His plotting presents a complicated series of events in the world upon which the Malazan Empire is located . Each of the first five novels is relatively self-contained , in that each resolves its respective primary conflict ; but many underlying characters and events are interwoven throughout the works of the series , binding it together . The Malazan world was co-created by Steven Erikson and Ian Cameron Esslemont in the early 1980s as a backdrop to their GURPS roleplaying campaign . In 2005 , Esslemont began publishing his own series of six novels set in the same world , beginning with Night of Knives . Although Esslemont 's books are published under a different series title - Novels of the Malazan Empire - Esslemont and Erikson collaborated on the storyline for the entire sixteen-book project and Esslemont 's novels are considered to be as canonical and integral to the series ' mythos as Erikson 's own . The series has received widespread critical acclaim , with reviewers praising the epic scope , plot complexity and characterizations , and fellow authors such as Glen Cook ( The Black Company ) and Stephen R. Donaldson ( The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant ) hailing it as a masterwork of the imagination , and comparing Erikson to the likes of Joseph Conrad , Henry James , William Faulkner , and Fyodor Dostoevsky ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Erikson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Erikson', 'summary': "Steven Erikson ( born October 7 , 1959 ) is the pseudonym of Steve Rune Lundin , a Canadian novelist , who was educated and trained as both an archaeologist and anthropologist . He is best known for his ten-volume spanning epic fantasy series Malazan Book of the Fallen , which began with the publication of Gardens of the Moon ( 1999 ) and was completed with the publication of The Crippled God ( 2011 ) . By 2012 over 1 million copies of the series had been sold worldwide , and over 3 million copies by 2018 . SF Site has called the series the most significant work of epic fantasy since Donaldson 's Chronicles of Thomas Covenant , and Fantasy Book Review described it as the best fantasy series of recent times . Fellow author Glen Cook has called the series a masterwork , while Stephen R. Donaldson has praised him for his approach to the fantasy genre and has compared him to the likes of Joseph Conrad , Henry James , William Faulkner , and Fyodor Dostoevsky . Set in the Malazan world , Lundin has written a prequel trilogy , The Kharkanas Trilogy , six novellas , and is currently working on a sequel trilogy , The Witness Trilogy , the first book of which , titled The God is Not Willing , is expected to be published in 2019 . His foray into Science Fiction has produced a comedic trilogy , the Willful Child Trilogy , a spoof on Star Trek and other tropes common in the genre , and a First Contact novel titled Rejoice , a Knife To the Heart , published in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'A god of war', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freddy the Pig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freddy_the_Pig', 'summary': "Freddy the Pig is the central figure in a series of 26 children 's books written between 1927 and 1958 by American author Walter R. Brooks and illustrated by Kurt Wiese , consisting of 25 novels and one poetry collection . The books focus on the adventures of a group of animals living on a farm in rural upstate New York . Freddy is introduced as the smallest and cleverest of the pigs on the Bean farm . He is initially just one of the ensemble , but he becomes the central character shortly into the series . Freddy 's interests drive the books as he becomes a detective , politician , newspaper editor , magician , pilot , and other vocations or avocations . A recurring villain is the slimy but dignified Simon , who leads a gang of criminal rats . Human characters include Mr. and Mrs. Bean ( who own the farm ) , the population of local Centerboro , and human villains . Much of the humor in the books is derived from the self-referential way in which the author acknowledges the unreality of talking animals , unlike other children 's works in which they are accepted as normal . As the series progresses , the Bean Farm animals attain national fame for their ability to talk and read , and the humans whom they encounter are taken aback at first ( though only momentarily ) to find themselves conversing with animals . The animals and humans do not age , although the stories reflect the social conditions at the time of writing ; for example , the books published during World War II feature scrap drives and victory gardens ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter R. Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_R._Brooks', 'summary': "Walter Rollin Brooks ( January 9 , 1886 - August 17 , 1958 ) was an American writer best remembered for his short stories on Mister Ed the talking horse and children 's books , particularly those about Freddy the Pig and other anthropomorphic animal inhabitants of the Bean farm in upstate New York ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaston and Joséphine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaston and Joséphine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georges Duplaix', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gouger , Snouter , Rooter and Tusker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discworld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Discworld', 'summary': "Discworld is a comic fantasy book series written by the English author Terry Pratchett , set on the Discworld , a flat planet balanced on the backs of four elephants which in turn stand on the back of a giant turtle . The series began in 1983 with The Colour of Magic and continued until the final novel The Shepherd 's Crown was published in 2015 , following Pratchett 's death . The books frequently parody or take inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien , Robert E. Howard , H. P. Lovecraft , Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare , as well as mythology , folklore and fairy tales , often using them for satirical parallels with cultural , political and scientific issues . [ citation needed ] Forty-one Discworld novels have been published . The original British editions of the first 26 novels , up to Thief of Time ( 2001 ) , had cover art by Josh Kirby . The American editions , published by Harper Collins , used their own cover art . Since Kirby 's death in 2001 , the covers have been designed by Paul Kidby . Companion publications include eleven short stories ( some only loosely related to the Discworld ) , four popular science books , and a number of supplementary books and reference guides . The series has been adapted for graphic novels , theatre , computer and board games , and television . Newly released Discworld books regularly topped The Sunday Times best-sellers list , making Pratchett the UK 's best-selling author in the 1990s . Discworld novels have also won awards such as the Prometheus Award and the Carnegie Medal . In the BBC 's Big Read , four Discworld novels were in the top 100 , and a total of fourteen in the top 200 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sir Terry Pratchett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sir_Terry_Pratchett', 'summary': "Sir Terence David John Pratchett OBE ( 28 April 1948 - 12 March 2015 ) was an English humorist , satirist , and author of fantasy novels , especially comical works . He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels . Pratchett 's first novel , The Carpet People , was published in 1971 . The first Discworld novel , The Colour of Magic , was published in 1983 , after which Pratchett wrote an average of two books a year . His 2011 Discworld novel Snuff became the third-fastest-selling hardback adult-readership novel since records began in the UK , selling 55,000 copies in the first three days . The final Discworld novel , The Shepherd 's Crown , was published in August 2015 , five months after his death . Pratchett , with more than 85 million books sold worldwide in 37 languages , was the UK 's best-selling author of the 1990s . He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1998 and was knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours . In 2001 he won the annual Carnegie Medal for The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents , the first Discworld book marketed for children . He received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010 . In December 2007 , Pratchett announced that he had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer 's disease . He later made a substantial public donation to the Alzheimer 's Research Trust ( now Alzheimer 's Research UK ) , filmed a television programme chronicling his experiences with the condition for the BBC , and became a patron for Alzheimer 's Research UK ."}]}, {'value': "They pull the Hogfather 's sleigh ( a parody of Santa Claus 's reindeer )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Santa_Claus's_reindeer", 'summary': "In traditional festive legend , Santa Claus 's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve . The commonly cited names of the eight fictional reindeer are Dasher , Dancer , Prancer , Vixen , Comet , Cupid , Donder and Blitzen ; although Donder is often called Donner . They are based on those used in the 1823 poem A Visit from St. Nicholas ( commonly called The Night Before Christmas ) by Clement Clarke Moore , arguably the basis of the reindeers ' popularity ."}]}, {'value': 'Gryllus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Pig Scrolls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Pig_Scrolls', 'summary': 'The Pig Scrolls ( 2004 ) , by Paul Shipton , is a young adult comedy adventure novel about a talking pig ( Gryllus ) and his endeavours to save the world . The novel is set in Ancient Greece with many , often comical , references to ancient Greek mythology and life . The characters include all the major Ancient Greek gods , some minor deities , the young Homer and Sibyl , a prophetess in training at the temple of Apollo in Delphi .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Shipton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Shipton', 'summary': "Paul Shipton ( born 1963 ) is an English children 's author . He was born in Manchester and attended Emmanuel College , Cambridge and Manchester University . After completing two master 's degrees ( in Classics and Philosophy ) , he taught English in Istanbul for a year . After returning to the UK , he taught English as a foreign language for several years , and it was around this time that he published his first book , Zargon Zoo ( 1991 ) . Four years later , he published Bug Muldoon and the Garden of Fear , and relocated with his family to Wisconsin , United States where he works as a freelance writer and editor . He also writes books for younger readers under the pen name Paul Cooper . He , his wife and two daughters , now divide their time between Cambridge , England and Madison , Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': "One of Odysseus 's men who choose not be turned back into a human by the witch Circe", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gub-Gub', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gub-Gub', 'summary': "This is a list of characters from the Doctor Dolittle series of children 's books by Hugh Lofting and movies based on them . Most of the characters were introduced in the first book , The Story of Doctor Dolittle ."}]}, {'value': 'Doctor Dolittle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle', 'summary': "Doctor John Dolittle is the central character of a series of children 's books by Hugh Lofting starting with the 1920 The Story of Doctor Dolittle . He is a physician who shuns human patients in favour of animals , with whom he can speak in their own languages . He later becomes a naturalist , using his abilities to speak with animals to better understand nature and the history of the world . Doctor Dolittle first appeared in the author 's illustrated letters to his children , written from the trenches during World War I when actual news , he later said , was either too horrible or too dull . The stories are set in early Victorian England , where Doctor John Dolittle lives in the fictional English village of Puddleby-on-the-Marsh in the West Country . Doctor Dolittle has a few close human friends , including Tommy Stubbins and Matthew Mugg , the Cats'-Meat Man . The animal team includes Polynesia ( a parrot ) , Gub-Gub ( a pig ) , Jip ( a dog ) , Dab-Dab ( a goose ) , Chee-Chee ( a monkey ) , Too-Too ( an owl ) , the Pushmi-pullyu , and a white mouse later named simply Whitey ."}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Lofting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Lofting', 'summary': "Hugh John Lofting ( 14 January 1886 - 26 September 1947 ) was an English author trained as a civil engineer , who created the classic children 's literature character of Doctor Dolittle . It first appeared in illustrated letters to his children written by Lofting from the British Army trenches in World War I ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Habeas Corpus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doc Savage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doc_Savage', 'summary': "Doc Savage is a fictional character originally published in American pulp magazines during the 1930s and 1940s . He was created by publisher Henry W. Ralston and editor John L. Nanovic at Street & Smith Publications , with additional material contributed by the series ' main writer , Lester Dent . The illustrations were by Walter Baumhofer , Paul Orban , Emery Clarke , Modest Stein , and Robert G. Harris . The heroic-adventure character would go on to appear in other media , including radio , film , and comic books , with his adventures reprinted for modern-day audiences in a series of paperback books , which had sold over 20 million copies by 1979 . Into the 21st century , Doc Savage has remained a nostalgic icon in the U.S. , referenced in novels and popular culture . Longtime Marvel Comics editor Stan Lee credited Doc Savage as being the forerunner to modern superheroes ."}]}, {'value': 'Lester Dent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lester_Dent', 'summary': 'Lester Dent ( October 12 , 1904 - March 11 , 1959 ) was an American pulp-fiction author , best known as the creator and main author of the series of novels about the scientist and adventurer Doc Savage . The 159 Doc Savage novels that Dent wrote over 16 years were credited to the house name Kenneth Robeson .'}]}, {'value': "Monk 's pet", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maggie and the Ferocious Beast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maggie_and_the_Ferocious_Beast', 'summary': "Maggie and the Ferocious Beast is a Canadian animated children 's television series created by Michael and Betty Paraskevas . The program was based on the 1996 book The Ferocious Beast with the Polka-Dot Hide and its sequels , all of which were also written by the Paraskevases . The show began as a series of shorts aired on the Canadian channel Teletoon in 1998 . The first full length episode premiered on August 26 , 2000 . The series began airing on Qubo on May 28 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Paraskevas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Paraskevas', 'summary': "Michael Paraskevas ( b . 1961 in New Jersey ) is an illustrator , cartoonist , and animation producer best known for co-creating along with his mother Betty the Canadian animated children 's television series Maggie and the Ferocious Beast . The program was based on the 1996 book The Ferocious Beast with the Polka-Dot Hide and its sequels , all of which were also created by the Paraskevases . Together , they authored 20 children 's books . and created three very popular animated series : Maggie and the Ferocious Beast , Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse , and The Kids from Room 402 . They also produced and created The Tangerine Bear as a home video Christmas special . Michael Paraskevas 's illustration work has appeared in magazines all over the world , including Time , Sports Illustrated , Newsweek , Town & Country , Esquire , The Washington Post , and The New York Times ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry the Pig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackberry Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackberry_Farm_(books)', 'summary': "Blackberry Farm is a series of children 's literature stories . They were written by Jane Pilgrim , and first published around 1950 . The original books were illustrated in colour by F. Stocks May . Published by the Brockhampton Press of Leicester , they originally retailed at One Shilling and Sixpence . The series described events on a fictional farm , Blackberry Farm , situated on the outskirts of an unnamed English village . The farm , seemingly a sheep and dairy property , is owned by Mr and Mrs Smiles , who have two children , Joy and Bob , but the central characters of the stories are various animals . Most of the animals , although depicted at their normal size , appear to speak English and interact with the human characters . The series of stories include :"}]}, {'value': 'Jane Pilgrim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_Pilgrim', 'summary': "Jane Pilgrim is an English full-time trade union organiser working in the National Health Service for UNISON . She came to public attention in 2011 after criticising the government 's health policies . Despite being billed as a nurse , she was found to be a full-time trade union official , being paid an annual salary of £40,000 by the hospital . In 2011 , she was under investigation by both St George 's Hospital and UNISON for running a private health consultancy called 'The Pilgrim Way ' on the side , creating a conflict of interests . The outcome of this investigation is unknown . After this discovery , full-time taxpayer-funded trade union officials have become known as Pilgrims , with an Early Day Motion being introduced to the House of Commons condemning such practices . David Morris MP has raised the issue with the Health Secretary , while Alok Sharma MP asked a question of the Prime Minister . David Cameron responded that It 's nice work if you can get it ! Sharma has also sent Freedom of Information requests to all local councils to uncover how many Pilgrims are employed in local government , with the replies indicating at least £35m a year being spent , Calling herself a 'peace and love ' activist , the Daily Mail has reported that Pilgrim is the leader of a thirty-person commune in Kingston upon Thames . She has since joined the Green Party . [ citation needed ] In 2009 , she had been criticised for sending staff on shopping jaunts , so-called service safaris , to John Lewis to find out about good service ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hen-Wen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hen-Wen', 'summary': "The Chronicles of Prydain is a pentalogy of children 's high fantasy Bildungsroman novels written by American author Lloyd Alexander . Henry Holt published one annually from 1964 to 1968 ; the second earned a 1966 Newbery Honor and the last won the 1969 Newbery Medal . The five novels follow the protagonist Taran from youth to maturity , most overtly in the fourth book , Taran Wanderer . Taran has the title Assistant Pig-Keeper at Caer Dallben but initially dreams of being a grand hero . His most important companions in adventure are Princess Eilonwy , a girl his age ; Fflewddur Fflam , a wandering bard and minor king ; Gurgi , a wild man-beast ; and Doli , a dwarf ."}]}, {'value': 'The Chronicles of Prydain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Prydain', 'summary': "The Chronicles of Prydain is a pentalogy of children 's high fantasy Bildungsroman novels written by American author Lloyd Alexander . Henry Holt published one annually from 1964 to 1968 ; the second earned a 1966 Newbery Honor and the last won the 1969 Newbery Medal . The five novels follow the protagonist Taran from youth to maturity , most overtly in the fourth book , Taran Wanderer . Taran has the title Assistant Pig-Keeper at Caer Dallben but initially dreams of being a grand hero . His most important companions in adventure are Princess Eilonwy , a girl his age ; Fflewddur Fflam , a wandering bard and minor king ; Gurgi , a wild man-beast ; and Doli , a dwarf ."}]}, {'value': 'Lloyd Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Alexander', 'summary': "Lloyd Chudley Alexander ( January 30 , 1924 - May 17 , 2007 ) was an American author of more than forty books , primarily fantasy novels for children and young adults . His most famous work is The Chronicles of Prydain , a series of five high fantasy novels whose conclusion , The High King , was awarded the 1969 Newbery Medal for excellence in American children 's literature . He won U.S. National Book Awards in 1971 and 1982 . Alexander was one creator of the children 's literary magazine Cricket ."}]}, {'value': 'A fortune-telling pig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hercules', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mrs. Roberto : Or the Widowy Worries of The Moosepath League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Moosepath_League', 'summary': 'The Moosepath League Saga is a series of historical novels by Van Reid . Set in the State of Maine in the late 19th century , they are on the surface comic novels , but contain strong elements of adventure , mystery , romance , and the occasional brushes with the supernatural . Reid has drawn on history , 19th century literature and newspaper stories , folk-lore , and old family stories for his settings , characters , and themes . The first book in the series was picked as a New York Times Notable Book of 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Van Reid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A depressed pig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jodie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Amityville Horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Amityville_Horror', 'summary': 'The Amityville Horror is a book by American author Jay Anson , published in September 1977 . It is also the basis of a series of films released from 1979 onward . The book is claimed to be based on the paranormal experiences of the Lutz family , but has led to controversy and lawsuits over its truthfulness .'}]}, {'value': 'Jay Anson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Anson', 'summary': "Jay Anson ( November 4 , 1921 - March 12 , 1980 ) was an American author whose most famous work was The Amityville Horror . After the runaway success of that novel , he wrote 666 , which also dealt with a haunted house . He died in 1980 . His work , The Amityville Horror , was sold as a true story , and it was based on the reported experiences of George Lutz and Kathleen Lutz at 112 Ocean Avenue in December 1975 . The Lutzes had sold the rights to the book to Anson , who had added to and adapted some of the Lutz 's original claims . A film was later made of the book in 1979 , which exemplified these additions . He died a year later ."}]}, {'value': 'A phantom black pig with red eye', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julius', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julius', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela Johnson ( writer ) and Dav Pilkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Johnson_(writer)', 'summary': "Angela Johnson ( born June 18 , 1961 ) is an American writer of children 's books and poetry , with over 40 books to her credit since beginning her writing career in 1989 . Her children 's picture books are simple yet poetic stories about African-American families , friendships , and common childhood experiences such as moving . Her books for older children revolve around similar themes but also explore deeper issues such as teen pregnancy and divorce . Her characters are realistic and the treatment sensitive , positive , and hopeful . Many of Johnson 's books have connections to Alabama and Alabama history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dav_Pilkey', 'summary': "David Murray Dav Pilkey Jr. ( /ˈdeɪv/ ; born March 4 , 1966 ) is an American cartoonist , author and illustrator of children 's literature . Pilkey is best known as the author and illustrator of the children 's book series Captain Underpants and the children 's graphic novel series Dog Man ."}]}, {'value': 'A little girl is gifted a large pet pig from her grandfather in Alaska', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karnac', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thunder Oak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thunder_Oak', 'summary': 'Thunder Oak is a 1997 heroic fantasy novel written by British author Garry Kilworth . It is the first novel in the Welkin Weasels series . The novel follows a group of anthropomorphised weasels in their quest to restore balance to their home after the disappearance of humans leaves a power vacuum , which has been filled by aggressive stoats .'}]}, {'value': 'Garry Kilworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garry_Kilworth', 'summary': "Garry Douglas Kilworth ( born 5 July 1941 in York ) is a British science fiction , fantasy and historical novelist . Kilworth was raised partly in Aden , South Arabia , the son of an airman . Having an itinerant father he travelled widely , both in Britain and abroad , and attended over 20 different schools before the age of 15 . He later went to military school and subsequently was himself in the Royal Air Force for 18 years . In 1962 he married Annette Bailey , the daughter of an R.A.F . Catalina aircraft pilot . On demobilisation he joined Cable & Wireless , an international telecommunications company , leaving them to become a full-time writer in 1981 . His science fiction and fantasy does not fit any set formula , being more interested in the enigmatic and strange , with roots in folk lore . He states that his one great passion is the short story , at which he is most adept . However , as an eclectic writer he has produced novels in several genres including science fiction , fantasy , horror , historical , children 's fiction , war and literary novels ( his 'Witchwater Country ' was longlisted for the Booker Prize ) . He has also written several books of short stories and two volumes of poetry ( the second with the novelist and short story writer , Robert Holdstock , with whom shared a lifelong friendship and collaboration ) . Garry Kilworth is now in his seventies but continues to produce novels and short stories , and has recently brought out his autobiography under the title 'On My Way To Samarkand ' , detailing among other things his vast travelling experiences over the globe ."}]}, {'value': 'The villainous wild boar', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'In literature', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_pigs_0', 'intro': 'This page contains a list of pigs in various categories of fiction, including pigs and warthogss.'} | null | null | What month was the author of The Malazan Book of the Fallen born ? | October |
05911b2a69b96d05 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic', 'title': 'Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic', 'header': ['State', 'Relations established', 'Sahrawi mission', 'Mission to Sahrawi Republic', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}]}, {'value': '6 March 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy ( Algiers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algiers', 'summary': "Algiers ( /ælˈdʒɪərz/ al-JEERZ ; Arabic : الجزائر , romanized : Al-Jazāʾir ; French : Alger ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria . The city 's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145 and in 2011 was estimated to be around 3,500,000 . An estimate puts the population of the larger metropolitan city to be around 5,000,000 . Algiers is located on the Mediterranean Sea and in the north-central portion of Algeria . Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea . The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore ; the old part , the ancient city of the deys , climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel , 122 metres ( 400 ft ) above the sea . The casbah and the two quays form a triangle ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AU , Arab League , OIC ; Algeria-SADR relations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/African_Union', 'summary': "The African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa . The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte , Libya , on 9 September 1999 , calling for the establishment of the African Union . The bloc was founded on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , and launched on 9 July 2002 in Durban , South Africa . The intention of the AU was to replace the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) , established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa by 32 signatory governments ; the OAU was disbanded on 9 July 2002 . The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union , a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states . The AU 's secretariat , the African Union Commission , is based in Addis Ababa . The largest city in the AU is Lagos , Nigeria , while the largest urban agglomeration is Cairo , Egypt . The African Union has just over 1 billion people and an area of around 29 million km2 ( 11 million sq mi ) and includes popular world landmarks , including the Sahara and the Nile . The primary languages spoken include Arabic , English , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Swahili , and other languages of Africa . Within the African Union , there are official bodies such as the Peace and Security Council and the Pan-African Parliament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arab_League', 'summary': "The Arab League ( Arabic : الجامعة العربية al-Jāmiʻah al-ʻArabīyah ) , formally the League of Arab States ( Arabic : جامعة الدول العربية Jāmiʿat ad-Duwal al-ʿArabīyah ) , is a regional organization in the Arab world , which is located in Africa and Western Asia . The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 initially with six members : Egypt , Iraq , Transjordan ( renamed Jordan in 1949 ) , Lebanon , Saudi Arabia , and Syria . Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945 . Currently , the League has 22 members , but Syria 's participation has been suspended since November 2011 . The League 's main goal is to draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries . Through institutions , such as the Arab League Educational , Cultural and Scientific Organization ( ALECSO ) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League 's Council of Arab Economic Unity ( CAEU ) , the Arab League facilitates political , economic , cultural , scientific , and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world . It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions , to deliberate on matters of common concern , to settle some Arab disputes and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis . The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration . One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter , which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/OIC', 'summary': 'The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ; Arabic : منظمة التعاون الإسلامي ; French : Organisation de la coopération islamique ) is an international organization founded in 1969 , consisting of 57 member states , with a collective population of over 1.8 billion as of 2015 with 53 countries being Muslim-majority countries . The organisation states that it is the collective voice of the Muslim world and works to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony . The OIC has permanent delegations to the United Nations and the European Union . The official languages of the OIC are Arabic , English , and French .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Algeria–Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_relations', 'summary': 'Algeria-Sahrawi Republic relations refers to the current and historical relations between the Peoples Democratic Republic of Algeria and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( SADR ) . On 27 February 1976 , the Polisario Front proclaimed the formation of the SADR . On 6 March 1976 , Algeria recognized the SADR , the third country to do so , and formal diplomatic relations were established soon after . A Sahrawi embassy was opened in Algiers that year . Algeria rejects claims by Morocco to Western Sahara territory , all of which is claimed by the SADR .'}]}, {'value': 'Angola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angola', 'summary': "Angola ( /ænˈɡoʊlə/ ( listen ) ; Portuguese : [ ɐ̃ˈɡɔlɐ ] ) , officially the Republic of Angola ( Portuguese : República de Angola ) , is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa . It is the seventh-largest country in Africa , bordered by Namibia to the south , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Zambia to the east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . Angola has an exclave province , the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda . The territory of Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era , hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups , tribes and kingdoms . The nation state of Angola originated from Portuguese colonisation , which initially began with coastal settlements and trading posts founded in the 16th century . In the 19th century , European settlers gradually began to establish themselves in the interior . The Portuguese colony that became Angola did not have its present borders until the early 20th century because of resistance by groups such as the Cuamato , the Kwanyama and the Mbunda . After a protracted anti-colonial struggle , independence was achieved in 1975 as the Marxist-Leninist People 's Republic of Angola , a one-party state supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba . The civil war between the ruling People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) and the insurgent anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) , supported by the United States and apartheid South Africa , lasted until 2002 . The sovereign state has since become a relatively stable unitary , presidential constitutional republic . Angola has vast mineral and petroleum reserves , and its economy is among the fastest-growing in the world , especially since the end of the civil war ; however , the standard of living remains low for most of the population , and life expectancy in Angola is among the lowest in the world , while infant mortality is among the highest ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy ( Luanda )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luanda', 'summary': "Luanda ( /luˈændə , -ˈɑːn-/ ) , is the capital and largest city in Angola . It is Angola 's primary port , and its major industrial , cultural and urban centre . Located on Angola 's northern coast with the Atlantic Ocean , Luanda is both Angola 's chief seaport and its administrative centre . It is also the capital city of Luanda Province . Luanda and its metropolitan area is the most populous Portuguese-speaking capital city in the world , with over 8 million inhabitants in 2019 ( a third of Angola 's population ) . Among the oldest colonial cities of Africa , it was founded in January 1576 as São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda by Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais . The city served as the centre of the slave trade to Brazil before its prohibition . At the start of the Angolan Civil War in 1975 , most of the white Portuguese left as refugees , principally for Portugal . Luanda 's population increased greatly from refugees fleeing the war , but its infrastructure was inadequate to handle the increase . This also caused the exacerbation of slums , or musseques , around Luanda . The city is currently undergoing a major reconstruction , with many large developments taking place that will alter its cityscape significantly . The industries present in the city include the processing of agricultural products , beverage production , textile , cement , newly car assembly plants , construction materials , plastics , metallurgy , cigarettes and shoes ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Algiers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algiers', 'summary': "Algiers ( /ælˈdʒɪərz/ al-JEERZ ; Arabic : الجزائر , romanized : Al-Jazāʾir ; French : Alger ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria . The city 's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145 and in 2011 was estimated to be around 3,500,000 . An estimate puts the population of the larger metropolitan city to be around 5,000,000 . Algiers is located on the Mediterranean Sea and in the north-central portion of Algeria . Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea . The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore ; the old part , the ancient city of the deys , climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel , 122 metres ( 400 ft ) above the sea . The casbah and the two quays form a triangle ."}]}, {'value': 'AU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belize', 'summary': "Belize ( /bəˈliːz/ ( listen ) ) is a Caribbean country located on the northeastern coast of Central America . Belize is bordered on the northwest by Mexico , on the east by the Caribbean Sea , and on the south and west by Guatemala . It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres ( 8,867 sq mi ) and a population of 408,487 ( 2019 ) . Its mainland is about 180 mi ( 290 km ) long and 68 mi ( 110 km ) wide . It has the lowest population and population density in Central America . The country 's population growth rate of 1.87% per year ( 2018 estimate ) is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere . The Maya Civilization spread into the area of Belize between 1500 B.C . and A.D. 300 and flourished until about 1200 . European contact began in 1502 when Christopher Columbus sailed along the Gulf of Honduras . European exploration was begun by English settlers in 1638 . This period was also marked by Spain and Britain both laying claim to the land until Britain defeated the Spanish in the Battle of St. George 's Caye ( 1798 ) . It became a British colony in 1840 , known as British Honduras , and a Crown colony in 1862 ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Managua )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Managua', 'summary': "Managua ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maˈnaɣwa ] ) is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua , and the center of an eponymous department . Located on the southwestern shore of Lake Managua and inside the Managua Department , it has an estimated population 1,042,641 in 2016 within the city 's administrative limits and a population of 1,401,687 in the metropolitan area , which additionally includes the municipalities of Ciudad Sandino , El Crucero , Nindirí , Ticuantepe and Tipitapa . The city was declared the national capital in 1852 . Previously , the capital alternated between the cities of León and Granada . The 1972 Nicaragua earthquake and years of civil war in the 1980s severely disrupted and stunted Managua 's growth . It was not until the mid-1990s that Managua began to see a resurgence . [ citation needed ] Managua 's population is composed predominantly of mestizos and whites who are mainly of Spanish descent , with a minority being of French , Jewish Nicaraguan , German Nicaraguan , Italian , Russian , Greek and Turkish descent . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolivia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolivia', 'summary': "Bolivia ( /bəˈlɪviə/ ( listen ) Spanish pronunciation : [ bo.ˈli.βja ] ) , officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia ( Spanish : Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðo pluɾinasjoˈnal de βoˈliβja ] ( listen ) ) , is a landlocked country located in western-central South America . The capital is Sucre , while the seat of government and financial center is located in La Paz . The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra , located on the Llanos Orientales ( tropical lowlands ) , a mostly flat region in the east of the country . The sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state , divided into nine departments . Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West , to the Eastern Lowlands , situated within the Amazon Basin . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by Argentina , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range . With 1,098,581 km2 ( 424,164 sq mi ) of area , Bolivia is the fifth largest country in South America , after Brazil , Argentina , Peru and Colombia ( and alongside Paraguay , one of the only two landlocked countries in the Americas ) , the 27th largest in the world , the largest landlocked country in the Southern Hemisphere and the world 's seventh largest landlocked country , after Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Chad , Niger , Mali and Ethiopia . The country 's population , estimated at 11 million , is multiethnic , including Amerindians , Mestizos , Europeans , Asians and Africans . Spanish is the official and predominant language , although 36 indigenous languages also have official status , of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani , Aymara and Quechua languages . Before Spanish colonization , the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire , while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent tribes . Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Caracas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caracas', 'summary': 'Caracas ( /kəˈrækəs , -ˈrɑːk-/ , Spanish : [ kaˈɾakas ] ) , officially Santiago de León de Caracas , abbreviated as CCS , is the capital and largest city of Venezuela , and the centre of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas ( or Greater Caracas ) . Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the northern part of the country , following the contours of the narrow Caracas Valley on the Venezuelan coastal mountain range ( Cordillera de la Costa ) . Terrain suitable for building lies between 760 and 1,140 m ( 2,490 and 3,740 ft ) above sea level , although there is some settlement above this range . The valley is close to the Caribbean Sea , separated from the coast by a steep 2,200-metre-high ( 7,200 ft ) mountain range , Cerro El Ávila ; to the south there are more hills and mountains . The Metropolitan Region of Caracas has an estimated population of almost 3 million inhabitants . It is the seventh largest metropolitan area in terms of population in Latin America . Strictly speaking , the centre of the city is still Catedral , located near Bolívar Square , even though it is assumed that it is Plaza Venezuela , located in the Los Caobos neighbourhood . Chacaíto area , Luis Brión Square and El Rosal neighborhood are also considered the geographic center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas . Businesses in the city include service companies , banks , and malls . Caracas has a largely service-based economy , apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area . The Caracas Stock Exchange and Petróleos de Venezuela ( PDVSA ) are headquartered in Caracas . PDVSA is the largest company in Venezuela .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botswana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana', 'summary': "Botswana ( /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /bʊt- , bʊˈtʃw-/ ) , officially the Republic of Botswana ( Setswana : Lefatshe la Botswana ) , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , Botswana adopted its name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has been a representative republic , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998 . It is currently Africa 's oldest continuous democracy. , Botswana is topographically flat , with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert . It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast , Namibia to the west and north , and Zimbabwe to the northeast . Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is , at most , a few hundred metres long . A mid-sized country of just over 2.3 million people , Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world . Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city , Gaborone . Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world - with a GDP per capita of about US $ 70 per year in the late 1960s - Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world 's fastest-growing economies . The economy is dominated by mining , cattle , and tourism . Botswana boasts a GDP ( purchasing power parity ) per capita of about $ 18,825 per year as of 2015 [ update ] , which is one of the highest in Africa . Its high gross national income ( by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa ) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and one of the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa ."}]}, {'value': '6 August 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cape Verde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Verde', 'summary': 'Cape Verde ( /ˈvɜːrd ( i ) / ( listen ) ) or Cabo Verde ( /ˌkɑːboʊ ˈvɜːrdeɪ/ ( listen ) , /ˌkæb-/ ) ( Portuguese : Cabo Verde , pronounced [ ˈkabu ˈveɾdɨ ] ) , officially the Republic of Cabo Verde , is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean . It forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion , along with the Azores , Canary Islands , Madeira , and the Savage Isles . Located 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula off the coast of Northwest Africa , the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century , when Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized the islands , establishing the first European settlement in the tropics . Ideally located for the Atlantic slave trade , the islands grew prosperous throughout the 16th and 17th centuries , attracting merchants , privateers , and pirates . The end of transatlantic slavery in the 19th century led to economic decline and emigration . Cape Verde gradually recovered as an important commercial center and stopover for shipping routes . Incorporated as an overseas department of Portugal in 1951 , the islands continued to campaign for independence , which was achieved in 1975 . Since the early 1990s , Cape Verde has been a stable representative democracy , and remains one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa . Lacking natural resources , its developing economy is mostly service-oriented , with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment . Its population of around 540,000 is mostly of mixed European , Moorish , Arab and African heritage , and predominantly Roman Catholic , reflecting the legacy of Portuguese rule . A sizeable diaspora community exists across the world , slightly outnumbering inhabitants on the islands .'}]}, {'value': '30 September 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AU ; Relations were frozen from 27 July 2007 to 6 February 2012 or shorter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad', 'summary': "Chad ( /tʃæd/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : تشاد Tshād , Arabic pronunciation : [ tʃaːd ] ; French : Tchad , pronounced [ tʃa ( d ) ] ) , officially known as the Republic of Chad ( Arabic : جمهورية تشاد Jumhūriyyat Tshād ; French : République du Tchad ) , is a landlocked country in north-central Africa . It is bordered by Libya to the north , Sudan to the east , the Central African Republic to the south , Cameroon to the south-west , Nigeria to the southwest ( at Lake Chad ) , and Niger to the west . Chad has several regions : a desert zone in the north , an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south . Lake Chad , after which the country is named , is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa . The capital N'Djamena is the largest city . Chad 's official languages are Arabic and French . Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups . The most popular religion of Chad is Islam ( at 55% ) , followed by Christianity ( at 40% ) . Beginning in the 7th millennium BC , human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers . By the end of the 1st millennium AD , a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad 's Sahelian strip , each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region . France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . In 1960 , Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye ."}]}, {'value': '17 July 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "AU Further details On 10 July 2007 Prime Minister of Chad Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye received Sahrawi Foreign Minister Mohamed Salem Ould Salek . According to the communiqué , dated 17 July 2007 both parties decided to raise their diplomatic relations to ambassadorial level . 20 July was published Chadian objection to ignore protocol in Alwihda article where was written about Prime Minister signature of relations agreement . On the same place of Governmental web was published full text of comminiqué from 17 July 2007 . It shows that Chadian objection to Alwihda article was mistakenly interpreted as a denial of diplomatic relations as such . On 11 August 2018 Sahrawi President expressed appreciation for the steadfast position of Chad in supporting the Sahrawi people 's right to freedom and independence", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad', 'summary': 'This is a list of prime ministers of Chad since the formation of the post of Prime Minister of Chad in 1978 to 2018 . A total of seventeen people have served as Prime Minister of Chad ( not counting one Acting Prime Minister ) . Additionally , one person , Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye , has served on two non-consecutive occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Delwa_Kassiré_Koumakoye', 'summary': 'Nouradine Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye ( born December 31 , 1949 ) is a Chadian politician and the head of the National Rally for Development and Progress ( VIVA-RNDP ) political party . After serving as a minister in the government during the 1980s and early 1990s ; he was Prime Minister of Chad from November 6 , 1993 to April 8 , 1995 and again from February 26 , 2007 to April 16 , 2008 . In 2008 , he became President of the Economic , Social and Cultural Council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic)', 'summary': 'This is a list of foreign ministers of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '21 January 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy ( Havana )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Havana', 'summary': "Havana ( /həˈvænə/ ; Spanish : La Habana [ la aˈβana ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city , largest city , province , major port , and leading commercial center of Cuba . The city has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants , and it spans a total of 781.58 km2 ( 301.77 sq mi ) - making it the largest city by area , the most populous city , and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region . The city of Havana was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas , becoming a stopping point for treasure-laden Spanish galleons returning to Spain . The King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592 . Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city . The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana 's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War . The city is the center of the Cuban government , and home to various ministries , headquarters of businesses and over 90 diplomatic offices . The current governor is Reinaldo García Zapata of the Communist Party of Cuba ( PCC ) . In 2009 , the city/province had the third highest income in the country . Contemporary Havana can essentially be described as three cities in one : Old Havana , Vedado and the newer suburban districts . The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay , which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbors : Mari melena , Guanabacoa and Antares . The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north , entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Algiers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algiers', 'summary': "Algiers ( /ælˈdʒɪərz/ al-JEERZ ; Arabic : الجزائر , romanized : Al-Jazāʾir ; French : Alger ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria . The city 's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145 and in 2011 was estimated to be around 3,500,000 . An estimate puts the population of the larger metropolitan city to be around 5,000,000 . Algiers is located on the Mediterranean Sea and in the north-central portion of Algeria . Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea . The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore ; the old part , the ancient city of the deys , climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel , 122 metres ( 400 ft ) above the sea . The casbah and the two quays form a triangle ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba-SADR relations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba–Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_relations', 'summary': 'Cuba-Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations refers to the current and historical relations between the Republic of Cuba and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( SADR ) . Cuba recognized the SADR on 20 January 1980 , formal diplomatic relations were established on 30 January 1980 . A Sahrawi embassy was opened in Havana in April 1980 , and the Cuban embassy in Algiers was accredited to the SADR . Cuba collaborates with the Sahrawi Republic forming Sahrawi students ( mostly on health-related careers ) , and sending Cuban medical brigades to the Sahrawi refugee camps . Nearly 4,000 Sahrawi students had graduated from Cuban schools since 1977 .'}]}, {'value': 'East Timor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Timor', 'summary': "East Timor ( /-ˈtiːmɔːr/ ( listen ) ) or Timor-Leste ( /tiˈmɔːr ˈlɛʃteɪ/ ; Tetum : Timór Lorosa ' e ) , officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste ( Portuguese : República Democrática de Timor-Leste , Tetum : Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste ) , is a country in Southeast Asia . It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor , the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco , and Oecusse , an exclave on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by Indonesian West Timor . Australia is the country 's southern neighbour , separated by the Timor Sea . The country 's size is about 15,007 km2 ( 5,794 sq mi ) . East Timor was colonised by Portugal in the 16th century , and was known as Portuguese Timor until 28 November 1975 , when the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor ( Fretilin ) declared the territory 's independence . Nine days later , it was invaded and occupied by the Indonesian military , and was declared as the country 's 27th province the following year . The Indonesian occupation of East Timor was characterised by a highly violent , decades-long conflict between separatist groups ( especially Fretilin ) and the Indonesian military . In 1999 , following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination , Indonesia relinquished control of the territory . East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on 20 May 2002 and joined the United Nations and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries . In 2011 , East Timor announced its intention to become the eleventh member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) . It is one of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia , the other being the Philippines , as well as the only Asian country to be located completely in the Southern Hemisphere ."}]}, {'value': '20 May 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy ( Dili )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dili', 'summary': 'Dili ( Portuguese/Tetum : Díli , Indonesian : Kota Dili ) , also known as City of Peace , is the capital , largest city , chief port , and commercial centre of East Timor ( Timor-Leste ) . Dili is part of a free trade zone , the Timor Leste-Indonesia-Australia Growth Triangle ( TIA-GT ) .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Timor-SADR relations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Timor–Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_relations', 'summary': "East Timor-Sahrawi Republic relations refers to the current and historical relations between the East Timor and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( SADR ) . The SADR was the first state to establish formal diplomatic relations with East Timor , after its independence on 20 May 2002 , in part due to the long-time strong ties and the historical parallels between the two national liberation movements , FRETILIN and POLISARIO . A Sahrawi embassy was opened in Dili in 2010 , during Xanana Gusmao 's government ."}]}, {'value': 'Ecuador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecuador', 'summary': "Ecuador ( /ˈɛkwədɔːr/ ( listen ) EK-wə-dor ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ekwaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Ikwayur ; Shuar : Ecuador or Ekuatur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( Spanish : República del Ecuador , which literally translates as Republic of the Equator ; Quechua : Ikwadur Ripuwlika ; Shuar : Ekuatur Nunka ) , is a country in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the mainland . The capital city is Quito , which is also its largest city . The territories of modern-day Ecuador were once home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 17.1 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants . Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . It is governed as a democratic presidential republic . One of 18 megadiverse countries in the world , Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . In recognition of its unique ecological heritage , the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . It also has the fifth lowest homicide rate in the Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy ( Quito )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quito', 'summary': "Quito ( /ˈkiːtoʊ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkito ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Kitu ; formally San Francisco de Quito ) is the capital of Ecuador , the country 's most populous city , and at an elevation of 2,850 metres ( 9,350 ft ) above sea level , it is the second highest official capital city in the world , after La Paz , and the one which is closest to the equator . It is located in the Guayllabamba river basin , on the eastern slopes of Pichincha , [ verification needed ] an active stratovolcano in the Andes Mountains . In 2008 , the city was designated as the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations . The historic center of Quito is one of the largest , least-altered and best-preserved in the Americas . Quito and Kraków , Poland , were among the first World Cultural Heritage Sites declared by UNESCO , in 1978 . The central square of Quito is located about 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) south of the equator ; the city itself extends to within about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) of zero latitude . A monument and museum marking the general location of the equator is known locally as la mitad del mundo ( the middle of the world ) , to avoid confusion , as the word Ecuador is Spanish for equator ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( New York City )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Salvador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Salvador', 'summary': "El Salvador ( /ɛl ˈsælvədɔːr/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ el salβaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of El Salvador ( Spanish : República de El Salvador , literally Republic of The Savior ) , is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America . It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras , on the northwest by Guatemala , and on the south by the Pacific Ocean . El Salvador 's capital and largest city is San Salvador . As of 2018 [ update ] , the country had a population of approximately 6.42 million . El Salvador was for centuries inhabited by several Mesoamerican nations , especially the Cuzcatlecs , as well as the Lenca and Maya . In the early 16th century , the Spanish Empire conquered the territory , incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City . However the Viceroyalty of Mexico had little or no influence in the daily affairs of the Central American isthmus , which would be colonized in 1524 . In 1609 the area became the Captaincy General of Guatemala , from which El Salvador was part of until its independence from Spain , which took place in 1821 , as part of the First Mexican Empire , then further seceded , as part of the Federal Republic of Central America , in 1823 . When the Republic dissolved in 1841 , El Salvador became a sovereign nation , then formed a short-lived union with Honduras and Nicaragua called the Greater Republic of Central America , which lasted from 1895 to 1898 . From the late 19th to the mid-20th century , El Salvador endured chronic political and economic instability characterized by coups , revolts , and a succession of authoritarian rulers . Persistent socioeconomic inequality and civil unrest culminated in the devastating Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979-1992 ) , which was fought between the military-led government and a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups . The conflict ended with the Chapultepec Peace Accords ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Managua )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Managua', 'summary': "Managua ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maˈnaɣwa ] ) is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua , and the center of an eponymous department . Located on the southwestern shore of Lake Managua and inside the Managua Department , it has an estimated population 1,042,641 in 2016 within the city 's administrative limits and a population of 1,401,687 in the metropolitan area , which additionally includes the municipalities of Ciudad Sandino , El Crucero , Nindirí , Ticuantepe and Tipitapa . The city was declared the national capital in 1852 . Previously , the capital alternated between the cities of León and Granada . The 1972 Nicaragua earthquake and years of civil war in the 1980s severely disrupted and stunted Managua 's growth . It was not until the mid-1990s that Managua began to see a resurgence . [ citation needed ] Managua 's population is composed predominantly of mestizos and whites who are mainly of Spanish descent , with a minority being of French , Jewish Nicaraguan , German Nicaraguan , Italian , Russian , Greek and Turkish descent . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( New York City )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Relations were cancelled from April 1997 to 6 June 2009 or shorter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy ( Addis Ababa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Addis_Ababa', 'summary': 'Addis Ababa ( Amharic : አዲስ አበባ , Addis Abäba IPA : [ adˈdis ˈabəba ] ( listen ) , new flower ) or Addis Abeba , also known as Finfinne ( Oromo : Finfinne natural spring ) , is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia . According to the 2007 census , the city has a population of 2,739,551 inhabitants . As a chartered city , Addis Ababa also serves as the capital city of Oromia . It is where the African Union is headquartered and where its predecessor the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) was based . It also hosts the headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ( ECA ) , as well as various other continental and international organizations . Addis Ababa is therefore often referred to as the political capital of Africa for its historical , diplomatic and political significance for the continent . The city lies a few miles west of the East African Rift which splits Ethiopia into two , through the Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate . The city is populated by people from different regions of Ethiopia . It is home to Addis Ababa University .'}]}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Rome )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'AU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy ( Accra )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accra', 'summary': "Accra ( /əˈkrɑː/ ; Akuapem & Asante Twi : Nkran ) is the capital of Ghana covering an area of 225.67 km2 ( 87.13 sq mi ) with an estimated urban population of 2.27 million as of 2012 [ update ] . It is organized into 12 local government districts - 11 municipal districts and the Accra Metropolitan District , which is the only district within the capital to be granted city status . Accra usually refers to the Accra Metropolitan Area , which serves as the capital of Ghana , while the district which is within the jurisdiction of the Accra Metropolitan Assembly is distinguished from the rest of the capital as the City of Accra . In common usage , however , the terms Accra and City of Accra are used interchangeably . The intersection of the Lafa stream and Mallam junction serves as the western border of Accra , the Great Hall of the University of Ghana forms Accra 's northern border , while the Nautical College forms the eastern border . The Gulf of Guinea forms the southern border . Formed from the merger of distinct settlements around British Fort James , Dutch Fort Crêvecoeur ( Ussher Fort ) , and Danish Fort Christiansborg as Jamestown , Usshertown , and Christiansborg respectively , Accra served as the capital of the British Gold Coast between 1877 and 1957 and has since transitioned into a modern metropolis . The capital 's architecture reflects this history , ranging from 19th-century colonial architecture to modern skyscrapers and apartment blocks . Accra is the Greater Accra Region 's economic and administrative hub , and serves as the anchor of the larger Greater Accra Metropolitan Area ( GAMA ) , which is inhabited by about 4 million people , making it the thirteenth-largest metropolitan area in Africa . Strategic initiatives , such as transportation , are coordinated between the local government authorities , while the Accra Metropolitan Assembly , based in West Ridge , is responsible for the administration of the 60 km2 ( 23 sq mi ) City of Accra only . The central business district of Accra contains the city 's main banks and department stores , as well as an area known as the Ministries , where Ghana 's government administration is concentrated . Economic activities in Accra include the financial and commercial sectors , fishing and the manufacture of processed food , lumber , plywood , textiles , clothing and chemicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Algiers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algiers', 'summary': "Algiers ( /ælˈdʒɪərz/ al-JEERZ ; Arabic : الجزائر , romanized : Al-Jazāʾir ; French : Alger ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria . The city 's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145 and in 2011 was estimated to be around 3,500,000 . An estimate puts the population of the larger metropolitan city to be around 5,000,000 . Algiers is located on the Mediterranean Sea and in the north-central portion of Algeria . Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea . The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore ; the old part , the ancient city of the deys , climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel , 122 metres ( 400 ft ) above the sea . The casbah and the two quays form a triangle ."}]}, {'value': 'AU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guyana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guyana', 'summary': "Guyana ( /ɡaɪˈɑːnə/ or /ɡaɪˈænə/ ) , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a country on the northern mainland of South America . It is the only English speaking country in South America , and is culturally considered part of the Anglophone-Caribbean sphere . In addition it is one of the founding member countries of the Caribbean Community organization ( CARICOM ) . Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north , Brazil to the south and southwest , Venezuela to the west , and Suriname to the east . With an area of 215,000 square kilometres ( 83,000 sq mi ) , Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state on mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname . The region known as the Guianas consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the land of many waters . Major rivers in Guyana include the Essequibo , the Berbice , and the Demerara . Originally inhabited by many indigenous groups , Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century . It was governed as British Guiana , with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s . It gained independence in 1966 , and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 . The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country 's political administration and diverse population , which includes Indian , African , Amerindian , and multiracial groups . Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language ."}]}, {'value': '28 September 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Caracas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caracas', 'summary': 'Caracas ( /kəˈrækəs , -ˈrɑːk-/ , Spanish : [ kaˈɾakas ] ) , officially Santiago de León de Caracas , abbreviated as CCS , is the capital and largest city of Venezuela , and the centre of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas ( or Greater Caracas ) . Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the northern part of the country , following the contours of the narrow Caracas Valley on the Venezuelan coastal mountain range ( Cordillera de la Costa ) . Terrain suitable for building lies between 760 and 1,140 m ( 2,490 and 3,740 ft ) above sea level , although there is some settlement above this range . The valley is close to the Caribbean Sea , separated from the coast by a steep 2,200-metre-high ( 7,200 ft ) mountain range , Cerro El Ávila ; to the south there are more hills and mountains . The Metropolitan Region of Caracas has an estimated population of almost 3 million inhabitants . It is the seventh largest metropolitan area in terms of population in Latin America . Strictly speaking , the centre of the city is still Catedral , located near Bolívar Square , even though it is assumed that it is Plaza Venezuela , located in the Los Caobos neighbourhood . Chacaíto area , Luis Brión Square and El Rosal neighborhood are also considered the geographic center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas . Businesses in the city include service companies , banks , and malls . Caracas has a largely service-based economy , apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area . The Caracas Stock Exchange and Petróleos de Venezuela ( PDVSA ) are headquartered in Caracas . PDVSA is the largest company in Venezuela .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honduras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honduras', 'summary': "Honduras ( /hɒnˈdjʊərəs , -ˈdʊər-/ ( listen ) , /-æs/ ; Spanish : [ onˈduɾas ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Honduras ( Spanish : República de Honduras ) , is a country in Central America . The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala , to the southwest by El Salvador , to the southeast by Nicaragua , to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca , and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras , a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea . Honduras was home to several important Mesoamerican cultures , most notably the Maya , before the Spanish Colonization in the sixteenth century . The Spanish introduced Roman Catholicism and the now predominant Spanish language , along with numerous customs that have blended with the indigenous culture . Honduras became independent in 1821 and has since been a republic , although it has consistently endured much social strife and political instability , and remains one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere . In 1960 , the northern part of what was the Mosquito Coast was transferred from Nicaragua to Honduras by the International Court of Justice . The nation 's economy is primarily agricultural , making it especially vulnerable to natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch in 1998 . The lower class is primarily agriculturally based while wealth is concentrated in the country 's urban centers . Honduras has a Human Development Index of 0.625 , classifying it as a nation with medium development . When the Index is adjusted for income inequality , its Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is 0.443 . Honduran society is predominantly Mestizo ; however , American Indian , black and white individuals also live in Honduras ( 2017 ) . The nation had a relatively high political stability until its 2009 coup and again with the 2017 presidential election ."}]}, {'value': '5 June 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '31 March 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy ( Nairobi )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AU ; Relations were frozen from 18 October 2006 to 6 February 2014 or shorter . Further details On 2 December 2013 Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya Justin Muturi announced the opening of SADR embassy in Nairobi soon . On 11 December 2013 Sahrawi president Mohamed Abdelaziz officially visited Kenya for Independence Day celebrations . On 6 February 2014 Sahrawi embassy was open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Kenya', 'summary': 'The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Kenyan National Assembly . From 1966 to 2013 the National Assembly was the unicameral body of the Kenyan Parliament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Justin_Muturi', 'summary': 'Justin Bedan Njoka Muturi ( popularly known as JB ) ( born 28 April 1966 ) is the seventh Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya , in office since 2013 . He is the first Speaker to serve following the reestablishment of a bicameral Parliament , as mandated by the 2010 Constitution . On 28 March 2013 , Muturi won the speakership after a second round of voting by Members of the National Assembly , beating former speaker Kenneth Marende by a 219-129 margin . Muturi was first elected as a member of the Kenya African National Union to represent Siakago Constituency in Parliament following a 1999 byelection . He won reelection in 2002 and served as opposition chief whip and chair of the Public Investment Committee during the 10th Parliament . He vied for re-election in 2007 , but was defeated by Lenny Kivuti . In 2013 , Muturi ran for the Mbeere North parliamentary seat as a member of The National Alliance party , but lost to Muriuki Njagagua . He served as a member of the Parliamentary Select Committee on the constitutional review from 1999 to 2004 . He was elected KANU National Organising Secretary in Nov 2008 and was the PNU constitution committee chairman during the national constitutional talks from 2008-2010 . In April 2011 , he was appointed the chairman of the Centre for Multiparty Democracy ( CMD ) , a civil society group that deals with democracy issues in multi-party politics . Muturi was formerly a judiciary employee serving as a principal magistrate between 1982 and 1997 before retiring from judicial service . He also served as the chairman of the Judges and Magistrates Association during the time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)', 'summary': 'Mohamed Abdelaziz ( Arabic : محمد عبد العزيز ; 17 August 1946 - 31 May 2016 ) was the 3rd Secretary General of the Polisario Front , from 1976 , and the 1st President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 1982 , until his death in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Laos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laos', 'summary': "Laos ( /ˈlɑːoʊs/ ( listen ) , /laʊs , ˈlɑːɒs , ˈleɪɒs/ ; Lao : ລາວ , Lāo [ láːw ] ) , officially the Lao People 's Democratic Republic ( Lao : ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ , romanized : Saþalanalat Paxaþipatai Paxaxōn Lao ; French : République démocratique populaire lao ) , commonly referred to by its colloquial name of Muang Lao ( Lao : ເມືອງລາວ , Muang Lao ) , is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia . Located at the heart of the Indochinese peninsula , Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest , Vietnam to the east , Cambodia to the southeast and Thailand to the west and southwest . Present Laos traces historic and cultural identity to the kingdom of Lan Xang Hom Khao ( Kingdom of a Million Elephants Under the White Parasol ) , which existed from the mid-fourteenth century to early eighteenth century as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia . Due to its central geographical location in Southeast Asia , the kingdom became a hub for overland trade , turned wealthy economically and culturally . After a period of internal conflict , Lan Xang broke off into three separate kingdoms - Luang Phrabang , Vientiane , and Champasak . In 1893 , the three territories came under French protectorate and were united to form what is now known as Laos . It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation , but was recolonised by France until it won autonomy in 1949 . Laos became independent in 1953 , with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong . A post-independence civil war began , which saw the communist resistance , supported by the Soviet Union and North Vietnam , fight against the monarchy that later came under influence of military regimes supported by the United States . After the Vietnam War ended in 1975 , the communist Pathet Lao movement came to power , ending the civil war and establishing a one-party state . Laos was then dependent on military and economic aid from the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991 . In 2018 , the country had the fourth highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita in Southeast Asia , after Singapore , Malaysia , and Thailand ."}]}, {'value': '3 August 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( New Delhi )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Delhi', 'summary': 'New Delhi ( /ˈdɛli/ ( listen ) , Hindi : [ nəi dɪlːi ] Naī Dillī ) is an urban district of Delhi which serves as the capital of India and seat of all three branches of the Government of India . The foundation stone of the city was laid by Emperor George V during the Delhi Durbar of 1911 . It was designed by British architects , Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker . The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931 , by Viceroy and Governor-General of India Lord Irwin . Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi ( NCT ) , these are two distinct entities , with New Delhi forming a small part of Delhi . The National Capital Region is a much larger entity comprising the entire NCT along with adjoining districts in neighbouring states .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesotho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesotho', 'summary': "Lesotho ( /ləˈsuːtuː/ ( listen ) , Sotho pronunciation : [ lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ ] ) , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho ( Sotho : 'Muso oa Lesotho ) , is an enclaved country within the border of South Africa . Along with the Vatican City and San Marino , it is one of only three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country , and the only one outside of the Italian peninsula . Lesotho is just over 30,000 km2 ( 11,583 sq mi ) in size and has a population of around 2 million . Its capital and largest city is Maseru . Lesotho was previously the British Crown Colony of Basutoland , but it declared independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966 . It is now a fully sovereign state that is a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , and the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) . The name Lesotho roughly translates to the land of the brown-skinned people ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Pretoria )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pretoria', 'summary': "Pretoria ( /prɪˈtɔːriə/ pri-TOR-ee-ə ; Zulu : ePitoli ; Tswana : Tshwane ) is the fourth most populous city in South Africa after Durban and is an administrative capital of South Africa . It straddles the Apies River and has spread eastwards into the foothills of the Magaliesberg mountains . It is one of the country 's three capital cities , serving as the seat of the administrative branch of government ( Cape Town is the legislative capital and Bloemfontein the judicial capital ) , and of foreign embassies to South Africa . Pretoria has a reputation for being an academic city with three universities , the Tshwane University of Technology ( TUT ) , University of Pretoria ( UP ) , and the University of South Africa ( UNISA ) , also home to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR ) , and the Human Sciences Research Council . The city also hosts the National Research Foundation and the South African Bureau of Standards making the city a hub for research . Pretoria is the central part of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including Centurion and Soshanguve . There have been proposals to change the name of Pretoria itself to Tshwane and the proposed name change has caused some public controversy , Pretoria was one of the host cities of the official tournament for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Pretoria is named after the Voortrekker leader Andries Pretorius , and within South Africa sometimes called the Jacaranda City due to the thousands of jacaranda trees planted in its streets , parks and gardens ."}]}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Kuwait City )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuwait_City', 'summary': "Kuwait City ( Arabic : مدينة الكويت ) is the capital and largest city of Kuwait . Located at the heart of the country on the shore of the Persian Gulf , and containing Kuwait 's National Assembly ( parliament ) , most governmental offices , the headquarters of most Kuwaiti corporations and banks , it is the indisputable political , cultural and economical centre of the emirate . It is considered a global city . Kuwait City 's trade and transportation needs are served by Kuwait International Airport , Mina Al-Shuwaik ( Shuwaik Port ) and Mina Al Ahmadi ( Ahmadi Port ) ."}]}, {'value': 'AU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberia', 'summary': "Liberia ( /laɪˈbɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Liberia , is a country on the West African coast . It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest , Guinea to its north , Ivory Coast to its east , and the Atlantic Ocean to its south-southwest . It covers an area of 111,369 square kilometres ( 43,000 sq mi ) and has a population of around 4,900,000 . English is the official language , but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken , representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95% of the population . The country 's capital and largest city is Monrovia . Liberia began as a settlement of the American Colonization Society ( ACS ) , who believed black people would face better chances for freedom and prosperity in Africa than in the United States . The country declared its independence on July 26 , 1847 . The U.S. did not recognize Liberia 's independence until February 5 , 1862 , during the American Civil War . Between January 7 , 1822 , and the American Civil War , more than 15,000 freed and free-born black people who faced legislated limits in the U.S. , and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans , relocated to the settlement . The settlers carried their culture and tradition with them . The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after those of the U.S. On January 3 , 1848 , Joseph Jenkins Roberts , a wealthy , free-born African American from Virginia who settled in Liberia , was elected Liberia 's first president after the people proclaimed independence . Liberia was the first African republic to proclaim its independence , and is Africa 's first and oldest modern republic ."}]}, {'value': '30 October 2012 or before', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauritius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauritius', 'summary': "Mauritius ( /məˈrɪʃ ( i ) əs , mɔːˈ-/ ( listen ) mə-RISH- ( ee- ) əs , maw- ; French : Maurice [ mɔʁis , moʁis ] ( listen ) ; Creole : Moris [ moʁis ] ) , officially the Republic of Mauritius ( French : République de Maurice ; Creole : Repiblik Moris ) , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) off the southeast coast of the African continent . The country includes the islands of Mauritius , Rodrigues , Agaléga and St. Brandon . The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues form part of the Mascarene Islands , along with nearby Réunion , a French overseas department . The capital and largest city Port Louis is located on the main island of Mauritius . The area of the country is 2,040 square kilometres ( 790 sq mi ) , the nation 's Exclusive Economic Zone covers an area of 2.3 million square kilometres . In 1598 , the Dutch took possession of Mauritius . They abandoned Mauritius in 1710 and the French took control of the island in 1715 , renaming it Isle de France . France officially ceded Mauritius including all its dependencies to the United Kingdom ( UK ) through the Treaty of Paris , signed on 30 May 1814 and in which Réunion was returned to France . The British colony of Mauritius consisted of the main island of Mauritius along with Rodrigues , Agalega , St Brandon , Tromelin and the Chagos Archipelago , while the Seychelles became a separate colony in 1906 . The sovereignty of Tromelin is disputed between Mauritius and France as some of the islands such as St. Brandon , Chagos , Agalega and Tromelin were not specifically mentioned in the Treaty of Paris . In 1965 , three years prior to the independence of Mauritius , the UK split the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritian territory , and the islands of Aldabra , Farquhar and Desroches from the Seychelles , to form the British Indian Ocean Territory ( BIOT ) . The UK forcibly expelled the archipelago 's local population and leased its largest island , Diego Garcia , to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embassy , non-resident ( Dar es Salaam )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam', 'summary': "Dar es Salaam ( /ˌdɑːr ɛs səˈlɑːm/ ; from Arabic : دار السلام , romanized : Dār as-Salām , meaning : place of peace ) is the largest city and former capital of Tanzania . It is the largest city in East Africa and the seventh-largest in Africa , with a population of 6,701,650. : page 2 Located on the Swahili coast , Dar es Salaam is an important economic centre and one of the fastest growing cities in the world . Until 1974 , Dar es Salaam served as Tanzania 's capital city , at which point the capital city commenced transferring to Dodoma , by order of then-president Julius Nyerere , which was officially completed in 1996 . However , as of 2018 , it remains a focus of central government bureaucracy , although this is in the process of fully moving to Dodoma . It is Tanzania 's most prominent city in arts , fashion , media , music , film and television , and is a leading financial centre . The city is the leading arrival and departure point for most tourists who visit Tanzania , including the national parks for safaris and the islands of Unguja and Pemba . It is the capital of the co-extensive Dar es Salaam Region , which is one of Tanzania 's 31 administrative regions and consists of five districts : Kinondoni in the north , Ilala in the centre , Ubungo and Temeke in the south and Kigamboni in the east across the Kurasini creek ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AU ; Relations are cancelled from 17 January 2014 to 23 November 2015', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Bilateral relations -- Current diplomatic relations', 'section_text': 'Current relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( SADR ) SADR , as claimed Diplomatic relations and recognition of SADR Recognition of SADR only A total of 39 states presently maintain diplomatic relations with the SADR . Of these , 32 have continuously maintained relations with SADR without any interruptions . As of 6 August 2018 , Botswana is the most recent nation to have formally established diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . Seven states have frozen or canceled relations with the SADR in the past , but later resumed them . As of 7 January 2016 , Panama is the most recent nation that reestablished diplomatic relations with SADR .', 'uid': 'Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_0', 'intro': 'The foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) are conducted by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of representation offices and embassies in foreign countries. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is the government in exile claiming sovereignty of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara. The Polisario Front, the national liberation movement that administers the SADR, currently controls the area that it calls the Liberated Territories, a strip of Western Sahara territory east of the Moroccan Wall. It also administers the Sahrawi refugee camps at Tindouf, Algeria, where its headquarters are. It has conducted diplomatic relations with states and international organisations since its inception in 1973. In 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 22/29 affirmed for the first time the Sahrawi right on self-determination. In 1979, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 reaffirmed again the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and independence, recognising also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.'} | null | null | The country listed as the newest SADR relation holds a tenth of its population in what city ? | Gaborone |
0591dd01e17ce2ad | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)', 'title': 'List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter K)', 'header': ['Call letters', 'Channel', 'Network ( s )', 'City and state'], 'data': [{'value': 'KQCA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQCA', 'summary': 'KQCA , virtual channel 58 ( UHF digital channel 46 ) , is a MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station serving Sacramento , California , United States that is licensed to Stockton . The station is owned by the Hearst Television subsidiary of Hearst Communications , as part of a duopoly with Sacramento-licensed NBC affiliate KCRA-TV ( channel 3 ) . The two stations share studios on Television Circle in downtown Sacramento and transmitter facilities in Walnut Grove . There is no separate website for KQCA ; instead , it is integrated with that of sister station KCRA-TV . KQCA can also be seen locally on Comcast Xfinity channels 4 and 704 in HD , Consolidated Communications channels 4 and 604 in HD , Spectrum channels 8 and 788 in HD , Wave Broadband channels 11 and 788 in HD in Yolo County and channels 8 and 708 in HD in Placer County .'}]}, {'value': '46 PSIP 58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58.1 MyNetworkTV 46.2 This TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MyNetworkTV', 'summary': "MyNetworkTV ( unofficially abbreviated as MyTV , MyNet , MNT or MNTV ) , is an American television network/syndication service that is owned by Fox Corporation , operated by its Fox Television Stations division , and distributed through the syndication structure of 20th Television . MyNetworkTV began operations on September 5 , 2006 with an initial affiliate lineup covering about 96% of the country , most of which consisted of stations that were former affiliates of The WB and UPN that did not join the successor of those two networks , The CW . Under the ownership structure of Fox Corporation , the service is incorporated as a subsidiary company known as Master Distribution Service , Inc. On September 28 , 2009 , following disappointment with the network 's results , MyNetworkTV dropped its status as a television network and transitioned into a programming service , similar to Ion Television , relying mainly on repeats of recent broadcast and cable series . Fox Corporation retained MyNetworkTV after the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company was completed on March 20 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/This_TV', 'summary': "This TV ( also known as This TV Network and alternately stylized as thisTV ) is an American free-to-air television network that is owned by ThisTV , LLC , a division of the MGM Domestic Television Distribution subsidiary of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . The network maintains a large programming emphasis on films ( those primarily sourced from the library of partial owner Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ) , but also airs other limited general entertainment content in the form of classic television series and children 's programming . The network - which broadcasts 24 hours a day in 480i standard definition - is available in many media markets via broadcast television stations , primarily on their digital subchannels , and on select cable providers through carriage of a local affiliate ( primarily on digital tiers ) . This TV 's programming and business operations are headquartered at 303 East Wacker Drive in Chicago ; MGM handles advertising sales for the network through its offices in New York City ."}]}, {'value': 'Stockton , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockton,_California', 'summary': "Stockton is the county seat of San Joaquin County in the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California . Stockton was founded by Captain Charles Maria Weber in 1849 after he acquired Rancho Campo de los Franceses . The city is named after Robert F. Stockton , and it was the first community in California to have a name not of Spanish or Native American origin . The city is located on the San Joaquin River in the northern San Joaquin Valley and had an estimated population of 311,178 by the California Department of Finance for 2018 . Stockton is the 13th largest city in California and the 63rd largest city in the United States . It was named an All-America City in 1999 , 2004 , 2015 and again in 2017 . Built during the California Gold Rush , Stockton 's seaport serves as a gateway to the Central Valley and beyond . It provided easy access for trade and transportation to the southern gold mines . The University of the Pacific ( UOP ) , chartered in 1851 , is the oldest university in California , and has been located in Stockton since 1923 . In 2012 Stockton filed for what was then the largest municipal bankruptcy in US history , which had multiple causes including financial mismanagement in the 1990s , generous fringe benefits to unionized city employees , and the 2008 financial crisis . Stockton successfully exited bankruptcy in February 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'KQCD-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQCD-TV', 'summary': "KQCD-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 7 , is a dual NBC/Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Dickinson , North Dakota , United States . The station is owned by Gray Television . KQCD-TV 's news bureau and advertising sales office are located on 21st Street East in Dickinson , and its transmitter is located near South Heart , North Dakota . On cable , the station is available on Midcontinent Communications channel 7 and Consolidated Telcom channel 5 in Dickinson , and channel 7 in most other areas . There is a high definition feed provided on Midco digital channel 607 and Consolidated Telcom digital channel 305 . KQCD-TV is part of the four-station NBC North Dakota regional network of NBC affiliates in central and western North Dakota , originating from flagship station KFYR-TV ( channel 5 ) in Bismarck . The NBC North Dakota network relays NBC network and other programming from KFYR-TV across central and western North Dakota , as well as bordering counties in Montana and South Dakota . The four stations along with fellow NBC affiliate KVLY-TV in Fargo often share news stories . Master control and some internal operations of KQCD are based at KFYR-TV 's facilities on North 4th Street and East Broadway Avenue in downtown Bismarck . The four stations are counted as a single unit for ratings purposes . Though identifying as a station in its own right , KQCD-TV is a semi-satellite of KFYR-TV in Bismarck . While it airs separate commercials and legal identifications , for most of the day it airs a time-shifted feed of KFYR-TV in Mountain Time ."}]}, {'value': '7 PSIP 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.1 NBC 7.2 Fox 7.3 MeTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MeTV', 'summary': "MeTV ( an acronym for Memorable Entertainment Television ) is an American broadcast television network that is owned by Weigel Broadcasting . Marketed as The Definitive Destination for Classic TV , the network airs a variety of classic television programs from the 1950s through the early 1990s , which are obtained primarily from the libraries of CBS Television Distribution and 20th Television . Through its ownership by Weigel , MeTV is sister to four other networks that source their programming content from the network 's distributors : rerun-focused networks Heroes & Icons and Decades ( the latter operated as a joint venture with CBS Television Stations ) , the film-focused Movies ! ( a joint venture with Fox Television Stations ) and the drama-focused Start TV . MeTV is carried on digital subchannels of affiliated television stations in most markets ; however , some MeTV-affiliated stations carry the network as a primary affiliation on their main channel , and a small number of stations air select programs from the network alongside their regular general entertainment schedules , with a few carrying the network in high definition . The network is also available nationwide on free-to- air C band satellite via SES-1 in the DVB-S format , and in some markets on AT & T U-verse channels 136 ( in standard definition ) and 1136 ( in high definition ) , and cable television through cable TV providers . MeTV 's operations are located in Weigel Broadcasting 's corporate headquarters on North Halsted Street in Chicago , Illinois . Shows currently broadcast on this channel include M*A*S*H , The Andy Griffith Show , Perry Mason , Gunsmoke , Hogan 's Heroes , The Flintstones , and others ."}]}, {'value': 'Dickinson , North Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickinson,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Dickinson is a city in Stark County , North Dakota , United States . It is the county seat of Stark County . The population was 17,787 at the 2010 census . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the 2018 population is 22,739 . Since the North Dakota oil boom the city has become one of the fastest growing cities in the United States . According to the 2015 census , the city is estimated to have a population of 23,765 , however , other sources have estimates of the population at 30,372 or possibly exceeding 35,000 . The rapid growth of the city led to an increase in crime and homelessness within the city limits . Also , the city has seen an increase in diversity , with increases in the Latino , Asian and African American populations . Dickinson is the principal city of the Dickinson Micropolitan Statistical Area , a micropolitan area that covers Billings and Stark counties and had a combined population of 24,982 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'KQCK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQCK', 'summary': "KQCK , virtual channel 39 ( VHF digital channel 11 ) , is a CTN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Cheyenne , Wyoming , United States and also serving Denver , Colorado . The station is owned by the Christian Television Network . KQCK 's studios are located on East Lincoln Way ( near US 30 ) in Cheyenne , and its transmitter is located on Horsetooth Mountain , just outside Fort Collins , Colorado . KQDK-CD ( channel 39 ) in Denver operates as a low-powered , Class A digital translator of KQCK ."}]}, {'value': '11 PSIP 33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MundoFox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MundoFox', 'summary': 'MundoMax ( Spanish pronunciation : [ munˈdomaks ] ; originally known as MundoFox from August 13 , 2012 to July 28 , 2015 ) was an American Spanish-language terrestrial television network that was owned by RCN Televisión . The network broadcast programs aimed at Hispanic and Latino American audiences throughout the United States - featuring a mix of telenovelas and other serialized dramas , reality television series , game shows , and feature films ( both Spanish-dubbed versions of American films and imported films produced in Spanish-speaking countries ) . Headquartered in Los Angeles , MundoMax had been headed since its inception in its pre-July 2015 existence as a joint venture between RCN and U.S.-based Fox Entertainment Group ( which originally operated the network through its Fox International Channels division ) by network president Jose Molina .'}]}, {'value': 'Cheyenne , Wyoming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming', 'summary': 'Cheyenne ( /ʃaɪˈæn/ shy-AN or /ʃaɪˈɛn/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Wyoming and the county seat of Laramie County . It is the principal city of the Cheyenne , Wyoming , Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Laramie County . The population was 59,466 at the 2010 census . Cheyenne is the northern terminus of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front , which extends southward to Albuquerque , New Mexico and includes the fast-growing Front Range Urban Corridor . Cheyenne is situated on Crow Creek and Dry Creek . The Cheyenne metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 91,738 , making it the 354th-most populous metropolitan area in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'KQCW-DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQCW-DT', 'summary': "KQCW-DT , virtual channel 19 ( UHF digital channel 20 ) , is a CW-affiliated television station serving Tulsa , Oklahoma , United States that is licensed to Muskogee . The station is owned by Griffin Communications , as part of a duopoly with Tulsa-licensed CBS affiliate KOTV-DT ( channel 6 ) ; it is also sister to radio stations KFAQ ( 1170 AM ) , KBEZ ( 92.9 FM ) , KVOO-FM ( 98.5 ) , KXBL ( 99.5 FM ) and KHTT ( 106.9 FM ) . The outlets share studios at the Griffin Communications Media Center on North Boston Avenue and East Cameron Street in the downtown neighborhood 's Tulsa Arts District ; KQCW 's transmitter is located near Harreld Road and North 320 Road ( near State Highway 16 ) in rural northeastern Okmulgee County . Even though KQCW transmits a digital signal of its own , the broadcasting radius of the station 's full-power signal does not reach areas of northeastern Oklahoma north of Tulsa proper , as its transmitter is located 30 miles ( 48 km ) south-southeast of the city . Therefore , the station can also be seen through a 16:9 widescreen standard definition simulcast on KOTV 's second digital subchannel in order to reach the entire market . This signal can be seen on UHF channel 45.2 ( or virtual channel 6.2 via PSIP ) from its transmitter on South 273rd East Avenue ( just north of the Muskogee Turnpike ) in Broken Arrow , Oklahoma . On cable , KQCW is available on Cox Communications channel 7 in both standard and high definition ."}]}, {'value': '20 PSIP 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulsa , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Tulsa /ˈtʌlsə/ is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 45th-most populous city in the United States . As of July 2018 [ update ] , the population was 403,035 , an increase of 11,129 since the 2010 Census . It is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area , a region with 991,005 residents in the MSA and 1,251,172 in the CSA . The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County , the most densely populated county in Oklahoma , with urban development extending into Osage , Rogers , and Wagoner counties . Tulsa was settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe . For most of the 20th century , the city held the nickname Oil Capital of the World and played a major role as one of the most important hubs for the American oil industry . Historically , a robust energy sector fueled Tulsa 's economy ; however , today the city has diversified and leading sectors include finance , aviation , telecommunications and technology . Two institutions of higher education within the city have sports teams at the NCAA Division I level , Oral Roberts University and the University of Tulsa . It is situated on the Arkansas River between the Osage Hills and the foothills of the Ozark Mountains in northeast Oklahoma , a region of the state known as Green Country . Considered the cultural and arts center of Oklahoma , Tulsa houses two art museums , full-time professional opera and ballet companies , and one of the nation 's largest concentrations of art deco architecture . The city has been called one of America 's most livable large cities by Partners for Livable Communities , Forbes , and Relocate America . FDi Magazine in 2009 ranked the city no ."}]}, {'value': 'KQDS-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQDS-TV', 'summary': "KQDS-TV , virtual channel 21 ( UHF digital channel 17 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Duluth , Minnesota , United States and also serving Superior , Wisconsin . The station is owned by Red River Broadcasting . KQDS-TV 's studios are located on London Road in Duluth ( along I-35 ) , and its transmitter is located west of downtown in Hilltop Park . Master control and some internal operations are based out of the studio facilities of sister station , fellow Fox affiliate and Red River flagship KVRR on South 40th Street and South 9th Avenue in Fargo , North Dakota ."}]}, {'value': '17 PSIP 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'Duluth , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Duluth /dəˈluːθ/ ( listen ) is a major port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County . Duluth has a population of 85,884 and is the 4th largest city in Minnesota . It is the 2nd largest city on Lake Superior , after Thunder Bay , Ontario . It has the largest metropolitan area on the lake , with a population of 279,771 in 2010 , the second-largest in the state . Situated on the north shore of Lake Superior at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes , Duluth is accessible to oceangoing vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles ( 3,700 km ) away via the Great Lakes Waterway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior , Wisconsin ; together they are called the Twin Ports . The cities share the Duluth-Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes ' largest port , transporting coal , iron ore ( taconite ) , and grain . A tourist destination for the Midwest , Duluth features the United States ' only all-freshwater aquarium , the Great Lakes Aquarium ; the Aerial Lift Bridge , which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor ; and Minnesota Point ( known locally as Park Point ) , the world 's longest freshwater baymouth bar , spanning 6 miles ( 10 km ) . The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota 's North Shore . The city is named for Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut , the first known European explorer of the area ."}]}, {'value': 'KQED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQED_(TV)', 'summary': "KQED , virtual channel 9 ( UHF digital channel 30 ) , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to San Francisco , California , United States and serving the San Francisco Bay Area . The station is owned by Northern California Public Broadcasting , through subsidiary KQED , Inc. , alongside fellow PBS station KQEH ( channel 54 ) and National Public Radio ( NPR ) member KQED-FM ( 88.5 ) . The three stations share studios on Mariposa Street in San Francisco 's Mission District and transmitter facilities atop Sutro Tower . KQET ( virtual and UHF digital channel 25 ) in Watsonville operates as a full-time satellite of KQED , serving the Monterey/Salinas/Santa Cruz market . This station 's transmitter is located at Fremont Peak , near San Juan Bautista ."}]}, {'value': '30 PSIP 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'KQEH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQEH', 'summary': "KQEH , virtual channel 54 ( UHF digital channel 30 ) , branded on-air as KQED Plus , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to San Jose , California , United States and serving the San Francisco Bay Area . The station is owned by Northern California Public Broadcasting , through subsidiary KQED , Inc. , alongside fellow PBS station KQED ( channel 9 ) in San Francisco , its satellite KQET ( channel 25 ) in Watsonville and National Public Radio ( NPR ) member KQED-FM ( 88.5 ) . The three stations share studios on Mariposa Street in San Francisco 's Mission District and transmitter facilities atop Sutro Tower ; until January 17 , 2018 , KQEH 's transmitter was located atop Monument Peak . On cable , the station is available on channel 10 on most providers in the market ."}]}, {'value': '50 PSIP 54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54.1 PBS 54.2 KQED 54.3 KQED Life 54.4 KQED Kids 54.5 V-me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PBS', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KQED_(TV)', 'summary': "KQED , virtual channel 9 ( UHF digital channel 30 ) , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to San Francisco , California , United States and serving the San Francisco Bay Area . The station is owned by Northern California Public Broadcasting , through subsidiary KQED , Inc. , alongside fellow PBS station KQEH ( channel 54 ) and National Public Radio ( NPR ) member KQED-FM ( 88.5 ) . The three stations share studios on Mariposa Street in San Francisco 's Mission District and transmitter facilities atop Sutro Tower . KQET ( virtual and UHF digital channel 25 ) in Watsonville operates as a full-time satellite of KQED , serving the Monterey/Salinas/Santa Cruz market . This station 's transmitter is located at Fremont Peak , near San Juan Bautista ."}]}, {'value': 'San Jose , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': 'KQET', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQET', 'summary': "KQED , virtual channel 9 ( UHF digital channel 30 ) , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to San Francisco , California , United States and serving the San Francisco Bay Area . The station is owned by Northern California Public Broadcasting , through subsidiary KQED , Inc. , alongside fellow PBS station KQEH ( channel 54 ) and National Public Radio ( NPR ) member KQED-FM ( 88.5 ) . The three stations share studios on Mariposa Street in San Francisco 's Mission District and transmitter facilities atop Sutro Tower . KQET ( virtual and UHF digital channel 25 ) in Watsonville operates as a full-time satellite of KQED , serving the Monterey/Salinas/Santa Cruz market . This station 's transmitter is located at Fremont Peak , near San Juan Bautista ."}]}, {'value': '25 PSIP 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Watsonville , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watsonville,_California', 'summary': 'Watsonville is a city in Santa Cruz County , California , United States . The population was 51,199 according to the 2010 census . Located on the central coast of California , the economy centers predominantly around farming and food processing . It is known for growing strawberries , apples , lettuce and a host of other vegetables . Watsonville is home to people of varied ethnic backgrounds . There is a large Hispanic population , as well as groups of Croatians , Filipinos , Portuguese , Sikhs , and Japanese who live and work in the city . The Pajaro Valley , where Watsonville is located , has a climate that is around 60 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit throughout much of the year . This climate makes Watsonville an attractive coastal environment for the neighboring inland communities with very hot summers . The Pajaro Valley Unified School District has an attendance of about 18,000 students kindergarten through 12th grades . There are several private religious-based schools in Watsonville such as Notre Dame School , Monte Vista Christian , Salesian Sisters , and St. Francis . There are also several charter schools and the non-religious independent Pre-K through 12th grade Mount Madonna School . These schools provide a wide range of educational options for local families .'}]}, {'value': 'KQIN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQIN', 'summary': "Iowa PBS , formerly Iowa Public Television ( IPTV ) , is a network of Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member stations in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is owned by the Iowa Public Broadcasting Board , an agency of the state education department which holds the licenses for all the PBS member stations in the state . Iowa PBS ' headquarters are located at 6450 Corporate Drive in Johnston , Iowa , a suburb of Des Moines ."}]}, {'value': '34 PSIP 36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Davenport , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'KQME', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQME', 'summary': "KHME , virtual channel 23 ( VHF digital channel 2 ) , is a MeTV-affiliated television station licensed to Rapid City , South Dakota , United States . The station is owned by Legacy Broadcasting . KHME 's studios are located on St. Joseph Street in downtown Rapid City , and its transmitter is located on Skyline Drive . KHME also operates a full-power satellite in Lead , South Dakota , KQME ( virtual and VHF digital channel 10 ) , which can also be seen over-the-air in Rapid City . KQME 's transmitter is located atop Terry Peak ."}]}, {'value': '10 PSIP 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Lead , South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lead,_South_Dakota', 'summary': "Lead ( /ˈliːd/ LEED ) is a city in Lawrence County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 3,124 at the 2010 census . Lead is located in western South Dakota , in the Black Hills near the Wyoming state line . Lead 's proximity to Deadwood , South Dakota , often leads to the two cities being collectively named Lead-Deadwood . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'KQSD-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQSD-TV', 'summary': "South Dakota Public Broadcasting ( SDPB ) is a state network of non-commercial educational television and radio stations serving the U.S. state of South Dakota . The stations are operated by the South Dakota Bureau of Information and Telecommunication , an agency of the state government which holds the licenses for all of the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) and National Public Radio ( NPR ) member stations licensed in South Dakota except KRSD in Sioux Falls , which is owned and run by Minnesota Public Radio , and KAUR in Sioux Falls , which is owned by Augustana University and operated by MPR . SDPB 's studios and offices are located in the Al Neuharth Media Center at 500 N. Dakota Avenue on the University of South Dakota campus in Vermillion ."}]}, {'value': '11 PSIP 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Lowry , South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lowry,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Lowry is a town in Walworth County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 6 at the 2010 census . The town is home to Lowry Pilgrim Community Church , Swan Creek Harness Shop , J & C Repair , Karst Service ( closed in August 2015 ) and a fire station . Lowry also has an abandoned school , and a post office , which closed to service in the early 1970s . With the Missouri River and Swan Lake just a few miles away , and prime habitat for all sorts of wild game , Lowry is a destination for many hunters and fishermen year-round . Mule deer , whitetail deer , antelope , pheasants , grouse , ducks , and geese are commonly hunted in the area . Lowry was founded in 1907 as a station stop on a branch line of the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway built that year between Conde and LeBeau , South Dakota . The town was named in honor of a railroad employee . Railway service to Lowry ended in 1940 .'}]}, {'value': 'KQSL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQSL', 'summary': "KQSL , virtual and VHF digital channel 8 , is a Total Living Network broadcast partner television station licensed to Fort Bragg , California , United States . The station is owned by One Ministries , Inc. , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization based in Santa Rosa , California . KQSL 's transmitter is located west of Laytonville , California ."}]}, {'value': '8 PSIP 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independent_station', 'summary': "Independent station is an independent radio or terrestrial television station which is independent in some way from broadcast networks . The definition of independence varies from country to country , reflecting governmental regulations , market environment and the broadcasting medium 's development history . In the United States and Canada , an independent station is a broadcast station which is not directly affiliated with any large network . In Japan , an independent station is a terrestrial station which is not a member of any networks whose dominant stations are located in Tokyo ; see Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations ( JAITS ) for more details . In addition , although The Open University of Japan is not a member of JAITS , it can also be classified as independent ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Bragg , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_California', 'summary': "Fort Bragg is a coastal city along California 's Shoreline Highway in Mendocino County . It is 24 mi ( 39 km ) west of Willits , at an elevation of 85 feet ( 26 m ) . A California Historical Landmark , the city was founded , prior to the American Civil War , as a military garrison rather than a fortification . Fort Bragg is a tourist destination because of its picturesque views of the Pacific Ocean . Its population was 7,273 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'KQTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQTV', 'summary': "KQTV , virtual channel 2 ( VHF digital channel 7 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to St. Joseph , Missouri , United States . The station is owned by Heartland Media . KQTV 's studios and transmitter facilities are located on Faraon Street in eastern St. Joseph . On cable , the station is available on Suddenlink Communications channel 10 . Although KQTV serves as the primary ABC affiliate for the St. Joseph market , the network 's Kansas City affiliate KMBC-TV ( channel 9 ) is considered an alternate ABC affiliate for the area as its transmitter provides a city-grade over-the-air signal in St. Joseph proper , and is carried alongside KQTV , by some local cable providers ."}]}, {'value': '7 PSIP/cable 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Joseph , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Joseph ( informally St. Joe ) is a small city in and the county seat of Buchanan County , Missouri , United States . Small parts of St. Joseph extend into Andrew County , Missouri . Saint Joseph is known for hosting the Kansas City Chiefs Training Camp every year at Missouri Western State University . Saint Joseph is filled with many lush forests and parks as well as its very own go kart track and mini golf course . It is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Buchanan , Andrew , and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County , Kansas . As of the 2010 census , St. Joseph had a total population of 76,780 , making it the eighth largest city in the state , and the third largest in Northwest Missouri . St. Joseph is located roughly thirty miles north of the Kansas City , Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles south of Omaha , Nebraska . The city was named after the town 's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph . the city is located on the Missouri River . It is the birthplace of hip hop star Eminem as well as the death place of Jesse James ; it is also the starting point of the Pony Express . St. Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University ."}]}, {'value': 'KQUP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KQUP', 'summary': "KQUP is a Daystar affiliate licensed to Pullman , Washington , serving the Spokane , Washington area . KQUP is owned by Daystar . As its full-powered signal does n't reach the Spokane metro , it uses a low-powered satellite , KQUP-LD , licensed to Spokane , to fill in the areas ."}]}, {'value': '24 PSIP 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daystar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daystar_Television_Network', 'summary': 'Daystar is an American evangelical Christian-based religious television network that is owned by the Word of God Fellowship , founded by Marcus Lamb in 1993 . Daystar is headquartered in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex in Bedford , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Pullman , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pullman,_Washington', 'summary': 'Pullman ( /ˈpʊlmən/ ) is the largest city in Whitman County , located in southeastern Washington state within the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest . The population was 29,799 at the 2010 census , and estimated to have reached 34,019 in 2018 . Originally incorporated as Three Forks , the city was renamed after industrialist George Pullman . Pullman is noted as a vastly fertile agricultural area known for its many miles of rolling hills and the production of wheat and legumes . It is home to Washington State University , a public research land-grant university , and the international headquarters of Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories . Pullman is eight miles ( 13 km ) from Moscow , Idaho , home to the University of Idaho , and is served by the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport . In 2011 , Bloomberg Businessweek selected Pullman as the Best Place to Raise Kids in Washington . Factors included affordability , safety , a family-friendly lifestyle , the quality of Pullman High School , the presence of Washington State University , and the natural environment of the area .'}]}], 'section_title': 'KQ', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)_16', 'intro': 'This is a list of full-power television stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letter K. Low-power TV stations, those with designations such as KAGN-LP or K11XQ, have not been included in this list. See also the list of TV stations beginning with W and the list of TV stations beginning with X.'} | null | null | What street contains the headquarters of the owner of the TV station with the channel 34 PSIP 36 ? | Corporate Drive |
0594074669848d63 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(Australian_season_10)', 'title': 'Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 10)', 'header': ['Dance', 'Best dancer ( s )', 'Best score', 'Worst dancer ( s )', 'Worst score'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cha Cha Cha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)', 'summary': "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Houvardas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Houvardas', 'summary': 'George Houvardas is an Australian actor who is best known for his role as Nick Carbo Karandonis in the television series Packed to the Rafters .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_(dance)', 'summary': 'In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance .'}]}, {'value': 'Rob Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Palmer_(presenter)', 'summary': 'Rob Palmer ( born 15 April 1975 ) is an Australian television presenter . He is best known for presenting the Do It Yourself segments on several lifestyle programs on the Seven Network .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Stevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Stevens', 'summary': 'Jason Anthony Stevens ( born 8 January 1973 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s . He is also a writer , screenwriter and actor . An Australia national and New South Wales State of Origin representative prop , he played his club football in Sydney for the St. George Dragons and Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks . Stevens retired from competitive rugby league in 2005 and has since worked as a rugby league writer .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhumba', 'summary': 'Rhumba , also known as ballroom rumba , is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s . It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms , primarily the son cubano , but also conga and rumba . Although taking its name from the latter , ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance . Hence , authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word ( rhumba ) to distinguish between them .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Wirrpanda Jo Beth Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Wirrpanda', 'summary': "David Selwyn Burralung Merringwuy Galarrwuy Wyal Wirrpanda ( /wɪrəˈpʌndə/ wirr-ə-PUN-də ; born 3 August 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer , best known for his career with the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Born in Melbourne , Wirrpanda was raised in Shepparton , Victoria . David attended Parkmore Primary School in Forest Hill , where in a school football match he kicked 32 goals in one game . He went on to attend Worawa Aboriginal College in Healesville , which had been established by his mother 's family . He began his football career with a local team , and subsequently progressed to the Eastern Ranges team in the under-18 TAC Cup . Selected by West Coast during the 1995 draft period , Wirrpanda made his debut for the club during the following season . Having played his first game for West Coast at the age of 16 years and 268 days , he remains the youngest player to have played a senior game for the club . Limited by injuries in his first few seasons , Wirrpanda did not establish himself as a regular player until the early 2000s , usually playing out of a back pocket or across a half-back flank . Outstanding form in these positions led to his selection in the 2005 All-Australian team , and the following season he was a member of the West Coast premiership side that defeated Sydney in the 2006 grand final . Often playing as a small forward towards the end of his career , Wirrpanda retired at the end of the 2009 season , finishing with 227 games for the club . Since the conclusion of his playing career , he has involved himself in charity work , including the establishment of the Wirrpanda Foundation , an organisation supporting Indigenous Australians . Wirrpanda has also expressed a desire to enter politics , and unsuccessfully contested 2013 federal election as the National Party 's candidate for the Senate in Western Australia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jo_Beth_Taylor', 'summary': "Joanne Rebecca Guilfoyle ( born 29 May 1971 ) , known professionally as Jo Beth Taylor , is an Australian television presenter , actor and singer most well known for hosting three weekly programs at the same time in the 1990s on the Nine Network : Australia 's Funniest Home Video Show ( 1993-1997 ) , Hey Hey It 's Saturday ( 1995-1997 ) and What 's Up Doc ? ( 1996-1997 ) , before taking a hiatus from television for more than two years . Upon her return Taylor hosted StarStruck ( 2000 ) , which was to be her last regular role until Dirty Jobs ( 2007 ) . During the 1990s Taylor also had a music career with the release of an album and four singles , and had starring stage roles in musical theatre . In recent years Taylor has appeared on reality television programs Dancing with the Stars ( 2010 ) and I 'm a Celebrity.Get Me Out of Here ! ( 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tango_(dance)', 'summary': 'Tango is a partner dance , and social dance that originated in the 1880s along the Río de la Plata , the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay . It was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries , where natives mixed with slave and European immigrant populations . The tango is the result of a combination of the German Waltz , Czech Polka , Polish Mazurka , and Bohemian Schottische with the Spanish-Cuban Habanera , African Candombe , and Argentinian Milonga . The tango was frequently practiced in the brothels and bars of ports , where business owners employed bands to entertain their patrons with music . The tango then spread to the rest of the world . Many variations of this dance currently exist around the world . On August 31 , 2009 , UNESCO approved a joint proposal by Argentina and Uruguay to include the tango in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachael Finch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachael_Finch', 'summary': "Rachael Finch ( born 8 July 1988 ) is an Australian TV host , model , and beauty pageant titleholder . She was awarded the 'People 's Choice Award ' for the 2006 Miss Teen Australia and finished as 3rd runner-up at Miss Universe 2009 . Since 2011 , Finch has worked for Seven Sport as a roving reporter at events such as the Australian Open , Melbourne Cup and Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paso Doble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paso_Doble', 'summary': 'Pasodoble ( Spanish : double step ) is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops . Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute ( double the average of a regular unit , hence its name ) . This march gave rise to a traditional Spanish dance , a musical genre including both voice and instruments , and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight . Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble .'}]}, {'value': 'Rob Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Palmer_(presenter)', 'summary': 'Rob Palmer ( born 15 April 1975 ) is an Australian television presenter . He is best known for presenting the Do It Yourself segments on several lifestyle programs on the Seven Network .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Houvardas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Houvardas', 'summary': 'George Houvardas is an Australian actor who is best known for his role as Nick Carbo Karandonis in the television series Packed to the Rafters .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba_(ballroom)', 'summary': 'The international ballroom version of samba is a lively , rhythmical dance with elements from Brazilian samba . It differs considerably from the original samba styles of Brazil ; in particular , it differs from Samba de Gafieira , a partner type of Samba in that country .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Wirrpanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Wirrpanda', 'summary': "David Selwyn Burralung Merringwuy Galarrwuy Wyal Wirrpanda ( /wɪrəˈpʌndə/ wirr-ə-PUN-də ; born 3 August 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer , best known for his career with the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Born in Melbourne , Wirrpanda was raised in Shepparton , Victoria . David attended Parkmore Primary School in Forest Hill , where in a school football match he kicked 32 goals in one game . He went on to attend Worawa Aboriginal College in Healesville , which had been established by his mother 's family . He began his football career with a local team , and subsequently progressed to the Eastern Ranges team in the under-18 TAC Cup . Selected by West Coast during the 1995 draft period , Wirrpanda made his debut for the club during the following season . Having played his first game for West Coast at the age of 16 years and 268 days , he remains the youngest player to have played a senior game for the club . Limited by injuries in his first few seasons , Wirrpanda did not establish himself as a regular player until the early 2000s , usually playing out of a back pocket or across a half-back flank . Outstanding form in these positions led to his selection in the 2005 All-Australian team , and the following season he was a member of the West Coast premiership side that defeated Sydney in the 2006 grand final . Often playing as a small forward towards the end of his career , Wirrpanda retired at the end of the 2009 season , finishing with 227 games for the club . Since the conclusion of his playing career , he has involved himself in charity work , including the establishment of the Wirrpanda Foundation , an organisation supporting Indigenous Australians . Wirrpanda has also expressed a desire to enter politics , and unsuccessfully contested 2013 federal election as the National Party 's candidate for the Senate in Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viennese Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viennese_Waltz', 'summary': "Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or waltz position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58-60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically Viennese waltz to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Wirrpanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Wirrpanda', 'summary': "David Selwyn Burralung Merringwuy Galarrwuy Wyal Wirrpanda ( /wɪrəˈpʌndə/ wirr-ə-PUN-də ; born 3 August 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer , best known for his career with the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Born in Melbourne , Wirrpanda was raised in Shepparton , Victoria . David attended Parkmore Primary School in Forest Hill , where in a school football match he kicked 32 goals in one game . He went on to attend Worawa Aboriginal College in Healesville , which had been established by his mother 's family . He began his football career with a local team , and subsequently progressed to the Eastern Ranges team in the under-18 TAC Cup . Selected by West Coast during the 1995 draft period , Wirrpanda made his debut for the club during the following season . Having played his first game for West Coast at the age of 16 years and 268 days , he remains the youngest player to have played a senior game for the club . Limited by injuries in his first few seasons , Wirrpanda did not establish himself as a regular player until the early 2000s , usually playing out of a back pocket or across a half-back flank . Outstanding form in these positions led to his selection in the 2005 All-Australian team , and the following season he was a member of the West Coast premiership side that defeated Sydney in the 2006 grand final . Often playing as a small forward towards the end of his career , Wirrpanda retired at the end of the 2009 season , finishing with 227 games for the club . Since the conclusion of his playing career , he has involved himself in charity work , including the establishment of the Wirrpanda Foundation , an organisation supporting Indigenous Australians . Wirrpanda has also expressed a desire to enter politics , and unsuccessfully contested 2013 federal election as the National Party 's candidate for the Senate in Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quickstep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quickstep', 'summary': 'The quickstep is a light-hearted dance of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the 1920s in New York City and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber Rob Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rob_Palmer_(presenter)', 'summary': 'Rob Palmer ( born 15 April 1975 ) is an Australian television presenter . He is best known for presenting the Do It Yourself segments on several lifestyle programs on the Seven Network .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Wirrpanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Wirrpanda', 'summary': "David Selwyn Burralung Merringwuy Galarrwuy Wyal Wirrpanda ( /wɪrəˈpʌndə/ wirr-ə-PUN-də ; born 3 August 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer , best known for his career with the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Born in Melbourne , Wirrpanda was raised in Shepparton , Victoria . David attended Parkmore Primary School in Forest Hill , where in a school football match he kicked 32 goals in one game . He went on to attend Worawa Aboriginal College in Healesville , which had been established by his mother 's family . He began his football career with a local team , and subsequently progressed to the Eastern Ranges team in the under-18 TAC Cup . Selected by West Coast during the 1995 draft period , Wirrpanda made his debut for the club during the following season . Having played his first game for West Coast at the age of 16 years and 268 days , he remains the youngest player to have played a senior game for the club . Limited by injuries in his first few seasons , Wirrpanda did not establish himself as a regular player until the early 2000s , usually playing out of a back pocket or across a half-back flank . Outstanding form in these positions led to his selection in the 2005 All-Australian team , and the following season he was a member of the West Coast premiership side that defeated Sydney in the 2006 grand final . Often playing as a small forward towards the end of his career , Wirrpanda retired at the end of the 2009 season , finishing with 227 games for the club . Since the conclusion of his playing career , he has involved himself in charity work , including the establishment of the Wirrpanda Foundation , an organisation supporting Indigenous Australians . Wirrpanda has also expressed a desire to enter politics , and unsuccessfully contested 2013 federal election as the National Party 's candidate for the Senate in Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxtrot', 'summary': 'The foxtrot is a smooth , progressive dance characterized by long , continuous flowing movements across the dance floor . It is danced to big band ( usually vocal ) music . The dance is similar in its look to waltz , although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34 . Developed in the 1910s , the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today .'}]}, {'value': 'George Houvardas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Houvardas', 'summary': 'George Houvardas is an Australian actor who is best known for his role as Nick Carbo Karandonis in the television series Packed to the Rafters .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Wirrpanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Wirrpanda', 'summary': "David Selwyn Burralung Merringwuy Galarrwuy Wyal Wirrpanda ( /wɪrəˈpʌndə/ wirr-ə-PUN-də ; born 3 August 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer , best known for his career with the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Born in Melbourne , Wirrpanda was raised in Shepparton , Victoria . David attended Parkmore Primary School in Forest Hill , where in a school football match he kicked 32 goals in one game . He went on to attend Worawa Aboriginal College in Healesville , which had been established by his mother 's family . He began his football career with a local team , and subsequently progressed to the Eastern Ranges team in the under-18 TAC Cup . Selected by West Coast during the 1995 draft period , Wirrpanda made his debut for the club during the following season . Having played his first game for West Coast at the age of 16 years and 268 days , he remains the youngest player to have played a senior game for the club . Limited by injuries in his first few seasons , Wirrpanda did not establish himself as a regular player until the early 2000s , usually playing out of a back pocket or across a half-back flank . Outstanding form in these positions led to his selection in the 2005 All-Australian team , and the following season he was a member of the West Coast premiership side that defeated Sydney in the 2006 grand final . Often playing as a small forward towards the end of his career , Wirrpanda retired at the end of the 2009 season , finishing with 227 games for the club . Since the conclusion of his playing career , he has involved himself in charity work , including the establishment of the Wirrpanda Foundation , an organisation supporting Indigenous Australians . Wirrpanda has also expressed a desire to enter politics , and unsuccessfully contested 2013 federal election as the National Party 's candidate for the Senate in Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aussie Smooth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Wirrpanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Wirrpanda', 'summary': "David Selwyn Burralung Merringwuy Galarrwuy Wyal Wirrpanda ( /wɪrəˈpʌndə/ wirr-ə-PUN-də ; born 3 August 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer , best known for his career with the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Born in Melbourne , Wirrpanda was raised in Shepparton , Victoria . David attended Parkmore Primary School in Forest Hill , where in a school football match he kicked 32 goals in one game . He went on to attend Worawa Aboriginal College in Healesville , which had been established by his mother 's family . He began his football career with a local team , and subsequently progressed to the Eastern Ranges team in the under-18 TAC Cup . Selected by West Coast during the 1995 draft period , Wirrpanda made his debut for the club during the following season . Having played his first game for West Coast at the age of 16 years and 268 days , he remains the youngest player to have played a senior game for the club . Limited by injuries in his first few seasons , Wirrpanda did not establish himself as a regular player until the early 2000s , usually playing out of a back pocket or across a half-back flank . Outstanding form in these positions led to his selection in the 2005 All-Australian team , and the following season he was a member of the West Coast premiership side that defeated Sydney in the 2006 grand final . Often playing as a small forward towards the end of his career , Wirrpanda retired at the end of the 2009 season , finishing with 227 games for the club . Since the conclusion of his playing career , he has involved himself in charity work , including the establishment of the Wirrpanda Foundation , an organisation supporting Indigenous Australians . Wirrpanda has also expressed a desire to enter politics , and unsuccessfully contested 2013 federal election as the National Party 's candidate for the Senate in Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salsa_(dance)', 'summary': 'Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which originated in the 1960s in New York City . Salsa is an amalgamation of Cuban dances that were popular in the ballrooms and nightclubs of Havana by the end of the 1950s ( e.g . casino , mambo and pachanga ) , as well as American jazz dances . It was primarily developed by Puerto Ricans living in New York ( Nuyoricans ) in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Different regions of Latin America and the United States have distinct salsa styles of their own , such as Cuban , Puerto Rican , Cali Colombia , L.A. and New York styles . Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs , bars , ballrooms , restaurants , and outside , especially when part of an outdoor festival . In many styles of salsa dancing , as a dancer shifts their weight by stepping , the upper body remains level and nearly unaffected by the weight changes . Weight shifts cause the hips to move . Arm and shoulder movements are also incorporated . Salsa generally uses music ranging from about 150 bpm ( beats per minute ) to around 250 bpm , although most dancing is done to music somewhere between 160-220 bpm . The basic Salsa dance rhythm consists of taking three steps for every four beats of music . The odd number of steps creates the syncopation inherent to Salsa dancing and ensures that it takes 8 beats of music to loop back to a new sequence of steps .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Wirrpanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Wirrpanda', 'summary': "David Selwyn Burralung Merringwuy Galarrwuy Wyal Wirrpanda ( /wɪrəˈpʌndə/ wirr-ə-PUN-də ; born 3 August 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer , best known for his career with the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Born in Melbourne , Wirrpanda was raised in Shepparton , Victoria . David attended Parkmore Primary School in Forest Hill , where in a school football match he kicked 32 goals in one game . He went on to attend Worawa Aboriginal College in Healesville , which had been established by his mother 's family . He began his football career with a local team , and subsequently progressed to the Eastern Ranges team in the under-18 TAC Cup . Selected by West Coast during the 1995 draft period , Wirrpanda made his debut for the club during the following season . Having played his first game for West Coast at the age of 16 years and 268 days , he remains the youngest player to have played a senior game for the club . Limited by injuries in his first few seasons , Wirrpanda did not establish himself as a regular player until the early 2000s , usually playing out of a back pocket or across a half-back flank . Outstanding form in these positions led to his selection in the 2005 All-Australian team , and the following season he was a member of the West Coast premiership side that defeated Sydney in the 2006 grand final . Often playing as a small forward towards the end of his career , Wirrpanda retired at the end of the 2009 season , finishing with 227 games for the club . Since the conclusion of his playing career , he has involved himself in charity work , including the establishment of the Wirrpanda Foundation , an organisation supporting Indigenous Australians . Wirrpanda has also expressed a desire to enter politics , and unsuccessfully contested 2013 federal election as the National Party 's candidate for the Senate in Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waltz', 'summary': 'The waltz ( from German Walzer [ ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ] ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help·info ) time , performed primarily in closed position .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex Fevola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Fevola', 'summary': "Alex Fevola ( née Cheatham ; born 9 April 1977 ) is an Australian photographer and wife to former AFL footballer Brendan Fevola . She married Brendan Fevola on 7 October 2005 at St John 's Church , Toorak . However , in December 2006 it was announced that they were separated after 14 months of marriage , amid allegations of Fevola 's infidelity with Lara Bingle . Alex stated in a Woman 's Day interview that Brendan had become disconnected from her following the birth of Leni . Fevola has worked as a model , and is currently a photographer , operating a studio in Beaumaris . In 2009 , she published a coffee table book , Snapshot : A Portrait of Success no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Wirrpanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Wirrpanda', 'summary': "David Selwyn Burralung Merringwuy Galarrwuy Wyal Wirrpanda ( /wɪrəˈpʌndə/ wirr-ə-PUN-də ; born 3 August 1979 ) is a former Australian rules footballer , best known for his career with the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Born in Melbourne , Wirrpanda was raised in Shepparton , Victoria . David attended Parkmore Primary School in Forest Hill , where in a school football match he kicked 32 goals in one game . He went on to attend Worawa Aboriginal College in Healesville , which had been established by his mother 's family . He began his football career with a local team , and subsequently progressed to the Eastern Ranges team in the under-18 TAC Cup . Selected by West Coast during the 1995 draft period , Wirrpanda made his debut for the club during the following season . Having played his first game for West Coast at the age of 16 years and 268 days , he remains the youngest player to have played a senior game for the club . Limited by injuries in his first few seasons , Wirrpanda did not establish himself as a regular player until the early 2000s , usually playing out of a back pocket or across a half-back flank . Outstanding form in these positions led to his selection in the 2005 All-Australian team , and the following season he was a member of the West Coast premiership side that defeated Sydney in the 2006 grand final . Often playing as a small forward towards the end of his career , Wirrpanda retired at the end of the 2009 season , finishing with 227 games for the club . Since the conclusion of his playing career , he has involved himself in charity work , including the establishment of the Wirrpanda Foundation , an organisation supporting Indigenous Australians . Wirrpanda has also expressed a desire to enter politics , and unsuccessfully contested 2013 federal election as the National Party 's candidate for the Senate in Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Segue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Segue', 'summary': 'A segue /ˈsɛɡweɪ/ ( listen ) ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈseːɡwe ] ) is a smooth transition from one topic or section to the next . The term is derived from Italian segue , follows .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber Rob Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rob_Palmer_(presenter)', 'summary': 'Rob Palmer ( born 15 April 1975 ) is an Australian television presenter . He is best known for presenting the Do It Yourself segments on several lifestyle programs on the Seven Network .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Fevola George Houvardas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Fevola', 'summary': "Alex Fevola ( née Cheatham ; born 9 April 1977 ) is an Australian photographer and wife to former AFL footballer Brendan Fevola . She married Brendan Fevola on 7 October 2005 at St John 's Church , Toorak . However , in December 2006 it was announced that they were separated after 14 months of marriage , amid allegations of Fevola 's infidelity with Lara Bingle . Alex stated in a Woman 's Day interview that Brendan had become disconnected from her following the birth of Leni . Fevola has worked as a model , and is currently a photographer , operating a studio in Beaumaris . In 2009 , she published a coffee table book , Snapshot : A Portrait of Success no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Houvardas', 'summary': 'George Houvardas is an Australian actor who is best known for his role as Nick Carbo Karandonis in the television series Packed to the Rafters .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swing Dance off', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swing_(dance)', 'summary': "Swing dance is a group of dances that developed with the swing style of jazz music in the 1920s-1940s , with the origins of each dance predating the popular swing era . During the swing era , there were hundreds of styles of swing dancing , but those that have survived beyond that era include : Lindy Hop , Balboa , Collegiate Shag , and Charleston . Today , the most well-known of these dances is the Lindy Hop , which originated in Harlem in the early 1930s . While the majority of swing dances began in African American communities as vernacular African American dances , some influenced swing-era dances , like Balboa , developed outside of these communities . Swing dance was not commonly used to identify a group of dances until the latter half of the 20th century . Historically , the term Swing referred to the style of jazz music , which inspired the evolution of the dance . Jitterbug is any form of swing dance , though it is often used as a synonym for the six-count derivative of Lindy Hop called East Coast Swing . It was also common to use the word to identify a kind of dancer ( i.e. , a swing dancer ) . A jitterbug might prefer to dance Lindy Hop , Shag , or any of the other swing dances . The term was famously associated with swing era band leader Cab Calloway because , as he put it , [ The dancers ] look like a bunch of jitterbugs out there on the floor due to their fast , often bouncy movements . The term swing dancing is often extended to include other dances that do not have certain characteristics of traditional swing dances : West Coast Swing , Carolina Shag , East Coast Swing , Hand Dancing , Jive , Rock and Roll , Modern Jive , and other dances developed during the 1940s and later . A strong tradition of social and competitive boogie woogie and Rock ' n ' Roll in Europe add these dances to their local swing dance cultures ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Fevola Rob Palmer George Houvardas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Fevola', 'summary': "Alex Fevola ( née Cheatham ; born 9 April 1977 ) is an Australian photographer and wife to former AFL footballer Brendan Fevola . She married Brendan Fevola on 7 October 2005 at St John 's Church , Toorak . However , in December 2006 it was announced that they were separated after 14 months of marriage , amid allegations of Fevola 's infidelity with Lara Bingle . Alex stated in a Woman 's Day interview that Brendan had become disconnected from her following the birth of Leni . Fevola has worked as a model , and is currently a photographer , operating a studio in Beaumaris . In 2009 , she published a coffee table book , Snapshot : A Portrait of Success no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rob_Palmer_(presenter)', 'summary': 'Rob Palmer ( born 15 April 1975 ) is an Australian television presenter . He is best known for presenting the Do It Yourself segments on several lifestyle programs on the Seven Network .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Houvardas', 'summary': 'George Houvardas is an Australian actor who is best known for his role as Nick Carbo Karandonis in the television series Packed to the Rafters .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freestyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_dance', 'summary': 'A street dance is a dance style that evolved outside dance studios in any available open space such as streets , dance parties , block parties , parks , school yards , raves , and nightclubs . A street dance is a vernacular dance in an urban context . Vernacular dances are often improvisational and social in nature , encouraging interaction and contact with spectators and other dancers . These dances are a part of the vernacular culture of the geographical area that they come from . Examples of street dance include b-boying ( or breakdancing ) , which originated in New York City . Clogging is a very early form of street dance , since it evolved in the streets and factories of Northern England in the mid-19th century . Various street dances have lent themselves to the style of urban dance , which arose from the collegiate dance scene . Urban dance is choreography-oriented but is inspired by different street dance styles and fundamental moves , such as house , locking , and popping . Urban dance should not be mistaken with hip hop , the culture and art movement that began in the Bronx in New York City during the late 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Rob Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Palmer_(presenter)', 'summary': 'Rob Palmer ( born 15 April 1975 ) is an Australian television presenter . He is best known for presenting the Do It Yourself segments on several lifestyle programs on the Seven Network .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamara Jaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Jaber', 'summary': "Tamara Jaber ( born 13 August 1982 ) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the Hit TV Show Pop stars . She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us . Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002 , Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles Ooh Ahh and Hard for Me . In 2007 , she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle , before resuming her solo career in 2011 . Jaber released her debut extended play Felt , Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest and lowest scoring performances', 'section_text': "The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' marks are as follows :", 'uid': 'Dancing_with_the_Stars_(Australian_season_10)_1', 'intro': 'The Tenth Season of Dancing with the Stars was announced in the May edition of New Idea magazine. It debuted on 27 June 2010 and ended on 29 August 2010.'} | null | null | Which series did the worst dancer in paso doble in Dancing with the Stars ( Australian season 10 ) play Nick Karandonis ? | Packed to the Rafters |
05967db33afdb11b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cultural_Council', 'title': 'World Cultural Council', 'header': ['Year', 'Award Recipients', 'Ceremony Host', 'Ceremony Site', 'Ceremony Host Country', 'Ceremony Date'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhong Lin Wang , Paulo Branco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhong_Lin_Wang', 'summary': "Zhong Lin ( ZL ) Wang ( Chinese : 王中林 ; pinyin : Wáng Zhōnglín ; born 1961 in Shaanxi , China ) is a Chinese-born American physicist , materials scientist and engineer specialized in nanotechnology and energy science . He received his PhD from Arizona State University in 1987 . He is the Hightower Chair in Materials Science and Engineering and Regents ' Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology , USA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paulo_Branco', 'summary': 'Paulo Branco ( born 3 June 1950 ) is a Portuguese film producer .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Tsukuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba', 'summary': 'The University of Tsukuba ( 筑波大学 , Tsukuba daigaku ) , located in Tsukuba , Ibaraki , is one of the oldest national universities ( established by Japanese Government ) and one of the most prestigious universities in Japan . The university has 28 college clusters and schools with around 16,500 students ( as of 2014 ) . The main Tsukuba campus covers an area of 258 hectares ( 636 acres ) , making it the second largest single campus in Japan . The branch campus is in Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , which offers graduate programs for working adults in the capital and manages K-12 schools in Tokyo that are attached to the university .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba', 'summary': 'The University of Tsukuba ( 筑波大学 , Tsukuba daigaku ) , located in Tsukuba , Ibaraki , is one of the oldest national universities ( established by Japanese Government ) and one of the most prestigious universities in Japan . The university has 28 college clusters and schools with around 16,500 students ( as of 2014 ) . The main Tsukuba campus covers an area of 258 hectares ( 636 acres ) , making it the second largest single campus in Japan . The branch campus is in Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , which offers graduate programs for working adults in the capital and manages K-12 schools in Tokyo that are attached to the university .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tsukuba', 'summary': 'Tsukuba ( つくば市 , Tsukuba-shi ) is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 239,747 , and a population density of 845 persons per km² . Its total area is 283.72 square kilometres ( 109.54 square miles ) . It is known as the location of the Tsukuba Science City ( 筑波研究学園都市 , Tsukuba Kenkyū Gakuen Toshi ) , a planned science park developed in the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'October 4 , 2019 ( planned )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Pierre Changeux , Malik Mâaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux', 'summary': 'Jean-Pierre Changeux ( French : [ ʃɑ̃ʒø ] ; born 6 April 1936 ) is a French neuroscientist known for his research in several fields of biology , from the structure and function of proteins ( with a focus on the allosteric proteins ) , to the early development of the nervous system up to cognitive functions . Although being famous in biological sciences for the MWC model , the identification and purification of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the theory of epigenesis by synapse selection are also notable scientific achievements . Changeux is known by the non-scientific public for his ideas regarding the connection between mind and physical brain . As put forth in his book , Conversations on Mind , Matter and Mathematics , Changeux strongly supports the view that the nervous system functions in a projective rather than reactive style and that interaction with the environment , rather than being instructive , results in the selection amongst a diversity of preexisting internal representations .'}]}, {'value': 'City University of Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'City University of Hong Kong ( CityU or CityUHK ) is a public research university in Kowloon , Hong Kong . It was founded in 1984 as City Polytechnic of Hong Kong and became a fully accredited university in 1994 . It is one of eight government-funded degree-granting tertiary institutions . The university has five colleges and four schools : the College of Business , College of Engineering , College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , College of Science , Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences , and the School of Creative Media , School of Data Science , School of Energy and Environment and School of Law . As of 2019 , CityU ranks 15th in Asia by THE , 4th in young universities , and 52nd internationally by QS .'}]}, {'value': 'City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'City University of Hong Kong ( CityU or CityUHK ) is a public research university in Kowloon , Hong Kong . It was founded in 1984 as City Polytechnic of Hong Kong and became a fully accredited university in 1994 . It is one of eight government-funded degree-granting tertiary institutions . The university has five colleges and four schools : the College of Business , College of Engineering , College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , College of Science , Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences , and the School of Creative Media , School of Data Science , School of Energy and Environment and School of Law . As of 2019 , CityU ranks 15th in Asia by THE , 4th in young universities , and 52nd internationally by QS .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omar M. Yaghi , Russell Hartenberger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi', 'summary': 'Omar M. Yaghi ( Arabic : عمر مونّس ياغي ; born February 9 , 1965 ) is the James and Neeltje Tretter Chair Professor of Chemistry at the University of California , Berkeley , and an elected member of the US National Academy of Sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Leiden University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leiden_University', 'summary': "Leiden University ( commonly abbreviated as LEI ; Dutch : Universiteit Leiden ) is a public research university in Leiden , Netherlands . Founded in 1575 by William , Prince of Orange as a reward to the town of Leiden for its defense against Spanish attacks during the Eighty Years ' War , it is the oldest institution of higher education in the Netherlands . Known for its historic foundations and emphasis on the social sciences , the university came into particular prominence during the Dutch Golden Age , when scholars from around Europe were attracted to the Dutch Republic due to its climate of intellectual tolerance and Leiden 's international reputation . During this time , Leiden became the home to individuals such as René Descartes , Rembrandt , Christiaan Huygens , Hugo Grotius , Baruch Spinoza and Baron d'Holbach . The university has seven academic faculties and over fifty subject departments while housing more than 40 national and international research institutes . Its historical primary campus consists of buildings scattered across the college town of Leiden , while a second campus located in The Hague houses a liberal arts college and several of its faculties . It is a member of the Coimbra Group , the Europaeum , and a founding member of the League of European Research Universities . Leiden University has been placed in the top 100 universities in the world by three major ranking tables . It was placed top 50 worldwide in thirteen fields of study in the 2020 QS World University Rankings : classics & ancient history , politics , archaeology , anthropology , history , pharmacology , law , public policy , religious studies , arts & humanities , linguistics , modern languages and sociology . The school has produced twenty-one Spinoza Prize Laureates and sixteen Nobel Laureates , including Enrico Fermi and Albert Einstein . It is closely associated with the Dutch Royal Family , with Queen Juliana , Queen Beatrix and King Willem-Alexander being former alumni . Ten prime ministers of the Netherlands were also Leiden University alumnus , including incumbent Prime Minister Mark Rutte ."}]}, {'value': 'Pieterskerk , Leiden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pieterskerk,_Leiden', 'summary': 'The Pieterskerk is a late-Gothic church in Leiden dedicated to Saint Peter . It is known today as the church of the Pilgrim Fathers , where the pastor John Robinson was buried . It is also the burial place of the scientist Willebrord Snellius .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Witten , Kalevi Ekman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Witten', 'summary': "Edward Witten ( born August 26 , 1951 ) is an American theoretical physicist and professor of mathematical physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey . Witten is a researcher in string theory , quantum gravity , supersymmetric quantum field theories , and other areas of mathematical physics . In addition to his contributions to physics , Witten 's work has significantly impacted pure mathematics . In 1990 , he became the first physicist to be awarded a Fields Medal by the International Mathematical Union , awarded for his 1981 proof of the positive energy theorem in general relativity ."}]}, {'value': 'Riga Technical University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riga_Technical_University', 'summary': 'Riga Technical University ( RTU ) ( Latvian : Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte ) is the oldest technical university in the Baltics established on October 14 , 1862 . It is Located in Riga , Latvia it was previously known as Riga Polytechnical Institute and Riga Polytechnicum .'}]}, {'value': 'National Library of Latvia , Riga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia', 'summary': "The National Library of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka ) also known as Castle of Light ( Gaismas pils ) is a national cultural institution under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture of Latvia . The National Library of Latvia was formed in 1919 after the independent Republic of Latvia was proclaimed in 1918 . The first supervisor of the Library was Jānis Misiņš , a librarian and the founder of the Latvian scientific bibliography ( 1862-1945 ) . Today the Library plays an important role in the development of Latvia 's information society , providing Internet access to residents and supporting research and lifelong education ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Riga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}]}, {'value': 'Latvia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latvia', 'summary': "Latvia ( /ˈlɑːtviə/ or /ˈlætviə/ ( listen ) ; Latvian : Latvija [ ˈlatvija ] , Livonian : Lețmō ) , officially known as the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika , Livonian : Lețmō Vabāmō ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . Since its independence , Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , Belarus to the southeast , and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 ( 24,938 sq mi ) . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates climate , although it has four distinct seasons and snowy winters . After centuries of Swedish , Polish and Russian rule , a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy , the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I . However , by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis . The country 's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II , beginning with Latvia 's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union , followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 ( Courland Pocket in 1945 ) to form the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime 's illegal takeover . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 . Latvia is a democratic sovereign state , parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'October 14 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ewine van Dishoeck , Milton Masciadri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck', 'summary': 'Ewine Fleur van Dishoeck ( born 13 June 1955 in Leiden ) is a Dutch astronomer and chemist . She is Professor of Molecular Astrophysics at Leiden Observatory , and the president of the International Astronomical Union . She is one of the pioneers of astrochemistry , and her research is aimed at determination of the structure of cosmic objects using their molecular spectra . Van Dishoeck works on interstellar molecules ; physical and chemical evolution during star formation and planet formation ; submillimeter and mid-infrared astronomy ; basic molecular processes ; and the radiative transfer of line and continuum radiation . She was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Dundee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Dundee', 'summary': "The University of Dundee ( abbreviated as Dund . for post-nominals ) is a public research university in Dundee , Scotland . Founded in 1881 the institution was , for most of its early existence , a constituent college of the University of St Andrews alongside United College and St Mary 's College located in the town of St Andrews itself . Following significant expansion , the University of Dundee gained independent university status in 1967 while retaining much of its ancient heritage and governance structure . The main campus of the university is located in Dundee 's West End which contains many of the university 's teaching and research facilities ; the Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design , Dundee Law School and the Dundee Dental Hospital and School . The university has additional facilities at Ninewells Hospital , containing its school of medicine ; Perth Royal Infirmary , which houses a clinical research centre ; and in Kirkcaldy , Fife , containing part of its school of nursing and health sciences . The annual income of the institution for 2017-18 was £246.2 million of which £74 million was from research grants and contracts , with an expenditure of £255.2 million . It is ranked within the top 300 universities in the world and within the top 40 in the UK by national university rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Caird Hall , Dundee , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caird_Hall', 'summary': "Caird Hall is a concert auditorium located in Dundee , Scotland . It was built between 1914 and 1923 and is named after its benefactor , jute baron James Key Caird . It was designed by the town architect James Thomson , assisted by Vernon Constable . The foundation stone was laid by King George V and Queen Mary on 10 July 1914 . The venue has a capacity of 2,300 fully seated , but can be subdivided or converted to standing where required . The hall 's pipe organ was built in 1923 by Harrison & Harrison , who also completed a restoration in 1992 . The decorative plaster work was produced by H. H. Martyn & Company of Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , holders of the Royal Warrant . Caird Hall regularly hosts the Royal Scottish National Orchestra . The hall is used for graduation ceremonies from the University of Dundee , the University of Abertay Dundee and Dundee and Angus College , as well as other significant university events such as the former university 's Rectorial Installation and Principal 's welcome to first year students . The exterior of Caird Hall was used as a location during the filming of the Alan Bennett scripted An Englishman Abroad ( 1983 ) . It was decorated with placards of communist leaders , it took the part of a theatre in Moscow ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philip Cohen , Federico Rosei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Cohen_(British_biochemist)', 'summary': "Sir Philip Cohen FRS FRSE FMedSci ( born 22 July 1945 ) is a British researcher , academic and Royal Medal winner based at the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit , School of Life Sciences at the University of Dundee . During the 1990s he was the world 's third most cited professor ( and the second most cited in the fields of biology and biochemistry ) and has been described by Professor Garry Taylor of the University of St Andrews as one of the worlds top scientists . and by Professor Sir Peter Downes as arguably the UK 's leading biochemist and an iconic figure in UK science . As of 2008 he has written over 470 peer-reviewed papers and given over 250 invited lectures in 33 countries , and has been repeatedly linked to a move of biotechnology companies to Dundee and the economic regeneration that came with it , to the point where 15% of the local economy is derived from biotech companies and their employees . His work has also seen Dundee attracting some of the world 's best scientists , with over 1% of the world 's most cited scientists residing in Dundee and fundraising of more than £35 million over the last 10 years to help attract them ."}]}, {'value': 'Aalto University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aalto_University', 'summary': "Aalto University ( Finnish : Aalto-yliopisto ; Swedish : Aalto-universitetet ) is a university located in Espoo , Finland . It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities : the Helsinki University of Technology ( established 1849 ) , the Helsinki School of Economics ( established 1904 ) , and the University of Art and Design Helsinki ( established 1871 ) . The close collaboration between the scientific , business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research . The Finnish government , in 2010 , set out to create a university that fosters innovation , merging the three institutions into one . The university is composed of six schools with close to 17,500 students and 4,000 staff members , making it Finland 's second largest university . The main campus of Aalto University is located in Otaniemi , Espoo . Aalto University Executive Education operates in the district of Töölö , Helsinki . In addition to the Greater Helsinki area , the university also operates its Bachelor 's Programme in International Business in Mikkeli and the Metsähovi Radio Observatory in Kirkkonummi . Aalto University 's operations showcase Finlands experiment in higher education . The Aalto Design Factory , Aalto Ventures Program and Aalto Entrepreneurship Society ( Aaltoes ) , among others , drive the university 's mission for a radical shift towards multidisciplinary learning and have contributed substantially to the emergence of Helsinki as a hotbed for startups . [ citation needed ] Aaltoes is Europes largest and most active student run entrepreneurship community that has founded major concepts such as the Startup Sauna accelerator program and the Slush startup event . The university is named in honour of Alvar Aalto , a prominent Finnish architect , designer and alumnus of the former Helsinki University of Technology , who was also instrumental in designing a large part of the university 's main campus in Otaniemi ."}]}, {'value': 'Otakaari 1 Building , Aalto University , Espoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aalto_University', 'summary': "Aalto University ( Finnish : Aalto-yliopisto ; Swedish : Aalto-universitetet ) is a university located in Espoo , Finland . It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities : the Helsinki University of Technology ( established 1849 ) , the Helsinki School of Economics ( established 1904 ) , and the University of Art and Design Helsinki ( established 1871 ) . The close collaboration between the scientific , business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research . The Finnish government , in 2010 , set out to create a university that fosters innovation , merging the three institutions into one . The university is composed of six schools with close to 17,500 students and 4,000 staff members , making it Finland 's second largest university . The main campus of Aalto University is located in Otaniemi , Espoo . Aalto University Executive Education operates in the district of Töölö , Helsinki . In addition to the Greater Helsinki area , the university also operates its Bachelor 's Programme in International Business in Mikkeli and the Metsähovi Radio Observatory in Kirkkonummi . Aalto University 's operations showcase Finlands experiment in higher education . The Aalto Design Factory , Aalto Ventures Program and Aalto Entrepreneurship Society ( Aaltoes ) , among others , drive the university 's mission for a radical shift towards multidisciplinary learning and have contributed substantially to the emergence of Helsinki as a hotbed for startups . [ citation needed ] Aaltoes is Europes largest and most active student run entrepreneurship community that has founded major concepts such as the Startup Sauna accelerator program and the Slush startup event . The university is named in honour of Alvar Aalto , a prominent Finnish architect , designer and alumnus of the former Helsinki University of Technology , who was also instrumental in designing a large part of the university 's main campus in Otaniemi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Espoo', 'summary': 'Espoo ( Finnish : [ ˈespoː ] ; Swedish : Esbo [ ˈɛ̌sːbɔ ] , [ check IPA ] Finland Swedish : [ ˈesːbo ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest city and municipality in Finland . It is part of the Finnish Capital Region , along with the cities of Helsinki , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and most of its population lives in the inner urban core of the Helsinki metropolitan area . Espoo shares its eastern border with Helsinki and Vantaa , while enclosing Kauniainen . Other bordering municipalities of Espoo are Nurmijärvi and Vihti in the north , and Kirkkonummi in the west . The city is located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , in the region of Uusimaa , and has a population of 284,444 . Espoo encompasses 528 square kilometres ( 204 sq mi ) , of which 312 km2 ( 120 sq mi ) is land . The national park of Nuuksio is situated in northwestern Espoo . Espoo does not have a traditional city center , having instead several local regional centers . Espoo is thus divided into seven major areas ( Finnish : suuralueet , Swedish : storområden ) : Vanha-Espoo ( with administrative center ) , Suur-Espoonlahti , Pohjois-Espoo , Suur-Kauklahti , Suur-Leppävaara , Suur-Matinkylä , and Suur-Tapiola . Aalto University is based in Otaniemi , Espoo , along with a thriving science community that includes numerous startups and organizations such as VTT - the Technical Research Center of Finland . Several major companies are based in Espoo , including Nokia , HMD Global , Tieto , KONE , Neste , Fortum , Orion Corporation , Outokumpu , and Foreca , as well as video game developers Rovio and Remedy Entertainment . The city of Espoo is officially bilingual .'}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Nurse , Petteri Nisunen , Tommi Grönlund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Nurse', 'summary': 'Sir Paul Maxime Nurse FRS FMedSci HonFREng HonFBA MAE ( born 25 January 1949 ) , is an English geneticist , former President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute . He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division of cells in the cell cycle .'}]}, {'value': 'Nanyang Technological University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University', 'summary': "The Nanyang Technological University , Singapore ( NTU ) is the second oldest public autonomous research university in Singapore . With a population of 33,500 students and 10,000 faculty and staff , NTU is the second largest university in Singapore . The University is organised into eight colleges and schools , including the College of Engineering , College of Science , Nanyang Business School , Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , and College of Humanities , Arts and Social Sciences . NTU is also home to several autonomous institutions such as Singapore 's National Institute of Education , S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies , Earth Observatory of Singapore , Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering , Institute on Asian Consumer Insight , and the recently launched NTU Institute of Science and Technology for Humanity . NTU 's main campus covers 200 hectares ( 490 acres ) of land , making it the largest university campus in Singapore . The primary campus grounds are located in the western part of Singapore , along 50 Nanyang Avenue . It also has two other campuses in Singapore 's healthcare and start-up districts , Novena and one-north respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Nanyang Auditorium , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University', 'summary': "The Nanyang Technological University , Singapore ( NTU ) is the second oldest public autonomous research university in Singapore . With a population of 33,500 students and 10,000 faculty and staff , NTU is the second largest university in Singapore . The University is organised into eight colleges and schools , including the College of Engineering , College of Science , Nanyang Business School , Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , and College of Humanities , Arts and Social Sciences . NTU is also home to several autonomous institutions such as Singapore 's National Institute of Education , S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies , Earth Observatory of Singapore , Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering , Institute on Asian Consumer Insight , and the recently launched NTU Institute of Science and Technology for Humanity . NTU 's main campus covers 200 hectares ( 490 acres ) of land , making it the largest university campus in Singapore . The primary campus grounds are located in the western part of Singapore , along 50 Nanyang Avenue . It also has two other campuses in Singapore 's healthcare and start-up districts , Novena and one-north respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 2 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Grätzel , Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Grätzel', 'summary': "Michael Grätzel ( born 11 May 1944 , in Dorfchemnitz , Saxony , Germany ) is a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne where he directs the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces . He pioneered research on energy and electron transfer reactions in mesoscopic-materials and their optoelectronic applications . He co-invented with Brian O'Regan the Grätzel cell in 1988 . Author of over 1000 publications , two books and inventor or co-inventor of over 80 patents , he has been the Mary Upton Visiting Professor at Cornell University and a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the National University of Singapore , and is currently a Distinguished Scientist at King Abdulaziz University . He was an Invited Professor at the University of California , Berkeley , the École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay and Delft University of Technology ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Gumbrecht', 'summary': "Hans Ulrich Sepp Gumbrecht ( born 1948 ) is a literary theorist whose work spans philology , philosophy , semiotics , literary and cultural history , and epistemologies of the everyday . As of June 14 , 2018 , he is Albert Guérard Professor Emeritus in Literature at Stanford University . Since 1989 , he held the Albert Guérard Chair as Professor in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French and Italian in Stanford 's Division of Literatures , Languages , and Cultures . By courtesy , he was also affiliated with the Departments of German Studies , Iberian and Latin American Cultures , and the Program in Modern Thought and Literature . Gumbrecht 's writing on philosophy and modern thought extends from the Middle Ages to today and incorporates an array of disciplines and styles , at times combining historical and philosophical inquiry with elements of memoir . Much of Gumbrecht 's scholarship has focused on national literatures in French , Spanish , Portuguese , and German , and he is known for his work on the Western philosophical tradition , the materiality of presence , shifting views of the Enlightenment , forms of aesthetic experience , and the joys of watching sports . As well as publishing academic works and teaching graduate and undergraduate students at Stanford , Gumbrecht is recognized as a public intellectual in Europe and South America and contributes to a range of newspapers and journals in English , German , Portuguese , and Spanish ."}]}, {'value': 'Aarhus University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aarhus_University', 'summary': "Aarhus University ( Danish : Aarhus Universitet , abbreviated AU ) is the largest and second oldest research university in Denmark [ nb 1 ] . The University is ranked among the top 100 world 's best universities , belongs to the Coimbra Group , the Guild , and Utrecht Network of European universities and is a member of the European University Association . The university was founded in Aarhus , Denmark , in 1928 and comprises four faculties in Arts , Science and Technology , Health , and Business and Social Sciences and has a total of twenty-seven departments . It is home to over thirty internationally recognised research centres , including fifteen Centres of Excellence funded by the Danish National Research Foundation . The business school within Aarhus University , called Aarhus BSS , holds the EFMD ( European Foundation for Management Development ) Equis accreditation , the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) and the Association of MBAs ( AMBA ) . This makes the business school of Aarhus University one of the few in the world to hold the so-called Triple Crown accreditation . Times Higher Education ranks Aarhus University in the top 10 of the most beautiful universities in Europe ( 2018 ) . The university 's alumni include Bjarne Stroustrup , the inventor of programming language C++ , Queen Margrethe II of Denmark , Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark , and Anders Fogh Rasmussen , former Prime Minister of Denmark and a Secretary General of NATO . It has affiliations with three Nobel Laureates : Jens Christian Skou in Chemistry ( 1997 ) , Trygve Haavelmo in Economics ( 1989 ) and Dale T. Mortensen in Economics ( 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'The Main Hall , Aarhus University , Aarhus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aarhus_University', 'summary': "Aarhus University ( Danish : Aarhus Universitet , abbreviated AU ) is the largest and second oldest research university in Denmark [ nb 1 ] . The University is ranked among the top 100 world 's best universities , belongs to the Coimbra Group , the Guild , and Utrecht Network of European universities and is a member of the European University Association . The university was founded in Aarhus , Denmark , in 1928 and comprises four faculties in Arts , Science and Technology , Health , and Business and Social Sciences and has a total of twenty-seven departments . It is home to over thirty internationally recognised research centres , including fifteen Centres of Excellence funded by the Danish National Research Foundation . The business school within Aarhus University , called Aarhus BSS , holds the EFMD ( European Foundation for Management Development ) Equis accreditation , the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) and the Association of MBAs ( AMBA ) . This makes the business school of Aarhus University one of the few in the world to hold the so-called Triple Crown accreditation . Times Higher Education ranks Aarhus University in the top 10 of the most beautiful universities in Europe ( 2018 ) . The university 's alumni include Bjarne Stroustrup , the inventor of programming language C++ , Queen Margrethe II of Denmark , Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark , and Anders Fogh Rasmussen , former Prime Minister of Denmark and a Secretary General of NATO . It has affiliations with three Nobel Laureates : Jens Christian Skou in Chemistry ( 1997 ) , Trygve Haavelmo in Economics ( 1989 ) and Dale T. Mortensen in Economics ( 2010 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aarhus', 'summary': 'Aarhus ( /ˈɔːrhuːs/ , also US : /ˈɑːr-/ , Danish : [ ˈɒːˌhuˀs ] ( listen ) ; officially spelled Århus from 1948 until 1 January 2011 ) [ note 1 ] is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus municipality . It is located on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula , in the geographical centre of Denmark , 187 kilometres ( 116 mi ) northwest of Copenhagen and 289 kilometres ( 180 mi ) north of Hamburg , Germany . The inner urban area contains 273,077 inhabitants ( as of 1 January 2018 [ update ] ) and the municipal population is 340,421 ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . Aarhus is the central city in Business Region Aarhus and in the East Jutland metropolitan area , which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016 . The history of Aarhus began as a fortified Viking settlement founded in the 8th century and with the first written records stemming from the bishopric seated here from at least 948 . The city was founded on the northern shores of a fjord at a natural harbour and the primary driver of growth was for centuries seaborne trade in agricultural products . Market town privileges were granted in 1441 , but growth stagnated in the 17th century as the city suffered blockades and bombardments during the Swedish Wars . In the 19th century it was occupied twice by German troops during the Schleswig Wars but avoided destruction . As the industrial revolution took hold , the city grew to become the second-largest in the country by the 20th century . Today , Aarhus is at the cultural and economic core of the region and the largest centre for trade , services , industry , and tourism in Jutland . The city ranks as the 92nd largest city in the European Union , and as number 234 among world cities . It is also a top 100 conference city in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'April 18 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geoffrey Ozin , Todd Siler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geoffrey_Ozin', 'summary': "Geoffrey Alan Stuart Ozin FRSC ( born 23 August 1943 ) is a British chemist , currently Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Materials Chemistry and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Toronto . He graduated with a first-class honours degree in chemistry from King 's College London in 1965 , and obtained his PhD in inorganic chemistry at Oriel College , Oxford in 1967 . He was awarded the Meldola Medal and Prize in ( 1972 ) , the Rutherford Memorial Medal in 1982 , and the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Todd_Siler', 'summary': 'Todd Siler ( born August 23 , 1953 ) is an American multimedia artist , author , educator , and inventor , equally well known for his art and for his work in creativity research . A graduate of Bowdoin College , he became the first visual artist to be granted a PhD from MIT ( interdisciplinary studies in Psychology and Art , 1986 ) . Siler began advocating the full integration of the arts and sciences in the 1970s and is the founder of the ArtScience Program and movement .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Tartu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tartu', 'summary': "The University of Tartu ( UT ; Estonian : Tartu Ülikool , Latin : Universitas Tartuensis ) is a university in the city of Tartu in Estonia . It is the national university of Estonia , and the only classical university in the country , and also the biggest and most prestigious university in Estonia . It was founded under the name of Academia Gustaviana in 1632 by Baron Johan Skytte , the Governor- General ( 1629-1634 ) of Swedish Livonia , Ingria and Karelia , with the required ratification provided by his long-time friend and former student - from age 7 - , King Gustavus Adolphus , shortly before the king 's death on 6 November in the Battle of Lützen ( 1632 ) , during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618-1648 ) . Nearly 14,000 students are at the university , of whom over 1,300 are foreign students . The language of instruction in most curricula is Estonian , some more notable exceptions are taught in English , such as semiotics , applied measurement science , computer science , information technology law , and European Union - Russia studies . The historical buildings of the university are included in the European Heritage Label list as embodiment of the ideas of a university in the Age of Enlightenment . The university is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network ."}]}, {'value': 'Assembly Hall , University of Tartu , Tartu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tartu', 'summary': "The University of Tartu ( UT ; Estonian : Tartu Ülikool , Latin : Universitas Tartuensis ) is a university in the city of Tartu in Estonia . It is the national university of Estonia , and the only classical university in the country , and also the biggest and most prestigious university in Estonia . It was founded under the name of Academia Gustaviana in 1632 by Baron Johan Skytte , the Governor- General ( 1629-1634 ) of Swedish Livonia , Ingria and Karelia , with the required ratification provided by his long-time friend and former student - from age 7 - , King Gustavus Adolphus , shortly before the king 's death on 6 November in the Battle of Lützen ( 1632 ) , during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618-1648 ) . Nearly 14,000 students are at the university , of whom over 1,300 are foreign students . The language of instruction in most curricula is Estonian , some more notable exceptions are taught in English , such as semiotics , applied measurement science , computer science , information technology law , and European Union - Russia studies . The historical buildings of the university are included in the European Heritage Label list as embodiment of the ideas of a university in the Age of Enlightenment . The university is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tartu', 'summary': "Tartu ( Estonian pronunciation : [ ˈtɑrtˑu ] , South Estonian : Tarto ) is the second largest city of Estonia , after Estonia 's political and financial capital Tallinn . Tartu is often considered the intellectual centre of the country , especially since it is home to the nation 's oldest and most renowned university , the University of Tartu . The city also houses the Supreme Court of Estonia , the Ministry of Education and Research , and the new building of the Estonian National Museum , opened to the public in October 2016 . It is also the birthplace of Estonian Song Festivals . Situated 186 kilometres ( 116 miles ) southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres ( 152 miles ) northeast of Riga , Tartu lies on the Emajõgi ( Mother river ) , which connects the two largest lakes of Estonia . The city is served by Tartu Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 10 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julio Montaner , Christian Azar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julio_Montaner', 'summary': 'Julio S. G. Montaner , OC , M.D. , OBC D.Sc. , FRCPC , FCCP , FACP , FRSC ( born April 13 , 1956 ) is an Argentinean-Canadian physician , professor and researcher . He is the director of the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS , the chair in AIDS Research and head of the Division of AIDS in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia and the past-president of the International AIDS Society . He is also the director of the John Ruedy Immunodeficiency Clinic , and the Physician Program Director for HIV/AIDS PHC . He is known for his work on HAART ( Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ) , a role in the discovery of triple therapy as an effective treatment for HIV in the late 1990s , and a role in advocating the Treatment as Prevention Strategy in the mid-2000s , led by Myron Cohen of the HPTN 052 trial .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Autónoma_del_Estado_de_México', 'summary': 'The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México ( UAEM ) ( Autonomous University of Mexico State ) is a public university in the State of Mexico , Mexico . It is the largest university institution in the state with over 84,500 students , with its central campus located in the state capital of Toluca . Formalised as a university under the UAEM name in 1956 , the institution traces its origins back to 1828 with the foundation Instituto Literario del Estado de México , in the former state capital of Tlalpan . In 1943 the institution was augmented to become the Instituto Científico y Literario de Toluca ( ICLA ) , and thirteen years later obtaining its present name and institutional status . The UAEM has graduated many notable alumni , the best-known is the artist Mariana Galán .'}]}, {'value': 'Aula Magna Adolfo López Mateos , UAEM , Toluca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Autónoma_del_Estado_de_México', 'summary': 'The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México ( UAEM ) ( Autonomous University of Mexico State ) is a public university in the State of Mexico , Mexico . It is the largest university institution in the state with over 84,500 students , with its central campus located in the state capital of Toluca . Formalised as a university under the UAEM name in 1956 , the institution traces its origins back to 1828 with the foundation Instituto Literario del Estado de México , in the former state capital of Tlalpan . In 1943 the institution was augmented to become the Instituto Científico y Literario de Toluca ( ICLA ) , and thirteen years later obtaining its present name and institutional status . The UAEM has graduated many notable alumni , the best-known is the artist Mariana Galán .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toluca', 'summary': 'Toluca [ toˈluka ] , officially called Toluca de Lerdo [ toˈluka ðe ˈleɾðo ] , is the state capital of the State of Mexico as well as the seat of the Municipality of Toluca . It is the center of a rapidly growing urban area , now the fifth largest in Mexico . It is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) west-southwest of Mexico City , about 40 minutes by car to the western edge of the city . According to the 2010 census , the city of Toluca has a population of 819,561 . The city is the fifth largest in Mexico by population . The municipality of Toluca , along with thirteen other municipalities , make up the metropolitan population of 2,116,506 in Greater Toluca as of 2015 [ update ] , making it the fifth most populous metropolitan area in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John T. Houghton , Marcell Jankovics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_T._Houghton', 'summary': "Sir John Theodore Houghton CBE FRS FLSW ( born 30 December 1931 ) is a Welsh scientist who was the co-chair of the Nobel Peace Prize winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's ( IPCC ) scientific assessment working group . He was the lead editor of first three IPCC reports . He was professor in atmospheric physics at the University of Oxford , former Director General at the Met Office and founder of the Hadley Centre . He is the president of the John Ray Initiative , an organisation connecting Environment , Science and Christianity , where he has compared the stewardship of the Earth , to the stewardship of the Garden of Eden by Adam and Eve . He is a founder member of the International Society for Science and Religion . He is also the current president of the Victoria Institute ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marcell_Jankovics', 'summary': "Marcell Jankovics ( born 21 October 1941 ) is a Hungarian graphic artist , film director , animator and author . He received his Oscar nomination for the 1974 animated short movie Sisyphus . That movie was used for a GMC Yukon Hybrid ad during the 2008 Super Bowl based on an agreement between the Hungarian film studio Pannónia and GM . He also received a Palme d'Or for the short movie The Struggle at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival . He has been presented multiple awards at the Kecskemét Animation Film Festival since 1985 . In 2009 , he was presented the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts His fourth feature film The Tragedy of Man was in production from 1988 until its release in 2011 . He was born in Budapest , Hungary . From 1955 he attended the Pannonhalma Benedictine Secondary School . He started working at Pannónia in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liège', 'summary': 'The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ) , or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . As of 2016 , ULiège is ranked in the # 251-300 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education , 265nd by QS World University Rankings , and between the 205th and 300th place by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . More than 2000 people , academics , scientists and technicians , are involved in research of a wide variety of subjects from basic research to applied research .'}]}, {'value': 'Salle Académique , University of Liège , Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liège', 'summary': 'The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ) , or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . As of 2016 , ULiège is ranked in the # 251-300 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education , 265nd by QS World University Rankings , and between the 205th and 300th place by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . More than 2000 people , academics , scientists and technicians , are involved in research of a wide variety of subjects from basic research to applied research .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liège', 'summary': 'Liège ( /liˈɛʒ , liˈeɪʒ/ lee-EZH , lee-AYZH , French : [ ljɛʒ ] ( listen ) , locally [ li.eʃ ] ; Walloon : Lidje Walloon : [ liːtʃ ] ( listen ) ; Dutch : Luik [ lœyk ] ( listen ) ; German : Lüttich [ ˈlʏtɪç ] ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège . The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse , in the east of Belgium , not far from borders with the Netherlands ( Maastricht is about 33 km ( 20.5 mi ) to the north ) and with Germany ( Aachen is about 53 km ( 32.9 mi ) north-east ) . At Liège , the Meuse meets the River Ourthe . The city is part of the sillon industriel , the former industrial backbone of Wallonia . It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region . The Liège municipality ( i.e . the city proper ) includes the former communes of Angleur , Bressoux , Chênée , Glain , Grivegnée , Jupille-sur-Meuse , Rocourt , and Wandre . In November 2012 , Liège had 198,280 inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,879 km2 ( 725 sq mi ) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008 . This includes a total of 52 municipalities , among others , Herstal and Seraing . Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium , after Brussels and Antwerp , and the fourth municipality after Antwerp , Ghent and Charleroi .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'November 25 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ada Yonath , William G. Bowen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada_Yonath', 'summary': 'Ada E. Yonath ( Hebrew : עדה יונת , pronounced [ ˈada joˈnat ] ) ( born 22 June 1939 ) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome . She is the current director of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly of the Weizmann Institute of Science . In 2009 , she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome , becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates , the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences , and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_G._Bowen', 'summary': 'William Gordon Bowen ( /ˈboʊən/ ; October 6 , 1933 - October 20 , 2016 ) was President Emeritus of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation where he served as President from 1988 to 2006 . He was the president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Princeton University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_University', 'summary': "Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Richardson Auditorium , Alexander Hall , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Hall_(Princeton_University)', 'summary': 'Richardson Auditorium in Alexander Hall is a historic 900-seat Richardsonian Romanesque performance hall at Princeton University in Princeton , New Jersey . It is home to both the Princeton University Orchestra and the Princeton Symphony Orchestra .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Princeton_University', 'summary': "Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County , New Jersey , United States , that was established in its current form on January 1 , 2013 , through the consolidation of the now-defunct Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township . As of the 2010 United States Census , the municipality 's population was 28,572 , reflecting the former township 's population of 16,265 , along with the 12,307 in the former borough . Princeton was founded before the American Revolutionary War . It is the home of Princeton University , which bears its name and moved to the community in 1756 from its previous location in Newark . Although its association with the university is primarily what makes Princeton a college town , other important institutions in the area include the Institute for Advanced Study , Westminster Choir College , Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton Theological Seminary , Opinion Research Corporation , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Siemens Corporate Research , SRI International , FMC Corporation , The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , Amrep , Church and Dwight , Berlitz International , and Dow Jones & Company . Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia . It is close to many major highways that serve both cities ( e.g . Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1 ) , and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each . It is also close to Trenton , New Jersey 's capital city , and Edison . The New Jersey governor 's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945 , when Morven in what was then Princeton Borough became the first Governor 's mansion . It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket , a colonial mansion located in the former Township . Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 11 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fraser Stoddart , Anne Moeglin-Delcroix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart', 'summary': 'Sir James Fraser Stoddart FRS FRSE FRSC ( born 24 May 1942 ) is a Scottish chemist who is Board of Trustees Professor of Chemistry and head of the Stoddart Mechanostereochemistry Group in the Department of Chemistry at Northwestern University in the United States . He works in the area of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology . Stoddart has developed highly efficient syntheses of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as molecular Borromean rings , catenanes and rotaxanes utilizing molecular recognition and molecular self-assembly processes . He has demonstrated that these topologies can be employed as molecular switches . His group has even applied these structures in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and nanoelectromechanical systems ( NEMS ) . His efforts have been recognized by numerous awards including the 2007 King Faisal International Prize in Science . He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Ben Feringa and Jean-Pierre Sauvage in 2016 for the design and synthesis of molecular machines .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Autónoma_de_Nuevo_León', 'summary': 'The Autonomous University of Nuevo León ( Spanish : Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , UANL ) is a public university with seven campuses across the Northern state of Nuevo León , Mexico . Founded as University of Nuevo León on 25 September 1933 , it is the third largest public university in Mexico in terms of student population and the most important institution of higher learning in Northeastern Mexico , which offers the highest number of academic programs . It is also the oldest university in the state , it is currently headquartered in San Nicolás de los Garza , a suburb of Monterrey . The UANL has seven distinct campuses : the Main Campus , which houses the Administration Building , Colleges of Law , Biological Sciences , Chemistry , Public Accounting and Philosophy , amongst others , as well as the Football Stadium , and other sport facilities . Other campuses include the Health Sciences Campus , the Mederos Humanities and Fine Arts campus , the Marin Agronomy Center , the Escobedo Agricultural Sciences Campus , the Linares Earth Sciences , and Forestry campus , as well as the Sabinas Hidalgo facilities , where extensions of the Colleges of Law , and Business are housed . The institution counts with 84 Libraries with a total of 2,238,000 Library volumes . It has 27 research facilities with 438 national researchers , 16 academic journals , 9 main campus bookstores , 25 student computer centers and 53 cafeterias . The University has been ranked by various organizations as one of the best public universities in Mexico and Latin America , it has been ranked 4th place in a publication of the Best Universities Of Mexico 2014 by the Rankia Organization in Mexico , and is ranked as one of the 10 most recognized universities in Mexico by a number of organizations like QS World University Rankings and the Mexican journal El Universal .'}]}, {'value': 'Teatro Universitario , Campus Mederos , Monterrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monterrey', 'summary': "Monterrey ( /ˌmɒntəˈreɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ monteˈrei ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León , Mexico . The city is anchor to the Monterrey metropolitan area , the second most productive in Mexico with a GDP ( PPP ) of US $ 123 billion , and the third largest with an estimated population of 4,689,601 people as of 2015 . Monterrey is also considered the city with the best quality of life in the country [ citation needed ] , and serves as a commercial center of northern Mexico and is the base of many significant international corporations . Its purchasing power parity-adjusted GDP per capita is considerably higher than the rest of Mexico 's at around US $ 35,500 , compared to the country 's US $ 18,800 . It is considered a Beta World City , cosmopolitan and competitive . Rich in history and culture , it is one of the most developed cities in Mexico . As an important industrial and business center , the city is also home to many Mexican companies , including Grupo Avante , Lanix Electronics , Ocresa , CEMEX , Vitro , OXXO , FEMSA , DINA S.A. , Gamesa , Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery , and Grupo ALFA . Monterrey is also home to international companies such as Cognizant , Siemens , Accenture , MSCI , Ternium , Sony , Toshiba , Carrier , Whirlpool , Samsung , Toyota , Babcock & Wilcox , Daewoo , British American Tobacco , Nokia , Dell , Boeing , HTC , General Electric , Johnson Controls , LG , SAS Institute , Grundfos , Danfoss , Qualfon and Teleperformance , among others . Monterrey is in northeastern Mexico , at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental . The uninterrupted settlement of Monterrey was founded by Diego de Montemayor in 1596 . In the years after the Mexican War of Independence , Monterrey became an important business center . With the establishment of Fundidora Monterrey , the city has experienced great industrial growth ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'November 24 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Zewail , Marlene Scardamalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail', 'summary': 'Ahmed Hassan Zewail ( Arabic : أحمد حسن زويل , Egyptian Arabic : [ ˈæħmæd ˈħæsæn zeˈweːl ] ; February 26 , 1946 - August 2 , 2016 ) was an Egyptian-American chemist , known as the father of femtochemistry . He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field . He was the Linus Pauling Chair Professor of Chemistry , Professor of Physics , and the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marlene_Scardamalia', 'summary': 'Marlene Scardamalia is an education researcher , professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education , University of Toronto .'}]}, {'value': 'Instituto Politécnico Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Instituto_Politécnico_Nacional', 'summary': "The National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico ( Spanish : Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México . Spanish pronunciation : [ instiˈtuto poliˈtekniko nasjoˈnal ] ( listen ) ) , abbreviated IPN , is one of the largest public universities in Mexico with 171,581 students at the high school , undergraduate and postgraduate levels . It is the second best university in Mexico in the technical and engineering domain according to the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2018 . It was founded on 1 January 1936 during the administration of President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río in order to provide professional education to the most disadvantaged social classes in that period , a practice that is maintained because it is one of the few vocational schools in the world . The institute consists of 98 academic units offering 293 courses of study . It includes 78 technical careers , 80 undergraduate and 135 postgraduate programs . Its main campus , called 'Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos ' or 'Zacatenco ' , is on approximately 530 acres ( 2.1 km2 ) north of Mexico City . The IPN is based primarily in Mexico City and its suburbs , but with several research institutes and facilities distributed over 22 states ."}]}, {'value': 'Sala Manuel M. Ponce , Palacio de Bellas Artes , Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes', 'summary': 'The Palacio de Bellas Artes ( Palace of Fine Arts ) is a prominent cultural center in Mexico City . It has hosted some of the most notable events in music , dance , theatre , opera and literature and has held important exhibitions of painting , sculpture and photography . Consequently , the Palacio de Bellas Artes has been called the Cathedral of Art in Mexico . The building is located on the western side of the historic center of Mexico City next to the Alameda Central park . The first National Theater of Mexico was built in the late 19th century , but it was soon decided to tear this down in favor of a more opulent building in time for Centennial of the Mexican War of Independence in 1910 . The initial design and construction was undertaken by Italian architect Adamo Boari in 1904 , but complications arising from the soft subsoil and the political problem both before and during the Mexican Revolution , hindered then stopped construction completely by 1913 . Construction began again in 1932 under Mexican architect Federico Mariscal and was completed in 1934 . The exterior of the building is primarily Art Nouveau and Neoclassical and the interior is primarily Art Deco . The building is best known for its murals by Diego Rivera , Siqueiros and others , as well as the many exhibitions and theatrical performances its hosts , including the Ballet Folklórico de México .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Hopfield , Enrique Norten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Hopfield', 'summary': 'John Joseph Hopfield ( born July 15 , 1933 ) is an American scientist most widely known for his invention of an associative neural network in 1982 . It is now more commonly known as the Hopfield Network .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Norten', 'summary': "Enrique Norten ( born c. 1954 ) , Hon . FAIA , is a Mexican architect and principal of the design firm TEN Arquitectos ( Taller de Enrique Norten Arquitectos ) . Norten was born in Mexico City in 1954 where he graduated from the Universidad Iberoamericana with a degree in architecture in 1978 . He obtained a Master of Architecture from Cornell University in 1980 . In 1986 , he founded TEN Arquitectos in Mexico City , initiating a lifelong commitment to architecture and design . In February 2008 , Enrique Norten was presented with the Excellence in Architecture and Design Award by PODER - Boston Consulting Group Business Awards , and in 2007 obtained the Legacy Award from the Smithsonian Institution for his contributions to the US arts and culture . In 2005 he received the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts by the World Cultural Council and was the first Mies van der Rohe Award recipient for Latin American Architecture in 1998 . Enrique Norten has lectured all over the world and has spoken at the Urban Age Conference , dedicated to shaping the thinking and practice of urban leaders and sustainable urban development through a worldwide investigation into the future of diverse cities around the world . Throughout his career , he has balanced the practice of architecture with a constant participation on international juries and award committees such as the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition in New York City and the Holcim Awards for Sustainable Construction . In 2006 he was appointed member of Deutsche Banks Board of Trustees and on successive years he has become a board member of the Mexican Cultural Institute of New York and the Americas Society/Council of the Americas . Enrique Norten holds the Miller Chair at the University of Pennsylvania , in Philadelphia since 1998 . He has held the O'Neil Ford Chair in Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin , the Lorch Professor of Architecture Chair at the University of Michigan , and the Elliot Noyes Visiting Design Critic at Harvard University ."}]}, {'value': 'Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Autónoma_Agraria_Antonio_Narro', 'summary': 'The Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University or Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro in Spanish ( UAAAN ) is a public university in Mexico dedicated to the Agricultural , Silvicultural , Animal Production , food and Environmental Sciences . It is located 6 kilometers south of Saltillo , in the Mexican state of Coahuila . The Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University is one of the most important agricultural college of America Latina and the Narro have national and international recognition in the agricultural and animal industry and the high academic level . There is also a campus in Torreón , Coahuila . It is also called Universidad Antonio Narro for short , or simply , La Narro . In 2008 the UAAAN has an enrollment of about 4,500 students in both campuses , all in agriculture and related sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Teatro de la Ciudad Fernando Soler , Saltillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saltillo', 'summary': 'Saltillo ( American Spanish : [ salˈtiʝo ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the northeastern Mexican state of Coahuila and the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name . As of the 2015 census , Saltillo had a population of 807,537 people , while the population of itsmetropolitan area was 923,636 inhabitants , making Saltillo the largest city and the second-largest metropolitan area in the state of Coahuila , and the 19th most populated metropolitan area in the country . Saltillo is one of the most industrialized areas of the country and has one of the largest automotive clusters in Mexico , with plants such as Grupo Industrial Saltillo , General Motors , Fiat Automobiles , Chrysler , Daimler AG , Freightliner Trucks , Delphi , Plastic Omnium , Magna , and Nemak operating in the region .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'November 12 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralph J. Cicerone , David Attenborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone', 'summary': 'Ralph John Cicerone ( May 2 , 1943 - November 5 , 2016 ) was an American atmospheric scientist and administrator . From 1998 to 2005 , he was the chancellor of the University of California , Irvine . From 2005 to 2016 , he was the president of the National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) . He was a renowned authority on climate change and atmospheric chemistry , and issued an early warning about the grave potential risks of climate change .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Attenborough', 'summary': 'Sir David Frederick Attenborough ( /ˈætənbrə/ ; born 8 May 1926 ) is an English broadcaster and natural historian . He is best known for writing and presenting , in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit , the nine natural history documentary series forming the Life collection that together constitute a comprehensive survey of animal and plant life on Earth . He is a former senior manager at the BBC , having served as controller of BBC Two and director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s . He is the only person to have won BAFTAs for programmes in each of black and white , colour , HD , 3D and 4K . In 2018 and 2019 , he received Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Narrator . Attenborough is widely considered a national treasure in the UK , although he himself does not like the term . In 2002 , he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide poll for the BBC . He is the younger brother of the director , producer and actor Richard Attenborough , Baron Attenborough , and older brother of the motor executive John Attenborough .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liège', 'summary': 'The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ) , or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . As of 2016 , ULiège is ranked in the # 251-300 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education , 265nd by QS World University Rankings , and between the 205th and 300th place by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . More than 2000 people , academics , scientists and technicians , are involved in research of a wide variety of subjects from basic research to applied research .'}]}, {'value': 'Amphithéâtres de lEurope , University of Liège , Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liège', 'summary': 'The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ) , or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . As of 2016 , ULiège is ranked in the # 251-300 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education , 265nd by QS World University Rankings , and between the 205th and 300th place by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . More than 2000 people , academics , scientists and technicians , are involved in research of a wide variety of subjects from basic research to applied research .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liège', 'summary': 'Liège ( /liˈɛʒ , liˈeɪʒ/ lee-EZH , lee-AYZH , French : [ ljɛʒ ] ( listen ) , locally [ li.eʃ ] ; Walloon : Lidje Walloon : [ liːtʃ ] ( listen ) ; Dutch : Luik [ lœyk ] ( listen ) ; German : Lüttich [ ˈlʏtɪç ] ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège . The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse , in the east of Belgium , not far from borders with the Netherlands ( Maastricht is about 33 km ( 20.5 mi ) to the north ) and with Germany ( Aachen is about 53 km ( 32.9 mi ) north-east ) . At Liège , the Meuse meets the River Ourthe . The city is part of the sillon industriel , the former industrial backbone of Wallonia . It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region . The Liège municipality ( i.e . the city proper ) includes the former communes of Angleur , Bressoux , Chênée , Glain , Grivegnée , Jupille-sur-Meuse , Rocourt , and Wandre . In November 2012 , Liège had 198,280 inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,879 km2 ( 725 sq mi ) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008 . This includes a total of 52 municipalities , among others , Herstal and Seraing . Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium , after Brussels and Antwerp , and the fourth municipality after Antwerp , Ghent and Charleroi .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Rees , Otto Piene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Rees', 'summary': 'Martin John Rees , Baron Rees of Ludlow , OM , FRS , FREng , FMedSci , FRAS ( born 23 June 1942 ) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist . He has been Astronomer Royal since 1995 and was Master of Trinity College , Cambridge from 2004 to 2012 and President of the Royal Society between 2005 and 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Otto_Piene', 'summary': 'Otto Piene ( pronounced PEE-nah , 18 April 1928 - 17 July 2014 ) was a German-American artist specializing in kinetic and technology-based art , often working collaboratively . He lived and worked in Düsseldorf , Germany ; Cambridge , Massachusetts ; and Groton , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Helsinki , Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Helsinki', 'summary': "The University of Helsinki ( Finnish : Helsingin yliopisto , Swedish : Helsingfors universitet , Latin : Universitas Helsingiensis , abbreviated UH ) is a university located in Helsinki , Finland since 1829 , but founded in the city of Turku ( in Swedish Åbo ) in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo , at that time part of the Swedish Empire . It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available . Around 36,500 students are currently enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes . As of 1 August 2005 , the university complies with the harmonized structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor , Master , Licenciate , and Doctoral degrees . Admission to degree programmes is usually determined by entrance examinations , in the case of bachelor 's degrees , and by prior degree results , in the case of master and postgraduate degrees . Entrance is particularly selective ( circa 15% of the yearly applicants are admitted ) . It has been ranked a top 100 university in the world according to the 2016 ARWU , QS and THE rankings . The university is bilingual , with teaching by law provided both in Finnish and Swedish . Since Swedish , albeit an official language of Finland , is a minority language , Finnish is by far the dominating language at the university . Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at Master , Licentiate , and Doctoral levels , making it a de facto third language of instruction . Remaining true to its traditionally strong Humboldtian ethos , the University of Helsinki places heavy emphasis on high-quality teaching and research of a top international standard . It is a member of various prominent international university networks , such as Europaeum , UNICA , the Utrecht Network , and is a founding member of the League of European Research Universities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters', 'summary': 'The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters is a Finnish academy for natural sciences , social sciences and humanities . It is known in Latin as Societas Scientiarum Fennica , in Swedish as Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten , and in Finnish as Suomen Tiedeseura . It is bilingual ( Swedish and Finnish ) science academy and oldest of the four science academies in Finland . The society was founded in 1838 and is based in Helsinki . It has a total of 120 full ordinary Finnish members , excluding members who have reached the age of 67 ( a member who reaches the age of 67 retains the rights as a member but leaves his or her chair open for election of a new member ) , and about 120 foreign members . It is divided into four sections : I : mathematics and physics , II : biosciences , III : humanities , and IV : social sciences . The society publishes a yearbook , Sphinx , and the book series Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum , Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium , Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk and The History of Learning and Science in Finland 1828-1918 . It also awards a number of prizes and grants for scientific and scholarly work . In addition to the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters , there are three other academies in Finland : the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters and two academies of engineering sciences . The four Finnish academies have an umbrella organisation for cooperation , the Council of Finnish Academies .'}]}, {'value': 'National Library of Finland , University of Helsinki , Helsinki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland', 'summary': 'The National Library of Finland ( Finnish : Kansalliskirjasto , Swedish : Nationalbiblioteket ) is the foremost research library in Finland . Administratively the library is part of the University of Helsinki . Until 1 August 2006 , it was known as the Helsinki University Library . The National Library is responsible for storing the Finnish cultural heritage . By Finnish law , the National Library is a legal deposit library and receives copies of all printed matter , as well as audiovisual materials excepting films , produced in Finland or for distribution in Finland . These copies are then distributed by the Library to its own national collection and to reserve collections of five other university libraries . Also , the National Library has the obligation to collect and preserve materials published on the Internet . Any person who lives in Finland may register as a user of the National Library and borrow library material . The publications in the national collection , however , are not loaned outside the library . The library also is home to one of the most comprehensive collections of books published in the Russian Empire of any library in the world . The National Library is located in Helsinki , close to Senaatintori square . The oldest part of the library complex , designed by Carl Ludvig Engel , dates back to 1844 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Helsinki', 'summary': "The University of Helsinki ( Finnish : Helsingin yliopisto , Swedish : Helsingfors universitet , Latin : Universitas Helsingiensis , abbreviated UH ) is a university located in Helsinki , Finland since 1829 , but founded in the city of Turku ( in Swedish Åbo ) in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo , at that time part of the Swedish Empire . It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available . Around 36,500 students are currently enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes . As of 1 August 2005 , the university complies with the harmonized structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor , Master , Licenciate , and Doctoral degrees . Admission to degree programmes is usually determined by entrance examinations , in the case of bachelor 's degrees , and by prior degree results , in the case of master and postgraduate degrees . Entrance is particularly selective ( circa 15% of the yearly applicants are admitted ) . It has been ranked a top 100 university in the world according to the 2016 ARWU , QS and THE rankings . The university is bilingual , with teaching by law provided both in Finnish and Swedish . Since Swedish , albeit an official language of Finland , is a minority language , Finnish is by far the dominating language at the university . Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at Master , Licentiate , and Doctoral levels , making it a de facto third language of instruction . Remaining true to its traditionally strong Humboldtian ethos , the University of Helsinki places heavy emphasis on high-quality teaching and research of a top international standard . It is a member of various prominent international university networks , such as Europaeum , UNICA , the Utrecht Network , and is a founding member of the League of European Research Universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel H. Janzen , Jeannie Oakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Janzen', 'summary': 'Daniel Hunt Janzen ( born January 18 , 1939 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) is an American evolutionary ecologist , and conservationist . He divides his time between his professorship in biology at the University of Pennsylvania , where he is the DiMaura Professor of Conservation Biology , and his research and field work in Costa Rica . In Costa Rica , Janzen and his partner Winifred Hallwachs helped to establish the Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site , one of the oldest , largest and most successful habitat restoration projects in the world . As of 2019 , it consists of 169,000 hectares ( 420,000 acres ) , located just south of the Costa Rica-Nicaragua border , between the Pacific Ocean and the Cordillera de Tilaran . The park exemplifies their beliefs about how a park should be run . It is known as a center of biological research , forest restoration and community outreach . Closely related is their work cataloguing the biodiversity of Costa Rica . Through a DNA barcoding initiative with geneticist Paul Hebert , they have registered over 500,000 specimens representing more than 45,000 species from Área de Conservación Guanacaste . This research has led to the identification of cryptic species of near-identical appearance that differ in terms of genetics and ecological niche . Janzen and Hallwachs have supported species barcoding initiatives at both national and international levels through the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad ( INBio ) , CBOL ( Consortium for the Barcode of Life ) and iBOL ( International Barcode of Life ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinity College , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin', 'summary': "Trinity College ( Irish : Coláiste na Tríonóide ) , officially the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin , is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin , a research university located in Dublin , Ireland . The college was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I as the mother of a university that was modeled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , but unlike these institutions , only one college was ever established ; as such , the designations Trinity College and University of Dublin are usually synonymous for practical purposes . The college is legally incorporated by the Provost , Fellows , Foundation Scholars and other members of the Board as outlined by its founding charter . It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland , as well as Ireland 's oldest surviving university . Trinity College is widely considered the most prestigious university in Ireland , in part due to its extensive history . It is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Europe , and is particularly acclaimed in the fields of Law , Literature and Humanities . In accordance with the formula of ad eundem gradum , a form of recognition that exists among the three universities , a graduate of Oxford , Cambridge , or Dublin can be conferred with the equivalent degree at either of the other two universities without further examination . Trinity College , Dublin is a sister college to St John 's College , Cambridge and Oriel College , Oxford . Originally Trinity was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the outlawed Catholic Augustinian Priory of All Hallows . Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland , and as a result was the university of the Protestant Ascendancy for much of its history . While Catholics were admitted from 1793 , certain restrictions on membership of the college remained , as professorships , fellowships and scholarships were reserved for Protestants . These restrictions were lifted by Act of Parliament in 1873 ."}]}, {'value': 'Examination Hall , Trinity College , Dublin , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin', 'summary': "Trinity College ( Irish : Coláiste na Tríonóide ) , officially the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin , is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin , a research university located in Dublin , Ireland . The college was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I as the mother of a university that was modeled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , but unlike these institutions , only one college was ever established ; as such , the designations Trinity College and University of Dublin are usually synonymous for practical purposes . The college is legally incorporated by the Provost , Fellows , Foundation Scholars and other members of the Board as outlined by its founding charter . It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland , as well as Ireland 's oldest surviving university . Trinity College is widely considered the most prestigious university in Ireland , in part due to its extensive history . It is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Europe , and is particularly acclaimed in the fields of Law , Literature and Humanities . In accordance with the formula of ad eundem gradum , a form of recognition that exists among the three universities , a graduate of Oxford , Cambridge , or Dublin can be conferred with the equivalent degree at either of the other two universities without further examination . Trinity College , Dublin is a sister college to St John 's College , Cambridge and Oriel College , Oxford . Originally Trinity was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the outlawed Catholic Augustinian Priory of All Hallows . Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland , and as a result was the university of the Protestant Ascendancy for much of its history . While Catholics were admitted from 1793 , certain restrictions on membership of the college remained , as professorships , fellowships and scholarships were reserved for Protestants . These restrictions were lifted by Act of Parliament in 1873 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 14 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niels Birbaumer , Edna Hibel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utrecht University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utrecht_University', 'summary': "Utrecht University ( UU ; Dutch : Universiteit Utrecht , formerly Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht ) is a university in Utrecht , the Netherlands . Established 26 March 1636 , it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands . In 2016 , it had an enrolment of 29,425 students , and employed 5,568 faculty and staff . In 2011 , 485 PhD degrees were awarded and 7,773 scientific articles were published . The 2013 budget of the university was €765 million . Utrecht University has been placed in the top 100 universities in the world by four major ranking tables . The university is rated as the best university in the Netherlands by the Shanghai Ranking of World Universities 2013 , and ranked as the 13th best university in Europe and the 52nd best university of the world . The university 's motto is Sol Iustitiae Illustra Nos , which means Sun of Justice , shine upon us . This motto was gleaned from a literal Latin Bible translation of Malachi 4:2 . ( Rutgers University , having a historical connection with Utrecht University , uses a modified version of this motto . ) Utrecht University is led by the University Board , consisting of prof. dr. Henk Kummeling ( Rector Magnificus ) , prof. dr. Anton Pijpers ( Chair ) and prof. mr. Annetje Ottow ( Vice Chair ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Academiegebouw , Utrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utrecht', 'summary': "Utrecht ( /ˈjuːtrɛkt/ YOO-trekt , also UK : /juːˈtrɛxt/ yoo-TREKHT , Dutch : [ ˈytrɛxt ] ( listen ) ) is the fourth-largest city and a municipality of the Netherlands , capital and most populous city of the province of Utrecht . It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation , in the very centre of mainland Netherlands ; it had a population of 357,179 as of 2019 . Utrecht 's ancient city centre features many buildings and structures , several dating as far back as the High Middle Ages . It has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century . It lost the status of prince-bishopric but remains the main religious centre in the country . Utrecht was the most important city in the Netherlands until the Dutch Golden Age , when it was surpassed by Amsterdam as the country 's cultural centre and most populous city . Utrecht is host to Utrecht University , the largest university in the Netherlands , as well as several other institutions of higher education . Due to its central position within the country , it is an important transport hub for both rail and road transport ; the busiest train station in the Netherlands , Utrecht Centraal , is in the city of Utrecht . It has the second highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam . In 2012 , Lonely Planet included Utrecht in the top 10 of the world 's unsung places ."}]}, {'value': 'Nederlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'November 21 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Fenner , Zafra M. Lerman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Fenner', 'summary': "Frank John Fenner AC CMG MBE FRS FAA ( 21 December 1914 - 22 November 2010 ) was an Australian scientist with a distinguished career in the field of virology . His two greatest achievements are cited as overseeing the eradication of smallpox , and the control of Australia 's rabbit plague through the introduction of Myxoma virus . The Australian Academy of Science awards annually the prestigious Fenner Medal for distinguished research in biology by a scientist under 40 years of age ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zafra_M._Lerman', 'summary': "Zafra M. Lerman is an American chemist , educator , and humanitarian . She is the President of the Malta Conferences Foundation , which aims to promote peace by bringing together scientists from otherwise hostile countries to discuss science and foster international scientific and technical collaboration . From 1986 to 2010 , she chaired the American Chemical Society 's Subcommittee on Scientific Freedom and Human Rights . She has been successful in preventing executions , releasing prisoners of conscience from jail and bringing dissidents to freedom . She is the recipient of many awards for education and science diplomacy , including the 1999 Presidential Award from U.S. President Clinton , the 2005 Nyholm Prize for Education from the Royal Society of Chemistry ( England ) , the 2015 Science Diplomacy Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , and the 2016 Andrei Sakharov Award for human rights from the American Physical Society ( APS ) ."}]}, {'value': 'University of the Witwatersrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand', 'summary': "The University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ( /vətˈvɑːtəsrənt/ ) , is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg . It is more commonly known as Wits University or Wits ( /vəts/ or /vɪts/ ) . The university has its roots in the mining industry , as do Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand in general . Founded in 1896 as the South African School of Mines in Kimberley , it is the third oldest South African university in continuous operation . The university has an enrolment of 40,259 students as of 2018 , of which approximately 20 percent live on campus in the university 's 17 residences . 63 percent of the university 's total enrolment is for undergraduate study , with 35 percent being postgraduate and the remaining 2 percent being Occasional Students . The 2017 Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) places Wits University , with its overall score , as the highest ranked university in Africa . Wits was ranked as the top university in South Africa in the Center for World University Rankings ( CWUR ) in 2016 . According to the CWUR rankings , Wits occupies this ranking position since 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Hall , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand', 'summary': "The University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ( /vətˈvɑːtəsrənt/ ) , is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg . It is more commonly known as Wits University or Wits ( /vəts/ or /vɪts/ ) . The university has its roots in the mining industry , as do Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand in general . Founded in 1896 as the South African School of Mines in Kimberley , it is the third oldest South African university in continuous operation . The university has an enrolment of 40,259 students as of 2018 , of which approximately 20 percent live on campus in the university 's 17 residences . 63 percent of the university 's total enrolment is for undergraduate study , with 35 percent being postgraduate and the remaining 2 percent being Occasional Students . The 2017 Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) places Wits University , with its overall score , as the highest ranked university in Africa . Wits was ranked as the top university in South Africa in the Center for World University Rankings ( CWUR ) in 2016 . According to the CWUR rankings , Wits occupies this ranking position since 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johannesburg', 'summary': "Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -\u2060HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1 , 2000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Award ceremonies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'World_Cultural_Council_0', 'intro': 'The World Cultural Council is an international organization whose goals are to promote cultural values, goodwill and philanthropy among individuals. The organization founded in 1981 and based in Mexico, has held a yearly award ceremony since 1984 by granting the Albert Einstein World Award of Science, the José Vasconcelos World Award of Education, and the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts to outstanding scientists, educators, and artists, who have contributed positively to the cultural enrichment of mankind. The members of the Council include several Nobel laureates.'} | null | null | Who is the anchor of the site that was used as a scene during the shooting of the Alan Bennett written An Englishman Abroad ( 1983 ) ? | University of Dundee |
05980e81b6ea9e0d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONCE_(cycling_team)', 'title': 'ONCE (cycling team)', 'header': ['Date', 'Race', 'Location', 'Winner'], 'data': [{'value': '2004-02-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Mallorca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trofeo_Mallorca', 'summary': 'The Challenge Vuelta Ciclista a Mallorca ( English : Tour of Majorca , Catalan : Challenge Volta Ciclista a Mallorca ) is a series of four ( five until 2012 ) professional one day road bicycle races held on the Spanish island of Mallorca in late January or early February . The event is used as an early season preparatory event by many of the top teams in readiness for the bigger races later in the season . The five races are ranked 1.1 on the UCI Europe Tour . Although the race styles itself as the Tour of Majorca it has never been allowed to be classed as a multi day stage race by the sports governing body the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) because the race rules allows riders not to participate on certain days if they dont want to . However , there is an unofficial overall classification winner taken on total time over five days . This laid back attitude by the race organisers makes the race popular with team managers who can bring a large squad ( sometimes as many as 20 riders ) and interchange them over the five days . Apart from the overall classification on time there are the usual Mountains , Points and Sprints competitions associated with any stage race . There is also a competition for the top Majorcan based rider , in the past this has been won by Vicente Reynès , Antonio Colóm and Antonio Tauler . The first day of racing is the Trofeo Mallorca which is a criterium ( circuit race ) around the streets of Palma . The second day is the Trofeo Cala Millor , sometimes called the Trofeo Alcúdia . These two opening days are run over a fairly flat course and result in a sprint finish . The Trofeo Pollença ( day three ) and Trofeo Sóller ( day four ) are contested over a more hilly course using the climbs of the Col de Sóller ( 501 metres ) and the Col de Puig Major ( 850 metres ) amongst others on the route .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': '2004-02-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Manacor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trofeo_Manacor', 'summary': 'The Challenge Vuelta Ciclista a Mallorca ( English : Tour of Majorca , Catalan : Challenge Volta Ciclista a Mallorca ) is a series of four ( five until 2012 ) professional one day road bicycle races held on the Spanish island of Mallorca in late January or early February . The event is used as an early season preparatory event by many of the top teams in readiness for the bigger races later in the season . The five races are ranked 1.1 on the UCI Europe Tour . Although the race styles itself as the Tour of Majorca it has never been allowed to be classed as a multi day stage race by the sports governing body the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) because the race rules allows riders not to participate on certain days if they dont want to . However , there is an unofficial overall classification winner taken on total time over five days . This laid back attitude by the race organisers makes the race popular with team managers who can bring a large squad ( sometimes as many as 20 riders ) and interchange them over the five days . Apart from the overall classification on time there are the usual Mountains , Points and Sprints competitions associated with any stage race . There is also a competition for the top Majorcan based rider , in the past this has been won by Vicente Reynès , Antonio Colóm and Antonio Tauler . The first day of racing is the Trofeo Mallorca which is a criterium ( circuit race ) around the streets of Palma . The second day is the Trofeo Cala Millor , sometimes called the Trofeo Alcúdia . These two opening days are run over a fairly flat course and result in a sprint finish . The Trofeo Pollença ( day three ) and Trofeo Sóller ( day four ) are contested over a more hilly course using the climbs of the Col de Sóller ( 501 metres ) and the Col de Puig Major ( 850 metres ) amongst others on the route .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': '2004-05-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Overall , Vuelta a Castilla y León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_Castilla_y_León', 'summary': 'The Vuelta Ciclista a Castilla y León is a professional road bicycle stage race held in Castile and León , Spain . Since 2005 , Vuelta a Castilla y León has been a part of the UCI Europe Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Koldo Gil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koldo_Gil', 'summary': "Koldo Gil Pérez ( born 16 January 1978 in Burlata , Navarra ) is a former Spanish professional road racing cyclist who last rode for the UCI Continental team Liberty Seguros Continental . His career highlights include winning a stage of the Giro d'Italia and leading the overall classification at the Tour de Suisse . At the 2006 Tour de Suisse , Gil took stage 6 and held the leader 's yellow jersey until the final stage when he was overtaken by 2004 winner Jan Ullrich in the final stage 's individual time trial . He finished a disappointing second . After Gil was unable to find a team for the 2009 season , he announced his retirement ."}]}, {'value': '2004-05-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 3 , Clasica a Alcobendas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Leon Sanchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Leon_Sanchez', 'summary': "Luis León Sánchez Gil ( born 24 November 1983 ) is a Spanish road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana . Sánchez 's major achievements include winning the overall classifications of the 2009 Paris-Nice and the 2005 Tour Down Under , as well as the one-day race Clásica de San Sebastián in 2010 and 2012 . He also has 4 Tour de France stage victories and is a four-time winner of the Spanish National Time Trial Championships . He is a time trial specialist and has improved his climbing skills over the course of his career ."}]}, {'value': '2004-05-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 1 , Vuelta a Asturias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_Asturias', 'summary': 'Vuelta a Asturias is a professional cycle road race held in Spain in early May each year . The event was first run in 1925 but has not been held consistently until 1968 to present . Since 2005 , the race has been organised as a 2.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour . On 25 April 2014 , the Vuelta a Asturias was suspended one week before its start due to the lack of funds and sponsors . The race returned in 2015 , when a two-stage edition was won by Igor Antón ( Movistar Team ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Leon Sanchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Leon_Sanchez', 'summary': "Luis León Sánchez Gil ( born 24 November 1983 ) is a Spanish road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana . Sánchez 's major achievements include winning the overall classifications of the 2009 Paris-Nice and the 2005 Tour Down Under , as well as the one-day race Clásica de San Sebastián in 2010 and 2012 . He also has 4 Tour de France stage victories and is a four-time winner of the Spanish National Time Trial Championships . He is a time trial specialist and has improved his climbing skills over the course of his career ."}]}, {'value': '2004-05-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 3 , Vuelta a Asturias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_Asturias', 'summary': 'Vuelta a Asturias is a professional cycle road race held in Spain in early May each year . The event was first run in 1925 but has not been held consistently until 1968 to present . Since 2005 , the race has been organised as a 2.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour . On 25 April 2014 , the Vuelta a Asturias was suspended one week before its start due to the lack of funds and sponsors . The race returned in 2015 , when a two-stage edition was won by Igor Antón ( Movistar Team ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Barredo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Barredo', 'summary': 'Carlos Barredo Llamazales ( born 5 June 1981 , in Oviedo , Asturias ) is a Spanish former road racing cyclist , who competed as a professional between 2004 and 2012 . He was issued a suspension for the first two months of the 2011 season in response to a fight with Rui Costa after a 2010 Tour de France stage , with Barredo claiming that Costa had ridden dangerously in the final stages of the race , but later apologising for his actions .'}]}, {'value': '2004-06-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 5 , Deutschland Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deutschland_Tour', 'summary': 'The Deutschland Tour ( English : Tour of Germany and sometimes Deutschland-Rundfahrt in German ) is the most important multi-stage road bicycle race in Germany . Initially the race was held in May/June , but from 2005 until 2008 it was moved to August as part of the UCI ProTour . On October 16 , 2008 the organizers announced that the 2009 edition would be cancelled , following the doping cases that were revealed in the sport of cycling . Marketing chiefs said they were unable to finance the nine-day race due to a lack of interested sponsors after the latest revelations of cyclists testing positive for the blood-booster CERA . A revival for 2017 was announced on 8 March 2016 . In 2018 , the A.S.O . revived the Deutschland Tour and included a 4-stage-race into a cycling festival . From 23 August to 26 August 2018 , the Deutschland Tour took place in the South-Western region of Germany . The 2019 race was held from 29 August to 1 September .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': '2004-06-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 3 , Euskal Bizikleta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euskal_Bizikleta', 'summary': "Euskal Bizikleta ( Spanish : Bicicleta Vasca , English : Basque Bicycle ) was an annual cycling stage race held in the Basque Country in June . From 2005 to 2008 , the race was organized as a 2.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour . In 2009 , it was merged with the Tour of the Basque Country . The first race was held in 1952 , but it has only been called Euskal Bizikleta since 1991 . The first winner ( 1952 ) was Louis Caput from France . The first winner of the 'modern ' Euskal Bizikleta ( 1991 ) was Gianni Bugno . The most recent edition ( 2008 ) was won by Eros Capecchi from Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Angel Vicioso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_Vicioso', 'summary': 'Ángel Vicioso Arcos ( born 13 April 1977 ) is a Spanish former road racing cyclist , who competed professionally between 1999 and 2017 for the Kelme-Costa Blanca , Astana , Relax-GAM , LA-MSS , Andalucía-Cajasur , Androni Giocattoli and Team Katusha-Alpecin squads .'}]}, {'value': '2004-06-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 4b , Euskal Bizikleta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euskal_Bizikleta', 'summary': "Euskal Bizikleta ( Spanish : Bicicleta Vasca , English : Basque Bicycle ) was an annual cycling stage race held in the Basque Country in June . From 2005 to 2008 , the race was organized as a 2.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour . In 2009 , it was merged with the Tour of the Basque Country . The first race was held in 1952 , but it has only been called Euskal Bizikleta since 1991 . The first winner ( 1952 ) was Louis Caput from France . The first winner of the 'modern ' Euskal Bizikleta ( 1991 ) was Gianni Bugno . The most recent edition ( 2008 ) was won by Eros Capecchi from Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Angel Vicioso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_Vicioso', 'summary': 'Ángel Vicioso Arcos ( born 13 April 1977 ) is a Spanish former road racing cyclist , who competed professionally between 1999 and 2017 for the Kelme-Costa Blanca , Astana , Relax-GAM , LA-MSS , Andalucía-Cajasur , Androni Giocattoli and Team Katusha-Alpecin squads .'}]}, {'value': '2004-06-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Overall , Euskal Bizikleta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euskal_Bizikleta', 'summary': "Euskal Bizikleta ( Spanish : Bicicleta Vasca , English : Basque Bicycle ) was an annual cycling stage race held in the Basque Country in June . From 2005 to 2008 , the race was organized as a 2.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour . In 2009 , it was merged with the Tour of the Basque Country . The first race was held in 1952 , but it has only been called Euskal Bizikleta since 1991 . The first winner ( 1952 ) was Louis Caput from France . The first winner of the 'modern ' Euskal Bizikleta ( 1991 ) was Gianni Bugno . The most recent edition ( 2008 ) was won by Eros Capecchi from Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Heras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Heras', 'summary': 'Roberto Heras Hernández ( born 1 February 1974 ) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer who won the Vuelta a España ( Tour of Spain ) a record-tying three times . He broke the record with a fourth win in 2005 , but was disqualified for taking EPO . In June 2011 , Heras successfully appealed the disqualification in the civil court of Castilla y León , and this decision was upheld in the Spanish supreme court in December 2012 . The Spanish cycling federation subsequently reinstated Heras as 2005 Vuelta champion .'}]}, {'value': '2004-09-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 3 , Tour de Pologne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_Pologne', 'summary': 'The Tour de Pologne ( Wyścig Dookoła Polski , Tour of Poland ) , official abbreviation TdP , is a road bicycle racing stage race . It consists of seven or eight stages and is usually around 1,200 km in length . The race was first held in 1928 . Until 1952 the race was held sporadically , but since then it has been an annual race . Until early 1993 the race was open to amateur cyclists only and most of its winners came from Poland . The international cycling association , the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) , made TdP part of the UCI ProTour in 2005 , and part of the UCI World Ranking calendar in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': '2004-09-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 12 , Vuelta a España', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_España', 'summary': "The Vuelta a España ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwelta a esˈpaɲa ] ; English : Tour of Spain ) is an annual multi-stage bicycle race primarily held in Spain , while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries . Inspired by the success of the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France , the race was first organized in 1935 . The race was prevented from being run by the Spanish Civil War and World War II in the early years of its existence ; however , the race has been held annually since 1955 . As the Vuelta gained prestige and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend all around the globe . Since 1979 , the event has been staged and managed by Unipublic , until in 2014 , when Amaury Sport Organisation acquired control , with both working together . The peloton expanded from a primarily Spanish participation to include riders from all over the world . The Vuelta is a UCI World Tour event , which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams , with the exception of the wild card teams that the organizers can invite . Along with the Tour de France and Giro d'Italia , the Vuelta makes up cycling 's prestigious , three-week-long Grand Tours . While the route changes each year , the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of at least two time trials , the passage through the mountain chain of the Pyrenees , and the finish in the Spanish capital Madrid . The modern editions of the Vuelta a España consist of 21 day-long segments ( stages ) over a 23-day period that includes 2 rest days . All of the stages are timed to the finish , after finishing the riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times . The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the red jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Heras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Heras', 'summary': 'Roberto Heras Hernández ( born 1 February 1974 ) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer who won the Vuelta a España ( Tour of Spain ) a record-tying three times . He broke the record with a fourth win in 2005 , but was disqualified for taking EPO . In June 2011 , Heras successfully appealed the disqualification in the civil court of Castilla y León , and this decision was upheld in the Spanish supreme court in December 2012 . The Spanish cycling federation subsequently reinstated Heras as 2005 Vuelta champion .'}]}, {'value': '2004-09-26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Overall , Vuelta a España', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_España', 'summary': "The Vuelta a España ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwelta a esˈpaɲa ] ; English : Tour of Spain ) is an annual multi-stage bicycle race primarily held in Spain , while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries . Inspired by the success of the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France , the race was first organized in 1935 . The race was prevented from being run by the Spanish Civil War and World War II in the early years of its existence ; however , the race has been held annually since 1955 . As the Vuelta gained prestige and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend all around the globe . Since 1979 , the event has been staged and managed by Unipublic , until in 2014 , when Amaury Sport Organisation acquired control , with both working together . The peloton expanded from a primarily Spanish participation to include riders from all over the world . The Vuelta is a UCI World Tour event , which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams , with the exception of the wild card teams that the organizers can invite . Along with the Tour de France and Giro d'Italia , the Vuelta makes up cycling 's prestigious , three-week-long Grand Tours . While the route changes each year , the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of at least two time trials , the passage through the mountain chain of the Pyrenees , and the finish in the Spanish capital Madrid . The modern editions of the Vuelta a España consist of 21 day-long segments ( stages ) over a 23-day period that includes 2 rest days . All of the stages are timed to the finish , after finishing the riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times . The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the red jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Heras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Heras', 'summary': 'Roberto Heras Hernández ( born 1 February 1974 ) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer who won the Vuelta a España ( Tour of Spain ) a record-tying three times . He broke the record with a fourth win in 2005 , but was disqualified for taking EPO . In June 2011 , Heras successfully appealed the disqualification in the civil court of Castilla y León , and this decision was upheld in the Spanish supreme court in December 2012 . The Spanish cycling federation subsequently reinstated Heras as 2005 Vuelta champion .'}]}, {'value': '2004-10-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milano-Torino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milano–Torino', 'summary': "Milano-Torino is a semi classic European single day cycling race , between the northern Italian cities of Milan and Turin over a distance of 199 kilometres . The event was first run in 1876 making it the oldest of the Italian classic races and one of the oldest in the world . The event is owned by the RCS media group which owns the Italian sports daily La Gazzetta dello Sport . RCS also organises other top Italian cycling events such as the Giro d'Italia , Milan-San Remo and Tirreno-Adriatico . The race is ranked 1.HC on the UCI continental calendar . The race was not run between the spring of 2007 and the autumn of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcos Serrano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcos_Serrano', 'summary': 'Marcos-Antonio Serrano Rodríguez ( born 8 September 1972 in Redondela , Province of Pontevedra ) is a professional cyclist from Galicia , Spain . Turning professional in 1993 , he joined the Kelme team and then in 1999 the lottery-sponsored Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles ( ONCE ) . He remained part of the same team when in 2004 sponsorship and name passed to Liberty Seguros-Würth and in 2006 , as the Astana-Würth Team . His most significant achievement was victory in the Milano-Torino in 2004 . Other palmarès include victory in the 18th stage of the 2005 Tour de France and in the 5th stage of the 1999 Tour of Galicia . His best overall classification in the Tour de France was a ninth-place finish in 2001 . His name was on the list of doping tests published by the French Senate on 24 July 2013 that were collected during the 1998 Tour de France and found positive for EPO when retested in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2004-10-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giro del Piemonte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giro_del_Piemonte', 'summary': 'The Giro del Piemonte , since 2009 known also as Gran Piemonte , is a semi classic European bicycle race held in the Apennine Mountains , Italy . The race first took place in 1906 . Since 2005 , the race has been organised as a 1.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour . It is usually held a few days before the more important race Giro di Lombardia . In 2007 , the race was not ridden because of sponsorship problems , but in 2008 it was back again . The 2013 edition was again cancelled due to financial problems .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Victories -- 2004 results', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'ONCE_(cycling_team)_2', 'intro': "ONCE cycling team, (UCI team code: ONC) also known as Liberty Seguros, Liberty Seguros-Würth and in succession in its final year, Astana-Würth and Astana was a Spanish cycling team. It competed in the UCI ProTour circuit. On 25 May 2006, Liberty Mutual (seguros means insurance in Spanish) pulled out of primary sponsorship due to a doping scandal involving the directeur sportif, Manolo Saiz. On 2 June 2006, the team acquired a primary sponsor named Astana, after the capital of Kazakhstan. Würth was co-sponsor until 3 July 2006, withdrawing at the end of the 2006 Tour de France, in which Astana-Würth didn't compete . At the end of the season, Astana also withdrew due to the non-participation in the Tour. On 16 December 2006, the UCI withdrew the ProTour licence of Saiz's company, Active Bay . Some riders and staff formed the Kazakhstan-based Astana Team."} | null | null | How old was the winner of the race held in Germany when he first began competitive cycling ? | 10 |
0598dd97fd34f2af | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sporting_events_in_Taiwan', 'title': 'List of sporting events in Taiwan', 'header': ['Year', 'City', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taipei', 'summary': "Taipei ( /ˌtaɪˈpeɪ/ ) , officially Taipei City , [ I ] is the capital and a special municipality of Taiwan ( officially the Republic of China , ROC ) . Located in northern Taiwan , Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City that sits about 25 km ( 16 mi ) southwest of the northern port city Keelung . Most of the city lies on the Taipei Basin , an ancient lakebed . The basin is bounded by the relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung and Xindian rivers , which join to form the Tamsui River along the city 's western border . The city proper is home to an estimated population of 2,646,204 ( 2019 ) , forming the core part of the Taipei-Keelung metropolitan area , which includes the nearby cities of New Taipei and Keelung with a population of 7,047,559 , the 40th most-populous urban area in the world - roughly one-third of Taiwanese citizens live in the metro district . The name Taipei can refer either to the whole metropolitan area or the city proper . Taipei is the political , economic , educational , and cultural center of Taiwan and one of the major hubs in East Asia . Considered to be a global city and rated as an Alpha City by GaWC , Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area . Railways , highways , airports , and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island . The city is served by two airports - Songshan and Taoyuan . Taipei is home to various world-famous architectural or cultural landmarks , which include Taipei 101 , Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall , Dalongdong Baoan Temple , Hsing Tian Kong , Lungshan Temple of Manka , National Palace Museum , Presidential Office Building , Taipei Guest House , Ximending , and several night markets dispersed throughout the city . Natural features such as Maokong , Yangmingshan , and hot springs are also well known to international visitors ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': '1962 Asian Baseball Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1962_Asian_Baseball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1962 Asian Baseball Championship was the fourth continental tournament held by the Baseball Federation of Asia . The tournament was held in Taipei , Taiwan for the first time . It was the third time Japan had won the tournament , having won all three Asian Championships in a row . Taiwan ( 2nd ) , South Korea ( 3rd ) and Philippines ( 4th ) were the other participants .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969 Asian Baseball Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1969_Asian_Baseball_Championship', 'summary': "The 1969 Asian Baseball Championship was the eighth continental tournament held by the Baseball Federation of Asia . The tournament was held in Taipei , Taiwan for the second time . Won by Japan for the sixth time , it was the third consecutive Asian Championship for the team ; the second such sequence for Japan . It was only the second time in the tournament 's history that the Philippines team medalled , winning the bronze medal . Taiwan ( 2nd ) and South Korea ( 4th ) were the other participants ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaohsiung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaohsiung', 'summary': "Kaohsiung ( /ˌkaʊˈʃʌŋ/ ; Mandarin Chinese : [ káuɕʊ̌ŋ ] ( listen ) ) , Wade-Giles : Kao¹-hsiung² , officially Kaohsiung City , [ I ] is a city in southern Taiwan . The city proper is a special municipality with an area of 2,952 km2 ( 1,140 sq mi ) stretching from the coastal urban centre to the rural Yushan Range . As of 2018 , the municipality has a population of 2.77 million , making it the third most populous administrative division and second largest metropolis in Taiwan . Since founding in the 17th century , Kaohsiung has grown from a small trading village into the political and economic centre of southern Taiwan , with key industries such as manufacturing , steel-making , oil refining , freight transport and shipbuilding . It is classified as 'High Sufficiency ' by GaWC , with some of the most prominent infrastructures in Taiwan . The Port of Kaohsiung is the largest and busiest harbour in Taiwan while Kaohsiung International Airport is the second busiest airport in number of passengers . The city is well-connected to other major cities by high speed and conventional rail , as well as several national freeways . It also hosts the Republic of China Navy fleet headquarters and its naval academy . More recent public works such as Pier-2 Art Center , National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts and Kaohsiung Music Center have been aimed at growing the tourism and cultural industries of the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo', 'summary': "Judo ( 柔道 , jūdō , Japanese pronunciation : [ dʑɯꜜːdoː ] , lit . gentle way ) is generally categorized as a modern martial art , which has since evolved into a combat and Olympic sport . The sport was originally created in 1882 by Jigoro Kano ( 嘉納治五郎 ) as a physical , mental , and moral pedagogy in Japan . Judo 's most prominent feature is its competitive element , where the objective is to either throw or take down an opponent to the ground , immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin , or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke . Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defences are a part of judo , but only in pre-arranged forms ( kata , 形 ) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice ( randori , 乱取り ) . A judo practitioner is called a judoka . The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū ( 古流 , traditional schools ) . Judo also spawned a number of derivative martial arts across the world , such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu , Krav Maga and Sambo ."}]}, {'value': '1970 Asian Judo Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Asian_Judo_Championships', 'summary': 'The 1970 Asian Judo Championships were held in Kaohsiung , Taiwan .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soccer', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': "1977 AFC Women 's Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1977_AFC_Women's_Championship", 'summary': "The Asian Football Confederation 's 1977 AFC Women 's Championship was the second AFC Women 's Championship . It was held from 2 to 11 August 1977 in Taipei , Republic of China . The tournament was won by the Republic of China for the first time , who defeated Thailand in the final ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian Baseball Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': '1997 Asian Wrestling Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_Asian_Wrestling_Championships', 'summary': 'The following is the final results of the 1997 Asian Wrestling Championships .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiayi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiayi', 'summary': 'Chiayi ( Taigi POJ : Ka-gī ; Chinese : 嘉義 ) , officially known as Chiayi City , is a city located in the plains of southwestern Taiwan . Formerly called Kagee during the late Qing dynasty and Kagi during the Japanese era ( Chinese and Japanese : 嘉義 ) , its historical name is Tirosen .'}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volleyball', 'summary': "Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net . Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team 's court under organized rules . It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964 . The complete set of rules are extensive , but play essentially proceeds as follows : a player on one of the teams begins a 'rally ' by serving the ball ( tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm ) , from behind the back boundary line of the court , over the net , and into the receiving team 's court . The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court . The team may touch the ball up to 3 times , but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively . Typically , the first two touches are used to set up for an attack , an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court . The rally continues , with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches , until either ( 1 ) : a team makes a kill , grounding the ball on the opponent 's court and winning the rally ; or ( 2 ) : a team commits a fault and loses the rally . The team that wins the rally is awarded a point and serves the ball to start the next rally . A few of the most common faults include :"}]}, {'value': '1999 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Asian_Youth_Boys_Volleyball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1999 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship was held in Chiayi City , Taiwan from 20 April to 25 April , 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xinzhuang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xinzhuang_District', 'summary': 'Xinzhuang District ( Chinese : 新莊區 ; Hanyu Pinyin : Xīnzhuāng Qū ; Tongyong Pinyin : Sinjhuang Cyu ) is an inner city district in the western part of New Taipei in northern Taiwan . It has an area of 19.74 km2 ( 7.62 sq mi ) and a population of 413,443 people ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 Asian Baseball Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Asian_Baseball_Championship', 'summary': "The 2001 Asian Baseball Championship was the 21st installment of the tournament . The championship took place at Xinzhuang Baseball Stadium in Taipei County ( now New Taipei City ) , Republic of China ( Taiwan , competing as Chinese Taipei ) . Chinese Taipei national baseball team won the competition for the fourth time in the competition 's history ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taiwan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 Baseball World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Baseball_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2001 Baseball World Cup ( XXXIV Baseball World Cup ) took place in Taiwan from 6 to 18 November 2001 . Participating countries ( 16 in total ) were split in two groups , with the first four of each group qualifying for the finals .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2001 AFC Women 's Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2001_AFC_Women's_Championship", 'summary': "The 2001 AFC Women 's Championship was a women 's football tournament held in Taipei County , Taiwan ( Chinese Taipei ) between 4 and 16 December 2001 . It was the 13th staging of the AFC Women 's Asian Cup , consisting of fourteen teams ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taiwan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golf', 'summary': "Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible . Golf , unlike most ball games , can not and does not utilize a standardized playing area , and coping with the varied terrains encountered on different courses is a key part of the game . The game at the usual level is played on a course with an arranged progression of 18 holes , though recreational courses can be smaller , often having nine holes . Each hole on the course must contain a tee box to start from , and a putting green containing the actual hole or cup 4 1⁄4 inches ( 11 cm ) in diameter . There are other standard forms of terrain in between , such as the fairway , rough ( long grass ) , bunkers ( or sand traps ) , and various hazards ( water , rocks ) but each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout and arrangement . Golf is played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual , known as stroke play , or the lowest score on the most individual holes in a complete round by an individual or team , known as match play . Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at all levels , but most especially at the elite level . The modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland . The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764 . Golf 's first major , and the world 's oldest tournament in existence , is The Open Championship , also known as the British Open , which was first played in 1860 in Ayrshire , Scotland . This is one of the four major championships in men 's professional golf , the other three being played in the United States : The Masters , the U.S. Open , and the PGA Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'BMW Asian Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BMW_Asian_Open', 'summary': "The BMW Asian Open was a men 's professional golf tournament that was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the European Tour . The event was founded in 2001 , as part of the European Tour 's drive to expand into Asia , and China in particular . The first two editions were held at Ta Shee Golf and Country Club in Taiwan , before the tournament was moved to the People 's Republic of China in 2004 , since when it was played at the Tomson Shanghai Pudong Golf Club in Pudong , Shanghai . In 2005 Ernie Els set a new Asian Tour record for the biggest margin of victory when he triumphed by 13 strokes . In 2008 the prize fund was $ 2.3 million , an increase of more than fifty percent from the 2006 fund of $ 1.5 million ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': '2002 ABC Under-18 Championship for Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_ABC_Under-18_Championship_for_Women', 'summary': "The ABC Under-18 Championship for Women 2002 is the 16th edition of the ABC 's junior championship for basketball . The games were held at Taipei from December 21-30 , 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taiwan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BMW Asian Open', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 FIBA Asia Stanković Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_FIBA_Asia_Stanković_Cup', 'summary': 'The FIBA Asia Stanković Cup 2004 served as the qualifying tournament for the 2005 FIBA Asia Championship . This competition is distinct from the Stanković Cup intercontinental tournament attended by teams outside the FIBA Asia zone .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaohsiung', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nine-ball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine-ball', 'summary': "Nine-ball ( sometimes written 9-ball ) is a cue sport and type of pool . The game is traceable to origins in the 1920 in the United States . It is played on a rectangular table covered with a colored cloth ( or baize ) , with pockets at each of the four corners and in the middle of each long side . Using a cue stick and nine colored balls , players must strike the white ball ( or cue ball ) to pot or pocket the remaining balls in the correct sequence . Balls are numbered one through nine being potted in ascending order . An individual game ( or rack ) , is won by the player pocketing the number nine ball ( known as the 9-ball ) . Matches are usually played as a race to a set number of racks , with the winner being the player to reach the set number of racks won . The game is currently organised by the World Pool Association and the Women 's Professional Billiard Association with the European Pocket Billiard Federation , China Billiards & Snooker Association and United States Professional Poolplayers Association running regional events . The most prestigious nine-ball tournaments are the WPA World Nine-ball Championship , and Matchroom Pool 's US Open 9 Ball Championship . Legendary figures in the game include Efren Reyes , Francisco Bustamante , Thorsten Hohmann , Earl Strickland , and Shane Van Boening . The game is often associated with hustling and gambling , with tournaments often having a buy-in amount to become a participant . The sport has featured in popular culture , specifically in the 1956 novel and 1961 film the Hustler and 1984 novel and 1986 film the Color of Money ."}]}, {'value': 'WPA World Nine-ball Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WPA_World_Nine-ball_Championship', 'summary': "The WPA World Nine-ball Championship is an annual , international , professional nine-ball pool ( pocket billiards ) tournament , founded in 1990 , sanctioned by the World Pool-Billiard Association ( WPA ) , and principally sponsored and organised by Matchroom Sport ( who provide the event 's official website , under the less specific name World Pool Championship ) . It is divided into men 's , women 's and wheelchair Divisions . Since 2010 , it is held in Doha , Qatar ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei/ Taoyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taoyuan_City', 'summary': 'Taoyuan [ I ] is a special municipality in northwestern Taiwan , neighboring New Taipei City , Hsinchu County , and Yilan County . Taoyuan District is the seat of the municipal government and which , along with Zhongli District , forms a large metropolitan area . Taoyuan developed from a satellite city of Taipei metropolitan area to become the fourth-largest metropolitan area , and fifth-largest populated city in Taiwan . Since commuting to the Taipei metropolitan area is easy , Taoyuan has seen the fastest population growth of all cities in Taiwan . Taoyuan means peach garden in Chinese , since the area used to have many peach trees . The city is home to many industrial parks and tech company headquarters . Taoyuan International Airport , which serves the capital , Taipei and the rest of northern Taiwan , is located in this city . The city of Taoyuan has been elevated to special municipality status since 2014 from the original Taoyuan County . At the same time , the former county-administered city of Taoyuan was also promoted to Taoyuan District within the new municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Futsal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Futsal', 'summary': "Futsal ( also known as fútsal or footsal ) is a variant of association football played on a hard court , smaller than a football pitch , and mainly indoors . It has similarities to five-a-side football . Futsal is played between two teams of five players each , one of whom is the goalkeeper . Unlimited substitutions are permitted . Unlike some other forms of indoor football , the game is played on a hard court surface delimited by lines ; walls or boards are not used . Futsal is also played with a smaller , harder , low-bounce ball . The surface , ball and rules together favour ball control and passing in small spaces . The game 's emphasis is on improvisation , creativity and technique ."}]}, {'value': '2004 FIFA Futsal World Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_FIFA_Futsal_World_Championship', 'summary': "The 2004 FIFA Futsal World Championship was the fifth FIFA Futsal World Championship , the quadrennial international futsal championship contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA . It was held between 21 November and 5 December 2004 in Chinese Taipei . It was the first FIFA tournament held in the country and was the last to feature 16 teams . Spain won their second successive title , defeating Italy in the final ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaohsiung', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nine-ball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WPA World Nine-ball Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 East Asian Football Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_East_Asian_Football_Championship', 'summary': 'The 2005 EAFF East Asian Football Championship was a football competition between teams from East Asian countries and territories held from 31 July to 7 August 2005 in South Korea , with the qualifiers held in Taiwan on March 2005 . [ citation needed ] China PR , South Korea , and Japan were the automatic finalists . The fourth finalist spot was competed among North Korea , Guam , Hong Kong , Chinese Taipei , and Mongolia . North Korea was the winner in the qualifiers .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taichung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taichung', 'summary': "Taichung ( /ˌtaɪˈtʃʌŋ/ , Wade-Giles : Tʻai²-chung¹ ) , officially Taichung City , [ I ] is a special municipality located in central Taiwan . Taichung has a population of approximately 2.81 million people and is Taiwan 's second most populous city , overtaking Kaohsiung in July 2017 . It serves as the core of the Taichung-Changhua metropolitan area , which is the second largest metropolitan area in Taiwan . The current city was formed when Taichung County merged with the original provincial Taichung City to form the special municipality on 25 December 2010 . Located in the Taichung Basin , the city was named under Japanese rule , and became a major economic and cultural hub . Originally composed of several scattered hamlets , the city of Taichung was planned and developed by the Japanese . It was called the Kyoto of Formosa in the Japanese era because of its calm and beauty . The city is home to the National Museum of Natural Science , the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts , the National Taichung Theater , the National Library of Public Information , and the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra , as well as many cultural sites , including the historic Taichung Park , the Lin Family Gardens , and many temples ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 Intercontinental Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Intercontinental_Cup_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The 2006 IBAF Intercontinental Cup was held in Taichung , Taiwan from November 9 through the 19th . Eight countries contested the tournament , which was played at Taichung Baseball Field and the newly built Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium . The participating countries were Cuba , Australia , Italy , the Netherlands , Japan , South Korea , the Philippines in addition to the hosts from Chinese Taipei ( Taiwan ) . The tournament was sanctioned by the International Baseball Federation .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2006 Women 's Baseball World Cup", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2006_Women's_Baseball_World_Cup", 'summary': "The 2006 IBAF Women 's Baseball World Cup was held from July 31 to August 6 in Taipei , Taiwan and won by the United States ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Single sport events', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sporting_events_in_Taiwan_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of international sporting events in Taiwan:'} | null | null | For the latest year of the soccer sport of the city of Taipei , the fourth finalist spot was competed among how many countries ? | 5 |
059c060dd39e8d7f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes_Golden_Collection:_Volume_3', 'title': 'Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3', 'header': ['#', 'Title', 'Characters', 'Year', 'Director', 'Series'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daffy Duck in Hollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daffy_Duck_in_Hollywood', 'summary': 'Daffy Duck in Hollywood is a 1938 Merrie Melodies animated short starring Daffy Duck ( in his similar design from Daffy Duck & Egghead ) . This was the final Daffy Duck cartoon directed by Tex Avery .'}]}, {'value': 'Daffy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daffy_Duck', 'summary': "Daffy Duck is an animated cartoon character produced by Warner Bros. Styled as an anthropomorphic black duck , the character has appeared in cartoon series such as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies , in which he usually has been depicted as a foil for Bugs Bunny . Daffy was one of the first of the new screwball characters that emerged in the late 1930s to replace traditional everyman characters who were more popular earlier during the decade , such as Mickey Mouse and Popeye . Daffy starred in 130 shorts in the golden age , making him the third-most frequent character in the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cartoons , behind Bugs Bunny 's 167 appearances and Porky Pig 's 162 appearances . Virtually every Warner Bros. cartoon director put his own spin on the Daffy Duck character . Directors such as Bob Clampett , Robert McKimson , and Chuck Jones are notable examples of the character . Daffy was number 14 on TV Guide 's list of top 50 greatest cartoon characters ."}]}, {'value': 'December 12 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tex Avery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tex_Avery', 'summary': "Frederick Bean Tex Avery ( February 26 , 1908 - August 26 , 1980 ) was an American animator and director , known for producing and directing animated cartoons during the golden age of American animation . His most significant work was for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios , where he was crucial in the creation and evolution of famous animated characters such as Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Elmer Fudd , Droopy , Screwy Squirrel , George and Junior , and Chilly Willy . Gary Morris described Avery 's innovative approach :"}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hollywood Capers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hollywood_Capers', 'summary': 'Hollywood Capers is a short animated film of the Looney Tunes series . It stars Beans the Cat in another solo cartoon of the character . Porky also made a cameo .'}]}, {'value': 'Beans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beans_(Looney_Tunes)', 'summary': 'Beans the Cat is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes series of cartoons from 1935-1936 . Beans was the third Looney Tunes cartoon character star after Bosko and Buddy . He is voiced by Billy Bletcher and occasionally by Tommy Bond . He was created by directors Friz Freleng , Jack King , and Tex Avery .'}]}, {'value': 'October 19 , 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_King_(animator)', 'summary': 'James Patton Jack King ( November 4 , 1895 , Alabama - October 4 , 1958 , Los Angeles ) was an American animator and short film director best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions .'}]}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Coo-Coo Nut Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Coo-Coo_Nut_Grove', 'summary': 'The Coo-Coo Nut Grove ( released November 28 , 1936 ) is a Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies short animated film , set in the famed Cocoanut Grove of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . The cartoon was directed by Friz Freleng , with animation by Robert McKimson and Sandy Walker and musical score by Carl Stalling . Master of ceremonies Ben Birdie ( bandleader Ben Bernie ) is accosted in the opening scene by Walter Windpipe ( Walter Winchell ) . The short then proceeds to showcase many Hollywood stars in the form of caricatures , including Katharine Hepburn ( as a horse named Miss Heartburn ) , Jean Harlow , Bette Davis , Ned Sparks , Hugh Herbert , W. C. Fields , Clark Gable , Groucho and Harpo Marx , Johnny Weissmuller ( in character as Tarzan ) and Lupe Vélez , Mae West , Lionel and John Barrymore , Laurel and Hardy , Edward G. Robinson , Fred Astaire , and George Raft . Musical entertainments are provided by Dame Edna May Oliver as The Lady in Red , the Dionne quintuplets ( who were in reality only two years old at the time ) and Helen Morgan , sitting on the piano , turning on the tears with a torch song causing most of the guests to cry ( except Ben Birdie and a few of the guests ) and flooding the Grove in the process . Whereas other cartoons have caricatured celebrities as either humans or animals , oddly , this short does both - half are seen as human , half as animal versions of the stars .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Birdie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 28 , 1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Porky 's Road Race", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porky_Pig', 'summary': "Porky Pig is an animated character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He was the first character created by the studio to draw audiences based on his star power , and the animators created many critically acclaimed shorts featuring the character . Even after he was supplanted by later characters , Porky continued to be popular with moviegoers and , more importantly , the Warners directors , who recast him in numerous everyman and sidekick roles . He is known for his signature line at the end of many shorts , Th-th-th-that 's all folks ! This slogan ( without stuttering ) had also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons . In contrast , the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan : So Long , Folks ! until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the Looney Tunes series ( when Bugs Bunny was the closing character , he would break the pattern by simply saying , in his Brooklynese accent , And Dat 's De End ! ) . He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character . Porky 's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter , for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words ; for example , What 's going on ? might become What 's guh-guh-guh-guh - .what 's happening ? Porky 's age varied widely in the series ; originally conceived as an innocent seven-year-old piglet ( explicitly mentioned as such in Porky 's Preview ) , Porky was more frequently cast as an adult , often being cast as the competent straight man in the series in later years . In the ending of many Looney Tunes cartoons , Porky Pig bursts through a bass drum head , and his attempt to close the show with The End becomes Th-Th-The , Th-Th-The , Th-Th ."}]}, {'value': 'February 6 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Tashlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Tashlin', 'summary': "Francis Fredrick von Taschlein ( February 19 , 1913 - May 5 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Frank Tashlin , was an American animator , cartoonist , children 's writer , illustrator , screenwriter , and film director of comedy movies . He was also known as Tish Tash and Frank Tash ."}]}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Woods_Are_Full_of_Cuckoos', 'summary': 'The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos is a 1937 Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Frank Tashlin .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Birdie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 4 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Tashlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Tashlin', 'summary': "Francis Fredrick von Taschlein ( February 19 , 1913 - May 5 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Frank Tashlin , was an American animator , cartoonist , children 's writer , illustrator , screenwriter , and film director of comedy movies . He was also known as Tish Tash and Frank Tash ."}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "She Was an Acrobat 's Daughter", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/She_Was_an_Acrobat's_Daughter", 'summary': "She Was an Acrobat 's Daughter is an animated short in the Merrie Melodies series , produced by Vitaphone Productions and released by Warner Bros. Pictures , Inc. on April 10 , 1937 . This animated short was directed by Isadore Freleng and produced by Leon Schlesinger ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 10 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Film Fan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porky_Pig', 'summary': "Porky Pig is an animated character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He was the first character created by the studio to draw audiences based on his star power , and the animators created many critically acclaimed shorts featuring the character . Even after he was supplanted by later characters , Porky continued to be popular with moviegoers and , more importantly , the Warners directors , who recast him in numerous everyman and sidekick roles . He is known for his signature line at the end of many shorts , Th-th-th-that 's all folks ! This slogan ( without stuttering ) had also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons . In contrast , the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan : So Long , Folks ! until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the Looney Tunes series ( when Bugs Bunny was the closing character , he would break the pattern by simply saying , in his Brooklynese accent , And Dat 's De End ! ) . He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character . Porky 's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter , for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words ; for example , What 's going on ? might become What 's guh-guh-guh-guh - .what 's happening ? Porky 's age varied widely in the series ; originally conceived as an innocent seven-year-old piglet ( explicitly mentioned as such in Porky 's Preview ) , Porky was more frequently cast as an adult , often being cast as the competent straight man in the series in later years . In the ending of many Looney Tunes cartoons , Porky Pig bursts through a bass drum head , and his attempt to close the show with The End becomes Th-Th-The , Th-Th-The , Th-Th ."}]}, {'value': 'December 16 , 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Clampett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Clampett', 'summary': "Robert Emerson Clampett ( May 8 , 1913 - May 2 , 1984 ) was an American animator , producer , director , and puppeteer best known for his work on the Looney Tunes animated series from Warner Bros. , and the television shows Time for Beany and Beany and Cecil . Clampett was born and raised not far from Hollywood , and early on expressed an interest in animation and puppetry . After leaving high school a few months shy of graduating in 1931 , Clampett joined the team at Harman-Ising Productions and began working on the studio 's newest short subjects , titled Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies . Clampett was promoted to a directorial position in 1937 and during his fifteen years at the studio , directed 84 cartoons later deemed classic and designed some of the studio 's most famous characters , including Porky Pig , Daffy Duck , and Tweety . Among Clampett 's most acclaimed films are Porky in Wackyland ( 1938 ) and The Great Piggy Bank Robbery ( 1946 ) . Clampett left Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1946 and turned his attention to television , creating the puppet show Time for Beany in 1949 . A later animated version of the series , titled Beany and Cecil , was initially broadcast on ABC in 1962 and was rerun until 1967 . The series is considered the first fully creator-driven television series , and carried the byline a Bob Clampett Cartoon . In his later years , Clampett toured college campuses and animation festivals as a lecturer on the history of animation . His Warner cartoons have seen renewed praise in decades since for their surrealistic qualities , energetic and outrageous animation , and irreverent humor . Animation historian Jerry Beck lauded Clampett for putting the word 'looney ' in Looney Tunes ."}]}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Speaking of the Weather', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speaking_of_the_Weather', 'summary': "Speaking of the Weather is an animated cartoon short in the Merrie Melodies series produced by Leon Schlesinger for Warner Bros . Released to theaters on September 4 , 1937 , it was directed by Frank Tashlin and animated by Joe D'Igalo and Volney White . It was reissued into the Blue Ribbon Classics series in January 1945 . The film centers around literary figures coming to life - a basic theme that Tashlin would later use in the subsequent shorts Have You Got Any Castles ? and You 're an Education , both released in 1938 . Collectively , the films are commonly referred to as the Tashlin Three . The title is a pun on the idiomatic expression speak of the devil ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 4 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Tashlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Tashlin', 'summary': "Francis Fredrick von Taschlein ( February 19 , 1913 - May 5 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Frank Tashlin , was an American animator , cartoonist , children 's writer , illustrator , screenwriter , and film director of comedy movies . He was also known as Tish Tash and Frank Tash ."}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thugs with Dirty Mugs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thugs_with_Dirty_Mugs', 'summary': 'Thugs with Dirty Mugs is a 1939 Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Tex Avery .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 6 , 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tex Avery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tex_Avery', 'summary': "Frederick Bean Tex Avery ( February 26 , 1908 - August 26 , 1980 ) was an American animator and director , known for producing and directing animated cartoons during the golden age of American animation . His most significant work was for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios , where he was crucial in the creation and evolution of famous animated characters such as Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Elmer Fudd , Droopy , Screwy Squirrel , George and Junior , and Chilly Willy . Gary Morris described Avery 's innovative approach :"}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goofy Groceries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goofy_Groceries', 'summary': "The cartoon takes place one winter night , in a grocery store whose owner has just closed the shop . The mascots on the labels of the food products come to life and perform various song and dance numbers . First , a cow for Contented Milk sings to a Fulla Bull Tobacco bull If I Could Be with You , while two other cows on cans reading Discontented Milk ogle and whistle at the bull . Meanwhile , a crab imitating Ned Sparks states This love stuff makes me sick ! , after which a rabbit named Jack Bunny ( a parody of Jack Benny and also a same name from I Love to Singa ) tells the music maestro ( a dish mop caricaturing Leopold Stokowski ) to start up , and a label for Big Top Popcorn comes to life while a dog barker for Barker 's Dog Food addresses the crowd and introduces each of the circus 's attractions including Little Egypt Wiggly Gum , Billy Posie 's Aquackade swimmers ( a parody of Footlight Parade 's By a Waterfall ) , and the Tomato Can Can Dancers . Meanwhile , an Animal Crackers gorilla ( intended to parody King Kong ) hears the noise and starts growling , at one point stating to the audience , Gosh , ai n't I repulsive ? This gorilla stares at the female performers and smiles , he then begins his attack attempting to abduct one of the Can Can Dancers ; Jack Bunny sees this and rides a bottle of Horse Radish while an army of Navy Beans and Turtle Soup Turtles shoots at the gorilla , who defends himself with a Roman candle while at one point destroying the bottle of Horse Radish that Jack is riding . Jack sees a box of Chocolate-Covered A1 Cherries and snatches the axe on the label amid cheering from an army of chicks , at which point the gorilla shoots the axe with the candle causing it to shrink . As Jack Bunny dons a sheepish grin and backs into a corner , the image of Superman on a box of Superguy Soap Chips comes to life at the sight of the gorilla lighting a stick of dynamite with Bunny 's cigar . Superman flies up to the gorilla and shouts at him , Hey , you big ape ! and the gorilla replies Yeah ? which scares Superman so much that he turns into a helpless , whining baby . Then , as the gorilla is about to destroy Jack Bunny with the dynamite in his hand , a voice calls out Henry !"}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 29 , 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Clampett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Clampett', 'summary': "Robert Emerson Clampett ( May 8 , 1913 - May 2 , 1984 ) was an American animator , producer , director , and puppeteer best known for his work on the Looney Tunes animated series from Warner Bros. , and the television shows Time for Beany and Beany and Cecil . Clampett was born and raised not far from Hollywood , and early on expressed an interest in animation and puppetry . After leaving high school a few months shy of graduating in 1931 , Clampett joined the team at Harman-Ising Productions and began working on the studio 's newest short subjects , titled Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies . Clampett was promoted to a directorial position in 1937 and during his fifteen years at the studio , directed 84 cartoons later deemed classic and designed some of the studio 's most famous characters , including Porky Pig , Daffy Duck , and Tweety . Among Clampett 's most acclaimed films are Porky in Wackyland ( 1938 ) and The Great Piggy Bank Robbery ( 1946 ) . Clampett left Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1946 and turned his attention to television , creating the puppet show Time for Beany in 1949 . A later animated version of the series , titled Beany and Cecil , was initially broadcast on ABC in 1962 and was rerun until 1967 . The series is considered the first fully creator-driven television series , and carried the byline a Bob Clampett Cartoon . In his later years , Clampett toured college campuses and animation festivals as a lecturer on the history of animation . His Warner cartoons have seen renewed praise in decades since for their surrealistic qualities , energetic and outrageous animation , and irreverent humor . Animation historian Jerry Beck lauded Clampett for putting the word 'looney ' in Looney Tunes ."}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swooner Crooner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swooner_Crooner', 'summary': 'Swooner Crooner is a 1944 Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Frank Tashlin . The cartoon was nominated for the 1945 Academy Award for Best Short Subject ( Cartoons ) , which it lost to the Tom and Jerry cartoon Mouse Trouble which shared one of the 7 Oscars for the Cat & Mouse team .'}]}, {'value': 'Porky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porky_Pig', 'summary': "Porky Pig is an animated character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He was the first character created by the studio to draw audiences based on his star power , and the animators created many critically acclaimed shorts featuring the character . Even after he was supplanted by later characters , Porky continued to be popular with moviegoers and , more importantly , the Warners directors , who recast him in numerous everyman and sidekick roles . He is known for his signature line at the end of many shorts , Th-th-th-that 's all folks ! This slogan ( without stuttering ) had also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons . In contrast , the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan : So Long , Folks ! until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the Looney Tunes series ( when Bugs Bunny was the closing character , he would break the pattern by simply saying , in his Brooklynese accent , And Dat 's De End ! ) . He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character . Porky 's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter , for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words ; for example , What 's going on ? might become What 's guh-guh-guh-guh - .what 's happening ? Porky 's age varied widely in the series ; originally conceived as an innocent seven-year-old piglet ( explicitly mentioned as such in Porky 's Preview ) , Porky was more frequently cast as an adult , often being cast as the competent straight man in the series in later years . In the ending of many Looney Tunes cartoons , Porky Pig bursts through a bass drum head , and his attempt to close the show with The End becomes Th-Th-The , Th-Th-The , Th-Th ."}]}, {'value': 'May 6 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Tashlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Tashlin', 'summary': "Francis Fredrick von Taschlein ( February 19 , 1913 - May 5 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Frank Tashlin , was an American animator , cartoonist , children 's writer , illustrator , screenwriter , and film director of comedy movies . He was also known as Tish Tash and Frank Tash ."}]}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wideo Wabbit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wideo_Wabbit', 'summary': "Wideo Wabbit is a 1956 Warner Bros. cartoon featuring Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd . The voice of Bugs Bunny and other characters are played by Mel Blanc while the voice of Elmer Fudd is played by Arthur Q. Bryan . Bugs Bunny 's Groucho Marx and Ed Norton impressions are performed by an uncredited Daws Butler ( who had an uncanny ability to impersonate a whole host of celebrities of the time period ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bugs , Elmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bugs_Bunny', 'summary': "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character , created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions ( later Warner Bros. Cartoons ) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc . Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films , produced by Warner Bros . Though a similar character called Happy Rabbit debuted in the WB cartoon Porky 's Hare Hunt ( 1938 ) and appeared in a few subsequent shorts , the definitive character of Bugs is widely credited to have made his debut in director Tex Avery 's Oscar-nominated film A Wild Hare ( 1940 ) . Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray and white rabbit or hare who is famous for his flippant , insouciant personality . He is also characterized by a Brooklyn accent , his portrayal as a trickster , and his catch phrase Eh.What 's up , doc ? . Due to Bugs ' popularity during the golden age of American animation , he became not only an American cultural icon and the official mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment , but also one of the most recognizable characters in the world . He can thus be seen in the older Warner Bros. company logos . Since his debut , Bugs has appeared in various short films , feature films , compilations , TV series , music records , comics , video games , award shows , amusement park rides , and commercials . He has also appeared in more films than any other cartoon character , is the 9th most-portrayed film personality in the world , and has his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elmer_Fudd', 'summary': "Elmer J. Fudd is a fictional cartoon character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies series , and an adversary of Bugs Bunny . He has one of the more disputed origins in the Warner Bros. cartoon pantheon ( second only to Bugs himself ) . His aim is to hunt Bugs , but he usually ends up seriously injuring himself and other antagonizing characters . He speaks in an unusual way , replacing his Rs and Ls with Ws , so he always refers to Bugs Bunny as a scwewy wabbit . Elmer 's signature catchphrase is , Shhh . Be vewy vewy quiet , I 'm hunting wabbits , as well as his trademark laughter . The best known Elmer Fudd cartoons include Chuck Jones ' work What 's Opera , Doc ? ( one of the few times Fudd bested Bugs , though he felt bad about it ) , the Rossini parody Rabbit of Seville , and the Hunting Trilogy of Rabbit Season/Duck Season shorts ( Rabbit Fire , Rabbit Seasoning , and Duck ! Rabbit , Duck ! ) with Fudd , Bugs Bunny , and Daffy Duck . An earlier character named Egghead set some of Elmer 's aspects before the character 's more conspicuous features were set ."}]}, {'value': 'October 27 , 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert McKimson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_McKimson', 'summary': "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ."}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Honey-Mousers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Honey-Mousers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Honeymooners', 'summary': "The Honeymooners is a classic American television sitcom created by and starring Jackie Gleason , based on a recurring comedy sketch of the same name that had been part of his variety show . It followed the day to day life of New York City bus driver Ralph Kramden ( Gleason ) , his wife Alice ( Audrey Meadows ) , and his best friend Ed Norton ( Art Carney ) as they get involved with various scenarios in their day to day living . Most episodes revolved around Ralph 's poor choices in absurd dilemmas which frequently showed his quick-to-judge attitude in a comedic tone , but also revolved around more serious issues such as women 's rights and social impressions . The sketches originally aired on the DuMont network 's variety series Cavalcade of Stars , which Gleason hosted , and subsequently on the CBS network 's The Jackie Gleason Show , which was broadcast live in front of a theater audience . The popularity of the sketches led Gleason to rework The Honeymooners as a filmed half-hour series , which debuted October 1 , 1955 , on CBS , in place of the variety series . It was initially a ratings success as the No . 2 show in the United States during its first season , facing stiff competition from The Perry Como Show on NBC . The show eventually dropped to No . 19 , ending its production after 39 episodes ( now referred to as the Classic 39 episodes ) . The final episode of The Honeymooners aired on September 22 , 1956 , although Gleason sporadically revived the characters until 1978 . The Honeymooners was one of the first U.S. television shows to portray working-class married couples in a gritty , non-idyllic manner , as the show is mostly set in the Kramdens ' kitchen in a neglected Brooklyn apartment building ."}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert McKimson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_McKimson', 'summary': "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ."}]}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Last Hungry Cat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Hungry_Cat', 'summary': "The Last Hungry Cat is a Merrie Melodies cartoon animated short starring Tweety and Sylvester . Released December 2 , 1961 , the cartoon is directed by Friz Freleng and Hawley Pratt . The voices were performed by Mel Blanc and an un-credited June Foray and Ben Frommer who voiced the Alfred Hitchcock caricature . The cartoon is a parody of Alfred Hitchcock Presents and contains a plot similar to both Hitchcock 's movie Blackmail and the previous cartoon short Birds Anonymous . The title is a play on the 1959 film The Last Angry Man ."}]}, {'value': 'Tweety , Sylvester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tweety', 'summary': "Tweety is a yellow canary in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated cartoons . The name Tweety is a play on words , as it originally meant sweetie , along with tweet being an English onomatopoeia for the sounds of birds . His characteristics are based on Red Skelton 's famous Mean Widdle Kid . Tweety appeared in 46 cartoons during the golden age ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sylvester_(Looney_Tunes)', 'summary': 'Sylvester is a fictional character , a three-time Academy Award-winning anthropomorphic Tuxedo cat in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . Most of his appearances have him often chasing Tweety , Speedy Gonzales , or Hippety Hopper . Sylvester appeared in 103 cartoons in the golden age of American animation , only behind Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , and Daffy Duck . Three of his cartoons won Academy Awards , the most for any starring Looney Tunes character : they are Tweetie Pie , Speedy Gonzales , and Birds Anonymous .'}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friz Freleng , Hawley Pratt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hawley_Pratt', 'summary': 'Hawley Pratt ( June 9 , 1911 - March 4 , 1999 ) was an American film director , animator , and illustrator . He is best known for his work for Warner Bros. Cartoons and as the right-hand man of director Friz Freleng as a layout artist and later as a director . Pratt also worked for Walt Disney Studios , Filmation , and DePatie-Freleng Enterprises where he co-created The Pink Panther .'}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mouse That Jack Built', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mouse_That_Jack_Built', 'summary': 'The Mouse That Jack Built is a 1959 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodie cartoon short starring Jack Benny and the regular cast of The Jack Benny Program as mice . It was written by Tedd Pierce and directed by Robert McKimson , with music by Milt Franklyn .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 4 , 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert McKimson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_McKimson', 'summary': "Robert Porter Bob McKimson Sr. ( October 13 , 1910 - September 29 , 1977 ) was an American animator and illustrator , best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises . He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Foghorn Leghorn , Hippety Hopper , The Tasmanian Devil and among other characters . He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny 's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare ."}]}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Disc 2 - Hollywood Caricatures and Parodies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Looney_Tunes_Golden_Collection:_Volume_3_1', 'intro': "Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3 is a DVD box set from Warner Home Video that was released on September 25, 2005. It contains 60 Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical short subject cartoons, 9 documentaries, 32 commentary tracks from animators and historians, 11 vintage treasures from the vault, and 11 music-only or music-and-sound-effects audio tracks. Volume 3 is the first in the series that includes a disclaimer on the box art stating the set is intended for the adult collector and that it may not be suitable for younger audiences. Volume 3 is also the first to contain a warning, this one by Whoopi Goldberg, who is a fan of the Warner cartoon characters, advising the viewers that some of the cartoons on the set contain content that is politically incorrect by today's standards, but will be shown uncut and uncensored for historical reasons, because removing these inexcusable images and jokes from this collection would be the same as saying [these prejudices] never existed. Future volumes also contain this warning, presented instead as a title card before the main menu."} | null | null | What is the title of the short that was produced by Leon Schlesinger ? | She Was an Acrobat 's Daughter |
059c1e0f3b93d021 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wyoming', 'title': 'List of islands of Wyoming', 'header': ['Island', 'Body of water', 'County', 'Elevation'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arizona Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,811 feet ( 2,076 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Badger Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,775 feet ( 2,065 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boulder Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leigh Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leigh_Lake', 'summary': 'Leigh Lake is located in Grand Teton National Park , in the U. S. state of Wyoming . The glacially formed lake is 2.4 miles ( 3.9 km ) wide and 2.8 miles ( 4.5 km ) long from north to south . Situated just southeast of Mount Moran , the lake is at the terminus of both Paintbrush and Leigh Canyons . The lake can be accessed from the Leigh Lake Trail which follows the eastern shores of String Lake a distance of one mile ( 1.6 km ) and is an easy hike over level terrain . The Leigh Lake Ranger Patrol Cabin is located on the northeast shore of the lake and is on the National Register of Historical Places . The lake was named for Richard Beaver Dick Leigh , a mountain guide .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,919 feet ( 2,109 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bush Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wind River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wind_River_(Wyoming)', 'summary': 'The Wind River is the name applied to the upper reaches of the Bighorn River in Wyoming in the United States . The Wind River is 185 miles ( 298 km ) long . The two rivers are sometimes referred to as the Wind/Bighorn .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremont_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': 'Fremont County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 40,123 . Its county seat is Lander . The county was founded in 1884 and is named for John C. Frémont , a general , explorer , and politician . It is roughly the size of the state of Vermont . Fremont County comprises the Riverton , WY Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '7,519 feet ( 2,292 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrington Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yellowstone Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yellowstone_Lake', 'summary': 'Yellowstone Lake is the largest body of water in Yellowstone National Park . The lake is 7,732 feet ( 2,357 m ) above sea level and covers 136 square miles ( 350 km2 ) with 110 miles ( 180 km ) of shoreline . While the average depth of the lake is 139 ft ( 42 m ) , its greatest depth is at least 394 ft ( 120 m ) . Yellowstone Lake is the largest freshwater lake above 7,000 ft ( 2,100 m ) in North America . In winter , ice nearly 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) thick covers much of the lake except where shallow water covers hot springs . The lake freezes over by early December and can remain frozen until late May or early June .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '7,736 feet ( 2,358 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cow Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,798 feet ( 2,072 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dollar Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,814 feet ( 2,077 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donoho Point', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,886 feet ( 2,099 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dot Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yellowstone Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yellowstone_Lake', 'summary': 'Yellowstone Lake is the largest body of water in Yellowstone National Park . The lake is 7,732 feet ( 2,357 m ) above sea level and covers 136 square miles ( 350 km2 ) with 110 miles ( 180 km ) of shoreline . While the average depth of the lake is 139 ft ( 42 m ) , its greatest depth is at least 394 ft ( 120 m ) . Yellowstone Lake is the largest freshwater lake above 7,000 ft ( 2,100 m ) in North America . In winter , ice nearly 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) thick covers much of the lake except where shallow water covers hot springs . The lake freezes over by early December and can remain frozen until late May or early June .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '7,746 feet ( 2,361 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elk Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,873 feet ( 2,095 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferry Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)', 'summary': 'The Green River , located in the western United States , is the chief tributary of the Colorado River . The watershed of the river , known as the Green River Basin , covers parts of Wyoming , Utah , and Colorado . The Green River is 730 miles ( 1,170 km ) long , beginning in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming and flowing through Wyoming and Utah for most of its course , except for 40 miles ( 64 km ) into western Colorado . Much of the route is through the Colorado Plateau and through some of the most spectacular canyons in the United States . It is only slightly smaller than the Colorado when the two rivers merge , but typically carries a larger load of silt . The average yearly mean flow of the river at Green River , Utah is 6,121 cubic feet ( 173.3 m3 ) per second . The status of the Green River as a tributary of the Colorado River came about for mainly political reasons . In earlier nomenclature , the Colorado River began at its confluence with the Green River . Above the confluence the Colorado was called the Grand River . In 1921 , Colorado U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River . On July 25 , 1921 , the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress , over the objections of representatives from Wyoming and Utah and the United States Geological Survey which noted that the drainage basin of the Green River was more extensive than that of the Grand River , although the Grand carried a higher volume of water at its confluence with the Green .'}]}, {'value': 'Sublette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sublette_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': 'Sublette County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 10,247 . The county seat is Pinedale . It is a sparsely populated rural county in western Wyoming , along the Green River .'}]}, {'value': '6,745 feet ( 2,056 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yellowstone Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yellowstone_Lake', 'summary': 'Yellowstone Lake is the largest body of water in Yellowstone National Park . The lake is 7,732 feet ( 2,357 m ) above sea level and covers 136 square miles ( 350 km2 ) with 110 miles ( 180 km ) of shoreline . While the average depth of the lake is 139 ft ( 42 m ) , its greatest depth is at least 394 ft ( 120 m ) . Yellowstone Lake is the largest freshwater lake above 7,000 ft ( 2,100 m ) in North America . In winter , ice nearly 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) thick covers much of the lake except where shallow water covers hot springs . The lake freezes over by early December and can remain frozen until late May or early June .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '7,795 feet ( 2,376 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freezeout Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)', 'summary': 'The Green River , located in the western United States , is the chief tributary of the Colorado River . The watershed of the river , known as the Green River Basin , covers parts of Wyoming , Utah , and Colorado . The Green River is 730 miles ( 1,170 km ) long , beginning in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming and flowing through Wyoming and Utah for most of its course , except for 40 miles ( 64 km ) into western Colorado . Much of the route is through the Colorado Plateau and through some of the most spectacular canyons in the United States . It is only slightly smaller than the Colorado when the two rivers merge , but typically carries a larger load of silt . The average yearly mean flow of the river at Green River , Utah is 6,121 cubic feet ( 173.3 m3 ) per second . The status of the Green River as a tributary of the Colorado River came about for mainly political reasons . In earlier nomenclature , the Colorado River began at its confluence with the Green River . Above the confluence the Colorado was called the Grand River . In 1921 , Colorado U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River . On July 25 , 1921 , the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress , over the objections of representatives from Wyoming and Utah and the United States Geological Survey which noted that the drainage basin of the Green River was more extensive than that of the Grand River , although the Grand carried a higher volume of water at its confluence with the Green .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweetwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweetwater_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': 'Sweetwater County is a county in southwestern Wyoming , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 43,806 . Its county seat is Green River . By area , it is the largest county in Wyoming . Its southern boundary line abuts the north lines of the states of Colorado and Utah . Sweetwater County comprises the Rock Springs , Green River , Wyoming Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '6,253 feet ( 1,906 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grassy Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,791 feet ( 2,070 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,778 feet ( 2,066 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnson Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Platte River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Platte_River', 'summary': 'The North Platte River is a major tributary of the Platte River and is approximately 716 miles ( 1,152 km ) long , counting its many curves . In a straight line , it travels about 550 miles ( 890 km ) , along its course through the U.S. states of Colorado , Wyoming , and Nebraska . The head of the river is essentially all of Jackson County , Colorado , whose boundaries are the continental divide on the east and south and the mountain drainage peaks on the east - the north boundary is the state of Wyoming border . The rugged Rocky Mountains surrounding Jackson County have at least twelve peaks over 11,000 feet ( 3,400 m ) in height . From Jackson County the river flows north about 200 miles ( 320 km ) out of the Routt National Forest and North Park ( Colorado basin ) near what is now Walden , Colorado , to Casper , Wyoming . Shortly after passing Casper , the river turns to the east-southeast and flows about 350 miles ( 560 km ) to the city of North Platte , Nebraska . The North Platte and South Platte River join to form the Platte River in western Nebraska near the city of North Platte , Nebraska . The Platte River flows to the Missouri River , which joins the Mississippi River to flow to the Gulf of Mexico . The river provides the major avenue of drainage for northern Colorado , eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska . It is only navigable over most of its length at high water by canoes , kayaks and rubber rafts .'}]}, {'value': 'Carbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbon_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': 'Carbon County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 15,885 . Its county seat is Rawlins . Its south border abuts the north line of Colorado .'}]}, {'value': '6,640 feet ( 2,020 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)', 'summary': 'The Green River , located in the western United States , is the chief tributary of the Colorado River . The watershed of the river , known as the Green River Basin , covers parts of Wyoming , Utah , and Colorado . The Green River is 730 miles ( 1,170 km ) long , beginning in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming and flowing through Wyoming and Utah for most of its course , except for 40 miles ( 64 km ) into western Colorado . Much of the route is through the Colorado Plateau and through some of the most spectacular canyons in the United States . It is only slightly smaller than the Colorado when the two rivers merge , but typically carries a larger load of silt . The average yearly mean flow of the river at Green River , Utah is 6,121 cubic feet ( 173.3 m3 ) per second . The status of the Green River as a tributary of the Colorado River came about for mainly political reasons . In earlier nomenclature , the Colorado River began at its confluence with the Green River . Above the confluence the Colorado was called the Grand River . In 1921 , Colorado U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River . On July 25 , 1921 , the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress , over the objections of representatives from Wyoming and Utah and the United States Geological Survey which noted that the drainage basin of the Green River was more extensive than that of the Grand River , although the Grand carried a higher volume of water at its confluence with the Green .'}]}, {'value': 'Sublette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sublette_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': 'Sublette County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 10,247 . The county seat is Pinedale . It is a sparsely populated rural county in western Wyoming , along the Green River .'}]}, {'value': '6,650 feet ( 2,030 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marie Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,772 feet ( 2,064 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Molly Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yellowstone Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yellowstone_Lake', 'summary': 'Yellowstone Lake is the largest body of water in Yellowstone National Park . The lake is 7,732 feet ( 2,357 m ) above sea level and covers 136 square miles ( 350 km2 ) with 110 miles ( 180 km ) of shoreline . While the average depth of the lake is 139 ft ( 42 m ) , its greatest depth is at least 394 ft ( 120 m ) . Yellowstone Lake is the largest freshwater lake above 7,000 ft ( 2,100 m ) in North America . In winter , ice nearly 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) thick covers much of the lake except where shallow water covers hot springs . The lake freezes over by early December and can remain frozen until late May or early June .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '7,739 feet ( 2,359 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moose Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Lake', 'summary': 'Jackson Lake is in Grand Teton National Park in northwestern Wyoming . This natural lake was enlarged by the construction of the Jackson Lake Dam , which was originally built in 1911 , enlarged in 1916 and rebuilt by 1989 . As part of the Minidoka Project the top 33 ft ( 10 m ) of the lake is used by farmers in Idaho for irrigation purposes under water rights legislation that was enacted prior to the establishment of Grand Teton National Park . The lake is the remnant of large glacial gouging from the neighboring Teton Range to the west and the Yellowstone Plateau to the north . The lake is primarily fed by the Snake River , which flows in from the north , and empties at Jackson Lake Dam . Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States , at an elevation of 6,772 ft ( 2,064 m ) above sea level . The lake is up to 15 mi ( 24 km ) long , 7 mi ( 11 km ) wide and 438 ft ( 134 m ) deep . The water of the lake averages below 60 °F ( 16 °C ) , even during the summer . Numerous species of fish inhabit the lake including nonnative brown and lake trout and the native Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish . There are over 15 islands in the lake , including the largest , Elk Island , and Donoho Point . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Memorial Parkway is located near the northern end of Jackson Lake and extends to the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park . This roadway combines with the roads in Grand Teton National Park that follow the eastern side of the lake , and provides access for boating and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Teton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming', 'summary': "Teton County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,294 . Its county seat is Jackson . Its west boundary line abuts the east line of the state of Idaho . Teton County is part of the Jackson , WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area . Teton County contains the Jackson Hole ski area , all of Grand Teton National Park , and 40.4% of Yellowstone National Park 's total area , including over 96.6% of its water area ( largely in Yellowstone Lake ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,778 feet ( 2,066 m )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Islands of the state of WyomingLocation of Wyoming within the United StatesGeographyLocationWyomingTotal islands32 namedAdministration United StatesState Wyoming Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX Yellowstone Lake contains several of Wyoming 's islands , of which Frank Island is the largest . The following is a list of islands of Wyoming . Occupying 97,814 square miles ( 253,348 km² ) , the state of Wyoming is the 10th largest state in the country . It is the sixth largest state to not have an ocean coastline . Despite being landlocked , Wyoming does contain islands ; the state contains 713.16 square miles ( 1,847 km² ) of water , which is 0.72% of the state 's total area . Wyoming has 32 named islands , in which the majority of those are located in Jackson Lake and Yellowstone Lake within Yellowstone National Park in the northwest portion of the state . Green River in the southwest also contains a number of islands .", 'uid': 'List_of_islands_of_Wyoming_0', 'intro': "The following is a list of islands of Wyoming. Occupying 97,814 square miles (253,348 km²), the state of Wyoming is the 10th largest state in the country. It is the sixth largest state to not have an ocean coastline. Despite being landlocked, Wyoming does contain islands; the state contains 713.16 square miles (1,847 km²) of water, which is 0.72% of the state's total area. Wyoming has 32 named islands, in which the majority of those are located in Jackson Lake and Yellowstone Lake within Yellowstone National Park in the northwest portion of the state. Green River in the southwest also contains a number of islands."} | null | null | In which well known location are the islands with the 4 highest elevations located ? | Yellowstone National Park |
059ced1cebb3c97b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships', 'title': '2004 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnasts', 'Country', 'Point'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galina Lazarova , Marian Kolev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '19.780', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alba de las Heras , Jonatan Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '19.750', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Izabela Lăcătuș , Remus Nicolai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Izabela_Lăcătuș', 'summary': 'Izabela Daniela Lăcătuş ( born October 2 , 1976 , in Bucharest , Romania ) is a retired Romanian artistic and aerobic gymnast . She was an alternate to the artistic gymnastics team at the 1992 Olympics . After retiring from artistic gymnastics she had a career in aerobic gymnastics , winning 16 world and continental medals including the 2000 individual world title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Remus_Nicolai', 'summary': "Remus Nicolai ( born 10 June 1977 in Bistriţa , Romania ) is a retired Romanian aerobic gymnast . He had a successful career winning six world championships medals ( one gold , two silver and three bronze ) and five European championships medals ( two gold , two silver and one bronze ) . After retiring from aerobic gymnastics he opened together with his wife ( Daniela Mărănducă ) a private gymnastics club in Constanţa . As of 2013 he trains , together with his wife , the junior artistic women 's National Team of Romania at the National Olympic Center in Onesti ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '19.700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanna Lecis , Wilkie Satti Sanchez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '19.250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In Yung Choi , Jong Kun Song', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '18.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elena Kopylova , Aleksander Shulga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '18.530', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juliana Antero , Marcisnei Oliveira', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '18.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carolina Chacon Molinez , J.P. Olivares Arancibia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '18.050', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Mixed Pair', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2004_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships_2', 'intro': 'The 8th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Sofia, Bulgaria from June 3 to June 5, 2004.'} | null | null | Which nation did the nation with a score of 18.050 at the Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships of 2004 proclaim their freedom from ? | Spain |
059e8b0ee0e4779e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1984', 'title': 'List of horror films of 1984', 'header': ['Title', 'Director ( s )', 'Cast', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Barbaric Beast of Boggy Creek , Part II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Barbaric_Beast_of_Boggy_Creek,_Part_II', 'summary': 'The Legend of Boggy Creek is a 1972 horror docudrama about the Fouke Monster , a Bigfoot-type creature that reportedly has been seen in and around Fouke , Arkansas since the 1940s . The film mixes staged interviews with some local residents who claim to have encountered the creature , along with reenactments of encounters . Charles B . Pierce , an advertising salesman from Texarkana on the Arkansas/Texas state line , borrowed over $ 100,000 from a local trucking company , used an old 35mm movie camera and hired locals ( mainly high school students ) to help make the 85-minute film . The film has generated approximately $ 20 million in box office revenue and is available on DVD .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles B . Pierce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_B._Pierce', 'summary': 'Charles B . Pierce ( June 16 , 1938 - March 5 , 2010 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , producer , set decorator , cinematographer and actor , and is considered one of the first modern independent filmmakers . Pierce directed thirteen films over the span of 26 years , but is best known for his cult hits The Legend of Boggy Creek ( 1973 ) and The Town That Dreaded Sundown ( 1976 ) . An Arkansas resident most of his life , Pierce made his directorial debut with Boggy Creek , a faux documentary-style film inspired by the legend of the Bigfoot-like Fouke Monster . The low-budget film grossed roughly $ 25 million , and Pierce followed that success with several inexpensive , regional films set in the southern United States , including The Town That Dreaded Sundown , based on the true story of the Phantom Killer murders in Texarkana . Pierce continued directing films into the 1980s , when he wrote the story for the Clint Eastwood film Sudden Impact . For that screenplay , he is said to have written the phrase , Go ahead , make my day , which became one of the most famous movie quotes in history . After years of pressure from producers , Pierce directed a Boggy Creek sequel , Boggy Creek II : And the Legend Continues , which he considered the worst film of his career . It was later riffed on by the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles B . Pierce , Cindy Butler , Chuck Pierce', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloodsuckers from Outer Space', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloodsuckers_from_Outer_Space', 'summary': 'Bloodsuckers from Outer Space is a 1984 American science fiction black comedy horror film written and directed by Glen Coburn . It stars Thom Meyers , Dennis Letts , Laura Ellis , Robert Bradeen , Glen Coburn , Kris Nicolau , and Pat Paulsen as Texas residents who must battle a mist that turns people into zombies .'}]}, {'value': 'Glen Coburn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thorn Meyes , Dennis Letts , Laura Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Letts', 'summary': 'Dennis Letts ( September 5 , 1934 - February 22 , 2008 ) was an American college professor , and later , in a second career , an actor . As the latter , he originated the critically successful role of Beverly Weston in the Steppenwolf Theatre Company production of the Tony-winning play August : Osage County in the summer of 2007 , the writing of which had earned his son , Tracy Letts , a Pulitzer prize .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C.H.U.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.H.U.D.', 'summary': 'C.H.U.D . is a 1984 American science fiction horror film directed by Douglas Cheek , produced by Andrew Bonime , and starring John Heard , Daniel Stern , and Christopher Curry in his film debut . The plot concerns a New York City police officer and a homeless shelter manager who join forces to investigate a series of disappearances , and discover the missing are taken by humanoid monsters that live below the city . The title of the movie stands for Cannibalistic Humanoid Underground Dwellers . The film was released in North America on August 31 , 1984 and grossed $ 4.7 million . It was followed in 1989 by C.H.U.D . II : Bud the C.H.U.D .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Cheek', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Heard , Kim Greist , Daniel Stern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Heard_(actor)', 'summary': "John Heard Jr. ( March 7 , 1946 - July 21 , 2017 ) was an American actor . He appeared in a number of successful movies , including Heart Beat ( 1980 ) , Cutter 's Way ( 1981 ) , Cat People ( 1982 ) , C.H.U.D . ( 1984 ) , After Hours ( 1985 ) , Beaches ( 1988 ) , The Package ( 1989 ) , and Deceived ( 1991 ) . Other films include Big ( 1988 ) , Awakenings ( 1990 ) , Rambling Rose ( 1991 ) , The Pelican Brief ( 1993 ) , My Fellow Americans ( 1996 ) , Animal Factory ( 2000 ) , White Chicks ( 2004 ) , Would You Rather ( 2012 ) and Assault on Wall Street ( 2013 ) . Heard also played the role of Peter McCallister , the father of protagonist Kevin McCallister ( Macaulay Culkin ) , in Home Alone ( 1990 ) and its sequel Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) . Heard played the role of George in Sharknado ( 2013 ) . From 1995 to 1997 , he played the role of Roy Foltrigg in the television series The Client . From 2005 to 2006 , Heard played the role of Governor Frank Tancredi in Prison Break . He was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1999 for guest starring on The Sopranos ( 1999-2004 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_Greist', 'summary': 'Kimberley Bret Greist ( born May 12 , 1958 ) is a retired American actress and model , best known for her roles in films throughout the 1980s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Stern_(actor)', 'summary': "Daniel Jacob Stern ( born August 28 , 1957 ) is an American actor , artist , director , comedian , and screenwriter . He is best known for his roles as Marvin Marv Merchants in Home Alone ( 1990 ) and Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) , Phil Berquist in City Slickers ( 1991 ) and City Slickers II : The Legend of Curly 's Gold ( 1994 ) , the voice of adult Kevin Arnold on the television series The Wonder Years and the voice of Dilbert on the animated series of the same name . Other notable films of his include Breaking Away ( 1979 ) , Stardust Memories ( 1980 ) , Diner ( 1982 ) , Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) , and The Milagro Beanfield War ( 1988 ) . He made his feature-film directorial debut with Rookie of the Year ( 1993 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Children of the Corn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Children_of_the_Corn_(1984_film)', 'summary': "Children of the Corn ( advertised as Stephen King 's Children of the Corn ) is a 1984 American supernatural folk horror film based upon Stephen Kings 1977 short story of the same name . Directed by Fritz Kiersch , the film 's cast consists of Peter Horton , Linda Hamilton , John Franklin , Courtney Gains , Robby Kiger , Anne Marie McEvoy , Julie Maddalena , and R. G. Armstrong . Set in the fictitious rural town of Gatlin , Nebraska , the film tells the story of a malevolent entity referred to as He Who Walks Behind the Rows which entices the town 's children to ritually murder all the town 's adults , and a couple driving across the country , to ensure a successful corn harvest . King wrote the original draft of the screenplay , which focused more on the characters of Burt and Vicky and depicted more history on the uprising of the children in Gatlin . This script was disregarded in favor of George Goldsmith 's screenplay , which featured more violence and a more conventional narrative structure . Filming took place mainly in Iowa , but also in California . It spawned a franchise of films , and it has gained a cult following ."}]}, {'value': 'Fritz Kiersch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fritz_Kiersch', 'summary': "George Keith Fritz Kiersch ( born July 23 , 1951 in Alpine , Texas ) is an American film director , writer and producer . He is perhaps best known for directing the horror film Children of the Corn and the drama Tuff Turf . Currently , Kiersch is the head of Point Park University 's Cinema Arts Program ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Horton , Linda Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Horton', 'summary': 'Peter Horton ( born August 20 , 1953 ) is an American actor and director . He played Professor Gary Shepherd on the television series Thirtysomething from 1987 until 1991 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Linda_Hamilton', 'summary': "Linda Carroll Hamilton ( born September 26 , 1956 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her portrayal of Sarah Connor in the Terminator film series and Catherine Chandler in the television series Beauty and the Beast ( 1987-1990 ) , for which she was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards and an Emmy Award . She also starred as Vicky Baxter in the horror film Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) , Doctor Amy Franklin in the monster film King Kong Lives ( 1986 ) , and Mayor Rachel Wando in the disaster thriller film Dante 's Peak ( 1997 ) . Hamilton had a recurring role as Mary Elizabeth Bartowski on NBC 's Chuck ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Company of Wolves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Company_of_Wolves', 'summary': "The Company of Wolves is a 1984 British gothic fantasy horror film directed by Neil Jordan and starring Sarah Patterson , Angela Lansbury , Stephen Rea and David Warner . It was written by Angela Carter and Jordan . The film is based on the werewolf story of the same name in Angela Carter 's 1979 short story collection The Bloody Chamber . Carter herself co-wrote the screenplay with Jordan , based on her own short story and her earlier adaptation of The Company of Wolves for radio . Carter 's first draft of the screenplay , which contains some differences from the finished film , has been published in her anthology The Curious Room ( 1996 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Neil Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neil_Jordan', 'summary': 'Neil Patrick Jordan ( born 25 February 1950 ) is an Irish film director , screenwriter , novelist and short-story writer . His first book , Night in Tunisia , won a Somerset Maugham Award and the Guardian Fiction Prize in 1979 . He won an Academy Award ( Best Original Screenplay ) for The Crying Game ( 1992 ) . He has also won three Irish Film and Television Awards , as well as the Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin International Film Festival for The Butcher Boy ( 1997 ) . Jordan also created The Borgias ( 2011 TV series ) for Showtime .'}]}, {'value': 'Angela Lansbury , David Warner , Stephen Rea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Lansbury', 'summary': "Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury DBE ( born 16 October 1925 ) is a British-American-Irish actress who has appeared in theatre , television , and film roles . Her career has spanned almost eight decades , much of it in the United States . Her work received international attention . Lansbury was born to Irish actress Moyna Macgill and English politician Edgar Lansbury , an upper-middle-class family in Regent 's Park , central London . To escape the Blitz , in 1940 she moved to the United States with her mother and two brothers , and studied acting in New York City . Proceeding to Hollywood in 1942 , she signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and obtained her first film roles , in Gaslight ( 1944 ) and The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1945 ) , earning her two Oscar nominations and a Golden Globe Award . She appeared in eleven further films for MGM , mostly in supporting roles , and after her contract ended in 1952 she began supplementing her cinematic work with theatrical appearances . Although largely seen as a B-list star during this period , her appearance in the film The Manchurian Candidate ( 1962 ) received widespread acclaim and is cited as being one of her finest performances . Moving into musical theatre , Lansbury finally gained stardom for playing the leading role in the Broadway musical Mame ( 1966 ) , which earned her a range of awards . Amid difficulties in her personal life , Lansbury moved from California to County Cork , Ireland in 1970 , and continued with her theatrical and cinematic appearances throughout the decade . These included leading roles in the stage musicals Gypsy , Sweeney Todd , and The King and I , Back in the U.S. , moving into television , she achieved worldwide fame as fictional writer and sleuth Jessica Fletcher in the American whodunit series Murder , She Wrote , which ran for twelve seasons from 1984 until 1996 , becoming one of the longest-running detective drama series in television history . Through Corymore Productions , a company that she co-owned with her husband Peter Shaw , Lansbury assumed ownership of the series and was its executive producer for the final four seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Warner_(actor)', 'summary': 'David Hattersley Warner ( born 29 July 1941 ) is an English actor and voice actor who has worked in film , television , and theatre . He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and worked in the theatre before attaining prominence on screen in the early 1960s through his lead performance in the Karel Reisz film Morgan : A Suitable Case for Treatment , for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . Warner has portrayed both romantic leads and villainous characters across a range of media , including The Ballad of Cable Hogue , Straw Dogs , Cross of Iron , The Omen , Holocaust , The Thirty Nine Steps , Time After Time , Time Bandits , Tron , A Christmas Carol , Portrait in Evil , Titanic , Mary Poppins Returns and various characters in the Star Trek franchise including Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country and Star Trek : The Next Generation . In 1981 , he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special for his portrayal of Pomponius Falco in the television miniseries Masada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Rea', 'summary': 'Stephen Rea ( /ˈreɪ/ ray ; born 31 October 1946 ) is a Northern Irish film and stage actor . Rea has appeared in films such as V for Vendetta , Michael Collins , Interview with the Vampire and Breakfast on Pluto . Rea was nominated for an Academy Award for his lead performance as Fergus in the 1992 film The Crying Game . He has during later years had important roles in the Hugo Blick TV series The Shadow Line and The Honourable Woman , for which he won a BAFTA Award .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Day of the Reaper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tim Ritter', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Cathy O'Hanlon , Patrick Foster", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deadly Intruder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deadly_Intruder', 'summary': 'Deadly Intruder ( aka The Deadly Intruder ) is a 1985 horror film .'}]}, {'value': 'John McCauley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danny Bonaduce , Stuart Whitman , Daniel Greene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Bonaduce', 'summary': "Dante Daniel Bonaduce ( born August 13 , 1959 ) is an American actor , comedian , radio personality , television personality and professional wrestler . Bonaduce is the son of veteran TV writer and producer Joseph Bonaduce ( The Dick Van Dyke Show , One Day at a Time , and others ) . Bonaduce became famous as a child actor of the 1970s on the TV sitcom The Partridge Family . He co-starred as Danny Partridge , the wisecracking , redheaded middle son of the singing family band ( headed by Shirley Jones ) , and he was the fictional pop group 's bass guitar player . Since then , Bonaduce has starred in several other TV series , including the VH1 reality show Breaking Bonaduce in 2005 , radio shows in Los Angeles and Philadelphia and has been hosting a morning talk/music show at Seattle radio station KZOK-FM since November 14 , 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stuart_Whitman', 'summary': "Stuart Maxwell Whitman ( born February 1 , 1928 ) is an American film and television actor , known for his lengthy career in both media . Whitman played major roles in a large variety of genres . Some of these credits includes the dramatic The Mark for which he was nominated for best actor at the Academy Awards , the Western film The Comancheros ( 1961 ) , the aviation comedy Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines ( 1965 ) , or the cult horror Night of the Lepus ( 1972 ) . On television , Whitman is known for roles in Highway Patrol ( 1955-1957 ) , Cimarron Strip ( 1967 ) , and Superboy ( 1988-1992 ) . Whitman was born in San Francisco , and raised in New York until the age of twelve . His family relocated in Los Angeles . Whitman finished high school in 1945 , and was honorably discharged from the United States Army in the Corps of Engineers in 1948 . Afterwards , Whitman started studying acting and appearing in plays . In 1951 , he had a bit roles in the films Rudolph Maté 's When Worlds Collide and Robert Wise 's The Day the Earth Stood Still . Until 1957 , Whitman had a streak working in mostly bit parts in films directed by notable directors . On television Whitman guest starred in series such as Dr. Christian , The Roy Rogers Show , Death Valley Days and also had a recurring role on Highway Patrol . This led Whitman to play one of the central roles in John H. Auer 's Johnny Trouble ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Greene_(actor)', 'summary': "Daniel Greene was born in 1956 and is an American actor , best known for his role as Dwayne Cooley in the television series Falcon Crest . Other TV credits include : Alice , Dynasty , Three 's Company , Matt Houston , Emerald Point N.A.S. , The A-Team , Scarecrow and Mrs. King , Night Court , Remington Steele , L.A. Law , Santa Barbara and Matlock . Film appearances include : Weekend Warriors , Pulsebeat , Hands of Steel , Arthur 2 : On the Rocks , Elvira , Mistress of the Dark , There 's Something About Mary , Me , Myself & Irene , Shallow Hal and Stuck on You ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Disconnected', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disconnected_(film)', 'summary': 'Disconnected is a 1984 American slasher film produced and directed by Gorman Bechard and written by Bechard and Virginia Gilroy . It stars Frances Raines , Mark Walker , and Carl Koch . Its plot follows a young woman receiving disturbing phone calls .'}]}, {'value': 'Gorman Bechard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorman_Bechard', 'summary': "Gorman Bechard ( born March 15 , 1959 ) is an American film director , screenwriter and novelist best known for his independent feature films Psychos in Love , Friends ( with benefits ) , and You Are Alone ; his four rock documentaries Color Me Obsessed : A Film About the Replacements , What Did You Expect ? The Archers of Loaf Live at Cat 's Cradle , Every Everything : The Music , Life & Times of Grant Hart , and Who is Lydia Loveless ? ; his animal welfare documentary A Dog Named Gucci ; and his debut novel The Second Greatest Story Ever Told ."}]}, {'value': 'Frances Raines , Mark Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frances_Raines', 'summary': "Frances Raines ( born July 17 , 1962 ) is an American actress who appeared in a number of horror and exploitation films throughout the 1980s ( three of which were directed by Tim Kincaid ) , most notably Buddy Cooper 's The Mutilator as Linda . Raines is also the niece of Claude Raines , of Casablanca fame ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Do n't Open Till Christmas", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Open_Till_Christmas", 'summary': "Do n't Open Till Christmas is a 1984 British slasher film directed by Edmund Purdom . It was written by Derek Ford and Alan Birkinshaw ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmund Purdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmund_Purdom', 'summary': "Edmund Anthony Cutlar Purdom ( 19 December 1924 - 1 January 2009 ) was an English actor , voice artist , and director . He worked first on stage in Britain , performing various works by Shakespeare , then later in America on Broadway , until making his way to Hollywood , and eventually spent the remainder of his life appearing in Italian cinema . He is perhaps best known for his starring role in 1954 's historical epic The Egyptian . By taking over important roles exited by Mario Lanza and Marlon Brando , Purdom was known by the mid-1950s as The Replacement Star . Between the 1970s and 90s , he was a regular in European genre cinema , working with directors like Juan Piquer Simón , Joe D'Amato , Sergio Martino , Ruggero Deodato His daughter Lilan Purdom became a journalist for French TV Channel TF1 . She is the author of the book Hollywood Garage that relates the tumultuous career of her father . The book is published in English and in French ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Kennedy , Ray Marioni , Kelly Baker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fatal Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatal_Games', 'summary': "Fatal Games ( originally known as The Killing Touch and also known as Olympic Nightmare ) is a 1984 American slasher film written and directed by Michael Elliott and starring Sally Kirkland , Lynn Banashek , Sean Masterson , Michael O'Leary , Teal Roberts , and Spice Williams-Crosby . The plot consists of a mad slasher , wielding a javelin , killing off members of a high school gymnastics team . The film shares many of its plot points with an earlier slasher film , Graduation Day ( 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Elliot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sally Kirkland , Lynn Banashek , Sean Masterson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sally_Kirkland', 'summary': 'Sally Kirkland ( born October 31 , 1941 ) is an American film , television and stage actress . She received Golden Globe and Independent Spirit Awards , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , for her performance in Anna ( 1987 ) . Kirkland was the lead actress in Cold Feet ( 1989 ) , and was nominated for a Golden Globe award for her work in The Haunted ( 1991 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sean_Masterson', 'summary': "Sean Masterson is a comedy actor , writer , director and producer known for his work with Drew Carey , writing on The Drew Carey Show , and as an improvisational performer on Whose Line Is It Anyway ? spin-offs Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show , and Drew Carey 's Improv-A-Ganza . He has a wife and two children and is currently living in Los Angeles , California ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Firestarter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Firestarter_(film)', 'summary': "Firestarter is a 1984 American science fiction horror film based on Stephen King 's 1980 novel of the same name . The plot concerns a young girl who develops pyrokinesis and the secret government agency known as the Shop which seeks to control her . The film was directed by Mark L. Lester , and stars David Keith , Drew Barrymore , Martin Sheen and George C. Scott . The film was shot in and around Wilmington , Chimney Rock , and Lake Lure , North Carolina . A miniseries follow-up to the film Firestarter : Rekindled , was released in 2002 on the Sci-Fi Channel and a remake from Blumhouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark L. Lester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_L._Lester', 'summary': 'Mark L. Lester ( born November 26 , 1946 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer . He is known as a prolific director of cult films including the disco musical Roller Boogie , the vigilante thriller film Class of 1984 , the Stephen King-adaptation Firestarter ( 1984 ) , the Arnold Schwarzenegger action film Commando ( 1985 ) , and the action-comedy Armed and Dangerous ( 1986 ) , starring John Candy , Eugene Levy , and Meg Ryan .'}]}, {'value': 'David Keith , Drew Barrymore , Heather Locklear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Keith', 'summary': 'David Lemuel Keith ( born May 8 , 1954 ) is an American actor and director . His breakthrough role was that of aspiring Navy pilot Sid Worley in An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) , for which he was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards . The positive reception for this role led to leading parts in the films The Lords of Discipline ( 1983 ) , Firestarter ( 1984 ) and White of the Eye ( 1987 ) . Keith had notable supporting roles in features including The Indian in the Cupboard ( 1995 ) , U-571 ( 2000 ) , Men of Honor ( 2000 ) and Daredevil ( 2003 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drew_Barrymore', 'summary': "Drew Blythe Barrymore ( born February 22 , 1975 ) is an American actress , producer , director , author , model , and entrepreneur . She is a member of the Barrymore family of actors , and the granddaughter of John Barrymore . She achieved fame as a child actress with her role in E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . She is the recipient of numerous accolades , including a Golden Globe , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a BAFTA nomination . Following a highly publicized childhood marked by drug and alcohol abuse , Barrymore released an autobiography , Little Girl Lost , when she was 16 in 1991 . She went on to appear in a string of successful films throughout the decade , including Poison Ivy ( 1992 ) , Boys on the Side ( 1995 ) , Mad Love ( 1995 ) , Scream ( 1996 ) , Ever After ( 1998 ) and The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) . The latter was her first collaboration with Adam Sandler ; they have since starred together in 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) and Blended ( 2014 ) . Barrymore 's other films include Never Been Kissed ( 1999 ) , Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) , Donnie Darko ( 2001 ) , Riding in Cars with Boys ( 2001 ) , Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ( 2002 ) , Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) , Fever Pitch ( 2005 ) , Music and Lyrics ( 2007 ) , Going the Distance ( 2010 ) , Big Miracle ( 2012 ) and Miss You Already ( 2015 ) . Barrymore made her directorial debut with Whip It ( 2009 ) , in which she also starred , and received a SAG Award and a Golden Globe for her performance in Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) . She starred on the Netflix series Santa Clarita Diet until its cancellation in 2019 . In 1995 , Barrymore and Nancy Juvonen formed the production company Flower Films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heather_Locklear', 'summary': "Heather Deen Locklear ( born September 25 , 1961 ) is an American actress . She is perhaps best known for her role as Amanda Woodward on Melrose Place ( 1993-99 ) , for which she received four consecutive Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress - Television Series Drama . She is also known for her role as Sammy Jo Carrington on Dynasty from 1981 to 1989 , her first major television role , which began a longtime collaboration with producer Aaron Spelling . Other notable television roles include Officer Stacy Sheridan on T. J. Hooker ( 1982-86 ) , and Caitlin Moore on Spin City ( 1999-2002 ) , for which she earned two more Golden Globe nominations , this time for Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy . She had a recurring role on the TV Land sitcom Hot in Cleveland and a main role on the TNT drama-comedy television series Franklin & Bash in 2013 . Locklear 's film roles include the science-fiction thriller Firestarter ( 1984 ) , the action comedy Money Talks ( 1997 ) , the live-action/animated comedy Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) , and the romantic comedy The Perfect Man ( 2005 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friday_the_13th:_The_Final_Chapter', 'summary': 'Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter is a 1984 American slasher film directed by Joseph Zito , produced by Frank Mancuso Jr. , and starring Kimberly Beck , Corey Feldman , Crispin Glover , and Ted White as Jason Voorhees . It is the fourth installment in the Friday the 13th film series . Picking up immediately after the events of Friday the 13th Part III , the story follows a presumed-dead Jason Voorhees brought to the morgue , where he spontaneously revives and escapes , returning to Crystal Lake to continue his killing spree . Much like Part III , the film was originally supposed to be the final installment in the series . Mancuso Jr. wanted to conclude the series as he felt nobody respected him for his assisting work on the series regardless of how much the films earned at the box office , as well as wanting to work on other projects . Paramount Pictures supported the decision , as they were aware of the declining popularity of slasher films at the time of its release . As a result , the film was marketed as The Final Chapter to ensure it as such . Make-up artist Tom Savini , who worked on the first film , returned because he wanted to help kill off Jason , whom he helped create . The film was originally scheduled to be released in October , but was pushed up to April 13 , 1984 . Upon its theatrical release , the film grossed $ 33 million in the U.S. on a budget of $ 2.6 million , making it the fourth most attended of the Friday the 13th series with approximately 9,815,700 tickets sold . The film received generally negative reviews from critics . Despite being billed as the final film , its success prompted another sequel , Friday the 13th : A New Beginning , one year later .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Zito , Joe Hoffman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Zito', 'summary': 'Joseph Zito ( born May 14 , 1946 ) is an American film director and producer , best known for directing several cult and genre films throughout the 1980s , such as Missing in Action , Invasion U.S.A. , Red Scorpion , The Prowler , and Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter , In 1985-1986 , Zito spent a year of pre-production on the Cannon version of Spider-Man , a film that was evidently never actually made .'}]}, {'value': 'Crispin Glover , Kimberly Beck , Barbara Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crispin_Glover', 'summary': "Crispin Hellion Glover ( born April 20 , 1964 ) is an American actor and director . Glover is known for portraying eccentric characters on screen , such as George McFly in Back to the Future ( 1985 ) , Layne in River 's Edge ( 1986 ) , Bobby McBurney in What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ( 1993 ) , the Thin Man in Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) and its sequel ( 2003 ) , Willard Stiles in Willard ( 2003 ) , Grendel in Beowulf ( 2007 ) , Phil Wedmaier in Hot Tub Time Machine ( 2010 ) and The Knave of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) . Since 2017 , he has played Mr. World in the Starz television series American Gods . In the late 1980s , Glover started his company , Volcanic Eruptions , which publishes his books and also serves as the production company for Glover 's films , such as What Is It ? ( 2005 ) and It Is Fine ! Everything Is Fine . ( 2007 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kimberly_Beck', 'summary': "Kimberly Beck ( born January 9 , 1956 ) is a former American actress and model . She is best known for her role as Trish Jarvis in Joseph Zito 's Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) . Her other film roles include Alfred Hitchcock 's Marnie ( 1964 ) , Luc Besson 's The Big Blue ( 1988 ) , George T. Miller 's Frozen Assets ( 1992 ) , and Roland Emmerich 's Independence Day ( 1996 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Howard_(actress)', 'summary': "Barbara Howard ( born 1956 ) is an American psychotherapist and retired actress , who remains best known for her roles in the film Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter and in the television series Falcon Crest as Melissa Agretti 's cousin Robin Agretti . She retired from acting in 2000 to pursue her current career in psychotherapy ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gremlins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gremlins', 'summary': "Gremlins is a 1984 American comedy horror film written by Chris Columbus and directed by Joe Dante . The story follows a young man who receives a strange creature called a mogwai as a pet , which then spawns other creatures who transform into small , destructive , evil monsters . It draws on legends of folkloric mischievous creatures that caused malfunctions - gremlins - in the British Royal Air Force going back to World War II . The film stars Zach Galligan and Phoebe Cates , with Howie Mandel providing the voice of Gizmo , the main mogwai character . Steven Spielberg was the film 's executive producer , with the film being produced by Michael Finnell and released by Warner Bros . It was followed by a sequel , Gremlins 2 : The New Batch , released in 1990 . Unlike the more satirical tone of the sequel ( which parodies Hollywood sequels ) , Gremlins opts for more black comedy , balanced against a Christmastime setting . Both films were the center of large merchandising campaigns . Despite being a critical and commercial success , the film was heavily criticized for some of its more violent sequences . In response to this and to similar complaints about Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , Spielberg suggested that the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) alter its rating system , which it did within two months of the film 's release , creating a new PG-13 rating ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Dante', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Dante', 'summary': "Joseph James Dante Jr. ( /ˈdɑːnteɪ/ ; born November 28 , 1946 ) is an American film director , producer , editor and actor . His films - notably Gremlins ( 1984 ) - often mix fantastical storylines with comedic elements . Dante 's films also include Piranha ( 1978 ) , The Howling ( 1981 ) , Explorers ( 1985 ) , Innerspace ( 1987 ) , The 'Burbs ( 1989 ) , Gremlins 2 : The New Batch ( 1990 ) , Matinee ( 1993 ) , Small Soldiers ( 1998 ) , and Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) . His work for television and cable includes immigration satire The Second Civil War ( 1997 ) and episodes of anthology series Masters of Horror ( Homecoming and The Screwfly Solution ) and Amazing Stories , as well as Hawaii Five-0 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hoyt Axton , Zach Galligan , Corey Feldman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoyt_Axton', 'summary': 'Hoyt Wayne Axton ( March 25 , 1938 - October 26 , 1999 ) was an American folk music singer-songwriter , guitarist , and a film and television actor . He became prominent in the early 1960s , establishing himself on the West Coast as a folk singer with an earthy style and powerful voice . As he matured , some of his songwriting became well known throughout the world . Among them were Joy to the World , The Pusher , No No Song , Greenback Dollar , Della and the Dealer , and Never Been to Spain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zach_Galligan', 'summary': 'Zachary Wolfe Galligan ( born February 14 , 1964 ) is an American actor , best known for starring as Billy Peltzer in the comedy-horror films Gremlins ( 1984 ) and Gremlins 2 : The New Batch ( 1990 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Corey_Feldman', 'summary': 'Corey Scott Feldman ( born July 16 , 1971 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and singer . He became well known during the 1980s , with roles as a youth in films such as Gremlins ( 1984 ) , The Goonies ( 1985 ) and Stand by Me ( 1986 ) . In 1987 , Feldman starred in the horror comedy film The Lost Boys with Corey Haim ; they became known as The Two Coreys and went on to appear in other films together , including License to Drive ( 1988 ) and Dream a Little Dream ( 1989 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hills Have Eyes Part II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hills_Have_Eyes_Part_II', 'summary': 'The Hills Have Eyes Part II is a 1984 American horror film written and directed by Wes Craven . The film stars Tamara Stafford , Kevin Spirtas , John Bloom , Michael Berryman , Penny Johnson , Janus Blythe , John Laughlin , Willard E. Pugh , Peter Frechette , and Robert Houston . The Hills Have Eyes Part II is the sequel to the 1977 film . The film was produced by Barry Cahn , Jonathan Debin , and Peter Locke .'}]}, {'value': 'Wes Craven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wes_Craven', 'summary': 'Wesley Earl Craven ( August 2 , 1939 - August 30 , 2015 ) was an American film director , writer , producer , and actor . He was known for his pioneering work in the genre of horror films , particularly slasher films , where he mixed horror cliches with humor and satire . His impact on the genre was considered prolific and influential . Due to the success and cultural impact of his works in the horror film genre , Craven has been called a Master of Horror . He is best known for creating A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 1984 ) and Scream ( 1996 ) , featuring the characters of Freddy Krueger , Nancy Thompson , Ghostface , and Sidney Prescott . His other notable films include The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) , The Hills Have Eyes ( 1977 ) , Swamp Thing ( 1982 ) , The Serpent and the Rainbow ( 1988 ) , Shocker ( 1989 ) , The People Under the Stairs ( 1991 ) , Vampire in Brooklyn ( 1995 ) , Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , and Red Eye ( 2005 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Berryman , Tamara Stafford , Kevin Spirtas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Berryman', 'summary': "Michael John Berryman ( born September 4 , 1948 ) is an American actor . Berryman was born with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia , a rare condition characterised by the absence of sweat glands , hair , and fingernails ; his unusual physical appearance has allowed Berryman to make a career out of portraying characters in horror movies and B movies . He came to prominence with his roles in One Flew over the Cuckoo 's Nest in 1975 and The Hills Have Eyes in 1977 . He has appeared in several movies and television shows , including Star Trek and The X-Files ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Spirtas', 'summary': 'Kevin Blair Spirtas ( born July 29 , 1962 ) is an American actor .'}]}, {'value': 'United States United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunters of the Night', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Visa Mäkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Visa_Mäkinen', 'summary': 'Visa Mäkinen ( born 28 March 1945 in Pori , Finland ) is a Finnish film director , film producer , actor and screen writer . He has directed and produced films such as the 1983 James Bond spoof Agentti 000 ja kuoleman kurvit which featured actors Ilmari Saarelainen and Tenho Sauren . He has also acted and written for several films .'}]}, {'value': 'Sari Sarmas , Reijo Kokko , Sirpa Taivainen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Initiation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Initiation_(film)', 'summary': "The Initiation is a 1984 American slasher film directed by Larry Stewart , and starring Daphne Zuniga , Clu Gulager , Vera Miles , and Hunter Tylo . The plot focuses on a sorority member and a group of pledges , who are stalked and murdered during their initiation ritual in a department store after hours . The film has been noted for being star Zuniga 's first leading role after her minor part in The Dorm That Dripped Blood ( 1983 ) , as well as establishing a contemporary cult following as a midnight movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Larry Stewart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vera Miles , Daphne Zuniga , James Read', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vera_Miles', 'summary': "Vera June Miles ( née Ralston , born August 23 , 1929 ) is a retired American actress who worked closely with Alfred Hitchcock , most notably as Lila Crane in the classic 1960 film Psycho , reprising the role in the 1983 sequel Psycho II . Other films in which she appeared include Tarzan 's Hidden Jungle ( 1955 ) , The Searchers ( 1956 ) , Alfred Hitchcock 's The Wrong Man ( 1956 ) , A Touch of Larceny ( 1959 ) , The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) , Follow Me , Boys ! ( 1966 ) , Sergeant Ryker ( 1968 ) and Molly and Lawless John ( 1972 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daphne_Zuniga', 'summary': "Daphne Eurydice Zuniga ( /ˈdæfni zuːˈniːɡə/ ; born October 28 , 1962 ) is an American actress . She made her film debut in 1982 in the slasher film The Dorm That Dripped Blood at the age of 19 , followed by a lead role in the horror film The Initiation ( 1984 ) two years later . She went on to star in several comedies , including Rob Reiner 's The Sure Thing ( 1985 ) , opposite John Cusack , and the cult comedies Modern Girls ( 1986 ) , and Spaceballs ( 1987 ) . She also starred opposite Lucille Ball in the television drama film Stone Pillow ( 1986 ) , and in the science-fiction horror sequel The Fly II ( 1989 ) . Zuniga later gained major exposure as a television actress for her role as Jo Reynolds on the Fox primetime soap opera Melrose Place from 1992-1996 . Other television credits include as Victoria Davis on One Tree Hill ( 2008-2012 ) , and as Lynn Kerr on the drama series Beautiful People . Zuniga has been active in environmental issues since the mid-2000s , and was a founding member of the Earth Communications Office . She has also worked with the Natural Resources Defense Council , the Waterkeeper Alliance , and Environment California ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Read', 'summary': 'James Christopher Read ( born July 31 , 1953 ) is an American actor . He played the role of George Hazard in the North and South television miniseries . and had a recurring role as Victor Bennett on the supernatural series Charmed between 2001 and 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent Prey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Innocent_Prey', 'summary': 'Innocent Prey is an Australian erotic horror thriller film which was shot in 1984 but was released in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Colin Eggleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_Eggleston', 'summary': 'Colin Eggleston ( /ˈɛɡəlstən/ ; 23 September 1941 , Melbourne - 10 August 2002 , Geneva ) was an Australian writer and director of TV and films . He began his career making police dramas for Crawford Productions .'}]}, {'value': 'P.J . Soles , Martin Balsam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P.J._Soles', 'summary': "Pamela Jayne Soles ( née Hardon ; born July 17 , 1950 ) is a German-born American actress . She made her film debut in 1976 as Norma Watson in Brian De Palma 's Carrie ( 1976 ) before portraying Lynda van der Klok in John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) and Riff Randell in Allan Arkush 's Rock ' n ' Roll High School ( 1979 ) . She has since appeared in a variety of films including Breaking Away ( 1979 ) , Private Benjamin ( 1980 ) , Stripes ( 1981 ) , Sweet Dreams ( 1985 ) , Jawbreaker ( 1999 ) and cult classics like The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) and Beg ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Balsam', 'summary': "Martin Henry Balsam ( November 4 , 1919 - February 13 , 1996 ) was an American character actor . He is best known for a number of renowned film roles , including detective Milton Arbogast in Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho ( 1960 ) , Arnold Burns in A Thousand Clowns ( 1965 ) ( for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ) , Juror # 1 in 12 Angry Men ( 1957 ) , and Mr. Green in The Taking of Pelham One Two Three ( 1974 ) , as well as for his role as Murray Klein in the television sitcom Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979-1983 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Invitation to Hell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invitation_to_Hell_(1984_film)', 'summary': 'Invitation to Hell is a 1984 American made-for-television supernatural horror film directed by Wes Craven , and starring Robert Urich , Joanna Cassidy , and Susan Lucci . Its plot follows a family who are threatened to join a mysterious country club in their new Southern California community . It was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wes Craven', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Urich , Joanna Cassidy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Urich', 'summary': "Robert Michael Urich ( December 19 , 1946 - April 16 , 2002 ) was an American film , television , stage actor , and television producer . Over the course of his 30-year career , he starred in a record 15 television series . Urich began his career in television in the early 1970s . After guest stints and roles in short-lived television series , he won a co-starring role in the action/crime drama series S.W.A.T . in 1975 . In 1976 , he landed the role of Dan Tanna in the crime drama series Vega $ . It aired on ABC from 1978 to 1981 , and earned him two Golden Globe Award nominations . In addition to his work in television , he also starred in several feature films , including Magnum Force ( 1973 ) , The Ice Pirates ( 1984 ) , and Turk 182 ( 1985 ) . From 1985 to 1988 , he portrayed the title role in the detective television series Spenser : For Hire , based on Robert B. Parker 's series of mystery novels . In 1988 , he began hosting the documentary series National Geographic Explorer . He won a CableACE Award for his work on the series . He was also awarded a Golden Boot Award for his work in Western television series and films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joanna_Cassidy', 'summary': "Joanna Cassidy ( born August 2 , 1945 ) is an American actress . She is known for her roles as the replicant Zhora Salome in Ridley Scott 's film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) and Dolores in Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) . She has won a Golden Globe Award , was nominated for three Emmy Awards and also was nominated for a Saturn Award and Screen Actors Guild Awards . Cassidy also has starred in films such as Under Fire ( 1983 ) , The Fourth Protocol ( 1987 ) , The Package ( 1989 ) , Where the Heart Is ( 1990 ) , Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) , Vampire in Brooklyn ( 1995 ) and Ghosts of Mars ( 2001 ) . From 2001 to 2005 , she played Margaret Chenowith on the HBO drama series Six Feet Under for which she received Primetime Emmy Award nomination . From 2011 to 2013 , she played Joan Hunt on the ABC series Body of Proof , and from 2010 to 2013 starred in the HBO Canada comedy series Call Me Fitz for which she won two Canadian Screen Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monster Dog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monster_Dog', 'summary': 'Monster Dog ( Spanish : Leviatán ) is a 1986 Spanish horror film directed by Claudio Fragasso and starring Alice Cooper and Victoria Vera .'}]}, {'value': 'Claudio Fragasso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claudio_Fragasso', 'summary': 'Claudio Fragasso ( born 2 October 1951 ) is a film director and screenwriter . Fragasso started in the Italian film industry in the mid-1970s working as a screenwriter and first attempted to make art films in the early 1970s . Fragasso met with director Bruno Mattei which led to partnership of about 15 years with the two working together on films , with Fragasso often going uncredited . Fragasso would also make his own films in the 1980s including Monster Dog with rock musician Alice Cooper and After Death . Fragasso would make the film Troll 2 in 1989 which later went on to become popular enough to have a documentary Best Worst Movie follow the making and cult fandom of the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Alice Cooper , Victoria Vera , Carlos Sanurio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_Cooper', 'summary': "Alice Cooper ( born Vincent Damon Furnier ; February 4 , 1948 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and actor whose career spans over 50 years . With his distinctive raspy voice and a stage show that features numerous props , including guillotines , electric chairs , fake blood , reptiles , baby dolls , and dueling swords , Cooper is considered by music journalists and peers alike to be The Godfather of Shock Rock . He has drawn equally from horror films , vaudeville , and garage rock to pioneer a macabre and theatrical brand of rock designed to shock people . Originating in Phoenix , Arizona in 1964 , Alice Cooper was originally a band consisting of Furnier on vocals and harmonica , Glen Buxton on lead guitar , Michael Bruce on rhythm guitar , Dennis Dunaway on bass guitar , and Neal Smith on drums . The original Alice Cooper band released their debut album in 1969 , and broke into the international music mainstream with the 1971 hit song I 'm Eighteen . The band reached their commercial peak in 1973 with their sixth studio album Billion Dollar Babies . The band broke up in 1975 and Furnier adopted the band 's name as his own name , beginning his solo career with the 1975 concept album Welcome to My Nightmare . Expanding from his Detroit rock roots , Cooper has experimented with a number of musical styles , including art rock , hard rock , heavy metal , new wave , glam metal , and industrial rock . He is credited with helping to shape the sound and look of heavy metal , and has been described as the artist who first introduced horror imagery to rock and roll , and whose stagecraft and showmanship have permanently transformed the genre . He is also known for his witty and humorous personality offstage , with The Rolling Stone Album Guide calling him the world 's most beloved heavy metal entertainer . Away from music , Cooper is a film actor , a golfing celebrity , a restaurateur , and , since 2004 , a popular radio DJ with his classic rock show Nights with Alice Cooper ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Night of the Comet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Night_of_the_Comet', 'summary': 'Night of the Comet is a 1984 American science fiction horror comedy film written and directed by Thom Eberhardt . It stars Catherine Mary Stewart , Robert Beltran , and Kelli Maroney as survivors of a comet that has turned most people into either dust or zombies . Night of the Comet grossed $ 14.4 million in the US on a $ 700,000 budget . It has a Rotten Tomatoes approval rating of 77% and has since become a cult film , influencing the creation of Buffy Summers .'}]}, {'value': 'Thom Eberhardt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thom_Eberhardt', 'summary': 'Thomas Everett Thom Eberhardt ( born March 7 , 1947 in Los Angeles , California ) is an American film director , producer and screenwriter . Eberhardt has won two awards and two nominations . He is most noted for his work on Captain Ron , Honey , I Blew Up the Kid , and the cult classic Night of the Comet .'}]}, {'value': 'Kelli Maroney , Catherine Mary Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelli_Maroney', 'summary': "Kelli Maroney is an American film and television actress . She appeared in the films Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) , Night of the Comet ( 1984 ) , and Chopping Mall ( 1986 ) , and also appeared on television in the soap operas Ryan 's Hope and One Life to Live ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Catherine_Mary_Stewart', 'summary': 'Catherine Mary Stewart ( née Nursall ; born April 22 , 1959 ) is a Canadian actress .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' Horror films By decade 1896–1959 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 vte A list of horror films released in 1984 .', 'uid': 'List_of_horror_films_of_1984_0', 'intro': 'A list of horror films released in 1984.'} | null | null | Who wrote the screenplay of the 1984 horror film whose cast included an actor born on August 20 , 1953 ? | George Goldsmith |
059eff7298d911aa | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pi_Beta_Phi_sisters', 'title': 'List of Pi Beta Phi sisters', 'header': ['Name', 'Chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Laurie Monnes Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurie_Monnes_Anderson', 'summary': 'Laurie Monnes Anderson ( born December 31 , 1945 ) is an American Democratic politician who currently serves in the Oregon Senate , representing District 25 in eastern Multnomah County , Oregon , including parts of the cities of Fairview , Gresham , Troutdale , and Wood Village .'}]}, {'value': 'Oregon Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oregon State Senator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbara Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Bush', 'summary': 'Barbara Bush ( née Pierce ; June 8 , 1925 - April 17 , 2018 ) was the first lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993 as the wife of George H. W. Bush , who served as the 41st president of the United States , and founder of the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy . She previously was the second lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989 . Among her six children are George W. Bush , the 43rd president of the United States , and Jeb Bush , the 43rd governor of Florida . She and Abigail Adams are the only two women to be the wife of one U.S. president and the mother of another . Barbara Pierce was born in New York City . She met George Herbert Walker Bush at the age of sixteen , and the two married in Rye , New York in 1945 , while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II . They moved to Texas in 1948 , where George later began his political career .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas Eta Alumna Initiate 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41st First Lady of the United States and wife of George H. W. Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "First Lady of the United States ( FLOTUS ) is the title held by the hostess of the White House , usually the wife of the president of the United States , concurrent with the president 's term in office . Although the first ladys role has never been codified or officially defined , she figures prominently in the political and social life of the nation . Since the early 20th century , the first lady has been assisted by official staff , now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House . Melania Trump is the current first lady of the United States , as wife of 45th president of the United States , Donald J. Trump . While the title was not in general use until much later , Martha Washington , the wife of George Washington , the first U.S. president ( 1789-1797 ) , is considered to be the inaugural first lady of the United States . During her lifetime , she was often referred to as Lady Washington . Since the 1790s , the role of First Lady has changed considerably . It has come to include involvement in political campaigns , management of the White House , championship of social causes , and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions . As first ladies now typically publish their memoirs , which are viewed as potential sources of additional information about their husbands ' administrations , and because the public is interested in these increasingly independent women in their own right , first ladies frequently remain a focus of attention long after their husbands ' terms of office have ended . Additionally , over the years individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors , from fashion to public opinion on policy . Historically , should a president be unmarried , or a widower , the President usually asks a relative or friend to act as White House hostess . There are four living former first ladies : Rosalynn Carter , wife of Jimmy Carter ; Hillary Clinton , wife of Bill Clinton ; Laura Bush , wife of George W. Bush ; and Michelle Obama , wife of Barack Obama ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_H._W._Bush', 'summary': "George Herbert Walker Bush ( June 12 , 1924 - November 30 , 2018 ) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Since around 2000 he has usually been called George H. W. Bush , Bush Senior , or Bush 41 to distinguish him from his eldest son , George W. Bush , who served as the 43rd president from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , Bush also served in the U.S. House of Representatives , as U.S . Ambassador to the United Nations , as Director of Central Intelligence , and as the 43rd vice president of the United States . Bush was raised in Greenwich , Connecticut and attended Phillips Academy before serving in the United States Navy during World War II . After the war , he graduated from Yale University and moved to West Texas , where he established a successful oil company . After an unsuccessful run for the United States Senate , he won election to the 7th congressional district of Texas in 1966 . President Richard Nixon appointed Bush to the position of Ambassador to the United Nations in 1971 and to the position of chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973 . In 1974 , President Gerald Ford appointed him as the Chief of the Liaison Office to the People 's Republic of China , and in 1976 Bush became the Director of Central Intelligence . Bush ran for president in 1980 , but was defeated in the Republican presidential primaries by Ronald Reagan . He was then elected vice president in 1980 and 1984 as Reagan 's running mate . In the 1988 presidential election , Bush defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis , becoming the first incumbent vice president to be elected president in 152 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Iris Calderhead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iris_Calderhead', 'summary': "Iris Calderhead ( Jan. 3 , 1889 - March 6 , 1966 ) was a suffragist and organizer in the National Woman 's Party . She earned an A.B . in English from the University of Kansas in 1910 and completed a graduate degree at Bryn Mawr College in 1913 . She was the daughter of William A. Calderhead , the congressional representative for Kansas ' 5th District from 1895 to 1911 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Suffragist and member of the National Woman 's Party", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/National_Woman's_Party", 'summary': "The National Woman 's Party ( NWP ) is an American women 's political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women 's suffrage . After achieving this goal with the 1920 adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the NWP advocated for other issues including the Equal Rights Amendment , which is still seeking ratification today . The most prominent leader of the National Woman 's Party was Alice Paul , and its most notable event was the 1917-1919 Silent Sentinels vigil outside the gates of the White House ."}]}, {'value': 'Carrie Chapman Catt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt', 'summary': "Carrie Chapman Catt ( January 9 , 1859 - March 9 , 1947 ) was an American women 's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which gave U.S. women the right to vote in 1920 . Catt served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association and was the founder of the League of Women Voters and the International Alliance of Women . She led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920 and was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of the League of Women Voters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters', 'summary': 'The League of Women Voters ( LWV ) is an American civic organization that was formed to help women take a larger role in public affairs after they won the right to vote . It was founded in 1920 to support the new women suffrage rights and was a merger of National Council of Women Voters , founded by Emma Smith DeVoe , and National American Woman Suffrage Association , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , approximately six months before the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution gave women the right to vote . The League of Women Voters began as a mighty political experiment aimed to help newly enfranchised women exercise their responsibilities as voters . Originally , only women could join the league ; but in 1973 the charter was modified to include men . LWV operates at the local , state , and national level , with over 1,000 local and 50 state leagues , and one territory league in the U.S. Virgin Islands . The League of Women Voters is officially nonpartisan - it neither supports nor opposes candidates or parties . However , it does support a variety of progressive public policy positions , including campaign finance reform , universal health care , abortion rights , climate change action and environmental regulation , and gun control .'}]}, {'value': 'Grace Coolidge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grace_Coolidge', 'summary': "Grace Anna Coolidge ( née Goodhue ; January 3 , 1879 - July 8 , 1957 ) was the wife of the 30th President of the United States , Calvin Coolidge . She was the First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929 and the Second Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923 . She graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902 with a bachelor of arts degree in teaching and joined the Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech in Northampton , Massachusetts , to teach deaf children to communicate by lip reading , rather than by signing . She met Calvin Coolidge in 1904 , and the two were married the following year . As her husband advanced his political career , Coolidge avoided politics . When Calvin Coolidge was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1919 , she remained at home in Northampton with their children . After her husband 's election as vice president in 1920 , the family moved to Washington , D.C. , living at the Willard Hotel . Coolidge did not speak out on political issues of the day , including women 's rights . Instead , she dedicated herself to supporting popular causes and organizations , such as the Red Cross and the Visiting Nurse Association . After the death of her son Calvin in 1924 , she won the sympathy of the country . Unlike previous first ladies , who had withdrawn almost entirely from the public spotlight after personal tragedies , Coolidge resumed her official duties after a few months . In 1929 , Calvin Coolidge 's term as president ended , and the couple retired to Northampton ."}]}, {'value': 'Vermont Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32nd First Lady of the United States and wife of Calvin Coolidge , charter member of the Vermont Beta chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "First Lady of the United States ( FLOTUS ) is the title held by the hostess of the White House , usually the wife of the president of the United States , concurrent with the president 's term in office . Although the first ladys role has never been codified or officially defined , she figures prominently in the political and social life of the nation . Since the early 20th century , the first lady has been assisted by official staff , now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House . Melania Trump is the current first lady of the United States , as wife of 45th president of the United States , Donald J. Trump . While the title was not in general use until much later , Martha Washington , the wife of George Washington , the first U.S. president ( 1789-1797 ) , is considered to be the inaugural first lady of the United States . During her lifetime , she was often referred to as Lady Washington . Since the 1790s , the role of First Lady has changed considerably . It has come to include involvement in political campaigns , management of the White House , championship of social causes , and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions . As first ladies now typically publish their memoirs , which are viewed as potential sources of additional information about their husbands ' administrations , and because the public is interested in these increasingly independent women in their own right , first ladies frequently remain a focus of attention long after their husbands ' terms of office have ended . Additionally , over the years individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors , from fashion to public opinion on policy . Historically , should a president be unmarried , or a widower , the President usually asks a relative or friend to act as White House hostess . There are four living former first ladies : Rosalynn Carter , wife of Jimmy Carter ; Hillary Clinton , wife of Bill Clinton ; Laura Bush , wife of George W. Bush ; and Michelle Obama , wife of Barack Obama ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge', 'summary': "Calvin Coolidge ( born John Calvin Coolidge Jr. ; /ˈkuːlɪdʒ/ ; July 4 , 1872 - January 5 , 1933 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929 . A Republican lawyer from New England , born in Vermont , Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics , eventually becoming governor of Massachusetts . His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action . The next year , he was elected vice president of the United States , and he succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923 . Elected in his own right in 1924 , he gained a reputation as a small government conservative and also as a man who said very little and had a rather dry sense of humor . Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor 's administration , and left office with considerable popularity . As a Coolidge biographer wrote : He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class , could interpret their longings and express their opinions . That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength . Scholars have ranked Coolidge in the lower half of those presidents that they have assessed . He is praised by advocates of smaller government and laissez-faire economics , while supporters of an active central government generally view him less favorably , although most praise his stalwart support of racial equality ."}]}, {'value': 'Cate Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cate_Edwards', 'summary': 'Catharine Elizabeth Edwards ( born March 4 , 1982 ) is an American attorney . Edwards is the daughter of former Senator ( D-NC ) John Edwards and Elizabeth Edwards .'}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'attorney , daughter of John Edwards and Elizabeth Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Edwards', 'summary': "Johnny Reid John Edwards ( born June 10 , 1953 ) is an American lawyer and former politician who served as a U.S. senator from North Carolina . He was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 2004 , and was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2004 and 2008 . Edwards defeated incumbent Republican Lauch Faircloth in North Carolina 's 1998 Senate election . Towards the end of his six-year term , he opted to retire from the Senate and focus on a Democratic campaign in the 2004 presidential election . He eventually became the 2004 Democratic candidate for vice president , the running mate of presidential nominee Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts . Following Kerry 's loss to incumbent President George W. Bush , Edwards began working full-time at the One America Committee , a political action committee he established in 2001 , and was appointed director of the Center on Poverty , Work and Opportunity at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law . He was also a consultant for Fortress Investment Group LLC . Following his 2008 campaign , Edwards was indicted by a federal grand jury on June 3 , 2011 on six felony charges of violating multiple federal campaign contribution laws to cover up an extramarital affair to which he eventually admitted . Edwards was found not guilty on one count , and the judge declared a mistrial on the remaining five charges , as the jury was unable to come to an agreement . The Justice Department dropped the remaining charges and did not attempt to retry Edwards . Edwards was not convicted of a crime , but the revelation that he engaged in an extramarital affair and fathered a child while his wife , Elizabeth , was dying of cancer gravely damaged his public image and ended his career in politics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Edwards', 'summary': "Mary Elizabeth Anania Edwards ( July 3 , 1949 - December 7 , 2010 ) was an American attorney , a best-selling author and a health care activist . She was married to John Edwards , the former U.S . Senator from North Carolina who was the 2004 United States Democratic vice-presidential nominee . Edwards lived a private life until her husband 's rise as senator and ultimately unsuccessful vice presidential and presidential campaigns . She was his chief policy advisor during his presidential bid , and was instrumental in pushing him towards more liberal stances on subjects such as universal health care . She was also an advocate for gay marriage and was against the war in Iraq , both topics about which she and her husband disagreed . In the final years of her life , Edwards publicly dealt with her husband 's admission of an extramarital affair and her breast cancer , writing two books and making numerous media appearances . She separated from John Edwards in early 2010 . On December 6 , 2010 , her family announced that her cancer had spread and that her doctors had stated that further treatment would be unproductive . She died the next day ."}]}, {'value': 'Kay Bailey Hutchison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison', 'summary': 'Kay Bailey Hutchison ( born Kathryn Ann Bailey ; July 22 , 1943 ) is an American attorney , television correspondent , politician , and diplomat who is the 22nd United States Permanent Representative to NATO . A member of the Republican Party , she was previously a United States Senator from Texas from 1993 until 2013 . Born in Galveston , Texas , Hutchison is a graduate of the University of Texas at Austin . Prior to entering politics , she was an attorney and legal correspondent at KPRC-TV in Houston . She was a member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1972 to 1976 . After a brief business career , she returned to politics in 1990 when she was elected Texas State Treasurer . In 1993 , she was elected to the United States Senate in a nonpartisan special election , defeating Democratic incumbent Bob Krueger and becoming the first female senator in Texas history . After being reelected to the Senate in 1994 , 2000 , and 2006 , Hutchison was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Texas in 2010 , losing the Republican primary to incumbent Rick Perry . Hutchison was the most senior female Republican senator by the end of her tenure in 2013 , and the fifth most senior female senator overall . In 2013 , she joined the law firm Bracewell & Giuliani . On June 29 , 2017 , Hutchison was nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Permanent Representative to NATO . She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in a voice vote on August 3 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senator from Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Julia Compton Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julia_Compton_Moore', 'summary': 'Julia Compton Moore ( February 10 , 1929 - April 18 , 2004 ) was the wife of Lieutenant General ( Ret . ) Hal Moore , a United States Army officer . Her efforts and complaints in the aftermath of the Battle of Ia Drang prompted the U.S. Army to set up survivor support networks and casualty notification teams consisting of uniformed officers , which are still in use .'}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Took care of the families of the 1/7th Cavalry during the Vietnam War , depicted in the film We Were Soldiers by Madeleine Stowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/We_Were_Soldiers', 'summary': 'We Were Soldiers is a 2002 American war film directed by Randall Wallace and starring Mel Gibson . Based on the book We Were Soldiers Once… and Young ( 1992 ) by Lieutenant General ( Ret . ) Hal Moore and reporter Joseph L. Galloway , it dramatizes the Battle of Ia Drang on November 14 , 1965 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Madeleine_Stowe', 'summary': "Madeleine Marie Stowe Mora ( born August 18 , 1958 ) is a Costa Rican-American actress . She appeared mostly on television before her breakthrough role in the 1987 crime-comedy film Stakeout . She went on to star in the films Revenge ( 1990 ) , Unlawful Entry ( 1992 ) , The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) , Blink ( 1993 ) , Bad Girls ( 1994 ) , China Moon ( 1994 ) , 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) , The General 's Daughter ( 1999 ) , and We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) . For her role in the 1993 independent film Short Cuts , she won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress . From 2011 to 2015 , she starred as Victoria Grayson , the main antagonist of the ABC drama series Revenge . For this role , she was nominated for the 2012 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama . In 2019-2020 Stowe-Mora starred in the Netflix television drama Soundtrack ."}]}, {'value': 'Linda Copple Trout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linda_Copple_Trout', 'summary': "Linda Jayne Copple Trout ( born September 1 , 1951 ) is a former chief justice of the Idaho Supreme Court , the only female to hold that position . Appointed by Governor Cecil Andrus as an associate justice in 1992 , she was also the first of three women to serve on the court . Born in Tokyo , Japan , Trout was adopted by a Boise pediatrician , Dr. B.I . Bing Copple , and graduated from Boise High School in 1969 . She attended the University of Idaho in Moscow , and was a member of Pi Beta Phi sorority . Trout earned a bachelor 's degree in 1973 , and a J.D . from the UI College of Law in 1977 . Trout passed the bar in Idaho in 1977 and was in private practice in Lewiston for six years . She was appointed a county magistrate judge in 1983 and was elected in 1990 as a state judge in the second district , based in Lewiston . Trout was appointed by Governor Andrus to the state 's supreme court in 1992 and took office on her 41st birthday . She retained her seat in statewide elections in 1996 ( unopposed ) and 2002 . Trout became the chief justice in February 1997 , elected unanimously by the other justices , and served two terms in that capacity , over seven years ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former chief justice of the Idaho Supreme Court', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_Supreme_Court', 'summary': 'The Idaho Supreme Court is the state supreme court of Idaho and is composed of the chief justice and four associate justices . The decisions of the Idaho Supreme Court are binding on all other Idaho state courts . The only court that may reverse or modify its decisions is the Supreme Court of the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Lisa Murkowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski', 'summary': "Lisa Ann Murkowski ( /mɜːrˈkaʊskiː/ ; born May 22 , 1957 ) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Alaska , having held that seat since 2002 . She is a member of the Republican Party , and is the second most senior Republican woman in the Senate . Along with Susan Collins from Maine , she is frequently described as one of the most moderate Republicans in the Senate and is a crucial swing voter . Murkowski is the daughter of former U.S . Senator and Governor of Alaska , Frank Murkowski . Before her appointment to the Senate , she served in the Alaska House of Representatives and was eventually elected Majority Leader . She was appointed to the U.S. Senate by her father , who resigned his seat in December 2002 to become the Governor of Alaska . She completed her father 's unexpired term , which ended in January 2005 . Murkowski ran for and won a full term in 2004 . She ran for a second term in 2010 . After losing the Republican Party primary to Tea Party candidate Joe Miller , Murkowski ran as a write-in candidate and defeated both Miller and Democrat Scott McAdams in the general election ; this made her the second U.S . Senator ( and the first since Strom Thurmond in 1954 ) to be elected by write-in vote ."}]}, {'value': 'Oregon Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator from Alaska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alaska', 'summary': "Alaska ( /əˈlæskə/ ( listen ) ; Aleut : Alax̂sxax̂ ; Inupiaq : Alaasikaq ; Alutiiq : Alas'kaaq ; Tlingit : Anáaski ; Russian : Аляска , romanized : Alyaska ) is a state located in the northwest extremity of the North American West Coast , just across the Bering Strait from Asia . An exclave of the U.S. , it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and territory of Yukon to the east and southeast has a maritime border with Russia 's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west . To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the Arctic Ocean , while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest . Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area and the seventh largest subnational division in the world . It is the third least populous and the most sparsely populated state , but by far the continent 's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel , with an estimated population of 738,432 as 2015 - more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland . Approximately half of Alaska 's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area . The state capital of Juneau is the second largest city in the United States by area , comprising more territory than the states of Rhode Island and Delaware . Alaska was occupied by various indigenous peoples for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans . The state is considered the entry point for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge . The Russians were the first non-native people to settle the area beginning in the 18th century , eventually establishing the colony of Alaska that spanned most of the current state . The expense and difficulty of maintaining this distant possession prompted its sale to the U.S. in 1867 for $ 7.2 million , or approximately two cents per acre ( $ 4.74/km2 ) . The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11 , 1912 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugenia Moore Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugenie_Anderson', 'summary': 'Eugenie Anderson ( May 26 , 1909 - March 31 , 1997 ) , also known as Helen Eugenie Moore Anderson , was a United States diplomat . She is best known as the first woman appointed chief of mission at the ambassador level in US history .'}]}, {'value': 'Iowa Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The first woman to ambassador to Denmark and the first woman minister to Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia Murphy Blankenbaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Murphy_Blankenbaker', 'summary': "Virginia Murphy Blankenbaker ( born March 29 , 1933 ) was an American politician and educator . Born in Indianapolis , Indiana , Blankenbaker received her bachelor 's degree in home economics from Purdue University and her master 's degree from Butler University . She taught in Florida and Indiana . Blankenbaker also worked as a home economist for Colonial Food Stores and then was an investment broker . Blakenbaker served in the Indiana State Senate from 1981 to 1997 as a Republican . Later , Blankenbaker ran for Mayor of Indianapolis and for the United States House of Representatives but lost both elections ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Senator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'Maggie Kernan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maggie_Kernan', 'summary': 'Maggie McCullough Kernan is a former First Lady of the State of Indiana , having served in that role from September 13 , 2003 to January 10 , 2005 , during the administration of her husband Governor Joe Kernan . Prior to her time as First Lady , Kernan worked as an executive at 1st Source bank and was active in numerous community initiatives in her hometown of South Bend , Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Indiana 's Former First Lady", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jenonne Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jenonne_Walker', 'summary': 'Jenonne R. Walker ( born 1934 ) was appointed U.S . Ambassador to the Czech Republic on June 27 , 1995 , by President Clinton . She presented her credentials on August 31 , 1995 , and left her post three years later , on August 31 , 1998 . She served in various posts in the U.S. Department of State , including that of political counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Sweden from 1981 to 1983 , and was on the National Security Council during the Carter Administration .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former ambassador to the Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic', 'summary': "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ."}]}, {'value': 'Valerie Plame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valerie_Plame', 'summary': "Valerie Elise Plame Wilson ( née Plame , August 13 , 1963 ) , is an American writer , spy novelist , and former officer who worked at the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . As the subject of the 2003 Plame affair , also known as the CIA leak scandal , Plame 's identity as a CIA officer was leaked to and subsequently published by Robert Novak of the Washington Post . In the aftermath of the scandal , Richard Armitage in the U.S. Department of State was identified as one source of the information , and I. Lewis Scooter Libby , Chief of Staff to Vice President Dick Cheney , was convicted of lying to investigators . After a failed appeal , President George W. Bush commuted Libby 's sentence and in 2018 , President Donald Trump pardoned him . No one was formally charged with leaking the information . In collaboration with a ghostwriter , Plame wrote a memoir detailing her career and the events leading up to her resignation from the CIA . She has subsequently written and published at least two spy novels . A 2010 biographical feature film , Fair Game , was produced based on memoirs by her and her husband ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Epsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Covert CIA officer , central figure in the Plame affair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Non-official_cover', 'summary': 'In espionage , operatives under non-official cover ( NOC ) are operatives who assume covert roles in organizations without official ties to the government for which they work . This is in contrast to an operative with official cover , where they assume a position in their government , such as the diplomatic service , which provides them with diplomatic immunity if their espionage activities are discovered . Operatives under non-official cover do not have this safety net , and if captured and charged as spies are subject to severe criminal punishments , up to and including execution . Operatives under non-official cover are also usually trained to deny any connection with their government , thus preserving plausible deniability , but also denying them any hope of diplomatic legal assistance - or official acknowledgment of their service . Such an operative or agent may be referred to as a NOC ( pronounced /nɒk/ NOK ) or as an illegal ( see Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques ) . Sometimes , entire front companies or strawman entities are established in order to provide false identities for agents .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency', 'summary': "The Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States , tasked with gathering , processing , and analyzing national security information from around the world , primarily through the use of human intelligence ( HUMINT ) . As one of the principal members of the United States Intelligence Community ( IC ) , the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the President and Cabinet of the United States . Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , which is a domestic security service , the CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering , with only limited domestic intelligence collection . Though it is not the only agency of the federal government of the United States specializing in HUMINT , the CIA serves as the national manager for coordination of HUMINT activities across the U.S. intelligence community . Moreover , the CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action at the behest of the President . It exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions , such as the Special Activities Center . The CIA was also instrumental in establishing intelligence services in several U.S. allied countries , such as Germany 's BND . Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 , the CIA Director concurrently served as the head of the Intelligence Community ; today , the CIA is organized under the Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) . Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI , the CIA has grown in size as a result of the September 11 attacks . In 2013 , The Washington Post reported that in the fiscal year 2010 , the CIA had the largest budget of all IC agencies , exceeding previous estimates . The CIA has increasingly expanded its role , including covert paramilitary operations . One of its largest divisions , the Information Operations Center ( IOC ) , has shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Clandestine_Service', 'summary': "The Directorate of Operations ( DO ) , less formally called the Clandestine Service , is one of the smallest components of the US Central Intelligence Agency . It was known as the Directorate of Plans from 1951 to 1973 ; as the Directorate of Operations from 1973 to 2005 ; and as the National Clandestine Service ( NCS ) from 2005 to 2015 . The DO serves as the clandestine arm of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) and the national authority for the coordination , de-confliction , and evaluation of clandestine operations across the Intelligence Community of the United States . Under current policy ( beginning early as 2012 ) [ ref ] , the Deputy Director for Operations ' identity is not officially disclosed , although it is reported by some mainstream media sources the DDO was Greg Vogle . It was reported Elizabeth Kimber was named head in December 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Plame_affair', 'summary': "The Plame affair ( also known as the CIA leak scandal and Plamegate ) was a political scandal that revolved around journalist Robert Novak 's public identification of Valerie Plame as a covert Central Intelligence Agency officer in 2003 . In 2002 , Plame wrote a memo to her superiors in which she expressed hesitation in recommending her husband , former diplomat Joseph C. Wilson , to the CIA for a mission to Niger to investigate claims that Iraq had arranged to purchase and import uranium from the country , but stated that he may be in a position to assist . After President George W. Bush stated that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa during the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq , Wilson published a July 2003 op-ed in The New York Times stating his doubts during the mission that any such transaction with Iraq had taken place . A week after Wilson 's op-ed was published , Novak published a column which mentioned claims from two senior administration officials that Plame had been the one to suggest sending her husband . Novak had learned of Plame 's employment , which was classified information , from State Department official Richard Armitage . David Corn and others suggested that Armitage and other officials had leaked the information as political retribution for Wilson 's article . The scandal led to a criminal investigation ; no one was charged for the leak itself . Scooter Libby was convicted of lying to investigators . His prison sentence was ultimately commuted by President Bush , and he was pardoned by President Donald Trump in 2018 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable alumnae -- Government', 'section_text': 'Barbara Bush', 'uid': 'List_of_Pi_Beta_Phi_sisters_1', 'intro': 'The list of Pi Beta Phi sisters (commonly referred to as Pi Phis) includes initiated members of Pi Beta Phi.'} | null | null | What district does the Oregon State Senator represent ? | District 25 |
05a10dc30c5a0976 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Columbia_County,_Arkansas', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, Arkansas', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W. H. Allen House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W._H._Allen_House', 'summary': "The W. H. Allen House is a historic house in rural Columbia County , Arkansas . It is a single-story house whose main block is a four-room dogtrot house built in 1873 by one of the area 's first American settlers , Walter Howard Allen . This main block measures 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) in depth and 42 feet ( 13 m ) in width , and was built from logs hauled to the site from Camden . The house was enlarged by Allen 's son in 1907 , and has been little altered since . The road it is located on ( County Road 40 ) was once the main road between Magnolia and El Dorado . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in October 14th , 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 14 , 1976 ( # 76000395 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwest of Spotville off Highway 98 33°11′31″N 93°01′25″W / 33.191944°N 93.023611°W / 33.191944 ; -93.023611 ( W. H. Allen House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_98', 'summary': 'Arkansas Highway 98 ( AR 98 and Hwy . 98 ) is an east-west state highway in Columbia County , Arkansas . The 47.15-mile-long ( 75.88 km ) route travels essentially in an incomplete loop with Magonlia at its center . The route begins at U.S. Route 82 ( US 82 ) near Waldo and intersects US 371 , US 79 , US 82 , and US 79 before terminating at AR 19 . An officially designated exception over US 371 of 1.12 miles ( 1.80 km ) occurs near the eastern terminus .'}]}, {'value': 'Spotville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_County_Courthouse_(Magnolia,_Arkansas)', 'summary': 'The Columbia County Courthouse is located at Court Square in the heart of Magnolia , the county seat of Columbia County , Arkansas . The two-story brick and stone structure was designed W. W. Hall and built in 1905 . It features Renaissance Revival styling , with Corinthian pilasters separating the windows on the second level and a projecting Greek temple portico with recessed entries under round arches on the first level , and fluted Corinthian columns on the second . African-American man , Jordan Jameson was lynched on November 11 , 1919 , in the town square right in the front of the Columbia County Courthouse . A large white mob seized Jameson after he allegedly shot the local sheriff . They tied him to a stake and burned him alive meters from the building . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1978 ( # 78000580 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Court Sq . 33°16′01″N 93°14′27″W / 33.266944°N 93.240833°W / 33.266944 ; -93.240833 ( Columbia County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia County Jail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_County_Jail', 'summary': 'The Columbia County Jail is a historic structure at Calhoun and Jefferson Streets in Magnolia , Arkansas . The brick two story structurewas designed by Thompson & Harding and was built c. 1920 , and is an excellent local example of Italian Renaissance architecture . It is faced in cream-colored brick , and has a terracotta hipped roof . It has an entrance portico with round arches supported by slender columns and gargoyles at its corners . The building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for its architecture ; it was still used as a jail at that time .'}]}, {'value': 'December 22 , 1982 ( # 82000802 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calhoun and Jefferson Sts . 33°15′55″N 93°14′30″W / 33.265278°N 93.241667°W / 33.265278 ; -93.241667 ( Columbia County Jail )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvey C. Couch School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_C._Couch_School', 'summary': 'The Harvey C. Couch School is a historic school building at the junction of County Roads 11 and 25 in rural Columbia County , Arkansas , several miles southeast of the county seat , Magnolia , in the hamlet of Calhoun . The school is a single story brick structure whose main block has a hip roof . Projecting from the main block are an open porch on its front , and three concrete staircases on its other elevations . The front porch shelters a double-door entry under a gable roof , and features Craftsman-style brackets . The building was built in 1928 as a gift to the community of Calhoun by its native son , Arkansas businessman Harvey C. Couch . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 8 , 1993 ( # 93000482 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast of the junction of County Roads 11 ( Calhoun Rd . ) and 25 33°13′12″N 93°09′12″W / 33.22°N 93.153333°W / 33.22 ; -93.153333 ( Harvey C. Couch School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calhoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calhoun,_Columbia_County,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Calhoun is an unincorporated community in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . Calhoun is located 5.9 miles ( 9.5 km ) southeast of Magnolia .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Couch-Marshall House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Couch-Marshall_House', 'summary': 'The Couch-Marshall House is a historic house at 505 West Monroe Street in Magnolia , Arkansas . The oldest portion of this house , now the rear , began as a vernacular Greek Revival cottage built c. 1840 by Thomas G. Couch . In the 1890s this structure was significantly expanded and restyled in the then-popular Queen Anne style , although it retains some Plain Traditional influence . It has the asymmetrical and irregular massing typical of the Queen Anne style , with gabled dormers and projecting gabled bays , and a porch with elaborate jigsaw-cut detailing . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 24 , 1992 ( # 92000955 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '505 W. Monroe St. 33°15′56″N 93°14′41″W / 33.265556°N 93.244722°W / 33.265556 ; -93.244722 ( Couch-Marshall House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross and Nelson Hall Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross_and_Nelson_Hall_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Cross and Nelson Hall Historic District encompasses two historic buildings on the campus of Southern Arkansas University in Magnolia , Arkansas . Cross Hall and Nelson Hall were both built in 1936 by the Public Works Administration ( PWA ) as dormitories for boys and girls , respectively . They are two-story L-shaped brick buildings with Colonial Revival and Collegiate Gothic stylistic elements . Cross Hall has since been converted into classrooms and professors ' offices ; Nelson Hall now houses student services and the admissions office . The two buildings were listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 . They are the best-preserved of a small number of surviving PWA buildings in Magnolia ."}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 2010 ( # 09001240 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Arkansas University campus at 100 E. University 33°17′25″N 93°14′07″W / 33.290272°N 93.235239°W / 33.290272 ; -93.235239 ( Cross and Nelson Hall Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Arkansas_University', 'summary': 'Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) is a public university in Magnolia , Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dolph Camp , Bussey and Peace Halls Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolph_Camp,_Bussey_and_Peace_Halls_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Dolph Camp , Bussey and Peace Halls Historic District encompasses three historic buildings on the campus of Southern Arkansas University in Magnolia , Arkansas . Dolph Camp , Bussey Hall , and Peace Hall are brick buildings constructed between 1949 and 1957 , and are well-preserved local examples of academic Colonial Revival architecture . All three buildings were designed by Wittenberg , Delony and Davidson . The buildings were listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 29 , 2013 ( # 12001231 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East side of Lane Dr. , Southern Arkansas University 33°17′26″N 93°14′03″W / 33.290503°N 93.234274°W / 33.290503 ; -93.234274 ( Dolph Camp , Bussey and Peace Halls Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Arkansas_University', 'summary': 'Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) is a public university in Magnolia , Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frog Level', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frog_Level_(Bussey,_Arkansas)', 'summary': 'Frog Level is a historic house in rural Columbia County , Arkansas . Built in 1852-54 by William Frazier , an Irish immigrant , this two-story wood frame house is one of a handful of surviving antebellum plantation houses in southwestern Arkansas . It is located on the north side of County Road 148 , a short way west of County Road 27S , west of Magnolia . The house has two rooms on each floor , and a two-story temple portico extending across its front . This portico is supported by two sets of four columns , one set for each level of the porch . The house was given its name not long after its construction , due to the large number of frogs in the area . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 22 , 1972 ( # 72000201 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of Magnolia off Columbia Rd . 33°16′44″N 93°21′13″W / 33.278889°N 93.353542°W / 33.278889 ; -93.353542 ( Frog Level )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bussey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greek Amphitheatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greek_Amphitheatre_(Magnolia,_Arkansas)', 'summary': 'The Greek Amphitheatre is an open-air amphitheater on the campus of Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) in Magnolia , Arkansas . Located at the southeastern corner of the campus , it is the only performance space of its kind in southern Arkansas , and has regularly been the site of university events . It was built in 1938 by a combined effort of the National Youth Administration , and New Deal works program , and the 1936 graduating class of Magnolia A & M , as SAU was then called . It has a seating area 103 feet ( 31 m ) wide and about 83 feet ( 25 m ) deep . All of its major elements , including the seating area and stage , are made of concrete . The amphitheater was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 1 , 2005 ( # 05000488 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of East Lane Dr. , E. University St. , and Crescent Dr. 33°17′27″N 93°14′04″W / 33.290833°N 93.234444°W / 33.290833 ; -93.234444 ( Greek Amphitheatre )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. H.A . Longino House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._H.A._Longino_House', 'summary': 'The Dr. H. A. Longino House is a historic house at 317 West Main Street in Magnolia , Arkansas . The two-story brick structure was built in 1910 for a prominent local doctor , and is one of a small number of surviving designs known to have been created by Eugene C. Seibert , a prominent local architect of the period . When built , it was one of the most imposing houses in the town . It is three bays wide , and is finished in salmon-colored brick , with a terracotta roof . It has a large front porch , which is terminated at one end by a porte-cochere . Stylistically , the house represents a transition between the revival styles of the 19th century and the Craftsman styling which became popular in the following decades . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 14 , 1982 ( # 82002098 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '317 W. Main St. 33°16′00″N 93°14′36″W / 33.266667°N 93.243333°W / 33.266667 ; -93.243333 ( Dr. H.A . Longino House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia Colored School Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia_Colored_School_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Magnolia Colored School Historic District encompasses the historic Magnolia Colored School , a school facility serving the African-American population of Magnolia , Arkansas , between 1915 and 1969 . It occupies a city block bounded by Madison , School , and Ross Streets , and includes four buildings built between c. 1940 and 1965 . The main building , the Magnolia Colored High School , is a single-story building with Plain-Traditional styling built in 1948 after a fired destroyed the 1940 building . The complex also includes an auditorium , shop building , and home economics building . The c. 1940 shop and home economics buildings survived the 1948 fire , but the shop was torn down in 1964 to make way for the auditorium , and a new shop building was also built . In 1950 the school 's name was changed to Columbia County High School , and was also known for a time as Columbia High School . A grade school , cafeteria , and gymnasium which were all originally part of the complex were torn down between 1994 and 2000 . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 22 , 2014 ( # 13001103 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '611 S. Madison 33°15′43″N 93°14′37″W / 33.26202°N 93.243602°W / 33.26202 ; -93.243602 ( Magnolia Colored School Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia Commercial Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia_Commercial_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Magnolia Commercial Historic District encompasses the historic heart of Magnolia , the county seat of Columbia County , Arkansas . It includes the courthouse square and most of the buildings which face it , as well as buildings along Calhoun and Jackson Streets . The centerpiece of the district is the square itself and the Columbia County Courthouse , a Renaissance Revival structure built in 1905 to a design by W. S. Hull . The square is lined with mostly brick-faced buildings built between about 1899 and 1910 , and between 1938 and 1958 , when the city experienced a second building boom . The oldest known surviving building , then as now housing a pharmacy , is located at 111 S. Court Square . One prominent building from the second building phase is the Cameo Theater Building ( 111 N. Jackson ) , an Art Deco design built in 1948 . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 2008 ( # 08000435 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Madison Ave. , Calhoun St. , Jackson Ave. , and Union St. 33°16′02″N 93°14′27″W / 33.267125°N 93.240831°W / 33.267125 ; -93.240831 ( Magnolia Commercial Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Prospect Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Prospect_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'The Mt . Prospect Methodist Church was designed by John Pickering in a Greek Revival style and was built in 1886 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 . It has been viewed as the finest example in the local area of a vernacular Greek Revival church design . Mount Prospect Methodist Church . Arkansas Department of Heritage . 30 September 1999 . Mount Prospect at Arkansas dept [ permanent dead link ] .'}]}, {'value': 'March 22 , 1990 ( # 90000428 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of County Roads 61 and 446 33°22′09″N 93°04′32″W / 33.369167°N 93.075556°W / 33.369167 ; -93.075556 ( Mt . Prospect Methodist Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Alexander House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Alexander_House', 'summary': 'The Old Alexander House is a historic house on the campus of Southern Arkansas University in Magnolia , Arkansas . Originally built in rural Columbia County in 1855 by Samuel Alexander , this single-story dogtrot house is one of the oldest buildings in the county , and one of its few surviving antebellum structures . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . In 2017 it was moved from its rural location to the university campus , where it is slated to be used as part of its rural studies program .'}]}, {'value': 'January 18 , 1979 ( # 79000435 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Arkansas University campus 33°19′24″N 93°08′26″W / 33.323333°N 93.140556°W / 33.323333 ; -93.140556 ( Old Alexander House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Arkansas_University', 'summary': 'Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) is a public university in Magnolia , Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Overstreet Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Overstreet_Hall', 'summary': "Overstreet Hall is a historic academic building on the campus of Southern Arkansas University in Magnolia , Arkansas . It is located at the junction of East University and North Jackson Streets , occupying a prominent visual position approaching the campus from the south . It is a three-story brick building with Colonial Revival features . It has a hip roof with dormers , and a Doric order six-column portico with pediments at the center of the main facade . It was built in 1941-43 with funding support from the Works Progress Administration . It currently houses the university 's administrative offices . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 26 , 2016 ( # 15000992 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NW . of jct . of E. University & N. Jackson Sts. , Southern Arkansas University campus 33°17′23″N 93°14′10″W / 33.289653°N 93.236096°W / 33.289653 ; -93.236096 ( Overstreet Hall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Arkansas_University', 'summary': 'Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) is a public university in Magnolia , Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ozmer House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ozmer_House', 'summary': "The Ozmer House is a historic house on the Southern Arkansas University farm on the north side of Magnolia , Arkansas . It is a single-story dogtrot house that was built in 1883 and moved to its present location by the school . It was originally located about two miles northeast of Magnolia 's courthouse square , and is now located northeast of the main farm complex , adjacent to a small pond . The dogtrot is extremely well-preserved , both in its interior and exterior features . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 20 , 1986 ( # 86003226 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Arkansas University farm , U.S. Route 82 Bypass 33°17′16″N 93°13′13″W / 33.287778°N 93.220278°W / 33.287778 ; -93.220278 ( Ozmer House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Arkansas_University', 'summary': 'Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) is a public university in Magnolia , Arkansas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_82', 'summary': "U.S. Route 82 ( US 82 ) is an east-west United States highway in the Southern United States . Created on July 1 , 1931 across central Mississippi and southern Arkansas , US 82 eventually became a 1,625-mile ( 2,615 km ) route extending from the White Sands of New Mexico to Georgia 's Atlantic coast . The highway 's eastern terminus is in Brunswick , Georgia , at an intersection with Interstate 95 . It is co-signed for its last half-mile with U.S. Route 17 . Its western terminus is in Alamogordo , New Mexico at an intersection with U.S. Route 54 and U.S. Route 70 ."}]}, {'value': 'Magnolia vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': "President 's House", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/President's_House_(Southern_Arkansas_University)", 'summary': "The President 's House is a historic building on the campus of Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) in Magnolia , Arkansas . The single-story brick structure was designed in the Mid-Century Modern style by Wittenberg , Delony , and Davidson , and built in 1958 . The architectural style is a departure from the rest of the firm 's work for SAU , which is predominantly Colonial Revival in character . The house is set north and east of the university 's athletic fields , away from the main campus buildings . Its construction was begun under the tenure of Dr. Dolph Camp . It was used as the official residence of the university president until the summer of 2001 , and has since 2003 housed the SAU Foundation . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 2013 ( # 13000315 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "East Farm Road east of Washington Street , Southern Arkansas University 33°17′45″N 93°13′59″W / 33.295970°N 93.233050°W / 33.295970 ; -93.233050 ( President 's House )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Arkansas_University', 'summary': 'Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) is a public university in Magnolia , Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Rushton Clinic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushton_Clinic', 'summary': 'The Rushton Clinic is a historic medical office at 219 North Washington Street in Magnolia , Arkansas . Built in 1938 , it is an excellent local example of Art Moderne style . It is a single-story structure , roughly U-shaped , with walls of buff brick and stone or cast concrete coping . Glass blocks are used for accent on the corners and around the door . It was built for Dr. Joe Rushton , who had recently graduated from medical school and sought to establish a practice in the city . He practiced out of this building until his death in 1983 . The building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2013 for its architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 2013 ( # 13000316 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '219 North Washington Street 33°16′09″N 93°14′26″W / 33.269081°N 93.240452°W / 33.269081 ; -93.240452 ( The Rushton Clinic )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William H. Smith House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_H._Smith_House', 'summary': 'The William H. Smith House is a historic house in the small community of Atlanta , Arkansas . It is located northeast of the junction of Arkansas Highway 98 and County Road 85 . It is a single-story wood frame structure in the shape of an L. It was originally built c. 1857 as a dogtrot house , but the dogtrot has since been enclosed . The main body of the house is clad in weatherboard , while the enclosed dogtrot is flushboarded , with a porch in the rear and a projecting gable-roofed entry in the front . The entry is particularly elaborate for surviving period Greek Revival buildings , with both sidelight and transom windows . It is the only surviving antebellum house in the small town . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 27 , 1992 ( # 92001630 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of the junction of Highway 98 and County Road 85 33°07′12″N 93°03′12″W / 33.12°N 93.053333°W / 33.12 ; -93.053333 ( William H. Smith House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_98', 'summary': 'Arkansas Highway 98 ( AR 98 and Hwy . 98 ) is an east-west state highway in Columbia County , Arkansas . The 47.15-mile-long ( 75.88 km ) route travels essentially in an incomplete loop with Magonlia at its center . The route begins at U.S. Route 82 ( US 82 ) near Waldo and intersects US 371 , US 79 , US 82 , and US 79 before terminating at AR 19 . An officially designated exception over US 371 of 1.12 miles ( 1.80 km ) occurs near the eastern terminus .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Atlanta is an unincorporated community in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States , at an elevation of 262 feet ( 80 m ) . Highway 98 passes south through Atlanta before turning west to Emerson .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kate Turner House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kate_Turner_House', 'summary': 'The Kate Turner House is a historic house at 709 West Main Street in Magnolia , Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': 'August 26 , 1982 ( # 82002099 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '709 W. Main St. 33°16′00″N 93°14′53″W / 33.266667°N 93.248056°W / 33.266667 ; -93.248056 ( Kate Turner House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Columbia_County,_Arkansas_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, Arkansas. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, Arkansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 21 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'} | null | null | In what year was the house in Atlanta built ? | 1857 |
05a1e99591c907cb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia', 'title': 'List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia', 'header': ['Name', 'State', 'Appointment', 'Presentation', 'Termination'], 'data': [{'value': 'Francis Dana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Dana', 'summary': 'Francis Dana ( June 13 , 1743 - April 25 , 1811 ) was an American lawyer , jurist , and statesman from Massachusetts . He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1777-1778 and 1784 . He signed the Articles of Confederation . His wife Elizabeth was a daughter of Ann Remington and William Ellery , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . He was also the father-in-law of Washington Allston , a noted painter and poet .'}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'December 19 , 1780', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 1783', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Short', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)', 'summary': "William Short ( 1759-1849 ) was an American diplomat during the early years of the United States . He served as Thomas Jefferson 's private secretary when the latter was a peace commissioner in France , and remained in Europe to take on several other diplomatic posts . Jefferson , later the third President of the United States , was a lifelong mentor and friend . In a 1789 letter , Jefferson referred to Short as his adoptive son . Short was an early member and president ( 1778-1781 ) of Phi Beta Kappa at the College of William & Mary and was elected to Virginia 's Executive Council from 1783 to 1784 . After serving as the U.S. 's chargé d'affaires in France during the French Revolution ( 1789-92 ) . In 1792 he was appointed as America 's Minister to the Netherlands , and from 1794 to 1795 he served as a treaty commissioner to Spain . Although his diplomatic career was not as celebrated or long as Short may have wished , and his love affair with a French noblewoman ended with her marrying another man , Short was a successful businessman and an opponent of slavery who died very wealthy in America ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 1808', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Quincy Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams', 'summary': "John Quincy Adams ( /ˈkwɪnzi/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] July 11 , 1767 - February 23 , 1848 ) was an American statesman , diplomat , lawyer , and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States from 1825 to 1829 . He previously served as the eighth United States Secretary of State from 1817 to 1825 . During his long diplomatic and political career , Adams also served as an ambassador , and as a member of the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives representing Massachusetts . He was the eldest son of John Adams , who served as the second US president from 1797 to 1801 , and First Lady Abigail Adams . Initially a Federalist like his father , he won election to the presidency as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party , and in the mid-1830s became affiliated with the Whig Party . Born in Braintree , Massachusetts , Adams spent much of his youth in Europe , where his father served as a diplomat . After returning to the United States , Adams established a successful legal practice in Boston . In 1794 , President George Washington appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands , and Adams would serve in high-ranking diplomatic posts until 1801 , when Thomas Jefferson took office as president . Federalist leaders in Massachusetts arranged for Adams 's election to the United States Senate in 1802 , but Adams broke with the Federalist Party over foreign policy and was denied re-election . In 1809 , Adams was appointed as the U.S. ambassador to Russia by President James Madison , a member of the Democratic-Republican Party . Adams held diplomatic posts for the duration of Madison 's presidency , and he served as part of the American delegation that negotiated an end to the War of 1812 . In 1817 , newly-elected President James Monroe selected Adams as his Secretary of State ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'June 27 , 1809', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1809', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 28 , 1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James A. Bayard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Bayard_(elder)', 'summary': 'James Asheton Bayard Sr. ( July 28 , 1767 - August 6 , 1815 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington , Delaware . He was a member of the Federalist Party , who served as U.S. Representative from Delaware and U.S . Senator from Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware', 'summary': "Delaware ( /ˈdɛləwɛər/ ( listen ) ) is one of the 50 states of the United States , in the Mid Atlantic region . [ a ] It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , north by Pennsylvania , and east by New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor . Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River . It is the second smallest and sixth least populous state , but the sixth most densely populated . Delaware 's largest city is Wilmington . The state is divided into three counties , the lowest number of any state . From north to south , they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County is more urbanized . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'February 28 , 1815', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Pinkney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Pinkney', 'summary': 'William Pinkney ( March 17 , 1764 - February 25 , 1822 ) was an American statesman and diplomat , and was appointed the seventh U.S. Attorney General by President James Madison .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': 'March 7 , 1816', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 13 , 1817', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 14 , 1818', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Washington Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_Campbell', 'summary': 'George Washington Campbell ( February 9 , 1769 - February 17 , 1848 ) was an American statesman who served as a U.S. Representative , Senator , Tennessee Supreme Court Justice , U.S . Ambassador to Russia and the 5th United States Secretary of the Treasury from February to October 1814 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1818', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 7 , 1819', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 8 , 1820', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Middleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Middleton_(governor)', 'summary': "Henry Middleton ( September 28 , 1770 - June 14 , 1846 ) was an American planter and political leader from Charleston , South Carolina . He was the 43rd Governor of South Carolina ( 1810-1812 ) , represented South Carolina in the U. S. Congress ( 1815-1819 ) . He served as Minister to Russia ( 1820-1830 ) , being sent there in the first instance to replace George Washington Campbell so as to look after slave-owners ' interests in the discussions preparatory to arbitration by Czar Alexander I on the question of compensation under Article 1 of the Treaty of Ghent as regards enslaved Americans who went away with British during and after the War of 1812 . His father ( Arthur Middleton ) and his grandfather ( Henry Middleton ) had both served in the Continental Congress . Son - Williams Middleton . He had 14 children with wife Mary Helen Hering . 10 of their children lived into adulthood , including his youngest son Edward Middleton . His summer home at Greenville from 1813-1820 , known as Whitehall , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 . He and his family also spent some of their summer in Newport , RI staying at Stone Villa ( demolished in 1957 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina', 'summary': 'South Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South . It is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $ 183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13% . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,451 in 2018 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2018 population of 136,208 . The Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles .'}]}, {'value': 'April 6 , 1820', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 17 , 1821', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 3 , 1830', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Randolph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke', 'summary': "John Randolph ( June 2 , 1773 - May 24 , 1833 ) , known as John Randolph of Roanoke , [ note 1 ] was a planter and a Congressman from Virginia , serving in the House of Representatives at various times between 1799 and 1833 , and the Senate from 1825 to 1827 . He was also Minister to Russia under Andrew Jackson in 1830 . After serving as President Thomas Jefferson 's spokesman in the House , he broke with the president in 1805 as a result of what he saw as the dilution of traditional Jeffersonian principles as well as perceived mistreatment during the impeachment of Samuel Chase , in which Randolph served as chief prosecutor . Following this split , Randolph proclaimed himself the leader of the Old Republicans or Tertium Quids , a wing of the Democratic-Republican Party who wanted to restrict the role of the federal government . Specifically , Randolph promoted the Principles of '98 , which said that individual states could judge the constitutionality of central government laws and decrees , and could refuse to enforce laws deemed unconstitutional . A quick-thinking orator with a remarkable wit , he was committed to republicanism and advocated a commercial agrarian society throughout his three decades in Congress . Randolph 's conservative stance , displayed in his arguments against debt and for the rights of the landed gentry , have been attributed to his ties to his family estate and the elitist values of his native Southside Virginia [ citation needed ] . His belief in the importance of a landed gentry led him to oppose the abolition of entail and primogeniture : The old families of Virginia will form connections with low people , and sink into the mass of overseers ' sons and daughters . Randolph vehemently opposed the War of 1812 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 ; he was active in debates about tariffs , manufacturing , and currency . With mixed feelings about slavery , he was one of the founders of the American Colonization Society in 1816 , to send free blacks to a colony in Africa . At the same time , he believed that slavery was a necessity in Virginia , saying , The question of slavery , as it is called , is to us a question of life and death . You will find no instance in history where two distinct races have occupied the soil except in the relation of master and slave ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'May 26 , 1830', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 19 , 1830', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Buchanan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Buchanan', 'summary': "James Buchanan Jr. ( /bjuːˈkænən/ ; April 23 , 1791 - June 1 , 1868 ) served as the 15th president of the United States from 1857 to 1861 , serving directly prior to the American Civil War . A member of the Democratic Party for much of his career , Buchanan served as Secretary of State and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress before becoming President . Born in Cove Gap , Pennsylvania , Buchanan became a prominent lawyer and won election to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a Federalist . In 1820 , he won election to the U.S. House of Representatives , aligning with Andrew Jackson 's Democratic Party . He served as Jackson 's Minister to Russia , then won election as a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania . In 1845 , he was appointed to serve as President James K. Polk 's Secretary of State . He was a major contender for his party 's presidential nomination throughout the 1840s and 1850s and was finally nominated in 1856 , defeating incumbent President Franklin Pierce and Senator Stephen A. Douglas at the 1856 Democratic National Convention . Buchanan and running mate John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky defeated Republican John C. Frémont and Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore to win the 1856 presidential election . President Buchanan supported the Dred Scott decision and joined with Southern leaders in attempting to admit Kansas to the Union as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution . In the process , he angered Republicans and alienated many Northern Democrats . Buchanan held to his pledge to serve only one term and supported Breckinridge 's unsuccessful candidacy in the 1860 presidential election . Several Southern states seceded from the U.S. after Republican Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , and the American Civil War began just weeks after Buchanan left office ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'January 4 , 1832', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1832', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 5 , 1833', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahlon Dickerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson', 'summary': 'Mahlon Dickerson ( April 17 , 1770 - October 5 , 1853 ) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey , the 7th Governor of New Jersey , United States Senator from New Jersey , the 10th United States Secretary of the Navy and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 1834', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Wilkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Wilkins_(U.S._Senator)', 'summary': 'William Wilkins ( December 20 , 1779 - June 23 , 1865 ) was a United States Representative and United States Senator from Pennsylvania , a member of both houses of the Pennsylvania General Assembly , a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania , United States Minister to Russia and the 19th United States Secretary of War .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 1834', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 14 , 1834', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 24 , 1835', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Randolph Clay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Randolph_Clay', 'summary': 'John Randolph Clay ( September 29 , 1808 - August 15 , 1885 ) was an American diplomat .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'June 29 , 1836', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1836', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 5 , 1837', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George M. Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_M._Dallas', 'summary': "George Mifflin Dallas ( July 10 , 1792 - December 31 , 1864 ) was an American politician and diplomat who served as mayor of Philadelphia from 1828 to 1829 and as the 11th vice president of the United States from 1845 to 1849 . The son of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas , George Dallas attended elite preparatory schools before embarking on a legal career . He served as the private secretary to Albert Gallatin and worked for the Treasury Department and the Second Bank of the United States . He emerged as a leader of the Family party faction of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party , and Dallas developed a rivalry with James Buchanan , the leader of the Amalgamator faction . Between 1828 and 1835 , he served as the mayor of Philadelphia , the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania , and the Pennsylvania Attorney General . He also represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1831 to 1833 but declined to seek re-election . President Martin Van Buren appointed Dallas to the post of Minister to Russia , and Dallas held that position from 1837 to 1839 . Dallas supported Van Buren 's bid for another term in the 1844 presidential election , but James K. Polk won the party 's presidential nomination . The 1844 Democratic National Convention nominated Dallas as Polk 's running mate , and Polk and Dallas defeated the Whig ticket in the general election . A supporter of expansion and popular sovereignty , Dallas called for the annexation of all of Mexico during the Mexican-American War . He sought to position himself for contention in the 1848 presidential election , but his vote to lower the tariff destroyed his base of support in his home state . Dallas served as the ambassador to Britain from 1856 to 1861 before retiring from public office ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'March 7 , 1837', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 6 , 1837', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 29 , 1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Churchill C. Cambreleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Churchill_C._Cambreleng', 'summary': 'Churchill Caldom Cambreleng ( October 24 , 1786 - April 30 , 1862 ) was an American businessman and politician from New York . He is notable for his service in the United States House of Representatives from 1821 to 1839 , including terms as chairman of several high profile committees . In addition , he served as U.S. Minister to Russia from 1840 to 1841 .'}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'May 25 , 1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 21 , 1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 13 , 1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Stewart Todd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Todd', 'summary': "Colonel Charles Stewart Todd ( January 22 , 1791 - May 17 , 1871 ) was an American military officer and government official . Charles Stewart Todd was the son of Supreme Court Associate Justice Thomas Todd and his first wife , Elizabeth Harris . He was born near Danville , Kentucky , and continued to reside here through his childhood and adult life . Todd briefly attended Transylvania University before his transfer and graduation at the College of William and Mary in 1809 . He briefly studied law with his father in Washington before attending Litchfield Law School . After his admission to the bar in 1811 , he started his practice in Lexington , KY . Shortly after , he volunteered in the war of 1812 where he was a subaltern and judge-advocate of General James Winchester 's division in the War of 1812 . In 1813 , he was made a captain of infantry , and was an aide to General William Henry Harrison in the Battle of the Thames . In March , 1815 , he was made Aide-de-Camp to Governor Isaac Shelby , with the rank of colonel . During this time , Todd established a legal practice in the Kentucky state capital of Frankfort , KY where his diplomatic and political career began to expand . On June 16 , 1816 he married the youngest of Isaac Shelbys daughters , Letitia , with whom he had 12 children . He served as a state representative in the years following his political establishment in Frankfort , and in 1817 , he was appointed Secretary of State of Kentucky ."}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky', 'summary': "Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27 , 1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 28 , 1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 27 , 1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralph I. Ingersoll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_I._Ingersoll', 'summary': 'Ralph Isaacs Ingersoll ( February 8 , 1789 - August 26 , 1872 ) was a lawyer , politician , and diplomat who served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives , where he was Speaker of the House , a United States Representative from Connecticut for four consecutive terms from 1825 to 1833 , and was the U.S. Minister to the Russian Empire under President James K. Polk in the late 1840s .'}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'August 8 , 1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 1 , 1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur P. Bagby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_P._Bagby', 'summary': "Arthur Pendleton Bagby ( 1794 - September 21 , 1858 ) was the tenth Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1837 to 1841 . Born in Louisa County , Virginia in 1794 , he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1819 , practicing in Claiborne , Alabama . He was a member of the Alabama State House of Representatives in 1821 , 1822 , 1824 , and 1834-1836 , serving as the youngest-ever speaker in 1822 and 1836 , and he served in the Alabama State Senate in 1825 . He served in the U.S. Senate from November 21 , 1841 , when he was elected to fill the vacancy caused by Clement C. Clay 's resignation , to June 16 , 1848 , when he resigned to become Minister to Russia from 1848 to 1849 . During his time in the Senate , he was chairman of the Committee on Territories , the Committee on Claims , and the Committee on Indian Affairs . As a Senator , he supported the annexation of Texas . Bagby died in 1858 in Mobile , Alabama , and he is interred in Magnolia Cemetery there ."}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama', 'summary': "Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture ."}]}, {'value': 'June 15 , 1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 14 , 1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 14 , 1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neill S. Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neill_S._Brown', 'summary': 'Neill Smith Brown ( April 18 , 1810 - January 30 , 1886 ) was an American politician and diplomat who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1847 to 1849 , and as the United States Minister to Russia from 1850 to 1853 . He also served several terms in the Tennessee House of Representatives , and was Speaker of the House for the 1855-1857 term . A lifelong Whig , Brown campaigned to keep Tennessee in the Union in the years leading up to the Civil War . However , once the war began , he sided with the Confederacy .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'May 2 , 1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 13 , 1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 23 , 1853', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas H. Seymour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_H._Seymour', 'summary': 'Thomas Hart Seymour ( September 29 , 1807 - September 3 , 1868 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the Democratic 36th Governor of Connecticut from 1850 to 1853 and as Minister to Russia from 1853 to 1858 . He was the leader of the peace settlement in the Democratic Party , and narrowly lost the April 1863 gubernatorial election .'}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'May 24 , 1853', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 2 , 1854', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 17 , 1858', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis W. Pickens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_W._Pickens', 'summary': "Francis Wilkinson Pickens ( 1805/1807 - January 25 , 1869 ) was a political Democrat and Governor of South Carolina when that state became the first to secede from the United States . A cousin of US Senator John C. Calhoun , Pickens was born into the culture of the antebellum plantocracy . He became an ardent supporter of nullification of federal tariffs when he served in the South Carolina House of Representatives before he was elected to Congress and then the state senate . As state governor during the Fort Sumter crisis , he sanctioned the firing on the ship bringing supplies to the beleaguered Union garrison , and to the bombardment of the fort . After the war , it was Pickens who introduced the motion to repeal South Carolina 's Ordinance of Secession , a short speech received in silence , in notable contrast with the rejoicing that had first greeted the Ordinance ."}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina', 'summary': 'South Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South . It is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $ 183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13% . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,451 in 2018 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2018 population of 136,208 . The Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles .'}]}, {'value': 'January 11 , 1858', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 18 , 1858', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 9 , 1860', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of ambassadors -- Russian Empire ( 1780–1917 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia_0', 'intro': 'The Ambassador of the United States of America to the Russian Federation is the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary from the United States of America to the Russian Federation. Jon Huntsman Jr. held the position from October 2017 until October 3, 2019. On December 12, 2019, the United States Senate confirmed John J. Sullivan as the next ambassador.'} | null | null | Who was Governor of the first state to ceceed from the Union ? | Francis W. Pickens |
05a1eb7a86f982e2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_Australian_television', 'title': '2011 in Australian television', 'header': ['Program', 'End date', 'Network', 'Debut date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Puzzle Play', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puzzle_Play', 'summary': 'Puzzle Play is an Australian pre-school themed TV show for young children that aired Monday to Friday from 8:30 am to 9:00 am on Network Ten . The program premiered on 21 December 2006 replacing the program In the Box . The hosts were Kellyn Morris , Liam Nunan and Patrick MacDonald . There was also Cassie ( voiced by Kristen Souvlis ) which was a computer with a female voice and Penny , a cartoon bus-like vehicle that took the hosts to various locations . Penny makes a beeping sound . The plot involved Cassie presenting a 4-piece puzzle with a shape on each piece . As the show continued , a clue was shown for each piece . Each clue was usually a video with a host narrating about the shape with information about it . The hosts visited schools , preschools , kindergartens and parks . As the pieces were being removed , a picture was revealed in the background and in the end the 3 hosts guessed what the picture was about . All the pieces were related to final picture . Before the show was aired , it replaced the show In the Box .'}]}, {'value': '28 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '21 December 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Elton Live From Planet Earth Ben Elton Live From Planet Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Elton_Live_From_Planet_Earth', 'summary': 'Ben Elton Live From Planet Earth is an Australian comedy television series produced by FremantleMedia which aired on the Nine Network in 2011 . The program was broadcast live as a sketch comedy and variety show . Comedian Ben Elton presented the program and performed some stand-up material , with the sketches performed by an ensemble cast including Paul McCarthy and Genevieve Morris . After critical reviews , hostile social media reaction and poor ratings , the Nine Network cancelled the show after three episodes had aired .'}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '8 February 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The 7.30 Report', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_7.30_Report', 'summary': 'The 7.30 Report is an Australian week-nightly television current affairs program , which was shown on ABC1 and ABC News 24 at 7.30 pm from 1986 to 2011 . In 2011 , it evolved into 7.30 , a revamped current affairs program .'}]}, {'value': '4 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC1', 'summary': "ABC ( formerly known as The ABC National Television Service or ABC-TV from 1956 until 2008 , and as ABC1 from 2008 until 2014 ) is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 5 November 1956 it is the responsibility of the ABC 's television division , and is available nationally . The ABC 's headquarters is in Ultimo , an inner-city suburb of Sydney , New South Wales ."}]}, {'value': '28 January 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stateline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stateline_(TV_program)', 'summary': 'Stateline was a television current affairs program produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . It provided analysis of state and municipal politics as well as insight into state and regional issues in a current affairs journalistic style . The program was known for its interviews with politicians , and for its coverage of important regional issues . The ABC announced in December 2010 that the state-based current affairs program Stateline would be folded into a new 7.30 brand from March 2011 . The change saw 7.30 extended to five nights a week , although Friday editions continue to be presented locally and focus on state affairs .'}]}, {'value': '4 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC1', 'summary': "ABC ( formerly known as The ABC National Television Service or ABC-TV from 1956 until 2008 , and as ABC1 from 2008 until 2014 ) is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 5 November 1956 it is the responsibility of the ABC 's television division , and is available nationally . The ABC 's headquarters is in Ultimo , an inner-city suburb of Sydney , New South Wales ."}]}, {'value': '16 February 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City Homicide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Homicide', 'summary': 'City Homicide is an Australian television drama series that aired on the Seven Network between 27 August 2007 and 30 March 2011 . The series was set on the Homicide floor of a metropolitan police headquarters in Melbourne . The main characters were six detectives , who solve the murder cases , and their three superior officers . City Homicide did not return in its regular format in 2011 . A six-episode mini-series titled No Greater Honour was shown instead which marked the closing storyline of the series . The mini-series guest starred Claire Van Der Boom , Marcus Graham , John Howard , and Graeme Blundell .'}]}, {'value': '30 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '27 August 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conviction Kitchen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conviction_Kitchen_(Australia)', 'summary': "Conviction Kitchen ( Australia ) is a reality television series based on a Canadian series of the same name . The series follows a group of convicted criminals as they train in either back or front of house restaurant operations . The show was produced by the Seven Network and premiered 22 February 2011 . The series includes Melbourne-based chef Ian Curley and restaurant manager Lisa Parker as mentors . Curley initially turned down the chance to star in the series as he felt there were already more than enough TV Chefs . He latter relented as he felt he could relate to the contestants . As a teenager , Curley himself had been convicted of aggravated assault for gang fighting and spent six months in a juvenile detention centre in his native England . The series saw the ex-inmates complete two weeks of training and six weeks working in a fully operational restaurant , Bistro Three , at the Emporium centre in Brisbane 's Fortitude Valley . Some were chosen to work front of house with the others training as kitchen staff . They earned the award minimum hourly wage , plus tips . At the conclusion of the series , two contestants were chosen to work with Ian Curley at the European , Anastasia from the kitchen staff and Silene from the front of house . Kristy and Troy also gained further employment from Curley ."}]}, {'value': '12 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '22 February 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The New Adventures of Winnie The Pooh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Winnie_The_Pooh', 'summary': 'The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation . Based on the classic Winnie-the-Pooh books by author A . A. Milne , the show was the first time a major Disney character headlined an animated , made-for-television series . The cartoon premiered with a limited run on The Disney Channel on January 17 , 1988 . Nine months later , the show moved to ABC as part of their Saturday morning lineup . New episodes continued until October 26 , 1991 . Proving very popular with children and older fans , it remained on television in the United States for nearly two decades . The series depicts the everyday lives of Christopher Robin and his companions Pooh , Piglet , Rabbit , Tigger , Eeyore , Owl and Gopher . Rather than a straight-forward adaptation , the show was more Americanized than previous Pooh efforts . Episodes dealt with strong messages about honesty , responsibility , persistence , cooperative effort , friendship , and caring . Many stories are designed to help young children distinguish between fantasy and reality and overcome common childhood fears . The show had very high production values .'}]}, {'value': '29 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Playhouse Disney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Playhouse_Disney', 'summary': "Playhouse Disney is a former brand for a slate of programming blocks and international cable and satellite television channel that was owned by the Disney Channels Worldwide unit of The Walt Disney Company 's Disney-ABC Television Group . It originated in the United States as a morning program block on the Disney Channel . Its programming was targeted at children ages 2-6 , featuring a mix of live-action and animated series . The Playhouse Disney block on Disney Channel was rebranded as the Disney Junior block on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2011 . The 22 cable channels and blocks using the Playhouse Disney brand around the world were relaunched under the Disney Junior brand over the next two years , concluding with the rebranding of the Russian channel in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '20 January 1990 ( On Seven Network )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East West 101', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_West_101', 'summary': "East West 101 was a drama series airing on the SBS network . The series was produced and created by Steven Knapman and Kris Wyld , the team behind other drama series such as Wildside and White Collar Blue . It ran from 2007-2011 , having three series . East West 101 was set around the Major Crime Squad in metropolitan Sydney . It was based upon the experiences of actual detectives in a crime unit in Sydney 's western suburbs . It was filmed on location , in Sydney suburbs such as Auburn , Bankstown , Redfern , Chinatown and Maroubra . The series was made by SBS with the Film Finance Corporation of Australia and the New South Wales Film and Television Office . It has been sold to Israel and other countries in the Middle East . The second season finished airing on 24 November 2009 , and a third season was announced and filmed in 2010 . It began airing on SBS One on 20 April 2011 . The DVD of the third season was released on 4 May 2011 . The title is a double entendre , referring both to the clash of cultures between the Western world and the Eastern world , and the fact that in Sydney ( and several other Australian cities ) the eastern suburbs are largely affluent and Anglo-Saxon , while the western suburbs are of a lower socio-economic status and have large Middle Eastern populations ."}]}, {'value': '1 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SBS One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SBS_One', 'summary': "SBS is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 24 October 1980 , it is the responsibility of SBS 's television division , and is available nationally . In 2018 , SBS had a 7.9% audience share ."}]}, {'value': '6 December 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Between the Lines Between the Lines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Between_the_Lines_(Australian_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Between the Lines is a game show which was broadcast on Nine Network in Australia . It was a sports-themed comedy show featuring two teams of three players going head-to-head in a quiz . The show was premiered on 12 May 2011 and was hosted by Eddie McGuire with team captains Mick Molloy and Ryan Fitzgerald .'}]}, {'value': '2 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '12 May 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In Their Footsteps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_Their_Footsteps', 'summary': "In Their Footsteps is a ten-part documentary depicting Australian families and war . The first episode aired in Australia on 8 May 2011 on the Nine Network . In each episode an Australian will retrace the steps of a close ancestor 's wartime experience ."}]}, {'value': '10 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '8 May 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angry Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angry_Boys', 'summary': 'Angry Boys is an Australian television mockumentary series written by and starring Chris Lilley , continuing the mockumentary style of his previous series . In Angry Boys , Lilley plays multiple characters : S.mouse , an American rapper ; Jen , a manipulative Japanese mother ; Blake Oakfield , a champion surfer ; Ruth Gran Sims , a guard at a juvenile detention facility ; and her teenage grandsons , South Australian twins Daniel and Nathan Sims . The series is a co-production between the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and US cable channel HBO , with a pre-sale to BBC Three in the United Kingdom . Filmed in Melbourne , Los Angeles and Tokyo , Angry Boys premièred on 11 May 2011 at 9:00 pm on ABC1 .'}]}, {'value': '27 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC1', 'summary': "ABC ( formerly known as The ABC National Television Service or ABC-TV from 1956 until 2008 , and as ABC1 from 2008 until 2014 ) is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 5 November 1956 it is the responsibility of the ABC 's television division , and is available nationally . The ABC 's headquarters is in Ultimo , an inner-city suburb of Sydney , New South Wales ."}]}, {'value': '11 May 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Video Hits Video Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Video_Hits_(Australian_TV_series)', 'summary': "Video Hits is an Australian music video program that first aired on 15 February 1987 . From 7 May 2011 it broadcast on Network Ten for two hours each Saturday and Sunday morning : 10am - 12pm on Saturdays and 8am - 10am on Sundays . Video Hits was the world 's second longest running music show after then Eurovision Song Contest . The show was cancelled in July 2011 and its last episode aired on 6 August 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '6 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '15 February 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rescue : Special Ops', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rescue:_Special_Ops', 'summary': 'Rescue : Special Ops is an Australian television drama series that first screened on the Nine Network in 2009 . Filmed in and around Sydney , the program is produced by Southern Star Group with the assistance of Screen Australia and the New South Wales Government . The series focuses on a team of experienced professional paramedics who specialise in rescue operations . It premiered on Sunday 2 August 2009 , and the season finale of the first season aired on Sunday 25 October . A second season screened from 28 June 2010 . The third and final season consisting of 22 episodes screened from 30 May 2011 . The Nine Network has confirmed it will not be renewing Rescue : Special Ops for a fourth season .'}]}, {'value': '5 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '2 August 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Top Design Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Top_Design_Australia', 'summary': 'Top Design Australia is a reality television series focusing on interior design and renovation , hosted by Jamie Durie . Durie also serves as main judge , along with design critic Amanda Talbot and architect Nick Tobias . The show is heavily based on the American series of the same name , with a similar format and elimination process . The winner of Top Design received $ 100,000 in prize money . The first episode premiered on 13 July 2011 , on the Nine Network .'}]}, {'value': '7 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '13 July 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Top Gear Australia Top Gear Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Top_Gear_Australia', 'summary': 'Top Gear Australia was an Australian motoring reality television series , based on the British BBC series Top Gear . The programme first premiered on SBS One on 29 September 2008 . A second season was ordered following the high ratings for the premiere episode and positive comments from advertisers , and the second season began broadcasting from 11 May 2009 . After acquiring the rights to broadcast the UK version in 2009 , the Nine Network started airing their own version of Top Gear Australia in September 2010 . Top Gear Australia returned for a fourth season in 2011 . The show was cancelled on 28 April 2012 due to declining ratings . Top Gear Australia is also the name of a licensed version of the British Top Gear magazine . The Australian magazine is produced by ACP Magazines ( Australian Consolidated Press ) . The magazine features articles from many writers including Steven Corby , Craig Jamieson , Bill Mckinnon , James Stanford , Ben Smithurst , Jason Barlow , Sam Phillip , Ollie Marriage , Dan Read and Paul Horrell .'}]}, {'value': '13 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '29 September 2008 ( on SBS )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Collectors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collectors_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Collectors is an Australian television series that was shown at 8:00 pm on Friday on ABC1 and repeated at 6:00 pm on Monday on ABC2 . It investigated a variety of collections from museums and private collectors . It was hosted by comedian Andy Muirhead , a former biologist , and featured a panel of experts : Sydney-based fashion designer Claudia Chan Shaw , antiques dealer and restorer Gordon Brown , and professor of sociology Adrian Franklin . The panel formerly included museum curator Niccole Warren and Lauren Carpenter . Past guests have included former Australian immigration minister Amanda Vanstone , former Australian federal opposition leader Kim Beazley , and musician Pete Cooper from The Porkers . On 11 June 2010 , it was reported that host Andy Muirhead had been charged with one count of accessing child pornography . Collectors was off-air for a month and Muirhead took unpaid leave during proceedings . The website for the show was also taken down temporarily . These actions have been criticised for giving an impression of guilt . It was announced the following week that the show would return without Muirhead in July . In October 2012 , Muirhead was sentenced to 10 months in jail for child pornography offences after pleading guilty in July 2012 . Collectors returned on 9 July 2010 without Muirhead as host .'}]}, {'value': '23 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC1', 'summary': "ABC ( formerly known as The ABC National Television Service or ABC-TV from 1956 until 2008 , and as ABC1 from 2008 until 2014 ) is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 5 November 1956 it is the responsibility of the ABC 's television division , and is available nationally . The ABC 's headquarters is in Ultimo , an inner-city suburb of Sydney , New South Wales ."}]}, {'value': '24 March 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sports Tonight Sports Tonight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_Tonight_(Australian_TV_program)', 'summary': 'Sports Tonight is an Australian sports news and information program , hosted by Roz Kelly . The original series , which was developed by executive producer Steve Tucker , aired between 1993 and 2011 , before it was revived in 2018 . The program is currently broadcast on Network 10 . When the show returned in 2018 , it aired on Sunday nights ; however , following the conclusion of the football seasons the show was moved to Monday nights . As of 2019 , the show now airs on Wednesday nights .'}]}, {'value': '30 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Network Ten / One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/One_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Bold is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel owned by Network 10 . It originally launched on 26 March 2009 as One with a focus on broadcasting sports-based programming and events , but changed in April 2011 to more reality , scripted and adventure-based programming aimed at males between the ages of 25 to 54 . As of October 2018 , the channel now primarily broadcasts dramatic programming aimed towards viewers 40 and older . Due to the relaunch of 10 HD on 2 March 2016 , it was reduced to a standard definition broadcast .'}]}, {'value': '30 August 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ten Late News Ten Late News', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ten_News', 'summary': "10 News First is an Australian television news and current affairs service , produced by Network 10 . The network 's an hour-long news program airs at 5pm each evening as five state-based editions in the capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide , and Perth , covering local , national and world news , including sport and weather . Local traffic reports are broadcast live into Sydney , Melbourne and Brisbane from a regular reporter in a helicopter via the Australian Traffic Network . Weekend editions are presented nationally from Network 10 's studios at Pyrmont in Sydney . Network 10 's news division also assists in the production of the current affairs program The Project . It draws upon the resources of CBS News ( whose parent company also owns Network 10 ) , ITN , APTN and Reuters for select international coverage ."}]}, {'value': '30 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '21 January 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spit It Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spit_It_Out_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Spit It Out is an Australian children-oriented game show hosted by Elliot Spencer . The series premiered on 4 October 2010 , in an afternoon time-slot , replacing It 's Academic after its series 12 finale . Spit it out was originally invented by Alan Curtis as a board Game . This game was then further developed by Grant Rule and Alan Curtis into a Television game show ."}]}, {'value': '3 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '4 October 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.30 with George Negus 6.30 with George Negus ( previously 6pm With George Negus )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/6.30_with_George_Negus', 'summary': "6.30 with George Negus was an Australian television current affairs program broadcast on Network Ten . It aired at 6:30pm from Monday to Friday and was presented by George Negus ( Monday - Thursday ) and Hugh Riminton or Hamish Macdonald ( Friday ) from the TEN studios in Pyrmont , Sydney . It premiered at 6pm on 24 January 2011 . On 19 October 2011 Network Ten officially announced that 6:30 with George Negus had been cancelled as a result of low ratings . The final episode of the series aired on 28 October 2011 in what was the show 's 200th episode . The series was replaced by an extended version of The 7PM Project which was consequently retitled as The Project ."}]}, {'value': '28 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '24 January 2011', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Programming changes -- Ended this year', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2011_in_Australian_television_8', 'intro': 'This is a list of Australian television events and premieres which occurred in 2011. This year will be the 56th year of continuous operation of television in Australia.'} | null | null | What is the theme of the show that debuted on Nine Network on 12 May 2011 ? | sports |
05a2fd536399055a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Aerobic_Gymnastics_European_Championships', 'title': '2009 Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Country', 'Point'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giulia Bianchi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '20.300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sara Moreno', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '20.150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aurélie Joly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '19.850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oana Corina Constantin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oana_Corina_Constantin', 'summary': "Oana Corina Constantin ( born 12 November 1991 in Constanța , Romania ) is a retired senior Romanian aerobic gymnast . She is the 2013 World Games Champion in Individual Woman , 2016 World Champion in Individual Woman , 2014 World Champion in Trio and Group , as well as 2015 and 2011 European Champion in Individual Woman . She has been called Romania 's most successful aerobic gymnast since Izabela Lăcătuș ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '19.650', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristina Nedelcu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristina_Simona_Nedelcu', 'summary': "Cristina Simona Nedelcu ( born 28 February 1987 in Bucharest , Romania ) is a Romanian aerobic gymnast who won the silver medal in the women 's individual event at the 2008 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships in Ulm . During her career she won four world championships medals ( one silver and three gold ) , four European championships medals ( two gold and two bronze ) and six times national women 's individual champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '19.600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denitsa Parichkova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '19.600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liolia Kerogli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '19.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuela Mancini', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '19.200', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Results -- Women 's Individual", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2009_Aerobic_Gymnastics_European_Championships_0', 'intro': 'The 6th Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships was held in Liberec, Czech Republic in November 2009.'} | null | null | What is the rank of the gymnast from the country whose capital and largest city is Sofia ? | 6 |
05a300ba98d2fe18 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Airport', 'title': 'Zurich Airport', 'header': ['Rank', 'City', 'Total departing passengers'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '888,876', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': '508,589', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vienna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna_Airport', 'summary': "Vienna International Airport ( German : Flughafen Wien-Schwechat , Slovak : Letisko Viedeň-Schwechat ; IATA : VIE , ICAO : LOWW ) is the international airport of Vienna , the capital of Austria , located in Schwechat , 18 km ( 11 mi ) southeast of central Vienna and 57 kilometres ( 35 mi ) west of Bratislava . It is the country 's largest airport and serves as the hub for Austrian Airlines and Eurowings Europe as well as a base for low-cost carriers easyJet Europe , Lauda , Level and Wizz Air . It is capable of handling wide-body aircraft up to the Airbus A380 . The airport features a dense network of European destinations as well as long-haul flights to Asia , North America and Africa . In 2018 , the airport handled 27 million passengers , a 10.8% increase compared to 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '492,968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Düsseldorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Düsseldorf_Airport', 'summary': "Düsseldorf Airport ( German : Flughafen Düsseldorf , pronounced [ ˌfluːkhaːfn̩ ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf ] ; until March 2013 Düsseldorf International Airport ; IATA : DUS , ICAO : EDDL ) is the international airport of Düsseldorf , the capital of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is about 7 kilometres ( 4 mi ) north of downtown Düsseldorf , and some 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south-west of Essen in the Rhine-Ruhr area , Germany 's largest metropolitan area . Düsseldorf is the third largest airport in Germany after Frankfurt and Munich ; it handled 24.5 million passengers in 2017 . It is a hub for Eurowings and a focus city for several more airlines . The airport has three passenger terminals and two runways and can handle wide-body aircraft up to the Airbus A380 ."}]}, {'value': '403,759', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport', 'summary': 'Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ( IATA : AMS , ICAO : EHAM ) , known informally as Schiphol Airport ( Dutch : Luchthaven Schiphol , pronounced [ ˌlʏxtɦaːvə ( n ) ˈsxɪp ( ɦ ) ɔl ] ) , is the main international airport of the Netherlands . It is located 9 kilometres ( 5.6 miles ) southwest of Amsterdam , in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer in North Holland . It is the third-busiest airport in Europe in terms of passenger volume and the busiest in Europe in terms of aircraft movement . The airport is built as a single-terminal concept : one large terminal split into three large departure halls . Schiphol is the hub for KLM and its regional affiliate KLM Cityhopper as well as for Corendon Dutch Airlines , Martinair , Transavia and TUI fly Netherlands . The airport also serves as a base for EasyJet and LEVEL . Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase . The end of the First World War also saw the beginning of civilian use of Schiphol Airport and the airport eventually lost its military role completely . By 1940 , Schiphol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree angles . The airport was captured by the German military that same year and renamed Fliegerhorst Schiphol . The airport was destroyed through bombing but at the end of the war , the airfield was soon rebuilt . In 1949 , it was decided that Schiphol was to become the primary airport of the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': '402,922', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frankfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport', 'summary': "Frankfurt am Main Airport ( IATA : FRA , ICAO : EDDF ) ( German : Flughafen Frankfurt am Main [ ˈfluːkhaːfn̩ ˌfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] , also known as Rhein-Main-Flughafen ) is a major international airport located in Frankfurt , the fifth-largest city of Germany and one of the world 's leading financial centres . It is operated by Fraport and serves as the main hub for Lufthansa including Lufthansa CityLine and Lufthansa Cargo as well as Condor and AeroLogic . The airport covers an area of 2,300 hectares ( 5,683 acres ) of land and features two passenger terminals with a capacity of approximately 65 million passengers per year , four runways and extensive logistics and maintenance facilities . Frankfurt Airport is the busiest airport by passenger traffic in Germany as well as the 4th busiest in Europe after London Heathrow Airport , Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . The airport is also the 13th busiest worldwide by total number of passengers in 2016 , with 60.786 million passengers using the airport in 2016 . In 2017 Frankfurt Airport handled 64.5 million passengers and in 2018 nearly 70 million . It also had a freight throughput of 2.076 million metric tonnes in 2015 and is the busiest airport in Europe by cargo traffic . As of summer 2017 , Frankfurt Airport serves more than 300 destinations in 5 continents , making it the airport with the most direct routes in the world . The southern side of the airport ground was home to the Rhein-Main Air Base , which was a major air base for the United States from 1947 until 2005 , when the air base was closed and the property was acquired by Fraport . In 2017 , passengers at the airport increased by 6.1% to 64,500,386 compared to 2016 . The airport celebrated its 80th anniversary in July 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '330,326', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris_Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport', 'summary': "Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport ( French : Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle , IATA : CDG , ICAO : LFPG ) , also known as Roissy Airport , is the largest international airport in France and second-busiest airport in Europe . Opened in 1974 , it is located in Roissy-en-France , 23 km ( 14 mi ) northeast of Paris . It is named after Charles de Gaulle ( 1890-1970 ) . Charles de Gaulle Airport is located within portions of several communes in Val-d'Oise , Seine-Saint-Denis and Seine-et-Marne . It serves as the principal hub for Air France and a destination for other legacy carriers ( from Star Alliance , Oneworld and SkyTeam ) , as well as a focus city for low-cost carriers easyJet , Vueling , and Norwegian Air Shuttle . The Airport is operated by Groupe ADP under the brand Paris Aéroport . In 2019 , the airport handled 76,150,007 passengers and 498,175 aircraft movements , thus making it the world 's tenth-busiest airport , and Europe 's second-busiest airport ( after London Heathrow ) in terms of passenger numbers . In terms of cargo traffic , the airport is the twelfth-busiest in the world and the second-busiest in Europe ( after Frankfurt Airport ) , handling 2,150,950 metric tonnes of cargo in 2012 . As of 2017 , the airport offers direct flights to the most countries and hosts the most airlines in the world . Marc Houalla has been the director of the airport since 12 February 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '322,188', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona_El_Prat_Airport', 'summary': "Josep Tarradellas Barcelona-El Prat Airport ( IATA : BCN , ICAO : LEBL ) ( Catalan : Aeroport Josep Tarradellas Barcelona-El Prat , Spanish : Aeropuerto Josep Tarradellas Barcelona-El Prat ) , previously named Barcelona-El Prat and also known as El Prat Airport , is an international airport located 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) southwest of the centre of Barcelona , lying in the municipalities of El Prat de Llobregat , Viladecans , and Sant Boi , in Catalonia , Spain , Europe . It has been named after a former President of the Generalitat of Catalonia , Josep Tarradellas , since 27 February 2019 . It is the second largest and busiest airport in Spain , and the sixth busiest in Europe . In 2019 , Barcelona Airport handled a record 52,686,314 million passengers , up 5.0% from 2018 . It is a hub for Level and Vueling , and a focus city for Air Europa , Iberia , EasyJet , Norwegian and Ryanair . The Barcelona-Madrid air shuttle service , known as the Puente Aéreo ( in Spanish ) , or Pont Aeri ( in Catalan ) literally Air Bridge , was the world 's busiest route until 2008 , with the highest number of flight operations ( 971 per week ) in 2007 . The schedule has been reduced since February 2008 , when a Madrid-Barcelona high-speed rail line was opened , covering the distance in 2 hours 30 minutes , and quickly became popular ."}]}, {'value': '318,050', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamburg_Airport', 'summary': "Hamburg Airport ( IATA : HAM , ICAO : EDDH ) , known in German as Flughafen Hamburg , is the international airport of Hamburg , the second-largest city in Germany . Since November 2016 the official name has become Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt , after the former German chancellor Helmut Schmidt . It is located 8.5 km ( 5.3 mi ) north of the city center in the Fuhlsbüttel quarter and serves as a hub for Eurowings and focus cities for Condor , Ryanair , and TUI fly Deutschland . Hamburg Airport is the fifth-busiest of Germany 's commercial airports measured by the number of passengers and counted 17,231,687 passengers and 156,388 aircraft movements in 2018 . It is named after former senator of Hamburg and chancellor of Germany , Helmut Schmidt . As of July 2017 , it featured flights to more than 130 mostly European metropolitan and leisure destinations as well as three are long-haul routes to Dubai , Tabriz and Tehran . The airport is equipped to handle wide-bodied aircraft including the Airbus A380 . Hamburg 's other airport , Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport , is not open to commercial traffic . This is where the Airbus factory site is located ."}]}, {'value': '300,526', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid–Barajas_Airport', 'summary': "Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas [ aeɾoˈpweɾto aˈðolfo ˈswaɾeð maˈðɾið βaˈɾaxas ] ) ( IATA : MAD , ICAO : LEMD ) , commonly known as Madrid-Barajas Airport , is the main international airport serving Madrid in Spain . At 3,050 ha ( 7,500 acres ) in area , it is the second largest airport in Europe by physical size behind Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport . In 2018 , 57.9 million passengers used Madrid-Barajas , making it the country 's largest and busiest airport and Europe 's sixth busiest . The airport opened in 1928 , and has grown to be one of Europe 's most important aviation centres . Located within the city limits of Madrid , it is just 9 km ( 6 mi ) from the city 's financial district and 13 km ( 8 mi ) northeast of the Puerta del Sol or Plaza Mayor de Madrid , Madrid 's historic centre . The airport name derives from the adjacent district of Barajas , which has its own metro station on the same rail line serving the airport . Barajas serves as the gateway to the Iberian peninsula from the rest of Europe and the world , and is a particularly key link between Europe and Latin America . The airport is the primary hub and maintenance base for Iberia and Air Europa . Consequently , Iberia is responsible for more than 40% of Barajas ' traffic . The airport has five passenger terminals named T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T4S ."}]}, {'value': '290,174', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Statistics -- Busiest European routes', 'section_text': 'Zurich Airport statistics from 1982 to 2014 ; including passengers , transfer passengers , flights handled and freight in metric tons Zurich Airport in 1956 Zurich Airport with the Swiss Alps visible in the background Interior view of the landside area View of runway 14 Swiss International Air Lines maintains its hub at Zurich Airport', 'uid': 'Zurich_Airport_1', 'intro': "Zurich Airport (German: Flughafen Zürich, IATA: ZRH, ICAO: LSZH) is the largest international airport of Switzerland and the principal hub of Swiss International Air Lines. It serves Zürich, Switzerland's largest city, and, with its surface transport links, much of the rest of the country. The airport is located 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of central Zürich, in the municipalities of Kloten, Rümlang, Oberglatt, Winkel, and Opfikon, all of which are within the canton of Zürich. In 2019, the airport received the World Travel Award in the category Europe's leading airport for the 17th time in a row. The Skytrax Award also ranks Zurich Airport among the top 10 airports in the world for millions of travellers each year."} | null | null | What is the informal name of the airport that 402,922 passengers depart from Zurich Airport for ? | Schiphol Airport |
05a3e46a6a95bc2f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Jersey_Devils_award_winners', 'title': 'List of New Jersey Devils award winners', 'header': ['Individual', 'Year inducted', 'Years with franchise'], 'data': [{'value': 'Herb Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herb_Brooks', 'summary': "Herbert Paul Brooks Jr. ( August 5 , 1937 - August 11 , 2003 ) was an American ice hockey player and coach . His most notable achievement came in 1980 as head coach of the gold medal-winning U.S. Olympic hockey team at Lake Placid . At the Games , Brooks ' American team upset the heavily-favored Soviet team in a match that came to be known as the Miracle on Ice . Brooks would go on to coach multiple National Hockey League ( NHL ) teams , as well as the French team at the 1998 Winter Olympics . He ultimately returned to coach the U.S. men 's team to a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . Brooks was killed in a 2003 car accident . At the time of his death , he was the director of player personnel for the NHL 's Pittsburgh Penguins ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992-1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron Broten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Broten', 'summary': 'Aaron Kent Broten ( born November 14 , 1960 ) is an American former professional ice hockey player . Drafted in the 6th round , 106th overall in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft by the Colorado Rockies , Broten went on to play 748 regular season games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neal Broten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neal_Broten', 'summary': 'Neal LaMoy Broten ( born November 29 , 1959 ) is an American former professional ice hockey player . A member of the 1980 US Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal at Lake Placid in 1980 , Broten was inducted into the US Hockey Hall of Fame in 2000 having appeared in 1,099 National Hockey League ( NHL ) regular season games from 1981 to 1997 with the Minnesota North Stars , Dallas Stars , New Jersey Devils and Los Angeles Kings . He is the older brother of Aaron and Paul Broten .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Carpenter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Carpenter_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Robert E. Carpenter Jr. ( born July 13 , 1963 ) is an American former professional ice hockey center and was recently head coach of Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . Prior to that he played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for 18 seasons from 1981-82 until 1998-99 . In his NHL career that spanned 18 years , Carpenter played 1,178 games , scoring 320 goals and 408 assists for 728 points . He has the distinction of being the second American-born hockey player to be selected in the first round of the NHL Entry Draft ( Mike Ramsey was the first ) , and the first player to play in the NHL directly from high school after being drafted . Carpenter was born in Beverly , Massachusetts , but grew up in Peabody , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993-1999 , 2000-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Cunniff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cunniff', 'summary': 'John Paul Cunniff ( July 9 , 1944 - May 10 , 2002 ) was an American NHL hockey coach and former professional player who appeared in 65 World Hockey Association regular season games between 1972 and 1976 . Cunniff was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989-1991 , 2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Emrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Emrick', 'summary': "Michael Doc Emrick ( born August 1 , 1946 ) is an American network television play-by-play sportscaster and commentator noted mostly for his work in ice hockey . Emrick is currently the lead announcer for NHL national telecasts on both NBC and NBCSN . Among the many awards he has received is the NHL 's Lester Patrick Award in 2004 , making him the first of only five to have received the award for media work , and the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award by the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2008 . He has also won six national Emmy Awards for excellence in sports broadcasting , the only hockey broadcaster to be honored with even one . On December 12 , 2011 , Emrick became the first member of the media to be inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982-1986 , 1993-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robbie Ftorek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_Ftorek', 'summary': 'Robert Brian Ftorek ( born January 2 , 1952 ) is a professional ice hockey coach and former player . He was enshrined as member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-1992 , 1996-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Gionta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Gionta', 'summary': 'Brian Joseph Gionta ( born January 18 , 1979 ) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Gionta began his NHL career in 2001 with the New Jersey Devils and has served as captain of the Montreal Canadiens and the Buffalo Sabres . He also was the captain for the United States in the 2018 Winter Olympics , for which he stepped away from the NHL for most of its 2017-18 season ( NHL refused to release its players to the Olympics for the first time since 1994 ) . After the Olympics , he briefly played for the Boston Bruins , and retired following their elimination from the playoffs .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Guerin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Guerin', 'summary': 'William Robert Guerin ( born November 9 , 1970 ) is an American former professional ice hockey player and the current general manager of the Minnesota Wild . He previously was the assistant general manager of the Pittsburgh Penguins and general manager of the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins . Guerin played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , winning two Stanley Cup championships with the New Jersey Devils and Pittsburgh Penguins . Internationally , Guerin represented the United States in the Olympics in 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and participated in two Ice Hockey World Championships . Guerin is the first player of Hispanic descent to play in the NHL .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phil Housley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Housley', 'summary': "Phillip Francis Housley ( born March 9 , 1964 ) is an American professional ice hockey coach and former player . He is currently an assistant coach for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Housley was the head coach of the NHL 's Buffalo Sabres from 2017 until 2019 . Playing as a defenseman , Housley was drafted by the Sabres in the first round of the 1982 NHL Entry Draft and had a long and illustrious career playing for the Sabres , Winnipeg Jets , St. Louis Blues , Calgary Flames , New Jersey Devils , Washington Capitals , Chicago Blackhawks , and Toronto Maple Leafs . As a player , Housley was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Mark Einar Johnson ( born September 22 , 1957 ) is an American ice hockey coach for the University of Wisconsin-Madison women 's ice hockey team . He is a former NHL player who appeared in 669 NHL regular season games between 1980 and 1990 . He also played for the gold medal-winning 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey team ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lou Lamoriello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Lamoriello', 'summary': "Louis Lamoriello ( born October 21 , 1942 ) is an American professional ice hockey executive who is the president of hockey operations and general manager for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He is also the former general manager of both the Toronto Maple Leafs and the New Jersey Devils of the NHL . Lamoriello 's tenure as general manager of the New Jersey Devils from 1987 to 2015 was the third-longest by an NHL general manager with a single team , following those of Conn Smythe and Art Ross . Lamoriello resigned from New Jersey on May 4 , 2015 , and became the 16th general manager of the Maple Leafs on July 23 of the same year . Under Lamoriello 's management , the Devils , who had been barely competitive for their first five years in New Jersey , became one of the most successful teams in the NHL . The Devils made the Stanley Cup playoffs all but three times between 1988 and 2012 , qualified for five Stanley Cup Finals ( in 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 and 2012 ) and won the Stanley Cup three times ( in 1995 , 2000 and 2003 ) . Lamoriello also served as general manager for Team USA in the 1996 World Cup of Hockey , in which the U.S. won the gold medal , as well as for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . Lamoriello also played a key role in negotiating the settlement of the 2004-05 NHL lockout to resume play for the 2005-06 season . In 2009 , Lamoriello was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the builders category , while in 2012 , Lamoriello was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Rafalski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Rafalski', 'summary': "Brian Christopher Rafalski ( born September 28 , 1973 ) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman . He previously played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New Jersey Devils and Detroit Red Wings , in the SM-liiga Hämeenlinnan Pallokerho and Helsingin IFK in the Elitserien for Brynäs IF . After struggling to enter the NHL , spending four seasons in European leagues , Rafalski won the Stanley Cup three times , playing in five Stanley Cup finals in his NHL career ( 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2008 , 2009 ) . Rafalski also played for the United States men 's ice hockey team in three Olympic ice hockey tournaments ( 2002 , 2006 , and 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lou Vairo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Vairo', 'summary': "Louis Joseph Vairo ( born February 25 , 1945 in Brooklyn , New York ) is an American ice hockey coach . He is the former assistant coach for the New Jersey Devils in the National Hockey League , and has also been the head coach for the American national men 's team multiple times . At the 2010 ceremony for the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame on May 21 , Vairo was presented with the Paul Loicq Award for his outstanding contributions to international hockey ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Vanbiesbrouck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Vanbiesbrouck', 'summary': "John Vanbiesbrouck ( born September 4 , 1963 ) , nicknamed the Beezer and VBK , is an American professional ice hockey executive and former player . A goaltender as a player , he was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2007 . Vanbiesbrouck played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New York Rangers , Florida Panthers , Philadelphia Flyers , New York Islanders and New Jersey Devils . He began his career playing major junior hockey for the Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) . Following a successful season with the Greyhounds , he was drafted by the New York Rangers in the fourth round , 72nd overall , in the 1981 NHL Draft . After his junior career ended , he played for the Rangers minor league affiliate , the Tulsa Oilers of the Central Hockey League . Despite the team 's near collapses due to financial concerns , Vanbiesbrouck led the Oilers to a league championship and shared the league 's MVP honors . Vanbiesbrouck began playing full-time with the Rangers in the 1984-85 season . He won the Vezina Trophy as the league 's top goaltender and was named a First Team NHL All-Star the following season . After playing in parts of 11 seasons with the Rangers , he was selected in the 1993 NHL Expansion Draft by the Florida Panthers . In Florida , Vanbiesbrouck was a three-time All-Star and led the Panthers to their first - and only - Stanley Cup Finals appearance , in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Career achievements -- United States Hockey Hall of Fame', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of members of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame', 'uid': 'List_of_New_Jersey_Devils_award_winners_8', 'intro': "The New Jersey Devils are an American professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Devils entered the League as the Kansas City Scouts in 1974. After just two years in Kansas City, they moved to Denver, Colorado, where they were known as the Colorado Rockies. In 1982, the team moved again to New Jersey. They currently play their home games at the Prudential Center. The franchise and its members have won numerous team and individual awards and honors. They have captured the Prince of Wales Trophy as the Eastern Conference playoff champion five times, while they have also won Stanley Cup three times, in 1995, 2000 and 2003. Former goaltender Martin Brodeur is the team's most decorated player, having won the Vezina Trophy four times and the William M. Jennings Trophy five times, and the Calder Memorial Trophy once, along with several selections to the NHL First and Second All-Star teams. Scott Stevens played in ten NHL All-Star Games, more than any player in team history. Taylor Hall is the only player in franchise history to have won the Hart Memorial Trophy. Five players have had their numbers retired by the team."} | null | null | What year was the individual who coached the French team at the 1998 Winter Olympics inducted ? | 1990 |
05a42c62d7079524 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population', 'title': 'List of towns in India by population', 'header': ['Name of Town', 'State', 'Type', 'Population ( 2011 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Vadakkuvalliyur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadakkuvalliyur', 'summary': 'Vadakkuvalliyur is a panchayat town in Tirunelveli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'T.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29,417', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vadalur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadalur', 'summary': 'Vadalur is a panchayat town in Cuddalore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is 208 km from Chennai , the state capital of Tamil Nadu .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'T.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39,514', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vadgaon Kasba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadgaon_Kasba', 'summary': 'Peth Vadgaon ) is a city and education hub in Kolhapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is governed by a municipal council .'}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,651', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'vasudevanallur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadipatti', 'summary': 'Vadipatti is a panchayat town in the Madurai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Population of the town is 21,833 . The famous Festival for Bull Erudhukattu Vizha . The major Jallikattu Protest happened in this town surroundings .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'T.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vadnagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vadnagar', 'summary': 'Vadnagar is a town and a municipality in Mehsana district in the Indian state of Gujarat . It is the birthplace of Narendra Modi , the 14th and current Prime Minister of India .'}]}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,790', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaijapur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaijapur', 'summary': 'Vaijapur is a city and a municipal council in Aurangabad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is bordered by the Nashik districts to the west , Kannad tehsil to the north , Gangapur tehsil to the east , and Ahmednagar districts to the south . Vaijapur is the headquarters of Vaijapur tehsil and also known as the Gateway of Marathwada .'}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': 'M.Cl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41,296', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaikom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaikom', 'summary': 'Vaikom is a municipal town and a capital town of Vaikom Taluk , situated in the northwest of Kottayam district in the state of Kerala , India . The town is also noted for its role in the Indian independence movement for being the venue of Vaikom Satyagraha , a civil rights movement aimed at securing freedom of movement for all sections of society through the public roads leading to The famous Shiva temple situated here .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,234', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valparai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valparai', 'summary': 'Valparai ( originally known as Poonachimalai ) is a Taluk and hill station in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu , India . It consists of Anamalai Tiger Reserve ( earlier known as Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park ( IGWLS & NP ) and prior to that as Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary ) . It is located 4,500 feet ( 1,400 m ) above sea level on the Anaimalai Hills range of the Western Ghats . The foothill starts exactly from Monkey Falls which is at a distance of 38 kilometres ( 24 mi ) to Valparai . The route to Valparai from the foothills consists of 40 hairpin bends . The Kerala state border town of Malakkappara is at a distance of 26 miles from Valparai . While major portions of the land are owned by private tea companies , large forest areas continue to be out of bounds .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70,859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vandavasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vandavasi', 'summary': 'Vandavasi or Wandiwash is a city and a municipality in Tiruvannamalai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . As of 2011 , the town had a population of 74,320 . Vandavasi was the scene of a decisive battle in the 18th-century war between France and the United Kingdom for the control of South Asia . The Battle of Wandiwash was a watershed in Indian history as it cemented British supremacy in South Asia . On 22 January 1760 , a British force led by Eyre Coote defeated a French force led by General Thomas Lally .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31,320', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaniyambadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaniyambadi', 'summary': "Vaniyambadi is a major town in newly announced Tirupattur District , Tamil Nadu , India and the headquarter for the Vaniyambadi Revenue district comprising Vaniyambadi and Ambur in the Southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located about 200 km from Chennai . It is one of the hubs of Leather exports in Tamil Nadu . It is also known for its Biryani . The prestigious century old ( Estd . 1914 ) , Islamiah Boys Higher Secondary School , Women 's College , Girls Higher Secondary School are located here along with two other Arts college and a professional degree offering . The famous hill station Yelagiri is approximately 20 km away from town . Another hill station leading way through Andhra Pradesh is a short way to Kolar Gold Fields and Karnataka ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95,061', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vapi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vapi', 'summary': 'Vapi ( IAST : vāpī , pronunciation ( help·info ) ) , is a city and municipality in Valsad District in the state of Gujarat . It is situated near the banks of the Damanganga River , around 28 km south of the district headquarters in the city of Valsad , and it is surrounded by the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . The town originally belonged to the Kshatriya Jagirdar family Palande during the Maratha empire , who now resides in Dungra . After independence from the British Crown in 1951 , the jagirdar system was abolished by the Indian government and the community of Anavil Brahmin who formerly acted as tax farmers during the era of the Maratha empire received the land . It is believed that city got its name from the old small stepwell situated near the balitha area . The meaning of vapi ( वापी ) in sanskrit is a water reservoir or a water storage body . Jains and other tribal castes later migrated to the city . Vapi is also Known as the City of Chemicals , it is the largest industrial area in Gujarat in terms of small-scale industries , dominated by the chemical industry . [ citation needed ] It has been ranked 2 in the year 2008 among the most polluted places in India , mainly due to its poor air and water quality caused by nearby industrial sites . People who have been living in the town have a lot of complaints about their health due to the pollution emissions happening almost every night from chemical factories . As of 2018 , the pollution has come down significantly.The City has a particular area called Square which is about 1.7 km where most of the people hangout . It comprises 11 wards .'}]}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'I.N.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34,162', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Varandarappilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varandarappilly', 'summary': 'Varandarappilly is a panchayat near Pudukkkad town in Thrissur district , Kerala , India . It is located 22 km from Thrissur City and 65 km from Kochi city . The Panchayath area is 102 km² and it has a population 27,343 . Nandipulam , Mupliyam , Velupadam , Palappilly , and Kallayi are nearby villages . Alagappa Nagar , Mattathur and Puthukkad are the neighbouring Panchayaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'T.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,343', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Varkala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varkala', 'summary': 'Varkala is a commercial , industrial and tourism centre in the Thiruvananthapuram district , situated in the Indian state of Kerala . It is the northern suburb of Trivandrum City . Varkala is also a taluk headquarters . In 2019 , Varkala Beach was selected as the second most stunning cliff beach in the world . It is located 36 kilometres north of Trivandrum ( Thiruvananthapuram ) , which is the capital and largest metropolitan city of Kerala , 15 km northwest of Attingal town and 28 km south of Kollam City . Varkala consist of Varkala municipality and the 7 panchayats of Edava , Elakamon , Vettoor , Madavoor , Navaikulam , Pallickal , and Chemmaruthy , which is managed by the development authority called Vision Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation . The corporation has implemented various types of projects such as public-private partnership , joint-venture , private , and public , by mobilizing funds from the government , financial institutions , etc . It is a fully government-owned company formed under the Department of Planning & Economic Affairs .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,728', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vatakara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vatakara', 'summary': 'Vatakara , also spelled Vadakara ( formerly Badagara ) , French : Bargaret , is a coastal town in the Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala , India . The municipality of Vadakara covers an area of 23.33 km2 and is bordered by Mahé to the north and Payyoli to the south . It is the headquarters of Vatakara taluk , which consists of 22 panchayats . During the reign of the Kolathiris and Zamorins , Vatakara was known as Kadathanadu . During the British Raj , it was part of the North Malabar region of Malabar District in the state of Madras . The historic Lokanarkavu temple , made famous by the Vadakkan Pattukal ( ballads of North Malabar ) , is situated in Vatakara .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75,295', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vedaranyam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vedaranyam', 'summary': "Vedaranyam ( also spelt as Vedaraniam and Vedaranniyam ) is a town in Nagapattinam district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . The town is named after the presiding deity of the Vedaranyeswarar Temple . The recorded history of Vedaranyam is known from medieval Chola period of the 9th century and has been ruled , at different times , by the Medieval Cholas , Later Cholas , Later Pandyas , Vijayanagar Empire and the British . During India 's independence struggle , C. Rajagopalachari , who would later become independent India 's first Governor-General , launched a salt march in Vedaranyam parallel to the Dandi March launched by Gandhi in 1930 to protest against the sales tax levied on salt extraction . Vedaranyam comes under the Vedaranyam assembly constituency which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and it is a part of the Nagapattinam ( Lok Sabha constituency ) which elects its Member of Parliament ( MP ) once in five years . The town is administered by the Vedaranyam municipality , which covers an area of 36.26 km2 ( 14.00 sq mi ) . As of 2011 , the town had a population of 34,266 . Vedaranyam was a part of Thanjavur District till 1991 and Nagapattinam District from then on . The town is a part of the fertile Cauvery delta region , but salt extraction and prawn cultivation are the major occupations . Roadways are the major mode of transportation to Vedaranyam and the nearest Airport is Tiruchirapalli Airport , located 135 km ( 84 mi ) away from the town . On 17/11/2018 Vedaranyam devastated by cyclone Gaja ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34,266', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vellakoil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vellakoil', 'summary': 'Vellakovil is a municipal town in Kangeyam taluk of Tirupur District , in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on National Highway 81 between Trichy and Coimbatore . The town is spread in an area of 64.75 km2 . As of 2011 , the town had a population of 40,359 . Kannapuram village located near to this town is famous for Kangayam breed cattle market that happens on every year during Mariyamman temple festival . It is an industrialized town with traditional agriculture being the occupation for most of the people . It holds lot of Power looms weaving bedsheets , floor mats and cotton materials being exported to foreign countries via exporters present in Karur .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,359', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venkatagiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venkatagiri', 'summary': "Venkatagiri is a town in Nellore district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is a municipality and mandals headquarters of Venkatagiri mandal . Venkatagiri 's old name is Kali Mili . [ citation needed ] It is famous for its Handloom Cotton Sarees . Venkatagiri is a place for history and handlooms . It was part of a small kingdom that was integrated into the Indian Republic ."}]}, {'value': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51,708', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijainagar , Ajmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vijainagar,_Ajmer', 'summary': 'Bijainagar is a municipality in the Ajmer district of the Indian state of Rajasthan . This city is situated along the Khari River close to the southern border of Ajmer District .'}]}, {'value': 'Rajasthan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajasthan', 'summary': "Rajasthan ( /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation : [ raːdʒəsˈtʰaːn ] ( listen ) ; literally , Land of Kings ) is a state in northern India . The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres ( 132,139 sq mi ) or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population . Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert ( also known as the Great Indian Desert ) and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley . Elsewhere it is bordered by five other Indian states : Punjab to the north ; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast ; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast ; and Gujarat to the southwest . Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Kalibanga and Balathal , the Dilwara Temples , a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan 's only hill station , Mount Abu , in the ancient Aravalli mountain range and in eastern Rajasthan , the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur , a World Heritage Site known for its bird life . Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves , the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur , Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota . The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana - the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region - was merged into the Dominion of India . Its capital and largest city is Jaipur . Other important cities are Jodhpur , Kota , Bikaner , Ajmer and Udaipur . The economy of Rajasthan is the ninth-largest state economy in India with ₹9.24 lakh crore ( US $ 130 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹108,000 ( US $ 1,500 ) . Rajasthan ranks 22nd among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32,124', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijapur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vijapur', 'summary': 'Vijapur is a city and a municipality in the Mehsana district in the Indian state of Gujarat .'}]}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,558', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijaypur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vijaypur,_Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Bijeypur ( also spelled as Vijaypur or Vijaipur ) is a town and municipality in the Sheopur district in the state of Madhya Pradesh , India . It is located on the bank of the Kwari River . It is the headquarters of Bijeypur ( Vijaypur ) Tehsil and Vijaypur ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) . The town is one of the gateways to the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary , the site selected as a second home to the Asiatic Lion and also for cheetah reintroduction in India . Bijeypur is well-connected with regular buses from Morena , Gwalior and Shivpuri , which are all are about 100 km from Bijeypur . District Sheopur is about 140 km from Bijeypur .'}]}, {'value': 'Madhya Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': "Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'N.P', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16,964', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'V', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_cities_and_towns_in_India_21', 'intro': 'The entire work of this article is based on Census of India, 2011, conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, under Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Government of India.'} | null | null | The town that has the lowest population is near what wildlife reserve ? | Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary |
05a5c4963609c187 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Hull_FC_season', 'title': '2013 Hull FC season', 'header': ['Name', 'Position', 'Club Signed', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Wade McKinnon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wade_McKinnon', 'summary': 'Wade McKinnon ( born 12 February 1981 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s . His position of preference was as a fullback .'}]}, {'value': 'Fullback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan Turner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Turner', 'summary': 'Jordan Turner ( born 9 January 1989 ) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a centre , second-row or loose forward for the Huddersfield Giants in the Super League and the England Knights at international level . He previously played for the Salford City Reds , Hull F.C . and St Helens in the Super League . He spent time with the Canberra Raiders in the NRL , earning a place in the World All Stars team in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'St Helens R.F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C.', 'summary': "St Helens R.F.C . is a professional rugby league club in St Helens , Merseyside who compete in the Super League , the top tier of competition for rugby league in Europe . Formed in 1873 , St Helens are one of the 22 original members of the Northern Rugby Football Union and have been league champions on 14 occasions . St Helens are also the third most successful side in the Challenge Cup with 12 wins in 21 Final appearances . St Helens are founding members of the Super League and are one of only four teams to have appeared in every season since its creation in 1996 . Since 1961 the club 's home colours have been white , with a red V on the jersey . St Helens play their home games at the Totally Wicked Stadium in St Helens , having moved from their previous home , Knowsley Road , in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Eamon O'Carroll", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Eamon_O'Carroll", 'summary': "Eamon O'Carroll ( born 13 June 1987 ) is a former Ireland international rugby league footballer who last played for the Widnes Vikings . Eamon progressed through the Wigan Warriors Academy after signing in 2002 from Waterhead ARLFC ( in Waterhead , Greater Manchester ) to eventually find himself playing prop during the 2005 and 2006 seasons . He was called up into the first-team squad for the first time before Wigan Warriors ' Challenge Cup match with Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in April 2006 . He was an immediate hit with the Wigan Warriors fans for his enthusiasm and work rate . He went on to make four more appearances that season . After numerous impressive performances Eamon O'Carroll went on to make 13 Super League appearances for Wigan Warriors in the 2007 season which was probably best remembered for the opening day of the season when Wigan Warriors played Warrington Wolves where Adrian Morley came off second best in a collision with Eamon . In 2008 Eamon O'Carroll really started making a name for himself as a tough , stocky prop who could really stand his ground with the big lads . Many fans were at first sceptical about the success O'Carroll would have in the Super League due to his size . However Eamon proved his critics wrong with numerous impressive performances making 21 appearances and scoring two tries . He was rewarded with a three-year contract . He is an Ireland international . He was named in the Ireland training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Widnes Vikings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Widnes_Vikings', 'summary': "The Widnes Vikings are an English professional rugby league club based in Widnes , Cheshire that plays in the Betfred Championship . The club plays its home matches at the Halton Stadium . Founded as Widnes Football Club , they are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895 , making them one of the world 's first rugby league teams . Their historic nickname is The Chemics after the main industry in Widnes , but now they use their modern nickname , The Vikings . The club enjoyed a period of success in the 1970s , 1980s , and early 1990s , and were frequently described as Cup Kings reaching the Challenge Cup Final 7 times in 10 years between 1975 and 1984 . In 1989 , after winning their third Rugby League Premiership , Widnes became the first official World Club Champions by beating the Australian champions Canberra Raiders 30-18 at Old Trafford . They have a strong local rivalry with Warrington Wolves ."}]}, {'value': 'June 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willie Manu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willie_Manu', 'summary': 'Viliami Makamaile Willie Manu ( born 20 March 1980 ) is a former Tonga international rugby league footballer . He played as a second-row forward , he previously played in the National Rugby League for Australian clubs the Wests Tigers , South Sydney Rabbitohs , St. George Illawarra Dragons and the Sydney Roosters . Manu moved to England and played in the Super League for the Castleford Tigers , Hull F.C . before joining St Helens , with whom he won the 2014 Super League championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Second Row', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'St Helens R.F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C.', 'summary': "St Helens R.F.C . is a professional rugby league club in St Helens , Merseyside who compete in the Super League , the top tier of competition for rugby league in Europe . Formed in 1873 , St Helens are one of the 22 original members of the Northern Rugby Football Union and have been league champions on 14 occasions . St Helens are also the third most successful side in the Challenge Cup with 12 wins in 21 Final appearances . St Helens are founding members of the Super League and are one of only four teams to have appeared in every season since its creation in 1996 . Since 1961 the club 's home colours have been white , with a red V on the jersey . St Helens play their home games at the Totally Wicked Stadium in St Helens , having moved from their previous home , Knowsley Road , in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamie Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Ellis', 'summary': "Jamie Ellis ( born 4 October 1989 ) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a scrum-half , stand-off or hooker for the Hull Kingston Rovers in the Super League . He has previously played for St Helens , Leigh Centurions , Hull FC , Castleford Tigers and the Huddersfield Giants . He has also spent time on loan at Hull Kingston Rovers during the 2017 's Super League XXII , to which he returned on a 1-year deal for the 2020 's Super League XXV ."}]}, {'value': 'Scrum Half', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Castleford Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castleford_Tigers', 'summary': "The Castleford Tigers are a rugby league club in Castleford , West Yorkshire , England , that compete in the Super League , the top-level professional rugby league club competition in the Northern Hemisphere . The club have competed in the top division for the majority of their existence having only been relegated twice in their history , Castleford has won the Challenge Cup four times . Their most recent major trophy was the 1985-86 Challenge Cup . Castleford have a rivalry with neighbours Featherstone Rovers and Wakefield Trinity . The club has been based at Wheldon Road since 1927 , after moving from the Sandy Desert in Lock Lane . The club 's current home colours are black and amber ."}]}, {'value': 'July 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurence Pearce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurence_Pearce', 'summary': 'Laurence Pearce is an English professional rugby league and rugby union player . He has played club level rugby league ( RL ) in the Super League for Hull F.C . ( 2011-12 ) , and as of 2017 he plays for Mont-de-Marsan , as a back row . Laurence Pearce joined Aviva Premiership club Leicester Tigers at the beginning of the 2014/15 season from Championship club Rotherham Titans . In early March 2016 it was announced Pearce would join Sale Sharks from Leicester Tigers . In his 2-year spell at Leicester Tigers Pearce made 28 appearances , scoring 8 tries .'}]}, {'value': 'Second Row', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Switched Codes to Rotherham Titans RU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotherham_R.U.F.C.', 'summary': 'Rotherham Rugby Union Football Club , or Rotherham Titans is a professional rugby union team from Rotherham , South Yorkshire , currently playing in the third tier of the English rugby union league system , following their relegation from the RFU Championship at the end of the 2017-18 season . Rotherham is one of the most successful clubs in English rugby history , having achieved multiple promotions within the league structure in the 1990s and early 2000s . This meteoric rise ultimately culminated in two unsuccessful spells in the English Premiership . Rotherham is perhaps best known for the Rugby Football Union blocking its entry into the Premiership , its subsequent legal challenges , and a partially successful appeal to the Office of fair trading to break an alleged Premiership cartel . Rotherham is now consistently a top 20 club in English rugby , with a reputation for being a breeding ground for developing talented players , including those who are overlooked by other top clubs such as David Strettle , Hendre Fourie and Erik Lund .'}]}, {'value': 'June 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Martin_(rugby_league)', 'summary': "Tony Martin ( born 7 October 1978 ) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays for Hull in the Super League he previously played for Crusaders Rugby League and Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in the Super League . Martin moved back to England from New Zealand Warriors on 31 July 2007 after two spells with the London Broncos either side of a move to Australia with Melbourne Storm . Having won the 1999 Premiership , Melbourne Storm contested in the 2000 World Club Challenge against Super League Champions St Helens R.F.C. , with Ross playing at centre in the victory . The veteran Australian signed a 12-month contract with Hull F.C . after being given special exemption from the overseas quota due to Crusaders ' withdrawal from Super League at the end of the 2011 season . Hull have the option of a 1-year contract extension following the initial 12-month deal . Martin plays in the centres , but can also operate on the wing . He was also a consistent goal kicker . With his contract at London Broncos expiring at the end of the 1998 season , the Melbourne Storm 's signing of Martin was seen as a coup for the club who beat fellow NRL side Brisbane Broncos to his signature . He played at centre for the Melbourne Storm in the 1999 NRL Grand Final , scoring a try in his side 's victory . Martin is famous for sporting his trademark scrum cap . Tony Martin is eligible for the Queensland Maroons but a glut of fine centres have seen the tenacious and safe defender lose out on representative football ."}]}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Retirement', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Moa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Moa', 'summary': 'Samuela Sam Moa ( born 14 August 1986 ) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Catalans Dragons in the Super League . He is both Tonga and New Zealand international . Moa has previously played for the Cronulla Sharks and the Sydney Roosters , with whom he won the 2013 Telstra Premiership in the NRL , and Hull F.C . in the Super League .'}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney Roosters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Roosters', 'summary': "The Sydney Roosters is an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney . The club competes in the National Rugby League ( NRL ) competition and is one of the oldest and most successful clubs . The Roosters have won fifteen New South Wales Rugby League ( NSWRL ) and National Rugby League titles , and several other competitions . As a franchise , the Eastern Suburbs/Sydney City/Sydney Roosters have won 15 premierships , tying them with the St George Dragons . Only South Sydney Rabbitohs have won more premierships . The club holds the record for having the most wins and the second greatest margin of victory in a match in Australian rugby league history , and has won more minor premierships than any other club . The Roosters is one of only two clubs ( the other being the St. George Illawarra Dragons in 1999 ) to finish runners-up in its inaugural season . The Eastern Suburbs DRLFC is the only club to have played in each and every season at the elite level , and since the 1970s has often been dubbed the glamour club of the league . Coached by Trent Robinson along with captains Boyd Cordner and Jake Friend , the Roosters play their home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The club was founded in 1908 in Paddington , Sydney , as Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club ; in 1995 the club 's name was changed to the Sydney City Roosters , and in 2000 to the Sydney Roosters . The Bondi Junction and Moore Park-based Roosters have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with other Sydney-based clubs , especially the South Sydney Rabbitohs , a fellow foundation club based in neighbouring Redfern ."}]}, {'value': 'August 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Will Sharp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will_Sharp', 'summary': 'William Sharp ( born 13 May 1986 ) is a Nigerian rugby league footballer who plays as a centre , fullback or on the wing for the York City Knights in the Betfred Championship . He has previously played for Harlequins RL and Hull .F.C in the Super League , and Featherstone Rovers and Halifax in the Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liam Cunningham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Burnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Burnett', 'summary': 'Mike Burnett ( born 6 October 1988 ) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s for Hull F.C . and the Harlequins RL in the Super League . His position of choice was as a second-row .'}]}, {'value': 'Second Row', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reece Lyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reece_Lyne', 'summary': 'Reece Levi Richard Lyne ( born 2 December 1992 ) is an English rugby league footballer who plays as a centre or winger for Wakefield Trinity in the Betfred Super League and England at international level . He has previously played for Hull F.C . in the Super League .'}]}, {'value': 'Fullback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league_positions', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}, {'value': 'Wakefield Trinity Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity', 'summary': 'Wakefield Trinity is a professional rugby league club in Wakefield , West Yorkshire , England , that plays in the Super League . One of the original twenty-two clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895 , between 1999 and 2016 the club was known as Wakefield Trinity Wildcats . The club has played at Belle Vue Stadium in Wakefield since 1895 and has rivalries with Castleford Tigers and Featherstone Rovers . Wakefield have won two premierships in their history when they went back to back in 1967 and 1968 . As of 2019 , it has been 51 years since Wakefield last won the league .'}]}, {'value': 'October 2012', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2013 transfers in/out', 'section_text': 'In Name Position Signed from Date Jay Pitts Loose Forward Leeds Rhinos March 2012 Gareth Ellis Second Row Wests Tigers March 2012 Joe Arundel Centre Castleford Tigers May 2012 Liam Watts Prop Hull Kingston Rovers June 2012 Daniel Holdsworth Stand Off Salford City Reds September 2012 Ben Galea Second Row Hull Kingston Rovers September 2012 Jason Crookes Wing Bradford Bulls September 2012 Paul Johnson Prop Wakefield Trinity Wildcats September 2012 Shannon McDonnell Fullback Hull Kingston Rovers October 2012 Out', 'uid': '2013_Hull_FC_season_2', 'intro': "This article details the Hull F.C. rugby league football club's 2013 season. This was the 18th season of the Super League era."} | null | null | What is the date of the athlete whose signing club has been based at Wheldon Road since 1927 ? | July 2012 |
05a61f9ae940ffbc | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia', 'title': 'List of diplomatic missions in Russia', 'header': ['Delegation', 'City', 'Type', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Armenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}]}, {'value': 'Rostov-on-Don', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rostov-on-Don', 'summary': 'Rostov-on-Don ( Russian : Росто́в-на-Дону́ , tr . Rostov-na-Donu , IPA : [ rɐˈstof nə dɐˈnu ] ) is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia . It lies in the southeastern part of the East European Plain on the Don River , 32 kilometers ( 20 mi ) from the Sea of Azov . The southwestern suburbs of the city abut the Don River delta . The population is over one million people ( 1,125,000 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}]}, {'value': 'Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sochi', 'summary': "Sochi ( Russian : Со́чи , IPA : [ ˈsotɕɪ ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Krasnodar Krai , Russia , located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia . The Greater Sochi area , which includes territories and localities subordinated to Sochi proper , has a total area of 3,526 square kilometers ( 1,361 sq mi ) and sprawls for 145 kilometers ( 90 mi ) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains . [ citation needed ] The area of the city proper is 176.77 square kilometers ( 68.25 sq mi ) . According to the 2010 Census , the city had a permanent population of 343,334 , up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census , making it Russia 's largest resort city . Being part of the Caucasian Riviera , it is one of the very few places in Russia with a subtropical climate , with warm to hot summers and mild winters . With the alpine and Nordic events held at the nearby ski resort of Rosa Khutor in Krasnaya Polyana , Sochi hosted the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014 , as well as the Russian Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2014 until at least 2020 . It was also one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Consular station', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaliningrad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaliningrad', 'summary': "Kaliningrad ( Russian : Калининград , IPA : [ kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat ] , historically German : Königsberg , Polish : Królewiec , Lithuanian : Karaliaučius , Czech : Královec ) is the largest city and the administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast , a Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea . At the 2010 Census , Kaliningrad 's population was 431,902 . Situated between Poland and Lithuania , both now in the European Union , Kaliningrad was strategically of importance during the Cold War . Following the de facto annexation of the territory , Soviet authorities built a new city that erased most historic links to the old city . In some districts , a few pre-war monuments remain ."}]}, {'value': 'Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Khabarovsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khabarovsk', 'summary': 'Khabarovsk ( Russian : Хаба́ровск , tr . Khabarovsk , IPA : [ xɐˈbarəfsk ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai , Russia , located 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) from the Chinese border , at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers , about 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) north of Vladivostok . The city was the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia from 2002 until December 2018 , when Vladivostok took over that role . It is the largest city in the Russian Far East , having overtaken Vladivostok in 2015 . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 577,441 . It was previously known as Khabarovka ( until 1893 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Krasnodar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krasnodar', 'summary': "Krasnodar ( /ˌkrɑːsnəˈdɑːr , -noʊ-/ ; Russian : Краснода́р , IPA : [ krəsnɐˈdar ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnodar Krai , Russia , located on the Kuban River , approximately 148 kilometers ( 92 mi ) northeast of the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 774,234 . According to the Federal Statistics Service of Russia , Krasnodar officially reached a population of 1,000,007 on September 22 , 2018 , thus the city is the 16th most populated city in Russia , and also the country 's 16th city with at least a million inhabitants . It was previously known as Yekaterinodar ( until December 7 , 1920 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Nizhniy Novgorod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nizhniy_Novgorod', 'summary': 'Nizhny Novgorod ( /ˌnɪʒni ˈnɒvɡərɒd/ NIZH-nee NOV-gə-rod ; Russian : Нижний Новгород , IPA : [ ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət ] ) , colloquially shortened to Nizhny , is a city in Russia and the administrative center ( capital ) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . From 1932 to 1990 , it was known as Gorky ( Горький , IPA : [ ˈɡorʲkʲɪj ] ) , after the writer Maxim Gorky , who was born there . The city is an important economic , transportation , scientific , educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region , and is the main center of river tourism in Russia . In the historic part of the city there are many universities , theaters , museums and churches . Nizhny Novgorod is located about 400 km ( 250 mi ) east of Moscow , where the Oka River empties into the Volga . Population : 1,250,619 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,311,252 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,438,133 ( 1989 Census ) . The city was founded in 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir . In 1612 Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles . In 1817 Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire . In 1896 at a fair , an All-Russia Exhibition was organized . During the Soviet period , the city turned into an important industrial center . In particular , the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period .'}]}, {'value': 'Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Novosibirsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novosibirsk', 'summary': 'Novosibirsk ( /ˌnoʊvəsɪˈbɪərsk , -voʊs-/ , also UK : /ˌnɒv-/ ; Russian : Новосиби́рск , IPA : [ nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk ] ( listen ) , li . : New Siberia ) is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast in Russia . Located in the southwestern part of Siberia on the banks of the Ob River , it is the third-most populous city in Russia ( after Moscow and St. Petersburg ) as well as the most populous city in Asian Russia , with a population of 1,612,833 as of the 2018 census . Novosibirsk was founded in 1893 on the Ob River crossing point of the future Trans-Siberian Railway . Originally named Novonikolayevsk , it grew rapidly into a major transport , commercial and industrial hub . The city was ravaged by the Russian Civil War but recovered during the early Soviet period , and gained its present name in 1926 . Under Stalin , Novosibirsk became one of the largest industrial centers of Siberia . Following the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War the city hosted many factories relocated from European Russia . Novosibirsk is home to the headquarters of numerous Russian corporations , as well as the world-renowned Novosibirsk Zoo . It is served by Tolmachevo Airport , the busiest airport in Siberia .'}]}, {'value': 'Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Smolensk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smolensk', 'summary': 'Smolensk ( Russian : Смоленск , IPA : [ smɐˈlʲensk ] ( listen ) ) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast , Russia , located on the Dnieper River , 360 kilometers ( 220 mi ) west-southwest of Moscow . The walled city in the center of Smolensk ( along with the outskirts ) was destroyed several times throughout its long history because it was on the invasion routes of the Mongol Empire , Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Tsardom of Russia , First French Empire and Nazi Germany . Today , Smolensk is noted for its electronics , textiles , food processing , and diamond faceting industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyumen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyumen', 'summary': "Tyumen ( /tjuːˈmɛn/ tew-MEN ; Russian : Тюмень , IPA : [ tʲʉˈmʲenʲ ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city and the administrative center of Tyumen Oblast , Russia , located on the Tura River 2,500 kilometers ( 1,600 mi ) east of Moscow . Tyumen was the first Russian settlement in Siberia . Founded in 1586 to support Russia 's eastward expansion , the city has remained one of the most important industrial and economic centers east of the Ural Mountains . Located at the junction of several important trade routes and with easy access to navigable waterways , Tyumen rapidly developed from a small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city . The central part of Old Tyumen retains many historic buildings from throughout the city 's history . Today Tyumen is an important business center . It is the transport hub and industrial center of Tyumen Oblast - an oil-rich region bordering Kazakhstan - as well as the home of many companies active in Russia 's oil and gas industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Ufa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ufa', 'summary': 'Ufa ( Russian : Уфа́ , tr . Ufá , IPA : [ ʊˈfa ] ; Bashkir : Өфө ; Bashkir pronunciation : [ ʏ̞ˈfʏ̞ ] , pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is the capital city of the Republic of Bashkortostan , Russia , and the industrial , economic , scientific and cultural center of the republic . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 1,062,319 , making it the eleventh most populous city in Russia .'}]}, {'value': 'Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Irkutsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irkutsk', 'summary': 'Irkutsk ( /ɪərˈkutsk/ eer-KOOTSK ; Russian : Иркутск , IPA : [ ɪrˈkutsk ] ; Buryat and Mongolian : Эрхүү , Erhüü ) is the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast , Russia , and one of the largest cities in Siberia . Many distinguished Russians were sent into exile in Irkutsk for their part in the Decembrist revolt of 1825 , and the city became an exile-post for the rest of the century . Some of the fine wooden houses still survive , contrasting with the dominant Soviet architecture . When the railway reached Irkutsk , it had earned the nickname of The Paris of Siberia . The city saw bitter fighting in the Russian Civil War of 1918-20 , and then became a major centre of aircraft manufacture . Trans-Siberian Highway ( Federal M53 and M55 Highways ) and Trans-Siberian Railway connect Irkutsk to other regions in Russia and Mongolia .'}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Khabarovsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khabarovsk', 'summary': 'Khabarovsk ( Russian : Хаба́ровск , tr . Khabarovsk , IPA : [ xɐˈbarəfsk ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai , Russia , located 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) from the Chinese border , at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers , about 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) north of Vladivostok . The city was the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia from 2002 until December 2018 , when Vladivostok took over that role . It is the largest city in the Russian Far East , having overtaken Vladivostok in 2015 . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 577,441 . It was previously known as Khabarovka ( until 1893 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladivostok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladivostok', 'summary': "Vladivostok ( Russian : Владивосто́к , IPA : [ vlədʲɪvɐˈstok ] ( listen ) , literally 'Ruler of the East ' , 'Rule the East ' , 'Lord of the East ' , or 'Conqueror of the East ' ) is a city and the administrative centre of the Far Eastern Federal District and Primorsky Krai , Russia , located around the Golden Horn Bay , not far from Russia 's borders with China and North Korea . The population of the city as of 2019 [ update ] was 605,049 up from 592,034 recorded in the 2010 Russian census . Harbin in China is about 515 kilometres ( 320 mi ) away , while Sapporo in Japan is about 775 kilometres ( 482 mi ) east across the Sea of Japan . The city is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet and is the largest Russian port on the Pacific coast ."}]}, {'value': 'Consular-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazan', 'summary': "Kazan ( /kəˈzæn , -ˈzɑːn/ ; Russian : Каза́нь , IPA : [ kɐˈzanʲ ] ; Tatar : Казан ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan , Russia . With a population of 1,243,500 , it is the sixth most populous city in Russia . Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia , about 715 kilometres ( 444 mi ) east from Moscow . In the Late Middle Ages , Kazan was an important trade and political center within the Golden Horde . In 1438 , the city became the capital of the Khanate of Kazan . In 1552 , Kazan was captured by Ivan the Terrible and became part of Russia . The city was largely destroyed during Pugachev 's Rebellion , but was later rebuilt during the reign of Catherine the Great . In the following centuries , Kazan grew to become a major industrial , cultural and religious center in Russia . Kazan is renowned for its vibrant mix of Oriental and Russian cultures . In 2015 , 2.1 million tourists visited Kazan , and 1.5 million tourists visited the Kazan Kremlin , a World Heritage Site . In April 2009 , the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the Third Capital of Russia . In 2009 it was chosen as the sports capital of Russia and it still is referred to as such ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Krasnodar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krasnodar', 'summary': "Krasnodar ( /ˌkrɑːsnəˈdɑːr , -noʊ-/ ; Russian : Краснода́р , IPA : [ krəsnɐˈdar ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnodar Krai , Russia , located on the Kuban River , approximately 148 kilometers ( 92 mi ) northeast of the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 774,234 . According to the Federal Statistics Service of Russia , Krasnodar officially reached a population of 1,000,007 on September 22 , 2018 , thus the city is the 16th most populated city in Russia , and also the country 's 16th city with at least a million inhabitants . It was previously known as Yekaterinodar ( until December 7 , 1920 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Samara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samara', 'summary': "Samara ( Russian : Сама́ра , IPA : [ sɐˈmarə ] ) , known from 1935 to 1991 as Kuybyshev ( Куйбышев ; IPA : [ ˈkujbɨʂɨf ] ) , is the ninth largest city in Russia and the administrative center of Samara Oblast . Some statistics indicate that it is the eighth or ninth-largest city by population , rather than sixth . It is in the southeastern part of European Russia at the confluence of the Volga and Samara rivers , on the east bank of the Volga which acts as the city 's western boundary ; across the river are the Zhiguli Mountains , after which the local beer ( Zhigulyovskoye ) is named . The northern boundary is formed by the Sokolyi Hills and by the steppes in the south and east . The city covers 46,597 hectares ( 115,140 acres ) , with a population of 1,164,685 ( 2010 Census ) ; the metropolitan area of Samara , Tolyatti and Syzran has a population of over 3 million . It is about 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from Kazan , 410 kilometres ( 250 mi ) from Ufa , 340 kilometres ( 210 mi ) from Saratov and 235 kilometres ( 146 mi ) from Oral , Kazakhstan . Formerly a closed city , Samara is now a large and important social , political , economic , industrial , and cultural centre in European Russia and hosted the European Union - Russia Summit in May 2007 . It has a continental climate characterised by hot summers and cold winters . The life of Samara 's citizens has always been intrinsically linked to the Volga River , which has not only served as the main commercial thoroughfare of Russia throughout several centuries , but also has great visual appeal . Samara 's riverfront is considered one of the favourite recreation places both for local citizens and tourists . After the Soviet novelist Vasily Aksyonov visited Samara , he remarked : I am not sure where in the West one can find such a long and beautiful embankment ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pskov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pskov', 'summary': 'Pskov ( Russian : Псков , IPA : [ pskof ] ( listen ) ; see also names in other languages ) is a city in northwestern Russia and the administrative center of Pskov Oblast , located about 20 kilometers ( 12 mi ) east from the Estonian border , on the Velikaya River . Population : 203,279 ( 2010 Census ) ; 202,780 ( 2002 Census ) ; 203,789 ( 1989 Census ) . Pskov is one of the oldest cities in Russia . It served as the capital of the Pskov Republic and was a trading post of the Hanseatic League . Later it came under the control of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Russian Empire .'}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General Chancery', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'Murmansk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murmansk', 'summary': "Murmansk ( Russian : Му́рманск , IPA : [ ˈmurmənsk ] , Kildin Sami : Мӯрман ланнҍ Mūrman lannĩ ) is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far northwest part of Russia . It sits on both slopes and banks of a modest ria or fjord , Kola Bay , an estuarine inlet of the Barents Sea . Its bulk is on the east bank of the inlet . It is in the north of the rounded Kola Peninsula which covers most of the oblast ( semi-autonomous region ) . The city is 108 kilometres ( 67 mi ) from the border with Norway and 182 kilometres ( 113 mi ) from the Finnish border . The city is named for the Murman Coast , an archaic term in Russian for Norway . Benefitting from the North Atlantic Current , Murmansk resembles cities of its size across western Russia , with highway and railway access to the rest of Europe , and the northernmost trolleybus system on Earth . Its lies over 2° north of the Arctic Circle . Its connectivity contrasts to the isolation of Arctic ports like the Siberian Dikson on the shores of the Kara Sea and Iqaluit , Nunavut in Canada on Baffin Island 's Frobisher Bay off the Labrador Sea . Despite long , snowy winters , Murmansk 's climate is moderated by the generally ice-free waters around it . Although there was a building boom in the early twentieth century 's arms races , Murmansk 's population has been in a slow decline since the Cold War , from 468,039 ( 1989 Census ) ; 336,137 ( 2002 Census ) ; 307,257 ( 2010 Census ) ; to 299,148 ( 2014 estimate ) . It remains the largest city north of the Arctic Circle , with almost 100,000 more inhabitants than Oulu , Finland , and is a major port on the Arctic Ocean ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'Petrozavodsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrozavodsk', 'summary': 'Petrozavodsk ( Russian : Петрозаводск , IPA : [ pʲɪtrəzɐˈvotsk ] ; Karelian , Vepsian and Finnish : Petroskoi ) is the capital city of the Republic of Karelia , Russia , which stretches along the western shore of Lake Onega for some 27 kilometers ( 17 mi ) . Population : 261,987 ( 2010 Census ) ; 266,160 ( 2002 Census ) ; 269,485 ( 1989 Census ) . It was previously known as Shuysky Zavod ( 1703-1704 ) and Petrovskaya Sloboda ( 1704-1777 ) , as well as Äänislinna among the Finnish forces during the Continuation War ( 1941-1944 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General Branch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaliningrad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaliningrad', 'summary': "Kaliningrad ( Russian : Калининград , IPA : [ kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat ] , historically German : Königsberg , Polish : Królewiec , Lithuanian : Karaliaučius , Czech : Královec ) is the largest city and the administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast , a Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea . At the 2010 Census , Kaliningrad 's population was 431,902 . Situated between Poland and Lithuania , both now in the European Union , Kaliningrad was strategically of importance during the Cold War . Following the de facto annexation of the territory , Soviet authorities built a new city that erased most historic links to the old city . In some districts , a few pre-war monuments remain ."}]}, {'value': 'Consulate-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'link', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Diplomatic missions in Russia -- Consulates in remainder of Russia', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia_3', 'intro': "This is a list of diplomatic missions in Russia. As the world's largest country, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, regional power in Europe and Asia and the principal successor state to the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation hosts a large diplomatic community in its capital city of Moscow. Moscow hosts 148 embassies, with numerous countries maintaining consulates general and consulates throughout the country."} | null | null | What is the land area of this nation that has a diplomatic office in the eleventh most populous city in Russia ? | 207,600 square kilometres |
05a674a93825853e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)', 'title': 'List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter K)', 'header': ['Call letters', 'Channel', 'Network ( s )', 'City and state', 'Meaning or notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'KVAL-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVAL-TV', 'summary': "KVAL-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 13 , is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Eugene , Oregon , United States . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group , which also operates dual NBC/CW+ affiliate KMTR ( channel 16 ) under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner Roberts Media , LLC . KVAL-TV 's studios are located on Blanton Road in Eugene . KMTR maintains separate facilities on International Court in Springfield , Oregon ; master control and some internal operations for KMTR are based at the KVAL studios , where the two stations also share transmitter facilities . KVAL-TV reaches additional viewers in central and western Oregon via co-owned full-powered semi-satellites KCBY-TV in Coos Bay ( virtual and VHF digital channel 11 ) and KPIC in Roseburg ( virtual channel 4 , UHF digital channel 19 ) ."}]}, {'value': '13 PSIP 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon', 'summary': "Eugene ( /juːˈdʒiːn/ yoo-JEEN ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon , in the Pacific Northwest . It is at the southern end of the verdant Willamette Valley , near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of the Oregon Coast . As of the 2010 census , Eugene had a population of 156,185 ; it is the county seat of Lane County and the state 's third most populous city after Portland and Salem , though recent state estimates suggest its population may have surpassed Salem 's . The Eugene-Springfield , Oregon metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) is the 146th largest metropolitan statistical area in the US and the third-largest in the state , behind the Portland Metropolitan Area and the Salem Metropolitan Area . The city 's population for 2018 was estimated to be 171,245 by the US Census . Eugene is home to the University of Oregon , Northwest Christian University , and Lane Community College . The city is also noted for its natural environment , recreational opportunities ( especially bicycling , running/jogging , rafting , and kayaking ) , and focus on the arts . Eugene 's official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors . It is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town , USA . The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene . In 2021 , the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Willamette Val ley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVAW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVAW', 'summary': "KVAW is a television station in Eagle Pass , Texas , licensed to broadcast locally on channel 18 with virtual channel number 24.1 . Founded June 29 , 1989 , the station is owned by the NRT Communications Group , the American arm of Núcleo Radio y Televisión , which owns media assets in the Mexican state of Coahuila . KVAW formerly carried programming from Telemundo , HTVN as a network-owned station , and later from Mas Musica , the predecessor of the station 's latest network , Tr3́s , and Multimedios Televisión ."}]}, {'value': '18 PSIP 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagle Pass , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas', 'summary': "Eagle Pass is a city in and the county seat of Maverick County in the U.S. state of Texas . The population was 26,255 as of the 2010 census ( 2018 estimate 29,487 ) . Eagle Pass borders the city of Piedras Negras , Coahuila , Mexico , which is to the southwest and across the Rio Grande . The Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area ( EG-PN ) is one of six binational metropolitan areas along the United States-Mexican border . As of January 2008 , according to the US census , the Eagle Pass Metropolitan Area 's population was 48,401 people , and the Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area 's population was 169,771 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVCR-DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVCR-DT', 'summary': "KVCR-DT , virtual channel 24 ( VHF digital channel 5 ) , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station serving Los Angeles , California , United States that is licensed to San Bernardino . Owned by the San Bernardino Community College District , it is a sister station to National Public Radio ( NPR ) member KVCR ( 91.9 FM ) . The two stations share studios at the San Bernardino Valley College campus on North Mt . Vernon Avenue in San Bernardino ; KVCR-DT 's transmitter is located atop Box Springs Mountain . In addition to its main programming , KVCR also programs an alternate feed specifically for the Coachella Valley area known as KVCR Desert Cities . This alternate feed is seen over-the-air in the Palm Springs area on low-power stations K09XW-D ( channel 9 ) and KJHP-LP ( channel 18 ) , and is carried on KVCR 's third digital subchannel ."}]}, {'value': '5 PSIP 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'San Bernardino , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California', 'summary': "San Bernardino ( /ˌsæn ˌbɜːrnəˈdiːnoʊ/ ) is a city located in the Inland Empire and that serves as the county seat of San Bernardino County , California , United States . As one of the Inland Empire 's anchor cities , San Bernardino spans 81 square miles ( 210 km2 ) on the floor of the San Bernardino Valley and as of 2017 has a population of 216,995 . San Bernardino is the 17th-largest city in California and the 102nd-largest city in the United States . The governments of Guatemala and Mexico have established consulates in the downtown area of the city . California State University , San Bernardino is located in the northwestern part of the city . The university also hosts the Coussoulis Arena . Other attractions in San Bernardino include ASU Fox Theatre , the McDonald 's Museum , which is located on the original site of the world 's first McDonald 's , California Theatre , the San Bernardino Mountains , and San Manuel Amphitheater , the largest outdoor amphitheater in the United States . In addition , the city is home to the Inland Empire 66ers baseball team ; they play their home games at San Manuel Stadium in downtown San Bernardino . In August 2012 , San Bernardino became the largest city to file for protection under Chapter 9 of the U.S. Bankruptcy code ; this was superseded by Detroit 's filing in July 2013 . San Bernardino 's case was filed on August 1 . On December 2 , 2015 , a workplace shooting left 14 people dead and 22 seriously injured ."}]}, {'value': 'San Bernardino Valley College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVCT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVCT', 'summary': 'KVCT , virtual channel 19 ( VHF digital channel 11 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Victoria , Texas , United States . Owned by SagamoreHill Broadcasting , the station is operated through a local marketing agreement ( LMA ) by Morgan Murphy Media , making it a sister station to ABC affiliate KAVU-TV ( channel 25 ) and five low-power stations : NBC affiliate KMOL-LD ( channel 17 ) , Univision affiliate KUNU-LD ( channel 21 ) , Cozi TV affiliate KQZY-LD ( channel 33 ) , CBS affiliate KXTS-LD ( channel 41 ) , and Telemundo affiliate KVTX-LP ( channel 45 ) . All of the stations share studios on North Navarro Street in Victoria and transmitter facilities on Farm to Market Road 236 west of the city .'}]}, {'value': '11 PSIP 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.1 Fox 45.3 KVTX-LP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KVTX-LP', 'summary': "KVTX-LP , virtual and UHF digital channel 45 , is a low-powered Telemundo-affiliated television station licensed to Victoria , Texas , United States . Owned by Morgan Murphy Media , it is sister to ABC affiliate KAVU-TV ( channel 25 ) and four other low-power stations : NBC affiliate KMOL-LD ( channel 17 ) , CBS affiliate KXTS-LD ( channel 41 ) , Cozi TV affiliate KQZY-LD ( channel 33 ) , and Univision affiliate KUNU-LD ( channel 21 ) . Morgan Murphy Media also operates Fox affiliate KVCT ( channel 19 ) under a local marketing agreement ( LMA ) with owner SagamoreHill Broadcasting . All of the stations share studios on North Navarro Street in Victoria and transmitter facilities on Farm to Market Road 236 west of the city . Even though KVTX-LP has a digital signal of its own , the low-power broadcasting radius only covers the immediate Victoria area . Therefore , the station can also be seen through a 16:9 widescreen standard definition simulcast on KVCT 's second digital subchannel in order to reach the entire market ; this signal can be seen on VHF channel 11.2 ( or virtual channel 19.2 via PSIP ) from the same Farm to Market Road 236 transmitter site west of Victoria ."}]}, {'value': 'Victoria , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria,_Texas', 'summary': 'Victoria is the largest city and county seat of Victoria County , Texas . The population was 62,592 as of the 2010 census . The three counties of the Victoria Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 111,163 as of the 2000 census . Its elevation is 95 ft ( 29 m ) . Victoria is located 30 miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico . It is a regional hub for a seven-county area known as the Golden Crescent , and serves a retail trade area of over 250,000 people . Victoria is known as The Crossroads because of its location within a two-hour drive of Corpus Christi , Houston , San Antonio , and Austin . Victoria is named for General Guadalupe Victoria , who became the first president of independent Mexico . Victoria is the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Victoria in Texas .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVCW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVCW', 'summary': "KVCW , virtual channel 33 ( UHF digital channel 29 ) , is a CW-affiliated television station licensed to Las Vegas , Nevada , United States . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group , as part of a duopoly with NBC affiliate KSNV ( channel 3 ) . The two stations share studios on Foremaster Lane in Las Vegas ( both KVCW and KSNV are the only major television stations whose operations are based inside the city limits ) ; KVCW 's transmitter is located on Black Mountain , near Henderson ( southwest of I-515/US 93/US 95 ) . On cable , the station is available on Cox Communications channel 6 and in high definition on digital channel 1006 . In addition , its MyNetworkTV-affiliated second digital subchannel can be seen on channel 12 and in high definition on digital channel 1012 ."}]}, {'value': '29 PSIP 33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Vegas , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada', 'summary': "Las Vegas ( Spanish for The Meadows ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city , known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino-hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction was earned by Chicago in the 19th century ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2% . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had 648,224 residents in 2018 , with a metropolitan population of 2,227,053 ."}]}, {'value': "Las V egas ' CW", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVDA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVDA', 'summary': "KVDA , virtual channel 60 ( UHF digital channel 38 ) , is a Telemundo owned-and-operated television station licensed to San Antonio , Texas , United States . The station is owned by the Telemundo Station Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) . KVDA 's studios are located on San Pedro Avenue , near the North Shearer Hills neighborhood on the northern side of San Antonio , and its transmitter is located off of Route 181 in northwest Wilson County ( northeast of Elmendorf ) . On cable , the station is available on Charter Spectrum channel 17 , Grande Communications channel 6 , and AT & T U-verse channel 60 ."}]}, {'value': '38 PSIP 60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telemundo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telemundo', 'summary': "Telemundo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ teleˈmundo ] ( listen ) ; formerly NetSpan ) is an American Spanish-language terrestrial television network owned by Comcast through NBCUniversal . It is the second-largest provider of Spanish-language content nationally behind American competitor Univision , with programming syndicated worldwide to more than 100 countries in over 35 languages . The channel broadcasts programs and original content aimed at Latin American audiences in the United States and worldwide , consisting of telenovelas , sports , reality television , news programming and films - either imported or Spanish-dubbed . In addition , Telemundo operates NBC Universo , a separate channel directed towards young Hispanic audiences ; Telemundo Digital Media , which distributes original programming content across mass media , the Telemundo and NBC Universo websites ; Puerto Rico free-to-air station WKAQ-TV ; and international distribution arm Telemundo Internacional . Telemundo is headquartered in Miami and operates a studio and productions facility in the Miami suburb of Beacon Lakes , and has 1,900 employees worldwide . The majority of Telemundo 's programs are filmed at an operated studio facility in Miami , where 85% of the network 's telenovelas were filmed during 2011 . The average hourly primetime drama costs $ 70K to produce ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVEA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVEA', 'summary': "KVEA , virtual channel 52 ( UHF digital channel 25 ) , is a Telemundo owned-and-operated television station serving Los Angeles , California , United States . Licensed to Corona , it is the Spanish-language network 's West Coast flagship station . KVEA is owned by the Telemundo Station Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , as part of a duopoly with Los Angeles-licensed NBC West Coast flagship KNBC ( channel 4 ) . The two stations share studios on Lankershim Boulevard in Universal City ; KVEA 's transmitter is located atop Mount Wilson ."}]}, {'value': '25 PSIP 52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telemundo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telemundo', 'summary': "Telemundo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ teleˈmundo ] ( listen ) ; formerly NetSpan ) is an American Spanish-language terrestrial television network owned by Comcast through NBCUniversal . It is the second-largest provider of Spanish-language content nationally behind American competitor Univision , with programming syndicated worldwide to more than 100 countries in over 35 languages . The channel broadcasts programs and original content aimed at Latin American audiences in the United States and worldwide , consisting of telenovelas , sports , reality television , news programming and films - either imported or Spanish-dubbed . In addition , Telemundo operates NBC Universo , a separate channel directed towards young Hispanic audiences ; Telemundo Digital Media , which distributes original programming content across mass media , the Telemundo and NBC Universo websites ; Puerto Rico free-to-air station WKAQ-TV ; and international distribution arm Telemundo Internacional . Telemundo is headquartered in Miami and operates a studio and productions facility in the Miami suburb of Beacon Lakes , and has 1,900 employees worldwide . The majority of Telemundo 's programs are filmed at an operated studio facility in Miami , where 85% of the network 's telenovelas were filmed during 2011 . The average hourly primetime drama costs $ 70K to produce ."}]}, {'value': 'Corona , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corona,_California', 'summary': "Corona ( Spanish for Crown ) is a city in Riverside County , California , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 152,374 , up from 124,966 at the 2000 census . The cities of Norco and Riverside lie to the north and northeast , respectively , Chino Hills and Yorba Linda to the northwest , and the Cleveland National Forest and the Santa Ana Mountains to the southwest , and unincorporated Riverside County along the rest of the border . Corona is approximately 48 miles ( 77 km ) southeast of Los Angeles and 95 miles ( 153 km ) north-northwest of San Diego . Corona , located along the western edge of Southern California 's Inland Empire region , is known as the Circle City due to Grand Boulevard 's 3-mile ( 5 km ) circular layout . It is one of the most residential cities in the Inland Empire , but also has a large industrial portion on the northern half . It is the headquarters of companies such as Fender Musical Instruments Corporation , Monster Beverage Corporation , and supercar manufacturer Saleen ."}]}, {'value': 'Meaning watch in Spanish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVEO-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVEO-TV', 'summary': "KVEO-TV , virtual channel 23 ( UHF digital channel 24 ) , is a dual NBC/CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Brownsville , Texas , United States and serving the Rio Grande Valley metropolitan area . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group . KVEO-TV 's studios are located on North Expressway ( I-69E/US 77/US 83 ) in Brownsville , and its transmitter is located in Santa Maria , Texas . On cable , KVEO-DT1 is available on Charter Spectrum channel 8 , while KVEO-DT2 is carried on Spectrum channel 4 ."}]}, {'value': '24 PSIP 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'Brownsville , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas', 'summary': 'Brownsville ( /ˈbraʊnzˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cameron County in the U.S. state of Texas . It is located on the western Gulf Coast in South Texas , adjacent to the border with Matamoros , Mexico . The city covers 81.528 square miles ( 211.157 km2 ) and has a population of 183,299 as of 2017 . It is the 131st-largest city in the United States and 16th-largest in Texas . It is part of the Brownsville-Matamoros conurbation . The city is known for its year-round subtropical climate , deep-water seaport and Hispanic culture . The city was founded in 1848 by American entrepreneur Charles Stillman after he developed a successful river boat company nearby . It was named after Major Jacob Brown , who fought and died while serving as a U.S. Army soldier during the Mexican-American War ( 1846-48 ) . As the city is the seat of government for the county of Cameron , the city and county government are major employers . Other primary employers fall within the service , trade and manufacturing industries , including a growing aerospace and space transportation sector . It operates international trading through the Port of Brownsville . The city experienced a population increase in the early 1900s when steel production flourished .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVEW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVEW', 'summary': "KVEW , virtual channel 42 ( UHF digital channel 27 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Kennewick , Washington , United States and serving the Tri-Cities ( Richland/Pasco/Kennewick ) area . The station is owned by Morgan Murphy Media . KVEW 's studios are located on North Edison Street in Kennewick , and its transmitter is located on Jump Off Joe Butte . Although identifying as a station in its own right , KVEW is considered a semi-satellite of KAPP ( channel 35 ) in Yakima . As such , it simulcasts all network and syndicated programming as provided through its parent , and the two stations share a website . However , KVEW airs separate commercial inserts and legal identifications . Local newscasts are simulcast on both stations . KVEW serves the eastern half of the Yakima/Tri-Cities market while KAPP serves the western portion . The two stations are counted as a single unit for ratings purposes . Master control and some internal operations are based at the studios of sister station and fellow ABC affiliate KXLY-TV on West Boone Avenue in Spokane . On satellite , KVEW is only available on Dish Network , while DirecTV carries KAPP instead . Both providers do not carry either station 's MeTV subchannel ."}]}, {'value': '27 PSIP 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42.1 ABC 44.2 MeTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MeTV', 'summary': "MeTV ( an acronym for Memorable Entertainment Television ) is an American broadcast television network that is owned by Weigel Broadcasting . Marketed as The Definitive Destination for Classic TV , the network airs a variety of classic television programs from the 1950s through the early 1990s , which are obtained primarily from the libraries of CBS Television Distribution and 20th Television . Through its ownership by Weigel , MeTV is sister to four other networks that source their programming content from the network 's distributors : rerun-focused networks Heroes & Icons and Decades ( the latter operated as a joint venture with CBS Television Stations ) , the film-focused Movies ! ( a joint venture with Fox Television Stations ) and the drama-focused Start TV . MeTV is carried on digital subchannels of affiliated television stations in most markets ; however , some MeTV-affiliated stations carry the network as a primary affiliation on their main channel , and a small number of stations air select programs from the network alongside their regular general entertainment schedules , with a few carrying the network in high definition . The network is also available nationwide on free-to- air C band satellite via SES-1 in the DVB-S format , and in some markets on AT & T U-verse channels 136 ( in standard definition ) and 1136 ( in high definition ) , and cable television through cable TV providers . MeTV 's operations are located in Weigel Broadcasting 's corporate headquarters on North Halsted Street in Chicago , Illinois . Shows currently broadcast on this channel include M*A*S*H , The Andy Griffith Show , Perry Mason , Gunsmoke , Hogan 's Heroes , The Flintstones , and others ."}]}, {'value': 'Kennewick , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennewick,_Washington', 'summary': "Kennewick ( /ˈkɛnəwɪk/ ) is a city in Benton County in the U.S. state of Washington , along the southwest bank of the Columbia River , just southeast of the confluence of the Columbia and Yakima rivers and across from the confluence of the Columbia and the Snake River . It is the most populous of the three cities collectively referred to as the Tri-Cities ( the others being Pasco and Richland ) . The population was 73,917 at the 2010 census . July 1 , 2018 estimates from the Census Bureau put the city 's population at 82,943 . The 2018 population estimate for the Tri-Cities metro area is 296,224 , making it the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the state . The discovery of Kennewick Man along the banks of the river demonstrates human habitation of the area by Native Americans for at least 9,000 years . American settlers began moving into the area in the late 19th century as transportation infrastructure was built to connect Kennewick to other settlements along the Columbia River . The city 's growth was accelerated by the construction of the Hanford Site at Richland in the 1940s as workers from around the country came to participate in the Manhattan Project . Hanford and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory continue to be major sources of employment . The city 's economy has diversified over time and now hosts offices for Amazon and Lamb Weston ."}]}, {'value': 'Digital subchannel 44.2 rebroadcasts KAPP-DT2 Yakima . KVEW is semisatellite of KAPP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVHP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVHP', 'summary': "KVHP , virtual channel 29 ( UHF digital channel 18 ) , is a dual Fox/ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Lake Charles , Louisiana , United States . Owned by American Spirit Media , it is operated under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) by Gray Television , making it a sister station to dual NBC/CW+ affiliate KPLC ( channel 7 ) . The two stations share studios on Division Street in downtown Lake Charles ; KVHP 's transmitter is located in rural northwestern Calcasieu Parish five miles ( 8 km ) northwest of Edgerly ( halfway between Lake Charles and Beaumont , Texas , allowing the station 's signal to reach both markets ) . On cable , KVHP is available on Suddenlink channel 11 , while KVHP-DT2 is carried on channel 12 ."}]}, {'value': '18 PSIP 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Charles , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Lake Charles ( French : Lac Charles ) is the fifth-largest incorporated city in the U.S. state of Louisiana , located on Lake Charles , Prien Lake , and the Calcasieu River . Founded in 1861 in Calcasieu Parish , it is a major industrial , cultural , and educational center in the southwest region of the state . As of the 2010 census , the population was 71,993 . Lake Charles is the principal city of the Lake Charles Metropolitan Statistical Area , having a population of 202,040 . It is the larger principal city of the Lake Charles-Jennings Combined Statistical Area , with a population of 225,235 . The 2010 population of the five-parish area of Southwest Louisiana was 292,619 . It is considered a regionally significant center of petrochemical refining , gaming , tourism , and education , being home to McNeese State University and Sowela Technical Community College . Because of the lakes and waterways throughout the city , metropolitan Lake Charles is often referred to as the Lake Area .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVIA-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVIA-TV', 'summary': "KVIA-TV , virtual channel 7 ( UHF digital channel 17 ) , is a dual ABC/CW+-affiliated television station licensed to El Paso , Texas , United States and also serving Las Cruces , New Mexico . The station is owned by the News-Press & Gazette Company . KVIA-TV 's studios are located on Rio Bravo Street in northwest El Paso , and its transmitter is located atop the Franklin Mountains on the El Paso city limits ."}]}, {'value': '17 PSIP 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.1 ABC 7.2 The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'El Paso , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas', 'summary': "El Paso ( /ɛl ˈpæsoʊ/ ; from Spanish , the pass ) is a city and the county seat of El Paso County , Texas , United States , in the far western part of the state . The 2018 population estimate for the city from the U.S. Census was 682,669 , making it the 22nd largest city in the United States . Its metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth counties in Texas , and has a population of 840,758 . El Paso stands on the Rio Grande across the Mexico-United States border from Ciudad Juárez , the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua with 1.4 million people . Las Cruces , in the neighboring U.S. state of New Mexico , has a population of 215,579 . On the U.S. side , the El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces CSA , with a population of 1,060,397 . Bi-nationally , these three cities form a combined international metropolitan area sometimes referred to as the Paso del Norte or the Borderplex . The region of 2.5 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere . The city is home to three publicly traded companies , and former Western Refining , now Andeavor . as well as home to the Medical Center of the Americas , the only medical research and care provider complex in West Texas and Southern New Mexico , and the University of Texas at El Paso , the city 's primary university . The city hosts the annual Sun Bowl college football post-season game , the second oldest bowl game in the country . El Paso has a strong federal and military presence ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVIE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVIE', 'summary': "KVIE , virtual channel 6 ( VHF digital channel 9 ) , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to Sacramento , California , United States . The station is owned by KVIE , Inc. , a community-based non-profit organization that is governed by a volunteer board of directors . KVIE 's studios are located on West El Camino Avenue in northern Sacramento , and its transmitter ( a 2,000-foot ( 610 m ) tall tower owned by Fox affiliate KTXL ) is located in Walnut Grove , California ."}]}, {'value': '9 PSIP/cable 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacramento , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVIH-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVIH-TV', 'summary': "KVII-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 7 , is a dual ABC/CW+-affiliated television station licensed to Amarillo , Texas , United States . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group . KVII 's studios are located at One Broadcast Center between South Pierce and South Buchanan streets in downtown Amarillo ( 500 feet [ 150 m ] southeast of the shared studios of NBC affiliate KAMR-TV [ channel 4 ] , Fox affiliate KCIT [ channel 14 ] and MyNetworkTV affiliate KCPN-LP [ channel 33 ] ) , and its transmitter is located west of US 87/287 , in unincorporated Potter County . On cable , the station is available on Suddenlink Communications channel 8 in standard definition and digital channel 708 in high definition in Amarillo , and on channel 7 on other providers in outlying areas of the market . KVIH-TV ( virtual and VHF digital channel 12 ) in Clovis , New Mexico operates as a full-time satellite of KVII ; this station 's transmitter is located along State Road 88 ( east of Portales ) . KVIH covers areas of northeastern and east-central New Mexico that receive a marginal to non-existent over-the-air signal from KVII , although there is significant overlap between the two stations ' contours otherwise . KVIH is a straight simulcast of KVII ; on-air references to KVIH are limited to Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) -mandated hourly station identifications during newscasts and other programming . Besides the transmitter , KVIH does not maintain any physical presence in Clovis , and unlike its parent station , it does not broadcast in high definition ."}]}, {'value': '12 PSIP 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.1 ABC 12.2 The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Clovis , New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Clovis is the county seat of Curry County , New Mexico , United States , with a population of 37,775 as of the 2010 census , and a 2018 estimated population of 38,680 . Clovis is located in the New Mexico portion of the Llano Estacado , in the eastern part of the state . A largely agricultural community , closely bordering Texas , it is noted for its role in early rock music history and for nearby Cannon Air Force Base . After the discovery of several Clovis culture sites in eastern North America in the 1930s , the Clovis people came to be regarded as the first human inhabitants who created a widespread culture in the New World . Clovis people are considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous cultures of the Americas . The Atchison , Topeka , & Santa Fe Railway system helped to establish Clovis over a hundred years ago , and for that railroad and its successor BNSF Railway continues to be a major hub of operations . Also notable is the Southwest Cheese Company , the largest cheddar cheese producer in North America . It is the principal city of the Clovis Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the larger Clovis-Portales CSA .'}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcasts KVII Amarillo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVII-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVII-TV', 'summary': "KVII-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 7 , is a dual ABC/CW+-affiliated television station licensed to Amarillo , Texas , United States . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group . KVII 's studios are located at One Broadcast Center between South Pierce and South Buchanan streets in downtown Amarillo ( 500 feet [ 150 m ] southeast of the shared studios of NBC affiliate KAMR-TV [ channel 4 ] , Fox affiliate KCIT [ channel 14 ] and MyNetworkTV affiliate KCPN-LP [ channel 33 ] ) , and its transmitter is located west of US 87/287 , in unincorporated Potter County . On cable , the station is available on Suddenlink Communications channel 8 in standard definition and digital channel 708 in high definition in Amarillo , and on channel 7 on other providers in outlying areas of the market . KVIH-TV ( virtual and VHF digital channel 12 ) in Clovis , New Mexico operates as a full-time satellite of KVII ; this station 's transmitter is located along State Road 88 ( east of Portales ) . KVIH covers areas of northeastern and east-central New Mexico that receive a marginal to non-existent over-the-air signal from KVII , although there is significant overlap between the two stations ' contours otherwise . KVIH is a straight simulcast of KVII ; on-air references to KVIH are limited to Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) -mandated hourly station identifications during newscasts and other programming . Besides the transmitter , KVIH does not maintain any physical presence in Clovis , and unlike its parent station , it does not broadcast in high definition ."}]}, {'value': '7 PSIP 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.1 ABC 7.2 The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Amarillo , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas', 'summary': "Amarillo ( /ˌæməˈrɪloʊ/ AM-ə-RIL-oh ) is the 14th-most populous city in the state of Texas , United States . It is also the largest city in the Texas Panhandle , and the seat of Potter County . A portion of the city extends into Randall County . The estimated population was 199,826 as of 2017 . The Amarillo metropolitan area has an estimated population of 276,020 in four counties as of 2017 . The metro population is projected to surpass 310,000 in 2020 . Amarillo , originally named Oneida , is situated in the Llano Estacado region . The availability of the railroad and freight service provided by the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad contributed to the city 's growth as a cattle-marketing center in the late 19th century . The city was once the self-proclaimed Helium Capital of the World for having one of the country 's most productive helium fields . The city is also known as The Yellow Rose of Texas ( as the city takes its name from the Spanish word for yellow ) , and most recently Rotor City , USA for its V-22 Osprey hybrid aircraft assembly plant , as well as Bomb City . Amarillo operates one of the largest meat-packing areas in the United States . Pantex , the only nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly facility in the country , is also a major employer ."}]}, {'value': 'VII is the Roman numeral for 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVLY-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVLY-TV', 'summary': "KVLY-TV , virtual channel 11 ( UHF digital channel 36 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Fargo , North Dakota , United States , serving eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota . Owned by Gray Television , it is a sister station to Horace-licensed low-powered dual CBS/CW+ affiliate KXJB-LD , channel 30 ( whose main channel is simulcast in 720p high definition on KVLY 's second digital subchannel to extend its reach ) . The two outlets share studios on 21st Avenue South in Fargo . KVLY 's transmitter is located near Blanchard . In addition to its main studio in Fargo , KVLY operates a news bureau and sales office in the US Bank building in downtown Grand Forks . On cable , the station is available on channel 11 in most areas of the market , and in high definition on Midco digital channel 611 and Sparklight digital channel 1011 . KVLY is considered a part of the NBC North Dakota state network of NBC affiliates , although it airs separate newscasts and syndicated programming from flagship and sister station KFYR-TV in Bismarck . The station is most notable for its broadcast tower , which is the fourth-tallest above-ground structure in the world at 2,063 feet ( 629 m ) . The KVLY tower was at one time the tallest structure in the world and is currently the tallest structure in the Western Hemisphere . The KRDK-TV tower is located just six miles ( 9.7 km ) from the KVLY tower ."}]}, {'value': '36 PSIP 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11.1 NBC 11.2 CBS 11.3 MeTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MeTV', 'summary': "MeTV ( an acronym for Memorable Entertainment Television ) is an American broadcast television network that is owned by Weigel Broadcasting . Marketed as The Definitive Destination for Classic TV , the network airs a variety of classic television programs from the 1950s through the early 1990s , which are obtained primarily from the libraries of CBS Television Distribution and 20th Television . Through its ownership by Weigel , MeTV is sister to four other networks that source their programming content from the network 's distributors : rerun-focused networks Heroes & Icons and Decades ( the latter operated as a joint venture with CBS Television Stations ) , the film-focused Movies ! ( a joint venture with Fox Television Stations ) and the drama-focused Start TV . MeTV is carried on digital subchannels of affiliated television stations in most markets ; however , some MeTV-affiliated stations carry the network as a primary affiliation on their main channel , and a small number of stations air select programs from the network alongside their regular general entertainment schedules , with a few carrying the network in high definition . The network is also available nationwide on free-to- air C band satellite via SES-1 in the DVB-S format , and in some markets on AT & T U-verse channels 136 ( in standard definition ) and 1136 ( in high definition ) , and cable television through cable TV providers . MeTV 's operations are located in Weigel Broadcasting 's corporate headquarters on North Halsted Street in Chicago , Illinois . Shows currently broadcast on this channel include M*A*S*H , The Andy Griffith Show , Perry Mason , Gunsmoke , Hogan 's Heroes , The Flintstones , and others ."}]}, {'value': 'Fargo , North Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Fargo is a city in and the county seat of Cass County , North Dakota , United States . The most populous city in the state , it accounts for nearly 17% of the state population . According to the 2018 United States Census estimates , its population was 124,844 , making it the 222nd-most populous city in the United States . Fargo , along with its twin city of Moorhead , Minnesota , as well as the adjacent cities of West Fargo , North Dakota and Dilworth , Minnesota , form the core of the Fargo-Moorhead , ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area , which in 2018 contained a population of 245,471 . Founded in 1871 on the Red River of the North floodplain , Fargo is a cultural , retail , health care , educational , and industrial center for eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota . The city is also home to North Dakota State University .'}]}, {'value': 'V al l e y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVMD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVMD', 'summary': "KVMD , virtual channel 31 ( UHF digital channel 23 ) , is a LATV-affiliated television station licensed to Twentynine Palms , California , United States . Station owner Ronald Ulloa is also president and majority owner of Rancho Palos Verdes-licensed independent station KXLA ( channel 44 ) . KVMD 's transmitter is located atop Snow Peak in the San Bernardino Mountains , north of Banning , California . Its broadcast signal covers most of the area within the Inland Empire . KVMD 's signal is relayed by two low-power translators : KSMV-LD in Los Angeles and KIMG-LD in Ventura , both of which also broadcast on digital channel 23 and virtual channel 31 . The station is carried throughout the Los Angeles media market on various cable television systems . KVMD-DT is also available on DirecTV and Dish Network on channel 31 , its former analog channel . The station broadcasts digitally on 10 subchannels . KVMD is dedicated to providing free over-the-air programming to minority groups in southern California . Currently , programming is offered in English , Spanish , Mandarin Chinese , Vietnamese and Armenian ."}]}, {'value': '23 PSIP 31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ARTN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twentynine Palms , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twentynine_Palms,_California', 'summary': 'Twentynine Palms ( also known as 29 Palms ) is a city in San Bernardino County , California . It was previously called Twenty-Nine Palms .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVME-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVME-TV', 'summary': "KVME-TV , virtual and UHF digital channel 20 , is a Heroes & Icons-affiliated television station licensed to Bishop , California , United States . The station is owned by Venture Technologies Group . KVME 's transmitter is located in the White Mountains , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Bishop ."}]}, {'value': '20 PSIP 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MeTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MeTV', 'summary': "MeTV ( an acronym for Memorable Entertainment Television ) is an American broadcast television network that is owned by Weigel Broadcasting . Marketed as The Definitive Destination for Classic TV , the network airs a variety of classic television programs from the 1950s through the early 1990s , which are obtained primarily from the libraries of CBS Television Distribution and 20th Television . Through its ownership by Weigel , MeTV is sister to four other networks that source their programming content from the network 's distributors : rerun-focused networks Heroes & Icons and Decades ( the latter operated as a joint venture with CBS Television Stations ) , the film-focused Movies ! ( a joint venture with Fox Television Stations ) and the drama-focused Start TV . MeTV is carried on digital subchannels of affiliated television stations in most markets ; however , some MeTV-affiliated stations carry the network as a primary affiliation on their main channel , and a small number of stations air select programs from the network alongside their regular general entertainment schedules , with a few carrying the network in high definition . The network is also available nationwide on free-to- air C band satellite via SES-1 in the DVB-S format , and in some markets on AT & T U-verse channels 136 ( in standard definition ) and 1136 ( in high definition ) , and cable television through cable TV providers . MeTV 's operations are located in Weigel Broadcasting 's corporate headquarters on North Halsted Street in Chicago , Illinois . Shows currently broadcast on this channel include M*A*S*H , The Andy Griffith Show , Perry Mason , Gunsmoke , Hogan 's Heroes , The Flintstones , and others ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop,_California', 'summary': 'Bishop ( formerly Bishop Creek ) is a city in Inyo County , California , United States . Though Bishop is the only incorporated city and the largest populated place in Inyo County , the county seat is located in Independence . Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley , at an elevation of 4,150 feet ( 1,260 m ) . The town was named after Bishop Creek , flowing out of the Sierra Nevada ; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop , a settler in the Owens Valley . Located near numerous tourist attractions , Bishop is a major resort town ; the town is a commercial and residential center , while many vacation destinations in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby . The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 census , up from 3,575 at the 2000 census . The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger , however . More than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop , West Bishop , Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek , and the Bishop Reservation . It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County . A number of western films were shot in Bishop , including movies starring John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVOA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVOA', 'summary': "KVOA , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 23 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Tucson , Arizona , United States . The station is owned by Quincy Media . KVOA 's studios are located on West Elm Street north of downtown Tucson , and its transmitter is located atop Mount Bigelow , northeast of Tucson . The station has two low-power translators : K04QP-D ( channel 4 ) in Casas Adobes , Arizona and K28OY-D ( channel 28 ) in Sierra Vista , Arizona ."}]}, {'value': '23 PSIP 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.1 NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'Tucson , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVOS-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVOS-TV', 'summary': "KVOS-TV , virtual channel 12 ( UHF digital channel 14 ) , is a primary Heroes & Icons owned-and-operated television station licensed to Bellingham , Washington , United States . The station is owned by Weigel Broadcasting , as part of a duopoly with Seattle-licensed MeTV owned-and-operated station KFFV , channel 44 ( which KVOS simulcasts on its third digital subchannel ) . While KVOS is nominally part of the Seattle-Tacoma market , it primarily serves an audience in southwestern British Columbia , Canada , including Vancouver and Victoria . KVOS ' transmitter is situated atop Mount Constitution on Orcas Island in the San Juan Islands , at an altitude of 2,621 feet ( 799 m ) above the adjacent terrain . The station 's signal is very well received throughout the British Columbia Lower Mainland , southern Vancouver Island , and much of northwest Washington . KVOS ' original studios were located on Ellis Street in Bellingham . However , with the sale of KVOS to OTA Broadcasting in 2010 , the Bellingham facility was closed and the station currently shares studios with KFFV on Third Avenue South in Seattle . KVOS previously maintained offices in Burnaby , British Columbia ; before that , its Vancouver offices were located on West 7th Avenue ; it now has no physical presence in the Vancouver area . As KVOS serves both sides of the border , at one time the station decided to use both Canadian and American TV ratings at the start of each program , after they were established during the late 1990s - it was the only station on either side of the border to do so . Since early 2007 , only U.S. ratings have been shown . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '35 PSIP/cable 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MeTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MeTV', 'summary': "MeTV ( an acronym for Memorable Entertainment Television ) is an American broadcast television network that is owned by Weigel Broadcasting . Marketed as The Definitive Destination for Classic TV , the network airs a variety of classic television programs from the 1950s through the early 1990s , which are obtained primarily from the libraries of CBS Television Distribution and 20th Television . Through its ownership by Weigel , MeTV is sister to four other networks that source their programming content from the network 's distributors : rerun-focused networks Heroes & Icons and Decades ( the latter operated as a joint venture with CBS Television Stations ) , the film-focused Movies ! ( a joint venture with Fox Television Stations ) and the drama-focused Start TV . MeTV is carried on digital subchannels of affiliated television stations in most markets ; however , some MeTV-affiliated stations carry the network as a primary affiliation on their main channel , and a small number of stations air select programs from the network alongside their regular general entertainment schedules , with a few carrying the network in high definition . The network is also available nationwide on free-to- air C band satellite via SES-1 in the DVB-S format , and in some markets on AT & T U-verse channels 136 ( in standard definition ) and 1136 ( in high definition ) , and cable television through cable TV providers . MeTV 's operations are located in Weigel Broadcasting 's corporate headquarters on North Halsted Street in Chicago , Illinois . Shows currently broadcast on this channel include M*A*S*H , The Andy Griffith Show , Perry Mason , Gunsmoke , Hogan 's Heroes , The Flintstones , and others ."}]}, {'value': 'Bellingham , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington', 'summary': "Bellingham ( /ˈbɛlɪŋhæm/ BEL-ing-ham ) is the county seat and most populous city of Whatcom County in the U.S. state of Washington . Located 52 miles ( 84 km ) southeast of Vancouver , 90 miles ( 140 km ) north of Seattle , and 21 miles ( 34 km ) south of the U.S.-Canada border , Bellingham is in between two major metropolitan areas , Seattle and Vancouver , British Columbia . The city 's population was 80,885 at the 2010 United States Census . With a 2018 population estimate of 90,665 per the Washington State Office of Financial Management , Bellingham is the twelfth-most populous city in the state of Washington . The city of Bellingham was incorporated in 1903 through the consolidation of Fairhaven , Whatcom , Sehome and Bellingham : four historic towns that settled beside Bellingham Bay . The bay , where the present-day city and the former town of the same name derive their names from , was named Bellingham Bay by George Vancouver upon arriving to it in June 1792 . Its namesake , Sir William Bellingham , was the Controller of Storekeeper Accounts of the Royal Navy during the Vancouver Expedition . Today , Bellingham is the northernmost city with a population of more than 50,000 people in the contiguous United States . The city is a popular tourist destination known for its easy access to outdoor recreation in the San Juan Islands and North Cascades . Bellingham is undergoing redevelopment on more than 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of former industrial land in its Waterfront District with a hotel , conference center , condos , retirement living , retail and commercial development planned for the site ."}]}, {'value': 'V oice O f S eattle ; from former sister radio station KVOS ( AM ) , which was originally licensed to Seattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KVPT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KVPT', 'summary': "KVPT , virtual channel 18 ( UHF digital channel 32 ) , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to Fresno , California , United States . The station is owned by Valley Public Television , Inc. KVPT 's studios are located on Van Ness Avenue and Calaveras Street in downtown Fresno , and its transmitter is located on Bear Mountain , near Meadow Lakes , California . K18HD-D ( virtual and UHF digital channel 18 ) in Bakersfield operates as a low-power translator of KVPT ."}]}, {'value': '32 PSIP 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Fresno , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresno,_California', 'summary': "Fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh ; Spanish for ash tree ) is a city in and the county seat of Fresno County , California , United States . It covers about 112 square miles ( 290 km2 ) in the center of the San Joaquin Valley , the southern portion of California 's Central Valley . Named for the abundant ash trees lining the San Joaquin River , Fresno was founded in 1872 as a railway station of the Central Pacific Railroad before it was incorporated in 1885 . The city has since become an economic hub of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley , with much of the surrounding areas in the Metropolitan Fresno region predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production . The population of Fresno grew from 134,000 in 1960 to 428,000 in 2000 . With a census-estimated 2018 population of 530,093 , Fresno is the fifth-most populous city in California , the most populous inland city in California , and the 34th-most populous city in the nation . Fresno is near the geographical center of California . It lies approximately 220 miles ( 350 km ) north of Los Angeles , 170 miles ( 270 km ) south of the state capital , Sacramento , and 185 miles ( 300 km ) southeast of San Francisco . Yosemite National Park is about 60 miles ( 100 km ) to the north , Kings Canyon National Park is 60 miles ( 100 km ) to the east , and Sequoia National Park is 75 miles ( 120 km ) to the southeast ."}]}, {'value': 'V alley P ublic T elevision', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'KV', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)_21', 'intro': 'This is a list of full-power television stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letter K. Low-power TV stations, those with designations such as KAGN-LP or K11XQ, have not been included in this list. See also the list of TV stations beginning with W and the list of TV stations beginning with X.'} | null | null | What parish contains the city of KVHP ? | Calcasieu |
05a76409cec49e9c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'title': 'List of Primeval characters', 'header': ['Character name', 'Actor', 'First appearance', 'Last appearance'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nick Cutter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Henshall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Henshall', 'summary': 'Douglas James Henshall ( born 19 November 1965 [ citation needed ] ) is a Scottish television , film and stage actor . He is best known for his roles as Professor Nick Cutter in the science fiction series Primeval ( 2007-2011 ) and Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez in the crime drama Shetland ( 2013- ) .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '3.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Murray_(English_actor)', 'summary': 'James Murray ( born 22 January 1975 ) , also known as Jim Murray , is an English actor , artist and fundraiser .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '2.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helen Cutter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Juliet Aubrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juliet_Aubrey', 'summary': 'Juliet Emma Aubrey ( born 17 December 1966 ) is an English actress of theatre , film , and television . She won the 1995 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for playing Dorothea in the BBC serial Middlemarch ( 1994 ) . She is also known for her role as Helen Cutter in the ITV series Primeval ( 2007-11 ) . Her film appearances include Still Crazy ( 1998 ) , The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) and The Infiltrator ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '3.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connor Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Lee Potts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Lee_Potts', 'summary': "Andrew Lee Potts ( born 29 October 1979 ) is an English actor and director . He is best known for his role as the quirky Connor Temple on ITV 's British science fiction programme Primeval and Space 's Canadian spinoff Primeval : New World . He also starred as the Hatter on the SyFy mini-series Alice and was a series regular on the long-running programme Ideal . Since 2006 , Potts has written and directed short films through his production house , Keychain Productions . In 2008 , he directed a documentary about the filming of Primeval called Through the Anomaly ."}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Abby Maitland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hannah Spearritt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hannah_Spearritt', 'summary': 'Hannah Louise Spearritt ( born 1 April 1981 ) is an English actress and singer . She is an original member of the pop group S Club 7 . Spearritt is also known for playing the role of Abby Maitland in the drama Primeval .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Claudia Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Brown', 'summary': 'Lucy Brown ( born 13 February 1979 ) is an English actress best known for dual roles in the TV series Primeval .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '1.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Lester', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Miller', 'summary': 'Bennet Evan Miller ( born 24 February 1966 ) is an English comedian , actor and director . He is best known as one half of comedy double act Armstrong and Miller , with Alexander Armstrong . Miller and Armstrong wrote and starred in the Channel 4 sketch show Armstrong and Miller , as well as the BBC sketch show The Armstrong & Miller Show . Miller is also known for playing the lead role of DI Richard Poole in the first two series of the BBC Crime Drama Death in Paradise .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain Tom Ryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Wakeling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Wakeling', 'summary': 'Mark Wakeling ( born 11 October 1971 ) is a British actor and founder of The Actors Temple in London .'}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Episode_1_(Primeval)', 'summary': 'Episode 1 is the first episode of the ITV science fiction drama , Primeval . The episode was aired on 10 February 2007 as a pilot for the series . The pilot became a success and was picked up before the series was aired .'}]}, {'value': '1.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jake Curran', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '1.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duncan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Bradshaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Bradshaw_(actor)', 'summary': 'James Bradshaw ( born 20 March 1976 ) is an English actor , known for his roles as Gordon Grimley in the Granada series The Grimleys , D.S Geoff Thorpe in Hollyoaks and Dr. Max DeBryn in Endeavour .'}]}, {'value': '1.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '4.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliver Leek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Karl Theobald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Theobald', 'summary': "Karl Julian Theobald ( born 5 August 1969 ) is an English actor and comedian . He has played 'Landlord ' in Plebs and Martin Dear in Channel 4 sitcom Green Wing ."}]}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenny Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Brown', 'summary': 'Lucy Brown ( born 13 February 1979 ) is an English actress best known for dual roles in the TV series Primeval .'}]}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '4.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cleaner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tim Faraday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caroline Steel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Naomi Bentley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naomi_Bentley', 'summary': 'Naomi Bentley ( born 1981 ) is an English actress known for her roles in White Van Man , Primeval , Grownups , Dalziel and Pascoe and Casanova .'}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mick Harper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ramon Tikaram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramon_Tikaram', 'summary': 'Ramon Pramod Junior Tikaram ( born 16 May 1967 ) is a British stage and screen actor of Indo-Fijian and Malaysian descent .'}]}, {'value': '2.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain Hilary Becker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Mansfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Mansfield', 'summary': 'Ben Mansfield ( born 29 May 1983 ) is an English actor , best known for playing Captain Becker in the ITV sci-fi drama Primeval .'}]}, {'value': '3.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Page', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Laila Rouass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laila_Rouass', 'summary': "Laila Abdesselam Rouass ( born 22 June 1971 ) is a British actress . She is best known for her portrayals of Amber Gates in Footballers ' Wives ( 2004-2006 ) and Sahira Shah in Holby City ( 2011-2012 ) . She has also starred in Primeval and Spooks and been a contestant on Strictly Come Dancing , in which she finished fourth ."}]}, {'value': '3.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christine Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Belinda Stewart-Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belinda_Stewart-Wilson', 'summary': 'Belinda Stewart-Wilson ( born 16 April 1971 ) is an English actress best known for her role as Polly McKenzie in The Inbetweeners .'}]}, {'value': '3.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danny Quinn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Flemyng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Flemyng', 'summary': "Jason Iain Flemyng ( born 25 September 1966 ) is an English actor . Flemyng is known for his film work , which has included roles in British films such as Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) and Snatch ( 2000 ) , both for Guy Ritchie , as well as Hollywood productions such as Rob Roy ( 1995 ) , the Alan Moore comic book adaptations From Hell ( 2001 ) and The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) , and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) . He has also appeared in prominent roles in both theatre and television in the UK . Flemyng speaks French fluently , and has made three films in that language . He won the Best Actor Award at the Geneva Film Festival for his role in 1996 's Alive and Kicking ."}]}, {'value': '3.2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '4.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine Kavanagh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval , including supporting characters . The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government . The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter , James Murray as Stephen Hart , Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple , Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland , with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter , Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan . In the final episode of Series 1 , Captain Tom Ryan is killed off , and Claudia Brown disappears . The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2 . Lucy Brown plays a new character , Jenny Lewis , a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia , but unlike her , she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia . Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek , Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support . Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2 , and Caroline Steel leaves . Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page , Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn . In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed , with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader . Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later ( returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4 ) ; and in the finale of Series 3 , Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor . Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4 , and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruth Gemmell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruth_Gemmell', 'summary': "Ruth Gemmell ( born 1967 ) is an English actress , known for her role in the 1997 film Fever Pitch . She is also known for her work on the television show Utopia as Jen Dugdale . In 1996 , Gemmell appeared in eight episodes of the television show Silent Witness as Detective Constable Kerry Cox , then as other characters in single episodes in 2006 and 2014 . Gemmell has also guest starred in several shows , including Casualty during 2014 and an episode of Midsomer Murders in 2015 . She has been a leading character in the ITV series Home Fires , playing the role of cleric 's wife Sarah Collingbourne ."}]}, {'value': '3.3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Primeval_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of episodes for the British television drama series Primeval . It premiered on ITV on 10 February 2007 and ran for five series and 36 episodes in total . It was cancelled in June 2009 after the third series , with the network stating it was struggling to fund any more original programming . On 29 September 2009 , the station announced it had formed a deal with the digital channels Watch , BBC America , and German broadcaster Pro7 , to recommission the programme for the fourth and fifth series . Series 5 of six episodes began on 24 May 2011 on digital channel Watch and was repeated on ITV from 16 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '3.4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Character appearances -- Character Appearances', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Primeval_characters_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of characters in the ITV science fiction television series Primeval, including supporting characters. The series originally features a cast of five main characters plus supporting cast who investigate time anomalies for the British government. The series 1 cast is made up of Douglas Henshall as Professor Nick Cutter, James Murray as Stephen Hart, Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple, Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown and Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland, with Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter, Ben Miller as James Lester and Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan. In the final episode of Series 1, Captain Tom Ryan is killed off, and Claudia Brown disappears. The rest of the cast carries over into Series 2. Lucy Brown plays a new character, Jenny Lewis, a savvy PR person and a doppelgänger of Claudia, but unlike her, she has no romantic attachment to Cutter and resents him referring to her as Claudia. Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek, Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel and Tim Faraday as The Cleaner support. Stephen Hart and Oliver Leek are killed off in the final episode of Series 2, and Caroline Steel leaves. Series 3 sees the introduction of Laila Rouass as Sarah Page, Ben Mansfield as Captain Becker and Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn. In the third episode Nick Cutter is killed, with Danny Quinn replacing him as team leader. Jenny Lewis leaves two episodes later (returning for the penultimate episode of Series 4); and in the finale of Series 3, Helen Cutter is knocked off a cliff by a Raptor. Sarah Page was killed offscreen prior to Series 4, and Danny Quinn returned only in the finale of Series 4.'} | null | null | What is the name of the character whose actor was born on 22 January 1975 ? | Stephen Hart |
05a7b976d43b0e15 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Bainisteoir', 'title': 'Celebrity Bainisteoir', 'header': ['Contestant', 'County', 'Club', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rozanna Purcell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rozanna_Purcell', 'summary': 'Rozanna Roz Purcell ( born 3 September 1990 ) is an Irish model , charity worker and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Universe Ireland 2010 and represented Ireland at Miss Universe 2010 in US where she placed Top 10 .'}]}, {'value': 'Longford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Longford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae an Longfort ) or Longford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Longford . The county board is also responsible for the Longford inter-county teams . Longford won their only National Football League title in 1966 with a 1-point victory over Galway in the Home Final and an aggregate win over New York in the Final . They won their only Leinster Senior Football Championship title in 1968 with a 3-9 to 1-4 win over Laois .'}]}, {'value': 'Newtown Cashel GAA Club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Model and former Miss Ireland . A native of Clonmel she will manage Cashel GAA club from Co Longford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clonmel', 'summary': "Clonmel ( Irish : Cluain Meala , meaning honey meadow ) is the county town and largest settlement of County Tipperary , Ireland . The town is noted in Irish history for its resistance to the Cromwellian army which sacked the towns of Drogheda and Wexford . With the exception of the townland of Suir Island , most of the borough is situated in the civil parish of St Mary 's which is part of the ancient barony of Iffa and Offa East ."}]}, {'value': 'Pippa Ormond', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donegal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donegal_GAA', 'summary': "The Donegal County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Dhún na nGall ) or Donegal GAA is one of the GAA 's 32 county boards in Ireland . It is responsible for Gaelic games in County Donegal . The county board is also responsible for the Donegal inter-county teams . There are currently 40 clubs under the auspices of the Donegal County Board . The Donegal senior football team is a major force in Gaelic football . Currently regarded as one of the best teams in the sport , they last won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship in 2012 and the Ulster Senior Football Championship in 2019 . Donegal players comprised most of the 2012 All Stars Team of the Year , and the three nominations for the All Stars Footballer of the Year , ultimately won by Karl Lacey . In addition , having been invited to assist the Celtic soccer team in Scotland , Donegal manager Jim McGuinness became the first Gaelic football inter-county manager to have been offered a role at a professional sports team abroad . McGuinness 's services have also been sought by Premier League soccer teams . In terms of style , the system deployed by the Donegal senior football team has been likened to that of the Spanish association football team FC Barcelona . They are also one of only five counties to have defeated Kerry in their first Championship meeting - the others being Down ( 1960 ) , Derry ( 1958 ) , Dublin ( 1893 ) and Cork ( 1889 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Naomh Brid GAA Club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Model and wife of fellow contestant Brian Ormond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Ormond', 'summary': "You 're a Star was a singing contest in Ireland , similar to The X Factor in the United Kingdom and American Idol in the USA . Created by Screentime ShinAwiL and Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) in 2002 , it was shown weekly on RTÉ One over the winter months of each year . The show was broadcast live from The Helix theatre in Dublin City University ( DCU ) . The first three winners of You 're a Star ( Mickey Harte , Chris Doran and Donna & Joe respectively ) , won the rights to represent Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest as a prize for their win , but from September 2005 onwards the winner did not receive that right . The show was cancelled after the 2008 series and replaced a year later with The All Ireland Talent Show ."}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Lawlor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_GAA', 'summary': "The Cork County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Chorcaí ) or Cork GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Cork and the Cork inter-county teams . It is one of the constituent counties of Munster GAA . Cork is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both Gaelic football and hurling . As of the end of the 2015 National Leagues , Cork compete in the top division of both sports . However , despite both teams competing at the top level of the game for most of the county 's history , the hurling team has experienced more success , winning the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 30 times . By comparison , Cork has only won All-Ireland Senior Football Championship seven times . Traditionally football is strongest in the western half of the county , with the O'Donovan Rossa club of Skibbereen the only Cork team from outside the city to have an All-Ireland Club Football title . Hurling is the dominant sport in the east , with teams such as Sarsfields and Midleton having won Cork 's club championship multiple times . Naturally , there are exceptions to this rule of thumb , with hurling pockets in football areas and vice versa . One example is Fermoy in east Cork , which has seven Cork football titles to its name . The city of Cork traditionally has strong teams in both sports , with Nemo Rangers being the record-holders for All-Ireland Club Football Championships won , and Blackrock having three All-Ireland Club Hurling titles . As well as this , the St Finbarr 's club in the city has eight Cork football titles and 25 in hurling ."}]}, {'value': 'Ballinora GAA Club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wife of Aston Villa soccer player and former Irish international Stephen Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston_Villa', 'summary': "Aston Villa Football Club ( nicknamed Villa ) is an English professional football club based in Aston , Birmingham . The club competes in the Premier League , the top tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1874 , they have played at their home ground , Villa Park , since 1897 . Aston Villa were one of the founder members of the Football League in 1888 and of the Premier League in 1992 . Villa are one of only five English clubs to have won the European Cup , in 1981-82 . They have also won the Football League First Division seven times , the FA Cup seven times , the League Cup five times , and the UEFA Super Cup once . Villa have a fierce local rivalry with Birmingham City and the Second City derby between the teams has been played since 1879 . The club 's traditional kit colours are claret shirts with sky blue sleeves , white shorts and sky blue socks . Their traditional club badge is of a rampant lion . The club is currently owned by the NSWE group , a company owned by the Egyptian billionaire Nassef Sawiris and the American billionaire Wes Edens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Ireland', 'summary': 'Stephen James Ireland ( born 22 August 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder . Ireland began his career with Cobh Ramblers before joining English club Manchester City in 2001 . He made his professional debut in September 2005 and soon established himself as a regular at the City of Manchester Stadium and his performances saw him earn international recognition with Republic of Ireland . However , a row with Steve Staunton saw his international career come to an abrupt end . In September 2010 Ireland was transferred to Aston Villa in a swap deal with James Milner . After a slow start to his Villa career he was loaned out to Newcastle United where he only played twice . In the 2011-12 season he improved and won the Fans Player of the Season award . However he fell out of the first team under Paul Lambert and in September 2013 he joined Stoke City on loan before making the move permanent in January 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Calum Best', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calum_Best', 'summary': 'Calum Milan Best ( born February 6 , 1981 ) is a British American television personality . He is the son of footballer George Best .'}]}, {'value': 'Mayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayo_GAA', 'summary': "The Mayo County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Maigh Eo ) or Mayo GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Mayo and the Mayo inter-county teams . Mayo 's senior Gaelic football team play in the Connacht Senior Football Championship . Mayo have won four All-Ireland Senior Football Championship wins - 1936 , 1950 , 1951 and have won the greatest number of National Football League titles consecutively ( 6 from 1934 to 1939 ) . Mayo are also currently the longest serving team the National Football League ( Ireland ) division 1 , having played there since 1997 . Mayo have in recent times become known for reaching All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Finals only to fall at the ultimate hurdle . Mayo hold the Championship record for consecutive losing All-Ireland Senior Football Final appearances , this currently stands at nine . In 1989 , they reached their first All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final since their last previous appearance in 1951 only to lose to Cork . In 1996 , a freak point by Meath at the end of the final forced a replay , which saw Mayo concede another late score that would deny them victory . Kerry bridged an 11-year title gap against them in 1997 with a three-point win , before torturing them by eight points in 2004 and thirteen points in 2006 . Mayo returned to the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final in 2012 only for Donegal to bridge a 20-year gap between titles , helped in no small part by a nightmare opening quarter for Mayo as Michael Murphy launched a rocket of a shot into the goal after three minutes . Then , in the eleventh minute , Colm McFadden seized the ball from the grasp of Kevin Keane and slid it into the net for a second Donegal goal . Mayo managed thirteen points to Donegal 's two goals and eleven , only got on the scoresheet after sixteen minutes when already two goals behind and never led during the match ."}]}, {'value': 'Moy Davitts GAA Club , Foxford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxford', 'summary': 'Foxford ( Irish : Béal Easa , meaning mouth of the waterfall ) is a village 16 km south of Ballina in County Mayo , Ireland . It stands on the N26 national primary route from Swinford to Ballina and has a railway station served by trains between Manulla Junction and Ballina . Foxford lies on the River Moy , a salmon-fishing river , close to Loughs Conn and Cullin and between the Nephin and Ox Mountains . The Foxford Way is an 86-km waymarked tourist trail that circles Foxford , taking in the Ox Mountains , bogland , archeological sites , lakeshores and river banks . Agnes Bernard founded a convent and started a water-powered woollen mill here in 1892 . The Foxford Woollen Mills are known for producing characteristic wool blankets .'}]}, {'value': 'Son of George Best', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Best', 'summary': "George Best ( 22 May 1946 - 25 November 2005 ) was a Northern Irish professional footballer who played as a winger , spending most of his club career at Manchester United . Named European Footballer of the Year in 1968 , he is regarded as one of the greatest players of all time . A highly skilful winger , considered by several pundits to be one of the greatest dribblers in the history of the sport , Best received plaudits for his playing style , which combined pace , skill , balance , feints , two-footedness , goalscoring and the ability to get past defenders . In international football , Best was capped 37 times for Northern Ireland between 1964 and 1977 . A combination of the team 's performance and his lack of fitness in 1982 meant that he never played in the finals of a major tournament . He considered his international career as being recreational football , with the expectations placed on a smaller nation in Northern Ireland being much less than with his club . He is regarded as one of the greatest players never to have played at a World Cup . The Irish Football Association described him as the greatest player to ever pull on the green shirt of Northern Ireland . With his good looks and playboy lifestyle , Best became one of the first media celebrity footballers , earning the nickname El Beatle in 1966 , but his extravagant life style led to various personal problems , most notably alcoholism , which he suffered from for the rest of his life . These issues affected him on and off the field , often causing controversy . Although conscious of his problems , he was publicly not contrite about them ; he said of his career : I spent a lot of money on booze , birds [ women ] and fast cars - the rest I just squandered . After football , he spent some time as a football analyst , but his financial and health problems continued into his retirement ."}]}, {'value': 'Paddy Doherty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paddy_Doherty_(TV_personality)', 'summary': "Patrick Doherty ( born 6 February 1959 ) is an Irish former bare-knuckle boxer . He is best known as one of the stars of My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding and as one of Danny Dyer 's Deadliest Men . He won Celebrity Big Brother 8 . He appeared in When Paddy Met Sally in January 2012 and on Celebrity Bainisteoir later that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Scoil Uí Chonaill GAA Club Clontarf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clontarf,_Dublin', 'summary': 'Clontarf ( Irish : Cluain Tarbh , meaning meadow of the bull ) is an affluent coastal suburb on the northside of Dublin , in Ireland . Whilst Clontarf does not have a single village centre , historically there were two centres of population , one on the coast towards the city , and the fishing village of Clontarf Sheds , further north on the coast at what is now Vernon Avenue . Clontarf has a range of commercial facilities in several locations , mainly centred on Vernon Avenue . It adjoins Fairview , Marino , Killester and Raheny , and is in the postal district Dublin 3 . Clontarf is in the jurisdiction of Dublin City Council . Clontarf is most famous for the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 , in which Brian Boru , High King of Ireland , defeated the Vikings of Dublin and their allies , the Irish of Leinster . This battle , which extended over a wide area , is seen as marking an end to the Irish-Viking Wars .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Ormond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Ormond', 'summary': "You 're a Star was a singing contest in Ireland , similar to The X Factor in the United Kingdom and American Idol in the USA . Created by Screentime ShinAwiL and Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) in 2002 , it was shown weekly on RTÉ One over the winter months of each year . The show was broadcast live from The Helix theatre in Dublin City University ( DCU ) . The first three winners of You 're a Star ( Mickey Harte , Chris Doran and Donna & Joe respectively ) , won the rights to represent Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest as a prize for their win , but from September 2005 onwards the winner did not receive that right . The show was cancelled after the 2008 series and replaced a year later with The All Ireland Talent Show ."}]}, {'value': 'Westmeath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westmeath_GAA', 'summary': 'The Westmeath County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na hIarmhí ) or Westmeath GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Westmeath . The county board is also responsible for the Westmeath inter-county teams .'}]}, {'value': "St Mary 's GAA Club , Rochfordbridge", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV presenter and singer . Husband of fellow contestant Pippa Ormond', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richie Hayes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richie_Hayes', 'summary': "The first series of the talent show , in Ireland , The Voice of Ireland which began broadcasting on 8 January 2012 . The coaches are Bressie , Kian Egan of Westlife , Sharon Corr of the Irish pop-rock band The Corrs and Brian Kennedy . The winner of the series was Pat Byrne of Team Bressie . Other contestants to feature during the series included former OTT member Alan Fitzsimons and former Fair City actor Ryan O'Shaughnessy ."}]}, {'value': 'Waterford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterford_GAA', 'summary': "The Waterford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Phort Láirge ) or Waterford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for all levels of Gaelic games in County Waterford . The County Board is also responsible for the Waterford inter-county teams . The county board 's offices are based at Walsh Park in the city of Waterford . The Waterford County Board was founded in 1886 . Hurling is generally regarded the dominant sport , with the county having won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship twice . While Gaelic football is the secondary sport in the county , it is widely played nonetheless . Waterford 's greatest achievement in Gaelic football was reaching the 1898 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final , losing to Dublin ."}]}, {'value': 'Tramore GAA Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tramore', 'summary': 'Tramore ( /trəˈmɔːr/ ; Irish : Trá Mhór , meaning great strand ) is a seaside village in County Waterford , on the southeast coast of Ireland . With humble origins as a small fishing village , the area saw rapid development upon the arrival of the railway from Waterford City in 1853 . Initially the town flourished as a tourist destination , attracting visitors from as far away as Dublin in summer and from closer to home all year-round . As the population grew steadily in the latter part of the 20th century , Tramore became a satellite and dormitory town of Waterford City , situated some 13 km to the north . Today the town is a popular destination for surfing and other water sports due to its large , sheltered bay and provision of accommodation and amenities .'}]}, {'value': 'Singer and finalist on The Voice of Ireland . Bainisteoir of Tramore GAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Voice_of_Ireland', 'summary': "The Voice of Ireland is the Irish edition of the international TV franchise The Voice , a reality singing competition created by media tycoon John de Mol . The first series began airing from 8 January 2012 on RTÉ One . The coaches originally were Bressie , Sharon Corr , Kian Egan and Brian Kennedy . Kennedy left after the first series and was replaced by Jamelia . After the second series , Corr quit the show owing to other commitments and was replaced by Dolores O'Riordan . Following series 3 , Dolores and Jamelia quit . The coaches for series 4 were Bressie , Una Healy , Kian Egan and Rachel Stevens . The show was hosted by Kathryn Thomas and co-hosted by Eoghan McDermott , who also presented backstage show The Voice After Party in Series 3 . The series was part of The Voice franchise and was based on a similar competition format in the Netherlands entitled The Voice of Holland . The show replaced The All Ireland Talent Show . One of the important premises of the show is the quality of the singing talent . Four coaches , themselves popular performing artists , train the talents in their group and occasionally perform with them ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tramore', 'summary': 'Tramore ( /trəˈmɔːr/ ; Irish : Trá Mhór , meaning great strand ) is a seaside village in County Waterford , on the southeast coast of Ireland . With humble origins as a small fishing village , the area saw rapid development upon the arrival of the railway from Waterford City in 1853 . Initially the town flourished as a tourist destination , attracting visitors from as far away as Dublin in summer and from closer to home all year-round . As the population grew steadily in the latter part of the 20th century , Tramore became a satellite and dormitory town of Waterford City , situated some 13 km to the north . Today the town is a popular destination for surfing and other water sports due to its large , sheltered bay and provision of accommodation and amenities .'}]}, {'value': 'Mary Byrne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Byrne_(singer)', 'summary': "Mary Byrne ( born 3 November 1959 ) is a top 10 selling Irish singer and TV presenter based in Ireland and the UK . Mary rose to fame in 2010 after becoming a finalist on the seventh series of The X Factor in 2010 . Following her elimination in the live semi-final , she signed a record deal with Sony Music Ireland . Byrne and her fellow The X Factor finalists gained a number-one single on the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart with a cover of David Bowie 's 'Heroes ' in aid of Help for Heroes . She was also Neil Diamond 's special guest at the Aviva Stadium , where she performed in front of 55,000 people . In August 2011 , Byrne appeared in GREASE : The Musical at the Grand Canal Theatre in Dublin . She began work on an autobiography , This Is My Life , and was released on 21 October 2011 in the UK and Ireland . Mary decided to leave Sony Music as she accepted a new record deal offer with Decca Music and Universal Music , who are confident they can 'get her music career up and off the ground ' . She has produced her second album , called .with Love . In 2012 , Byrne appeared on Celebrity Bainisteoir . Mary is also the main presenter on 3 networks panel show Midday , a show that airs live weekdays in Ireland and follows a format such as the ITV series Loose Women . She is also a co-presenter on the talk show Elaine Crowley ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlow_GAA', 'summary': "The Carlow County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Ceatharlach ) or Carlow GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Carlow and the Carlow inter-county teams . The Carlow Senior footballers compete in the Leinster Senior Football Championship and in Division 3 of the Allianz Football League for 2019 . The Carlow Senior hurling team compete in the Joe McDonagh Cup , the second tier of the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship . Carlow 's senior hurlers will also compete in Division 1B of the National Hurling League in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': "St. Patrick 's GAA Club , Tullow", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tullow', 'summary': 'Tullow /ˈtʊloʊ/ ( Irish : An Tulach , meaning The Mound , formerly Tulach Ó bhFéidhlim ) is a market town in County Carlow , Ireland . It is located on the River Slaney where the N81 road intersects with the R725 .'}]}, {'value': 'Singer who rose to fame on The X Factor UK . Bainisteoir of Tullow GAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_X_Factor_UK', 'summary': "The X Factor is a British reality television music competition to find new singing talent . Created by Simon Cowell , the show began broadcasting on 4 September 2004 with 445 episodes broadcast over fifteen series as of 2 December 2018 . The show is produced by Fremantle 's Thames and Cowell 's production company Syco Entertainment . It is broadcast on ITV in the UK and simulcast on Virgin Media One in Ireland . X Factor refers to the undefinable something that makes for star quality . The first three series were presented by Kate Thornton . Since series four , with the exception of series twelve ( which was presented by Caroline Flack and Olly Murs ) , the show has been presented by Dermot O'Leary . The X Factor previously had a spin-off behind-the-scenes show called The Xtra Factor . This aired until 2016 . It was replaced by an online spin-off show Xtra Bites exclusively on the ITV Hub . The main show was rested in 2019 , with Cowell and ITV opting to broadcast The X Factor : Celebrity and The X Factor : The Band as mini-series instead . On 7 February 2020 , it was announced that the show would be rested during 2020 and would return in 2021 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tullow', 'summary': 'Tullow /ˈtʊloʊ/ ( Irish : An Tulach , meaning The Mound , formerly Tulach Ó bhFéidhlim ) is a market town in County Carlow , Ireland . It is located on the River Slaney where the N81 road intersects with the R725 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Series 5 -- Contestants', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Celebrity_Bainisteoir_3', 'intro': "Celebrity Bainisteoir is a prime-time reality programme broadcast by RTÉ and produced by Animo Television/Kite Entertainment. Created by Fiona Looney, it involved a number of celebrities competing against each other as a Gaelic football team coach; the title derives from the Irish word for a manager, bainisteoir [ˈbanʲəʃtʲoːɾʲ]. During and after its eight-part original run in 2008, the hugely popular RTÉ Television tournament was widely mentioned in the media including such newspapers such as An Phoblacht, The Belfast Telegraph, the Evening Echo, the Irish Examiner, the Irish Independent, the Irish News and The Irish Times. During the first series, a pop culture website asked its readers If you werent watching Celebrity Bainisteoir last night, then where were you? In the wake of the successful first series, the Evening Herald of Dublin reported in September 2008 that RTÉ was seeking out a new set of celebrities for a second series of Celebrity Bainisteoir set to air in summer 2009, and that a Celebrity Bainisteoir special would air during the Christmas season in 2008. The second series began on 22 March 2009. The series was axed in 2013 and replaced with Ireland's Fittest Family."} | null | null | What is the county of the contestant who was born on February 6 , 1981 ? | Mayo |
05a8406fcffe049b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_football_champions', 'title': 'List of Chinese football champions', 'header': ['Club', 'Winner', 'Runner-up', 'Winning seasons'], 'data': [{'value': 'Liaoning Whowin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liaoning_Whowin_F.C.', 'summary': 'Liaoning Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 辽宁足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 遼寧足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Liáoníng Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) , officially known as Liaoning Hongyun ( simplified Chinese : 辽宁宏运 ; traditional Chinese : 遼寧宏運 ; pinyin : Liáoníng Hóngyùn ) , is a professional association football club that currently participates in the China League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Shenyang , Liaoning Province and their home stadium is the Tiexi New District Sports Center that has a seating capacity of 30,000 . Their current majority shareholders are the Liaoning Sport Technology College and the Huludao Hongyun Group Co. , Ltd , which is part of the real estate and financial conglomerate the Hongyun Group . The football club can predate their formation to 1953 when the local Shenyang government sports body joined existing club Northeast China to play in the Chinese national football league . By 1956 the league was gradually expanding and regional sports institutes were allowed their own representatives , which eventually formed Liaoning Football Club . The club won several league titles as well as the 1989-90 Asian Club Championship when they beat Nissan Yokohama in the final making Liaoning FC the first Chinese club to win an Asian club championship trophy . Since February 26 , 1994 the current football team was established to be an entirely professional football club so they could play in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season , making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . According to Forbes , Liaoning are the 10th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 67 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 14 million in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1987', 'summary': 'The 1987 Chinese Jia-A League was the first edition of top-flight football in China under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association . It featured 8 teams and was sponsored by Hong Kong company Goldlion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1988', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1988 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1990', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1990 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1991', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1991 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1992', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1992 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1993', 'summary': 'In the 1993 season , the National Football Jia-A League was the top tier of football in China . It comprised eight teams , and Liaoning Dongyao won the championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalian Shide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalian_Shide_F.C.', 'summary': "Dalian Shide was a professional Chinese football club based in Dalian , Liaoning province , China who played in China 's football league system between 1955 and 2012 . Their home stadiums were the 55,843 capacity Dalian People 's Stadium and then later in 1997 they moved to the 30,776 capacity Jinzhou Stadium . The club was initially founded in 1955 as Dalian Shipyards and made sporadic appearances within the Chinese national leagues until 1982 when the local Dalian government took ownership of the club and renamed it Dalian Football Club . The club won their first major silverware when they won the 1992 domestic cup title . In 1993 , the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football team , renamed themselves Dalian Wanda FC and went on to win the first fully professional 1994 Chinese Jia-A League title . The tycoon Xu Ming and the Shide Group would go on to take over the club rename it Dalian Shide . Achieving a total of eight league titles from both the Jia A and the rebranded CSL Dalian were the most successful club in Chinese football , while in the Asian Football Confederation the club reached the 1997-98 Asian Club Championship and 2000-01 Asian Cup Winners ' Cup finals ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1994', 'summary': 'The 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season is the inaugural season of professional association football and the 33rd top-tier overall league season held in China . The league was expanded to twelve teams and started on April 17 , 1994 and ended on November 13 with Dalian Wanda winning the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1996', 'summary': 'The 1996 Chinese Jia-A League ( known as Marlboro Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons ) was the third season of professional association football and the 35th top-tier overall league season held in China . Starting on April 14th 1996 and ending on October 27th 1996 saw Dalian Wanda win their second championship title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1997', 'summary': 'The 1997 Chinese Jia-A League ( known as Marlboro Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons ) was the fourth season of professional association football and the 36th top-tier overall league season held in China . Starting on March 16th 1997 and ending on November 29th 1997 it was performed by 12 teams and Dalian Wanda won the championship making it their third championship title . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1998', 'summary': 'The 1998 Chinese Jia-A League ( known as Marlboro Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons ) was the fifth season of professional association football and the 37th top-tier overall league season held in China . The league was expanded to 14 teams and started on March 22nd 1998 and ending on October 25th 1998 where it saw Dalian Wanda win their third consecutive league title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_2000', 'summary': 'The 2000 Chinese Jia-A League season is the seventh season of professional association football and the 39th top-tier overall league season in China . It was named the Pepsi Chinese Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons , while the league started on March 19 and ended on October 1 , 2000 , and saw Dalian Shide win the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_2001', 'summary': 'The 2001 Chinese Jia-A League season is the eighth season of professional association football and the 40th top-tier overall league season in China . The league started on March 11 and ended on December 16 , 2001 with Dalian Shide retaining the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_2002', 'summary': 'The 2002 Chinese Jia-A League season is the ninth season of professional association football and the 41st top-tier overall league season in China . The league started on March 9 and ended on November 30 , 2002 with Dalian Shide winning the championship , while to help the Chinese national team prepare for the 2002 FIFA World Cup there was no relegation within the league for the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': "The 2005 Chinese Super League season was only the second season of China 's top-tier football competition . With no relegation the previous season , the league expanded from 12 to 14 clubs with the promotion of Shanghai Zobon and Wuhan Huanghelou . The season was scheduled to start on 5 March 2005 , but was postponed until April due to a sponsorship problem and finished on 5 November with Dalian Shide , seven-time champions in the old first division , clinching their eighth title . Defending champions Shenzhen Jianlibao finished third from bottom , the second consecutive year in which the defending champions has done so . The FA had announced at the start of the season that no teams would be relegated for this season and they kept to this decision ."}]}, {'value': 'Beijing Guoan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing_Guoan_F.C.', 'summary': "Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C . ( Chinese : 北京中赫国安 ; pinyin : Běijīng Zhōnghè Guó'ān ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in the Chaoyang District in Beijing and their home stadium is the Workers ' Stadium with a seating capacity of 66,161 . Their shareholders are the real estate company Sinobo Group ( 64% ) and CITIC Limited ( 36% ) of CITIC Group , a state-owned enterprise of China . Beijing Guoan F.C . was founded as a professional team by CITIC Guoan Group , which was a subsidiary of CITIC Group until 2014 . The club is one of the four teams to never have been relegated from the league since its debut in 2004 . The club 's predecessor was called Beijing Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On December 29 , 1992 the club was recognized to become a completely professional football club making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever professional league title in the 2009 league season as well as the 1996 , 1997 , 2003 and 2018 Chinese FA Cup . According to Forbes , Guoan was the second most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 167 million , and an estimated revenue of US $ 30 million in 2015 . According to the disclosure of CITIC Pacific , the club revenue was CN¥244 million in 2013 season ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 , 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2009 Chinese Super League season was the sixth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the sixteenth season of a professional football league and the 48th top-tier league season in China . Beijing Guoan won their first ever Chinese Super League title . The events during the 2008 season saw Liaoning relegated and Wuhan withdrawn . They were replaced by the promoted teams Jiangsu Sainty and Chongqing Lifan . Zhejiang Greentown which is located in Hangzhou , Zhejiang were renamed to Hangzhou Greentown . Each team is allowed to register a maximum of five foreign players and field four of them in starting line-up this season , one of whom must be from an AFC country . The league title sponsor is Italian tire manufacturer Pirelli . A three-year deal was announced on March 20 , 2009 . Nike have renewed sponsorship deal with Super League before season starts . CCTV , SMG and Sina became league partners and will broadcast live matches on TV and online across the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guangzhou_Evergrande_Taobao_F.C.', 'summary': "Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao Football Club is a professional Chinese football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under the license of the Chinese Football Association . The team is based in Guangzhou , Guangdong , and their home stadium is the Tianhe Stadium which has a seating capacity of 58,500 . Their majority shareholders are the Evergrande Real Estate Group ( 56.71% ) and the e-commerce company Alibaba Group ( 37.81% ) , while the rest of the shares are traded in the Chinese OTC system . They were founded in 1954 , and won several second tier titles before they became professional in 1993 . Their results improved , leading to a runners-up spot in China 's top tier . Unable to improve upon these results , the club went through a period of stagnation and decline before they experienced a brief revival , when they won the 2007 second division . In 2009 , the club was embroiled in a match-fixing scandal and they were punished with relegation . The Evergrande Real Estate Group decided to purchase the club and pumped significant funds into the team . They immediately won promotion and gained their first top tier title in the 2011 season . The club is the only Chinese football club to win the AFC Champions League twice , in 2013 and 2015 . The club is also the first Chinese club to participate in the FIFA Club World Cup , making its first appearance in 2013 . According to Forbes , Guangzhou Evergrande is the most valuable football team in China , with a team value of US $ 282 million and an estimated revenue of US $ 57 million in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2011 Chinese Super League was the eighth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the eighteenth season of a professional association football league and the 50th top-tier league season in China . Guangzhou Evergrande F.C . clinched their first ever Chinese Super League title on September 28 , 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2012 Chinese Super League was the ninth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the nineteenth season of a professional football league and the 51st top-tier league season in China . It began on March 10 , 2012 and ended on November 3 , 2012 . The matches that were intended to be held on September 15 and 16 , 2012 were suspended for a later date due to an international dispute between China and Japan over the Senkaku Islands . With Hangzhou Greentown F.C . having a Japanese manager and several Chinese demonstrations arising throughout China it was decided that the September 23 , 2012 match against Liaoning Whowin F.C . should be played behind closed doors with the Xianghe National Football Training Base used as a neutral venue .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2013 Chinese Super League was the tenth season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the 20th season of a professional football league and the 52nd top-tier league season in China . Guangzhou Evergrande won their third consecutive title with an 18-point advantage ahead of runners-up Shandong Luneng .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2014 Chinese Super League was the eleventh season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the 21st season of a professional Association football league and the 53rd top-tier league season in China . Guangzhou Evergrande won their fourth consecutive title of the league .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2015 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 12th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the 22nd season of a professional Association football league and the 54th top-tier league season in China . [ citation needed ] The league title sponsor was Ping An Insurance . Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao won their fifth consecutive title of the league .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2016 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2016中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 13th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League . The league title sponsor was Ping An Insurance . Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao won their sixth consecutive title of the league . The run-up to the season saw clubs spend £200 million on players .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2017 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2017中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 14th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League . The league title sponsor is Ping An Insurance . Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao won their seventh consecutive title of the league . This season witnessed a huge change in the regulation to the players . Only three foreign players can play at one game and at least two domestic players who are under the age of 23 ( born on or after 1 January 1994 ) must be in the 18-man list , including at least one must be in the starting list .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2019 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2019中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 16th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League . The league title sponsor was Ping An Insurance . The season began on 1 March and ended on 1 December . Shanghai SIPG were the defending champions . The policy regarding foreign players and U-23 domestic players was modified for this season . The same as the previous two seasons , at least one domestic player who is under the age of 23 ( born on or after 1 January 1996 ) must be in the starting eleven . However , the total number of foreign players appearing in a match is no longer related to the total number of U-23 domestic players . A club can register four foreign players at most in the same time and use three foreign players at most in a match . On the other hand , at least three U-23 domestic players must be used in a match . In addition , if there are U-23 players who have been called up by the national teams at all levels , the number of U-23 domestic players fielded will be reduced accordingly . The policy was modified again during the season . From Round 16 and beyond , maximum of three foreign players can be used at the same time in one match and there must be at least one U-23 domestic player playing in one match .'}]}, {'value': 'Bayi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayi_Football_Team', 'summary': "The Bayi or August First Football Team ( Chinese : 八一 ; pinyin : Bāyī ) or its full name the People 's Liberation Army Bayi Football Club ( Chinese : 中国人民解放军八一足球俱乐部 ) was a football team under the sport branch of the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) that played in China 's football league system between 1951 and 2003 . They were predominantly based in Beijing . The name Bayi ( 八一 ) , meaning August 1st , is the founding date of the PLA . They started out as an amateur team who occasionally took part in multi-sport events until they took part in the 1951 inaugural Chinese national football league tournament . With their unprecedented monopoly of football talent taken from every army football team in the country they would establish themselves as one of the top teams within the league winning five national league titles in their history . When the Chinese football league became a fully professional unit in the 1994 league season the club were given special dispensation to remain as semi-professional as possible by having all their members remain active military members while abstaining from foreign players and sponsorship . The cost of professionalism would see the club take on offers from cities that included Taiyuan , Xi'an , Kunming , Shijiazhuang , XinXiang , Liuzhou , Xiangtan and Hunan for financial reason . They also took sponsorship and changed their name to Bayi Zhengbang and Bayi Xiangtan , however these measures could not stop the club from relegation in 2003 . With a loss in prize money and stricter regulations from the Chinese Football Association the People 's Liberation Army disbanded the club ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953 , 1974 , 1977 , 1981 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai Greenland Shenhua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai_Greenland_Shenhua_F.C.', 'summary': "Shanghai Greenland Shenhua Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 上海绿地申花足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 上海綠地申花足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Lǜdì Shēnhuā Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) , is a Chinese professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The term shen hua literally translates as the Flower of Shanghai in English - shen is one of the alternative names of Shanghai and hua means flower in Chinese . The team is based in Kangqiao , Shanghai and their home stadium is the Hongkou Football Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 33,060 . Their majority shareholder is Chinese developer Greenland Group who took over the operation of the club when they bought the 28.5% share from previous majority shareholder Zhu Jun in 2014 . The club 's predecessor was called Shanghai F.C . and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . On 10 December 1993 the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football club so they could play in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season making them one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then , they have won one league title and three Chinese FA Cups . According to Forbes , Shenhua are the 6th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 106 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 29 million in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961 , 1962 , 1995 , 2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1995', 'summary': 'The 1995 Chinese Jia-A League ( known as Marlboro Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons ) was the second season of professional association football and the 34th top-tier overall league season held in China . Starting on April 16th 1995 and ending on November 19th 1995 the league saw Shanghai Shenhua win the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_2003', 'summary': "The 2003 Chinese Jia-A League season is the tenth season of professional association football and the 42nd top-tier overall league season in China . The league started on March 15 and ended on November 30 , 2003 while in preparation for the rebranded Chinese Super League three teams were relegated at the end of the season . Shanghai Shenhua finished as champions . However , they were later retrospectively stripped of the title on 19 February 2013 for match-fixing . Runners-up Shanghai International were also surrounded in their own match-fixing controversy , which saw several of their players taking bribes . Despite the club itself not being implicated in these crimes the season 's title was not awarded to any club ."}]}, {'value': 'Shandong Luneng Taishan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shandong_Luneng_Taishan_F.C.', 'summary': "Shandong Luneng Taishan ( simplified Chinese : 山东鲁能泰山 ; traditional Chinese : 山東魯能泰山 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān ) is a professional football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Jinan , Shandong and their home stadium is the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 56,808 . Their current majority shareholder is Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation , the biggest supplier of electric energy in Shandong province and itself part of the State Grid Corporation of China . Luneng is the name of Luneng Group , now another subsidiary corporation of State Grid Corporation of China . The last part of the club name derives from Mount Tai . The club 's predecessor was called Shandong Provincial team who were founded in April 10 , 1956 while the current professional football team was established in December 2 , 1993 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever league title in the 1999 league season . They have continued to win domestic silverware with the 2006 , 2008 , 2010 league titles , making them one of the most successful Chinese football teams . According to Forbes , Shandong are the 5th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 126 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 24 million in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1999', 'summary': 'The 1999 Chinese Jia-A League season is the sixth season of professional association football and the 38th top-tier overall league season in China . It was named the Pepsi Chinese Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons , while the league started on March 21 and ended on December 5 , 1999 and saw Shandong Luneng win the championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2006 Chinese Super League was the third season since the establishment of the Chinese Football Association Super League ( 中国足球协会超级联赛 or 中超 ) , also known as Chinese Super League , the thirteen season of professional association football league and the 45th top-tier league season in China . The premier football league in China under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association the season started on March 11 , 2006 and ended October 22 , where it was planned that would be two teams relegated at the end of the season , however this changed to one when Sichuan Guancheng folded before the start of the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2008 Chinese Super League ( known as the Kingway 2008 Chinese Super League for sponsorship reasons ) was the 5th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League and the 15th season of the professional football league in China . Super League was expanded to 16 clubs . Shandong Luneng Taishan won their 3rd title at the end of this season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2010 Chinese Super League season was the seventh season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League , the seventeenth season of a professional association football league and the 49th top-tier league season in China . The teams ranked first through fourteenth of the 2009 season and two promoted teams from the 2009 League One season participated in this season . Shandong Luneng won the title for third time in seven years .'}]}, {'value': 'Tianjin Teda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tianjin_Teda_F.C.', 'summary': "Tianjin TEDA Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 天津泰达 ; traditional Chinese : 天津泰達 ; pinyin : Tiānjīn Tàidá ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Tianjin and their home stadium is the Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 54,696 . Their owners are the TEDA Holding ( The name is derived from the initials of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area ) a state-owned conglomerate of the People 's Republic of China . The club 's predecessor was called Tianjin Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier , where they won several domestic league and cup titles . In 1993 , the club was reorganized to become a completely professional football Club . Since then , they have won the 2011 Chinese FA Cup and came runners-up within the 2010 Chinese Super League season . The club is one of the only four clubs that has stayed in the top tier for all fifteen seasons since the establishment of Chinese Super League , the other three being Shandong Luneng , Beijing Guoan and Shanghai Shenhua . According to Forbes , Tianjin are the 8th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 84 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 15 million in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960 , 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North East', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951 , 1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai SIPG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai_SIPG_F.C.', 'summary': "Shanghai SIPG F.C . ( Chinese : 上海上港 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Shànggǎng ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ.zɑ̃.ɡã ] ; ) or SIPG FC is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Pudong , Shanghai , and their home stadium is the Yuanshen Sports Centre Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 16,000 . The club plans to move to the currently under construction Pudong Football Stadium in 2021 . Their owners are the Chinese group Shanghai International Port Group ( SIPG ) . The club was founded on 25 December 2005 , as Shanghai Dongya FC ( Dongya , Chinese : 东亚 ; pinyin : Dōngyà ; literally : 'East Asia ' ) by former Chinese international footballer coach Xu Genbao . The club used graduates from Genbao Football Base , a football academy also founded by Xu , to form their first team as they made their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 2006 league season . They worked their way up to the top tier and finished as league champions for the first time in the 2018 Chinese Super League season . According to Forbes , Shanghai SIPG F.C . are the third-most valuable football club in China , with a club value of $ 159 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 37 million in 2015 . According to the annual report of the parent company , the football club had a revenue of CN¥565.7 million in 2015 financial year , as well as net loss of CN¥41.5 million , total assets of CN¥286.8 million , net assets of CN¥59.7 million ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': "The 2018 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League ( Chinese : 2018中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛 ) was the 15th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League . The league title sponsor was Ping An Insurance . Shanghai SIPG won their first top-tier league titles on 7 November 2018 after the 2-1 victory against Beijing Renhe , ending a historic run for Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao , who had won seven consecutive titles beginning with the 2011 season . Policy regarding foreign players and U-23 domestic players continued to change in this season . At least one domestic player who is under the age of 23 ( born on or after 1 January 1995 ) must be in the starting eleven , the same as in the 2017 season . However , two foreign-player policies have changed : ( 1 ) the number of foreign players on a club 's roster has been reduced from five to four and ( 2 ) the total number of foreign players under contract with a club in a season has been reduced from seven to six . In addition , a new policy affecting both foreign players and U-23 domestic players has been introduced : The total number of foreign players appearing in matches must be no more than the total number of U-23 domestic players . Players from AFC countries no longer hold a special slot . But clubs can register one non-naturalized player from the Hong Kong Football Association , Macau Football Association or Chinese Taipei Football Association ( except goalkeepers ) as a native player . According to the Chinese FA , a non-naturalized player is a player who was first registered as a professional footballer in one of the three aforementioned football associations . For still more complexity concerning non-naturalized players , players from Hong Kong and Macau must be passport holders of the Hong Kong SAR or the Macau SAR , and players from Taiwan must be citizens of Taiwan . Policy of U-23 domestic players was relaxed in August for the 2018 Asian Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Guangdong Hongyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guangdong_Hongyuan_F.C.', 'summary': 'Guangdong Winnerway Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 广东宏远 ; traditional Chinese : 廣東宏遠 ; pinyin : Guǎngdōng Hóngyuǎn ) is a defunct Chinese football club , established on September 15 , 1992 by Guangdong Winnerway Group and Guangdong Football Association . It was one of the earliest professional football clubs in China .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China_national_football_B_team', 'summary': 'China B is a secondary football team run occasionally as support for the China national football team .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League_1989', 'summary': 'Statistics of Chinese Jia-A League in season 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shenzhen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shenzhen_F.C.', 'summary': 'Shenzhen Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 深圳市足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 深圳市足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Shēnzhènshì Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese League One under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Shenzhen , Guangdong and their home stadium is the Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre that has a seating capacity of 60,334 . Their majority shareholder is Property Development company the Kaisa Group who took over the club on April 12 , 2016 . The club was founded on January 26 , 1994 and was known as Shenzhen FC while they started at the bottom of the Chinese football pyramid in the third tier . After successive league title wins in the third and second tier of the professional football leagues , they were promoted to the top tier in the 1996 Chinese Jia-A League season . After only one season they were relegated , however they quickly regained promotion and started to establish themselves within the league before they won the rebranded 2004 Chinese Super League title , making them the first club to win all three divisions within the Chinese league pyramid . Since this achievement the club have struggled to match the same success and after 14 years experienced relegation to the second tier at the end of 2011 Chinese Super League season .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2004 Chinese Super League is the debut season of the establishment of the Chinese Football Association Super League ( 中国足球协会超级联赛 or 中超 ) , also known as the Chinese Super League . Sponsored by Siemens Mobile it is the eleventh season of professional association football league and the 43rd top-tier league season in China . The premier football league in China under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association the season started on May 15 and ended December 4 where it was planned that no teams would be relegated at the end of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Changchun Yatai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changchun_Yatai_F.C.', 'summary': "Changchun Yatai Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 长春亚泰 ; traditional Chinese : 長春亞泰 ; pinyin : Chángchūn Yàtài ) is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the China League One division under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Changchun , Jilin and their home stadium is the Changchun Stadium that has a seating capacity of 38,500 . The club 's founder and main investor is the private Chinese conglomerate Jilin Yatai Group . The club was formed on June 6 , 1996 before making their debut in the third tier of China 's football league pyramid in the 1997 league season . In 2000 they bought a position into the second division after they merged with Bayi Chaoneng . In 2001 they finished runners-up within their division , however they were denied promotion after they were embroiled in a match-fixing scandal . The club would reform and re-apply for a CFA playing license before they eventually gained promotion to China 's top flight at the end of the 2005 league campaign . In the 2007 Chinese Super League they won the league title and participated in the 2008 AFC Champions League for the first time . They have since gone on to come second within 2009 Chinese Super League and also participated in the 2010 AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Chinese_Super_League', 'summary': 'The 2007 Chinese Super League ( CSL 2007 ) season or the Kingway brewery Chinese Super League as it was known for sponsorship reasons was the fourth edition since its establishment , the 14th season of professional football as well as being the 46th top-tier league season in China . Starting on March 3 , 2007 and ending on November 14 , 2007 it saw Changchun Yatai clinch the league title for the first time in the last game of the season , while Xiamen Lanshi was relegated with two games to spare . Coincidentally , both of these teams were promoted in the previous season . The champions as well as the runner-up of the league would qualify for the AFC Champions League 2008 as was the same from the previous season . The Chinese FA Cup was canceled due to the intended expansion of the league to 16 teams , however Shanghai United F.C . and Shanghai Shenhua merged , which saw the Chinese Football Association decide to leave the league with 15 teams for the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Sports Institute', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing Youth B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing Sports Institute', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yanbian Fude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yanbian_Fude', 'summary': "Yanbian Funde F.C . ( Chinese : 延边富德 ; pinyin : Yánbiān Fùdé is a defunct Chinese football club . The team was based in Yanji , Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture , Jilin province where their home stadium is the Yanji Nationwide Fitness Centre Stadium that has a seating capacity of 30,000 . The club 's predecessor was originally called Jilin FC and they achieved one top tier domestic league title before 1994 , when the club was reorganised to become a completely professional football unit . At the end of the 2000 league campaign , the club was relegated from the top tier of Chinese football , however , the club faced financial difficulties and sold the first team as well as the franchise to Zhejiang Greentown . After the sale , the club assembled the reserve team and joined the third tier before they eventually gained promotion to the second tier in 2004 . It was dissolved just before the 2019 season due to owing taxes ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East China', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jiangsu Suning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiangsu_Suning_F.C.', 'summary': 'Jiangsu Suning Football Club ( simplified Chinese : 江苏苏宁足球俱乐部 ; traditional Chinese : 江蘇蘇寧足球俱樂部 ; pinyin : Jiāngsū Sūníng Zúqiú Jùlèbù ) is a professional football club that participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Nanjing , Jiangsu and their home stadium is the Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre which has a seating capacity of 61,443 . Their owners are Suning Appliance Group ( Chinese : 苏宁电器集团有限公司 ) , a sister company of Suning.com . The team was founded in 1958 as Jiangsu Provincial Team while the current professional football club was established in March 1994 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China participating in the 1994 Chinese Jia-A League season ; however , they faced relegation in that campaign . They have since gone on to win promotion back into the top tier at the end of the 2008 league season and achieved their best ever league position when they finished runners-up in the 2012 season and the 2016 season . According to Forbes , Jiangsu are the fourth wealthiest football team in China , with a team value of $ 144 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 36 million in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Total titles won', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Chinese_football_champions_0', 'intro': 'The Chinese football champions indicates all past winners of the Chinese top-tier football league since it first started in 1951. The professional football league of China was found in 1994 as the Chinese Jia-A League (甲A联赛). After 10 years of existence, the Chinese FA decided to create a new top tier league known as the Chinese Super League. So far 25 seasons have been completed, with 15 seasons as the Chinese Super League. Dalian Shide (former Dalian Wanda), a defunct team based in Dalian is the most successful team with 8 triumphs. They twice achieved the accomplishment of winning 3 consecutive titles, one is from 1996 to 1998, with the other from 2000 to 2002.'} | null | null | What is the meaning of the name of the team that was runner-up in Chinese football 11 times ? | Flower of Shanghai |
05a8a774b4c2190d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Canada', 'title': 'List of the busiest airports in Canada', 'header': ['Rank', 'Airport', 'Serves', 'Aircraft movements', 'Rank change', 'Annual change'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Pearson International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport', 'summary': "Lester B. Pearson International Airport ( IATA : YYZ , ICAO : CYYZ ) , branded as Toronto Pearson International Airport ( simply known as Toronto Pearson , Pearson Airport or Pearson ) , is the primary international airport serving Toronto , its metropolitan area , and its surrounding region known as the Golden Horseshoe . It is the largest and busiest airport in Canada , the second-busiest international air passenger gateway in the Americas , and the 30th-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic , handling 49.5 million passengers in 2018 . The airport is named in honour of Lester B. Pearson , Nobel Peace Prize laureate and 14th Prime Minister of Canada . Toronto Pearson is located 22.5 kilometres ( 14.0 mi ) northwest of Downtown Toronto with the majority of the airport situated in the city of Mississauga and a small portion of the airfield extending into Toronto 's western district of Etobicoke . It features five runways and two passenger terminals along with numerous cargo and maintenance facilities on a site that covers 1,867 hectares ( 4,613 acres ) . Pearson Airport is the primary hub for Air Canada . It also serves as a hub for WestJet , cargo airline FedEx Express , and as a base of operations for Air Transat and Sunwing Airlines . Pearson is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority ( GTAA ) as part of Transport Canada 's National Airports System , and is the largest airport in the world with facilities for United States border preclearance . An extensive network of non-stop domestic flights is operated from Toronto Pearson by several airlines to all major and many secondary cities across all provinces of Canada . As of 2019 , over 75 airlines operate around 1,250 daily departures from the airport to more than 180 destinations across all six of the world 's inhabited continents ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Toronto Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area', 'summary': 'The Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) is the most populous metropolitan area in Canada . It consists of the central city , Toronto , along with 25 surrounding suburbs , distributed among four regional municipalities : Durham , Halton , Peel , and York . The southwestern periphery of the Greater Toronto Area begins in Burlington , and extends along Lake Ontario past Downtown Toronto to Clarington , the eastern end . The northern periphery is made up of several municipalities , although Brock is the northernmost . The Greater Toronto Area combined with the city of Hamilton , located west of Halton Region , forms the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) . The Greater Toronto Area anchors a much larger urban agglomeration known as the Golden Horseshoe . According to the 2016 census , the Greater Toronto Area has a population of 6,417,516 .'}]}, {'value': '467,103', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Vancouver International Airport ( IATA : YVR , ICAO : CYVR ) is an international airport in Richmond , British Columbia . It is the primary international airport serving Vancouver , about 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) from Downtown Vancouver . It is the second busiest airport in Canada by aircraft movements ( 306,799 ) and passengers ( 25.9 million ) , behind Toronto Pearson International Airport . It is often described as a trans-Pacific hub , with more direct flights to China than any other airport in North America or Europe . It is a hub for Air Canada and WestJet , and an operating base for Air Transat . Vancouver International Airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have US Border Preclearance facilities . It is also one of the few major international airports to have a terminal for scheduled floatplanes . The airport has won several notable international best airport awards . It won the Skytrax Best North American Airport award in 2007 and 2010 through 2019 , for a record 10 consecutive years . The airport also made the list of top 10 airports in the world for the first time in 2012 , rated at 9th ( 2012 ) , 8th ( 2013 ) , and 9th ( 2014 ) overall . It is the only North American airport included in the top 10 for 2013 and 2014 . YVR also retains the distinction of Best Canadian Airport in the regional results .'}]}, {'value': 'Metro Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metro_Vancouver', 'summary': "Metro Vancouver is a political body and corporate entity designated by provincial legislation as one of the regional districts in British Columbia , Canada . The official legal name is the Metro Vancouver Regional District ( MVRD ) . The organization was known as the Regional District of Fraser-Burrard for nearly one year upon incorporating in 1967 , and as the Greater Vancouver Regional District ( GVRD ) from 1968 to 2017 . The MVRD is under the direction of 23 local authorities ; it delivers regional services , sets policy and acts as a political forum . The regional district 's most populous city is Vancouver , and Metro Vancouver 's administrative offices are located in the City of Burnaby . The MVRD 's boundaries match those of the Vancouver census metropolitan area ( CMA ) as identified by Statistics Canada ."}]}, {'value': '333,861', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montréal–Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_International_Airport', 'summary': "Montréal-Trudeau International Airport ( IATA : YUL , ICAO : CYUL ) ( French : Aéroport International Montréal-Trudeau ) or Montréal-Trudeau , formerly known as Montréal-Dorval International Airport ( Aéroport international Montréal-Dorval ) , is an international airport in Dorval , Quebec . It is the primary international airport serving Montreal , 20 km ( 12 mi ) from Downtown Montreal . The airport terminals are located entirely in the suburb of Dorval , while one runway is located in the Montreal borough of Saint-Laurent . Air Canada , the country 's flag carrier , also has its corporate headquarters complex on the Saint-Laurent side of the airport . It also serves Greater Montreal and adjacent regions in Quebec and eastern Ontario , as well as the states of Vermont and northern New York in the United States . The airport is named in honour of Pierre Elliott Trudeau , the 15th Prime Minister of Canada and father of current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau . The airport is one of two managed and operated by Aéroports de Montréal ( ADM ) , a not-for-profit corporation without share capital ; the other being Montréal-Mirabel northwest of Montreal , which was initially intended to replace the one in Dorval but now deals almost solely with cargo . Montréal-Trudeau is owned by Transport Canada which has a 60-year lease with Aéroports de Montréal , as per Canada 's National Airport Policy of 1994 . Trudeau is the busiest airport in the province of Quebec and the third-busiest airport in Canada by both passenger traffic and aircraft movements , with 20.3 million passengers and 236,908 movements in 2019 . It is one of eight Canadian airports with United States border preclearance and is one of the main gateways into Canada with 13.1 million or 65% of its passengers being on non-domestic flights , the highest proportion amongst Canada 's airports during 2018 . It is one of four Air Canada hubs and , in that capacity , serves mainly Quebec , the Atlantic Provinces and Eastern Ontario . On an average day , 53,000 passengers transit through Montréal-Trudeau ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Montreal', 'summary': "Greater Montreal is the most populous metropolitan area in Quebec , and the second most populous in Canada after Greater Toronto . In 2015 , Statistics Canada identified Montreal 's Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) as 4,258.31 square kilometres ( 1,644.14 sq mi ) with a population of 4,027,100 . A smaller area of 3,838 square kilometres ( 1,482 sq mi ) is governed by the Montreal Metropolitan Community ( MMC ) ( French : Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal , CMM ) . This level of government is headed by a president ( currently Montreal mayor Valérie Plante ) . The inner ring is composed of densely populated municipalities located in close proximity to Downtown Montreal . It includes the entire Island of Montreal , Laval , and the Urban Agglomeration of Longueuil . The outer ring is composed of low-density municipalities located on the fringe of Metropolitan Montreal . Most of these cities and towns are semi-rural . Specifically , the term off-island suburbs refers to those suburbs that are located on the North Shore of the Mille-Îles River , those on the South Shore that were never included in the megacity of Longueuil , and those on the Vaudreuil-Soulanges Peninsula . Communities in that area are also informally referred to as the 450 , after the telephone area code that has served the region since 1998 . Due to their proximity to Montreal 's downtown core , some suburbs on the South Shore ( Longueuil , Brossard , Saint-Lambert , and Boucherville ) are usually not included in the off-island suburbs even though they are on the mainland ."}]}, {'value': '235,099', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport', 'summary': "Calgary International Airport ( IATA : YYC , ICAO : CYYC ) , branded as YYC Calgary International Airport , is an international airport that serves the city of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . It is located approximately 17 km ( 11 mi ) northeast of downtown and covers an area of 21.36 km2 ( 8.25 sq mi ) . With 17.34 million passengers and 244,027 aircraft movements in 2017 , Calgary International is the busiest airport in Alberta and the fourth-busiest in Canada by both measures . The region 's petroleum and tourism industries have helped foster growth at the airport , which has nonstop flights to an array of destinations in North and Central America , Europe , and Asia . Calgary serves as the headquarters for WestJet and is a hub for Air Canada . Built in the late 1930s , the site has since grown to house four runways , two terminal buildings with 5 concourses for passengers , warehouses for cargo handling , and other infrastructure . The Calgary Airport Authority operates the property while paying rent to the federal government . Close to the airport is the Deerfoot Trail freeway for transport into the city , and public transit also serves the airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': '233,017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boundary Bay Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boundary_Bay_Airport', 'summary': "Boundary Bay Airport or Vancouver/Boundary Bay Airport ( IATA : YDT , ICAO : CZBB ) is located beside Boundary Bay and 2.5 nautical miles ( 4.6 km ; 2.9 mi ) east of Ladner in Delta , British Columbia , Canada , 8.5 NM ( 15.7 km ; 9.8 mi ) south southeast of Vancouver and close to the Canada-U.S. border . The airport , which opened July 11 , 1983 , serves mostly general aviation and includes facilities for aircraft maintenance , flight training , parking , and air traffic control training . Boundary Bay is Canada 's fifth busiest airport by total aircraft movements , and the country 's busiest general aviation airport . It is the location of the former Canadian Forces Station Ladner . In December 2004 , Boundary Bay Airport was acquired by Alpha Aviation . In April 2008 , Alpha Aviation established a fixed-base operation ( FBO ) and Alpha Executive Air began operating regularly scheduled flights twice daily between Boundary Bay Airport and Victoria International Airport on Vancouver Island , as well as charter service using turbine pressurized aircraft . Many smaller airlines use Boundary Bay Airport 's maintenance facilities . As of 2010 , Alpha Executive Air ceased operations but Boundary Bay Air Services - Vancouver FBO is open serving business , corporate , and general aviation customers . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers are available on call to handle entry for general aviation aircraft carrying no more than 15 passengers ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Vancouver', 'summary': "Greater Vancouver , also known as Metro Vancouver , is the metropolitan area with its major urban centre being the city of Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The term Greater Vancouver is roughly coterminous with the geographic area governed by the Metro Vancouver Regional District , though it predates the 1966 creation of the regional district . It is often used to include areas beyond the boundaries of the regional district but does not generally include wilderness and agricultural areas within that regional district . Usage of the term Greater Vancouver is not consistent . In local use it tends to refer to urban and suburban areas only , and does not include parts of the regional district such as Bowen Island , although industries such as the film industry even include Squamish , Whistler and Hope as being in the Vancouver area or in Greater Vancouver . The business community often includes adjoining towns and cities such as Mission , Chilliwack , Abbotsford and Squamish within their use of the term Greater Vancouver , though since the creation of the term Metro Vancouver , that has come to be used in the media interchangeably with the name of the region and/or regional district . As a geographic region , Greater Vancouver is part of the Lower Mainland , one of British Columbia 's three main geospatial/cultural divisions , and overlaps with the Lower Fraser Valley , with the Central and Upper Fraser Valley areas to the east being in the Fraser Valley Regional District , which was created from two others upon the expansion of the Greater Vancouver Regional District to include Maple Ridge and Pitt Meadows . Other forms of regional governance and administration whose jurisdiction Greater Vancouver is in are the North Vancouver and Coquitlam Forests Districts , and the Ministry of Environment 's Lower Mainland Region ( which includes the Sunshine Coast , the Fraser Health Authority and the New Westminster Land District , among others ) ."}]}, {'value': '175,296', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald–Cartier_International_Airport', 'summary': "Ottawa/Macdonald-Cartier International Airport or Macdonald-Cartier International Airport ( L'aéroport international Macdonald-Cartier in French ) , ( IATA : YOW , ICAO : CYOW ) in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada is an international airport named after the Canadian statesmen and two of the founding fathers of Canada , Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir George-Étienne Cartier . Located in the south end of the city , 5.5 nautical miles ( 10.2 km ; 6.3 mi ) south of downtown Ottawa , it is Canada 's sixth-busiest airport , Ontario 's second-busiest airport by airline passenger traffic , and Canada 's sixth-busiest by aircraft movements , with 5,110,801 passengers and 150,815 aircraft movements in 2018 . The airport was the home base for First Air . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada , and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency . The airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have United States border preclearance facilities . The airport used to be a military base known as CFB Ottawa South/CFB Uplands . Although it is no longer a Canadian Forces Base , it is still home to the Royal Canadian Air Force 's 412 Transport Squadron , which provides air transport for Canadian and foreign government officials ."}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa', 'summary': 'Ottawa ( /ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɒtəwɑː/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔtawa ] ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada . In June 2019 , the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning to trade . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums .'}]}, {'value': '150,815', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary/Springbank Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary/Springbank_Airport', 'summary': "Calgary/Springbank Airport or Springbank Airport , ( IATA : YBW , ICAO : CYBW ) is an airport located in Springbank , Alberta , a large western suburb of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . The airport is located within rural Rocky View County . Springbank Airport acts as a general aviation reliever for Calgary 's main airport , Calgary International , and was the 6th busiest airport in Canada by total aircraft movements in 2016 . In 2006 , runway 16/34 , now 17/35 , was lengthened from 3,000 to 5,000 ft ( 914 to 1,524 m ) to better support larger airplanes . Due to its nature and location , Springbank is the base of operations for many flight training schools , providing flight training services for the greater Calgary area . It is home to the Calgary Flying Club , Fly Right , the Mount Royal University Aviation Diploma program , Springbank Aero Flight Training Institute , and the Springbank Air Training College , among others . These operators provide various degrees of flight training , from Private Pilot to Commercial licences , and various licence ratings such as IFR , Multi-Engine , and Night . It also provides flight training for Helicopter licensing , and offers many specialty programs , such as Mountain Flying instruction/concurrency programs . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only , with no more than 15 passengers . This airport is also a base for aerial firefighting aircraft . A tanker base was constructed by Alberta Sustainable Resource Development ( ASRD ) and Conair operates a fleet of aircraft out of this base during the wild fire season ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': '142,979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport', 'summary': "Edmonton International Airport ( IATA : YEG , ICAO : CYEG ) is the primary air passenger and air cargo facility in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region of the Canadian province of Alberta . Operated by Edmonton Airports , it is located 14 nautical miles ( 26 km ; 16 mi ) south southwest of Downtown Edmonton in Leduc County on Highway 2 opposite of the city of Leduc . The airport offers scheduled non-stop flights to major cities in Canada , the United States , Mexico , the Caribbean , Central America and Europe . It is a hub facility for Northern Alberta and Northern Canada . The airport has a catchment area encompassing Central and Northern Alberta , northern British Columbia , and Yukon , the Northwest Territories and western Nunavut . Total catchment area is 1.8 million residents . It is Canada 's largest major airport by total land area , the 5th busiest airport by passenger traffic and 9th busiest by aircraft movements . It served 8,254,121 passengers in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton Metropolitan Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': "The Edmonton Metropolitan Region ( EMR ) , also commonly referred to as the Alberta Capital Region , Greater Edmonton or Metro Edmonton , is a conglomeration of municipalities centred on Alberta 's provincial capital of Edmonton . The EMR 's commonly known boundaries are coincident with those of the Edmonton census metropolitan area ( CMA ) as delineated by Statistics Canada . However , its boundaries are defined differently for Edmonton Metropolitan Region Board administrative purposes . The EMR is considered a major gateway to northern Alberta and the Canadian North , particularly for many companies , including airlines and oil/natural gas exploration . Located within central Alberta and at the northern end of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor , the EMR is the northernmost metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': '138,664', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbotsford International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbotsford_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Abbotsford International Airport ( IATA : YXX , ICAO : CYXX ) is located in Abbotsford , British Columbia , Canada , 2.2 nautical miles ( 4.1 km ; 2.5 mi ) southwest of the city centre . It is the second largest airport in the Lower Mainland , after Vancouver International Airport ( YVR ) , and is in close proximity to British Columbia Highway 1 , and the US border . It is located about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from Surrey city centre and 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) from downtown Vancouver . YXX offers daily domestic scheduled services and seasonal international scheduled services . The airport is equipped with a CAT 1 instrument landing system , on-site aircraft rescue and firefighting , and a fully serviced air terminal building with customs and passenger screening . It is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) for all scheduled international arrivals . CBSA also provides clearance services to all general aviation aircraft with no more than 15 passengers Abbotsford Airport has a longstanding general aviation community and an established aerospace community , including Cascade Aerospace , the Conair Group , and the University of the Fraser Valley Aerospace Centre . Abbotsford Airport is also home to the Abbotsford Shell Aerocentre FBO and flying schools , such as Coastal Pacific Aviation and Chinook Helicopters . YXX is highly visible to the public due to the Abbotsford International Airshow , Defense & Security Expo , and Tradex events centre . There are approximately 87 hectares ( 215 acres ) of land immediately available for airside and landside development . In 2008 , 503,693 passengers passed through Abbotsford International Airport and 477,087 in 2014 . In 2018 , the airport announced it will undergo a $ 5 million , 14-000 square foot expansion to add new gates and additional passenger seating capacity .'}]}, {'value': 'Abbotsford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Abbotsford is a city located in British Columbia , adjacent to the Canada-United States border , Greater Vancouver and the Fraser River . With an estimated population of 141,397 people it is the largest municipality in the province outside Metro Vancouver . Abbotsford-Mission has the third highest proportion of visible minorities among census metropolitan areas in Canada , after the Greater Toronto Area and the Greater Vancouver CMA . It is home to Tradex , the University of the Fraser Valley , and Abbotsford International Airport . As of the 2016 census , it is the largest municipality of the Fraser Valley Regional District and the fifth-largest municipality of British Columbia . The Abbotsford-Mission metropolitan area of around 180,518 inhabitants as of the 2016 census is the 23rd largest census metropolitan area in Canada . It has also been named by Statistics Canada as Canada 's most generous city in terms of charitable donations for nine straight years . The community of 375.55 square kilometres ( 145.00 sq mi ) is the largest city by area in British Columbia . The municipality 's southern boundary is the Canada-United States border . In Canada , it is bordered by the Township of Langley to the west , the District of Mission to the north , and the City of Chilliwack to the east . Abbotsford borders the town of Blaine , Washington to the south . Much of Abbotsford has views of Mount Baker ( to the southeast , in Washington ) and the Coast Mountains ( to the north ) ."}]}, {'value': '134,260', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport', 'summary': "Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport ( IATA : YTZ , ICAO : CYTZ ) is a regional airport located on the Toronto Islands in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The airport is often referred to as Toronto Island Airport and was previously known as Port George VI Island Airport and Toronto City Centre Airport . The airport 's name honours Billy Bishop , the Canadian World War I flying ace and World War II Air Marshal . It is used by civil aviation , air ambulances , and regional airlines using turboprop planes . In 2018 , it was ranked Canada 's ninth-busiest airport , and the sixth-busiest Canadian airport that serves the U.S . Conceived in the 1930s as the main airport for Toronto , the construction of the airport was completed in 1939 by the Toronto Harbour Commission ( THC ) . At the same time , the THC built Malton Airport as an alternate , but nearby Malton ( today Toronto Pearson International Airport ) became Toronto 's main passenger airline hub instead , leaving the island airport for general aviation and military purposes . During the 1940s and 1950s , several political leaders proposed an expansion of the island airport to enable scheduled passenger airlines and reduce the annual operating costs . Malton was sold in 1962 to the Government of Canada in exchange for an expansion and improvements to the island airport . After the expansion , civil flights increased to a peak of over 200,000 annual flights in the 1960s . Although regional airlines were introduced in the 1970s , the annual number of flights went into decline and closure was discussed . In 1983 , a 50-year tripartite agreement between the Government of Canada , the City of Toronto government and the Harbour Commission , which limited noise and banned jet use for scheduled airlines , allowed airport operations to continue ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '129,303', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_International_Airport', 'summary': "Victoria International Airport ( IATA : YYJ , ICAO : CYYJ ) serves Victoria , British Columbia , Canada . It is 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) north northwest of Victoria on the Saanich Peninsula , with the bulk of the airport ( including the passenger terminal ) in North Saanich , and a small portion of the airfield extending into Sidney . The airport is run by the Victoria Airport Authority . YYJ has many nonstop daily flights to Vancouver International Airport ( YVR , about 15 minutes ) , which is a major airport serving many global routes . Additionally , Victoria International has nonstop service to Seattle ( SEA ) , Toronto ( YYZ ) , Montreal ( YUL , summer only ) , Calgary ( YYC ) , Edmonton ( YEG ) , and several smaller cities in British Columbia and Yukon . The airport also has seasonal ( late fall to early spring ) nonstop service to several Mexican resort destinations . Non-stop service between Victoria and the United States will decrease by 50% beginning in September 2019 when Delta Airlines permanently ends its three daily flights , after which only Alaska Airlines will fly the Victoria - Seattle route . Victoria International Airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 450 passengers , when unloaded from the aircraft in stages , or 120 normally . YYJ does not have United States customs and border preclearance , however many passengers fly first to Vancouver International Airport ( YVR ) , which does have U.S. preclearance . In 2018 , YYJ served 2,048,627 passengers and had 120,936 aircraft movements , making it Canada 's 11th busiest airport in terms of passengers . It was British Columbia 's third busiest airport in terms of passengers and aircraft movements ."}]}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Victoria ( Saanich : METULIYE mətúliyə ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia , located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada 's Pacific coast . The city has a population of 85,792 , and the Greater Victoria Area has a population of 367,770 . Victoria is the 7th most densely populated city in Canada with 4,405.8 people per square kilometre , which is a greater population density than Toronto . Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada , and is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from British Columbia 's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland . The city is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from Seattle by airplane , ferry , or the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry which operates daily , year round between Seattle and Victoria , and 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Port Angeles , Washington , by ferry Coho across the Strait of Juan de Fuca . Named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and , at the time , British North America , Victoria is one of the oldest cities in the Pacific Northwest , with British settlement beginning in 1843 . The city has retained a large number of its historic buildings , in particular its two most famous landmarks , Parliament Buildings ( finished in 1897 and home of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia ) and the Empress hotel ( opened in 1908 ) . The city 's Chinatown is the second oldest in North America after San Francisco 's . The region 's Coast Salish First Nations peoples established communities in the area long before non-native settlement , possibly several thousand years earlier , which had large populations at the time of European exploration . Known as The Garden City , Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination with a regional technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry . Victoria is in the top twenty of world cities for quality-of-life , according to Numbeo . The city has a large non-local student population [ citation needed ] , who come to attend the Victoria College of Art , the Canadian College of Performing Arts , and high school programs run by the region 's three school districts ."}]}, {'value': '125,221', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Québec_City_Jean_Lesage_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport , also known as Jean Lesage International Airport ( French : Aéroport international Jean-Lesage de Québec , or Aéroport de Québec ) ( IATA : YQB , ICAO : CYQB ) is the primary airport serving the Canadian city of Québec . Located 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ; 6.9 mi ) west southwest of the city , it is the eleventh-busiest airport in Canada , with 1,670,880 passengers and 121,680 aircraft movements in 2017 . More than 10 airlines offer 360 weekly flights to destinations across Canada , the United States , Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean and Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Quebec City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec_City', 'summary': "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ."}]}, {'value': '121,680', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_James_Armstrong_Richardson_International_Airport', 'summary': "Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport ( commonly known as Winnipeg International Airport or simply Winnipeg Airport ) ( IATA : YWG , ICAO : CYWG ) is an international airport located in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . It is the seventh busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic , serving 4,484,343 passengers in 2018 , and the 11th busiest airport by aircraft movements . It is a hub for passenger airlines Calm Air , Perimeter Airlines , Flair Airlines , and cargo airline Cargojet . It is also a focus city for WestJet . The airport is co-located with Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg . An important transportation hub for the province of Manitoba , Winnipeg International Airport is the only commercial international airport within the province as the other airports of entry serve domestic flights and general aviation only . The airport is operated by the Winnipeg Airport Authority as part of Transport Canada 's National Airports System and is one of eight Canadian airports that has US Border Pre-clearance facilities . Winnipeg 's distance to other major population centres makes Winnipeg International Airport the primary airport for a large area including parts of neighbouring provinces and territories ( Saskatchewan , Nunavut , etc. ) . Daily non-stop flights are operated from Winnipeg International Airport to destinations across Canada as well as to the United States , Mexico , and the Caribbean . In addition , regularly scheduled flights to numerous small remote communities in Northern Manitoba , Northwestern Ontario , and Nunavut , are also served from the airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '121,305', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fredericton International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fredericton_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Fredericton International Airport ( IATA : YFC , ICAO : CYFC ) is an airport in Lincoln , New Brunswick , Canada , 7 nautical miles ( 13 km ; 8.1 mi ) southeast of Fredericton . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 55 passengers or 140 if offloaded in stages . Part of the National Airports System , the airport is owned by Transport Canada and operated by the Greater Fredericton Airport Authority . The airport has two runways and is the second-busiest airport in New Brunswick in terms of passenger levels , after the Greater Moncton International Airport . In 2016 the airport handled 377,977 passengers and in 2008 the airport went from 34,078 aircraft movements to 73,330 , an increase of 115% , prompting Nav Canada to provide a control tower in 2009/2010 . In 2009 the airport saw the number of movements rise by 44.8% to 106,178 making it the 19th-busiest in Canada and the only one in the top twenty without air traffic control during the year . Fredericton was designated an international airport in 2007 by Transport Canada . The airport spent $ 30 million to expand the terminal size by 50% to improve energy efficiency , add more ticket counters , washroom and seating . The expansion began in mid summer of 2018 and lasts for 30 months .'}]}, {'value': 'Fredericton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fredericton', 'summary': "Fredericton ( /ˈfrɛdrɪktən/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ fʁɛdeʁiktœn ] ) is the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick . The city is situated in the west-central portion of the province along the Saint John River , which flows west to east as it bisects the city . The river is the dominant natural feature of the area . One of the main urban centres in New Brunswick , the city had a population of 58,220 in the 2016 Canadian Census . It is the third-largest city in the province after Moncton and Saint John . An important cultural , artistic , and educational centre for the province , Fredericton is home to two universities , the New Brunswick College of Craft and Design , and cultural institutions such as the Beaverbrook Art Gallery , the Fredericton Region Museum , and The Playhouse , a performing arts venue . The city hosts the annual Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival , attracting regional and international jazz , blues , rock , and world artists . Fredericton is also an important and vibrant centre point for the region 's top visual artists ; many of New Brunswick 's notable artists live and work there today . Fredericton has also been home to some great historical Canadian painters as well , including Goodridge Roberts , and Molly and Bruno Bobak . As a provincial capital , its economy is tied to the public sector ; however , the city also contains a growing IT and commercial sector . The city has the highest percentage of residents with post-secondary education in the province and the highest per capita income of any city in New Brunswick ."}]}, {'value': '119,554', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montréal/Saint-Hubert_Airport', 'summary': "Montréal Saint-Hubert Longueuil Airport ( IATA : YHU , ICAO : CYHU ) ( French : Aéroport Montréal Saint-Hubert Longueuil ) , also called Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport , is located in the Saint-Hubert borough of Longueuil , Quebec . The airport is located 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) east of Downtown Montreal . As of 2017 , it is ranked as Canada 's 15th busiest airport by aircraft movements . This airport mainly serves travellers to Quebec destinations . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) on a call-out basis from the Mirabel Airport . CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only , with no more than 15 passengers ."}]}, {'value': 'Greater Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Montreal', 'summary': "Greater Montreal is the most populous metropolitan area in Quebec , and the second most populous in Canada after Greater Toronto . In 2015 , Statistics Canada identified Montreal 's Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) as 4,258.31 square kilometres ( 1,644.14 sq mi ) with a population of 4,027,100 . A smaller area of 3,838 square kilometres ( 1,482 sq mi ) is governed by the Montreal Metropolitan Community ( MMC ) ( French : Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal , CMM ) . This level of government is headed by a president ( currently Montreal mayor Valérie Plante ) . The inner ring is composed of densely populated municipalities located in close proximity to Downtown Montreal . It includes the entire Island of Montreal , Laval , and the Urban Agglomeration of Longueuil . The outer ring is composed of low-density municipalities located on the fringe of Metropolitan Montreal . Most of these cities and towns are semi-rural . Specifically , the term off-island suburbs refers to those suburbs that are located on the North Shore of the Mille-Îles River , those on the South Shore that were never included in the megacity of Longueuil , and those on the Vaudreuil-Soulanges Peninsula . Communities in that area are also informally referred to as the 450 , after the telephone area code that has served the region since 1998 . Due to their proximity to Montreal 's downtown core , some suburbs on the South Shore ( Longueuil , Brossard , Saint-Lambert , and Boucherville ) are usually not included in the off-island suburbs even though they are on the mainland ."}]}, {'value': '118,572', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Moncton_Roméo_LeBlanc_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport , ( GMIA , French : Aéroport international Roméo-LeBlanc du Grand Moncton ) or Moncton/Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport ( IATA : YQM , ICAO : CYQM ) is located in the city of Dieppe 4 nautical miles ( 7.4 km ; 4.6 mi ) east northeast of downtown Moncton , New Brunswick , Canada . Originally named Greater Moncton International Airport , the airport was renamed in 2016 , in honour of former Governor General Roméo LeBlanc . The GMIA handled 665,630 passengers and 111,887 aircraft movements in 2017 . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport currently can handle aircraft with up to 300 passengers . Nevertheless , planes as large as the 580 passenger Boeing 747 have been handled . GMIA is home to the Moncton Flight College , the largest flight college in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Moncton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moncton', 'summary': "Moncton ( /ˈmʌŋktən/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔŋktœn ] ) is one of three major urban centres in the Canadian province of New Brunswick , along with Saint John and the capital city of Fredericton . Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley , Moncton lies at the geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces . The city has earned the nickname Hub City due to its central inland location in the region and its history as a railway and land transportation hub for the Maritimes . The city proper has a population of 71,889 ( 2016 ) and a land area of 142 km2 ( 55 sq mi ) . Greater Moncton has a population of 144,810 ( 2016 ) , making it the largest city and census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in New Brunswick , and the second-largest city and CMA in the Maritime Provinces . The CMA includes the neighbouring city of Dieppe and the town of Riverview , as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland and Albert counties . Although the Moncton area was first settled in 1733 , Moncton was officially founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants from Philadelphia . Initially an agricultural settlement , Moncton was not incorporated until 1855 . The city was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton , the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier . A significant wooden shipbuilding industry had developed in the community by the mid-1840s , allowing for the civic incorporation in 1855 . However , the shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s , causing the town to lose its civic charter in 1862 . Moncton regained its charter in 1875 after the community 's economy rebounded , mainly due to a growing railway industry ."}]}, {'value': '111,887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitt Meadows Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitt_Meadows_Airport', 'summary': 'Pitt Meadows Airport ( ICAO : CYPK ) is a Canadian general aviation airport located in the southwest of corner of Pitt Meadows , British Columbia . In 2018 , it was the 17th busiest airport in Canada with 117,983 aircraft movements and is the 4th busiest airport in the Lower Mainland . The first airport manager was Gordon McNeill 1966-1972 . By 1972-1973 , Pitt Meadows was the busiest airport in Canada with over 250,000 aircraft movements annually . But with the opening of Boundary Bay Airport in Delta , British Columbia in 1983 , air traffic at Pitt Meadows Airport declined steadily . In January 1998 , the districts of Maple Ridge and Pitt Meadows jointly took custody from the federal government under the auspices of the Pitt Meadows Airport Society . Five flight training schools are located at the airport . The airport features three asphalt runways , two helipads , IFR approaches , and a separate float plane dock along the Fraser River . In 2017 , the airport completed the main runway extension from 4,700 to 5,000 ft ( 1,400 to 1,500 m ) in addition to other runway and safety enhancements . In 2018 , construction of a new Nav Canada control tower was completed . The Nav Canada control tower at Pitt Meadows Airport operates from 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. 365 days per year .'}]}, {'value': 'Pitt Meadows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitt_Meadows', 'summary': 'Pitt Meadows is a city in southwestern British Columbia , Canada and a member municipality in Metro Vancouver . Incorporated in 1914 , it has a land area of 85.38 square kilometres ( 32.97 sq mi ) and a population of 18,573 ( as of 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': '109,811', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré Aerodrome ( ICAO : CYRC ) , is located 1.5 nautical miles ( 2.8 km ; 1.7 mi ) east southeast of Saint-Honoré and approximately 5.6 nautical miles ( 10.4 km ; 6.4 mi ) from Chicoutimi in Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Saint-Honoré', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Honoré,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Saint-Honoré is a city in Quebec , Canada . It is the seat of Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality and its most populous municipality .'}]}, {'value': '106,087', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Andrews Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Andrews_Airport', 'summary': "St. Andrews Airport or Winnipeg/St . Andrews Airport , ( ICAO : CYAV ) , is a general aviation facility located 10 nautical miles ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) north northeast of Winnipeg , in the Rural Municipality of St. Andrews , Manitoba , Canada . In 2011 it was Canada 's 16th busiest airport by aircraft movements ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '104,110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Region of Waterloo International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Region_of_Waterloo_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Region of Waterloo International Airport or Kitchener/Waterloo Airport ( IATA : YKF , ICAO : CYKF ) is an international airport serving the Regional Municipality of Waterloo in Woolwich , Ontario , Canada , northwest of Toronto . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle any general aviation aircraft up to 180 people with two hours prior notice . The terminal building has an international/domestic lounge . There are two separate baggage carousel , one for domestic and the other international . There are four gates ( one international , one domestic arrivals , two domestic departure ) at this terminal to handle scheduled flights . There is a licensed sit-down eating area and a vending area for people travelling through the airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Regional Municipality of Waterloo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo', 'summary': "The Regional Municipality of Waterloo is a regional municipality located in Southern Ontario , Canada . It consists of the cities of Cambridge , Kitchener and Waterloo ( collectively called the Tri-Cities ) , and the townships of North Dumfries , Wellesley , Wilmot and Woolwich . It is often referred to as the Region of Waterloo or Waterloo Region . The region is 1,369 square kilometres in size and its regional seat of government is in Kitchener . The region 's population was 535,154 at the 2016 census . As of 2018 , the estimated population is 601,220 . In 2016 , the Cambridge , Kitchener , Waterloo area was the third best place in Canada to find full-time employment based on data from StatsCan . The region was preceded by Waterloo County , Ontario , created in 1853 and dissolved in 1973 . That entity consisted of five townships : Woolwich , Wellesley , Wilmot , Waterloo , and North Dumfries , including the cities and towns in each area ."}]}, {'value': '101,647', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.9%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "2017 -- Canada 's 20 busiest airports by aircraft movements", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Canada_3', 'intro': "The following is a list of the busiest airports in Canada. The airports are ranked by passenger traffic and aircraft movements. For each airport, the lists cite the city served by the airport as designated by Transport Canada, not necessarily the municipality where the airport is physically located. Since 2010, Toronto-Pearson and Vancouver International have been the two busiest airports by both passengers served and aircraft movements. Toronto-Pearson's location within the most populous metropolitan region of Canada solidifies its top spot amongst all of Canada's airports, serving more passengers and having more aircraft movements than the top two other airports combined. Given its advantageous position on the west coast of Canada, Vancouver International has long served as Canada's hub for flights bound for Asia and Oceania."} | null | null | How many surrounding suburbs are included in the area that had a population of 6,417,516 in the 2016 Canadian census and is served by the airport that ranks 1st in terms of aircraft movements ? | 25 |
05a9ca3d3060adca | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tunisia', 'title': 'List of cities in Tunisia', 'header': ['Rank', 'City', 'Population', 'Governorate'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tunis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunis', 'summary': "Tunis ( Arabic : تونس Tūnis ; Ancient Greek : Τύνις and Τύνης ) is the capital and largest city of Tunisia . The greater metropolitan area of Tunis , often referred to as Grand Tunis , has about 2,700,000 inhabitants , making it the third-largest city in the Maghreb region ( after Casablanca and Algiers ) and the sixteenth-largest in the Arab world . Situated on a large Mediterranean Sea gulf ( the Gulf of Tunis ) , behind the Lake of Tunis and the port of La Goulette ( Ḥalq il-Wād ) , the city extends along the coastal plain and the hills that surround it . At its core lies its ancient medina , a World Heritage Site . East of the medina through the Sea Gate ( also known as the Bab el Bhar and the Porte de France ) begins the modern city , or Ville Nouvelle , traversed by the grand Avenue Habib Bourguiba ( often referred to by popular press and travel guides as the Tunisian Champs-Élysées ) , where the colonial-era buildings provide a clear contrast to smaller , older structures . Further east by the sea lie the suburbs of Carthage , La Marsa , and Sidi Bou Said . As the capital city of the country , Tunis is the focus of Tunisian political and administrative life ; it is also the centre of the country 's commercial and cultural activities . It has two cultural centres , as well as a municipal theatre that is used by international theatre groups and a summer festival , the International Festival of Carthage , which is held in July ."}]}, {'value': '638,845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tunis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunis_Governorate', 'summary': 'Tunis Governorate ( Tunisian Arabic : ولاية تونس Wilāyat Tūnis pronounced [ ˈtuːnɪs ] ) is the smallest and most populated of the twenty-four governorates ( provinces ) of Tunisia . It covers an urban and suburban area on the Gulf of Tunis on the north-east coast covering 346 square kilometres ( 134 sq mi ) and has a population of 1,056,247 ( 2014 census ) with some agriculture and amenity land including parts of national parks . Its capital is that of the country , Tunis .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sfax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sfax', 'summary': "Sfax ( Arabic : صفاقس Ṣfāqes ; Berber languages : ⵙⵉⴼⴰⴽⵙ Sifaks ) is a city in Tunisia , located 270 km ( 170 mi ) southeast of Tunis . The city , founded in AD 849 on the ruins of Roman Taparura , is the capital of the Sfax Governorate ( about 955,421 inhabitants in 2014 ) , [ citation needed ] and a Mediterranean port . Sfax has a population of 330,440 ( census 2014 ) . [ citation needed ] The main economic activities of Sfax are industries ( phosphate processing ) , agriculture ( olive and olive oil , nuts ) , fishing ( largest fishing port in Tunisia ) and trade ( import-export ) . The city is often described as Tunisia 's second city , being the second-most populous city after the capital Tunis ."}]}, {'value': '272,801', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sfax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sfax_Governorate', 'summary': 'The Sfax Governorate ( Arabic : ولاية صفاقس Wilāyat Ṣafāqis ) is one of the governorates of Tunisia . The governorate has a population of 955,421 ( 2014 ) and an area of 7,545 km² . Its capital is Sfax . It is along the east coast of Tunisia , and includes the Kerkennah Islands .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sousse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sousse', 'summary': 'Sousse or Soussa ( Arabic : سوسة , Sūsa ; Berber : Susa ) is a city in Tunisia , capital of the Sousse Governorate . Located 140 km ( 87 mi ) south of the capital Tunis , the city has 271,428 inhabitants ( 2014 ) . Sousse is in the central-east of the country , on the Gulf of Hammamet , which is a part of the Mediterranean Sea . Its economy is based on transport equipment , processed food , olive oil , textiles , and tourism . It is home to the Université de Sousse .'}]}, {'value': '221,530', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sousse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sousse_Governorate', 'summary': 'Sousse Governorate ( Arabic : ولاية سوسة Wilāyat Sūsah pronounced [ ˈsuː.sæ ] ) is one of the twenty-four governorates ( provinces ) of Tunisia . It is beside the eastern coast of Tunisia in the north-east of the country and covers an area of 2,621 km² and has a population of 674,971 ( 2014 census ) . The capital is Sousse .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ettadhamen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ettadhamen-Mnihla', 'summary': 'Ettadhamen-Mnihla , also known as At-Tadaman , is a town and commune , part of the agglomeration of Tunis , also known as Grand Tunis , in the Ariana Governorate , Tunisia . As of 2014 it had a total population of 196,298 .'}]}, {'value': '142,953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ariana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ariana_Governorate', 'summary': 'Ariana Governorate ( Arabic : ولاية أريانة Wilāyat Aryānah pronounced [ ærˈjæːnæ ] ) is one of the twenty-four governorates ( provinces ) of Tunisia . It is in northern Tunisia , approximately triangular , having as one of its sides part of the Gulf of Tunis , it covers an area of 482 km² and has a population of 576,088 ( 2014 census ) . The capital is Aryanah .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kairouan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kairouan', 'summary': "Kairouan ( Arabic : القيروان Qeirwān ) , also spelled Qayrawan or Kairwan , is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia . It is a UNESCO World Heritage site . The city was founded by the Umayyads around 670 . In the period of Caliph Mu'awiya ( reigned 661-680 ) , it became an important centre for Sunni Islamic scholarship and Quranic learning , and thus attracting many Muslims from various parts of the world , next only to Mecca and Medina . The holy Mosque of Uqba is situated in the city . In 2014 , the city had about 187,000 inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '139,070', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kairouan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kairouan_Governorate', 'summary': 'Kairouan Governorate ( Tunisian Arabic : ولاية قيروان Wilāyat Qiyrwān ) is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia . It is landlocked and in the centre-east of the country . It covers an area of 6,712 km² and has a population of 570,559 ( 2014 census ) . The narrower province of Sousse borders it to the east , the nearest coastline The capital is Kairouan . Lowland parts of the province are semi-arid , experiencing in most years light rains in the winter months and scant rainfall in other months but higher parts attract relief precipitation in and around the Djebel Zhagdoud and a large part of the Djebel Serj national parks , in the north-east of the province which are geologically outcrops of the Dorsal Atlas mountains in the province to the north .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabès', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabès', 'summary': 'Gabès ( /ˈɡɑːbɛs/ , also UK : /ˈɡɑːbɪs/ ; Tunisian Arabic : قابس , romanized : Gābis ) , also spelled Cabès , Cabes , Kabes , Gabbs and Gaps , is the capital city of the Gabès Governorate in Tunisia . It is located on the coast of the Gulf of Gabès . With a population of 152,921 , Gabès is the 6th largest Tunisian city .'}]}, {'value': '130,984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabès', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabès_Governorate', 'summary': 'Gabès Governorate ( Tunisian Arabic : ولاية ڨابس Wilāyat Gābis ) is one of the 24 governorates of Tunisia and in south-eastern Tunisia . It covers an area of 7166 km² and had a population of 374,300 as at the 2014 census . The capital is Gabès .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bizerte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bizerte', 'summary': 'Bizerte or Bizerta ( Arabic : بنزرت Benzart ) , the classical Hippo , is a town of Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia . It is the northernmost city in Africa , located 65 km ( 40mil ) north of the capital Tunis . It is one of the oldest known settlements in Tunisia , having been founded by settlers from the Phoenician port of Sidon around 1100 BC . It is also known as the last town to remain under French control after the rest of the country won its independence from France . The city had 142,966 inhabitants in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '136,917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bizerte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bizerte_Governorate', 'summary': 'Bizerte Governorate ( Arabic : ولاية بنزرت Wilāyat Benzart pronounced [ bɑnˈzɑrt ] ) is the northernmost of the 24 governorates of Tunisia . It is in northern Tunisia , approximately rectangular and having a long north coast . It covers an area of 3,750 km² including two large lakes , one coastal hence saline and one freshwater being the World Heritage Site , Ichkeul lake . Its population was 568,219 as at the 2014 census . The capital is Bizerte which stands principally on inlet between Bizerte lake and the Mediterranean . The offshore Galite Islands are part of the governorate .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aryanah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aryanah', 'summary': "Ariana ( Arabic : أريانة Ariana ) is a coastal city in north-eastern Tunisia , part the agglomeration of Tunis , also called Grand Tunis . It is located at the north of Tunis city center , around 36°51′45″N 10°11′44″E / 36.86250°N 10.19556°E / 36.86250 ; 10.19556 . It is the capital of Ariana Governorate and the country 's eighth largest city . The city 's name seems to date back to the period of the Vandal Kingdom in pre-Islamic North Africa : the Vandals , in fact , were of Arian faith . It could also be a reference to Persian settlers from the Islamic invasion of the Maghreb as Persians refer to themselves as Aryan . The city 's origins date back to the Zirid dynasty . Under the Hafsid sultan Muhammad I al-Mustansir , Ariana became the residence of the Sephardi Jews and Muslim Andalusians , who sought refuge in Ifriqiya in the thirteenth century ."}]}, {'value': '114,486', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ariana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ariana_Governorate', 'summary': 'Ariana Governorate ( Arabic : ولاية أريانة Wilāyat Aryānah pronounced [ ærˈjæːnæ ] ) is one of the twenty-four governorates ( provinces ) of Tunisia . It is in northern Tunisia , approximately triangular , having as one of its sides part of the Gulf of Tunis , it covers an area of 482 km² and has a population of 576,088 ( 2014 census ) . The capital is Aryanah .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gafsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gafsa', 'summary': 'Gafsa ( Arabic : ڨفصة Gafsˤa ) , originally called Capsa in Latin , is the capital of Gafsa Governorate of Tunisia . It lends its Latin name to the Mesolithic Capsian culture . With a population of 105,264 , Gafsa is the 9th-largest Tunisian city .'}]}, {'value': '105,264', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gafsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gafsa_Governorate', 'summary': 'Gafsa Governorate ( Tunisian Arabic : ولاية ڨفصة Wilāyat Gafṣa ) is one of the 24 governorates of Tunisia . It is situated in central Tunisia , bordering Algeria . It covers an area of 7807 km² and has a population of 337,331 ( 2014 census ) . The capital of the city is Gafsa - ruled by Malek Necibi - whom all the heads of local municipalities report to .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Mourouj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Mourouj', 'summary': 'El Mourouj ( Arabic : المروج ) is a town and commune in the southern suburbs of Tunis in the Ben Arous Governorate , Tunisia . It became a commune in 1991 . It has 104 538 inhabitants as of 2014 , making it the most populous commune in the Ben Arous Governorate .'}]}, {'value': '104,586', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Arous', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Arous_Governorate', 'summary': 'Ben Arous Governorate ( Tunisian Arabic : ولاية بن عروس Wilāyat Bin Arūs pronounced [ bɪn.ʕæˈruːs ] ) is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia . It is in the north-east of Tunisia and adjoins smaller Tunis Governorate . It covers an area of 761 km² and had a population of 712,172 as at the 2019 census . The capital is Ben Arous .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of most-populated cities', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_cities_in_Tunisia_0', 'intro': 'This is the list of 350 cities and towns in Tunisia. In the list by governorate capitals are shown in bold.'} | null | null | What are alternate spellings of the Tunisian city with a population of 139,070 ? | Qayrawan or Kairwan |
05aa79cf3d3b7fa7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha', 'title': 'List of current members of the Rajya Sabha', 'header': ['No', 'Name', 'Party', 'Date of Appointment', 'Date of Retirement'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C. M. Ramesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C._M._Ramesh', 'summary': 'Chintakunta Munuswamy Ramesh is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party and businessman . He was an official spokesperson of National Telugu Desam Party , representing the party as a Member of Parliament ( Rajya Sabha ) from Andhra Pradesh . He won his second consecutive Rajya Sabha term in 2018 . Ramesh is the Founder Chairman of Rithwik Projects Pvt . Ltd. , which was set up in 1999 and it has grown to a turnover of more than 1000 Crores within a span of 14 years . The company is one of the leading Infrastructure Developers in India and has interests in energy , roads , irrigation projects and property development .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '03-Apr-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02-Apr-2024', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suresh Prabhu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu', 'summary': "Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu ( born 11 July 1953 ) is an Indian politician and India 's Sherpa to the G20 . He was formerly the Minister of Commerce & Industry and Civil Aviation in the First Modi ministry . He is a Chartered Accountant by profession and a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( ICAI ) . Since 1996 , Prabhu has been repeatedly elected as a Member of Parliament from Rajapur Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra as a member of the Shiv Sena ( SS ) political party . He quit Shiv Sena and joined the BJP on 9 November 2014 . He currently represents Andhra Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha ."}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '22-Jun-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21-Jun-2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. G. Venkatesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._G._Venkatesh', 'summary': 'T. G. Venkatesh ( born 16 May 1950 ) is an Indian businessman and politician . He served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) in the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh from 1999 to 2004 and from 2009 to 2014 . He was Minister for Minor Irrigation during the government headed by Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy . He has been a member of the Rajya Sabha since 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '22-Jun-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21-Jun-2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y. S. Chowdary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Y._S._Chowdary', 'summary': 'Yalamanchili Satyanarayana Chowdary ( born 2 June 1961 ) , popularly known as Sujana Chowdary or Sujana Chowdary , is a Rajya Sabha member from the Bharatiya Janata Party . He was the Minister of State for Science and Technology & Earth Sciences in the Government of India from 2014 to 2018 . He was an entrepreneur and headed the Hyderabad based Sujana Group of Industries before retiring from business to join politics .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '22-Jun-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21-Jun-2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vemireddy_Prabhakar_Reddy', 'summary': 'Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy is the founder of VPR Mining Infra Pvt . Ltd . He is also a member of the YSR Congress Party and an elected Member of parliament Rajya Sabha for the biennial elections held in March 2018 . He started Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy Foundation ( VPR Foundation ) in 2015 at Nellore , Andhra Pradesh and was doing different social activities in the name VPR Vikas , VPR Vidya and VPR Vaidya .'}]}, {'value': 'YSR Congress Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YSR_Congress_Party', 'summary': 'The YSR Congress Party ( YSRCP , often called the YCP ) an acronym for Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party which literally means Youth , Labour and Farmers Congress Party , is an Indian regional political party in the state of Andhra Pradesh , India . It was founded by Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy , the son of former Andhra Pradesh chief minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy . They were members of the Indian National Congress until 2011 , Later he decided to split from Congress . He was also elected as national party president by his members .'}]}, {'value': '03-Apr-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02-Apr-2024', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'V. Vijayasai Reddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V._Vijayasai_Reddy', 'summary': 'He is the national general secretary of the regional party YSRCP .'}]}, {'value': 'YSR Congress Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YSR_Congress_Party', 'summary': 'The YSR Congress Party ( YSRCP , often called the YCP ) an acronym for Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party which literally means Youth , Labour and Farmers Congress Party , is an Indian regional political party in the state of Andhra Pradesh , India . It was founded by Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy , the son of former Andhra Pradesh chief minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy . They were members of the Indian National Congress until 2011 , Later he decided to split from Congress . He was also elected as national party president by his members .'}]}, {'value': '22-Jun-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21-Jun-2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanakamedala Ravindra Kumar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanakamedala_Ravindra_Kumar', 'summary': 'K. Raveendra Kumar is a member of the Telugu Desam Party . On 15 March 2018 he was elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha from the state of Andhra Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': 'Telugu Desam Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party', 'summary': "Telugu Desam Party ( translation : Party of the Telugu Land ) , abbreviated as TDP , is a regional political party active in the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana . The party was founded by N.T . Ramarao on 29 March 1982 . After 1995 , the party is headed by N. Chandrababu Naidu , former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh . The party 's headquarters is located at NTR Bhavan in Hyderabad . N. T. Rama Rao became the 10th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1983 , within nine months of the party 's formation , thus forming the first non-Congress government in Andhra Pradesh . TDP was the first regional party to become the main opposition party in 8th Lok Sabha from 1984 to 1989 . On 16 March 2018 Telugu Desam Party ( TDP ) , led by its leader N. Chandrababu Naidu , walked out of Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's NDA . After the party 's electoral defeat in the Lok Sabha and Assembly polls held on 11th April 2019 , the TDP 's legislature party in the Rajya Sabha merged with that of the BJP ."}]}, {'value': '03-Apr-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02-Apr-2024', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thota Seetharama Lakshmi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thota_Seetharama_Lakshmi', 'summary': 'Thota Sitarama Lakshmi ( born 12 September 1951 Uppuluru , West Godavari district , Andhra Pradesh ) is an Indian politician from Telugu Desam Party who presently represents the party as a Member of Parliament ( Rajya Sabha ) from Andhra Pradesh , India . Before her term as the Parliamentarian , she served as the Bhimavaram municipal Chairperson 2005-2010 . She is also TDP District party President for West Godavari in Andhra Pradesh from 2009 to till . [ citation needed ] Her term as MP is from 10 April 2014 to 9 April 2020 . She has four daughters and one son . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Telugu Desam Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party', 'summary': "Telugu Desam Party ( translation : Party of the Telugu Land ) , abbreviated as TDP , is a regional political party active in the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana . The party was founded by N.T . Ramarao on 29 March 1982 . After 1995 , the party is headed by N. Chandrababu Naidu , former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh . The party 's headquarters is located at NTR Bhavan in Hyderabad . N. T. Rama Rao became the 10th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1983 , within nine months of the party 's formation , thus forming the first non-Congress government in Andhra Pradesh . TDP was the first regional party to become the main opposition party in 8th Lok Sabha from 1984 to 1989 . On 16 March 2018 Telugu Desam Party ( TDP ) , led by its leader N. Chandrababu Naidu , walked out of Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's NDA . After the party 's electoral defeat in the Lok Sabha and Assembly polls held on 11th April 2019 , the TDP 's legislature party in the Rajya Sabha merged with that of the BJP ."}]}, {'value': '10-Apr-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09-Apr-2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohd . Ali Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohd._Ali_Khan', 'summary': 'Mohd . Ali Khan ( born 1 January 1948 Birth Place Village Rudrur , District Nizamabad ( Telangana ) ) is the politician from Indian National Congress Party . He was elected to Rajya Sabha from state of Andhra Pradesh of the ticket of INC since April 2008 . He is appointed as Whip for INC in Rajya Sabha . He continue to represent Andhra Pradesh State in Rajya Sabha after its re-organization since 2 June 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian National Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_National_Congress', 'summary': "The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( INC , often called the Congress Party or simply Congress ) is a political party in India with widespread roots . Founded in 1885 , it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . [ a ] From the late 19th century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement . Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , [ b ] [ c ] and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire . [ d ] Congress is a big tent party whose liberal social democratic platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics . Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya-the lifting up of all sections of society-which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . On social and economic issues , it advocates liberty , social justice , equality , welfare state , along with progressive and secular society . The party 's constitution adheres to liberal-democratic socialist philosophy . After India 's independence in 1947 , Congress formed the central government of India , and many regional state governments . Congress became India 's dominant political party ; as of 2019 , in the 17 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times , heading the central government for more than 54 years . There have been six Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1947-1964 ) , and the most recent Manmohan Singh ( 2004-2014 ) . Although it did not fare well in the last two general elections in India in 2014 and 2019 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right-wing , Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) ."}]}, {'value': '10-Apr-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09-Apr-2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. Subbarami Reddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._Subbarami_Reddy', 'summary': 'T. Subbarami Reddy ( born 17 September 1943 ) is an Indian industrialist , politician , film producer , and a philanthropist . In 1993 he produced the Sanskrit film Bhagavad Gita , which garnered the National Film Award for Best Feature Film at the 40th National Film Awards . He is a member of the Indian National Congress . He was Member of the Parliament of India representing Andhra Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Indian Parliament and Lok Sabha , the lower house since 1996 . He was elected to 11th and 12th Lok Sabha twice in 1996 and 1998 from Visakhapatnam constituency . He was elected as Rajya Sabha member in 2002 and continued in the position for the third term . He was member of various parliamentary committees . He was also Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines between 2006 and 2008 . On 15 June 2012 , he lost the election for Nellore constituency to Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian National Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_National_Congress', 'summary': "The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( INC , often called the Congress Party or simply Congress ) is a political party in India with widespread roots . Founded in 1885 , it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . [ a ] From the late 19th century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement . Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , [ b ] [ c ] and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire . [ d ] Congress is a big tent party whose liberal social democratic platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics . Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya-the lifting up of all sections of society-which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . On social and economic issues , it advocates liberty , social justice , equality , welfare state , along with progressive and secular society . The party 's constitution adheres to liberal-democratic socialist philosophy . After India 's independence in 1947 , Congress formed the central government of India , and many regional state governments . Congress became India 's dominant political party ; as of 2019 , in the 17 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times , heading the central government for more than 54 years . There have been six Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1947-1964 ) , and the most recent Manmohan Singh ( 2004-2014 ) . Although it did not fare well in the last two general elections in India in 2014 and 2019 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right-wing , Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) ."}]}, {'value': '10-Apr-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09-Apr-2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K. Keshava Rao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K._Keshava_Rao', 'summary': 'Dr Kancherla Keshava Rao popularly known as KK ( born 4 June 1939 ) is a politician from Telangana Rashtra Samithi party is a Member of the Parliament of India representing Andhra Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Indian Parliament . Despite being from Telangana he was assigned to Andhra Pradesh because of the lot method used to assign Rajya Sabha members for the newly created Telangana and residual Andhra Pradesh . He was reelected to the Rajya Sabha on 7 February 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Telangana Rashtra Samithi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telangana_Rashtra_Samithi', 'summary': 'Telangana Rashtra Samithi ( abbreviated as TRS ) is an Indian regional political party based in Telangana . It was founded on 27 April 2001 by K. Chandrashekar Rao , with a single-point agenda of creating a separate Telangana state with Hyderabad as its capital . It has been instrumental in carrying forth a sustained agitation for the granting of statehood to Telangana . In the 2014 Telangana Assembly Election , the party won the majority of seats and formed the first Government in Telangana State . K. Chandrashekar Rao became the Chief Minister of Telangana . In the 2014 general election they have won 11 seats , making it the eighth largest party in Lok Sabha . It also won 3 seats in Rajya Sabha .'}]}, {'value': '10-Apr-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09-Apr-2020', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Andhra Pradesh', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh Keys : BJP ( 4 ) YSRCP ( 2 ) TDP ( 2 ) INC ( 2 ) TRS ( 1 )', 'uid': 'List_of_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha_1', 'intro': 'The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership is limited to 250 members, and the present Rajya Sabha has 245 members. 233 members are elected by the Vidhan Sabha members and 12 are nominated by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sits for six years term, with one-third of the members retiring every two years. The nominated and state-wise list given below lists the number of seats against each category (nominated and state-wise list) and the number of vacant seats (if any).'} | null | null | What are the total number of years served in the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh by the member belonging to the party known as the country 's largest political party in terms of representation ? | 10 |
05abeabeed800288 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha', 'title': 'List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha', 'header': ['Constituency No', 'Constituency', 'Reserved for ( SC/ST/None )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karimganj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karimganj_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India . This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the scheduled castes .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silchar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silchar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Silchar Lok Sabha constituency ( Bengali : শিলচর লোকসভা কেন্দ্র ) is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Autonomous District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autonomous_District_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in the Indian state of Assam . The constituency consists of three autonomous districts namely Dima Hasao , Karbi Anglong and West Karbi Anglong district . This three districts is home to various tribal groups like Karbi , Dimasa , Kuki , Biate , Hmar , Naga Rengma etc [ citation needed ] . The constituency seat is reserved for Scheduled Tribes .'}]}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dhubri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhubri_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 15Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India . Dhubri consists of 10 assembly segments .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kokrajhar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kokrajhar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India . The seat is reserved for scheduled tribes .'}]}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barpeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barpeta_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gauhati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gauhati_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Gauhati , also spelt Guwahati , is a Lok Sabha constituency in Assam .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mangaldoi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mangaldoi_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Mangaldai is a Lok Sabha constituency in Assam .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tezpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tezpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Tezpur is a Lok Sabha constituency in Assam under the Sonitpur District .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nowgong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nowgong_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Nagaon is a Lok Sabha constituency in Assam .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaliabor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaliabor_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jorhat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorhat_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dibrugarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dibrugarh_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakhimpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakhimpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Assam ( 14 )', 'section_text': 'Constituencies of Assam', 'uid': 'List_of_Constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha_3', 'intro': 'The Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs). Each MP, represents a single geographic constituency. There are currently 543 constituencies. The maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India is 550 members made up of up to 530 members representing people of the states of India and up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories on the basis of their population.'} | null | null | What is the constituency reserved for , for the constituency the contains the tribe Biate ? | ST |
05ac7cd112b7dcda | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_EBA', 'title': 'Liga EBA', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Autonomous community', 'Arena'], 'data': [{'value': 'ADEPLA Basket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plasencia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plasencia', 'summary': "Plasencia ( Spanish pronunciation : [ plaˈsenθja ] ) is a walled market city in the province of Cáceres , Extremadura , Western Spain . As of 2013 [ update ] , it has a population of 41,047 . Situated on the bank of the Jerte River , Plasencia has a historic quarter that is a consequence of the city 's strategic location along the Silver Route , or Ruta de la Plata . Since the 15th century , the noblemen of the region began to move to Plasencia , defining its current appearance ."}]}, {'value': 'Extremadura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Extremadura', 'summary': 'Extremadura ( /ˌɛkstrɪməˈdjʊərə/ EK-strim-ə-DEWR-ə , Spanish : [ e ( ɣ ) stɾemaˈðuɾa ] ; Portuguese : Estremadura ) is an autonomous community of the western Iberian Peninsula whose capital city is Mérida , recognised by the Statute of Autonomy of Extremadura . It is made up of the two largest provinces of Spain : Cáceres and Badajoz . It is bordered by the provinces of Salamanca and Ávila ( Castile and León ) to the north ; by provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real ( Castile-La Mancha ) to the east , and by the provinces of Huelva , Seville , and Córdoba ( Andalusia ) to the south ; and by Portugal to the west . Its official language is Spanish . It is an important area for wildlife , particularly with the major reserve at Monfragüe , which was designated a National Park in 2007 , and the International Tagus River Natural Park ( Parque Natural Tajo Internacional ) . The government of Extremadura is called Gobierno de Extremadura . The Day of Extremadura is celebrated on 8 September . It coincides with the Catholic festivity of Our Lady of Guadalupe .'}]}, {'value': 'Centro Universitario', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alba Ibs Club Baloncesto Utrera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utrera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utrera', 'summary': "Utrera ( Spanish pronunciation : [ uˈtɾeɾa ] ) is a municipality in south-west Spain . It is in the province of Seville , in the autonomous community of Andalusia . As of 2018 it has a population of 52,617 . The town is of great historical interest . It was occupied by Muslims in the 8th century and was not finally incorporated into the kingdom of Castile until 1340 . Records about the town date back to the 13th century , when Alfonso X overran Utrera as part of his conquest of Seville , located 30 km to the northwest . However , archaeological work shows people have lived on the site since pre-Roman times . Today the town 's five chapels , dating from the 14th to 18th centuries , churches and 14th century castle are popular tourist attractions for visitors to Andalusia . Utrera is considered the cradle of the fighting bull and the flamenco , and there are many cattle farms in its municipal district . The area is known for numerous festivities , particularly the fair , which is celebrated during the days before and after the day of Utrera 's patron saint : the Virgin of Consolación . This fiesta attracts many people from all over Andalusia and Spain as a whole . Utrera is also known for the mostachón , a kind of small flattened cake made with sugar and cinnamon ."}]}, {'value': 'Andalusia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andalusia', 'summary': "Andalusia region ( UK : /ˌændəˈluːsiə , -ziə/ , US : /-ʒ ( i ) ə , -ʃ ( i ) ə/ ; Spanish : Andalucía [ andaluˈθi.a ] ) is the southern autonomous community in Peninsular Spain . It is the most populous , and the second largest autonomous community in the country . The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a historical nationality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga and Seville . Its capital is the city of Seville . Andalusia is located in the south of the Iberian peninsula , in southwestern Europe , immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines . The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar . The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains , separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north , the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha on Spain 's Meseta Central . To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pepe Álvarez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DKV San Fernando', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Fernando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Fernando,_Cádiz', 'summary': 'San Fernando ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsaɱ feɾˈnando ] , Saint-Ferdinand ) is a town in the province of Cádiz , Spain . It is home to more than 97,500 inhabitants . The city also uses the name La Isla ( The Island ) . The people from San Fernando are locally known as Cañaíllas or Isleños .'}]}, {'value': 'Andalusia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andalusia', 'summary': "Andalusia region ( UK : /ˌændəˈluːsiə , -ziə/ , US : /-ʒ ( i ) ə , -ʃ ( i ) ə/ ; Spanish : Andalucía [ andaluˈθi.a ] ) is the southern autonomous community in Peninsular Spain . It is the most populous , and the second largest autonomous community in the country . The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a historical nationality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga and Seville . Its capital is the city of Seville . Andalusia is located in the south of the Iberian peninsula , in southwestern Europe , immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines . The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar . The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains , separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north , the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha on Spain 's Meseta Central . To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Almirante Laulhé', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huelva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huelva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huelva', 'summary': 'Huelva ( US : /ˈwɛlvə , ˈ ( h ) wɛlvɑː/ , Spanish : [ ˈwelβa ] ) is a city in southwestern Spain , the capital of the province of Huelva in the autonomous community of Andalusia . It is located along the Gulf of Cádiz coast , in the estuary formed by the confluence of the Odiel and Tinto rivers . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 149,410 . Huelva is home to Recreativo de Huelva , the oldest football club in Spain . It has been tentatively defended the existence of pre-Phoenician settlement on the current urban limits since circa 1250 BC , with Phoenicians establishing a stable colony roughly by the 9th century BC .'}]}, {'value': 'Andalusia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andalusia', 'summary': "Andalusia region ( UK : /ˌændəˈluːsiə , -ziə/ , US : /-ʒ ( i ) ə , -ʃ ( i ) ə/ ; Spanish : Andalucía [ andaluˈθi.a ] ) is the southern autonomous community in Peninsular Spain . It is the most populous , and the second largest autonomous community in the country . The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a historical nationality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga and Seville . Its capital is the city of Seville . Andalusia is located in the south of the Iberian peninsula , in southwestern Europe , immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines . The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar . The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains , separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north , the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha on Spain 's Meseta Central . To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrés Estrada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matenglish CBSFDO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Fernando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Fernando,_Cádiz', 'summary': 'San Fernando ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsaɱ feɾˈnando ] , Saint-Ferdinand ) is a town in the province of Cádiz , Spain . It is home to more than 97,500 inhabitants . The city also uses the name La Isla ( The Island ) . The people from San Fernando are locally known as Cañaíllas or Isleños .'}]}, {'value': 'Andalusia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andalusia', 'summary': "Andalusia region ( UK : /ˌændəˈluːsiə , -ziə/ , US : /-ʒ ( i ) ə , -ʃ ( i ) ə/ ; Spanish : Andalucía [ andaluˈθi.a ] ) is the southern autonomous community in Peninsular Spain . It is the most populous , and the second largest autonomous community in the country . The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a historical nationality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga and Seville . Its capital is the city of Seville . Andalusia is located in the south of the Iberian peninsula , in southwestern Europe , immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines . The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar . The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains , separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north , the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha on Spain 's Meseta Central . To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Municipal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oh ! Tels ULB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Línea de la Concepción', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Línea_de_la_Concepción', 'summary': 'La Línea de la Concepción ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la ˈlinea ðe la konθepˈθjon ] , more often referred to as La Línea ) is a Spanish city in the province of Cádiz in Andalucia . It lies on the eastern isthmus of the Bay of Gibraltar , north of the Gibraltar-Spain border , which lies north of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar , with which it has close economic and social links . It is situated on the sandy isthmus which unites the Rock of Gibraltar with the coast in the eastern flank of the Bay of Gibraltar , between Sierra Carbonera and the Rock of Gibraltar . The town derives its name firstly from the línea or boundary line separating Spain from Gibraltar , and secondly from the Immaculate Conception of Mary , the Mother of Jesus . Its people are called in Spanish linenses . The first dwellings , which date back to the 18th century , were behind the Spanish lines , being part of the Spanish municipality of San Roque until 1870 , when La Línea became separate . The people of La Línea have traditionally found work in Gibraltar , from the days in the 18th century when Gibraltar was an important naval port . This stopped with the total closure of the border by the Spanish government between June 9 , 1969 and December 15 , 1982 as a result of the dispute between Spain and Britain regarding the sovereignty of Gibraltar . The border was fully reopened on February 5 , 1985 . La Línea is a major supplier of fruit and vegetables to Gibraltar ; other industries include the manufacture of cork , liquor , and fish paste . It also had an important military garrison with substantial fortifications and a port .'}]}, {'value': 'Andalusia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andalusia', 'summary': "Andalusia region ( UK : /ˌændəˈluːsiə , -ziə/ , US : /-ʒ ( i ) ə , -ʃ ( i ) ə/ ; Spanish : Andalucía [ andaluˈθi.a ] ) is the southern autonomous community in Peninsular Spain . It is the most populous , and the second largest autonomous community in the country . The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a historical nationality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga and Seville . Its capital is the city of Seville . Andalusia is located in the south of the Iberian peninsula , in southwestern Europe , immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines . The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar . The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains , separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north , the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha on Spain 's Meseta Central . To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Municipal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Betis Energía Plus B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CB_Sevilla', 'summary': 'Real Betis Baloncesto S.A.D. , also known as Coosur Real Betis for sponsorship reasons , is a professional basketball team based in Seville , Spain . The team plays in the Liga ACB . It plays its home games at San Pablo .'}]}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Andalusia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andalusia', 'summary': "Andalusia region ( UK : /ˌændəˈluːsiə , -ziə/ , US : /-ʒ ( i ) ə , -ʃ ( i ) ə/ ; Spanish : Andalucía [ andaluˈθi.a ] ) is the southern autonomous community in Peninsular Spain . It is the most populous , and the second largest autonomous community in the country . The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a historical nationality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga and Seville . Its capital is the city of Seville . Andalusia is located in the south of the Iberian peninsula , in southwestern Europe , immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines . The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar . The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains , separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north , the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha on Spain 's Meseta Central . To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Amate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rus CB Ciudad de Dos Hermanas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dos Hermanas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dos_Hermanas', 'summary': 'Dos Hermanas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈdos eɾˈmanas ] ) is a Spanish city 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) south of Seville in Andalusia , with a population of 131,317 as of 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Andalusia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andalusia', 'summary': "Andalusia region ( UK : /ˌændəˈluːsiə , -ziə/ , US : /-ʒ ( i ) ə , -ʃ ( i ) ə/ ; Spanish : Andalucía [ andaluˈθi.a ] ) is the southern autonomous community in Peninsular Spain . It is the most populous , and the second largest autonomous community in the country . The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a historical nationality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga and Seville . Its capital is the city of Seville . Andalusia is located in the south of the Iberian peninsula , in southwestern Europe , immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines . The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar . The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains , separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north , the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha on Spain 's Meseta Central . To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Montecillos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torta del Casar Extremadura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cáceres_Ciudad_del_Baloncesto', 'summary': 'Cáceres Ciudad del Baloncesto , also named as Cáceres Patrimonio de la Humanidad for sponsorship reasons , is a professional basketball team based in Cáceres , Extremadura , Spain . It plays in the LEB Oro , the second in importance in Spain after ACB League . The club should not be confused with Cáceres Club Baloncesto , the former elite team in the city , which was dissolved in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cáceres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cáceres,_Spain', 'summary': 'Cáceres ( US : /ˈkɑːsəreɪs/ KAH-sə-rayss , Spanish : [ ˈkaθeɾes ] ) is a city of Spain located in the autonomous community of Extremadura . It is the capital and most populated municipality of the province of Cáceres . Cáceres lies at the feet of the Sierra de la Mosca , a modest hill range . It is part of the Vía de la Plata ( Silver Route ) path of the Camino de Santiago that crosses the west of the Iberian Peninsula in a North-South direction . The municipality has a land area of 1,750.33 km2 ( 675.81 sq mi ) , the largest in Spain . In 2014 its population was around 96,000 . The medieval walled city has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Extremadura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Extremadura', 'summary': 'Extremadura ( /ˌɛkstrɪməˈdjʊərə/ EK-strim-ə-DEWR-ə , Spanish : [ e ( ɣ ) stɾemaˈðuɾa ] ; Portuguese : Estremadura ) is an autonomous community of the western Iberian Peninsula whose capital city is Mérida , recognised by the Statute of Autonomy of Extremadura . It is made up of the two largest provinces of Spain : Cáceres and Badajoz . It is bordered by the provinces of Salamanca and Ávila ( Castile and León ) to the north ; by provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real ( Castile-La Mancha ) to the east , and by the provinces of Huelva , Seville , and Córdoba ( Andalusia ) to the south ; and by Portugal to the west . Its official language is Spanish . It is an important area for wildlife , particularly with the major reserve at Monfragüe , which was designated a National Park in 2007 , and the International Tagus River Natural Park ( Parque Natural Tajo Internacional ) . The government of Extremadura is called Gobierno de Extremadura . The Day of Extremadura is celebrated on 8 September . It coincides with the Catholic festivity of Our Lady of Guadalupe .'}]}, {'value': 'Casar de Cáceres', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current clubs -- Group D-B', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Liga_EBA_6', 'intro': 'Liga Española de Baloncesto Aficionado (EBA), commonly known as Liga EBA, is a Spanish basketball championship that is the fourth tier level in the Spanish basketball league system, after the Liga ACB, LEB Oro, and LEB Plata. It is administered by the FEB. It was previously the Spanish second tier level competition from 1994 to 1996, the third tier level from 1996 to 2000, and the fifth tier level, from 2007 to 2009. The Liga EBA is made up of five inter-regional groups. After the regular season, sixteen teams advance to the playoffs, where only four teams are promoted to the LEB Plata. The lowest ranked teams of each group, are relegated to the Primera División.'} | null | null | Which autonomous community is home to the team that plays its home games at San Pablo ? | Andalusia |
05ae1c3bc257f831 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Pi_(secondary)', 'title': 'Kappa Alpha Pi (secondary)', 'header': ['Chapter', 'Institution', 'Location', 'Date Founded'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Englewood High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Englewood_Technical_Prep_Academy', 'summary': 'Englewood Technical Prep Academy High School or sometimes referred to as simply Englewood High School , was a public four-year high school located in the Englewood neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago , United States . It was a part of the Chicago Public Schools system . The school graduated its last class of 151 students in June 2008 . Englewood was closed as an action in the CPS Renaissance 2010 program .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'March 7 , 1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parker High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Robeson_High_School_(Chicago,_Illinois)', 'summary': 'Paul Robeson High School ( simply known locally as Robeson ) was a public 4-year high school located in the Englewood neighborhood on the south side of Chicago , Illinois , United States . Opened in September 1977 , Robeson was a part of the Chicago Public Schools district . The school was named in honor of African-American entertainer and athlete Paul Robeson . After years of declining enrollment , the school closed after the 2017-2018 school year and was later demolished in September 2018 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'November 7 , 1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeta†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muncie , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana', 'summary': "Muncie /ˈmʌnsi/ is an incorporated city and the seat of Delaware County , Indiana . It is located in East Central Indiana , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast of Indianapolis . The United States Census for 2010 reported the city 's population was 70,085 . It is the principal city of the Muncie metropolitan statistical area , which has a population of 117,671 . The Lenape ( Delaware ) people , who arrived in the area in the 1790s , founded several small villages , including one known as Munsee Town , along the White River . The small trading post , renamed Muncietown , was selected as the Delaware County seat and platted in 1827 . Its name was officially shortened to Muncie in 1845 and incorporated as a city in 1865 . Muncie developed as a manufacturing and industrial center , especially after the Indiana gas boom of the 1880s . It is home to Ball State University . As a result of the Middletown studies , sociological research that was first conducted in the 1920s , Muncie is said to be one of the most studied United States cities of its size ."}]}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Phi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lowell High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lowell_High_School_(San_Francisco)', 'summary': 'Lowell High School is a selective co-educational , public magnet school in San Francisco , California .'}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'February 12 , 1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Rosa , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California', 'summary': "Santa Rosa ( Spanish for Saint Rose ) is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County . Its estimated 2018 population was 177,586 . Santa Rosa is the largest city in California 's Redwood Empire , Wine Country and the North Bay ; the fifth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area after San Jose , San Francisco , Oakland , and Fremont ; and the 28th most populous city in California ."}]}, {'value': 'April 1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phi Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muncie , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana', 'summary': "Muncie /ˈmʌnsi/ is an incorporated city and the seat of Delaware County , Indiana . It is located in East Central Indiana , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast of Indianapolis . The United States Census for 2010 reported the city 's population was 70,085 . It is the principal city of the Muncie metropolitan statistical area , which has a population of 117,671 . The Lenape ( Delaware ) people , who arrived in the area in the 1790s , founded several small villages , including one known as Munsee Town , along the White River . The small trading post , renamed Muncietown , was selected as the Delaware County seat and platted in 1827 . Its name was officially shortened to Muncie in 1845 and incorporated as a city in 1865 . Muncie developed as a manufacturing and industrial center , especially after the Indiana gas boom of the 1880s . It is home to Ball State University . As a result of the Middletown studies , sociological research that was first conducted in the 1920s , Muncie is said to be one of the most studied United States cities of its size ."}]}, {'value': 'July 21 , 1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thornton Township High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thornton_Township_High_School', 'summary': 'Thornton Township High School , often simply referred to as Thornton is a public high school founded in 1899 , located in Harvey , one of the south suburbs of the city of Chicago , Illinois , USA . The school is one of three administered by Thornton Township High Schools District 205 . It is occasionally confused with the two other similarly named schools in the district , Thornridge High School and Thornwood High School . A predominantly African American and Latino high school , Thornton is perhaps best known for its many alumni who have been successful in both the performing arts and athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvey , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Harvey is a city in Cook County , Illinois , United States , and a south suburb of Chicago . The population was 25,282 at the 2010 census . The city suffers from high levels of unemployment ( 22.0% ) , poverty ( 33.2% ) , and crime . Harvey is bordered by the villages of Dixmoor and Riverdale to the north ; Dolton , Phoenix , and South Holland to the east ; East Hazel Crest to the south ; and Hazel Crest , Markham and Posen to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'September 9 , 1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phi Epsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakland , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland,_California', 'summary': "Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County , California , United States . A major West Coast port city , Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , the third largest city overall in the San Francisco Bay Area , the eighth most populated city in California , and the 45th largest city in the United States . With a population of 428,827 as of 2018 [ update ] , it serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area ; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port in the San Francisco Bay , the entirety of Northern California , and the fifth busiest in the United States of America . An act to incorporate the city was passed on May 4 , 1852 , and incorporation was later approved on March 25 , 1854 , which officially made Oakland a city . Oakland is a charter city . Oakland 's territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie , oak woodland , and north coastal scrub . Its land served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco . Oakland 's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region . In the late 1860s , Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland , enlarging the city 's population , increasing its housing stock , and improving its infrastructure . It continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port , shipyards , and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry ."}]}, {'value': 'May 11 , 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phi Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alameda , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alameda,_California', 'summary': "Alameda ( /ˌæləˈmiːdə/ AL-ə-MEE-də ; Spanish : [ ala'meða ] ) is a city in Alameda County , California , United States . It is located on Alameda Island and Bay Farm Island . It is adjacent to and south of Oakland and east of San Francisco across the San Francisco Bay . Bay Farm Island , a portion of which is also known as Harbor Bay Isle , is part of the mainland adjacent to the Oakland International Airport . The city 's estimated 2017 population was 79,928 . Alameda is a charter city , rather than a general law city , which allows it to provide for any form of government . Alameda became a charter city and adopted a council-manager government in 1916 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 27 , 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_High_School_(Columbus,_Ohio)', 'summary': "South High School is a public high school located on the south side of Columbus , Ohio . It was opened in 1900 as the fourth Columbus City Schools high school at 345 Deshler Avenue in Columbus , Ohio . The current building was opened March 31 , 1924 . The Charles S. Barrett Building 345 E. Deshler Ave ( named for that building 's first Principal in 1924 when it was reuitlized as a junior high school ) opened September 1900 . Prior to that in 1895-1897 South High School utilized part of the Ohio Avenue Elementary School . In 1897 it was decided that the building was too far east for its name ; the south side students were returned to the Columbus High School building at 6th & Broad Streets ( which later became the 1st Central High School ) , and the building process began on the Deshler Street Building . It was known as South Urban Academy for a short time . The school is located at 1160 Ann Street . The mascot for South High School is the Bulldog . The school was remodeled in 2009 and classes were being held in the former Barrett Middle School at 345 East Deshler Avenue . Oddly enough , it was the original South High School . The remodel was complete and classes resumed at the current Ann Street building in the summer of 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbus , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': 'October 30 , 1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sigma Phi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chico High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chico_High_School', 'summary': 'Chico High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school located in Chico , California , United States . It currently has 2,083 students . Founded in 1902 , it predominately serves as the senior school for graduates of Chico Junior High School . In 1996 , Chico High School became a California Distinguished School recognized by the California Department of Education . In 1998 and 1999 , it was given the National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence , in 2001 it received the National Service-Learning Leader School , and in 2002-2005 it received National Smaller Learning Communities School award . In 2008 , for the first time , Chico High ended off-campus lunch privileges for freshman students .'}]}, {'value': 'Chico , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chico,_California', 'summary': "Chico ( /ˈtʃiːkoʊ/ CHEE-koh ) is the most populous city in Butte County , California , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 86,187 , reflecting an increase of 26,233 from the 59,954 counted in the 2000 Census . Following the 2018 Camp Fire that destroyed much of the neighboring town of Paradise , the population of Chico surged as many people who lost their homes in the fire moved to Chico . In 2018 , the California Department of Finance estimated the population of Chico is 111,706 , an increase of more than 20% from the 2018 population estimate . Chico is now the largest city in California north of Sacramento . The city is the cultural , economic , and educational center of the northern Sacramento Valley and home to both California State University , Chico and Bidwell Park , the country 's 26th largest municipal park and the 13th largest municipally-owned park . Bidwell Park makes up over 17% of the city . Other cities in close proximity to the Chico Metropolitan Area ( population 212,000 ) include Paradise and Oroville , while local towns and villages ( unincorporated areas ) include Durham , Cohasset , Dayton , Nord , and Forest Ranch . The Chico Metropolitan Area is the 14th largest Metropolitan Statistical Area in California . The nickname City of Roses appears on the Seal of the City of Chico . The city has been designated a Tree City USA for 31 years by the National Arbor Day Foundation ."}]}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rho††', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_High_School_(Kansas_City,_Missouri)', 'summary': "Central High School ( formerly Central Academy of Excellence ) is a high school located at 3221 Indiana Avenue in Kansas City , Missouri . It is part of the Kansas City Public Schools . Central was established in 1884 in order to help educate the growing population of Kansas City . The school colors are blue and white and the school 's athletic teams are referred to as the Eagles . Central has an enrollment of approximately 1,000 students annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jefferson High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_High_School_(Portland,_Oregon)', 'summary': 'Thomas Jefferson High School ( colloquially , Jefferson High School ) is a public high school in Portland , Oregon , United States , founded in 1908 .'}]}, {'value': 'Portland , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Oregon', 'summary': "Portland ( /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ ; PORT-lənd ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . As of 2018 , Portland had an estimated population of 653,115 , making it the 25th most populated city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest after Seattle . Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous in the United States . Its combined statistical area ( CSA ) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million . Approximately 60% of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . [ a ] Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'November 6 , 1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yonkers High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yonkers_High_School', 'summary': 'Yonkers High School is located in Yonkers , New York , United States . The school offers the International Baccalaureate program . Yonkers High School was ranked the 24th best American high school and the 4th best New York State high school in 2012 by U.S. News & World Report . Yonkers High School offers Advanced Placement courses and participates in the International Baccalaureate program . In line with the IB program , Yonkers High School aims to create a community of caring learners by encouraging community service activity among its students . Students at Yonkers High School can graduate with a standard diploma , Regents Diploma or Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation . Extracurricular opportunities for students include clubs such as Habitat for Humanity and the Bio-Diversity Club . Alumni include the actor and comic Sid Caesar and John Howard Northrop , recipient of the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry .'}]}, {'value': 'Yonkers , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York', 'summary': "Yonkers ( /ˈjɒŋkərz/ ) is a city in Westchester County , New York . It is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of New York , behind New York City , Buffalo , and Rochester . The population of Yonkers was 195,976 as enumerated in the 2010 United States Census and is estimated to have increased by 2.5% to 199,663 in 2018 . It is an inner suburb of New York City , directly to the north of the Bronx and approximately two miles ( 3 km ) north of the northernmost point in Manhattan . Yonkers ' downtown is centered on a plaza known as Getty Square , where the municipal government is located . The downtown area also houses significant local businesses and non-profits , and serves as a major retail hub for Yonkers and the northwest Bronx . The city is home to several attractions , including Untermyer Park ; Hudson River Museum ; Saw Mill River daylighting , wherein a parking lot was removed to uncover a river ; Science Barge ; Sherwood House ; and Yonkers Raceway , a harness racing track that has renovated its grounds and clubhouse and added legalized video slot machine gambling in 2006 in a racino called Empire City . Major shopping areas are located in Getty Square , on South Broadway , at the Cross County Shopping Center and Westchester 's Ridge Hill , and along Central Park Avenue , informally called Central Ave by area residents , a name it takes officially a few miles north in White Plains . Yonkers is known as the City of Seven Hills which includes Park Hill , Nodine Hill , Ridge Hill , Cross Hill , Locust Hill , Glen Hill , and Church Hill ."}]}, {'value': 'March 21 , 1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_High_School_(Saint_Joseph,_Missouri)', 'summary': 'Central High School is a public secondary school in St. Joseph , Missouri , United States . The school is part of the Saint Joseph School District .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Joseph , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Joseph ( informally St. Joe ) is a small city in and the county seat of Buchanan County , Missouri , United States . Small parts of St. Joseph extend into Andrew County , Missouri . Saint Joseph is known for hosting the Kansas City Chiefs Training Camp every year at Missouri Western State University . Saint Joseph is filled with many lush forests and parks as well as its very own go kart track and mini golf course . It is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Buchanan , Andrew , and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County , Kansas . As of the 2010 census , St. Joseph had a total population of 76,780 , making it the eighth largest city in the state , and the third largest in Northwest Missouri . St. Joseph is located roughly thirty miles north of the Kansas City , Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles south of Omaha , Nebraska . The city was named after the town 's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph . the city is located on the Missouri River . It is the birthplace of hip hop star Eminem as well as the death place of Jesse James ; it is also the starting point of the Pony Express . St. Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University ."}]}, {'value': 'October 10 , 1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockton , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockton,_California', 'summary': "Stockton is the county seat of San Joaquin County in the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California . Stockton was founded by Captain Charles Maria Weber in 1849 after he acquired Rancho Campo de los Franceses . The city is named after Robert F. Stockton , and it was the first community in California to have a name not of Spanish or Native American origin . The city is located on the San Joaquin River in the northern San Joaquin Valley and had an estimated population of 311,178 by the California Department of Finance for 2018 . Stockton is the 13th largest city in California and the 63rd largest city in the United States . It was named an All-America City in 1999 , 2004 , 2015 and again in 2017 . Built during the California Gold Rush , Stockton 's seaport serves as a gateway to the Central Valley and beyond . It provided easy access for trade and transportation to the southern gold mines . The University of the Pacific ( UOP ) , chartered in 1851 , is the oldest university in California , and has been located in Stockton since 1923 . In 2012 Stockton filed for what was then the largest municipal bankruptcy in US history , which had multiple causes including financial mismanagement in the 1990s , generous fringe benefits to unionized city employees , and the 2008 financial crisis . Stockton successfully exited bankruptcy in February 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 22 , 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Psi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'May 13 , 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Xi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marysville , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marysville,_California', 'summary': "Marysville is the county seat of Yuba County , California , United States , located at the confluence of two rivers which drain the watersheds containing the most productive gold mining region in Northern California . As the depot for the Northern mines it became an important early center of commerce , growing into one of the largest cities in California 's first decade of existence , before the gold gave out It is one of just two cities in California named after a woman who is not considered a Catholic saint , being named after a survivor of the Donner Party which lost half its party to starvation in the Sierra Nevada in the winter of 1846-47 . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 12,072 , reflecting a decrease of 196 from the 12,268 counted in the 2000 Census . It is included in the Yuba City Metropolitan Statistical Area , often referred to as the Yuba-Sutter area after the two counties , Yuba and Sutter . The metropolitan statistical area is part of the Greater Sacramento area ."}]}, {'value': 'October 3 , 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta Phi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois', 'summary': "Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County . The city 's population was 116,250 at the 2010 U.S. Census , which makes it the state 's sixth most-populous city , the second largest outside of the Chicago metropolitan area ( after Rockford ) , and the largest in central Illinois . As of 2018 , the city 's population was estimated to have decreased to 114,694 , with just over 211,700 residents living in the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Sangamon County and the adjacent Menard County . Present-day Springfield was settled by European Americans in the late 1810s , around the time Illinois became a state . The most famous historic resident was Abraham Lincoln , who lived in Springfield from 1837 until 1861 , when he went to the White House as President . Major tourist attractions include multiple sites connected with Lincoln including his presidential library and museum , his home , and his tomb at Oak Ridge Cemetery . The capital is centrally located within the state . The city lies in a valley and plain near the Sangamon River . Lake Springfield , a large artificial lake owned by the City Water , Light & Power company ( CWLP ) , supplies the city with recreation and drinking water . Weather is fairly typical for middle latitude locations , with hot summers and cold winters . Spring and summer weather is like that of most midwestern cities ; severe thunderstorms may occur . Tornadoes hit the Springfield area in 1957 and 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 9 , 1927', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Chapters', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Kappa_Alpha_Pi_National_Fraternity_0', 'intro': 'ΚΑΠ (Kappa Alpha Pi) was a high school fraternity founded in 1904 at Englewood High School in Chicago, Illinois.'} | null | null | What is the founded date of the location that is home to Untermyer Park and the Hudson River Museum ? | March 21 , 1914 |
05afab19e96fd9cb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Micro_Software', 'title': 'Smith Micro Software', 'header': ['Acquisition date', 'Company', 'Business', 'Country', 'Value ( USD )'], 'data': [{'value': 'July 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allume Systems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allume_Systems', 'summary': 'Allume Systems was a software developer , founded in 1988 by David Schargel and Jonathan Kahn in New York City as Aladdin Systems to develop , publish and distribute software for personal computers . Allume was incorporated in January 1989 . In April 2004 , the company was acquired by PC software publisher International Microcomputer Software Inc. ( IMSI ) . A few months later in July , the company was forced to change its name from Aladdin Systems as part of a settlement of a trademark lawsuit with Aladdin Knowledge Systems . In 2005 , Allume Systems was acquired by Smith Micro Software from IMSI .'}]}, {'value': 'Software / Data compression', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Software', 'summary': 'Computer software , or simply software , is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work . This is in contrast to physical hardware , from which the system is built and actually performs the work . In computer science and software engineering , computer software is all information processed by computer systems , programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . At the lowest programming level , [ clarification needed ] executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor - typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) or a graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state . For example , an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer - an effect that is not directly observable to the user . An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations , for example displaying some text on a computer screen ; causing state changes which should be visible to the user . The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided , unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction , or is interrupted by the operating system . As of 2015 [ update ] , most personal computers , smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together , and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past . The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Data_compression', 'summary': 'In signal processing , data compression , source coding , or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation . Any particular compression is either lossy or lossless . Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy . No information is lost in lossless compression . Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important information . Typically , a device that performs data compression is referred to as an encoder , and one that performs the reversal of the process ( decompression ) as a decoder . The process of reducing the size of a data file is often referred to as data compression . In the context of data transmission , it is called source coding ; encoding done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted . Source coding should not be confused with channel coding , for error detection and correction or line coding , the means for mapping data onto a signal . Compression is useful because it reduces resources required to store and transmit data . Computational resources are consumed in the compression and decompression processes . Data compression is subject to a space-time complexity trade-off .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '$ 11 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PhoTags', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Software / Image editing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Software', 'summary': 'Computer software , or simply software , is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work . This is in contrast to physical hardware , from which the system is built and actually performs the work . In computer science and software engineering , computer software is all information processed by computer systems , programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . At the lowest programming level , [ clarification needed ] executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor - typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) or a graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state . For example , an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer - an effect that is not directly observable to the user . An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations , for example displaying some text on a computer screen ; causing state changes which should be visible to the user . The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided , unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction , or is interrupted by the operating system . As of 2015 [ update ] , most personal computers , smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together , and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past . The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Image_editing', 'summary': 'Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images , whether they are digital photographs , traditional photo-chemical photographs , or illustrations . Traditional analog image editing is known as photo retouching , using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs or editing illustrations with any traditional art medium . Graphic software programs , which can be broadly grouped into vector graphics editors , raster graphics editors , and 3D modelers , are the primary tools with which a user may manipulate , enhance , and transform images . Many image editing programs are also used to render or create computer art from scratch .'}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 6 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'e frontier America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital distribution / Graphic design', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_distribution', 'summary': "Digital distribution ( also referred to as content delivery , online distribution , or electronic software distribution ( ESD ) , among others ) is the delivery or distribution of digital media content such as audio , video , e-books , video games , and other software . The term is generally used to describe distribution over an online delivery medium , such as the Internet , thus bypassing physical distribution methods , such as paper , optical discs , and VHS videocassettes . The term online distribution is typically applied to freestanding products ; downloadable add-ons for other products are more commonly known as downloadable content . With the advancement of network bandwidth capabilities , online distribution became prominent in the 21st century , with prominent platforms such as Amazon Video , and Netflix 's streaming service starting in 2007 . Content distributed online may be streamed or downloaded , and often consists of books , films and television programs , music , software , and video games . Streaming involves downloading and using content at a user 's request , or on-demand , rather than allowing a user to store it permanently . In contrast , fully downloading content to a hard drive or other form of storage media may allow offline access in the future . Specialist networks known as content delivery networks help distribute content over the Internet by ensuring both high availability and high performance . Alternative technologies for content delivery include peer-to-peer file sharing technologies . Alternatively , content delivery platforms create and syndicate content remotely , acting like hosted content management systems . Unrelated to the above , the term Digital distribution is also used in film distribution to describe distribution of content through physical digital media , in opposition to distribution by analog media such as photographic film and magnetic tape ( see digital cinema ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Graphic_design', 'summary': 'Graphic design is the process of visual communication and problem-solving through the use of typography , photography , and illustration . The field is considered a subset of visual communication and communication design , but sometimes the term graphic design is used synonymously . Graphic designers create and combine symbols , images and text to form visual representations of ideas and messages . They use typography , visual arts , and page layout techniques to create visual compositions . Common uses of graphic design include corporate design ( logos and branding ) , editorial design ( magazines , newspapers and books ) , wayfinding or environmental design , advertising , web design , communication design , product packaging , and signage .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '--', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecutel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Software , wireless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Software', 'summary': 'Computer software , or simply software , is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work . This is in contrast to physical hardware , from which the system is built and actually performs the work . In computer science and software engineering , computer software is all information processed by computer systems , programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . At the lowest programming level , [ clarification needed ] executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor - typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) or a graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state . For example , an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer - an effect that is not directly observable to the user . An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations , for example displaying some text on a computer screen ; causing state changes which should be visible to the user . The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided , unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction , or is interrupted by the operating system . As of 2015 [ update ] , most personal computers , smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together , and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past . The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wireless', 'summary': 'Wireless communication - otherwise known as over the air - is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor . The most common wireless technologies use radio waves . With radio waves , intended distances can be short , such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications . It encompasses various types of fixed , mobile , and portable applications , including two-way radios , cellular telephones , personal digital assistants ( PDAs ) , and wireless networking . Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units , garage door openers , wireless computer mouse , keyboards and headsets , headphones , radio receivers , satellite television , broadcast television and cordless telephones . Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of other electromagnetic wireless technologies , such as light , magnetic , or electric fields or the use of sound . The term wireless has been used twice in communications history , with slightly different meaning . It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology , as in wireless telegraphy , until the new word radio replaced it around 1920 . The term was revived in the 1980s and 1990s mainly to distinguish digital devices that communicate without wires , such as the examples listed in the previous paragraph , from those that require wires or cables . This became its primary usage in the 2000s , due to the advent of technologies such as mobile broadband , Wi-Fi and Bluetooth . Wireless operations permit services , such as mobile and interplanetary communications , that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires . The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems ( e.g .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '$ 8 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PCTel Wireless', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Software / Wireless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Software', 'summary': 'Computer software , or simply software , is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work . This is in contrast to physical hardware , from which the system is built and actually performs the work . In computer science and software engineering , computer software is all information processed by computer systems , programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . At the lowest programming level , [ clarification needed ] executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor - typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) or a graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state . For example , an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer - an effect that is not directly observable to the user . An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations , for example displaying some text on a computer screen ; causing state changes which should be visible to the user . The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided , unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction , or is interrupted by the operating system . As of 2015 [ update ] , most personal computers , smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together , and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past . The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wireless', 'summary': 'Wireless communication - otherwise known as over the air - is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor . The most common wireless technologies use radio waves . With radio waves , intended distances can be short , such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications . It encompasses various types of fixed , mobile , and portable applications , including two-way radios , cellular telephones , personal digital assistants ( PDAs ) , and wireless networking . Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units , garage door openers , wireless computer mouse , keyboards and headsets , headphones , radio receivers , satellite television , broadcast television and cordless telephones . Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of other electromagnetic wireless technologies , such as light , magnetic , or electric fields or the use of sound . The term wireless has been used twice in communications history , with slightly different meaning . It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology , as in wireless telegraphy , until the new word radio replaced it around 1920 . The term was revived in the 1980s and 1990s mainly to distinguish digital devices that communicate without wires , such as the examples listed in the previous paragraph , from those that require wires or cables . This became its primary usage in the 2000s , due to the advent of technologies such as mobile broadband , Wi-Fi and Bluetooth . Wireless operations permit services , such as mobile and interplanetary communications , that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires . The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems ( e.g .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '$ 59.7 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MxPlay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Software / Multimedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Software', 'summary': 'Computer software , or simply software , is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work . This is in contrast to physical hardware , from which the system is built and actually performs the work . In computer science and software engineering , computer software is all information processed by computer systems , programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . At the lowest programming level , [ clarification needed ] executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor - typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) or a graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state . For example , an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer - an effect that is not directly observable to the user . An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations , for example displaying some text on a computer screen ; causing state changes which should be visible to the user . The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided , unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction , or is interrupted by the operating system . As of 2015 [ update ] , most personal computers , smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together , and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past . The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Multimedia', 'summary': 'Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text , audio , images , animations , video and interactive content . Multimedia contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material . Multimedia can be recorded and played , displayed , interacted with or accessed by information content processing devices , such as computerized and electronic devices , but can also be part of a live performance . Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content . Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art ; for example , by including audio it has a broader scope . In the early years of multimedia the term rich media was synonymous with interactive multimedia , and hypermedia was an application of multimedia .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '--', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Core Mobility', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Software / Wireless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Software', 'summary': 'Computer software , or simply software , is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work . This is in contrast to physical hardware , from which the system is built and actually performs the work . In computer science and software engineering , computer software is all information processed by computer systems , programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . At the lowest programming level , [ clarification needed ] executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor - typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) or a graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state . For example , an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer - an effect that is not directly observable to the user . An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations , for example displaying some text on a computer screen ; causing state changes which should be visible to the user . The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided , unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction , or is interrupted by the operating system . As of 2015 [ update ] , most personal computers , smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together , and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past . The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wireless', 'summary': 'Wireless communication - otherwise known as over the air - is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor . The most common wireless technologies use radio waves . With radio waves , intended distances can be short , such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications . It encompasses various types of fixed , mobile , and portable applications , including two-way radios , cellular telephones , personal digital assistants ( PDAs ) , and wireless networking . Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units , garage door openers , wireless computer mouse , keyboards and headsets , headphones , radio receivers , satellite television , broadcast television and cordless telephones . Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of other electromagnetic wireless technologies , such as light , magnetic , or electric fields or the use of sound . The term wireless has been used twice in communications history , with slightly different meaning . It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology , as in wireless telegraphy , until the new word radio replaced it around 1920 . The term was revived in the 1980s and 1990s mainly to distinguish digital devices that communicate without wires , such as the examples listed in the previous paragraph , from those that require wires or cables . This became its primary usage in the 2000s , due to the advent of technologies such as mobile broadband , Wi-Fi and Bluetooth . Wireless operations permit services , such as mobile and interplanetary communications , that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires . The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems ( e.g .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '$ 20.2 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'iMobile Magic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Software', 'summary': 'Computer software , or simply software , is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work . This is in contrast to physical hardware , from which the system is built and actually performs the work . In computer science and software engineering , computer software is all information processed by computer systems , programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . At the lowest programming level , [ clarification needed ] executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor - typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) or a graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state . For example , an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer - an effect that is not directly observable to the user . An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations , for example displaying some text on a computer screen ; causing state changes which should be visible to the user . The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided , unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction , or is interrupted by the operating system . As of 2015 [ update ] , most personal computers , smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together , and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past . The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '$ 2.2 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ISM Connect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Software / Multimedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Software', 'summary': 'Computer software , or simply software , is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work . This is in contrast to physical hardware , from which the system is built and actually performs the work . In computer science and software engineering , computer software is all information processed by computer systems , programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . At the lowest programming level , [ clarification needed ] executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor - typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) or a graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state . For example , an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer - an effect that is not directly observable to the user . An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations , for example displaying some text on a computer screen ; causing state changes which should be visible to the user . The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided , unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction , or is interrupted by the operating system . As of 2015 [ update ] , most personal computers , smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together , and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past . The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Multimedia', 'summary': 'Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text , audio , images , animations , video and interactive content . Multimedia contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material . Multimedia can be recorded and played , displayed , interacted with or accessed by information content processing devices , such as computerized and electronic devices , but can also be part of a live performance . Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content . Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art ; for example , by including audio it has a broader scope . In the early years of multimedia the term rich media was synonymous with interactive multimedia , and hypermedia was an application of multimedia .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '$ 9 million', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Major acquisitions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Smith_Micro_Software_0', 'intro': 'Smith Micro Software, Inc., founded in 1982 by William W. Smith, Jr., is a developer and marketer of both enterprise and consumer-level software and services. Headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Smith Micro maintains multiple domestic and international offices. United States locations include Aliso Viejo, California, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. International offices are located throughout Europe and Asia. Currently, the company focuses on digital lifestyle solutions and security technologies, and is integrated into the evolving wireless media industry, as indicated by partnerships with cellular service providers such as Verizon Wireless, AT&T, and Sprint Nextel.'} | null | null | What is the company in the country that is the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP ? | Ecutel |
05afe6cc1929afe3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_series_run_in_Comic_Champ', 'title': 'List of series run in Comic Champ', 'header': ['Title', 'Began', 'Ended', 'Creator', 'Origin'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pokémon Gag Theater ( 포켓몬스터 개그극장 , Pokémon Seuteogeo Geugeukgang )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pokémon', 'summary': "Pokémon [ a ] ( English : /ˈpoʊkɪˌmɒn , -ki- , -keɪ-/ ) , also known as Pocket Monsters [ b ] in Japan , is a media franchise managed by the Pokémon Company , a Japanese company founded and with shares divided between Nintendo , Game Freak , and Creatures . The franchise copyright and Japanese trademark is shared by all three companies , but Nintendo is the sole owner of the trademark in other countries . The franchise was created by Satoshi Tajiri in 1995 , and is centered on fictional creatures called Pokémon , which humans , known as Pokémon Trainers , catch and train to battle each other for sport . The English slogan for the franchise is Got ta Catch 'Em All . Works within the franchise are set in the Pokémon universe . The franchise began as Pokémon Red and Green ( later released outside of Japan as Pokémon Red and Blue ) , a pair of video games for the original Game Boy handheld system that were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo in February 1996 . It soon became a media mix franchise adapted into various different media . Pokémon has since gone on to become the highest-grossing media franchise of all time , with $ 90 billion in total franchise revenue . The original video game series is the second best-selling video game franchise ( behind Nintendo 's Mario franchise ) with more than 346 million copies sold and 1 billion mobile downloads , and it spawned a hit anime television series that has become the most successful video game adaptation with over 20 seasons and 1,000 episodes in 169 countries . In addition , the Pokémon franchise includes the world 's top-selling toy brand , the top-selling trading card game with over 28.8 billion cards sold , an anime film series , a live-action film , books , manga comics , music , merchandise , and a theme park . The franchise is also represented in other Nintendo media , such as the Super Smash Bros. series . In November 2005 , 4Kids Entertainment , which had managed the non-game related licensing of Pokémon , announced that it had agreed not to renew the Pokémon representation agreement ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kagemaru Himeno', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CoroCoro Comic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CoroCoro_Comic', 'summary': 'CoroCoro Comic ( コロコロコミック , KoroKoro Komikku ) is a Japanese monthly manga magazine published by Shogakukan , established on May 15 , 1977 . Its main target is elementary school-aged boys , younger than the readers of shōnen manga . Several of its properties , like Doraemon and the Pokémon series of games , have gone on to be cultural phenomena in Japan . The name comes from a phenomime korokoro ( ころころ ) which means rolling and also represents something spherical , fat , or small , because children supposedly like such things . The magazine is A5-sized , about 6 cm ( 2¼ in ) thick , and each issue is 750 pages long . CoroCoro Comic is released monthly with new issues on the 15th of each month ( or earlier if the 15th falls on a weekend ) . CoroCoro Comic sold 400 million copies as of April 2017 , making it one of the best-selling comic/manga magazines . The magazine has three sisters : Bessatsu CoroCoro Comic ( 別冊コロコロコミック ) , CoroCoro Ichiban ! ( コロコロイチバン ) and CoroCoro Aniki ( コロコロアニキ ) . Bessatsu and Ichibian ! are published bi-monthly , while Aniki , which targets an older audience , is released quarterly .'}]}, {'value': 'Chrono Crusade ( 크르노 크루세이드 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chrono_Crusade', 'summary': 'Chrono Crusade , originally known in Japan as Chrno Crusade ( Japanese : クロノ クルセイド , Hepburn : Kurono Kuruseido ) , due to a typo , [ citation needed ] is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Daisuke Moriyama . It was originally published by Kadokawa Shoten in Comic Dragon , then a special issue of the Dragon Magazine . A 24-episode anime television series by Gonzo based on the manga ran from 2003 to 2004 on Fuji TV . The series was released in North America by ADV Manga and ADV Films , titled Chrono Crusade . Set in New York during the 1920s , Chrono Crusade follows the story of Rosette Christopher , and her demon partner Chrono . As members of the Magdalene Order , they travel around the country eliminating demonic threats to society , while Rosette searches for her lost brother Joshua .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daisuke Moriyama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daisuke_Moriyama', 'summary': 'Daisuke Moriyama ( 森山大輔 , Moriyama Daisuke ) ( September 11 , 1971 ) is a Japanese manga artist best known for creating the Chrono Crusade series which was adapted into a 24 episodes anime series by the studio Gonzo . Moriyama worked on a series called World Embryo , which was serialized in the Young King OURs magazine from 2005 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Comic Dragon , Dragon Age', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bastard ! ! -Ankoku no Hakai Shin- ( 바스타드 - 암흑의 파괴신 , Bastard - Amheunguipaegoesin , literally - Bastard - Heavy Metal , Dark Fantasy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bastard!!', 'summary': "Bastard ! ! : Heavy Metal , Dark Fantasy ( BASTARD ! ! -暗黒の破壊神- , Basutādo ! ! Ankoku no Hakaishin , lit . Bastard ! ! The Dark God of Destruction ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kazushi Hagiwara . It first appeared in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump , in March 1988 , and continues to be published irregularly today in Ultra Jump . Currently , it spans 27 volumes . Kazushi Hagiwara is an enthusiastic fan of heavy metal music and Dungeons & Dragons , using ideas from both of these in the Bastard ! ! story . Many characters and places in the story , for instance , are named after members of Hagiwara 's favorite bands . The manga was adapted into a six-part anime OVA series by AIC released from August 1992 to June 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazushi Hagiwara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazushi_Hagiwara', 'summary': 'Kazushi Hagiwara ( 萩原一至 , Hagiwara Kazushi , born April 4 , 1963 ) is a Japanese manga artist best known for creating the manga Bastard ! ! .'}]}, {'value': 'Weekly Shōnen Jump / Ultra Jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Jump', 'summary': "Weekly Shōnen Jump ( Japanese : 週刊少年ジャンプ , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Janpu , stylized in English as WEEKLY JUMP ) is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published in Japan by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines . It is the best-selling manga magazine , as well as one of the longest-running ; the first issue was released with a cover date of August 1 , 1968 . The manga series within the magazine target young male readers and tend to consist of a large number of action scenes and a fair amount of comedy . The chapters of series that run in Weekly Shōnen Jump are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the Jump Comics imprint every two to three months . The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine 's circulation was at its highest , 6.53 million copies per week . As of early 2017 , it had a weekly circulation of 1.9 million copies . The magazine sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968 , making it the best-selling comic/manga magazine . Many of the best-selling manga originate from Weekly Shōnen Jump . Shōnen Jump spawned the Jump magazine line as well as the Jump Comics imprint label for publishing tankōbon . Weekly Shōnen Jump has two sister magazines called Jump SQ , created after the fall of Monthly Shōnen Jump , and Saikyō Jump . The magazine has also had several international counterparts , including the current North American Weekly Shonen Jump . It also spawned a crossover media franchise including anime and video games ( since Famicom Jump ) which bring together various Shōnen Jump characters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ultra_Jump', 'summary': 'Ultra Jump ( Japanese : ウルトラジャンプ , Hepburn : Urutora Janpu ) is a Japanese monthly seinen manga magazine published by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines . Originally , the magazine was a special issue of Weekly Young Jump which was first issued in 1995 . On October 19 , 1999 , the special issue became the new monthly publication Ultra Jump . The manga titles serialized in the magazine are also published in tankōbon volumes under the Young Jump Comics Ultra label .'}]}, {'value': 'Naruto ( 나루토 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naruto', 'summary': "Naruto ( ナルト ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto . It tells the story of Naruto Uzumaki , a young ninja who seeks to gain recognition from his peers and also dreams of becoming the Hokage , the leader of his village . The story is in two parts , the first set in Naruto 's pre-teen years , and the second in his teens . The series is based on two one-shot manga by Kishimoto : Karakuri ( 1995 ) , which earned Kishimoto an honorable mention in Shueisha 's monthly Hop Step Award the following year , and Naruto ( 1997 ) . Naruto was serialized in Shueisha 's magazine , Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1999 to 2014 , and released in tankōbon ( book ) form in 72 volumes . The manga was adapted into an anime television series produced by Pierrot and Aniplex , which broadcast 220 episodes in Japan from 2002 to 2007 ; the English adaptation of the series aired on Cartoon Network and YTV from 2005 to 2009 . Naruto : Shippuden , a sequel to the original series , premiered in Japan in 2007 , and ended in 2017 , after 500 episodes . The English adaptation was broadcast on Disney XD from 2009 to 2011 , airing the first 98 episodes , and then switched over to Adult Swim 's Toonami programming block in January 2014 , starting over from the first episode . The English adaptation is still airing weekly on Adult Swim to this day . Besides the anime series , Pierrot has developed eleven movies and twelve original video animations ( OVAs ) . Other Naruto-related merchandise includes light novels , video games , and trading cards developed by several companies . Viz Media licensed the manga and anime for North American production and serialized Naruto in their digital Weekly Shonen Jump magazine ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masashi Kishimoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masashi_Kishimoto', 'summary': 'Masashi Kishimoto ( 岸本 斉史 , Kishimoto Masashi , born November 8 , 1974 ) is a Japanese manga artist . His best known work , Naruto , was in serialization from 1999 to 2014 and has sold over 250 million copies worldwide in 46 countries as of May 2019 . The series has been adapted into three anime and multiple films , video games , and related media . Besides the Naruto manga , Kishimoto also personally supervised the two canonical anime films , The Last : Naruto the Movie and Boruto : Naruto the Movie , and has written several one-shot stories . In 2019 , Kishimoto started writing the manga Samurai 8 : The Tale of Hachimaru . A reader of manga ever since a young age , Kishimoto showed a desire to write his own manga , citing authors Akira Toriyama and Katsuhiro Otomo as his main inspirations . As a result , Kishimoto spent several years working to write his own shōnen manga for Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine which he was a fan of .'}]}, {'value': 'Weekly Shōnen Jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Jump', 'summary': "Weekly Shōnen Jump ( Japanese : 週刊少年ジャンプ , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Janpu , stylized in English as WEEKLY JUMP ) is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published in Japan by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines . It is the best-selling manga magazine , as well as one of the longest-running ; the first issue was released with a cover date of August 1 , 1968 . The manga series within the magazine target young male readers and tend to consist of a large number of action scenes and a fair amount of comedy . The chapters of series that run in Weekly Shōnen Jump are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the Jump Comics imprint every two to three months . The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine 's circulation was at its highest , 6.53 million copies per week . As of early 2017 , it had a weekly circulation of 1.9 million copies . The magazine sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968 , making it the best-selling comic/manga magazine . Many of the best-selling manga originate from Weekly Shōnen Jump . Shōnen Jump spawned the Jump magazine line as well as the Jump Comics imprint label for publishing tankōbon . Weekly Shōnen Jump has two sister magazines called Jump SQ , created after the fall of Monthly Shōnen Jump , and Saikyō Jump . The magazine has also had several international counterparts , including the current North American Weekly Shonen Jump . It also spawned a crossover media franchise including anime and video games ( since Famicom Jump ) which bring together various Shōnen Jump characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Tenjō Tenge ( 천상천하 - 天上天下 , Cheonsang Cheonha - Tenjō Tenge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tenjho_Tenge', 'summary': 'Tenjho Tenge ( Japanese : 天上天下 , Hepburn : Tenjō Tenge , lit . Heaven and Earth ) , also written as Tenjo Tenge , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ito Oh ! Great Ōgure . The story primarily focuses on the members of the Juken Club and their opposition , the Executive Council , which is the ruling student body of a high school that educates its students in the art of combat . As the story unfolds , both groups become increasingly involved with an ongoing battle that has been left unresolved for four hundred years . Tenjho Tenge was serialized in the magazine Ultra Jump from 1997 to 2010 , and collected into 22 volumes by Shueisha . It was adapted into a twenty-four episode anime series and aired on TV Asahi between April 1 , 2004 to September 16 , 2004 . A two-episode original video animation was also made and aired on March 16 , 2005 . Both versions of the series have been licensed for release in the English language by two different companies . The manga was licensed and released by CMX beginning in 2005 , which came under criticism by fans for editing its sexual content . When CMX closed down in 2010 , after releasing 18 volumes , Viz Media picked up the rights and completed their own uncut release of the series in 2013 . The anime was licensed and released by Geneon Entertainment , also beginning in 2005 , however , it is now licensed by Discotek Media .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oh ! great', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oh!_great', 'summary': "Ito Ōgure ( 大暮 維人 , Ōgure Ito , born February 22 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Oh ! great , is a Japanese manga artist most recognized for the manga series Tenjho Tenge and Air Gear . In 2006 , he received the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen for Air Gear . Oh ! great also created the pornographic series Silky Whip . Apart from working with manga , he designed some of the alternate character outfits in the PlayStation 2 version of Namco 's 3D fighting game Tekken 5 , and a guest character in Soul Calibur IV named Ashlotte . His pseudonym Oh ! great is a play on words . His pen name , written in Japanese order ( family name before given name ) , is Ōgure Ito , which is pronounced similarly to and can be romanized the same as the Japanese rendering of the English words Oh great , ōgurēto [ oːɡɯɾeːto ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Ultra Jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultra_Jump', 'summary': 'Ultra Jump ( Japanese : ウルトラジャンプ , Hepburn : Urutora Janpu ) is a Japanese monthly seinen manga magazine published by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines . Originally , the magazine was a special issue of Weekly Young Jump which was first issued in 1995 . On October 19 , 1999 , the special issue became the new monthly publication Ultra Jump . The manga titles serialized in the magazine are also published in tankōbon volumes under the Young Jump Comics Ultra label .'}]}, {'value': 'Itsumo Misora ( 미소라 , Misora )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itsumo_Misora', 'summary': "Itsumo Misora ( いつも美空 , lit . Always Misora ) is a Japanese manga series by Mitsuru Adachi . It was published by Shogakukan in the magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from issue 22/23 in 2000 through issue 24 in 2001 , and collected in five tankōbon . The story revolves around six children and a cat who save a religious icon from a fire at a temple , in reward for which the temple god grants each of them a power that activates on their 13th birthdays . Upon entering junior high school together , the six are forced to join the Sports Rental Club , which provides temporary members to other clubs when regular members ca n't participate for some reason ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitsuru Adachi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weekly Shōnen Sunday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Sunday', 'summary': 'Weekly Shōnen Sunday ( Japanese : 週刊少年サンデー , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Sandē ) is a weekly shōnen manga magazine published in Japan by Shogakukan since March 1959 . Contrary to its title , Weekly Shōnen Sunday issues are released on Wednesdays . Weekly Shōnen Sunday has sold over 1.8 billion copies since 1986 , making it the fourth best selling manga magazine , only behind Weekly Shōnen Jump , Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Young Jump .'}]}, {'value': 'Keishi Chō 24 Toki ( 경사청 24시 , Gyeongsacheong City 24 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hideki Owada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boys', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katsu ! ( 카츠 ! )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katsu!', 'summary': 'Katsu ! ( カツ ) is a sports manga by Mitsuru Adachi which was serialized in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from August 22 , 2001 to March 2 , 2005 . It centers on a freshman student , Katsuki Satoyama , as he discovers his near-legendary skill in boxing .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitsuru Adachi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weekly Shōnen Sunday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Sunday', 'summary': 'Weekly Shōnen Sunday ( Japanese : 週刊少年サンデー , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Sandē ) is a weekly shōnen manga magazine published in Japan by Shogakukan since March 1959 . Contrary to its title , Weekly Shōnen Sunday issues are released on Wednesdays . Weekly Shōnen Sunday has sold over 1.8 billion copies since 1986 , making it the fourth best selling manga magazine , only behind Weekly Shōnen Jump , Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Young Jump .'}]}, {'value': 'Eyeshield 21 ( 아이실드21 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eyeshield_21', 'summary': "Eyeshield 21 ( Japanese : アイシールド21 , Hepburn : Aishīrudo Nijūichi ) is a Japanese manga series written by Riichiro Inagaki and illustrated by Yusuke Murata . The series tells the story of Sena Kobayakawa , an introverted boy who joins an American football club as a secretary , but after being coerced by Yoichi Hiruma , turns out to play wearing an eyeshield and the number 21 , under the pseudonym of Eyeshield 21 . Inagaki chose American football as a central subject of Eyeshield 21 after realizing that it fit perfectly with his idea for the series . The manga was originally serialized in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2002 to June 2009 . The series consists of 333 chapters collected in 37 tankōbon volumes . An anime adaptation consisting of 145 television episodes was co-produced by TV Tokyo , NAS , and Gallop . The television series first aired on Japan 's TV Tokyo network from April 6 , 2005 , to March 19 , 2008 . The Eyeshield 21 franchise has spawned two original video animations ( OVAs ) , audio albums , video games , and other merchandise . In North America , the manga was released by Viz Media from April 2005 to October 2011 . The anime series was later licensed in North America by Toonami Jetstream as a joint effort with Viz Media and aired on December 17 , 2007 , on its site , but before its completion , the streaming service was shut down . The whole series was streamed in English by Crunchyroll , while Sentai Filmworks licensed the series , with distribution from Section23 Films on DVDs . In Japan , the Eyeshield 21 manga has sold over 20 million volumes ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rīchiro Inagaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riichiro_Inagaki', 'summary': "Riichiro Inagaki ( Japanese : 稲垣 理一郎 , Hepburn : Inagaki Riichirō , born June 20 , 1976 ) is a Japanese manga writer from Tokyo . He started his career in 2001 publishing works for Shogakukan 's magazine Big Comic Spirits . After three one-shots , he moved to Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump , in which he started the work he is best known for , Eyeshield 21 . In collaboration with the artist Yusuke Murata , Eyeshield 21 was serialized between July 2002 and June 2009 in Weekly Shōnen Jump , and was later adapted into an anime television series . Between 2010 and 2015 , Inagaki collaborated with several artists , including Bonjae , Katsunori Matsui , and Ryoichi Ikegami , and published one-shots in different magazines . He started a new serial titled Dr. Stone in Weekly Shōnen Jump in 2017 in collaboration with Boichi ."}]}, {'value': 'Weekly Shōnen Jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Jump', 'summary': "Weekly Shōnen Jump ( Japanese : 週刊少年ジャンプ , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Janpu , stylized in English as WEEKLY JUMP ) is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published in Japan by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines . It is the best-selling manga magazine , as well as one of the longest-running ; the first issue was released with a cover date of August 1 , 1968 . The manga series within the magazine target young male readers and tend to consist of a large number of action scenes and a fair amount of comedy . The chapters of series that run in Weekly Shōnen Jump are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the Jump Comics imprint every two to three months . The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine 's circulation was at its highest , 6.53 million copies per week . As of early 2017 , it had a weekly circulation of 1.9 million copies . The magazine sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968 , making it the best-selling comic/manga magazine . Many of the best-selling manga originate from Weekly Shōnen Jump . Shōnen Jump spawned the Jump magazine line as well as the Jump Comics imprint label for publishing tankōbon . Weekly Shōnen Jump has two sister magazines called Jump SQ , created after the fall of Monthly Shōnen Jump , and Saikyō Jump . The magazine has also had several international counterparts , including the current North American Weekly Shonen Jump . It also spawned a crossover media franchise including anime and video games ( since Famicom Jump ) which bring together various Shōnen Jump characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Death Note ( 데스노트 ( DEATH NOTE ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Note', 'summary': "Death Note ( Japanese : デスノート , Hepburn : Desu Nōto ) is a Japanese manga series written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata . The story follows Light Yagami , a teen genius who stumbles across a mysterious otherworldly notebook : the Death Note , which belonged to the Shinigami Ryuk , and grants the user the supernatural ability to kill anyone whose name is written in its pages . The series centers around Light 's subsequent attempts to use the Death Note to carry out a world-wide massacre of individuals whom he deems morally unworthy of life to change the world into a utopian society without crime , using the alias of a god-like vigilante named Kira ( キラ , the Japanese transliteration of the English word : killer ) and the subsequent efforts of an elite task-force of law enforcement officers , consisting of members of the Japanese police force , led by L , an enigmatic international detective whose past is shrouded in mystery , to apprehend him and end his reign of terror . Death Note was first serialized in Shueisha 's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 2003 to May 2006 . The 108 chapters were collected and published into 12 tankōbon volumes between April 2004 and July 2006 . An anime television adaptation aired in Japan from October 3 , 2006 , to June 26 , 2007 . Composed of 37 episodes , the anime was developed by Madhouse and directed by Tetsurō Araki . A light novel based on the series , written by Nisio Isin , was also released in 2006 . Additionally , various video games have been published by Konami for the Nintendo DS . The series was adapted into three live action films released in Japan on June 17 , 2006 , November 3 , 2006 , and February 2 , 2008 , and a television drama in 2015 . A miniseries entitled Death Note : New Generation and a fourth film were released in 2016 . An American film adaptation was released on Netflix on August 24 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art : Tsugumi Ōba , Story : Takeshi Obata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsugumi_Ohba', 'summary': "Tsugumi Ohba ( Japanese : 大場 つぐみ , Hepburn : Ōba Tsugumi ) is the pen name of a Japanese gensakusha or writer of manga , best known for authoring the Death Note manga series with illustrator Takeshi Obata from 2003 to 2006 , which has 30 million collected volumes in circulation . The duo 's second series Bakuman . ( 2008-2012 ) , was also successful with 15 million in circulation . In 2014 , Ohba collaborated with My Little Monster creator Robico for the one-shot Skip ! Yamada-kun . Another series with Obata called Platinum End began in the December 2015 issue of Jump SQ on November 4 , 2015 . Ohba 's real identity is a closely guarded secret . They have cited Shotaro Ishinomori , Fujiko Fujio , and Fujio Akatsuka as manga creators by whom they are heavily inspired . As stated by the profile placed at the beginning of each Death Note manga , Ohba collects teacups and develops manga plots while holding their knees on a chair , similar to a habit of L , one of the main characters of the series . There is speculation that Tsugumi Ohba is a pen name of Hiroshi Gamo , pointing out that in Bakuman the main character 's uncle was a one-hit wonder manga artist who worked on a gag super-hero manga , very similar to Gamo and Tottemo ! Luckyman in all aspects , and also that the storyboards drawn by Ohba greatly resemble Tottemo ! Luckyman in style ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Takeshi_Obata', 'summary': 'Takeshi Obata ( 小畑 健 , Obata Takeshi , born February 11 , 1969 ) is a Japanese manga artist that usually works as the illustrator in collaboration with a writer . He first gained international attention for Hikaru no Go ( 1998-2003 ) with Yumi Hotta , but is better known for Death Note ( 2003-2006 ) and Bakuman ( 2008-2012 ) with Tsugumi Ohba . Obata has mentored several well-known manga artists , including Nobuhiro Watsuki of Rurouni Kenshin fame , Black Cat creator Kentaro Yabuki , and Eyeshield 21 artist Yusuke Murata .'}]}, {'value': 'Weekly Shōnen Jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Jump', 'summary': "Weekly Shōnen Jump ( Japanese : 週刊少年ジャンプ , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Janpu , stylized in English as WEEKLY JUMP ) is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published in Japan by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines . It is the best-selling manga magazine , as well as one of the longest-running ; the first issue was released with a cover date of August 1 , 1968 . The manga series within the magazine target young male readers and tend to consist of a large number of action scenes and a fair amount of comedy . The chapters of series that run in Weekly Shōnen Jump are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the Jump Comics imprint every two to three months . The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine 's circulation was at its highest , 6.53 million copies per week . As of early 2017 , it had a weekly circulation of 1.9 million copies . The magazine sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968 , making it the best-selling comic/manga magazine . Many of the best-selling manga originate from Weekly Shōnen Jump . Shōnen Jump spawned the Jump magazine line as well as the Jump Comics imprint label for publishing tankōbon . Weekly Shōnen Jump has two sister magazines called Jump SQ , created after the fall of Monthly Shōnen Jump , and Saikyō Jump . The magazine has also had several international counterparts , including the current North American Weekly Shonen Jump . It also spawned a crossover media franchise including anime and video games ( since Famicom Jump ) which bring together various Shōnen Jump characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross Game ( 크로스 게임 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross_Game', 'summary': "Cross Game ( Japanese : クロスゲーム , Hepburn : Kurosu Gēmu ) is a baseball manga series by Mitsuru Adachi that was serialized by Shogakukan in Weekly Shōnen Sunday between May 11 , 2005 ( issue 22/23 ) and February 17 , 2010 ( issue 12 ) . It is collected in 17 tankōbon volumes , with the final volume published in April 2010 , shortly after the end of the anime series . It received the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga in 2009 , and has been praised internationally as quietly brilliant and a great success . The series was adapted as a 50-episode anime television series that aired on the TV Tokyo network from April 5 , 2009 to March 28 , 2010 . The first episode of the anime , which covers the time frame of the first volume of the manga , received high praise , even outside Japan . Cross Game is the story of Ko Kitamura and the four neighboring Tsukishima sisters , Ichiyo , Wakaba , Aoba , and Momiji . Wakaba and Ko were born on the same day in the same hospital and are close enough that Wakaba treats Ko as her boyfriend , though nothing is officially declared , while Aoba , one year younger than them , hates how Ko is taking her sister away from her . After Wakaba dies in an accident , Ko and Aoba slowly grow closer as they strive to fulfill Wakaba 's final dream of seeing them play in the high school baseball championship in Koshien Stadium . The manga is divided into multiple parts . Part One , which consists of volume one , is a prologue that takes place while the main characters are in elementary school , ending in tragedy . Part Two starts four years later with Ko in his third year of junior high and continues into the summer of his third year of high school . Part Three continues the story without a break , ending with Ko and Aoba traveling to Koshien ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitsuru Adachi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsuru_Adachi', 'summary': 'Mitsuru Adachi ( Japanese : あだち 充 or 安達 充 , Hepburn : Adachi Mitsuru , born February 9 , 1951 ) is a Japanese manga artist . After graduating from Gunma Prefectural Maebashi Commercial High School in 1969 , Adachi worked as an assistant for Isami Ishii . He made his manga debut in 1970 with Kieta Bakuon , based on a manga originally created by Satoru Ozawa . Kieta was published in Deluxe Shōnen Sunday ( a manga magazine published by Shogakukan ) . Adachi is well known for romantic comedy and sports manga ( especially baseball ) such as Touch , H2 , Slow Step , Miyuki and Cross Game . He has been described as a writer of delightful dialogue , a genius at portraying everyday life , the greatest pure storyteller , and a master manga artist . He is one of the few manga artists to write for shōnen , shōjo and seinen manga magazines , and be popular in all three . His works have been carried in manga magazines such as Weekly Shōnen Sunday , Ciao , Shōjo Comic , Big Comic and Petit Comic , and most of his works are published through Shogakukan and Gakken . He was one of the flagship authors in the new Monthly Shōnen Sunday magazine which began publication in June 2009 . Two short story collections , Short Program and Short Program 2 ( both through Viz Media ) , have been released in North America , and Viz Media scheduled to begin publishing Cross Game in October 2010 . The first volume was released on October 12 . He modeled the spelling of あだち ( rather than 安達 ) for his family name after the example of his older brother , manga artist Tsutomu Adachi .'}]}, {'value': 'Weekly Shōnen Sunday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Sunday', 'summary': 'Weekly Shōnen Sunday ( Japanese : 週刊少年サンデー , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Sandē ) is a weekly shōnen manga magazine published in Japan by Shogakukan since March 1959 . Contrary to its title , Weekly Shōnen Sunday issues are released on Wednesdays . Weekly Shōnen Sunday has sold over 1.8 billion copies since 1986 , making it the fourth best selling manga magazine , only behind Weekly Shōnen Jump , Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Young Jump .'}]}, {'value': 'Mirai Nikki ( 미래일기 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirai_Nikki', 'summary': "Future Diary ( Japanese : 未来日記 , Hepburn : Mirai Nikki ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Sakae Esuno . It was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's Shōnen Ace between January 26 , 2006 and December 25 , 2010 , and has been collected into 12 tankōbon volumes . The plot depicts the Diary Game , a deadly battle royal between 12 different individuals who are given Future Diaries , special diaries that can predict the future , by Deus Ex Machina , the God of Time and Space , with the last survivor becoming his heir . The manga has been licensed by Tokyopop , and ten of the English volumes were released , with a release for the last two now uncertain due to Tokyopop ceasing publishing in North America . A pilot anime DVD was released with the 11th manga volume in December 2010 . A 26-episode anime television series produced by Asread , aired in Japan between October 2011 and April 2012 . Funimation has licensed the anime for distribution in North America . An 11-episode live-action television drama aired between April and June 2012 . Esuno has also authored three side-story manga , each one spanning five chapters : first Future Diary : Mosaic which focuses on another Diary Holder , Minene Uryu , and tells unrevealed plot points of the main story ; in 2009-2010 , Future Diary : Paradox ( published in Young Ace ) , which tells the exploits of Aru Akise and Muru Muru set in an alternate timeline , and in 2013 , Future Diary : Redial , which serves as an epilogue to the series ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sakae Esuno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakae_Esuno', 'summary': "Sakae Esuno ( えすのサカエ , Esuno Sakae , born November 17 , 1973 ) is a Japanese manga artist . He is best known for his manga series Future Diary and Big Order . Esuno started drawing at age 15 , at the time he was an admirer of the works of Rumiko Takahashi in particular her horror manga Mermaid Saga . After working as a manga assistant for many years he managed to become a professional manga artist when his story Tetsudō Tenshi ( 鉄道天使 , Railroad Angel ) won a prize in a contest held by Kadokawa Shoten in 2001 . In the 2017 May issue of Monthly Shōnen Ace magazine , he launched a new manga titled Tantei Akechi wa Kyōran su ( The Detective Akechi is Berserk ) , a tribute to the works of Edogawa Ranpo . The manga ended in the issue published in December 2018 . In May 2019 , he started the serialization of the manga adaptation of Bokuto Uno 's light novel series Nanatsu no Maken ga Shihai Suru in Monthly Shōnen Ace ."}]}, {'value': 'Shōnen Ace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shōnen_Ace', 'summary': "Monthly Shōnen Ace ( 月刊少年エース , Gekkan Shōnen Ēsu ) is a monthly shōnen manga magazine in Japan published by Kadokawa Shoten , started in 1994 . Unlike the big shōnen weeklies with circulation figures in the millions , Ace is aimed at a less mainstream audience , and has a particular emphasis on anime tie-ins . There 's a fair amount of Ecchi featured in the magazine , while only a few series are action oriented ."}]}, {'value': 'Bakuman ( 바쿠만 ( BAKUMAN ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakuman', 'summary': 'Bakuman , stylized as Bakuman。 ( バクマン。 ) , is a Japanese manga series written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata , the same creative team responsible for Death Note . It was serialized in the magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from August 11 , 2008 to April 23 , 2012 , with the 176 chapters collected into 20 tankōbon volumes by Shueisha . The story follows talented artist Moritaka Mashiro and aspiring writer Akito Takagi , two ninth grade boys who wish to become manga artists , with Mashiro as the artist and Takagi as the writer . Some characters resemble real authors and editors of Weekly Shōnen Jump , and many manga titles mentioned in Bakuman have actually been published in the magazine . An anime television adaptation of the series created by J.C.Staff began airing on NHK-E on October 2 , 2010 . The third and final season of which ended broadcast on March 30 , 2013 . A live-action film adaptation was released on October 3 , 2015 . Bakuman was the seventh best-selling manga series of 2011 and the tenth best of 2012 , and had over 15 million volumes in circulation by May 2014 . Additionally , it is the first manga released online by Shueisha in multiple languages before becoming available in print outside Japan . In 2009 , Viz Media announced it had licensed the series for a North American release . Besides releasing the series in collected volumes , they also released it in their online manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art : Tsugumi Ōba , Story : Takeshi Obata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsugumi_Ohba', 'summary': "Tsugumi Ohba ( Japanese : 大場 つぐみ , Hepburn : Ōba Tsugumi ) is the pen name of a Japanese gensakusha or writer of manga , best known for authoring the Death Note manga series with illustrator Takeshi Obata from 2003 to 2006 , which has 30 million collected volumes in circulation . The duo 's second series Bakuman . ( 2008-2012 ) , was also successful with 15 million in circulation . In 2014 , Ohba collaborated with My Little Monster creator Robico for the one-shot Skip ! Yamada-kun . Another series with Obata called Platinum End began in the December 2015 issue of Jump SQ on November 4 , 2015 . Ohba 's real identity is a closely guarded secret . They have cited Shotaro Ishinomori , Fujiko Fujio , and Fujio Akatsuka as manga creators by whom they are heavily inspired . As stated by the profile placed at the beginning of each Death Note manga , Ohba collects teacups and develops manga plots while holding their knees on a chair , similar to a habit of L , one of the main characters of the series . There is speculation that Tsugumi Ohba is a pen name of Hiroshi Gamo , pointing out that in Bakuman the main character 's uncle was a one-hit wonder manga artist who worked on a gag super-hero manga , very similar to Gamo and Tottemo ! Luckyman in all aspects , and also that the storyboards drawn by Ohba greatly resemble Tottemo ! Luckyman in style ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Takeshi_Obata', 'summary': 'Takeshi Obata ( 小畑 健 , Obata Takeshi , born February 11 , 1969 ) is a Japanese manga artist that usually works as the illustrator in collaboration with a writer . He first gained international attention for Hikaru no Go ( 1998-2003 ) with Yumi Hotta , but is better known for Death Note ( 2003-2006 ) and Bakuman ( 2008-2012 ) with Tsugumi Ohba . Obata has mentored several well-known manga artists , including Nobuhiro Watsuki of Rurouni Kenshin fame , Black Cat creator Kentaro Yabuki , and Eyeshield 21 artist Yusuke Murata .'}]}, {'value': 'Weekly Shōnen Jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Jump', 'summary': "Weekly Shōnen Jump ( Japanese : 週刊少年ジャンプ , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Janpu , stylized in English as WEEKLY JUMP ) is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published in Japan by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines . It is the best-selling manga magazine , as well as one of the longest-running ; the first issue was released with a cover date of August 1 , 1968 . The manga series within the magazine target young male readers and tend to consist of a large number of action scenes and a fair amount of comedy . The chapters of series that run in Weekly Shōnen Jump are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the Jump Comics imprint every two to three months . The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine 's circulation was at its highest , 6.53 million copies per week . As of early 2017 , it had a weekly circulation of 1.9 million copies . The magazine sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968 , making it the best-selling comic/manga magazine . Many of the best-selling manga originate from Weekly Shōnen Jump . Shōnen Jump spawned the Jump magazine line as well as the Jump Comics imprint label for publishing tankōbon . Weekly Shōnen Jump has two sister magazines called Jump SQ , created after the fall of Monthly Shōnen Jump , and Saikyō Jump . The magazine has also had several international counterparts , including the current North American Weekly Shonen Jump . It also spawned a crossover media franchise including anime and video games ( since Famicom Jump ) which bring together various Shōnen Jump characters ."}]}], 'section_title': "Licensed titles -- 2000 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_series_run_in_Comic_Champ_3', 'intro': 'Comic Champ is a comics anthology magazine published by Daiwon C.I. in South Korea. Below is a list of all titles serialized in the magazine and released under its book imprint, Champ Comics. Titles are separated into domestic publications and translated works licensed from foreign publishing companies.'} | null | null | Which companies own this company that manages the media franchise based on the monthly manga magazine published by Shogakukan ? | Nintendo , Game Freak , and Creatures |
05b00f323c66be9b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_31st_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film', 'title': 'List of submissions to the 31st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film', 'header': ['Submitting country', 'Film title used in nomination', 'Language ( s )', 'Original title', 'Director ( s )', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Dollars from the Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Girls_Are_Willing', 'summary': "The Girls Are Willing ( Danish : Guld og grønne skove ) is a 1958 Danish comedy film directed by Gabriel Axel . It was chosen as Denmark 's official submission to the 31st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film , but did not manage to receive a nomination . It was also entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival . Guld og grønne skove was only Gabriel Axel 's third feature film as a director , and from it came out in 1958 , it took exactly 30 years before in 1988 he won his Academy Award for Babette 's Feast ."}]}, {'value': 'Danish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danish_language', 'summary': 'Danish ( /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; dansk pronounced [ ˈtænˀsk ] ( listen ) , dansk sprog [ ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔu̯ˀ ] ) is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark , Greenland and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . Also , minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil , and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15-20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples who lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish as mainland Scandinavian , while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration , though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity , with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though regional variants of the standard language exist . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative .'}]}, {'value': 'Guld og grønne skove', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriel Axel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriel_Axel', 'summary': "Axel Gabriel Erik Mørch better known as Gabriel Axel ( 18 April 1918 - 9 February 2014 ) was a Danish film director , actor , writer and producer , best known for Babette 's Feast ( 1987 ) , which he wrote and directed ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': 'Cairo Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cairo_Station', 'summary': 'Cairo Station , also called The Iron Gate ( Arabic : باب الحديد Bāb al-Ḥadīd ) , is a 1958 Egyptian drama film directed by Youssef Chahine . It was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival . The film was selected as the Egyptian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 31st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Arabic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arabic_language', 'summary': 'Arabic ( Arabic : اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ , al-ʿarabiyyah , [ al ʕaraˈbijːa ] ( listen ) or عَرَبِيّ , ʿarabīy , [ ˈʕarabiː ] ( listen ) or [ ʕaraˈbij ] ) is a Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE . It is now the lingua franca of the Arab world . It is named after the Arabs , a term initially used to describe peoples living in the area bounded by Mesopotamia in the east and the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west , in Northwestern Arabia and in the Sinai Peninsula . The ISO assigns language codes to thirty varieties of Arabic , including its standard form , Modern Standard Arabic , also referred to as Literary Arabic , which is modernized Classical Arabic . This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists ; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic , but rather refer to both as al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā ( اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ , the purest Arabic ) or simply al-fuṣḥā ( اَلْفُصْحَىٰ ) . Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities and is used to varying degrees in workplaces , government and the media . Arabic , in its standard form , is the official language of 26 states , as well as the liturgical language of the religion of Islam , since the Quran and Hadith were written in Arabic . During the Middle Ages , Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe , especially in science , mathematics and philosophy . As a result , many European languages have also borrowed many words from it . Arabic influence , mainly in vocabulary , is seen in European languages - mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese and Catalan - owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and almost 800 years of Arabic culture and language presence in the Iberian Peninsula , referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus . Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words , many of which relate to agriculture and related activities , [ full citation needed ] as a legacy of the Emirate of Sicily from the mid-9th to mid-10th centuries , while Maltese language is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the Latin alphabet . The Balkan languages , including Greek and Bulgarian , have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish .'}]}, {'value': 'باب الحديد ( Bab el hadid )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youssef Chahine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youssef_Chahine', 'summary': "Youssef Chahine ( Arabic : يوسف شاهين ; 25 January 1926 - 27 July 2008 ) was an Egyptian film director . He was active in the Egyptian film industry from 1950 until his death . A winner of the Cannes 50th Anniversary Award ( for lifetime achievement ) , Chahine was credited with launching the career of actor Omar Sharif . A well regarded director with critics , he was often present at film festivals during the earlier decades of his work , Chahine gained his largest international audiences as one of the co-directors of 11'901 September 11 ( 2002 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'My Uncle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mon_Oncle', 'summary': "Mon Oncle ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔ̃ nɔ̃kl ] ; My Uncle ) is a 1958 comedy film by French filmmaker Jacques Tati . The first of Tati 's films to be released in colour , Mon Oncle won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , a Special Prize at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival , and the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Language Film , receiving more honors than any of Tati 's other cinematic works . The film centers on the socially awkward yet lovable character of Monsieur Hulot and his quixotic struggle with postwar France 's infatuation with modern architecture , mechanical efficiency and consumerism . As with most Tati films , Mon Oncle is largely a visual comedy ; color and lighting are employed to help tell the story . The dialogue in Mon Oncle is barely audible , and largely subordinated to the role of a sound effect . The drifting noises of heated arguments and idle banter complement other sounds and the physical movements of the characters , intensifying comedic effect . The complex soundtrack also uses music to characterize environments , including a lively musical theme that represents Hulot 's world of comical inefficiency and freedom . [ citation needed ] At its debut in 1958 in France , Mon Oncle was denounced by some critics for what they viewed as a reactionary or even poujadiste view of an emerging French consumer society , which had lately embraced a new wave of industrial modernization and a more rigid social structure . However , this criticism soon gave way in the face of the film 's huge popularity in France and abroad - even in the U.S. , where rampant discretionary consumption and a recession had caused those on both the right and the left to question the economic and social values of the era . The film was another big success for Tati with a total of 4,576,928 admissions in France ."}]}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Mon Oncle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Tati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Tati', 'summary': "Jacques Tati ( French : [ tati ] ; born Jacques Tatischeff , pronounced [ tatiʃɛf ] ; 9 October 1907 - 5 November 1982 ) was a French mime , filmmaker , actor , and screenwriter . Throughout his long career , he worked as a comic actor , writer , and director . In a poll conducted by Entertainment Weekly of the Greatest Movie Directors , Tati was voted the 46th greatest of all time . With only six feature-length films to his credit as director , he directed fewer films than any other director on this list of 50 . Tati 's Playtime ( 1967 ) ranked 43rd in the 2012 Sight & Sound critics ' poll of the greatest films ever made . As David Bellos puts it , Tati , from l'Ecole des facteurs to Playtime , is the epitome of what an auteur is ( in film theory ) supposed to be : the controlling mind behind a vision of the world on film ."}]}, {'value': 'Won Academy Award', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arms and the Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man_(1958_film)', 'summary': "Arms and the Man or Heroes ( German : Helden ) is a 1958 West German historical comedy film directed by Franz Peter Wirth and based on the play of the same name by George Bernard Shaw . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . It was also entered into the 1959 Cannes Film Festival . The film 's sets were designed by the art director Hermann Warm . It was shot at the Bavaria Studios in Munich ."}]}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_language', 'summary': 'German ( Deutsch , pronounced [ dɔʏtʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe . It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , South Tyrol in Italy , the German-speaking Community of Belgium and Liechtenstein . It is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg and a co-official language in the Opole Voivodeship in Poland . The languages that are most similar to German are the other members of the West Germanic language branch , including Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , Low German/Low Saxon , Luxembourgish , and Yiddish . There are strong similarities in vocabulary with Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , although those belong to the North Germanic group . German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language , after English . One of the major languages of the world , German is a native language to almost 100 million people worldwide and the most widely spoken native language in the European Union . German is the third most commonly spoken foreign language in the EU after English and French , making it the second biggest language in the EU in terms of overall speakers . German is also the second most widely taught foreign language in the EU after English at primary school level ( but third after English and French at lower secondary level ) , the fourth most widely taught non-English language in the US ( after Spanish , French and American Sign Language ) , and the second most commonly used scientific language as well as the third most widely used language on websites after English and Russian . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books , with one tenth of all books ( including e-books ) in the world being published in the German language . In the United Kingdom , German and French are the most sought-after foreign languages for businesses ( with 49% and 50% of businesses identifying these two languages as the most useful , respectively ) . German is an inflected language with four cases for nouns , pronouns and adjectives ( nominative , accusative , genitive , dative ) , three genders ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) , two numbers ( singular , plural ) , and strong and weak verbs .'}]}, {'value': 'Helden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franz Peter Wirth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Peter_Wirth', 'summary': 'Franz Peter Wirth ( 22 September 1919 in Munich - 17 October 1999 in Berg , Upper Bavaria ) was a German film director and screenwriter . His film Helden was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Madhumati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhumati', 'summary': 'Madhumati is a 1958 Indian paranormal romance film directed and produced by Bimal Roy , and written by Ritwik Ghatak and Rajinder Singh Bedi . The film stars Dilip Kumar and Vyjayantimala in the lead roles , with Pran and Johnny Walker in supporting roles . The plot focuses on Anand , a modern man who falls in love with a tribal woman named Madhumati . They are unable to have a relationship during their lifetimes and are reincarnated . Madhumati was filmed in various Indian locations , including Ranikhet , Ghorakhal , Vaitarna Dam and Aarey Milk Colony . The soundtrack album was composed by Salil Chowdhury and the lyrics were written by Shailendra . The film was released on 12 September 1958 . It earned ₹40 million in India and became the highest-grossing Indian film of the year , and one of the most commercially successful and influential Indian films of all time . It received positive reviews from critics , who praised the soundtrack and the acting of the lead actors . Madhumati was one of the earliest films to deal with reincarnation , and was described by analysts as a potboiler that has a gothic and noir feel to it . It inspired later regional and international films that have reincarnation-based themes . It won nine Filmfare Awards ; including Best Film , Best Director , Best Music Director , Best Female Playback Singer , Best Dialogue , Best Art Direction and Best Cinematographer - the most awards for a single film at that time .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'मधुमती', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bimal Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bimal_Roy', 'summary': "Bimal Roy ( 12 July 1909 - 8 January 1966 ) was an Indian film director . He is particularly noted for his realistic and socialistic films such as Do Bigha Zamin , Parineeta , Biraj Bahu , Madhumati , Sujata , Parakh and Bandini , making him an important director of Hindi cinema . Inspired by Italian neo-realistic cinema , he made Do Bigha Zamin after watching Vittorio De Sica 's Bicycle Thieves ( 1948 ) . His work is particularly known for his mise en scène which he employed to portray realism . He won a number of awards throughout his career , including eleven Filmfare Awards , two National Film Awards , and the International Prize of the Cannes Film Festival . Madhumati won 9 Filmfare Awards in 1958 , a record held for 37 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Deal on Madonna Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Deal_on_Madonna_Street', 'summary': "Big Deal on Madonna Street ( Italian : I soliti ignoti , also released as Persons Unknown in the UK ) is a 1958 Italian comedy caper film directed by Mario Monicelli , and considered to be among the masterpieces of Italian cinema . Its original title translates as the usual unknown persons , a journalistic and bureaucratic euphemism for unidentified criminals . The film is a comedy about a group of small-time thieves and ne'er-do-wells who bungle an attempt to burgle a pawn shop in Rome . The five hapless would-be burglars are played by Vittorio Gassman , Renato Salvatori , Carlo Pisacane , Tiberio Murgia and Marcello Mastroianni . The careers of both Gassman and Mastroianni were considerably helped by the success of the film , Gassman in particular , since before then he was not deemed suitable for comedic roles . Claudia Cardinale featured in a minor role ( a chaste , black-clad Sicilian girl , almost held prisoner at home by her overbearing brother , played by Murgia ) ; she would later rise to fame for other work . The film is also notable for its breezy jazz score by composer Piero Umiliani , who helped develop the style of the jazz soundtracks now considered characteristic of European films in the 1960s and 1970s . The producers were initially skeptical about the film 's success , and to boost audience interest highlighted the appearance of the famous comedian Totò in the original poster even though his character chooses to remain a consultant to the heist gang rather than joining it outright . The film is distributed in Region 1 by The Criterion Collection and for the Italian market in Region 2 by 20th Century Fox ."}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italian_language', 'summary': 'Italian ( italiano [ itaˈljaːno ] ( listen ) or lingua italiana [ ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family . Italian descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire and , together with Sardinian , is by most measures the closest language to it of the Romance languages . Italian is an official language in Italy , Switzerland ( where it is the first language in Canton Ticino and in the districts of Moesa and Bernina in Canton Graubünden ) , San Marino and Vatican City . It has an official minority status in western Istria ( Croatia and Slovenia ) . It formerly had official status in Albania , Malta , Monaco , Montenegro ( Kotor ) and Greece ( Ionian Islands and Dodecanese ) , and is generally understood in Corsica ( due to its close relation with the Tuscan-influenced local language ) and Savoie . It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa , where it still plays a significant role in various sectors . Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries . Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian ( either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and other regional languages . Italian is a major European language , being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the fourth most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 69 million native speakers ( 13% of the EU population ) and it is spoken as a second language by 16 million EU citizens ( 3% ) . Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries ( such as Switzerland and Albania ) and on other continents , the total number of speakers is around 90 million .'}]}, {'value': 'I soliti ignoti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Monicelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Monicelli', 'summary': "Mario Monicelli ( Italian : [ ˈmaːrjo moniˈtʃɛlli ] ; 16 May 1915 - 29 November 2010 ) was an Italian director and screenwriter and one of the masters of the Commedia all'Italiana ( Comedy Italian style ) . He was nominated six times for an Oscar ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ballad of Narayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Narayama_(1958_film)', 'summary': 'The Ballad of Narayama ( 楢山節考 , Narayama-bushi Kō ) is a 1958 Japanese period film directed by Keisuke Kinoshita and based on the 1956 novella of the same name by Shichirō Fukazawa . The film explores the legendary practice of obasute , in which elderly people were carried to a mountain and abandoned to die .'}]}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japanese_language', 'summary': "Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo [ ɲihoŋɡo ] ( listen ) ) is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people , primarily in Japan , where it is the national language . It is a member of the Japonic ( or Japanese-Ryukyuan ) language family , and its relation to other languages , such as Korean , is debated . Japanese has been grouped with language families such as Ainu , Austroasiatic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals has gained widespread acceptance . Little is known of the language 's prehistory , or when it first appeared in Japan . Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words , but substantial texts did not appear until the 8th century . During the Heian period ( 794-1185 ) , Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese . Late Middle Japanese ( 1185-1600 ) included changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language , and the first appearance of European loanwords . The standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo ( modern Tokyo ) region in the Early Modern Japanese period ( early 17th century-mid-19th century ) . Following the end of Japan 's self-imposed isolation in 1853 , the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly . English loanwords , in particular , have become frequent , and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated . Japanese is an agglutinative , mora-timed language with simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system , phonemic vowel and consonant length , and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject-object-verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words , and sentence structure is topic-comment ."}]}, {'value': '楢山節考 ( Narayama Bushikō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keisuke Kinoshita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keisuke_Kinoshita', 'summary': 'Keisuke Kinoshita ( 木下 惠介 , Kinoshita Keisuke , December 5 , 1912 - December 30 , 1998 ) was a Japanese film director . Kinoshita was highly prolific , turning out some 42 films in the first 23 years of his career . For this , Kinoshita explained that he cant help it . Ideas for films have always just popped into my head like scraps of paper into a wastebasket . While lesser-known internationally than contemporaries such as Akira Kurosawa , Kenji Mizoguchi and Yasujirō Ozu , he was a household figure in his home country , beloved by both critics and audiences from the 1940s to the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'La Venganza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vengeance_(1958_film)', 'summary': 'Vengeance ( Spanish : La venganza ) is a 1958 Spanish drama film directed by Juan Antonio Bardem . It was co-produced with Italy , starring Italian Raf Vallone . Francisco Rabal narrates the film . It was shown at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival but not released in Spain until the following year . The film had serious troubles with Spanish censorship . Bardem even went to prison and it was an international scandal . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film .'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'La Venganza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Antonio Bardem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Bardem', 'summary': 'Juan Antonio Bardem Muñoz ( 2 June 1922 - 30 October 2002 ) was a Spanish film director and screen writer . He was a member of the Communist Party . Bardem was best known for Muerte de un ciclista ( 1955 ) which won the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1955 Cannes Film Festival , and El puente ( 1977 ) which won the Golden Prize at the 10th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1979 film Seven Days in January won the Golden Prize at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival . In 1981 he was a member of the jury at the 12th Moscow International Film Festival . In 1993 he was a member of the jury at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . In 1953 he and Luis García Berlanga founded a film magazine , Objetivo , which existed until 1956 . Bardem is the father of director Miguel Bardem and uncle of actor Javier Bardem . He died of complications resulting from liver disease .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'The Magician', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Magician_(1958_film)', 'summary': "Ansiktet ( lit . Swedish : The Face ) , also released as The Magician , is a 1958 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman , and starring Max von Sydow and Ingrid Thulin . The plot follows a traveling magician named Albert Vogler , whose allegedly supernatural live shows are challenged by the skeptical townspeople of a small village . Blending elements of psychological drama and horror , the film was distantly inspired by G. K. Chesterton 's play Magic , which Bergman numbered among his favourites . Bergman staged a theatre production of Magic in Swedish at one point . [ citation needed ] The film was selected as the Swedish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 31st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ."}]}, {'value': 'Swedish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swedish_language', 'summary': 'Swedish ( svenska [ ˈsvɛ̂nːska ] ( listen ) ) is a North Germanic language spoken natively by 10 million people , predominantly in Sweden ( as the sole official language ) and in parts of Finland , where it has equal legal standing with Finnish . It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish , although the degree of mutual intelligibility is largely dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker . Written Norwegian and Danish are usually more easily understood by Swedish speakers than the spoken languages , due to the differences in tone , accent and intonation . Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . It has the most speakers of the North Germanic languages . Standard Swedish , spoken by most Swedes , is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century . While distinct regional varieties descending from the older rural dialects still exist , the spoken and written language is uniform and standardized . The standard word order is , as in most Germanic languages , V2 , which means that the finite verb ( V ) appears in the second position ( 2 ) of a declarative main clause . Swedish morphology is similar to English ; that is , words have comparatively few inflections . Swedish has two genders and is generally seen to have two grammatical cases - nominative and genitive ( except for pronouns that , as in English , also are inflected in the object form ) - although it is debated if the genitive in Swedish should be seen as a genitive case or just the nominative plus the so-called genitive s , then seen as a clitic . Swedish has two grammatical numbers - plural and singular . Adjectives have discrete comparative and superlative forms and are also inflected according to gender , number and definiteness .'}]}, {'value': 'Ansiktet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingmar Bergman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman', 'summary': "Ernst Ingmar Bergman [ a ] ( 14 July 1918 - 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish director , writer , and producer who worked in film , television , theatre and radio . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergman 's films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist in extended television versions . Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin and Max von Sydow . Most of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö . Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented ; If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I do n't see how you could n't be influenced by Bergman .It 's impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics ."}]}, {'value': 'The Road a Year Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Road_a_Year_Long', 'summary': "The Road a Year Long ( Italian : La strada lunga un anno , Serbo-Croatian : Cesta duga godinu dana ) is a 1958 film directed by Giuseppe De Santis . A Yugoslavian-Italian co-production , it was Yugoslavia 's first ever submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was nominated for the award at the 31st Academy Awards in April 1959 . It won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film . For his performance Massimo Girotti was awarded best actor at the San Francisco International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italian_language', 'summary': 'Italian ( italiano [ itaˈljaːno ] ( listen ) or lingua italiana [ ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family . Italian descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire and , together with Sardinian , is by most measures the closest language to it of the Romance languages . Italian is an official language in Italy , Switzerland ( where it is the first language in Canton Ticino and in the districts of Moesa and Bernina in Canton Graubünden ) , San Marino and Vatican City . It has an official minority status in western Istria ( Croatia and Slovenia ) . It formerly had official status in Albania , Malta , Monaco , Montenegro ( Kotor ) and Greece ( Ionian Islands and Dodecanese ) , and is generally understood in Corsica ( due to its close relation with the Tuscan-influenced local language ) and Savoie . It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa , where it still plays a significant role in various sectors . Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries . Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian ( either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and other regional languages . Italian is a major European language , being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the fourth most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 69 million native speakers ( 13% of the EU population ) and it is spoken as a second language by 16 million EU citizens ( 3% ) . Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries ( such as Switzerland and Albania ) and on other continents , the total number of speakers is around 90 million .'}]}, {'value': 'La strada lunga un anno ( Cesta duga godinu dana )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giuseppe De Santis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Santis', 'summary': 'Giuseppe De Santis ( 11 February 1917 - 16 May 1997 ) was an Italian film director . One of the most idealistic neorealist filmmakers of the 1940s and 1950s , he wrote and directed films punctuated by ardent cries for social reform . He was the brother of Italian cinematographer Pasqualino De Santis . His wife was Gordana Miletic , a Yugoslav actress and former ballet dancer .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Submissions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_submissions_to_the_31st_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film_0', 'intro': 'The following 10 films, all from different countries, were submitted for the 31st Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The highlighted titles were the five nominated films, which came from France, Italy, Spain, West Germany and Yugoslavia. France won its first-ever contested Foreign Language Oscar for My Uncle (Mon Oncle), a comedy with little dialogue. Egypt and Yugoslavia submitted films to the competition for the first time.'} | null | null | Who played the main characters in this film directed by the filmmaker known for Do Bigha Zamin , Parineeta , and Biraj Bahu ? | Dilip Kumar and Vyjayantimala |
05b18ca40bd41a6d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Gospel_Choir_or_Chorus_Album', 'title': 'Grammy Award for Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album', 'header': ['Year', 'Choir director ( s )', 'Performing artist ( s )', 'Work', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/33rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20 , 1991 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Quincy Jones was the night 's biggest winner winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'James Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Cleveland', 'summary': "The Reverend Dr. James Edward Cleveland ( December 5 , 1931 - February 9 , 1991 ) was an American gospel singer , musician , and composer . Known as the King of Gospel music , Cleveland was a driving force behind the creation of the modern gospel sound by incorporating traditional black gospel , soul , pop , and jazz in arrangements for mass choirs . Throughout his career , Cleveland appeared on hundreds of recordings and earned 4 Grammy Awards . He was the first gospel musician to earn a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1984 . For his pioneering accomplishments and contributions , he is regarded by many to be one of the greatest gospel singers that ever lived . He is best known for his gospel classics , Lord , Help Me To Hold Out , Peace Be Still , I Do n't Feel No Ways Tired , Where Is Your Faith ? and Jesus Is The Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me just to name a few ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern California Community Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_California_Community_Choir', 'summary': 'The Southern California Community Choir is a choir founded by the Rev . James Cleveland . It has appeared on several recordings , including by artists such as Aretha Franklin , Kansas , Elton John and Arlo Guthrie . The choir appears in the 2018 concert film Amazing Grace featuring Aretha Franklin recording her 1972 live album of the same name .'}]}, {'value': 'Having Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'style=background : # ececec ; color : # 2C2C2C ; font-size : smaller ; vertical-align : middle ; text-align : center ; class=unknown table-unknown| ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/34th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 34th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1992 , recognizing accomplishments by musicians from the previous year ( 1991 ) . Natalie Cole won the most awards ( three ) , including Album of the Year . Paul Simon opened the show .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary Hines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sounds of Blackness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sounds_of_Blackness', 'summary': "Sounds of Blackness is a vocal and instrumental ensemble from Minneapolis/St . Paul , Minnesota who perform music from several genres music including gospel , R & B , soul , and jazz . The group scored several hits on the Billboard R & B and Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts in the 1990s . Cynthia Johnson of Lipps Inc. and Ann Nesby are the group 's most prominent alumni ."}]}, {'value': 'The Evolution of Gospel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Gospel', 'summary': 'The Evolution of Gospel is the debut studio album by Sounds of Blackness , released May 7 , 1991 , on A & M Records . In 1992 , the album received the Grammy Award for Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album .'}]}, {'value': "O'landa Draper & the Associates - Above and Beyond Music and Arts Seminar Chicago Mass Choir - Edwin Hawkins Music and Arts Seminar Chicago Mass Choir Christ Church Choir - Hand in Hand Brooklyn Tabernacle Singers - Jesus Be Praised L.A . Gospel Messengers - Rev . James Cleveland and the L.A . Gospel Messengers", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'landa_Draper", 'summary': "O'Landa Draper ( September 29 , 1963 - July 21 , 1998 ) was an American Grammy Award-winning Gospel music artist . He was the founder of the Associates Choir and is considered to be one of the top gospel artists of the 1990s . Draper was nominated for the Grammy Award , Stellar Awards and the Dove Award multiple times . Draper was known for his choir directing style . Songs that were well known by fans of Draper 's work were , My Soul Doth Magnify the Lord , Lift the Savior Up , Stand Up , Got ta Feelin ' , He Touched Me , and Give It Up ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rev._James_Cleveland', 'summary': "The Reverend Dr. James Edward Cleveland ( December 5 , 1931 - February 9 , 1991 ) was an American gospel singer , musician , and composer . Known as the King of Gospel music , Cleveland was a driving force behind the creation of the modern gospel sound by incorporating traditional black gospel , soul , pop , and jazz in arrangements for mass choirs . Throughout his career , Cleveland appeared on hundreds of recordings and earned 4 Grammy Awards . He was the first gospel musician to earn a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1984 . For his pioneering accomplishments and contributions , he is regarded by many to be one of the greatest gospel singers that ever lived . He is best known for his gospel classics , Lord , Help Me To Hold Out , Peace Be Still , I Do n't Feel No Ways Tired , Where Is Your Faith ? and Jesus Is The Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me just to name a few ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/35th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 35th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1993 and recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The nominations were announced on January 7 , 1993 . The evening 's host was the American stand-up comedian Garry Shandling , who hosted the ceremony for the third time . The CBS network broadcast the show live from the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . This particular Grammy live broadcast was the commercially most successful of its kind in the 1990s . As Nielsen Media Research and Billboard magazine stated on January 10 , 2004 , the highest-rated Grammy show of the 1990s was the 1993 telecast , which got a 19.9 rating/31 share and 30 million United States viewers alone . British guitarist and singer Eric Clapton ( for whom still mourned for the loss of his son two years ago ) was the night 's big winner , winning six awards out of nine nominations including Album , Song and Record of the Year . Michael Jackson , having been recently interviewed in Oprah Winfrey Show had received the Grammy Legend Award from his sister Janet Jackson . A small segment of the show was How to Become a Legend narrated by Janet . A total of twelve live performances where held at the ceremony , including the opener Steam by Peter Gabriel , Constant Craving by k. d. lang , Give It Away by the Red Hot Chili Peppers with George Clinton and P-Funk , Save the Best for Last by Vanessa Williams , My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) by En Vogue , The Lady Is a Tramp by Tony Bennett and Natalie Cole , The Whiskey Ai n't Workin ' by Travis Tritt and Marty Stuart , People Everyday by Arrested Development , Achy Breaky Heart by Billy Ray Cyrus , Hallelujah ! by Mervyn Warren and Los Angeles Master Chorale , Beauty and the Beast by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson as well as Cherokee by Arturo Sandoval featuring the GRP All-Stars Ensemble and Clapton 's Tears in Heaven . At the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1993 , the production mixers Ed Greene , Rick Himot , Don Worsham , David Hewitt and Paul Sandweiss were nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or a Special , losing to Star Trek : The Next Generation ."}]}, {'value': 'Edwin Hawkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Edwin Reuben Hawkins ( August 19 , 1943 - January 15 , 2018 ) was an American gospel musician , pianist , choir master , composer , and arranger . He was one of the originators of the urban contemporary gospel sound . He ( as leader of the Edwin Hawkins Singers ) was probably best known for his arrangement of Oh Happy Day ( 1968-69 ) , which was included on the Songs of the Century list . The Edwin Hawkins Singers made a second foray into the charts exactly one year later , backing folk singer Melanie on Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edwin Hawkins Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir - Recorded Live in Los Angeles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'style=background : # ececec ; color : # 2C2C2C ; font-size : smaller ; vertical-align : middle ; text-align : center ; class=unknown table-unknown| ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/36th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 36th Annual Grammy Awards were held in 1994 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Whitney Houston was the Big Winner winning 3 awards including Record of the Year and Album of the Year while opening the show with I Will Always Love You . Audrey Hepburn 's win made her the fifth person to become an EGOT , and the first person to complete the status posthumously ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Live ... We Come Rejoicing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'style=background : # ececec ; color : # 2C2C2C ; font-size : smaller ; vertical-align : middle ; text-align : center ; class=unknown table-unknown| ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/37th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 37th Annual Grammy Awards were presented on March 1 , 1995 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Bruce Springsteen was the night 's biggest winner with 4 awards , including Song of the Year while opening the show with his Grammy nominated hit ."}]}, {'value': 'Milton Brunson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton_Brunson', 'summary': 'Milton R. Brunson ( June 28 , 1929 - April 1 , 1997 ) was an American gospel musician and former pastor and music director of Christ Tabernacle Baptist Church in Chicago , Illinois . Rev . Milton Brunson released his first musical project in 1988 , Available to You with Word Records alongside Epic Records . The last album , When You Get High on Jesus , Oh My God , released in 1997 by Hob Records , was a posthumous release . The last album to chart was 50 Blessed Years , that charted on the Billboard charts . All-in-all , he has had ten albums that have charted on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart over the course of his career and some even after his death . He received a nomination for the Best Gospel Album , Group or Choir at the 1988 Soul Train Music Awards and for Best Gospel Album at the 1993 Soul Train Music Awards . He won a Grammy Award for Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album at the 37th Annual Grammy Awards , while he was nominated two other times .'}]}, {'value': 'Thompson Community Singers', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Through God 's Eyes", 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'landa Draper & The Associates - Live ... A Celebration of Praise Edwin Hawkins Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir - Kings & Kingdoms Kurt Carr and the Los Angeles Gospel Messengers - We Have n't Forgotten You Hezekiah Walker and the Love Fellowship Crusade Choir - Live in Atlanta at Morehouse College", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'landa_Draper", 'summary': "O'Landa Draper ( September 29 , 1963 - July 21 , 1998 ) was an American Grammy Award-winning Gospel music artist . He was the founder of the Associates Choir and is considered to be one of the top gospel artists of the 1990s . Draper was nominated for the Grammy Award , Stellar Awards and the Dove Award multiple times . Draper was known for his choir directing style . Songs that were well known by fans of Draper 's work were , My Soul Doth Magnify the Lord , Lift the Savior Up , Stand Up , Got ta Feelin ' , He Touched Me , and Give It Up ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Edwin Reuben Hawkins ( August 19 , 1943 - January 15 , 2018 ) was an American gospel musician , pianist , choir master , composer , and arranger . He was one of the originators of the urban contemporary gospel sound . He ( as leader of the Edwin Hawkins Singers ) was probably best known for his arrangement of Oh Happy Day ( 1968-69 ) , which was included on the Songs of the Century list . The Edwin Hawkins Singers made a second foray into the charts exactly one year later , backing folk singer Melanie on Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Carr', 'summary': 'Kurt Carr ( born October 12 , 1964 ) is an American gospel music composer and performer . While living in the city of Hartford , Connecticut , he served as Minister of Music at The First Baptist Church of Hartford located at the time on Greenfield Street .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/38th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 38th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1996 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . The awards recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Alanis Morissette was the main recipient , being awarded four trophies , including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men opened the show with their Record of the Year nominated One Sweet Day . The ceremony was controversial for its unexpected snub of Mariah Carey 's Daydream album , which proved to be one of the bestselling and most acclaimed albums of 1995 . When the Grammy Award nominees were announced , and Daydream was nominated for six different awards , critics began raving how it would be cleaning up that year . Carey , being a multiple award nominee , was one of the headlining performers . Together with Boyz II Men , she sang a live rendition of One Sweet Day , to a very positive response . However , as the award winners were announced one by one , Carey watched as her name was not called up even once . Daydream had lost all of its six nominations , shocking most critics who branded it the album of the year . With every passing loss , the television cameras continued to zoom on Carey 's face , who was finding it more difficult to retain her smile . By the end of the night , Carey had not won a single award ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Praise Him - Live !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald Lawrence & the Tri-City Singers - Bible Stories Hezekiah Walker & the Love Fellowship Crusade Choir - Live in New York by Any Means ... Rev . Milton Brunson and the Thompson Community Singers - Shout New Life Community Choir featuring John P. Kee - Show Up !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Donald Lawrence ( born May 4 , 1961 , Gastonia , North Carolina ) is an American gospel music songwriter , record producer and artist . He studied at Cincinnati Conservatory , where he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree in music . While in Cincinnati , he was also the Minister of Music at the Southern Baptist Church on Reading Road . The multiple Grammy and Stellar Award winner has collaborated with a diverse roster , as vocal coach to the R & B group En Vogue , musical director for Stephanie Mills , songwriter for The Clark Sisters , and collaborator with a host of artists including Peabo Bryson , Kirk Franklin , Karen Clark Sheard , Donnie McClurkin , and Mary J. Blige .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_P._Kee', 'summary': 'John P. Kee ( born John Prince Kee on June 4 , 1962 ) is an American gospel singer and pastor .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/39th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 39th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 26 , 1997 , at Madison Square Garden , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Babyface was the night 's biggest winner , with 4 awards . Celine Dion and Toni Braxton won two awards . Celine Dion for Best Pop Album and Album of the Year and Toni Braxton for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . The show was hosted by Ellen Degeneres who also performed the opening with Shawn Colvin , Bonnie Rait , and Chaka Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Shirley Caesar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shirley_Caesar', 'summary': "Shirley Ann Caesar-Williams , known professionally as Shirley Caesar ( born October 13 , 1938 in Durham , North Carolina ) , is an American Gospel music singer , songwriter and recording artist whose career has spanned seven decades . A multi-award-winning artist , with 12 Grammy Awards along with Dove Awards and Stellar Awards to her credit , she is known as the First Lady of Gospel Music and The Queen of Gospel Music . She began recording at the age of 12 in 1951 on the Federal recording label Shirley Caesar has released over forty albums . She has participated in over 16 compilations and three gospel musicals , Mama I Want to Sing , Sing : Mama 2 and Born to sing : Mama 3 . She is also the creator of the # unameit challenge , which occurred during one of her song sermonettes . She opened her eponymous store and plans on using the profits to help others during the holiday season . Caesar 's credits also include a series of commercials for MCI Communications and numerous awards for her recordings . She has won 12 Grammy Awards ( plus honored with The Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award ) , 14 Stellar Awards , 18 Doves , 1 RIAA gold certification , an Essence Award , McDonald 's Golden Circle Lifetime Achievement Award , NAACP Lifetime Achievement Award , SESAC Lifetime Achievement Award , Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from the National Museum of African American Music , as well as induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame . According to Soundscan , she has sold 2.2 million albums since 1991 . She has made several notable appearances , including the televised Live from Disney World Night of Joy , the Gospel According to VH1 , a White House performance for George Bush , and a speech on the Evolution of Gospel Music to the US Treasury Department . In 2017 , Caesar was honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award from The Recording Academy ."}]}, {'value': "Shirley Caesar 's Outreach Convention Choir", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Just A Word', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Edwin Hawkins Music & Arts Seminar - All Things Are Possible Olanda Draper and the Associates - Got ta Feelin ' Mississippi Mass Choir - I 'll See You in the Rapture Shirley Caesar 's Outreach Convention Choir - Just a Word Full Gospel Baptist Fellowship Mass Choir - A New Thing ... Experience the Fullness", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Edwin Reuben Hawkins ( August 19 , 1943 - January 15 , 2018 ) was an American gospel musician , pianist , choir master , composer , and arranger . He was one of the originators of the urban contemporary gospel sound . He ( as leader of the Edwin Hawkins Singers ) was probably best known for his arrangement of Oh Happy Day ( 1968-69 ) , which was included on the Songs of the Century list . The Edwin Hawkins Singers made a second foray into the charts exactly one year later , backing folk singer Melanie on Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_Mass_Choir', 'summary': 'The Mississippi Mass Choir is an American gospel choir based in Jackson , Mississippi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shirley_Caesar', 'summary': "Shirley Ann Caesar-Williams , known professionally as Shirley Caesar ( born October 13 , 1938 in Durham , North Carolina ) , is an American Gospel music singer , songwriter and recording artist whose career has spanned seven decades . A multi-award-winning artist , with 12 Grammy Awards along with Dove Awards and Stellar Awards to her credit , she is known as the First Lady of Gospel Music and The Queen of Gospel Music . She began recording at the age of 12 in 1951 on the Federal recording label Shirley Caesar has released over forty albums . She has participated in over 16 compilations and three gospel musicals , Mama I Want to Sing , Sing : Mama 2 and Born to sing : Mama 3 . She is also the creator of the # unameit challenge , which occurred during one of her song sermonettes . She opened her eponymous store and plans on using the profits to help others during the holiday season . Caesar 's credits also include a series of commercials for MCI Communications and numerous awards for her recordings . She has won 12 Grammy Awards ( plus honored with The Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award ) , 14 Stellar Awards , 18 Doves , 1 RIAA gold certification , an Essence Award , McDonald 's Golden Circle Lifetime Achievement Award , NAACP Lifetime Achievement Award , SESAC Lifetime Achievement Award , Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from the National Museum of African American Music , as well as induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame . According to Soundscan , she has sold 2.2 million albums since 1991 . She has made several notable appearances , including the televised Live from Disney World Night of Joy , the Gospel According to VH1 , a White House performance for George Bush , and a speech on the Evolution of Gospel Music to the US Treasury Department . In 2017 , Caesar was honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award from The Recording Academy ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/40th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 40th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1998 , at Radio City Music Hall , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Rock icon Bob Dylan , Alison Krauss , and R. Kelly were the main recipients with three awards each .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin Myron Butler Robert Searight II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirk_Franklin', 'summary': "Kirk Dewayne Franklin ( born January 26 , 1970 ) is an American choir director , gospel musician , singer , songwriter , and author . He is best known for leading urban contemporary gospel choirs such as The Family , God 's Property , and One Nation Crew ( 1NC ) among many others ; and has won numerous awards , including 15 Grammy Awards . Variety dubbed Franklin as a Reigning King of Urban Gospel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Myron_Butler', 'summary': "Myron Demond Butler ( born July 27 , 1974 ) is a Grammy award winning gospel musician , who is a record producer , singer-songwriter , music director , vocalist , organist , and pianist . Most notably , he is known as the leader of the gospel choir , Myron Butler & Levi . Since 1997 , he 's worked as a vocal director and backup singer for several notable artists to include Kirk Franklin , Marvin Sapp , Smokie Norful , Donald Lawrence , and Yolanda Adams ."}]}, {'value': "God 's Property", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/God's_Property", 'summary': "God 's Property is a gospel choir known for its collaborations with Kirk Franklin and other recording artists ."}]}, {'value': "God 's Property from Kirk Franklin 's Nu Nation", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/God's_Property_from_Kirk_Franklin's_Nu_Nation", 'summary': "God 's Property is a collaboration studio album by God 's Property , as well as Kirk Franklin 's fourth album . It was released on May 27 , 1997 . At the time of its release , urban contemporary gospel had gained massive ground in the music industry , thus sending the album to its third position peak on the Billboard 200 album chart and making it the first gospel album to top the Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart , where it reached number one on five nonconsecutive weeks ."}]}, {'value': "Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir - Favorite Song of All Rev . Milton Brunson 's Thompson Community Singers - He 's Still Good ! Hezekiah Walker and Love Fellowship Crusade Choir - Live in London at Wembley Sounds of Blackness - Time for Healing", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle_Choir', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sounds_of_Blackness', 'summary': "Sounds of Blackness is a vocal and instrumental ensemble from Minneapolis/St . Paul , Minnesota who perform music from several genres music including gospel , R & B , soul , and jazz . The group scored several hits on the Billboard R & B and Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts in the 1990s . Cynthia Johnson of Lipps Inc. and Ann Nesby are the group 's most prominent alumni ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/41st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1999 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998 . Lauryn Hill was the main recipient , winning a total of 5 awards including Album of the Year and Best New Artist . Her album was the first hip hop act ever to win the coveted award . The ceremony was known as the Grammy Year of Women , because every artist nominated for Album of the Year was female ( including Garbage , with Shirley Manson as the lead singer ) . Madonna won four awards and opened the show with her performance of Nothing Really Matters while musicians the Dixie Chicks , Vince Gill , Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain won two apiece . Celine Dion also received two awards both for My Heart Will Go On , which received a total of four awards . It is widely remembered for Ricky Martin 's performance of La Copa De La Vida/ The Cup of Life ."}]}, {'value': "O'landa Draper", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'landa_Draper", 'summary': "O'Landa Draper ( September 29 , 1963 - July 21 , 1998 ) was an American Grammy Award-winning Gospel music artist . He was the founder of the Associates Choir and is considered to be one of the top gospel artists of the 1990s . Draper was nominated for the Grammy Award , Stellar Awards and the Dove Award multiple times . Draper was known for his choir directing style . Songs that were well known by fans of Draper 's work were , My Soul Doth Magnify the Lord , Lift the Savior Up , Stand Up , Got ta Feelin ' , He Touched Me , and Give It Up ."}]}, {'value': 'The Associates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reflections', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bobby Jones and New Life With the Nashville Super Choir - Just Churchin ' The Love Center Choir - Love Alive V -- 25th Anniversary Reunion Hezekiah Walker and the LFT Church Choir - Live at Love Fellowship Tabernacle New Life Community Choir - Strength", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(singer)', 'summary': "Bobby Jones ( born September 18 , 1939 in Henry , Tennessee , United States ) is an American Gospel music singer and television host from Nashville , Tennessee and the host and executive producer of several cable television 's gospel music programs including the former Bobby Jones Gospel . Jones is referred as the Ed Sullivan of gospel music . He has assisted numerous gospel stars in propelling their talents of numerous gospel stars and has a lot of trophies racked up at his Nashville home for his contributions to music . Bobby Jones Gospel was canceled and went off the air in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walter_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Walter Lee Hawkins ( May 18 , 1949 - July 11 , 2010 ) was an American gospel music singer and pastor . He was consecrated to the bishopric in 2000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/42nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 42nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2000 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1999 . Santana was the main recipient with eight Grammys , tying Michael Jackson 's record for most awards won in a single night . Santana 's album Supernatural was awarded a total of nine awards . American teen singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera were both nominated for Best New Artist , ultimately won by Aguilera ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'High And Lifted Up', 'urls': []}, {'value': "VIP Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir - Any Day Mississippi Mass Choir - Emmanuel ( God With Us ) Wilmington Chester Mass Choir - Hosanna ! And They Sang The Word Inner City Mass Choir - Let 's Make It Better", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_Mass_Choir', 'summary': 'The Mississippi Mass Choir is an American gospel choir based in Jackson , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/43rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 43rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 21 , 2001 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Several artists earned three awards on the night : Steely Dan 's haul included Album of the Year for Two Against Nature ; U2 took home the Record of the Year and Song of the Year for Beautiful Day ; Dr. Dre won Producer of the Year , Non-Classical and Best Rap Album for Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP ; Eminem himself also received three awards , out of four nominations ; Faith Hill took home Best Country Album for the album Breathe , Best Female Country Vocal Performance for the song 's title track and for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals with Tim McGraw for Let 's Make Love . Madonna opened the show with Music ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Live - God Is Working', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Direction - Get Your Praise On Youth For Christ - Higher University of Mississippi Gospel Choir - Send Up The Praise The Tri-City Singers - tri-city4.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/44th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 44th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 27 , 2002 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The main recipient was Alicia Keys , winning five Grammys , including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for Fallin ' . U2 won four awards including Record of the Year and Best Rock Album . while opening the show with a performance of Walk On ."}]}, {'value': 'Hezekiah Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}, {'value': 'LFT Church Choir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love Is Live !', 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'landa Draper 's Associates - All About Him ( Jesus ) Chicago Mass Choir - Calling On You Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir - Light Of The World T. D. Jakes and the Potter 's House Mass Choir - The Storm Is Over Now", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'landa_Draper", 'summary': "O'Landa Draper ( September 29 , 1963 - July 21 , 1998 ) was an American Grammy Award-winning Gospel music artist . He was the founder of the Associates Choir and is considered to be one of the top gospel artists of the 1990s . Draper was nominated for the Grammy Award , Stellar Awards and the Dove Award multiple times . Draper was known for his choir directing style . Songs that were well known by fans of Draper 's work were , My Soul Doth Magnify the Lord , Lift the Savior Up , Stand Up , Got ta Feelin ' , He Touched Me , and Give It Up ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Mass_Choir', 'summary': 'The Chicago Mass Choir is an American gospel choir from Chicago , Illinois . The ensemble was founded in 1988 by James C. Chambers , who was also the founder of the Ecclesiastes Community Choir . Their debut album was issued in 1991 ; that year they were named Best New Artist at the Gospel Music Excellence Awards . The following year they won the award for Song of the Year for I Can Go to the Rock . They released several commercially successful albums over the course of the 1990s and 2000s . Percy Gray also is part of the Chicago Mass Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle_Choir', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/T._D._Jakes', 'summary': "Thomas Dexter Jakes Sr. ( born June 9 , 1957 ) , known as T. D. Jakes , is a pastor , author and filmmaker . He is the pastor of The Potter 's House , a non-denominational American megachurch . Jakes 's church services and evangelistic sermons are broadcast on The Potter 's Touch , which airs on Lightsource.com , the Trinity Broadcasting Network , Black Entertainment Television , the Daystar Television Network and The Word Network . Other aspects of Jakes 's ministry include the annual festival MegaFest which draws more than 300,000 people , the annual women 's conference Woman Thou Art Loosed , and gospel music recordings . He hosted the T.D . Jakes Show , a nationally syndicated talk show produced by Tegna Media and distributed by Sony Pictures Television , until the show 's cancellation in March 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/45th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 45th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2003 at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Musicians accomplishments from the previous year were recognized . Norah Jones and her song Do n't Know Why were the main recipients of the night , garnering six Grammys , including four major awards : Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year and Best New Artist , plus Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Pop Vocal Album . Songwriter Jesse Harris received the Song of the Year award for his work on Do n't Know Why . Simon and Garfunkel reunited to open the show performing The Sound of Silence ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Be Glad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VIP Mass Choir - Mighty In The Spirit Donald Lawrence & The Tri-City Singers - Go Get Your Live Back Hezekiah Walker and Love Fellowship Choir - Family Affair II - Live at Radio City Music Hall Excelsior - Soul Interpretations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/46th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 46th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 8 , 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The big winners were Beyoncé , who won five awards , and Outkast , who won three awards including Album of the Year . Tied for the most nominations , with six each , were Knowles , Outkast , and Jay-Z .'}]}, {'value': 'T. D. Jakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._D._Jakes', 'summary': "Thomas Dexter Jakes Sr. ( born June 9 , 1957 ) , known as T. D. Jakes , is a pastor , author and filmmaker . He is the pastor of The Potter 's House , a non-denominational American megachurch . Jakes 's church services and evangelistic sermons are broadcast on The Potter 's Touch , which airs on Lightsource.com , the Trinity Broadcasting Network , Black Entertainment Television , the Daystar Television Network and The Word Network . Other aspects of Jakes 's ministry include the annual festival MegaFest which draws more than 300,000 people , the annual women 's conference Woman Thou Art Loosed , and gospel music recordings . He hosted the T.D . Jakes Show , a nationally syndicated talk show produced by Tegna Media and distributed by Sony Pictures Television , until the show 's cancellation in March 2017 ."}]}, {'value': "Potter 's House Mass Choir", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Wing And A Prayer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John P. Kee & The New Life Community Choir - Blessed By Association CeCe Winans Presents The Born Again Church Choir - Born Again Choir Chicago Mass Choir - Live In Nashville Joe Pace and the Colorado Mass Choir - Speak Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_P._Kee', 'summary': 'John P. Kee ( born John Prince Kee on June 4 , 1962 ) is an American gospel singer and pastor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Mass_Choir', 'summary': 'The Chicago Mass Choir is an American gospel choir from Chicago , Illinois . The ensemble was founded in 1988 by James C. Chambers , who was also the founder of the Ecclesiastes Community Choir . Their debut album was issued in 1991 ; that year they were named Best New Artist at the Gospel Music Excellence Awards . The following year they won the award for Song of the Year for I Can Go to the Rock . They released several commercially successful albums over the course of the 1990s and 2000s . Percy Gray also is part of the Chicago Mass Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Mass_Choir', 'summary': "The Colorado Mass Choir is an American gospel choir . The group 's lead vocalist is Joe Pace . They released their first album in 1996 , and won a Stellar Award for New Artist of the Year . Several releases on Verity Records followed ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/47th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 47th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13 , 2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . They were hosted by Queen Latifah , and televised in the United States by CBS . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Ray Charles , whom the event was dedicated in memory of , posthumously won five Grammy Awards while his album , Genius Loves Company , won a total of eight . Kanye West received the most nominations with ten , winning three . Usher received eight nominations and won three including Best Contemporary R & B Album for his diamond selling album Confessions . Britney Spears received her first Grammy of Best Dance Recording for her 2004 smash hit Toxic .'}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Live ... This is Your House', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Minister Timothy Britten & Shabach Praise Co. - Ca n't Nobody Do Me Like Jesus Timothy Wright & New York Fellowship Mass Choir II - Live In New York New Birth Total Praise Choir - Spirit & Truth Ricky Dillard & New G - Unplugged ... The Way Church Used To Be", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Wright', 'summary': 'Timothy Wright ( June 17 , 1947 - April 24 , 2009 ) , generally credited as Rev . Timothy Wright or Reverend Timothy Wright on recordings , was an American gospel singer and pastor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Dillard', 'summary': 'Ricky Rydell Dillard ( born February 25 , 1965 in Chicago ) is an American gospel music singer .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/48th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 48th Annual Grammy Awards took place on February 8 , 2006 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Irish rock band U2 were the main recipients with five awards including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey , John Legend , and Kanye West were each nominated for eight awards and won three ; Alison Krauss & Union Station also won three awards ; and Kelly Clarkson won two . Green Day were amongst the big winners , winning the Grammy Award for Record of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladys Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Knight', 'summary': "Gladys Maria Knight ( born May 28 , 1944 ) , known as the Empress of Soul , is an American singer , songwriter , actress , businesswoman , and author . A seven-time Grammy Award-winner , Knight is known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips , which also included her brother Merald Bubba Knight and cousins Edward Patten and William Guest . Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles ( Midnight Train to Georgia and That 's What Friends Are For ) , eleven number-one R & B singles , and six number-one R & B albums . She has won seven Grammy Awards ( four as a solo artist and three with the Pips ) and is an inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with The Pips . She also recorded the theme song for the 1989 James Bond film Licence to Kill . Knight is also listed as one of Rolling Stone magazine 's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Saints Unified Voices', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saints_Unified_Voices', 'summary': 'Saints Unified Voices ( SUV ) is a Grammy Award-winning American Gospel music choir based in the Las Vegas Valley of Southern Nevada . The Saints Unified Voices Foundation , the governing organization of the choir , is directed by a board of directors , which includes Gladys Knight .'}]}, {'value': 'One Voice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saints_Unified_Voices', 'summary': 'Saints Unified Voices ( SUV ) is a Grammy Award-winning American Gospel music choir based in the Las Vegas Valley of Southern Nevada . The Saints Unified Voices Foundation , the governing organization of the choir , is directed by a board of directors , which includes Gladys Knight .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald Lawrence & Company - I Speak Life VIP Mass Choir - Live at The Fellowship Kurt Carr - One Church Hezekiah Walker and The Love Fellowship Choir - 20/85 The Experience', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Donald Lawrence ( born May 4 , 1961 , Gastonia , North Carolina ) is an American gospel music songwriter , record producer and artist . He studied at Cincinnati Conservatory , where he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree in music . While in Cincinnati , he was also the Minister of Music at the Southern Baptist Church on Reading Road . The multiple Grammy and Stellar Award winner has collaborated with a diverse roster , as vocal coach to the R & B group En Vogue , musical director for Stephanie Mills , songwriter for The Clark Sisters , and collaborator with a host of artists including Peabo Bryson , Kirk Franklin , Karen Clark Sheard , Donnie McClurkin , and Mary J. Blige .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Carr', 'summary': 'Kurt Carr ( born October 12 , 1964 ) is an American gospel music composer and performer . While living in the city of Hartford , Connecticut , he served as Minister of Music at The First Baptist Church of Hartford located at the time on Greenfield Street .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': 'Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented , for works released in the previous year .', 'uid': 'Grammy_Award_for_Best_Gospel_Choir_or_Chorus_Album_0', 'intro': 'The Grammy Award for Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album was awarded from 1991 to 2006. From 1991 to 1997 it was awarded as Best Gospel Album by a Choir or Chorus. The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir and their director, Carol Cymbala, were the most decorated artist in this category with six wins. Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.'} | null | null | Where was the artist who won the Grammy for `` Just a Word '' born ? | Durham , North Carolina |
05b1aef8d3dcb87a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I', 'title': 'NCAA Division I', 'header': ['Conference', 'Nickname', 'Founded', 'Members', 'Sports', 'Headquarters'], 'data': [{'value': 'American Athletic Conference ***', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The American Athletic Conference ( The American or AAC ) , is an American collegiate athletic conference , featuring 12 member universities and six associate member universities that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's ( NCAA ) Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . Member universities represent a range of private and public universities of various enrollment sizes located primarily in urban metropolitan areas in the Northeastern , Midwestern , and Southern regions of the United States . The American 's legal predecessor , the original Big East Conference , was considered one of the six collegiate power conferences of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) era in college football , and The American inherited that status in the BCS 's final season . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , The American became a Group of Five conference , which shares one automatic spot in the New Year 's Six bowl games . [ note 3 ] The league is the product of substantial turmoil in the old Big East during the 2010-14 conference realignment period . It is one of two conferences to emerge from the all-sports Big East in 2013 . While the other successor , which does not sponsor football , purchased the Big East Conference name , The American inherited the old Big East 's structure and is that conference 's legal successor . However , both conferences claim 1979 as their founding date , and the same history up to 2013 . The American is headquartered in Providence , Rhode Island , and led by Commissioner Michael Aresco ."}]}, {'value': 'The American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Providence , Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Providence is the capital and most populous city of the state of Rhode Island and is one of the oldest cities in the United States . It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams , a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of God 's merciful Providence which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay . Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city is the third most populous city in New England after Boston and Worcester , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic Coast Conference **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greensboro , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten Conference **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten , B1G', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosemont , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosemont,_Illinois', 'summary': "Rosemont is a village in Cook County , Illinois , United States . Located immediately northwest of Chicago , as of the 2010 census it had a population of 4,202 . The village was incorporated in 1956 , though it had been settled long before that . While Rosemont 's land area and population are relatively small among municipalities in the Chicago Metropolitan Area , the village is a major center for commercial activity in the region and is a key component of the Golden Corridor . Due to its proximity to several interstates , O'Hare International Airport , and downtown Chicago , it has emerged as a significant edge city and entertainment district , with corporate facilities , millions of square feet of office space , nearly 50 restaurants , 15 hotels , the 840,000-square-foot ( 78,000 m2 ) Donald E. Stephens Convention Center ( home to conventions and trade shows ) , the 16,000+ seat Allstate Arena ( home to the Chicago Wolves , Chicago Sky , DePaul Blue Demons until 2017 , and concerts and other live entertainment events ) , the 4,000+ seat Rosemont Theatre , the 130-store Fashion Outlets of Chicago , the Rosemont Stadium ( home to an outdoor collegiate-level baseball stadium and 140,000 sq ft indoor sports dome ) , and the entertainment complex Parkway Bank Park , which features restaurants , entertainment and a large common area used for summer concerts and ice skating in the winter . Rosemont is near Rivers Casino in Des Plaines and additional hotels , offices , restaurants , and corporate facilities in the adjacent O'Hare neighborhood of Chicago and nearby suburban communities such as Des Plaines and Schiller Park . The residential sections of Rosemont are a gated community , as a result of the 1995 decision by residents to enclose the residential portions of the village ( roughly half the area of the village ) , thereby restricting access to locals ."}]}, {'value': 'Big 12 Conference **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irving , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irving,_Texas', 'summary': "Irving is a principal city in Dallas County in the U.S. state of Texas and it is also an inner ring suburb of the city of Dallas . According to a 2017 estimate from the United States Census Bureau , the city population was 240,373 making it the thirteenth-most populous city in Texas and 93rd most populous city in the U.S . The city of Irving is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . Irving includes the Las Colinas community , one of the first master-planned developments in the United States and once the largest mixed-use development in the Southwest with a land area of more than 12,000 acres ( 4,856 ha ) . Las Colinas is home to the Mustangs at Las Colinas , which is the largest equine sculpture in the world , as well as many Fortune 500 companies , such as ExxonMobil , Kimberly-Clark and Fluor Corporation . In April 2019 , the Westin Irving Convention Center Hotel opened , signalling the completion of the city 's special entertainment district that includes the Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas and the Toyota Music Factory . Part of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport lies inside the city limits of Irving ."}]}, {'value': 'Conference USA ***', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'C-USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irving , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irving,_Texas', 'summary': "Irving is a principal city in Dallas County in the U.S. state of Texas and it is also an inner ring suburb of the city of Dallas . According to a 2017 estimate from the United States Census Bureau , the city population was 240,373 making it the thirteenth-most populous city in Texas and 93rd most populous city in the U.S . The city of Irving is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . Irving includes the Las Colinas community , one of the first master-planned developments in the United States and once the largest mixed-use development in the Southwest with a land area of more than 12,000 acres ( 4,856 ha ) . Las Colinas is home to the Mustangs at Las Colinas , which is the largest equine sculpture in the world , as well as many Fortune 500 companies , such as ExxonMobil , Kimberly-Clark and Fluor Corporation . In April 2019 , the Westin Irving Convention Center Hotel opened , signalling the completion of the city 's special entertainment district that includes the Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas and the Toyota Music Factory . Part of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport lies inside the city limits of Irving ."}]}, {'value': 'Mid-American Conference ***', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': 'Mountain West Conference ***', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference', 'summary': 'The Mountain West Conference ( MW ) is one of the collegiate athletic conferences affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) ( formerly I-A ) . The MW officially began operations in July 1999 . Geographically , the MW covers a broad expanse of the Western United States , with member schools located in California , Colorado , Hawaii , Idaho , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming . Craig Thompson has served as Commissioner of the MW since its founding in 1999 . The charter members of the MW included the United States Air Force Academy , Brigham Young University , Colorado State University , San Diego State University , the University of New Mexico , the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , the University of Utah , and the University of Wyoming . Before forming the Mountain West Conference , seven of its eight charter members had been longtime members of the Western Athletic Conference , and half of these had been charter members of that conference from 1962 . Overall , each school that has ever been either a full or football-only member of the MW spent at least three years in the WAC before joining the Mountain West .'}]}, {'value': 'MW', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado', 'summary': "Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the largest city by area in Colorado as well as the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County , Colorado , United States . It is in east central Colorado , on Fountain Creek , 60 miles ( 97 km ) south of Denver . At 6,035 feet ( 1,839 m ) the city stands over 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) above sea level , though some areas are significantly higher and lower . Colorado Springs is near the base of Pikes Peak , which rises 14,115 feet ( 4,302 m ) above sea level on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains . The United States Air Force Academy opened just north of Colorado Springs in 1958 . The city is home to 24 national sports governing bodies , including the United States Olympic Committee , the United States Olympic Training Center , and USA Hockey . The city had an estimated population of 472,688 in 2018 , and a metro population of approximately 738,939 , making it Colorado 's second most populous city , behind Denver , and the 39th most populous city in the United States . The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 712,327 in 2016 . The city is in the Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong region of urban population along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming , generally following Interstate 25 . The city covers 194.9 square miles ( 505 km2 ) , making it the most extensive municipality in Colorado . In 2017 and 2018 , Colorado Springs received several accolades . In 2018 U.S. News named it the most desirable place to live in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-12 Conference **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walnut Creek , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California', 'summary': 'Walnut Creek is a city in Contra Costa County , California , United States , located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) east of the city of Oakland . With a total estimated population of 69,122 , Walnut Creek serves as a hub for its neighboring cities because of its location at the junction of the highways from Sacramento and San Jose ( I-680 ) and San Francisco/Oakland ( SR-24 ) and its accessibility by BART . Its active downtown neighborhood features hundred-year-old buildings and extensive high-end retail establishments , restaurants and entertainment venues .'}]}, {'value': 'Southeastern Conference **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': 'Sun Belt Conference ***', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Sun Belt Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that has been affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I since 1976 . Originally a non-football conference , the Sun Belt began sponsoring football in 2001 . Its football teams participate in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The 12 member institutions of the Sun Belt are distributed primarily across the southern United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sun Belt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Football subdivisions -- Conferences', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Division_I_(NCAA)_8', 'intro': "NCAA Division I (D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States. D-I schools include the major collegiate athletic powers, with larger budgets, more elaborate facilities and more athletic scholarships than Divisions II and III as well as many smaller schools committed to the highest level of intercollegiate competition. This level was once called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division; these terms were replaced with numeric divisions in 1973. The University Division was renamed Division I, while the College Division was split in two; the College Division members that offered scholarships or wanted to compete against those who did became Division II, while those who did not want to offer scholarships became Division III. For college football only, D-I schools are further divided into the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), and those institutions that do not have any football program. FBS teams have higher game attendance requirements and more players receiving athletic scholarships than FCS teams. The FBS is named for its series of postseason bowl games, with various polls ranking teams after the conclusion of these games, while the FCS national champion is determined by a multi-team bracket tournament. For the 2014-15 school year, Division I contained 345 of the NCAA's 1,066 member institutions, with 125 in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), 125 in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), and 95 non-football schools, with six additional schools in the transition from Division II to Division I. There was a moratorium on any additional movement up to D-I until 2012, after which any school that wants to move to D-I must be accepted for membership by a conference and show the NCAA it has the financial ability to support a D-I program."} | null | null | Who is the commissioner of the most recently-founded conference ? | Craig Thompson |
05b1b9a286bef2f7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Wayne', 'title': 'Carol Wayne', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Man from U.N.C.L.E', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E', 'summary': 'The Man from U.N.C.L.E . is an American spy-fiction television series produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Television and first broadcast on NBC . It follows secret agents , played by Robert Vaughn and David McCallum , who work for a secret international counterespionage and law-enforcement agency called U.N.C.L.E . The series premiered on September 22 , 1964 , completing its run on January 15 , 1968 . The series led the spy-fiction craze on television , and by 1966 there were nearly a dozen imitators . Several episodes were successfully released to theaters as B movies or double features . There was also a spin-off series , The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. , novel and comic book series , and merchandising . With few recurring characters , the series attracted many high-profile guest stars . Props from the series are exhibited at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and at the museums of the Central Intelligence Agency and other US intelligence agencies . The series won the Golden Globe Award for Best TV Show in 1966 . Originally , co-creator Sam Rolfe wanted to leave the meaning of U.N.C.L.E . ambiguous so it could refer to either Uncle Sam or the United Nations .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginger LaVeer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Super-Colossal Affair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E._episodes', 'summary': 'The complete series was released on DVD by Warner Home Video , as was a collection of the Man from U.N.C.L.E . feature films . The reunion TV-movie was released by Paramount Home Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Girl from U.N.C.L.E', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Girl_from_U.N.C.L.E.', 'summary': 'The Girl from U.N.C.L.E . is an American spy fiction TV series that aired on NBC for one season from September 16 , 1966 , to April 11 , 1967 . The series was a spin-off from The Man from U.N.C.L.E . and used the same theme music composed by Jerry Goldsmith , in a different arrangement by Dave Grusin .'}]}, {'value': 'Shelia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Faustus Affair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Girl_from_U.N.C.L.E.', 'summary': 'The Girl from U.N.C.L.E . is an American spy fiction TV series that aired on NBC for one season from September 16 , 1966 , to April 11 , 1967 . The series was a spin-off from The Man from U.N.C.L.E . and used the same theme music composed by Jerry Goldsmith , in a different arrangement by Dave Grusin .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Spy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Spy_(1965_TV_series)', 'summary': "I Spy is an American secret-agent adventure television series that ran for three seasons on NBC from September 15 , 1965 to April 15 , 1968 and teamed US intelligence agents Kelly Robinson ( Robert Culp ) and Alexander Scotty Scott ( Bill Cosby ) , traveling undercover as international tennis bums . Robinson poses as an amateur with Scott as his trainer , playing against wealthy opponents in return for food and lodging . Their work involved chasing villains , spies , and beautiful women . The creative forces behind the show were writers David Friedkin and Morton Fine and cinematographer Fouad Said . Together they formed Triple F Productions under the aegis of Desilu Productions where the show was produced . Fine and Friedkin ( who previously wrote scripts for radio 's Broadway Is My Beat and Crime Classics under producer-director Elliott Lewis ) were co-producers and head writers , and wrote the scripts for 16 episodes , one of which Friedkin directed . Friedkin also dabbled in acting and appeared in two episodes in the first season . Actor-producer Sheldon Leonard , known for playing gangster roles in the 1940s and 1950s , was the executive producer ( receiving top billing before the title in the series ' opening title sequence ) . He also played a gangster-villain role in two episodes and appeared in a third show as himself in a humorous cameo . In addition , he directed one episode and served as occasional second-unit director throughout the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Temple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Trouble with Temple', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Occasional Wife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Occasional_Wife', 'summary': "Occasional Wife is an American sitcom that aired on NBC on September 13 , 1966 and ran until May 9 , 1967 ( repeats were aired through August 29 . ) It was originally on NBC 's Tuesday night schedule in the Eastern Time Zone it aired from 8:30-9:00PM ET/PT . Reruns were aired on Comedy Central in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss Orange Grove', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The New Secretary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Occasional_Wife', 'summary': "Occasional Wife is an American sitcom that aired on NBC on September 13 , 1966 and ran until May 9 , 1967 ( repeats were aired through August 29 . ) It was originally on NBC 's Tuesday night schedule in the Eastern Time Zone it aired from 8:30-9:00PM ET/PT . Reruns were aired on Comedy Central in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Dream of Jeannie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie', 'summary': 'I Dream of Jeannie is an American fantasy sitcom television series starring Barbara Eden as a 2,000-year-old genie and Larry Hagman as an astronaut who becomes her master , with whom she falls in love and eventually marries . Produced by Screen Gems , the show originally aired from September 18 , 1965 , to May 26 , 1970 , with new episodes , and through September 1970 with season repeats , on NBC . The show ran for five seasons and 139 episodes were produced .'}]}, {'value': 'Bootsie Nightingale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Here Comes Bootsie Nightingale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_I_Dream_of_Jeannie_episodes', 'summary': 'I Dream of Jeannie is an American fantasy sitcom starring Barbara Eden as a 2,000-year-old genie and Larry Hagman as an astronaut who becomes her master , with whom she falls in love and whom she eventually marries . Produced by Screen Gems , the series originally aired from September 1965 to May 1970 on NBC . The series ran for five seasons and produced 139 episodes . The first season consisted of 30 episodes filmed in black and white ; all later seasons were filmed in color .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bewitched', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bewitched', 'summary': "Bewitched is an American television sitcom fantasy series , originally broadcast for eight seasons on ABC from September 17 , 1964 , to March 25 , 1972 . It is about a witch who marries an ordinary mortal man , and vows to lead the life of a typical suburban housewife . The show enjoyed great popularity , finishing as the number two-rated show in America during its debut season , staying in the top ten for its first three seasons , and just missing this mark with an eleventh-place ranking for both seasons four and five . The show continues to be seen throughout the world in syndication and on recorded media . Bewitched was created by Sol Saks under executive director Harry Ackerman , and starred Elizabeth Montgomery as Samantha Stephens ; Dick York ( 1964-1969 ) as Darrin Stephens , her husband ; Agnes Moorehead as Endora , Samantha 's mother ; David White as Larry Tate , Darrin 's boss ; Irene Vernon ( 1964-1966 ) and later Kasey Rogers ( 1966-1972 ) as Louise Tate , Larry 's wife ; Alice Pearce ( 1964-1966 ) as Gladys Kravitz ; George Tobias ( 1964-1971 ) as her husband Abner Kravitz ; and Erin Murphy ( 1966-1972 ) as Tabitha Stephens . Dick Sargent replaced an ailing York for the final three seasons ( 1969-1972 ) . In 1966 , Sandra Gould took over the part of Gladys Kravitz ( 1966-1971 ) when Alice Pearce died . Annual semi-regulars included Maurice Evans as Maurice , Samantha 's father ; Marion Lorne as Samantha 's Aunt Clara ( 1964-1968 ) ; Alice Ghostley as Esmeralda , Samantha 's babysitter ( 1969-1972 ) ; Paul Lynde as Samantha 's Uncle Arthur ( 1965-1971 ) ; Mabel Albertson as Darrin 's mother Phyllis Stephens ( 1964-1971 ) ; and Robert F. Simon and Roy Roberts alternating the role of Frank Stephens , Darrin 's father ( 1964-1971 ) . In 2002 , Bewitched was ranked # 50 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 1997 , the same magazine ranked the season 2 episode Divided He Falls # 48 on their list of the 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Bunny', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : A Bunny for Tabitha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Bewitched_episodes', 'summary': 'Bewitched is an American fantasy situation comedy originally broadcast for eight seasons on ABC from 1964-72 . Film dates are the dates the Screen Gems distribution company reported the episode was finished .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Red Skelton Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Red_Skelton_Show', 'summary': 'The Red Skelton Show is an American television comedy/variety show that , from 1951 to 1971 , was an entertainment staple and an institution to a generation of viewers . In the decade prior to hosting the show , Richard Red Skelton had a successful career as a radio and motion pictures star . Although his television series is largely associated with CBS , where it appeared for more than sixteen years , it actually began and ended on NBC . During its run , the program received three Emmy Awards , for Skelton as best comedian and the program as best comedy show during its initial season , and an award for comedy writing in 1961 . In 1959 Skelton also received a Golden Globe for Best TV Show .'}]}, {'value': 'NBC Soundstage Tour Guide Chambermaid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episodes : The Magic Act The Private Detective', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970-1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love , American Style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love,_American_Style', 'summary': 'Love , American Style is an anthology comedy television series produced by Paramount Television that originally aired between 1969 and 1974 . For the 1971 and 1972 seasons , it was a part of an ABC Friday prime-time lineup that also included The Brady Bunch , The Partridge Family , Room 222 and The Odd Couple .'}]}, {'value': 'Various', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarge_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Sarge is an American crime drama television series starring George Kennedy . The series aired for one season on NBC from September 1971 to January 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Receptionist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Psst ! Wan na Buy a Dirty Picture ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bold Ones : The Lawyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bold_Ones:_The_Lawyers', 'summary': 'The Bold Ones : The Lawyers ( or The Lawyers ) is an American legal drama that aired for three seasons on NBC from September 1968 through February 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Christie Mullins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Letter of the Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bold_Ones:_The_Lawyers', 'summary': 'The Bold Ones : The Lawyers ( or The Lawyers ) is an American legal drama that aired for three seasons on NBC from September 1968 through February 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '1971-1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson', 'summary': "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson is an American talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under the Tonight Show franchise that aired on NBC from October 1 , 1962 through May 22 , 1992 . It originally aired during late-night . For its first decade , Johnny Carson 's The Tonight Show was based at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , New York City , with some episodes recorded at NBC 's West Coast studios in Burbank , California ; on May 1 , 1972 , the show moved to Burbank as its main venue and remained there exclusively after May 1973 until Carson 's retirement . In 2002 , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was ranked No . 12 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time , and in 2013 it was ranked No . 22 on their list of 60 Best Series ."}]}, {'value': "Art Fern 's Tea-Time Movie Lady", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mannix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mannix', 'summary': 'Mannix is an American television detective series that ran from 1967 to 1975 on CBS . Created by Richard Levinson and William Link and developed by executive producer Bruce Geller , the title character , Joe Mannix , is a private investigator . He was played by Mike Connors .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobbi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : A Puzzle for One', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Every Man Needs One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Every_Man_Needs_One', 'summary': "Every Man Needs One is a 1972 made-for-television romantic comedy film . It was first shown December 13 , 1972 , on ABC as an ABC Movie of the Week . Some of the film was filmed on location in Malibu , California . The film was directed by Jerry Paris , who also had a cameo as David 's drinking buddy ."}]}, {'value': 'Nancy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Girl with Something Extra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Girl_with_Something_Extra', 'summary': 'The Girl with Something Extra is an American fantasy sitcom that aired on NBC for one season during 1973-1974 . The series was created by Bernard Slade and produced by Screen Gems .'}]}, {'value': 'Mimi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : John & Sally & Fred & Linda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Girl_with_Something_Extra', 'summary': 'The Girl with Something Extra is an American fantasy sitcom that aired on NBC for one season during 1973-1974 . The series was created by Bernard Slade and produced by Screen Gems .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medical Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medical_Center_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Medical Center ( also known as Calling Dr. Gannon ) is an American medical drama series which aired on CBS from 1969 to 1976 . It was produced by MGM Television .'}]}, {'value': 'Blanche', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Adults Only', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emergency !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emergency!', 'summary': "Emergency ! is an American television series that combines the medical drama and action-adventure genres . It was a joint production of Mark VII Limited and Universal Television . It debuted on NBC as a midseason replacement on January 15 , 1972 , replacing the two short-lived series The Partners and The Good Life , and ran until May 28 , 1977 , with six additional two-hour television films during the next two years . The series stars Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe as two rescuers , who work as paramedics and firefighters in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The duo form Squad 51 , a medical and rescue crew of the Los Angeles County Fire Department . They work in concert with the fictional Rampart General Hospital medical staff ( portrayed by Robert Fuller , Julie London and Bobby Troup ) , and with the firefighter engine company at Station 51 . Emergency ! was created and produced by Jack Webb and Robert A. Cinader , who had also created the police dramas Adam-12 and Dragnet . Harold Jack Bloom is also credited as a creator ; Webb does not receive screen credit as a creator . In the show 's original TV-movie pilot , Webb was credited only as its director . The series aimed to be a realistic portrayal of emergency medical services ( EMS ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Renee , Miss October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Screenwriter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974-1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celebrity Sweepstakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celebrity_Sweepstakes', 'summary': "Celebrity Sweepstakes is an American television game show that aired on NBC 's daytime schedule from April 1 , 1974 to October 1 , 1976 . The show also had two separate weekly syndicated runs from September 9 , 1974 to September 1975 and again from September 20 , 1976 to September 1977 . Jim McKrell hosted the show . Bill Armstrong was the main announcer , with Dick Tufeld and John Harlan substituting . Joey Bishop and Carol Wayne were the regulars who appeared most often . Other panelists included Clifton Davis , Buddy Hackett , George Hamilton , JoAnn Pflug and Freddie Prinze . CS was produced jointly by Ralph Andrews and Burt Sugarman . The first theme song was composed by Stan Worth , and the second by Alan Thicke ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself ( regular panelist )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television game show', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heaven on Earth', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Big Black Pill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allegra Farrenpour', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television movie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fall Guy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fall_Guy', 'summary': 'The Fall Guy is an American action/adventure television program produced for ABC and originally broadcast from November 4 , 1981 , to May 2 , 1986 . It starred Lee Majors , Douglas Barr , and Heather Thomas as Hollywood stunt performers who moonlight as bounty hunters .'}]}, {'value': 'Rose', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episodes : The Meek Shall Inherit Rhonda The Japanese Connection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_The_Fall_Guy_episodes', 'summary': 'The following is a list of The Fall Guy TV series episodes that aired on ABC from 1981 through 1986 starring Lee Majors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_The_Fall_Guy_episodes', 'summary': 'The following is a list of The Fall Guy TV series episodes that aired on ABC from 1981 through 1986 starring Lee Majors .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Carol_Wayne_1', 'intro': "Carol Marie Wayne (September 6, 1942 - January 13, 1985) was an American television and film actress. She made numerous appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson as the Matinee Lady in the Art Fern's Tea Time Movie sketches."} | null | null | How old is the genie in the series in which Carol Wayne played Bootsie Nightingale in 1967 ? | 2,000-year-old |
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