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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anson_Mount', 'title': 'Anson Mount', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Urban Legends : Final Cut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urban_Legends:_Final_Cut', 'summary': 'Urban Legends : Final Cut is a 2000 American slasher film directed by John Ottman , in his directorial debut , and starring Jennifer Morrison , Matthew Davis , Hart Bochner , Joseph Lawrence , Anthony Anderson , and Loretta Devine . In addition to directing , Ottman also edited the film and composed its score . The sequel to the 1998 film Urban Legend , its plot follows a film student who finds herself at the center of serial killings occurring on her university campus shortly after she begins making a thesis film about urban legends . Filmed in late 1999 , Urban Legends : Final Cut was released in the United States in September 2000 , distributed by Columbia Pictures .'}]}, {'value': 'Toby Belcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tully', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tully_(2000_film)', 'summary': "Tully is a 2000 American drama film written and directed by Hilary Birmingham and starring Glenn Fitzgerald , Anson Mount , Bob Burrus , and Julianne Nicholson . The film was screened at the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival on April 14 , 2000 and received a limited release in the United States on November 1 , 2002 . It is based on an O. Henry Award-winning short story by author Tom McNeal . Originally titled The Truth About Tully , the film changed its name to avoid confusion with Jonathan Demme 's The Truth About Charlie ."}]}, {'value': 'Tully Coates Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boiler Room', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boiler_Room_(film)', 'summary': "Boiler Room is a 2000 American crime drama film written and directed by Ben Younger , and starring Giovanni Ribisi , Vin Diesel , Nia Long , Ben Affleck , Nicky Katt , Scott Caan , Tom Everett Scott , Ron Rifkin , and Jamie Kennedy . Screenwriter Ben Younger interviewed for a job at brokerage firm Sterling Foster . Younger said , I walked in and immediately realized , 'This is my movie . ' I mean , you see these kids and know something is going on ."}]}, {'value': 'Broker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crossroads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossroads_(2002_film)', 'summary': "Crossroads is a 2002 American road comedy film set in Georgia . Directed by Tamra Davis and written by Shonda Rhimes , the film stars Britney Spears , Anson Mount , Zoe Saldana , Taryn Manning , Kim Cattrall , and Dan Aykroyd . The film was produced by MTV Films and released on February 15 , 2002 , in North America by Paramount Pictures . The plot centers on three teenage girls as they take a cross-country road trip , finding themselves and their friendship in the process . Development on the film began in 2001 , when Spears created a concept that was later expanded by Rhimes . Principal filming began on March 2001 , and encompassed over a period of six months . Crossroads received negative reviews from film critics ; however , they considered it a better effort when compared to Mariah Carey 's 2001 film Glitter . Despite the movie 's negative response from critics , it was a box office success , grossing over $ 61.1 million worldwide in three months ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Kimble', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City by the Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_by_the_Sea', 'summary': 'City by the Sea is a 2002 American crime drama film starring Robert De Niro , James Franco , Eliza Dushku , Frances McDormand and William Forsythe . It deals with the family problems of a wayward youth and is set against a man trying to break free of his past . It was directed by Michael Caton-Jones . It is based on the story of Vincent LaMarca .'}]}, {'value': 'Dave Simon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poolhall Junkies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poolhall_Junkies', 'summary': 'Poolhall Junkies is a 2002 drama , thriller , and sports film co-written , starring , and directed by Mars Callahan . The film also features Alison Eastwood , Michael Rosenbaum , Rick Schroder , Rod Steiger ( in his final film role ) , Chazz Palminteri , and Christopher Walken . It is the story of a pool hustler who is opposed by his former mentor , with a new prodigy , in a climactic big-stakes nine-ball match . The film has since developed a cult following .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Battle of Shaker Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Battle_of_Shaker_Heights', 'summary': 'The Battle of Shaker Heights is a 2003 American comedy-drama film co-directed by Efram Potelle and Kyle Rankin . It starred Shia LaBeouf , Elden Henson , Kathleen Quinlan , Amy Smart , and Shiri Appleby . The film was the winning script for the second season of Project Greenlight .'}]}, {'value': 'Mine Weber', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Warrior Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Warrior_Class', 'summary': 'The Warrior Class is a 2007 film directed by Alan Hruska and starring Anson Mount and Erica Leerhsen . Even though it was finished in 2004 , it was not released on DVD until February 6 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alec Brno', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In Her Shoes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_Her_Shoes_(2005_film)', 'summary': 'In Her Shoes is a 2005 American comedy-drama film based on the novel of the same name by Jennifer Weiner . It is directed by Curtis Hanson with an adapted screenplay by Susannah Grant and stars Cameron Diaz , Toni Collette , and Shirley MacLaine . The film focuses on the relationship between two sisters and their grandmother .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All the Boys Love Mandy Lane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_the_Boys_Love_Mandy_Lane', 'summary': "All the Boys Love Mandy Lane is a 2006 American slasher film directed by Jonathan Levine and starring Amber Heard , Michael Welch , Whitney Able and Anson Mount . The plot centers on a group of popular high schoolers who invite an attractive outsider , Mandy Lane , to spend the weekend at a secluded ranch house , where they are followed by a merciless killer . Originally completed in 2006 , the film premiered at a number of film festivals throughout 2006 and 2007 , including the Toronto International Film Festival , Sitges Film Festival , South by Southwest , and London FrightFest Film Festival . It received a theatrical release in the United Kingdom on February 15 , 2008 . All the Boys Love Mandy Lane received mixed reviews from critics , with some dismissing the film as bogus and compromised , and others praising its grindhouse aesthetic and likening its cinematography to the early work of Terrence Malick and Tobe Hooper . Despite its international attention , the film went unreleased in the United States for over seven years after it was completed ; this was due to complications with its distributor , Senator Entertainment , which went bankrupt shortly after purchasing the film from The Weinstein Company . On March 8 , 2013 , it was announced that The Weinstein Company had re-acquired the rights to theatrically release the film in the United States . The film became available through video on demand in September 2013 , and was given a limited release on October 11 , 2013 , through a joint contract between Senator Entertainment and Weinstein 's subsidiary label Radius-TWC ."}]}, {'value': 'Garth', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walk the Talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walk_the_Talk_(film)', 'summary': 'Walk the Talk is a 2001 Australian film directed by Shirley Barrett and starring Sacha Horler and Salvatore Coco . It was funded by David Geffen .'}]}, {'value': 'Larry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hood of Horror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hood_of_Horror', 'summary': "Hood of Horror ( a.k.a . Snoop Dogg 's Hood of Horror ) is a horror film adaptation of a fictional comic book , which is an anthology of three short tales set in an urban milieu in a style reminiscent of Tales from the Crypt and Tales from the Hood . It was the secret ninth film screened in the 8 Films to Die For film festival on November 19 , 2006 . It opened worldwide in theaters on May 4 , 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tex Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Privacy Policy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detective Barry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Two Mr. Kissels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Two_Mr._Kissels', 'summary': 'The Two Mr. Kissels is a 2008 American made-for-television true crime drama film directed by Ed Bianchi and starring John Stamos , Anson Mount , Gretchen Egolf and Robin Tunney . It chronicles the lives and murders of brothers Robert and Andrew Kissel . It originally premiered on Lifetime on November 15 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Kissel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Kissel', 'summary': "The Nancy Kissel murder case ( officially called the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region v Nancy Ann Kissel ) was a highly publicised criminal trial held in the High Court of Hong Kong , where Nancy Ann Kissel ( née Keeshin ) was convicted of the murder of her husband , 40-year-old investment banker Robert Peter Kissel , in their apartment on 2 November 2003 . The case was known as the milkshake murder because Kissel was alleged to have incapacitated her husband by serving him a strawberry milkshake full of sedatives before bludgeoning him to death . It was possibly the highest profile murder of an expatriate in Hong Kong 's history , together with the Braemar Hill murders and the trial was closely covered in the media . Kissel was convicted of murder in 2005 and received a mandatory life sentence . The Court of Final Appeal overturned the conviction in February 2010 , citing legal errors , and ordered a retrial . The retrial began on 12 January 2011 and , on 25 March 2011 , she was again found guilty of her husband 's murder and sentenced to life in prison . Kissel is serving her sentence at Tai Lam Centre for Women . Coincidentally Robert Kissel 's brother Andrew , a former American real estate developer , was found murdered on 3 April 2006 in Greenwich , Connecticut , USA ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cook County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cook_County_(film)', 'summary': "Cook County is a 2008-2009 American independent drama film written , directed , and produced by the Houston based filmmaker David Pomes . The film stars Anson Mount , Xander Berkeley , and Ryan Donowho and deals with the effects of the addiction to the drug methamphetamine on a Texas family . In an interview appearing on indiewire.com , Pomes stated : The story began about people who I have been around , living outside of civilization , out in the woods , down a dirt road with all the old stereotypes : the roof caving in and the tires in the front yard . The story is about that group of people , and the family trying to be a family in the backwoods environment . Crystal meth was always out there . I was never at any crystal meth parties or anything like that , but there were always people where I lived outside of Houston . Those are the characters in the film , but crystal meth really drives the story . It 's the vehicle . Not having direct contact with crystal meth addicts , Pomes read widely on the subject of drug addiction . Explained Pomes in an interview for Filmmaker Magazine : I did a ton of research . Mostly just through the Internet , through magazine articles and things of that nature . I did a lot ."}]}, {'value': 'Bump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burning Palms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burning_Palms_(film)', 'summary': 'Burning Palms is a 2010 American satirical thriller film based on Los Angeles stereotypes told through five intertwining storylines . The film is the directorial debut of screenwriter Christopher B. Landon . The film explores satires of Angeleno stereotypes , which are told through five interlacing stories . The five intertwining segments are based on popular stereotypes of West Hollywood , Santa Monica , Sherman Oaks , Westwood and Holmby Hills . Each of the characters in the film confronts taboos and an uncertain , often darkly humorous , fate . Producer Oren Segal likens the film to a John Waters version of Short Cuts , a 1993 drama film directed by Robert Altman .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Straw Dogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(2011_film)', 'summary': "Straw Dogs is a 2011 American action psychological thriller directed , produced , and written by Rod Lurie . It is a remake of Sam Peckinpah 's 1971 film Straw Dogs , itself based on the Gordon Williams novel The Siege of Trencher 's Farm . It stars James Marsden and Kate Bosworth ."}]}, {'value': 'Coach Stan Milkens', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hick_(film)', 'summary': 'Hick is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Derick Martini , based on the novel of the same name by Andrea Portes that draws on non-fictional elements . The film stars Chloë Grace Moretz , Eddie Redmayne , Ray McKinnon , Rory Culkin , Juliette Lewis , Blake Lively , and Alec Baldwin . It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10 , 2011 . It received a limited theatrical release on May 11 and is distributed by Phase 4 Films .'}]}, {'value': 'Nick', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safe_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Safe is a 2012 American action thriller film written and directed by Boaz Yakin , produced by Lawrence Bender and Dana Brunetti , and starring Jason Statham , Chris Sarandon , Robert John Burke and James Hong . Statham plays Luke Wright , an ex-cop and former cage fighter who winds up protecting a gifted child who is being chased by the Russian mafia , Chinese Triads , and corrupt New York City police . Safe was released by Lionsgate Films on April 27 , 2012 . Upon release , the film received generally negative reviews for its screenplay , writing and pace . However , the film received critical praise for the action sequences , direction , the cast ( particularly Statham ) , music and stunts . In addition to a critical failure , the film did average business at the box office by grossing $ 40.6 million worldwide against budget of $ 30 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex Rosen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seal Team Six : The Raid on Osama Bin Laden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_Team_Six:_The_Raid_on_Osama_Bin_Laden', 'summary': 'SEAL Team Six : The Raid on Osama Bin Laden is a 2012 television film directed by John Stockwell chronicling the Abbottabad compound raid and killing of Osama bin Laden in 2011 by U.S. Navy SEALs . It first aired on the National Geographic Channel on Sunday , November 4 , 2012 . The facts in the film were not confirmed or denied by White House officials . William Fichtner , Cam Gigandet , Kenneth Miller , Kathleen Robertson , and Xzibit are among the actors who appear in the film . The part of the film showcasing the Pakistan locales were shot at Khopoli near Mumbai , India as the filmmakers were unable to secure permission to shoot in Pakistan . It holds a mixed critic rating on score aggregator Metacritic .'}]}, {'value': 'Cherry', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Anson_Mount_0', 'intro': "Anson Adams Mount IV (born February 25, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as fictional character Cullen Bohannon in the AMC western drama series Hell on Wheels, Jim Steele on the short-lived NBC series Conviction, the Marvel Comics superhero Black Bolt in Marvel's Inhumans, and Captain Christopher Pike in season 2 of Star Trek: Discovery. He also appeared in the film Tully (2000)."}
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Who wrote the book basis of the movie in which Anson Mount played Todd after 2004 ?
Jennifer Weiner
06288cbf5f6ae566
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Naval Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Steve McGarrett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_McGarrett', 'summary': "Steve McGarrett is a fictional character who is the protagonist of CBS ' Hawaii Five-O . McGarrett is a former United States Navy officer and the leader of a special state police task force , which is called Five-O . McGarrett was famously portrayed by Jack Lord in the original show from 1968 to 1980 , and later by Alex O'Loughlin in the series ' remake in 2010 . Throughout the show , McGarrett is partner to Detective Danny Danno Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Probably 1941 or 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawaii state officer played by Jack Lord in the original version of the TV series Hawaii Five-O ; he had a Naval Academy diploma prominently displayed on the wall of his office in the series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Lord', 'summary': 'John Joseph Patrick Ryan ( December 30 , 1920 - January 21 , 1998 ) , best known by his stage name , Jack Lord , was an American television , film and Broadway actor , director and producer . He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five-O , which ran from 1968 to 1980 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)', 'summary': "Hawaii Five-O is an American police procedural drama series produced by CBS Productions and created by Leonard Freeman . Set in Hawaii , the show originally aired for 12 seasons from 1968 to 1980 , and continues in reruns . At the airing of its last episode it was the longest-running police drama in American television history . Jack Lord portrayed Detective Captain Steve McGarrett , the head of a special state police task force which was based on an actual unit that existed under martial law in the 1940s . The theme music composed by Morton Stevens became especially popular . Many episodes would end with McGarrett instructing his subordinate to Book 'em , Danno ! , sometimes specifying a charge such as murder one ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Magnum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Magnum', 'summary': 'Thomas Sullivan Magnum III is a fictional character on American television series Magnum , P.I . As the title suggests , the character Magnum is a private investigator . In the original series , Magnum was portrayed by Tom Selleck . Jay Hernandez portrays the character ( updated to Thomas Sullivan Magnum IV ) in the 2018 reboot series . This article discusses the original iteration of the character .'}]}, {'value': '1967 or 1968 , depending on the episode', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private investigator Thomas Sullivan Magnum IV played by Tom Selleck in the TV series Magnum P.I . ; played quarterback on the Naval Academy football team and served as a SEAL in Vietnam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Selleck', 'summary': "Thomas William Selleck ( /ˈsɛlɪk/ ; born January 29 , 1945 ) is an American actor , film producer , and California Army National Guard veteran . He is most known for starring as private investigator Thomas Magnum in the television series Magnum , P.I . ( 1980-1988 ) , as Peter Mitchell in Three Men and a Baby , and as NYPD Commissioner Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods on CBS since 2010 . Selleck also had a recurring role as Lance White , the likeable and naive partner of Jim Rockford ( played by James Garner ) on The Rockford Files and also played Police Chief Jesse Stone in a series of made-for-TV movies based on Robert B. Parker novels . Selleck has appeared in more than 50 film and television roles since Magnum , P.I. , including Three Men and a Baby , Quigley Down Under , Mr . Baseball , and Lassiter . He appeared as Dr. Richard Burke on Friends and as A.J . Cooper on the TV series Las Vegas . He also had a lead role in the television western movie The Sacketts , based on two of Louis L'Amour 's books ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Magnum_P.I.', 'summary': 'Magnum , P.I . is an American crime drama television series starring Tom Selleck as Thomas Magnum , a private investigator ( P.I . ) living on Oahu , Hawaii . The series ran from 1980 to 1988 during its first-run broadcast on the American television network CBS . According to the Nielsen ratings , Magnum , P.I . consistently ranked in the top twenty U.S. television programs during the first five years of its original run in the United States . A reboot series of the same name was ordered to series on May 11 , 2018 , and premiered on September 24 , 2018 on CBS .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SEAL', 'summary': "The United States Navy Sea , Air , and Land ( SEAL ) Teams , commonly known as Navy SEALs , are the U.S. Navy 's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command . Among the SEALs ' main functions are conducting small-unit special operation missions in maritime , jungle , urban , arctic , mountainous , and desert environments . SEALs are primarily tasked with surveilling , capturing , or killing of high priority targets , and gathering intelligence behind enemy lines on enemy forces , locations , and activities for future military actions . As of 2020 , all active SEALs are male and members of the U.S. Navy . [ Note 1 ] The CIA 's highly secretive and elite Special Operations Group ( SOG ) recruits operators from SEAL Teams , with joint operations going back to the MACV-SOG during the Vietnam War . This cooperation still exists today , as evidenced by military operations in Iraq , and Afghanistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Ryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(character)', 'summary': "John Patrick Ryan , Sr. KCVO is a fictional character created by author Tom Clancy and featured in his Ryanverse novels , which have consistently topped the New York Times bestseller list over 30 years . Since Clancy 's death in 2013 , four other authors have continued the Ryan franchise and its other connecting series with the approval of the Clancy family estate : Mark Greaney , Grant Blackwood , Mike Maden , and Marc Cameron . The son of a Baltimore police detective and a nurse , Jack Ryan is a former U.S. Marine and stockbroker who becomes a civilian history professor at the United States Naval Academy . Ryan later joins the Central Intelligence Agency as an analyst and occasional field officer , eventually leaving it as Deputy Director . He later served as National Security Advisor and Vice President before suddenly becoming President of the United States following a terrorist attack on the United States Capitol . Ryan went on to serve two non-consecutive terms and mostly dealt with international crises in Europe , the Middle East , Asia , and Africa . Jack Ryan has been portrayed in film adaptations by actors Alec Baldwin , Harrison Ford , Ben Affleck , and Chris Pine . The Jack Ryan film series have an unadjusted worldwide gross revenue of $ 788.4 million to date , making it the 57th highest-grossing film series . John Krasinski is the fifth and latest actor to portray Ryan in the Amazon Prime web television series of the same name , which premiered on August 30 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Probably 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CIA analyst and former Marine officer John Patrick Jack Ryan , Sr. played by Alec Baldwin in the film version of The Hunt for Red October . ( in the Tom Clancy novels , he was a Boston College NROTC graduate ) . In Patriot Games he is a history professor at the Naval Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alec_Baldwin', 'summary': 'Alexander Rae Baldwin III ( born April 3 , 1958 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , comedian , and political activist . A member of the Baldwin family , he is the eldest of the four Baldwin brothers , all actors . Baldwin first gained recognition appearing on seasons 6 and 7 of the CBS television drama Knots Landing , in the role of Joshua Rush . He has played both leading and supporting roles in films such as the horror comedy fantasy film Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) , as Jack Ryan in the action thriller The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) , the romantic comedy The Marrying Man ( 1991 ) , the drama Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) , the superhero film The Shadow ( 1994 ) , and two films directed by Martin Scorsese : the Howard Hughes biopic The Aviator ( 2004 ) and the neo-noir crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) . His performance in the 2003 romantic drama The Cooler garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He has done voice work for The SpongeBob Squarepants Movie ( 2004 ) , Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) , Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) , and The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) . On television , he narrated the American version of the fifth and sixth series of Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and played Mr . Conductor in Thomas and the Magic Railroad . From 2006 to 2013 , Baldwin starred as Jack Donaghy on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock , winning two Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards for his work on the show , making him the male performer with the most SAG Awards . Baldwin co-starred in Mission : Impossible - Rogue Nation and Mission : Impossible - Fallout , the fifth and sixth installments of the Mission : Impossible series , released in 2015 and 2018 , respectively . He is also a columnist for The Huffington Post . Since 2016 , he has been the host of Match Game .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Red_October', 'summary': "The Hunt for Red October is the debut novel by Tom Clancy , first published on October 1 , 1984 by the Naval Institute Press . It depicts Soviet submarine captain Marko Ramius as he seemingly goes rogue with his country 's cutting-edge ballistic missile submarine Red October , and marks the first appearance of Clancy 's most popular fictional character Jack Ryan , an analyst working for the Central Intelligence Agency , as he must prove his theory that Ramius had intended to defect to the United States . The book was loosely inspired by the mutiny on the Soviet frigate Storozhevoy in 1975 . The Hunt for Red October launched Clancy 's successful career as a novelist , especially after then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan remarked that he had enjoyed reading the book . A namesake film adaptation was released on March 2 , 1990 , and several computer and video games based on the book have been developed . Since then , the book has become instrumental in bringing the book genre of techno-thriller into the mainstream ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Clancy', 'summary': "Thomas Leo Clancy Jr. ( April 12 , 1947 - October 1 , 2013 ) was an American novelist best known for his technically detailed espionage and military-science storylines set during and after the Cold War . Seventeen of his novels were bestsellers , and more than 100 million copies of his books were sold . His name was also used on movie scripts written by ghostwriters , nonfiction books on military subjects occasionally with co-authors , and video games . He was a part-owner of his hometown Major League Baseball team , the Baltimore Orioles of the American League and vice-chairman of their community activities and public affairs committees . Clancy 's literary career began in 1984 when he sold his first military thriller novel The Hunt for Red October for $ 5,000 published by the small academic Naval Institute Press of Annapolis , Maryland . His works The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) , Patriot Games ( 1987 ) , Clear and Present Danger ( 1989 ) , and The Sum of All Fears ( 1991 ) have been turned into commercially successful films . Actors Alec Baldwin , Harrison Ford , Ben Affleck , Chris Pine , and John Krasinski have played Clancy 's most famous fictional character , Jack Ryan . Another well-known character of his , John Clark , has been portrayed by actors Willem Dafoe and Liev Schreiber . Tom Clancy 's works also inspired games such as the Ghost Recon , Rainbow Six , and Splinter Cell series . Since Clancy 's death in 2013 , the Jack Ryan series has been continued by his family estate through a series of authors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_College', 'summary': "Boston College ( BC ) is a private Jesuit research university in the Chestnut Hill and Brighton neighborhoods of Boston , Massachusetts and the city of Newton , Massachusetts . It was founded in 1863 and although it is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity its name reflects its historical position as a small liberal arts college . The university has more than 9,300 full-time undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduate students . It has historical ties to Boston College High School in Dorchester , as both the high school and the college were once on one campus in the South End of Boston . Its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America . Boston College offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its nine schools and colleges : Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences , Graduate School of Arts & Sciences , Carroll School of Management , Lynch School of Education and Human Development , Connell School of Nursing , Graduate School of Social Work , Boston College Law School , Boston College School of Theology and Ministry , Woods College of Advancing Studies . Boston College athletic teams are known as the Eagles , their colors are maroon and gold , and mascot is Baldwin the Eagle . The Eagles compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports offered by the ACC . The men 's and women 's ice hockey teams compete in Hockey East . Boston College 's men 's ice hockey team has won five national championships . As of January 2020 , alumni and affiliates of the university include governors , ambassadors , senators , House representatives , Hollywood actors , and professional athletes . Boston College has graduated several Rhodes , Fulbright , and Goldwater scholars ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NROTC', 'summary': 'The Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps ( NROTC ) program is a college-based , commissioned officer training program of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patriot_Games', 'summary': 'Patriot Games is a thriller novel , written by Tom Clancy and published in July 1987 . It is the indirect sequel to Without Remorse , and is chronologically the first book featuring Jack Ryan , the main character in most of Clancys novels . The novel focuses on Ryan being the target of Irish terrorist group Ulster Liberation Army for thwarting their kidnapping attempt on the Prince and Princess of Wales in London . It debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list . A film adaptation , starring Harrison Ford as Ryan , premiered on June 5 , 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'A. J. Chegwidden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._J._Chegwidden', 'summary': "Rear Admiral Albert Jethro A.J . Chegwidden , JAGC , USN ( Ret . ) , is a fictional character played by John M. Jackson who is a main character on the TV series JAG for 8 seasons ( recurring character during the first season ) from 1996 to 2004 , as well as making guest appearances on the spinoff series ' NCIS season 10 finale , Damned If You Do in 2013 , and as a recurring character on NCIS : Los Angeles since 2017 . Admiral Chegwidden was the Judge Advocate General of the Navy from around March 1996 until his retirement in May 2004 . The Old Man may be the Navy 's top uniformed lawyer , but he is a hands-on manager , never forgetting his roots as a Navy SEAL during the Vietnam War ."}]}, {'value': 'Probably 1966 or 1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Rear Admiral Upper Half Albert Jethro ' A.J . ' Chegwidden JAGC , USN ( Retired ) , former Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Navy , as played by John M. Jackson in the TV series JAG . He started his Navy career as a SEAL in Vietnam , switched to surface warfare and rose to command an Arleigh Burke class destroyer , then switched to the JAG Corps after attending law school in the 1980s", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General's_Corps,_U.S._Navy", 'summary': "The Judge Advocate General 's Corps , also known as the JAG Corps or JAG , is the legal arm of the United States Navy . Today , the corps consists of a worldwide organization of more than 730 commissioned officers serving as judge advocates , 30 limited duty officers ( law ) , 500 enlisted members ( primarily in the Legalman rating ) and nearly 275 civilian personnel , all serving under the direction of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy . The headquarters of the Judge Advocate General 's Corps of the United States Department of the Navy is located at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington , D.C ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_M._Jackson', 'summary': 'John Murice Jackson ( born June 1 , 1950 ) is an American actor , best known for playing Rear Admiral A. J. Chegwidden on the CBS series JAG and also as a special guest star on its spinoff NCIS and recurring cast to its spinoff NCIS : Los Angeles . John was forced to use his middle initial M. for his professional name because there was already a John Jackson registered with the Screen Actors Guild when he joined the union and SAG rules prohibit two or more members from using exactly the same name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'JAG ( U.S. military acronym for Judge Advocate General ) is an American legal drama television series with a U.S. Navy theme , created by Donald P. Bellisario , and produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television ( now CBS Television Studios ) . The series was originally aired on NBC for one season from September 23 , 1995 , to May 22 , 1996 , and then on CBS for an additional nine seasons from January 3 , 1997 , to April 29 , 2005 . The first season was co-produced with NBC Productions ( now Universal Television ) and was originally perceived as a Top Gun meets A Few Good Men hybrid series . In the spring of 1996 , NBC announced that the series had been canceled after finishing 79th in the ratings , leaving one episode unaired . In December 1996 , the rival network CBS announced it had picked up the series as a mid-season replacement and aired 15 new episodes as its second season . For several seasons , JAG climbed in the ratings and ultimately ran for nine additional seasons . JAG furthermore spawned the hit series NCIS , which in turn led to spin-offs NCIS : Los Angeles and NCIS : New Orleans . In total , 227 episodes were produced over 10 seasons . At the time of the original airing of its fifth season in the United States , JAG was seen in over 90 countries worldwide . JAG entered syndication in early 1999 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SEAL', 'summary': "The United States Navy Sea , Air , and Land ( SEAL ) Teams , commonly known as Navy SEALs , are the U.S. Navy 's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command . Among the SEALs ' main functions are conducting small-unit special operation missions in maritime , jungle , urban , arctic , mountainous , and desert environments . SEALs are primarily tasked with surveilling , capturing , or killing of high priority targets , and gathering intelligence behind enemy lines on enemy forces , locations , and activities for future military actions . As of 2020 , all active SEALs are male and members of the U.S. Navy . [ Note 1 ] The CIA 's highly secretive and elite Special Operations Group ( SOG ) recruits operators from SEAL Teams , with joint operations going back to the MACV-SOG during the Vietnam War . This cooperation still exists today , as evidenced by military operations in Iraq , and Afghanistan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Surface_Warfare_Officer', 'summary': 'The surface warfare insignia is a military badge of the United States Navy which is issued to U.S. Navy personnel who are trained and qualified to perform duties aboard United States surface warships . There are presently four classes of the surface warfare pin , being that of line , staff , special operations , and enlisted . The line and enlisted surface warfare badges may be earned by United States Coast Guard personnel assigned to Navy commands . The various badge types are as follows :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arleigh_Burke_class_destroyer', 'summary': "The Arleigh Burke class of guided missile destroyers ( DDGs ) is a United States Navy class of destroyer built around the Aegis Combat System and the SPY-1D multifunction passive electronically scanned array radar . The class is named for Admiral Arleigh Burke , an American destroyer officer in World War II , and later Chief of Naval Operations . The class leader , USS Arleigh Burke , was commissioned during Admiral Burke 's lifetime . These warships were designed as multimission destroyers , able to fulfill the strategic land strike role with Tomahawk missiles ; antiaircraft warfare ( AAW ) role with powerful Aegis radar and surface-to-air missiles ; antisubmarine warfare ( ASW ) with towed sonar array , anti-submarine rockets , and ASW helicopter ; and antisurface warfare ( ASuW ) with Harpoon missile launcher . With upgrades to their AN/SPY-1 phased radar systems and their associated missile payloads as part of the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System , the ships of this class have also begun to demonstrate some promise as mobile antiballistic missile and anti-satellite weaponry platforms . Some versions of the class no longer have the towed sonar , or Harpoon missile launcher . Their hull and superstructure were designed to have a reduced radar cross-section . The first ship of the class was commissioned on 4 July 1991 . With the decommissioning of the last Spruance-class destroyer , USS Cushing , on 21 September 2005 , the Arleigh Burke-class ships became the U.S. Navy 's only active destroyers , until the Zumwalt class became active in 2016 . The Arleigh Burke class has the longest production run for any post-World War II U.S. Navy surface combatant . Besides the 62 vessels of this class ( comprising 21 of Flight I , 7 of Flight II and 34 of Flight IIA ) in service by 2016 , up to a further 42 ( of Flight III ) have been envisioned . With an overall length of 505 to 509 feet ( 154 to 155 m ) , displacement ranging from 8,315 to 9,200 tons , and weaponry including over 90 missiles , the Arleigh Burke class are larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided missile cruisers ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General's_Corps,_U.S._Navy", 'summary': "The Judge Advocate General 's Corps , also known as the JAG Corps or JAG , is the legal arm of the United States Navy . Today , the corps consists of a worldwide organization of more than 730 commissioned officers serving as judge advocates , 30 limited duty officers ( law ) , 500 enlisted members ( primarily in the Legalman rating ) and nearly 275 civilian personnel , all serving under the direction of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy . The headquarters of the Judge Advocate General 's Corps of the United States Department of the Navy is located at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington , D.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Raymond Reddington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Reddington', 'summary': 'The Blacklist is an American crime drama television series that premiered on NBC on September 23 , 2013 . Raymond Red Reddington ( James Spader ) , a former government agent turned high-profile criminal , who had eluded capture for decades , voluntarily surrenders to the FBI , offering to cooperate on capturing a list of criminals who are virtually impossible to catch . He insists on working with a rookie profiler by the name of Elizabeth Keen ( Megan Boone ) . The show also stars Diego Klattenhoff , Ryan Eggold and Harry Lennix . The pilot episode was written by Jon Bokenkamp and directed by Joe Carnahan . Executive producers for the series include Bokenkamp , John Eisendrath , and John Davis for Sony Pictures Television , Universal Television , and Davis Entertainment . In February 2015 , The Blacklist was renewed for a third season , with Hisham Tawfiq promoted to main cast .'}]}, {'value': 'Probably 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Reformed criminal Raymond Red Reddington , as played by James Spader , works with the FBI on the TV series The Blacklist . He graduated first in his class from the Naval Academy and worked in counterintelligence . He then became a criminal , eventually reaching number 4 on the FBI 's Most Wanted List", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Spader', 'summary': 'James Todd Spader ( born February 7 , 1960 ) is an American actor . He is best known for portraying eccentric characters in films such as the drama Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) , the action science fiction film Stargate ( 1994 ) , the controversial psychological thriller Crash ( 1996 ) , and the erotic romance Secretary ( 2002 ) . In the Marvel Cinematic Universe , he played the titular character of Ultron in Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , which he portrayed through voice and motion capture . His best-known television roles are those of attorney Alan Shore in The Practice and its spin-off Boston Legal ( for which he won three Emmy Awards ) , and Robert California in the comedy-mockumentary The Office . He currently stars as high-profile criminal-turned-FBI-informant Raymond Red Reddington in the NBC crime drama The Blacklist , for which he has earned two Golden Globe Award nominations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Blacklist_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Blacklist is an American crime thriller television series that premiered on NBC on September 23 , 2013 . The show follows Raymond Red Reddington ( James Spader ) , a former U.S. Navy officer turned high-profile criminal , who voluntarily surrenders to the FBI after eluding capture for decades . He tells the FBI that he has a list of the most dangerous criminals in the world that he has compiled over the years and is willing to inform on their operations in exchange for immunity from prosecution . However , he insists on working exclusively with a rookie FBI profiler by the name of Elizabeth Keen ( Megan Boone ) . The series also stars Diego Klattenhoff , Ryan Eggold and Harry Lennix . The pilot episode was written by Jon Bokenkamp and directed by Joe Carnahan . Executive producers for the series include Bokenkamp , John Eisendrath and John Davis for Sony Pictures Television , Universal Television and Davis Entertainment . Each season has received positive reviews , with many critics praising Spader 's performance in particular . On March 11 , 2019 , NBC renewed the series for a seventh season , which premiered on October 4 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_List', 'summary': "The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives is a most wanted list maintained by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . The list arose from a conversation held in late 1949 between J. Edgar Hoover , Director of the FBI , and William Kinsey Hutchinson , International News Service ( the predecessor of the United Press International ) editor-in-chief , who were discussing ways to promote capture of the FBI 's toughest guys . This discussion turned into a published article , which received so much positive publicity that on March 14 , 1950 , the FBI officially announced the list to increase law enforcement 's ability to capture dangerous fugitives . Individuals are generally only removed from the list if the fugitive is captured , dies , or if the charges against them are dropped ; they are then replaced by a new entry selected by the FBI . In ten cases , the FBI removed individuals from the list after deciding that they were no longer a particularly dangerous menace to society . Machetero member Víctor Manuel Gerena , added to the list in 1984 , was on the list for 32 years , which was longer than anyone else . Billie Austin Bryant spent the shortest amount of time on the list , being listed for two hours in 1969 . The oldest person to be added to the list was Eugene Palmer on May 29 , 2019 , at 80 years old . On rare occasions , the FBI will add a Number Eleven if that individual is extremely dangerous but the Bureau does not feel any of the current ten should be removed . Despite occasional references in the media , the FBI does not rank their list ; no suspect is considered # 1 on the FBI 's Most Wanted List or The Most Wanted . The list is commonly posted in public places such as post offices . In many cases , fugitives on the list have turned themselves in on becoming aware of their listing ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Ulysses Sturgis Turner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sturgis_Turner', 'summary': 'Commander Peter Ulysses Sturgis Turner JAGC , USN , played by Scott Lawrence , is a fictional character in the American Television series JAG .'}]}, {'value': 'Presumably 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commander and Judge Advocate in the U.S. Navy , as played by Scott Lawrence in the TV series JAG . He was classmates with Harmon Rabb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commander_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States , commander is a military rank that is also sometimes used as a military billet title - the designation of someone who manages living quarters or a base - depending on the branch of service . It is also used as a rank or title in non-military organizations ; particularly in law enforcement .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General's_Corps,_U.S._Navy", 'summary': "The Judge Advocate General 's Corps , also known as the JAG Corps or JAG , is the legal arm of the United States Navy . Today , the corps consists of a worldwide organization of more than 730 commissioned officers serving as judge advocates , 30 limited duty officers ( law ) , 500 enlisted members ( primarily in the Legalman rating ) and nearly 275 civilian personnel , all serving under the direction of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy . The headquarters of the Judge Advocate General 's Corps of the United States Department of the Navy is located at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington , D.C ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Scott Lawrence ( born September 27 , 1963 ) is an American actor best known for his role as Cmdr . Sturgis Turner on the CBS series JAG . Lawrence played the role from 2001 until 2005 , when the series ended .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'JAG ( U.S. military acronym for Judge Advocate General ) is an American legal drama television series with a U.S. Navy theme , created by Donald P. Bellisario , and produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television ( now CBS Television Studios ) . The series was originally aired on NBC for one season from September 23 , 1995 , to May 22 , 1996 , and then on CBS for an additional nine seasons from January 3 , 1997 , to April 29 , 2005 . The first season was co-produced with NBC Productions ( now Universal Television ) and was originally perceived as a Top Gun meets A Few Good Men hybrid series . In the spring of 1996 , NBC announced that the series had been canceled after finishing 79th in the ratings , leaving one episode unaired . In December 1996 , the rival network CBS announced it had picked up the series as a mid-season replacement and aired 15 new episodes as its second season . For several seasons , JAG climbed in the ratings and ultimately ran for nine additional seasons . JAG furthermore spawned the hit series NCIS , which in turn led to spin-offs NCIS : Los Angeles and NCIS : New Orleans . In total , 227 episodes were produced over 10 seasons . At the time of the original airing of its fifth season in the United States , JAG was seen in over 90 countries worldwide . JAG entered syndication in early 1999 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harmon_Rabb', 'summary': "Harmon 'Harm ' Rabb , Jr. is a fictional character and lead role in the American television series JAG . The character was created by Donald P. Bellisario , as a work for hire for Paramount Television , in the script for the JAG pilot episode , which was filmed and then aired by NBC on 23 September 1995 . Harm is introduced as a lieutenant in the United States Navy serving as a judge advocate , but it is revealed that he has a background as a naval aviator . The viewer follows his naval career and personal life from that point as the series progresses . With the longevity of JAG , plenty of information on his past life and previous military service is given at various points in the series . JAG ended its ten year run on April 29 , 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Harmon Rabb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmon_Rabb', 'summary': "Harmon 'Harm ' Rabb , Jr. is a fictional character and lead role in the American television series JAG . The character was created by Donald P. Bellisario , as a work for hire for Paramount Television , in the script for the JAG pilot episode , which was filmed and then aired by NBC on 23 September 1995 . Harm is introduced as a lieutenant in the United States Navy serving as a judge advocate , but it is revealed that he has a background as a naval aviator . The viewer follows his naval career and personal life from that point as the series progresses . With the longevity of JAG , plenty of information on his past life and previous military service is given at various points in the series . JAG ended its ten year run on April 29 , 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain and Judge Advocate in the U.S. Navy , as played by David James Elliott in the TV series JAG . Former F-14 Tomcat pilot . He was classmates with Sturgis Turner at Annapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)', 'summary': 'In the United States Navy , United States Coast Guard , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps ( USPHS ) , and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( NOAA Corps ) , captain is the senior-most commissioned officer rank below that of flag officer ( i.e. , admirals ) . The equivalent rank is colonel in the United States Army , Air Force , and Marine Corps . Reflecting its nautical heritage , the term captain is sometimes used as a military title by more junior officers who command a commissioned vessel of the Navy , Coast Guard , or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ship of patrol boat size or greater . Officers below O-6 who command aviation squadrons ( typically O-5 commanders ) usually use the less formal title skipper .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General's_Corps,_U.S._Navy", 'summary': "The Judge Advocate General 's Corps , also known as the JAG Corps or JAG , is the legal arm of the United States Navy . Today , the corps consists of a worldwide organization of more than 730 commissioned officers serving as judge advocates , 30 limited duty officers ( law ) , 500 enlisted members ( primarily in the Legalman rating ) and nearly 275 civilian personnel , all serving under the direction of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy . The headquarters of the Judge Advocate General 's Corps of the United States Department of the Navy is located at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington , D.C ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_James_Elliott', 'summary': 'David James Elliott ( born September 21 , 1960 ) is a Canadian actor who was the star of the series JAG , playing lead character Harmon Rabb Jr. from 1995 to 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'JAG ( U.S. military acronym for Judge Advocate General ) is an American legal drama television series with a U.S. Navy theme , created by Donald P. Bellisario , and produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television ( now CBS Television Studios ) . The series was originally aired on NBC for one season from September 23 , 1995 , to May 22 , 1996 , and then on CBS for an additional nine seasons from January 3 , 1997 , to April 29 , 2005 . The first season was co-produced with NBC Productions ( now Universal Television ) and was originally perceived as a Top Gun meets A Few Good Men hybrid series . In the spring of 1996 , NBC announced that the series had been canceled after finishing 79th in the ratings , leaving one episode unaired . In December 1996 , the rival network CBS announced it had picked up the series as a mid-season replacement and aired 15 new episodes as its second season . For several seasons , JAG climbed in the ratings and ultimately ran for nine additional seasons . JAG furthermore spawned the hit series NCIS , which in turn led to spin-offs NCIS : Los Angeles and NCIS : New Orleans . In total , 227 episodes were produced over 10 seasons . At the time of the original airing of its fifth season in the United States , JAG was seen in over 90 countries worldwide . JAG entered syndication in early 1999 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat', 'summary': "The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is an American supersonic , twin-engine , two-seat , twin-tail , variable-sweep wing fighter aircraft . It was the first such U.S. jet fighter with twin tails . The Tomcat was developed for the United States Navy 's Naval Fighter Experimental ( VFX ) program after the collapse of the F-111B project . The F-14 was the first of the American Teen Series fighters , which were designed incorporating air combat experience against MiG fighters during the Vietnam War . The F-14 first flew on 21 December 1970 and made its first deployment in 1974 with the U.S. Navy aboard USS Enterprise ( CVN-65 ) , replacing the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II . The F-14 served as the U.S. Navy 's primary maritime air superiority fighter , fleet defense interceptor , and tactical aerial reconnaissance platform into the 2000s . The Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night ( LANTIRN ) pod system were added in the 1990s and the Tomcat began performing precision ground-attack missions . In the 1980s , F-14s were used as land-based interceptors by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force during the Iran-Iraq War , where they saw combat against Iraqi warplanes . Iranian F-14s reportedly shot down at least 160 Iraqi aircraft during the war , while only 12 to 16 Tomcats were lost ; at least half of these losses were due to accidents . The Tomcat was retired from the U.S. Navy 's active fleet on 22 September 2006 , having been supplanted by the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet . The F-14 remains in service with Iran 's air force , having been exported to Iran in 1976 . In November 2015 , reports emerged of Iranian F-14s flying escort for Russian Tupolev Tu-95 , Tu-160 and Tu-22M bombers on air strikes in Syria ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve McGarrett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_McGarrett', 'summary': "Steve McGarrett is a fictional character who is the protagonist of CBS ' Hawaii Five-O . McGarrett is a former United States Navy officer and the leader of a special state police task force , which is called Five-O . McGarrett was famously portrayed by Jack Lord in the original show from 1968 to 1980 , and later by Alex O'Loughlin in the series ' remake in 2010 . Throughout the show , McGarrett is partner to Detective Danny Danno Williams ."}]}, {'value': '1997 or 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hawaii state police officer played by Alex O'Loughlin in the 2010 revival of the TV series Hawaii Five-0 ; he is constantly identified as LCDR McGarrett , his rank in the Naval Reserves . He graduated first in his class from the Naval Academy , first in BUD/S class 203 , and served as for six years as a SEAL prior to transferring to Naval Intelligence", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alex_O'Loughlin", 'summary': "Alex O'Loughlin /oʊˈlɒklɪn/ ( born 24 August 1976 ) is an Australian actor , writer , director , and producer , who plays Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett on CBS ' remake of the TV series Hawaii Five-0 . He had starring roles in the films Oyster Farmer ( 2004 ) and The Back-up Plan ( 2010 ) , as well as on such television series as Moonlight ( 2008 ) and Three Rivers ( 2009 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series)', 'summary': "Hawaii Five-0 is an American action police procedural television series that premiered on Monday , September 20 , 2010 , on the network CBS . The series is a re-imagining of the original series , which aired on CBS from 1968 to 1980 . Like the original series , the show follows an elite state police task force set up to fight major crimes in the state of Hawaii . The task force is led by Steve McGarrett ( Alex O'Loughlin ) , a Navy Reserve Lieutenant Commander who is assisted by Detective Danny Williams ( Scott Caan ) , and other police officers . The series is produced by K/O Paper Products and 101st Street Television , initially in association with CBS Productions , then CBS Television Studios since season three . The show has had three crossovers with other crime shows and has received praise for its modern take on the original series . On April 18 , 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a ninth season which premiered on September 28 , 2018 . The series was also renewed by CBS for a tenth season on May 9 , 2019 , which premiered on September 27 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Naval_Reserves', 'summary': 'The United States Navy Reserve ( USNR ) , known as the United States Naval Reserve from 1915 to 2005 , is the Reserve Component ( RC ) of the United States Navy . Members of the Navy Reserve , called reservists , are enrolled in the Selected Reserve ( SELRES ) , the Individual Ready Reserve ( IRR ) , the Full Time Support ( FTS ) , or the Retired Reserve program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SEAL', 'summary': "The United States Navy Sea , Air , and Land ( SEAL ) Teams , commonly known as Navy SEALs , are the U.S. Navy 's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command . Among the SEALs ' main functions are conducting small-unit special operation missions in maritime , jungle , urban , arctic , mountainous , and desert environments . SEALs are primarily tasked with surveilling , capturing , or killing of high priority targets , and gathering intelligence behind enemy lines on enemy forces , locations , and activities for future military actions . As of 2020 , all active SEALs are male and members of the U.S. Navy . [ Note 1 ] The CIA 's highly secretive and elite Special Operations Group ( SOG ) recruits operators from SEAL Teams , with joint operations going back to the MACV-SOG during the Vietnam War . This cooperation still exists today , as evidenced by military operations in Iraq , and Afghanistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Jake Huard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Midshipman Fourth Class Jake Huard is portrayed by James Franco in the 2006 film Annapolis . This film , made without the support of the U.S. Navy , focuses on Brigade Boxing and a budding romance between Plebe Huard and Second Class Midshipman Ali , played by Jordana Brewster . While the film ends at the conclusion of Huard 's Plebe year , it is strongly implied that he graduates", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Franco', 'summary': "James Edward Franco ( born April 19 , 1978 ) is an American actor , director , screenwriter , comedian , film producer , television producer , academic , painter and writer . For his role in 127 Hours ( 2010 ) , he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . Franco is known for his roles in live-action films , such as Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002-2007 ) ; Milk ( 2008 ) ; Pineapple Express ( 2008 ) ; Eat , Pray , Love ( 2010 ) ; Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ; Spring Breakers ( 2012 ) ; Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) ; This Is the End ( 2013 ) ; and The Disaster Artist ( 2017 ) , for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . He is known for his collaborations with fellow actor Seth Rogen , having appeared in eight films and one television series with him . Franco is also known for his work on television ; his first prominent acting role was the character Daniel Desario on the short-lived ensemble comedy-drama Freaks and Geeks ( 1999-2000 ) , which developed a cult following . He portrayed the title character in the television biographical film James Dean ( 2001 ) , for which he won a Golden Globe Award . Franco had a recurring role on the daytime soap opera General Hospital ( 2009-2012 ) and starred in the limited series 11.22.63 ( 2016 ) . He starred in the David Simon-created HBO drama The Deuce ( 2017-2019 ) . Franco volunteers for the Art of Elysium charity , and has taught film classes at New York University , the University of Southern California , UCLA , Studio 4 , Palo Alto High School , and Playhouse West ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Annapolis_(2006_film)', 'summary': 'Annapolis is a 2006 American drama film directed by Justin Lin and starring James Franco , Tyrese Gibson , Jordana Brewster , Donnie Wahlberg , Roger Fan , and Chi McBride . The film revolves around Jake Huard , a young man who dreams of one day attending the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis , Maryland . It was released January 27 , 2006 in the United States . As of February 12 , 2006 , the film grossed an approximate total of US $ 17.2 million in the United States , and was produced for a $ 26-million budget . Annapolis scored mostly negative reviews from critics but found an audience on DVD selling over 4 million copies and staying on top 10 rental lists around the U.S .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jordana_Brewster', 'summary': "Jordana Brewster ( born April 26 , 1980 ) is an American actress and model . She made her acting debut in an episode of All My Children in 1995 and next took on the recurring role as Nikki Munson in As the World Turns , garnering a nomination for Outstanding Teen Performer at the 1997 Soap Opera Digest Award . Her first role in a feature film was in Robert Rodriguez 's horror science fiction The Faculty ( 1998 ) . Her breakthrough came with her role of Mia Toretto in the action film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) . She reprised the role in its sequels , Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) , Fast Five ( 2011 ) , Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) , Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , and F9 ( 2020 ) . Other film credits include the drama The Invisible Circus ( 2001 ) , the action comedy D.E.B.S . ( 2004 ) and the horror film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) . Brewster starred on the TNT series Dallas from 2012 to 2014 . She also had a five-episode arc as Denise Brown in the first season of the FX true crime anthology series American Crime Story ( 2016 ) . She recently starred as Dr. Maureen Cahill on the Fox buddy cop action dramedy Lethal Weapon ( 2016-2018 ) ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni_32', 'intro': 'The United States Naval Academy (USNA) is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Academy was founded in 1845 and graduated its first class in 1846. The Academy is often referred to as Annapolis, while sports media refer to the Academy as Navy and the students as Midshipmen; this usage is officially endorsed. During the latter half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th, the United States Naval Academy was the primary source of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps officers, with the Class of 1881 being the first to provide officers to the Marine Corps. Graduates of the Academy are also given the option of entering the United States Army or United States Air Force. Most Midshipmen are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes various fields of engineering. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former Midshipmen, current Midshipmen, and faculty of the Naval Academy. Over 50 U.S. astronauts have graduated from the Naval Academy, more than from any other undergraduate institution. [a] Over 990 noted scholars from a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including 45 Rhodes Scholars and 16 Marshall Scholars. Additional notable graduates include 1 President of the United States, 2 Nobel Prize recipients, and 73 Medal of Honor recipients. [b]'}
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Who directed the pilot of the show whose main character presumably graduated from the Academy in 1984 ?
Joe Carnahan
0628eed11ea4c064
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World's_Billionaires", 'title': "The World's Billionaires", 'header': ['No', 'Name', 'Net worth ( USD )', 'Age', 'Nationality', 'Source ( s ) of wealth'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Gates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Gates', 'summary': "William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is an American business magnate , software developer , investor , and philanthropist . He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation . During his career at Microsoft , Gates held the positions of chairman , chief executive officer ( CEO ) , president and chief software architect , while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014 . He is one of the best-known entrepreneurs and pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s . Born and raised in Seattle , Washington , Gates co-founded Microsoft with childhood friend Paul Allen in 1975 in Albuquerque , New Mexico ; it went on to become the world 's largest personal computer software company . [ a ] Gates led the company as chairman and CEO until stepping down as CEO in January 2000 , but he remained chairman and became chief software architect . During the late 1990s , Gates had been criticized for his business tactics , which have been considered anti-competitive . This opinion has been upheld by numerous court rulings . In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the private charitable foundation that he and his wife , Melinda Gates , established in 2000 . He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie . He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 and assumed a new post as technology adviser to support the newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella . Since 1987 , he has been included in the Forbes list of the world 's wealthiest documented individuals ."}]}, {'value': '$ 79.2 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft', 'summary': "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Slim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Slim', 'summary': "Carlos Slim Helú ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkaɾlos ezˈlim eˈlu ] ; born 28 January 1940 in Mexico City ) is a Mexican business tycoon , investor , philanthropist , and engineer . From 2010 to 2013 , Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world by the Forbes business magazine . He derived his fortune from his extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate , Grupo Carso . As of February 2020 , he is the fifth-richest person in the world according to Forbes ' listing of The World 's Billionaires , with he and his family having a net worth estimated at $ 68.9 billion . He is the richest person in Latin America . His conglomerate includes education , health care , industrial manufacturing , transportation , real estate , media , energy , hospitality , entertainment , high-technology , retail , sports and financial services . He accounts for 40% of the listings on the Mexican Stock Exchange , while his net worth is equivalent to about 6 percent of Mexico 's gross domestic product . As of 2016 , he is the largest single shareholder of The New York Times Company ."}]}, {'value': '$ 77.1 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'América Móvil , Grupo Carso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/América_Móvil', 'summary': 'América Móvil is a Mexican telecommunications corporation headquartered in Mexico City , Mexico . It is the seventh largest mobile network operator in terms of equity subscribers and one of the largest corporations in the world . América Móvil is a Forbes Global 2000 company . As of Q1 , 2019 , América Móvil had 277.4 million wireless subscribers , and 84.3 million fixed revenue generating units ( RGUs , consisting of fixed voice , fixed data and PayTV units ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grupo_Carso', 'summary': 'Grupo Carso or Grupo Sanborns SAB is a Mexican global conglomerate company owned by Carlos Slim . It was formed in 1990 after the merger of Corporación Industrial Carso and Grupo Inbursa . The name Carso stands for Carlos Slim and Soumaya Domit de Slim , his late wife . In May 2014 , the conglomerate had a stock market capitalisation of over $ 12 billion US dollars . In 1996 Carso Global Telecom ( which includes Telmex , Telcel and América Móvil ) separated itself from Grupo Carso .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warren Buffett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Buffett', 'summary': "Warren Edward Buffett ( /ˈbʌfɪt/ ; born August 30 , 1930 ) is an American business magnate , investor , and philanthropist , who is the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway . He is considered one of the most successful investors in the world and has a net worth of US $ 88.9 billion as of December 2019 , making him the fourth-wealthiest person in the world . Buffett was born in Omaha , Nebraska . He developed an interest in business and investing in his youth , eventually entering the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1947 before transferring and graduating from the University of Nebraska at the age of 19 . He went on to graduate from Columbia Business School , where he molded his investment philosophy around the concept of value investing that was pioneered by Benjamin Graham . He attended New York Institute of Finance to focus his economics background and soon after began various business partnerships , including one with Graham . He created Buffett Partnership , Ltd in 1956 and his firm eventually acquired a textile manufacturing firm called Berkshire Hathaway , assuming its name to create a diversified holding company . In 1978 , Charlie Munger joined Buffett and became vice chairman of the company . Buffett has been the chairman and largest shareholder of Berkshire Hathaway since 1970 . He has been referred to as the Oracle or Sage of Omaha by global media outlets . He is noted for his adherence to value investing and for his personal frugality despite his immense wealth . Research published at the University of Oxford characterizes Buffett 's investment methodology as falling within founder centrism - defined by a deference to managers with a founder 's mindset , an ethical disposition towards the shareholder collective , and an intense focus on exponential value creation ."}]}, {'value': '$ 72.7 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Berkshire Hathaway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway', 'summary': "Berkshire Hathaway is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha , Nebraska , United States . The company wholly owns GEICO , Duracell , Dairy Queen , BNSF , Lubrizol , Fruit of the Loom , Helzberg Diamonds , Long & Foster , FlightSafety International , Pampered Chef , Forest River and NetJets , and also owns 38.6% of Pilot Flying J ; 26.7% of the Kraft Heinz Company , and significant minority holdings in American Express ( 17.6% ) , Wells Fargo ( 9.9% ) , The Coca-Cola Company ( 9.4% ) , Bank of America ( 6.8% ) , and Apple ( 5.22% ) . Since 2016 , the company has acquired large holdings in the major US airline carriers , and is currently the largest shareholder in United Airlines and Delta Air Lines , and a top three shareholder in Southwest Airlines and American Airlines . Berkshire Hathaway has averaged an annual growth in book value of 19.0% to its shareholders since 1965 ( compared to 9.7% from the S & P 500 with dividends included for the same period ) , while employing large amounts of capital , and minimal debt . The company is known for its control and leadership by Warren Buffett , who serves as chairman and chief executive , and by Charlie Munger , the company 's vice-chairman . In the early part of his career at Berkshire , Buffett focused on long-term investments in publicly traded companies , but more recently he has more frequently bought whole companies . Berkshire now owns a diverse range of businesses including confectionery , retail , railroads , home furnishings , encyclopedias , manufacturers of vacuum cleaners , jewelry sales , manufacture and distribution of uniforms , and several regional electric and gas utilities . According to the Forbes Global 2000 list and formula , Berkshire Hathaway is the third largest public company in the world , the tenth largest conglomerate by revenue and the largest financial services company by revenue in the world . As of February 2020 , Berkshire 's Class B stock is the seventh-largest component of the S & P 500 Index ( which is based on free-float market capitalization ) and the company is famous for having the most expensive share price in history with Class A shares costing around $ 340,000 each . This is because there has never been a stock split in its Class A shares and Buffett stated in a 1984 letter to shareholders that he does not intend to split the stock ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amancio Ortega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amancio_Ortega', 'summary': "Amancio Ortega Gaona ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aˈmanθjo oɾˈteɣa ɣaˈona ] ; born 28 March 1936 ) is a Spanish billionaire businessman . He is the founder and former chairman of Inditex fashion group , best known for its chain of Zara clothing and accessories shops . As of December 2019 , Ortega had a net worth of $ 68.3 billion , making him the second-wealthiest person in Europe after Bernard Arnault , and the sixth-wealthiest in the world . For a brief period of time in 2015 , he was the richest man in the world , bypassing Bill Gates when his net worth peaked to $ 80 billion as Zara 's parent company , Inditexs , stock peaked . He is the head of the Ortega family and the second wealthiest retailer in the world ."}]}, {'value': '$ 64.5 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Inditex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inditex', 'summary': "Industria de Diseño Textil , S.A. ( Inditex ; /ˌɪndɪˈtɛks/ , Spanish : [ indiˈteks ] ; lit . Textile Design Industry ) is a Spanish multinational clothing company headquartered in Arteixo ( A Coruña ) in Galicia . Inditex , the biggest fashion group in the world , operates over 7,200 stores in 93 markets worldwide . The company 's flagship store is Zara , but it also owns the chains Zara Home , Massimo Dutti , Bershka , Oysho , Pull and Bear , Stradivarius and Uterqüe . The majority of its stores are corporate-owned , while franchises are mainly conceded in countries where corporate properties can not be foreign-owned . The company operates a unique business model : instead of committing a large percentage of production for the next fashion season , the company commits a small amount and uses customer feedback and an efficient production network to replenish stores with new and different products weekly . New styles are prototyped in just 5 days and 60% of the manufacturing happens locally to shorten lead-times . In Zara stores , it can take a new garment as little as 15 days to go from design and production to store shelves ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Ellison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Ellison', 'summary': 'Lawrence Joseph Ellison ( born August 17 , 1944 ) is an American businessman , entrepreneur , and philanthropist who is a co-founder and the executive chairman and chief technology officer ( CTO ) of Oracle Corporation . As of October 2019 , he was listed by Forbes magazine as the fourth-wealthiest person in the United States and as the sixth-wealthiest in the world , with a fortune of $ 69.1 billion , increased from $ 54.5 billion in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '$ 54.3 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Oracle Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_Corporation', 'summary': 'Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Redwood Shores , California . The company sells database software and technology , cloud engineered systems , and enterprise software products - particularly its own brands of database management systems . In 2019 , Oracle was the second-largest software company by revenue and market capitalization . The company also develops and builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software , enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) software , Human Capital Management ( HCM ) software , customer relationship management ( CRM ) software , and supply chain management ( SCM ) software .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Koch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Koch', 'summary': "Charles de Ganahl Koch ( /koʊk/ ; born November 1 , 1935 ) is an American businessman , political donor and philanthropist . As of March 2019 , he was ranked as the 11th-richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of $ 50.5 billion . Koch has been co-owner , chairman , and chief executive officer of Koch Industries since 1967 , while his late brother David Koch served as executive vice president . Charles and David each owned 42% of the conglomerate . The brothers inherited the business from their father , Fred C. Koch , then expanded the business . Originally involved exclusively in oil refining and chemicals , Koch Industries now includes process and pollution control equipment and technologies , polymers and fibers , minerals , fertilizers , commodity trading and services , forest and consumer products , and ranching . The businesses produce a wide variety of well-known brands , such as Stainmaster carpet , the Lycra brand of spandex fiber , Quilted Northern tissue , and Dixie Cup . Koch Industries is the second-largest privately held company by revenue in the United States according to a 2010 Forbes survey . In February 2014 , Koch was ranked 9th richest person in the world by Hurun Report with an estimated net worth of $ 36 billion . Previously , in October 2012 , he was ranked the 6th richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of $ 34 billion - according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index - and was ranked 18th on Forbes World 's Billionaires list of 2011 ( and 4th on the Forbes 400 ) , with an estimated net worth of $ 25 billion , deriving from his 42% stake in Koch Industries . Koch has published three books detailing his business philosophy , The Science of Success , Market Based Management , and Good Profit . Koch supports a number of free market-oriented educational organizations , including the Institute for Humane Studies , the Ayn Rand Institute , [ citation needed ] and the Mercatus Center at George Mason University ."}]}, {'value': '$ 42.9 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '79', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Koch Industries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koch_Industries', 'summary': "Koch Industries , Inc. /koʊk/ is an American multinational corporation based in Wichita , Kansas . Its subsidiaries are involved in the manufacturing , refining , and distribution of petroleum , chemicals , energy , fiber , intermediates and polymers , minerals , fertilizers , pulp and paper , chemical technology equipment , ranching , finance , commodities trading , and investing . Koch owns Invista , Georgia-Pacific , Molex , Flint Hills Resources , Koch Pipeline , Koch Fertilizer , Koch Minerals , Matador Cattle Company , and Guardian Industries . The firm employs 120,000 people in 60 countries , with about half of its business in the United States . The company is the largest landowner in the Athabasca oil sands . With annual revenues of $ 110 billion by 2014 , the company is the second largest privately held company in the United States after Cargill . In 2007 , it was ranked as the largest privately held company . If Koch Industries had been a public company in 2013 , it would have ranked 17th in the Fortune 500 . The company was founded by its namesake , Fred C. Koch , in 1940 after he developed an innovative crude oil refining process . Fred C. Koch died in 1967 and his majority interest in the company was split amongst his four sons . In June 1983 , after a bitter legal and boardroom battle , the stakes of Frederick R. Koch and William Bill Koch were bought out for $ 1.1 billion and Charles Koch and David Koch became majority owners in the company . Charles owns 42% of the company ; trusts for the benefit of Elaine Tettemer Marshall , the daughter in-law of J. Howard Marshall and Anna Nicole Smith , and Elaine 's children , Preston Marshall and E. Pierce Marshall Jr. , own 16% of the company ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Koch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Koch', 'summary': "David Hamilton Koch ( /koʊk/ ; May 3 , 1940 - August 23 , 2019 ) was an American businessman , philanthropist , political activist , and chemical engineer . In 1970 , he joined the family business : Koch Industries , the second-largest privately held company in the United States . He became president of the subsidiary Koch Engineering in 1979 , and became a co-owner of Koch Industries ( along with elder brother Charles ) in 1983 . Koch served as an executive vice president of Koch Industries until he retired due to health issues in 2018 . Koch was a libertarian . He was the 1980 Libertarian candidate for Vice President of the United States and helped finance the campaign . He founded Citizens for a Sound Economy and donated to advocacy groups and political campaigns , most of which were Republican . Koch became a Republican in 1984 ; in 2012 , he spent over $ 100 million to oppose the re-election of President Barack Obama . Koch was the fourth-richest person in the United States in 2012 and was the wealthiest resident of New York City in 2013 . As of June 2019 , Koch was ranked as the 11th-richest person in the world ( tied with his brother Charles ) , with a fortune of $ 50.5 billion . Known for his philanthropy , Koch contributed to the Lincoln Center , Sloan Kettering , NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital , and the Dinosaur Wing at the American Museum of Natural History . The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center , home of the New York City Ballet , was renamed the David H. Koch Theater in 2008 following Koch 's gift of $ 100 million for the renovation of the theater ."}]}, {'value': '$ 42.9 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Koch Industries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koch_Industries', 'summary': "Koch Industries , Inc. /koʊk/ is an American multinational corporation based in Wichita , Kansas . Its subsidiaries are involved in the manufacturing , refining , and distribution of petroleum , chemicals , energy , fiber , intermediates and polymers , minerals , fertilizers , pulp and paper , chemical technology equipment , ranching , finance , commodities trading , and investing . Koch owns Invista , Georgia-Pacific , Molex , Flint Hills Resources , Koch Pipeline , Koch Fertilizer , Koch Minerals , Matador Cattle Company , and Guardian Industries . The firm employs 120,000 people in 60 countries , with about half of its business in the United States . The company is the largest landowner in the Athabasca oil sands . With annual revenues of $ 110 billion by 2014 , the company is the second largest privately held company in the United States after Cargill . In 2007 , it was ranked as the largest privately held company . If Koch Industries had been a public company in 2013 , it would have ranked 17th in the Fortune 500 . The company was founded by its namesake , Fred C. Koch , in 1940 after he developed an innovative crude oil refining process . Fred C. Koch died in 1967 and his majority interest in the company was split amongst his four sons . In June 1983 , after a bitter legal and boardroom battle , the stakes of Frederick R. Koch and William Bill Koch were bought out for $ 1.1 billion and Charles Koch and David Koch became majority owners in the company . Charles owns 42% of the company ; trusts for the benefit of Elaine Tettemer Marshall , the daughter in-law of J. Howard Marshall and Anna Nicole Smith , and Elaine 's children , Preston Marshall and E. Pierce Marshall Jr. , own 16% of the company ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christy Walton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christy_Walton', 'summary': "Christy Ruth Walton ( née Tallant ; born February 8 , 1949 ) is the widow of John T. Walton , one of the sons of Sam Walton , the founder of Walmart . In June 2005 , her husband died in a plane crash , making her the main heir to his fortune of US $ 18.2 billion . Forbes listed Christy Walton as the richest woman in the world for several years . Her net worth was estimated to $ 41.7 billion in March 2015 , the bulk of which came from her shares in Walmart , but also from First Solar , in which her husband had invested . In November 2015 , an analysis of court documents by Bloomberg revealed that the bulk of her husband 's wealth had been transferred to her son , Lukas Walton , so that her own net worth was only about US $ 5 billion ."}]}, {'value': '$ 41.7 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Walmart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walmart', 'summary': "Walmart Inc. ( /ˈwɔːlmɑːrt/ ; formerly Wal-Mart Stores , Inc. ) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores , and grocery stores , headquartered in Bentonville , Arkansas . The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31 , 1969 . It also owns and operates Sam 's Club retail warehouses . As of January 31 , 2020 , [ update ] Walmart has 11,503 stores and clubs in 27 countries , operating under 55 different names . The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada , as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America , as Asda in the United Kingdom , as the Seiyu Group in Japan , and as Best Price in India . It has wholly owned operations in Argentina , Chile , Canada , and South Africa . Since August 2018 , Walmart only holds a minority stake in Walmart Brasil , which was renamed Grupo Big in August 2019 , with 20 percent of the company 's shares , and private equity firm Advent International holding 80 percent ownership of the company . Walmart is the world 's largest company by revenue , with US $ 514.405 billion , according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2019 . It is also the largest private employer in the world with 2.2 million employees . It is a publicly traded family-owned business , as the company is controlled by the Walton family . Sam Walton 's heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their holding company Walton Enterprises and through their individual holdings . Walmart was the largest U.S. grocery retailer in 2019 , and 65 percent of Walmart 's US $ 510.329 billion sales came from U.S. operations ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Walton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Walton', 'summary': "James Carr Walton ( born June 7 , 1948 ) is an heir to the fortune of Walmart , the world 's largest retailer . As of November 2019 , Walton was the 15th-richest person in the world , with a net worth of $ 53.1 billion . He is the youngest son of Sam Walton ."}]}, {'value': '$ 40.6 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Walmart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walmart', 'summary': "Walmart Inc. ( /ˈwɔːlmɑːrt/ ; formerly Wal-Mart Stores , Inc. ) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores , and grocery stores , headquartered in Bentonville , Arkansas . The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31 , 1969 . It also owns and operates Sam 's Club retail warehouses . As of January 31 , 2020 , [ update ] Walmart has 11,503 stores and clubs in 27 countries , operating under 55 different names . The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada , as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America , as Asda in the United Kingdom , as the Seiyu Group in Japan , and as Best Price in India . It has wholly owned operations in Argentina , Chile , Canada , and South Africa . Since August 2018 , Walmart only holds a minority stake in Walmart Brasil , which was renamed Grupo Big in August 2019 , with 20 percent of the company 's shares , and private equity firm Advent International holding 80 percent ownership of the company . Walmart is the world 's largest company by revenue , with US $ 514.405 billion , according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2019 . It is also the largest private employer in the world with 2.2 million employees . It is a publicly traded family-owned business , as the company is controlled by the Walton family . Sam Walton 's heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their holding company Walton Enterprises and through their individual holdings . Walmart was the largest U.S. grocery retailer in 2019 , and 65 percent of Walmart 's US $ 510.329 billion sales came from U.S. operations ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liliane Bettencourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liliane_Bettencourt', 'summary': "Liliane Henriette Charlotte Bettencourt ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ lil.jan be.tɑ̃.kuːʁ ] ; née Schueller ; 21 October 1922 - 21 September 2017 ) was a French heiress , socialite and businesswoman . She was one of the principal shareholders of L'Oréal . At the time of her death , she was the richest woman , and the 14th richest person in the world , with a net worth of US $ 44.3 billion ."}]}, {'value': '$ 40.1 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': "L'Oreal", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Oreal", 'summary': "L'Oréal S.A. is a French personal care company headquartered in Clichy , Hauts-de-Seine with a registered office in Paris . It is the world 's largest cosmetics company and has developed activities in the field concentrating on hair colour , skin care , sun protection , make-up , perfume , and hair care . Upon the death of her mother in September 2017 , Liliane Bettencourt , who was principal shareholder , as of [ update ] 2020 Françoise Bettencourt Meyers is the majority owner of the company , with a 33.14% stake ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Annual rankings -- 2015', 'section_text': "Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2015 In the 29th annual Forbes list of global billionaires , a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $ 7.1 trillion compared to $ 6.4 trillion in the previous year . 46 of the billionaires in this list were under the age of 40 . A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time , of whom 25 percent hailed from China , which produced a world-leading 71 newcomers . The United States came in second , with 57 ; followed by India , with 28 ; and Germany , with 23 . [ 24 ] The United States had the largest number of billionaires with 526 . Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014 . Russia was placed behind China , Germany and India by the number of billionaires . Self-made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions ( over 65 percent ) , while just 230 ( under 13 percent ) had wealth through inheritance . The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but were still working to increase their fortunes is 405 . [ 25 ] Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes ' annual list of the world 's billionaires . This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot . Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time . Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway placed third , while Amancio Ortega of Spain , slipped down a position from the previous year to number four . Larry Ellison , the founder of Oracle , rounded off the top five . Christy Walton was the highest-ranking female at number eight . America 's Evan Spiegel , co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat , became the youngest billionaire this year at age 24 . At age 99 , David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire included in the list . [ 26 ] Mark Zuckerberg , the founder of Facebook , rose to number 16 with $ 33.4 billion . Iceland had a billionaire , Thor Bjorgolfsson , in the list after a gap of five years . Guatemala had a billionaire , Mario Lopez Estrada , for the first time in its history . [ 27 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_wealthiest_non-inflated_historical_figures_4', 'intro': "The World's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the wealthiest billionaires in the world, compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine Forbes. The list was first published in March 1987. The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated and is cited in United States dollars, based on their documented assets and accounting for debt. Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists. This ranking is an index of the wealthiest documented individuals, excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is not able to be completely ascertained. In 2018, there was a record of 2,208 people on the list, that included 259 newcomers mostly from China and the U.S.; there were 63 people under 40 and it had a record number of 256 women. The average net worth of the list came in at US$4.1 billion, up US$350 million from 2017. Added together, the total net worth for 2018's billionaires was US$9.1 trillion, up from US$7.67 trillion in 2017. As of 2018[update], Microsoft founder Bill Gates had topped the list 18 of the past 24 years, while Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is ranked at the top for the first time and he became the first centibillionaire included in the ranking. In 2017, Mark Zuckerberg was the only person in the top 10 billionaires list who is under the age of 50, and the only one in the top 20 billionaires list who is under the age of 40. In 2017, 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion, according to a report by Bloomberg News. According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as the poorest half of the human race."}
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What city was the richest person born in ?
Seattle
062a535ca96fdeb3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_at_the_2011_Sundance_Film_Festival', 'title': 'List of films at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Year', 'First showing'], 'data': [{'value': 'Another Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Another_Earth', 'summary': "Another Earth is a 2011 American independent science fiction drama film directed by Mike Cahill and starring Brit Marling , William Mapother , and Robin Lord Taylor . It premiered at the 27th Sundance Film Festival in January 2011 , and was distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures . The film received generally mixed to positive reviews , and earned two nominations from the Saturn Awards for Brit Marling 's performance and for Cahill and Marling 's writing ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Cahill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Cahill_(director)', 'summary': 'Mike Cahill ( born July 5 , 1979 ) is an American film director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Another Happy Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Another_Happy_Day', 'summary': 'Another Happy Day is a 2011 American black comedy-drama film written and directed by Sam Levinson . The film stars an ensemble cast including Ellen Barkin , Kate Bosworth , Ellen Burstyn , Thomas Haden Church , George Kennedy , Ezra Miller , Demi Moore , Siobhan Fallon Hogan , Michael Nardelli , Jeffrey DeMunn , and Diana Scarwid .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Levinson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benavides Born ( distributed as All She Can )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amy Wendel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Circumstance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Circumstance_(2011_film)', 'summary': "Circumstance ( Persian : شرایط , romanized : Šar'ayet ; French : En secret ) is a 2011 French-Iranian-American dramatic film written and directed by Maryam Keshavarz starring Nikohl Boosheri , Sarah Kazemy , and Reza Sixo Safai . It explores homosexuality in modern Iran , among other subjects ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryam Keshavarz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryam_Keshavarz', 'summary': 'Maryam Keshavarz ( Persian : مریم کشاورز ) is an Iranian-American filmmaker best known for her 2011 film Circumstance distributed by Participant Media and Roadside Attractions , which won the Audience Award at Sundance Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gun Hill Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gun_Hill_Road_(film)', 'summary': 'Gun Hill Road is a 2011 drama film directed by Rashaad Ernesto Green and starring Esai Morales . The title of the film derives from the Bronx road of the same name . The film is notable for starring a transgender character ( Michael ) who is played by a real transgender person , Harmony Santana , who was the first openly transgender actress to be nominated for an Independent Spirit Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Rashaad Ernesto Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Here', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Here_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'Here is a 2011 American drama adventure film directed by Braden King who also co-wrote the movie with Dani Valent . The film stars Ben Foster and Lubna Azabal .'}]}, {'value': 'Braden King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braden_King', 'summary': "Braden King ( born 1971 North Carolina ) is a New York-based filmmaker , photographer and visual artist . His feature film , Here ( 2011 ) , starring Ben Foster and Lubna Azabal , premiered at the 2011 Sundance and Berlin Film Festivals and was distributed theatrically by Strand Releasing in 2012 . A multimedia installation version of the project , Here [ The Story Sleeps ] , premiered at The Museum of Modern Art in 2010 and toured internationally with live soundtrack accompaniment by composer Michael Krassner and Boxhead Ensemble . King 's previous work includes the feature film Dutch Harbor : Where the Sea Breaks It 's Back ( co-directed with photographer Laura Moya ) , the award-winning short film Home Movie and music videos for Glen Hansard , Sparklehorse , Sonic Youth , Bonnie 'Prince ' Billy ( Will Oldham ) and Dirty Three ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higher Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Higher_Ground_(film)', 'summary': 'Higher Ground is a 2011 American drama film directed by Vera Farmiga in her directorial debut . The film is an adaptation of the 2002 memoir This Dark World : A Memoir of Salvation Found and Lost by Carolyn S. Briggs , who co-wrote the screenplay . The film follows Corinne Walker ( Farmiga ) and her vacillating relationship with Christianity . The cast also includes Joshua Leonard , John Hawkes , Donna Murphy , Norbert Leo Butz , and Bill Irwin . The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23 , 2011 , where it was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize . It screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 25 , 2011 , and received a limited release in the United States on August 26 , 2011 , by Sony Pictures Classics .'}]}, {'value': 'Vera Farmiga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vera_Farmiga', 'summary': "Vera Ann Farmiga ( /fɑːrˈmiːɡə/ ; born August 6 , 1973 ) is an American actress and producer . She began her career on stage in the original Broadway production of Taking Sides ( 1996 ) . She made her television debut in the Fox fantasy series Roar ( 1997 ) , and her film debut in the drama-thriller Return to Paradise ( 1998 ) . Farmiga 's breakthrough came in 2004 with her starring role as a drug addict in the drama Down to the Bone . She received further praise for the drama film Nothing But the Truth ( 2008 ) , and won critical acclaim for starring in the 2009 comedy-drama Up in the Air , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Farmiga made her directorial debut in 2011 with the acclaimed drama film Higher Ground , in which she also had a leading role . She also had starring roles in the political thriller The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) , the crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) , the historical drama The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( 2008 ) , the science fiction thriller Source Code ( 2011 ) , the action thriller Safe House ( 2012 ) , the legal drama The Judge ( 2014 ) , the biographical drama The Front Runner ( 2018 ) , and the monster film Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) . Farmiga has portrayed paranormal investigator Lorraine Warren in the horror films The Conjuring ( 2013 ) , The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) , and Annabelle Comes Home ( 2019 ) . From 2013 to 2017 , she starred as Norma Louise Bates in the A & E drama series Bates Motel , which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . These roles , along with Joshua ( 2007 ) and Orphan ( 2009 ) , established her as a scream queen . For her portrayal of a lawyer in the miniseries When They See Us ( 2019 ) , she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homework', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gavin Wiesen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ledge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ledge_(film)', 'summary': 'The Ledge is a 2011 American thriller drama film written and directed by Matthew Chapman , starring Charlie Hunnam , Terrence Howard , Liv Tyler , Christopher Gorham , and Patrick Wilson .'}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Chapman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Chapman_(author)', 'summary': 'Matthew H. D. Chapman is an English journalist , author , screenwriter , director and activist .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Like Crazy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Like_Crazy_(2011_film)', 'summary': "Like Crazy is a 2011 American romantic drama film directed by Drake Doremus and starring Anton Yelchin , Felicity Jones , and Jennifer Lawrence . Written by Doremus and Ben York Jones , the film tells the story of Anna ( Felicity Jones ) , a British exchange student who falls in love with an American student , Jacob ( Anton Yelchin ) , only to be separated from him when she is denied re-entry into the United States after staying in the country longer than her student visa allows . Doremus based the storyline of the film partly on his own long-distance relationship with a woman living in London while he lived in Los Angeles . Rather than writing a traditional screenplay , he and Ben York Jones compiled a 50-page outline of the film from which the actors improvised almost all of the dialogue . Filming took place over four weeks in Los Angeles and London with a budget of $ 250,000 . Like Crazy premiered on January 22 , 2011 at the Sundance Film Festival , where it won the festival 's Grand Jury Prize . It was released in theaters on October 28 , 2011 and grossed over $ 3.7 million at the box office . Most reviews of the film were positive , with reviewers giving particular praise to the performances of Yelchin and Jones , although some found the plot unrealistic and contrived ."}]}, {'value': 'Drake Doremus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drake_Doremus', 'summary': 'Drake Doremus ( born March 29 , 1983 ) is an American film director , screenwriter and producer best known for directing the films Like Crazy ( 2011 ) which won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival , Douchebag ( 2010 ) which was in Dramatic competition at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival , and Equals ( 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Birds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Birds_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'Little Birds is a 2011 American film written and directed by Elgin James , and starring Juno Temple and Kay Panabaker . The film follows two girls that leave home to follow two skateboarders to Los Angeles and is loosely based on the life of director Elgin James . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival , with Millennium Entertainment acquiring the North American rights to the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Elgin James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elgin_James', 'summary': 'Elgin James is a filmmaker , musician and a former member of Friends Stand United ( FSU ) , a Boston , Massachusetts area group in the early 1990s . FSU has been classified by several law enforcement agencies as a gang .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martha Marcy May Marlene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martha_Marcy_May_Marlene', 'summary': 'Martha Marcy May Marlene is a 2011 American dramatic thriller film written and directed by Sean Durkin , and starring Elizabeth Olsen , John Hawkes , Sarah Paulson , and Hugh Dancy . The plot focuses on a young woman suffering from delusions and paranoia after returning to her family from an abusive cult in the Catskill Mountains . The film contains several references to the music of Jackson C. Frank .'}]}, {'value': 'Sean Durkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Durkin', 'summary': "Sean Durkin ( born December 9 , 1981 ) is a Canadian film director , screenwriter and producer . He won the Dramatic Directing Award at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival for Martha Marcy May Marlene . His short film , Mary Last Seen , on the same theme as Martha , won the award for best short film at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival Directors ' Fortnight . In 2013 Durkin directed the Channel 4 drama series Southcliffe starring Sean Harris and Rory Kinnear . His second film , The Nest , is currently in post-production ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On the Ice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/On_the_Ice', 'summary': "On the Ice is a 2011 American drama film written and directed by Andrew Okpeaha MacLean . The film is set in ( and was shot on location in ) Barrow , Alaska , MacLean 's home town , and follows two Iñupiaq teenagers who , while on a seal hunt , accidentally kill one of their friends in a fight . Afraid of the consequences , they lie about his death and must grapple with their grief and guilt while attempting to keep their secret . The film is based upon an earlier work of MacLean 's , Sikumi , which he released as a short film in 2008 . On the Ice had its world premiere on January 21 , 2011 , at the Sundance Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Okpeaha MacLean', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pariah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pariah_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'Pariah is a 2011 American drama film written and directed by Dee Rees . It tells the story of Alike ( Adepero Oduye ) , a 17-year-old African American embracing her identity as a lesbian . It premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and was awarded the Excellence in Cinematography Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Dee Rees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dee_Rees', 'summary': "Diandrea Rees ( born February 7 , 1977 ) is an American screenwriter and director . She is known for her feature films Pariah ( 2011 ) , Bessie ( 2015 ) , and Mudbound ( 2017 ) . The latter was adapted from the 2008 novel by the same name by Hillary Jordan and earned Rees an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay . Rees has also written and directed episodes for television series including Empire , When We Rise , and Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Take Shelter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Take_Shelter', 'summary': 'Take Shelter is a 2011 American psychological thriller drama film , written and directed by Jeff Nichols and starring Michael Shannon and Jessica Chastain . The plot follows a young husband and father ( Shannon ) who is plagued by a series of apocalyptic visions , and questions whether to shelter his family from a coming storm , or from himself . The film won two Saturn Awards , Best Writing for Nichols and Best Actor for Shannon , and was nominated for two more , Best Horror or Thriller Film and Best Actress for Chastain .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Nichols', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terri_(film)', 'summary': 'Terri is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Azazel Jacobs and starring Jacob Wysocki , Creed Bratton , and John C. Reilly . The film is about the friendship that develops between an oversized teen misfit and the garrulous but well-meaning school principal who takes an interest in him . Filming took place in Los Angeles , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Azazel Jacobs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azazel_Jacobs', 'summary': "Azazel Jacobs is an American film director and screenwriter , and the son of experimental filmmaker Ken Jacobs . He attended Manhattans Bayard Rustin High School . His short films include Kirk and Kerry and Message Machine , and his features include the acclaimed Momma 's Man and Terri ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 22', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Feature competition -- U.S . Dramatic', 'section_text': 'The following 16 films were selected from 1,102 submissions and each is a world premiere . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_films_at_the_2011_Sundance_Film_Festival_1', 'intro': 'The following is a list of all films shown at the 27th Sundance Film Festival.'}
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Where is the location of the cult in the 2011 film directed by Sean Durkin ?
Catskill Mountains
062bbdd3495a88a0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorney_Park_&_Wildwater_Kingdom', 'title': 'Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom', 'header': ['Name', 'Manufacturer', 'Type', 'Design', 'In operation'], 'data': [{'value': 'Scenic Railway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frederick Ingersoll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Ingersoll', 'summary': "Frederick Ingersoll ( 1876 - October 23 , 1927 ) was an American inventor , designer , builder and entrepreneur who created the world 's first chain of amusement parks ( known collectively as Luna Parks regardless of their actual name ) and whose manufacturing company built 277 roller coasters , fueling the popularity of trolley parks in the first third of the twentieth century . Some of these parks and roller coasters are still existing today ."}]}, {'value': 'Wooden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sit Down', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1903-1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wild Mouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wild_Mouse_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A Wild Mouse roller coaster ( also Mad Mouse or Crazy Mouse ) is a type of roller coaster characterized by small cars that seat four people or fewer and ride on top of the track , taking tight , flat turns ( without banking ) at modest speeds , yet producing high lateral G-forces . The track work is characterized by many turns and bunny hops , the latter producing abrupt negative vertical G forces . When approaching a turn from a straight section , the intended impression is that one will simply continue straight , and thus plunge off of the device , this since there are no transition sections as are in a conventional high speed roller coaster track and the turn itself is obscured upon close approach . Almost all Wild Mice feature switchback sections , consisting of several of these unbanked turns , separated by straight sections . Usually the turns on the switchback section are 180° , but some coasters feature 90° turns as well as more rarely steep runs with loops ( for example Crazy Mouse at Tobu Zoo in Japan , which is no longer operating ) . Some riders , usually among taller people , report sustaining whiplash after being subjected to these turns . [ citation needed ] The feeling of a Wild Mouse coaster is amplified by using cars that are wider than the track itself , giving the impression that the riders are hanging off the side or that they might fly out , thus giving it the name wild . Some may include trick-track - a straight piece of track banked slightly side to side designed to throw the rider left to right . Some wild mouse coasters , such as Primeval Whirl , also have spinning cars . The modern Wild Mouse was invented by German designer Franz Mack . In the original wooden Wild Mouse coasters of the 1960s and 1970s , the cars were so small that they could only fit two adults in close contact . While the low capacity of these rides led to long lines , the cars were small by design .'}]}, {'value': 'B.A . Schiff & Associates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B.A._Schiff_&_Associates', 'summary': 'B.A . Schiff & Associates was a roller coaster manufacturing firm based in Miami , Florida , United States . Founded by its namesake , Ben Schiff , the company produced family style roller coasters including a variety of kiddie roller coasters and Wild Mouse roller coasters . The company operated from approximately 1948 into the early 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Steel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sit Down', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964-1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flying Dutchman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pinfari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinfari', 'summary': 'F.lli Pinfari S.r.l was an Italian amusement ride manufacturing company based in Suzzara , Italy . Pinfari was liquidated on 15 July 2004 , due to the early 2000s recession and the weakness of the United States dollar . In 2007 , its brand and intellectual property were acquired by Interpark Amusements Srl , based in Modena .'}]}, {'value': 'Steel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sit Down', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972-1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hercules', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hercules_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Hercules was a wooden roller coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown , Pennsylvania . Manufactured by the Dinn Corporation , Hercules opened on May 6 , 1989 , setting a world record for having the longest drop on a wooden coaster at 151 feet ( 46 m ) , surpassing the previous record of 147 feet ( 45 m ) held by American Eagle since 1981 . The coaster gained a reputation as a rough and uncomfortable ride experience , which earned the coaster the nickname , Hurt-Your-Knees by roller coaster enthusiasts . The turn after the first drop became very infamous for its roughness . Hercules had a relatively short life , permanently closing 14 years after its opening in 2003 . During its operating life , the ride was re-tracked by Martin & Vleminckx . Following its demise , the site of the roller coaster was occupied by Hydra the Revenge in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dinn Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dinn_Corporation', 'summary': 'Dinn Corporation was a roller coaster designing and manufacturing company established in West Chester , Ohio in 1983 by Charles Dinn . The company is noted for moving and rebuilding several existing wooden coasters and building ten new wooden roller coasters in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Wooden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sit Down', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teststrecke', 'summary': 'Teststrecke , meaning Test Track in German , is a portable steel roller coaster owned by the German showman partnership Meyer & Rosenzweig . It was imported from Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in 2008 and generally tours in Germany , with occasional visits to the Netherlands . It was designed by renowned ride engineer Anton Schwarzkopf . The ride was previously named Laser and Colossus . The trains on Teststrecke are themed to resemble racing cars and designed by Sunkid GmbH . Each train has a single lap bars to secure riders in their seats . It can operate all three at peak times , but it runs with one when there are no queues . The coaster is portable in that it is not attached to the ground , but is anchored by pools of water . During normal operations at Dorney Park , there was no bag storage on the ride platform , so guests had to take everything with them . Guests were also not allowed to choose their own seats , as ride operators often assigned seats . It is currently operating in The Riyadh Season Festival at Winter Wonderland Zone'}]}, {'value': 'Anton Schwarzkopf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anton_Schwarzkopf', 'summary': 'Anton Schwarzkopf ( 8 July 1924 - 30 July 2001 ) was a German engineer of amusement rides , and founder of the Schwarzkopf Industries Company , which built numerous amusement rides and large roller coasters for both amusement parks and traveling funfairs .'}]}, {'value': 'Steel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sit Down', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel First', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_First', 'summary': "Steel First was a junior steel roller coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in South Whitehall Township , Pennsylvania . Manufactured by the Allan Herschell Company , the ride opened to the public in 1990 . The coaster was originally located in East Dundee , IL at Santa 's Village , where it was known as Snowball Express . It was removed in 1985 and placed in storage , until it was bought and moved to Dorney Park . Maximum rider height was 34 . It was originally named the Little Laser , but its name was changed to Steel First for the 2009 season after the removal of another roller coaster at the park known as Laser . Steel First operated until the 2010 season and has since been removed ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Herschell Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Herschell_Company', 'summary': 'The Allan Herschell Company specialized in the creation of amusement rides , particularly carousels and roller coasters . The company manufactured portable machines which could be used by traveling carnival operators . It was started in 1915 in the town of North Tonawanda , just outside Buffalo , New York , US .'}]}, {'value': 'Steel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kiddie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragon Coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cosmic_Coaster_(Valleyfair)', 'summary': "Cosmic Coaster is a steel junior roller coaster at Valleyfair . The ride was originally known as Dragon Coaster when it was located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in South Whitehall Township , Pennsylvania ( USA ) . It was built in 1986 and operated from 1992 through the 2010 season . After 2010 , the Dragon Coaster was removed along with the other children 's rides in near the former Laser site . Dragon Coaster was moved to Valleyfair where it has operated since 2011 as Cosmic Coaster . Cosmic Coaster has a single train with 4 cars , each car with 2 rows of 2 seats each for a total of 16 passengers ."}]}, {'value': 'Zamperla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zamperla', 'summary': "Antonio Zamperla S.p.A. is an Italian design and manufacturing company founded in 1966 . It is best known for creating family rides , thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The company also makes smaller coin-operated rides commonly found inside shopping malls . Zamperla builds roller coasters , like the powered Dragon Coaster , Mini Mouse , Zig Zag , and Volare . In 2006 , Zamperla announced Motocoaster , a motorcycle-themed roller coaster . Rights to some of S.D.C . 's rides were handed to Zamperla ( along with S & C and S & MC ) after the company went bankrupt in 1993 . In 2005 the founder of the company , Mr. Antonio Zamperla , became the first Italian to be inducted into the IAAPA Hall of Fame by virtue of his significant contribution to the entire industry , joining other pioneers such as Walt Disney , George Ferris and Walter Knott . Unlike companies such as Intamin , Vekoma , or Bolliger & Mabillard that concentrate on larger and faster roller coasters , Zamperla focuses on more family-friendly roller coasters that can be easily mass-produced , taken down , and transported to different locations . They are also a major manufacturer of flat rides with such names as : Balloon Race , Bumper cars , Disk ' O , Ferris wheel , Water Flume Ride , Galleon/Swinging Ship , Sky Drop , Discovery , Windshear , Tornado , Energy Storm , Z-Force , Mixer , Rotoshake , Turbo Force , Power Surge , and Mini Jet ."}]}, {'value': 'Steel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Powered', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stinger_(Dorney_Park)', 'summary': "Stinger ( formerly Invertigo ) was a shuttle roller coaster located at Dorney Park in Allentown , Pennsylvania . The coaster , a Boomerang model manufactured by Vekoma , originally opened at California 's Great America on March 21 , 1998 . After more than a decade of operation , it was relocated to Dorney Park in 2011 , where it was repainted and renamed Stinger . It closed permanently in 2017 and was demolished prior to the 2018 season . In 2019 , Stinger 's trains were moved to Kings Island , where they were used on Invertigo ."}]}, {'value': 'Vekoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vekoma', 'summary': 'Vekoma Rides Manufacturing is a Dutch amusement ride manufacturer . Vekoma is an abbreviation of Veld Koning Machinefabriek ( Veld Koning Machine Factory ) and was established in 1926 by Hendrik op het Veld . They originally manufactured farm equipment and later made steel constructions for the coal mining industry in the 1950s , After the closure of Dutch mines in 1965 , they manufactured steel pipes for the petrochemical industry . Since the 1970s , they have manufactured amusement rides . In 2018 , Vekoma was acquired by Sansei Technologies , the parent company of American ride manufacturer S & S Sansei .'}]}, {'value': 'Steel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverted', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-2017', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Defunct roller coasters', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Dorney_Park_&_Wildwater_Kingdom_4', 'intro': "Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom is an American amusement and water park owned and operated by Cedar Fair and located in between Allentown, Pennsylvania and Emmaus, Pennsylvania. The park features seven roller coasters, other adult and children's rides, and a waterpark, Wildwater Kingdom. It features some of the world's most prominent roller coasters, including Steel Force, the ninth longest steel roller coaster in the world and the second longest on the U.S. East Coast."}
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What is the name of the company that manufactured the ride that was built in 1986 ?
Dragon Coaster
062bf8447e933cfc
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Italy at the 2006 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armin Zöggeler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armin_Zöggeler', 'summary': "Armin Zöggeler OMRI ( born 4 January 1974 ) is a retired Italian luger and double Olympic champion . He is one of the most successful men in the sport , nicknamed Il Cannibale ( The Cannibal ) , for his notable series of victories , or The Iceblood Champion , for his always cold , rational approach to the races . Fellow luger Tucker West described Zöggeler as the sport 's equivalent of Michael Jordan . At the Winter Olympic Games , Zöggeler has won six medals in six consecutive Olympics - and this is a record in sport . He also has sixteen medals at the FIL World Luge Championships . At the FIL European Luge Championships , Zöggeler has earned eighteen medals . In June 2019 he was inducted in the FIL Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Luge competition at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games was held at Cesana Pariol in Cesana , Italy . Three events were staged , taking place from February 11 to February 15 . These were the first games where a qualifying system was used to determine the enterants into the games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Luge_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_singles", 'summary': "The men 's luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics began on February 11 , and was completed on February 12 at Cesana Pariol ."}]}, {'value': '12 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matteo Anesi Stefano Donagrandi Enrico Fabris Ippolito Sanfratello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matteo_Anesi', 'summary': 'Matteo Anesi ( born 16 August 1984 ) is an Italian speed skater who won a gold medal in the team pursuit at the 2006 Winter Olympics . He placed 29th in the 1500 m event . After his active career he became one of the coaches of the Italian speed skating team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefano_Donagrandi', 'summary': 'Stefano Donagrandi ( born 1 September 1976 ) is an ice speed skater from Italy , who won the gold medal in the Team Pursuit at the 2006 Winter Olympics . He placed 22nd in the 1500 m event , 13th in the 10000 m event , and 16th in 5000 m .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enrico_Fabris', 'summary': 'Enrico Fabris ( born 5 October 1981 ) is an Italian former long track speed skater who has won three World Cup races and became the first European Allround Champion from Italy when he won the 2006 European Championships one month before the Winter Olympics in Turin . In 2007 he won also the silver medal and in 2008 the bronze medal . Fabris is also a six-time Italian Allround Champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ippolito_Sanfratello', 'summary': 'Ippolito Sanfratello ( born 11 March 1973 ) is an ice speed skater from Italy , who won the gold medal in the Team Pursuit at the 2006 Winter Olympics . He placed 18th in the 1500m , 14th in the 5000m and 12th in the 10000m .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held over ten days , from 11 to 25 February . Twelve events were contested at the Oval Lingotto .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_team_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's team pursuit competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , began on 15 February at Oval Lingotto . The team pursuit consisted of a qualifying round , then a series of elimination races , with the winners of the elimination races progressing to the next round of the knockout phase . Each race was skated by two teams of three skaters , over a distance of eight 400 metre laps ( 3200 metres total ) . The three skaters of a team were allowed to change order at any time , but the team 's final time was always recorded when the third skater crossed the finishing line . If two teams started simultaneously on opposite sides of the track , and if one team managed to overtake the other before the full distance , the overtaking team was immediately declared the winner ."}]}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fulvio Valbusa Giorgio Di Centa Pietro Piller Cottrer Cristian Zorzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fulvio_Valbusa', 'summary': 'Fulvio Valbusa ( born February 15 , 1969 in Verona ) is an Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1992 to 2006 . He won two medals in the 4 × 10 km relay at the Winter Olympics with a gold in 2006 and a silver in 1998 . He also finished 5th in three other cross-country events at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano ( 10 km + 15 km combined pursuit , 30 km , and 50 km ) . Valbusa also won five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , including one silver ( 15 km : 2005 ) and four bronzes ( 10 km + 15 km combined pursuit : 1999 , 4 × 10 km relay : 1995 , 1997 , 1999 ) . He also won three FIS races at 15 km in 1996 , 1997 , and 2004 . He is the older brother of cross-country skier Sabina Valbusa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Giorgio_Di_Centa', 'summary': 'Giorgio Di Centa ( born October 7 , 1972 , in Tolmezzo , Province of Udine ) is an Italian cross-country skier who won two gold medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics , including the individual 50 km freestyle race . He is the younger brother of Olympic gold medalist , cross-country skier Manuela Di Centa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pietro_Piller_Cottrer', 'summary': 'Pietro Piller Cottrer ( born 20 December 1974 ) is an Italian former cross-country skier who won gold medal in the 4 x 10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He was born at Sappada , province of Belluno .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cristian_Zorzi', 'summary': 'Cristian Zorzi ( born August 14 , 1972 in Cavalese , Trentino ) is an Italian cross-country skier who excels at sprint ski races . He is nicknamed Zorro , for his exuberant character .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing events at the 2006 Winter Olympics featured 12 events , from 11 to 26 February 2006 at Pragelato in Turin .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 x 10 km relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_4_×_10_kilometre_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 4 x 10 kilometre relay cross-country skiing competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , was held on 19 February at Pragelato . A World Cup event in the relay was held at Beitostølen , Norway , on 20 November 2005 , and Germany 's team of Andreas Schlütter , Axel Teichmann , Jens Filbrich and Tobias Angerer won the competition . The defending World Champions were Norway , with a team of Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset , Frode Estil , Lars Berger and Tore Ruud Hofstad . The Norwegians were also the defending Olympic champion , with Anders Aukland , Estil , Kristen Skjeldal and Thomas Alsgaard winning gold in Salt Lake . At Nagano in 1998 , the Norwegians beat the Italians by less than one tenth of a second , and in 1994 at Lillehammer the Italians beat the Norwegians by less than one tenth of a second . In the previous three Olympics , the winning team beat the silver medalists by a cumulative time of just under one tenth of a second . One further relay event was held before the Olympics , at Val di Fiemme on 15 January 2006 , which was won by an Italian team consisting of Giorgio Di Centa , Valerio Checchi , Pietro Piller Cottrer and Cristian Zorzi . Four teams finished within 2.6 seconds of the Italian winners . Hosts Italy won this relay , their fifth straight medal in relays in the Winter Olympics . They were over 15 seconds ahead of any competitors . Sweden took bronze , their first medal since 1988 , and Norway failed to win a medal for the first time since 1988 ."}]}, {'value': '19 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrico Fabris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrico_Fabris', 'summary': 'Enrico Fabris ( born 5 October 1981 ) is an Italian former long track speed skater who has won three World Cup races and became the first European Allround Champion from Italy when he won the 2006 European Championships one month before the Winter Olympics in Turin . In 2007 he won also the silver medal and in 2008 the bronze medal . Fabris is also a six-time Italian Allround Champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held over ten days , from 11 to 25 February . Twelve events were contested at the Oval Lingotto .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_1500_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 1500 m speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin , Italy ."}]}, {'value': '21 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giorgio Di Centa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giorgio_Di_Centa', 'summary': 'Giorgio Di Centa ( born October 7 , 1972 , in Tolmezzo , Province of Udine ) is an Italian cross-country skier who won two gold medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics , including the individual 50 km freestyle race . He is the younger brother of Olympic gold medalist , cross-country skier Manuela Di Centa .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing events at the 2006 Winter Olympics featured 12 events , from 11 to 26 February 2006 at Pragelato in Turin .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 km freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_50_kilometre_freestyle", 'summary': "The Men 's 50 kilometre freestyle cross-country skiing competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , was held on 26 February , at Pragelato . This was the final day of the Games , and the top three finishers were presented their medals as part of the Closing Ceremony . This is the first time in Olympic history that the 50 kilometre race is run as a mass start , where all skiers start at the same time , and the winner of the race is the first to cross the finish line . This is unlike the individual start , where skiers start one by one at 30-second intervals , and the winner is the skier whoever runs the distance the fastest . The 50 kilometre had previously been skied only once as a mass start event at the World Championships , in 2005 , with Frode Estil of Norway winning . However , that was in the classical style . The last 50 kilometre freestyle race at a World Championship was in 2003 , and Martin Koukal of the Czech Republic won that event . Mikhail Ivanov of Russia was defending Olympic champion on 50 kilometre , but that event was held in classical technique with individual start . The last Olympic mass start race in 2002 , won by Christian Hoffmann of Austria , was a shorter 30 kilometre event . With a pack of 10-15 skiers coming together towards the finish , Giorgio Di Centa won Italy 's second gold medal in cross-country skiing . This was the closest Olympic 50 km ever ( 0.8 seconds ) , eclipsing the 4.9 seconds that separated Thomas Wassberg from Gunde Svan ( both from Sweden ) at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . A photograph of Di Centa in action during this event would be used as the pictogram for the cross-country skiing events at the following Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '26 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrico Fabris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrico_Fabris', 'summary': 'Enrico Fabris ( born 5 October 1981 ) is an Italian former long track speed skater who has won three World Cup races and became the first European Allround Champion from Italy when he won the 2006 European Championships one month before the Winter Olympics in Turin . In 2007 he won also the silver medal and in 2008 the bronze medal . Fabris is also a six-time Italian Allround Champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held over ten days , from 11 to 25 February . Twelve events were contested at the Oval Lingotto .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_5000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 5000 m speed skating competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , was held on 11 February , the first day of competition at the Olympics . The American Chad Hedrick , a former inline skater , began his quest to emulate Eric Heiden by taking five gold medals by racing a time of 6:14.68 , 0.02 second behind the four-year-old Olympic record of Jochem Uytdehaage , which was enough to clinch gold . Dutchman Sven Kramer won the silver medal , 1.72 seconds adrift , while home skater Enrico Fabris claimed Italy 's first medal by skating home the bronze in the very last pair ."}]}, {'value': '11 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pietro Piller Cottrer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pietro_Piller_Cottrer', 'summary': 'Pietro Piller Cottrer ( born 20 December 1974 ) is an Italian former cross-country skier who won gold medal in the 4 x 10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He was born at Sappada , province of Belluno .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing events at the 2006 Winter Olympics featured 12 events , from 11 to 26 February 2006 at Pragelato in Turin .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 30 km pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_30_kilometre_pursuit", 'summary': "The Men 's 30 kilometre pursuit cross-country skiing competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , was held on 12 February at Pragelato ."}]}, {'value': '12 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerhard Plankensteiner Oswald Haselrieder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerhard_Plankensteiner', 'summary': "Gerhard Plankensteiner ( born 8 April 1971 in Sterzing , South Tyrol ) is an Italian luger who competed from 1986 to 2010 . Together with Oswald Haselrieder he won the bronze medal in the men 's doubles event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . Plankensteiner also won seven medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with two golds ( Men 's doubles : 2009 , Mixed team : 1989 ) and five bronzes ( Men 's doubles : 1996 , Mixed team : 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 ) . At the FIL European Luge Championships , he won six medals with one silver ( Men 's doubles : 1996 ) and five bronzes ( Men 's doubles : 2002 , 2008 ( tied with Germany ) ; Mixed team : 1996 , 2000 , 2008 ) . Plankensteiner 's best overall Luge World Cup finish was second in men 's doubles in 1996-7 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oswald_Haselrieder', 'summary': "Oswald Haselrieder OMRI ( born 22 August 1971 in Völs am Schlern , South Tyrol ) is an Italian luger of Austrian descent [ citation needed ] who competed internationally from 1988 to 2010 . He achieved success at junior level , taking two bronze medals in singles and a gold in doubles at the World Junior Championships , the latter achieved in partnership with Dietmar Pierhofer . Haselrider and Pierhofer continued to compete together until 1995 , when they split up and Haselrieder joined forces with Gerhard Plankensteiner . Haselrieder went on to win the bronze medal in the men 's doubles event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin after competing in three previous Winter Olympic Games : in 1992 in the singles event and in doubles in 1998 and 2002 . He went on to compete in a fifth Olympics in 2010 : he retired soon afterwards after sustaining an injury in training in March of that year . Haselrieder also won four medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with one gold ( Men 's doubles : 2009 ) and three bronzes ( Men 's doubles : 1996 , Mixed team : 1996 , 1997 ) . At the FIL European Luge Championships , he won seven medals with one silver ( Men 's doubles : 1996 ) and six bronzes ( Men 's doubles : 2002 , 2008 ( tied with Germany ) ; Mixed team : 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2008 ) . He also won four Italian national titles in doubles . Haselrieder 's best overall Luge World Cup finish was second in men 's doubles in 1996-7 . He took a total of five World Cup race wins in doubles competition . He was made a knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 2006 . After his retirement , he became a member of technical staff for the Italian national luge team ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Luge competition at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games was held at Cesana Pariol in Cesana , Italy . Three events were staged , taking place from February 11 to February 15 . These were the first games where a qualifying system was used to determine the enterants into the games .'}]}, {'value': 'Doubles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Doubles', 'summary': 'The doubles luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics took place on February 15 at Cesana Pariol .'}]}, {'value': '15 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arianna Follis Gabriella Paruzzi Antonella Confortola Sabina Valbusa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arianna_Follis', 'summary': 'Arianna Fernanda Follis ( born November 11 , 1977 in Ivrea , Piedmont ) is an Italian cross-country skier who started competing in 1995 . Competing in two Winter Olympics , she earned a bronze medal in the 4 × 5 km relay at Turin in 2006 . Follis earned five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold ( Individual sprint : 2009 ) , one silver ( Individual sprint : 2011 ) and three bronzes ( 10 km : 2007 , Team sprint : 2009 , 4 × 5 km relay : 2005 ) . She has six individual victories at various levels up to 10 km since 1998 . She retired from cross-country skiing after the 2010-2011 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabriella_Paruzzi', 'summary': "Gabriella Paruzzi ( born 21 June 1969 in Udine ) is a retired Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1991 to 2006 and formerly skied with the G.S . Forestale . She skied in World Cup events , and won the Women 's Overall World Cup in 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Antonella_Confortola', 'summary': 'Antonella Confortola ( married name Wyatt , born 16 October 1975 ) is a former Italian cross-country skier who competed between 1994 and 2017 , later becoming a mountain runner . She is the granddaughter of the renowned Italian cross-country skier Silvio Confortola .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sabina_Valbusa', 'summary': 'Sabina Valbusa ( born January 21 , 1972 in Verona ) is an Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1993 to 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing events at the 2006 Winter Olympics featured 12 events , from 11 to 26 February 2006 at Pragelato in Turin .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 4 x 5 km relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_4_×_5_kilometre_relay", 'summary': "The Women 's 4 x 5 kilometre relay cross-country skiing competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy was held on 18 February , at Pragelato . Vibeke Skofterud , Hilde Gjermundshaug Pedersen , Kristin Størmer Steira and Marit Bjørgen of Norway were the defending World Champions , but finished third at a pre-Olympic World Cup event in Val di Fiemme , where a team representing Finland won . Germany were defending Olympic champions , with Claudia Künzel , Manuela Henkel , Viola Bauer and Evi Sachenbacher ."}]}, {'value': '18 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerda Weissensteiner Jennifer Isacco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerda_Weissensteiner', 'summary': "Gerda Weissensteiner OMRI ( born 3 January 1969 ) is an Italian luger and bobsleigh pilot who competed from the late 1980s to 2006 . Competing in six Winter Olympics , she won the gold medal in the women 's singles luge event at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , and together with Jennifer Isacco she won the bronze in Turin in the two-woman bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics . She was the first Italian sportsperson to win Olympic medals in two disciplines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Isacco', 'summary': 'Jennifer Isacco ( born February 27 , 1977 ) is an Italian bobsledder who has competed since 1999 . At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , she won a bronze medal in the two-woman event with teammate Gerda Weissensteiner .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Three bobsleigh events were competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics , at the Cesana Pariol venue . The competition took place between February 17 and February 26 , 2006 . The events used the newly built Cesana Pariol track measuring 1435 metres with 19 curves , a vertical change of 114 metres , and an approximate top speed of 130 kilometres per hour . Competitions comprised four heats . Teams raced in the first and third heats in the order of the draw . The second heat was raced in order of ranking after the first heat , and the fourth heat is raced in order of the ranking after the first three heats . Total time for the four heats determined the final rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Two-woman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Two-woman', 'summary': 'The Two-woman bobsleigh competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy was held on 20 and 21 February , at Cesana Pariol .'}]}, {'value': '21 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marta Capurso Mara Zini Arianna Fontana Katia Zini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marta_Capurso', 'summary': 'Marta Capurso ( born August 18 , 1980 in Turin ) is an Italian short track speed skater who won bronze in the 3000m relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mara_Zini', 'summary': 'Mara Zini ( born October 26 , 1979 in Sondalo ) is an Italian short track speed skater who won a bronze medal in the 3000m relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics . She is a cousin of Katia Zini who was on the same medal winning relay team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arianna_Fontana', 'summary': 'Arianna Fontana OMRI ( born April 14 , 1990 ) is an Italian short track speed skater , who has won eight Olympic medals , among these a gold in the 500m short track at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang . Her medal haul following the 2018 Games made her the female short track skater with the most Olympic medals , and tied her with male skaters Apolo Ohno and Viktor An . It also made her the Italian sportswoman with the second highest number of Winter Olympic medals , behind Stefania Belmondo . She specialises in the 500 m event . She is nicknamed La Freccia Bionda ( The Blonde Arrow ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katia_Zini', 'summary': 'Katia Zini ( born June 23 , 1981 in Sondalo , Italy ) is an Italian short track speed skater who won bronze in the 3000m relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics . She also skated in the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2010 Winter Olympics . She is a cousin of speed skater Mara Zini who was on the same medal winning relay .'}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held over thirteen days , from 12 to 25 February . Eight events were contested at the Torino Palavela . In the men 's competition , Ahn Hyun-soo earned a medal in each event , winning three golds . On the women 's side , Jin Sun-yu scored three gold medals ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 3000 m relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_3000_metre_relay", 'summary': "The women 's 3000 metre relay in short track speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics began with the semifinals , on 12 February , and concluded with the final on 22 February , at the Torino Palavela ."}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Italy_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Italy was the host nation for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Games (after the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo) and the third time overall (after the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome). Italy's flag bearer for the opening ceremony was figure skater Carolina Kostner. Kostner's cousin, Isolde Kostner, was Italy's flag bearer at the 2002 Winter Olympics."}
null
null
Which of the women 's bobsleigh athletes is younger ?
Jennifer Isacco
062c0d279a4e0977
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansk_Melodi_Grand_Prix', 'title': 'Dansk Melodi Grand Prix', 'header': ['Year', 'Song', 'Artist', 'Position in the Eurovision Song Contest'], 'data': [{'value': '1957', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1957', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1957 was the second edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Frankfurt-am-Main , West Germany and was held at the Großer Sendesaal des hessischen Rundfunks on Sunday 3 March 1957 . The show was hosted by German actress Anaid Iplicjian . Like the first edition of the contest , this one was still mainly a radio programme , but there was a noticeable increase in the number of people with televisions . The winner was the Netherlands with the song Net als toen , performed by Corry Brokken , written by Willy van Hemert and composed by Guus Jansen . This was the Netherlands ' first victory in the contest . For some time , a rumour had existed that the privilege of hosting the 1957 contest was given to Germany because they had come in second place in 1956 with Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück by Walter Andreas Schwarz . In fact , not only were the official 1956 scores withheld , but the rule stating that the winning nation hosts the next year 's Eurovision Song Contest had not yet been conceived . It was planned at the time that each participating country would take it in turns to host the event . However , as more countries wished to participate , this became impractical ."}]}, {'value': 'Skibet skal sejle i nat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skibet_skal_sejle_i_nat', 'summary': "Skibet skal sejle i nat ( The ship is leaving tonight ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 , performed in Danish by Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler and consequently the first time Danish was heard in the Eurovision . The song was performed ninth on the night , following France 's Paule Desjardins with La belle amour and preceding Switzerland 's Lys Assia with L'enfant que j'étais . At the close of voting , it had received 10 points , placing 3rd in a field of 10 . The song is a love duet , with the singers parting before one of them takes a sea voyage on the ship of the title . Additionally , the song is famous for the kiss the duo exchanged at the end of the performance - the longest stage kiss in Contest history , made so by a stagehand omitting to signal for it to end . While the Contest was still predominantly a radio show at the time , the conservative social mores ensured that this event has entered Eurovision folklore . Indeed , at the late 2005 Congratulations special , hosts Katrina Leskanich and Renars Kaupers pretended to re-enact it , only to have Wilke herself appear between them . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1958 Contest by Raquel Rastenni with Jeg rev et blad ud af min dagbog ."}]}, {'value': 'Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birthe_Wilke', 'summary': "Birthe Wilke ( born 19 March 1936 ) is a popular Danish singer . She grew up in a musical family in Copenhagen 's Vesterbro area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gustav_Winckler', 'summary': 'Gustav Frands Wilzeck Winckler ( 13 October 1925 - 20 January 1979 ) was a popular Danish singer , composer and music publisher . He grew up in the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen and started his career as a decorator . In 1948 as a young man he won a talent competition at National Scala Theatre in Copenhagen , as well as many others in Copenhagen . He was often compared to Bing Crosby . He finally broke through in 1950 with engagements , regular appearances on Danmarks Radio and his first professional recording . Through the 1950s he recorded and toured in Denmark , Germany ( under the name Gunnar Winkler ) and England ( under the name Sam Payne ) . In 1957 after qualifying in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix to represent Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest , he participated in Eurovision Song Contest 1957 , where he sang Skibet skal sejle i nat ( The ship is leaving tonight ) with Birthe Wilke . They ranked number 3 , and stunned television audiences with a 13-second-long kiss at the end of their performance . He participated in the Danish Melodi Grand Prix twice afterwards - in 1964 with Ugler i mosen , and then in 1966 with Salami . He died in a car crash in 1979 . His brother Jørgen Winckler also recorded songs in the 1950s and early 1960s .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1959 was the fourth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Cannes , France , following André Claveau 's win at the 1958 contest in Hilversum , Netherlands with the song Dors , mon amour . It was the first time France hosted the event . The contest was held at Palais des Festivals et des Congrès on Wednesday 11 March 1959 , and was hosted by Jacqueline Joubert . Eleven countries participated in the contest . Monaco made its début this year , while Luxembourg decided to withdraw . The United Kingdom returned after their absence from the previous edition . The winner was the Netherlands with the song Een beetje , performed by Teddy Scholten , written by Willy van Hemert and composed by Dick Schallies . This was the Netherlands ' second victory in the contest , following their win in 1957 - marking the first time a country had won more than once . Willy van Hemert also wrote the first Dutch winner that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Uh , jeg ville ønske jeg var dig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uh,_jeg_ville_ønske_jeg_var_dig', 'summary': "Uh , jeg ville ønske jeg var dig ( Oh , I 'd wish I were you ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1959 , performed in Danish by Birthe Wilke . The song was performed second on the night , following France 's Jean Philippe with Oui , oui , oui , oui and preceding Italy 's Domenico Modugno with Piove ( Ciao , ciao bambina ) . At the close of voting , it had received 12 points , placing 5th in a field of 11 . The song is a love ballad , in which Wilke sings about how much she wishes she were her lover . She then describes how she would love herself in this situation , including asking for her own hand in marriage . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1960 Contest by Katy Bødtger with Det var en yndig tid ."}]}, {'value': 'Birthe Wilke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birthe_Wilke', 'summary': "Birthe Wilke ( born 19 March 1936 ) is a popular Danish singer . She grew up in a musical family in Copenhagen 's Vesterbro area ."}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1961', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1961 was the 6th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Cannes , France , following Jacqueline Boyer 's win at the 1960 contest in London , United Kingdom with the song Tom Pillibi . It was the second time that France had hosted the contest ; the first being in 1959 - also in Cannes . The contest was held at Palais des Festivals et des Congrès on 18 March 1961 and was the first to take place on a Saturday night , a tradition that has continued into modern times . The show was hosted by Jacqueline Joubert . Sixteen countries participated in the contest - three more than in the previous edition ; Finland , Spain and Yugoslavia all made their début this year . The winner was Luxembourg with the song Nous les amoureux , performed by Jean-Claude Pascal , written by Maurice Vidalin , and composed by Jacques Datin . This was Luxembourg 's first victory in the contest , with the United Kingdom finishing in second place for the third consecutive year . As the contest overran its allocated time , and the show was being broadcast live , the winning song 's reprise was not shown in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Angelique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelique_(song)', 'summary': "Angelique was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1961 , performed in Danish by Dario Campeotto . The song was performed thirteenth on the night , following Norway 's Nora Brockstedt with Sommer i Palma and preceding Luxembourg 's Jean-Claude Pascal with Nous les amoureux . At the close of voting , it had received 12 points , placing 5th in a field of 16 . The song is a love ballad directed towards the title character , with Campeotto singing about the various things he would do for her if he had the skill - such as writing poetry if he were William Shakespeare or playing the violin if he were Yehudi Menuhin . He explains , however , that the Muses said no to his attempts to master the arts ( including singing , unusually for a professional singer ) , so he is simply dreaming about her . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1962 contest by Ellen Winther with Vuggevise ."}]}, {'value': 'Dario Campeotto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Campeotto', 'summary': 'Dario Campeotto ( born 1 February 1939 ) is a Danish singer , actor , and entertainer . He was born in Frederiksberg , Copenhagen to Italian parents , Emma and Ernesto Campeotto . He started performing at the age of ten , but his breakthrough was a victory in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 1961 with the song Angelique , which went on to finish fifth in the Eurovision Song Contest . Following Angelique , Dario Campeotto released a number of records , starred in theatrical play , operettas , revues , and movies .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1963', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1963 was the eighth annual Eurovision Song Contest . The contest was held in London , United Kingdom , after the British broadcaster BBC stepped in to organise the event . France had won the 1962 edition with the right to host this following one but were unable to , due to financial shortcomings . The contest was won by Denmark with the song Dansevise , performed by Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann . Denmark 's win was their first . Four countries got nul points , with Finland , Norway and Sweden failing to score any points for the first time and The Netherlands for the second time , becoming the first country to go two years in a row without scoring a single point ."}]}, {'value': 'Dansevise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dansevise', 'summary': "Dansevise ( English title : I loved you ; English translation : Dance song ) was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 performed in Danish by Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann representing Denmark . This was the first entry performed by a duo to win the Contest and also the first Scandinavian winner . The song was performed eighth on the night , following Finland 's Laila Halme with Muistojeni laulu and preceding Yugoslavia 's Vice Vukov with Brodovi . At the close of voting , it had received 42 points , thus winning from a field of 16 . The song is a moderately up-tempo tune in which the singer hymns the praises of dancing , specifically with her beloved friend . The song was succeeded as contest winner in 1964 by Gigliola Cinquetti performing Non ho l'età for Italy . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1964 Contest by Bjørn Tidmand with Sangen om dig . The Danish band Outlandish has made a cover of the song called Kom igen which is featured in the game FIFA 07 . DR decided to include Dansevise in the opening sequence of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Grand Final . Jörgen Ingmann died on 23 March 2015 in Denmark at the age of 89 , after he separated from his wife Grethe in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grethe_Ingmann', 'summary': "Grethe Ingmann ( née Clemmensen ; 17 June 1938 - 18 August 1990 ) was a Danish singer . She started her career at 17 , when she temporarily performed as a singer of the Malihini Hawaiians pop quartet . Soon after she sang with the Danish guitarist Jørn Grauengaard and his trio . In 1955 she met her future husband , guitarist Jørgen Ingmann . The couple married in 1956 and performed as the duet Grethe og Jørgen Ingmann . Together they won the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 representing Denmark with the jazz waltz Dansevise ( Dancing tune ) with music by Otto Francker and lyrics by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen . It was the first entry performed by a duo to win the Contest and also the first Scandinavian winner . In 1965 she entered the German Schlager Contest with the song Sommerwind . She dropped out in the preliminaries , but the song 's English version , written by Johnny Mercer in 1966 and sung by Frank Sinatra , became an international hit . Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann continued their musical career until they divorced in 1975 . As a solo singer , Grethe participated in several Danish preselections for the Eurovision Song Contest , unsuccessfully . She died of cancer on August 18 , 1990 , age 52 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jørgen_Ingmann', 'summary': 'Jørgen Ingmann ( born Jørgen Ingmann Pedersen ; 26 April 1925 - 21 March 2015 ) was a Danish jazz and pop guitarist from Copenhagen . He was popular in Europe , and had a wider international hit in 1961 with his version of Apache . He and his wife Grethe Ingmann won the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest with the song Dansevise .'}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1984', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , the 29th event of its kind , was held on 5 May 1984 in Luxembourg . The presenter , Désirée Nosbusch , only 19 years old at the time , hosted the show in a lax manner , which was quite unusual for the show at the time . She manifested her fluency in four languages by switching between a strong transatlantic English , French , German and Luxembourgish in the course of talking , often in the same sentence . Sweden 's the Herreys were the winners of this contest with the song , Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley . This was the Nordic country 's second win , and the first one in Swedish , as ABBA performed Waterloo in English when they won in 1974 . Richard and Luis Herrey became the first teenage males to win Eurovision and remain the youngest ever male winners , being 19 years and 260 days and 18 years and 184 days of age respectively . Israel withdrew from the contest due to Yom Hazikaron ( Day of Remembrance for the Fallen Soldiers of Israel and Victims of Terrorism ) being commemorated on the same date . Iceland was going to participate but withdrew due to lack of financial support . 1984 is also a notable for the audible booing that could be heard from the audience , particularly at the end of the UK 's performance . It was said that the booing was due to English football hooligans having rioted in Luxembourg in November 1983 after being knocked out of the UEFA European Football Championship . However , the song itself managed a pretty good showing , reaching seventh place ."}]}, {'value': "Det ' lige det", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Det'_lige_det", 'summary': "Det ' lige det ( That 's just it ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , performed in Danish by Hot Eyes . The song was performed tenth on the night , following Ireland 's Linda Martin with Terminal 3 and preceding the Netherlands ' Maribelle with Ik hou van jou . At the close of voting , it had received 101 points , placing 4th in a field of 19 . The song is sung from the perspective of a woman waiting for her lover to come to her . She tells him that his presence brightens the day considerably and that he should n't be afraid of loving her , as he appears to be . As part of their performance of this song in the Danish national selection , the female half of the duo ( Kirsten Siggard ) , pushed the male half ( Søren Bundgaard ) into a swimming pool . This act , while unable to be repeated at the Contest itself , earned the song the Danish nickname The Swimming Pool Song . An English version of Det ' lige det , entitled Waiting in the Rain , was released as the B-side of the 45 rpm single . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1985 contest by Hot Eyes again , this time with Sku ' du spørg ' fra no'en ? ."}]}, {'value': 'Hot Eyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Eyes', 'summary': "Hot Eyes was the name adopted for international acts by the Danish singing duo known in their home country as Kirsten and Søren . It was formed by Kirsten Siggard ( born 7 September 1954 in Slagelse ) and Søren Bundgaard ( born 4 March 1956 in Glostrup ) . Kirsten was brought up in a traditional Christian family who sang in a church choir when she was young and later pursued a career deemed appropriate and desirable , working in a bank , where she met her husband , Jorgen . Søren was a musician , singer and composer , at that time a member of the Danish band Sir Henry . Both Sir Henry and Kirsten entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix , which serves as the Danish pre-selection for the Eurovision Song Contest ( ESC ) , in 1983 . For some reason , Sir Henry 's entry , Og Livet går with music composed by Søren and Leif Pedersen was disqualified and Kirsten took their place in the final , but in a somewhat consolation-prize style they sang as backing vocals for Kirsten . Søren later decided to leave Sir Henry in favor of further cooperation with Kirsten , and the duo entered the Dansk MGP in 1984 as Hot Eyes with the song Det ' lige det with music by Søren and lyrics by Keld Heick ( who also penned lyrics to all other Hot Eyes ' Dansk MGP entries ) . The song became known in Denmark as the swimming pool song , as at the end of the Dansk MGP performance Kirsten threw Søren into a swimming pool by the stage . They won the contest and therefore represented Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , taking the fourth place , even though they were unable to replicate the swimming pool gimmick . This was Denmark 's best placing since 1963 , when the country 's entry won the contest . Kirsten was actually pregnant with her first son while singing at Eurovision . Riding on their popularity , they went on to win the Dansk MGP again in 1985 with Sku ' du spørg ' fra no'en ?"}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1987', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1987 was the 32nd Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 9 May 1987 in Brussels , Belgium after Sandra Kim 's win the previous year . The presenter was Viktor Lazlo . She agreed to present the Eurovision Song Contest , on the condition she was allowed to open with a song of her own , Breathless . Johnny Logan was the winner for Ireland with his own composition Hold Me Now . That made him the first ( and as of 2019 only ) performer to win the contest twice , as he had won also in 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'En lille melodi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/En_lille_melodi', 'summary': "En lille melodi ( A little tune ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1987 , performed in Danish by Anne-Cathrine Herdorf & Bandjo . The song was performed nineteenth on the night , following Finland 's Vicki Rosti & Boulevard with Sata salamaa and preceding Ireland 's Johnny Logan with Hold Me Now . At the close of voting , it had received 83 points , placing 5th in a field of 22 . The song is a plea for unity , with Herdorf exhorting everyone to sing this little tune as one . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1988 Contest by Kirsten & Søren with Ka ' du se hva ' jeg sa ' ? ."}]}, {'value': 'Anne-Cathrine Herdorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Cathrine_Herdorf', 'summary': 'Anne-Cathrine Herdorf , ( born 10 July 1967 in Copenhagen ) , is a Danish singer and actress who represented Denmark with the group Bandjo at the 1987 Eurovision Song Contest . Performing the song En lille melodi ( A little tune / English recording title : A Simple Little Song ) she finished in 5th place with 83 points . In 1992 she co-hosted the Danish national final - Dansk Melodi Grand Prix - with another Danish former Eurovision competitor , Anders Frandsen . She appeared at the national final again in 1999 as a jury member and was one of several guest presenters in 2001 . From 1987 to 1993 she played acting roles in several Danish TV productions and from 2001 she has guested or performed as a singer on a number of TV shows .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1988', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1988 was the 33rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . The contest took place on 30 April 1988 in Dublin , Ireland , following the country 's win at the previous 1987 edition . The presenters were Pat Kenny and Michelle Rocca . The host broadcaster was Radio Telefís Éireann ( RTÉ ) which revamped the show 's production style compared to its earlier editions , in order to appeal to a younger audience . The winner was Switzerland with the song Ne partez pas sans moi , performed by Canadian singer Céline Dion and composed by Atilla Şereftuğ with lyrics in French by Nella Martinetti . Switzerland beat the United Kingdom by just a point in the last vote to win the title . Twenty-one countries took part , after an initial plan of twenty-two , as Cyprus withdrew its already registered entry for breaching the contest 's rules by being published a few years earlier , in an attempt to represent the country at a prior edition of the contest . The Cypriot song had been drawn to be performed 2nd in the running order ."}]}, {'value': "Ka ' du se hva ' jeg sa ' ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ka'_du_se_hva'_jeg_sa'?", 'summary': "Ka ' du se hva ' jeg sa ' ? ( Can you see , ( that 's ) what I told you ? , literally : Do you see what I said ? ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1988 , performed in Danish by Kirsten & Søren ( a duo who had previously entered as Hot Eyes ) . The song was performed thirteenth on the night , following Austria 's Wilfried with Lisa Mona Lisa and preceding Greece 's Afroditi Frida with Clown . At the close of voting , it had received 92 points , placing 3rd in a field of 21 . The song describes a particularly difficult personality type - who knows everything for certain and whistles if it turns out you 're at fault . Over the course of the song , this person is gradually revealed to be the person to whom the song is being sung in the first place . The performance is perhaps more memorable for the fact that the female half of the duo ( Kirsten Siggard ) was heavily pregnant at the time and would give birth only three weeks after the contest . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1989 Contest by Birthe Kjær with Vi maler byen rød ."}]}, {'value': 'Hot Eyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Eyes', 'summary': "Hot Eyes was the name adopted for international acts by the Danish singing duo known in their home country as Kirsten and Søren . It was formed by Kirsten Siggard ( born 7 September 1954 in Slagelse ) and Søren Bundgaard ( born 4 March 1956 in Glostrup ) . Kirsten was brought up in a traditional Christian family who sang in a church choir when she was young and later pursued a career deemed appropriate and desirable , working in a bank , where she met her husband , Jorgen . Søren was a musician , singer and composer , at that time a member of the Danish band Sir Henry . Both Sir Henry and Kirsten entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix , which serves as the Danish pre-selection for the Eurovision Song Contest ( ESC ) , in 1983 . For some reason , Sir Henry 's entry , Og Livet går with music composed by Søren and Leif Pedersen was disqualified and Kirsten took their place in the final , but in a somewhat consolation-prize style they sang as backing vocals for Kirsten . Søren later decided to leave Sir Henry in favor of further cooperation with Kirsten , and the duo entered the Dansk MGP in 1984 as Hot Eyes with the song Det ' lige det with music by Søren and lyrics by Keld Heick ( who also penned lyrics to all other Hot Eyes ' Dansk MGP entries ) . The song became known in Denmark as the swimming pool song , as at the end of the Dansk MGP performance Kirsten threw Søren into a swimming pool by the stage . They won the contest and therefore represented Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , taking the fourth place , even though they were unable to replicate the swimming pool gimmick . This was Denmark 's best placing since 1963 , when the country 's entry won the contest . Kirsten was actually pregnant with her first son while singing at Eurovision . Riding on their popularity , they went on to win the Dansk MGP again in 1985 with Sku ' du spørg ' fra no'en ?"}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1989', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1989 was the 34th annual Eurovision Song Contest . It was held on 6 May 1989 in Lausanne , Switzerland , after Celine Dion 's victory in Dublin the previous year . The program was presented by Lolita Morena and Jacques Deschenaux . Riva , representing Yugoslavia , won with the song Rock Me . This was the only victory for Yugoslavia as a unified state ."}]}, {'value': 'Vi maler byen rød', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vi_maler_byen_rød', 'summary': "Vi maler byen rød ( We 're painting the town red ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989 , written by Søren Bundgaard ( music ) and Keld Heick ( lyrics ) performed in Danish by Birthe Kjær . The English version of the song is called I 'm Chasing Butterflies . The song was performed twelfth on the night , following Luxembourg 's Park Café with Monsieur and preceding Austria 's Thomas Forstner with Nur ein Lied . At the close of voting , it had received 111 points , placing 3rd in a field of 22 . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1990 Contest by Lonnie Devantier with Hallo Hallo , with lyrics also by Keld Heick . The song qualified as the Danish entry into the Eurovision Song Contest by the usual means of winning that year 's Dansk Melodi Grand Prix . All of the contributors were Dansk Melodi Grand Prix regulars - although for Birthe it was the first , and only , time to win after three unsuccessful attempts , Keld Heick had by then authored lyrics to five winning songs , and Søren Bundgaard wrote music and co-performed three of them , although with another female vocalist , Kirsten Siggaard , as part of the duo Hot Eyes . Heick also authored the lyrics to three 1990s Danish entries , and entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix numerous times from 1970s to 1990s as both lyricist , composer and performer ( with his wife Hilda ) , while Søren Bundgaard also tried his luck as composer a few other times , including two unsuccessful Hot Eyes entries . Vi maler byen rød is an evocation of good times , with Kjær describing the fun that can be had by painting the town red . Musically , it is something of a throwback to an earlier time as well , sounding like a more unabashed vocal performance than the more modern numbers starting to achieve success at the Contest at the time . It is also memorable for the fact that Kjær was one of the older contestants to have performed in many years . The performance was unique for the fact that not only the song 's author 's , but also the conductor , Henrik Krogsgaard ( also a Eurovision regular ) , joined Birthe on stage as backup singers and dancers ."}]}, {'value': 'Birthe Kjær', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birthe_Kjær', 'summary': 'Birthe Kjær ( born 1 September 1948 ) is a Danish singer . She finished second at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 1980 , 1986 and 1987 , before winning in 1989 , and went on to finish third at the 1989 Eurovision Song Contest in Lausanne . She also finished third at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1995', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1995 was the 40th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Dublin , Ireland , following Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan 's win at the 1994 contest on homesoil with the song Rock ' n ' Roll Kids . It was held on 13 May 1995 in the Point Theatre in Dublin , Ireland . The presenter was Mary Kennedy . This year 's competition was the last with only one host until 18 years later in 2013 in Malmö , Sweden . This contest broke the chain of victories that Ireland enjoyed in 1992 , 1993 , and 1994 . This was Ireland 's 3rd year in succession to host the contest - and to mark the 40th show , it was opened with a 4-minute retrospective showing images from the contest 's history . The Norwegian group Secret Garden was the winner of this contest with the mostly instrumental song , Nocturne . Incidentally , Secret Garden 's violinist was Fionnuala Sherry , who is Irish ."}]}, {'value': 'Fra Mols til Skagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fra_Mols_til_Skagen', 'summary': "Fra Mols til Skagen ( From Mols to Skagen ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 , performed in Danish by Aud Wilken . The song was performed nineteenth on the night , following Sweden 's Jan Johansen with Se på mej and preceding Slovenia 's Darja Švajger with Prisluhni mi . By the close of voting , it had received 92 points , placing it 5th in a field of 23 . The song is a love ballad , with Wilken singing about her desire to be with her lover - she asks him , for example , to let her know train times so that she can be with him . The title of the song comes from her description of the breadth of her feelings about him : From Mols to Skagen I 'm missing you . Mols is the name of a district in east Mid Jutland , while Skagen is Denmark 's northernmost town ( in North Jutland ) , so the two locations are not in fact vastly far apart ( about 170 km as the crow flies ) . Musically , the song is a comparatively slow one , in contrast to the increasingly up-tempo style of other contest entries . It was chosen as the winner of a preliminary Danish song contest by a jury of music professionals ( instead of the usual way of letting viewers decide by telephone voting ) . Initially the song did not enjoy much popularity among the general public , but that seemed to change after its relatively high placing in the international contest . Despite the successful placement of the song , Denmark did not participate in the 1996 contest , as the qualification rules had been changed to require all competing countries barring the host nation to qualify - something the Danes were unable to accomplish . The performance was , however , enough to qualify Denmark as one of the entrants in the next Contest . Hence , it was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1997 contest by Kølig Kaj with Stemmen i mit liv ."}]}, {'value': 'Aud Wilken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aud_Wilken', 'summary': 'Aud Saskia Wilken ( born 1965 in East Berlin ) is a Danish singer , best known for her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2000', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2000 was the 45th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Stockholm , Sweden , following Charlotte Nilsson 's win at the 1999 contest in Jerusalem , Israel with the song Take Me to Your Heaven . The contest was held on 13 May 2000 at the Globe Arena . It was the first time since 1996 that the contest was held on mainland Europe . The contest was the second to be held in Stockholm , and the fourth held in Sweden . The presenters were Kattis Ahlström and Anders Lundin . The winner of the 2000 contest was the Olsen Brothers who represented Denmark with the song Fly on the Wings of Love ( originally : Smuk som et stjerneskud ) . The song was written by one of the brothers , Jørgen Olsen . On the day of their victory , Jørgen Olsen was 50 years and 61 days of age , making him the oldest artist yet to win the contest . However , he would not hold the record for long , as Dave Benton triumphed in the following year at the age of 50 years and 101 days , breaking the record by 40 days . The combined ages of The Olsen Brothers make them the oldest aged act ever to win the contest . The Globe Arena was , at the time , the largest venue chosen to host the contest with a capacity of 16,000 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Smuk som et stjerneskud', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olsen Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olsen_Brothers', 'summary': "Olsen Brothers ( Danish : Brødrene Olsen ) are a Danish rock/pop music duo , formed by brothers Jørgen ( born 15 March 1950 ) and Niels Noller Olsen ( born 13 April 1954 ) , who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2000 . They formed their first band , The Kids , in 1965 . The Kids warmed up for The Kinks in the K.B . Hallen in 1965 and released their first single in 1967 . Both Jørgen and Niels Olsen participated in the musical Hair in the Cirkusbygningen in Copenhagen March 1971 , and went on tour afterwards through Denmark , Norway and Sweden . The Olsen Brothers ' first album was released in 1972 . The Brothers have released 13 albums . Some of the biggest hit singles includes Angelina ( 1972 ) , For what we are ( 1973 ) Julie ( 1977 ) , San Francisco ( 1978 ) , Dans Dans Dans ( 1979 ) , Marie , Marie ( 1982 ) and Neon Madonna ( 1985 ) , wings of love ( 2000 ) , we believe in love ( 2001 ) , Look up Look down ( 2009 -performed with Sir Cliff Richard ) , Brothers to Brothers 2013 . The Olsen Brothers has sold aprox 3.200.000 albums,1.500.000 singles and around 2.700.000 combilations since the released single-record in 1967 . Total 7.500.000 units . The Brothers has a speciel two voice harmoni sound , which many fans , musicians and songwriters loves . Among the fans are Sir Cliff Richard and Bjoern Ulveus both calls the Olsen Brothers for The European Everly Brothers ."}]}, {'value': '1st ( as Fly on the Wings of Love )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fly_on_the_Wings_of_Love', 'summary': "Fly on the Wings of Love is a song by Danish pop-rock duo Olsen Brothers , which was the winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2000 , performed for Denmark , singing in English . The song was performed fourteenth on the night , following Spain 's Serafín Zubiri with Colgado de un sueño and preceding Germany 's Stefan Raab with Wadde hadde dudde da ? . At the close of voting , it had received 195 points , placing first in a field of 24 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2001', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2001 was the 46th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Copenhagen , Denmark , following the Olsen Brothers ' win at the 2000 contest in Stockholm , Sweden with the song Fly on the Wings of Love . The hosting marked the second time the contest was held on Danish soil , after the 1964 contest - 37 years earlier . 23 countries took part in the contest , which was held on 12 May 2001 . The host venue was the Parken Stadium - the largest venue to ever host the contest as of 2019 . A total of 35,000 spectators saw the show live from within the stadium , breaking the record of 16,000 held by the previous year 's hosts Sweden . The show was opened by the Olsen Brothers , with a snippet from their winning song Fly on the Wings of Love , followed by their latest single Walk Right Back , which was already a smash hit in Denmark at the time . The presenters were Danish journalist and TV-show presenter Natasja Crone Back and the famous Danish actor Søren Pilmark who spoke most of their announcements in rhyming couplets . France , Greece and Slovenia were the heavy favourites to win the contest ; however , as the voting progressed it became a two-horse race between Estonia and the host country Denmark . The contest was won by Estonia , represented by Tanel Padar , Dave Benton & 2XL with the song Everybody , written by Ivar Must and Maian-Anna Karmas , which scored a total of 198 points . The host nation , Denmark , finished in 2nd place with 177 points . Coming 3rd were Greece with 147 points - giving the country their best result up until this point ."}]}, {'value': 'Der står et billede af dig på mit bord', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rollo & King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rollo_&_King', 'summary': 'Rollo & King was a Danish group , formed by Søren Poppe and Stefan Nielsen . The two men named themselves after two dog names . They topped the charts with their very first album Midt i en løbetid which stayed in the charts for 13 weeks in 2000-2001 . Before Søren Poppe got famous with the band , he was a teacher in a school in Valby , in Copenhagen teaching music and mathematics .'}]}, {'value': '2nd ( as Never Ever Let You Go )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Never_Ever_Let_You_Go', 'summary': "Never Ever Let You Go was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 , performed in English by Rollo & King . The song was performed in Danish at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 2001 , titled Der står et billede af dig på mit bord ( There is a picture of you on my table ) . The song was performed twenty-third ( last ) on the night , following Greece 's Antique with Die For You . At the close of voting , it had received 177 points , placing 2nd in a field of 23 . The song is from the perspective of a man who has lost his lover . He pleads with her to return and promises that he will never ever let you go . For much of the night , the song led the voting and gave Denmark high hopes of achieving the rare feat of winning the Contest in successive years ( it eventually finished 21 points behind the Estonian winners , Tanel Padar and Dave Benton with Everybody ) . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 2002 Contest by Malene with Tell Me Who You Are ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2010 was the 55th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Oslo , Norway , following Alexander Rybak 's win at the 2009 contest in Moscow , Russia with the song Fairytale . It was the third time Norway had hosted the contest , having previously done so in 1986 and 1996 . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and host broadcaster Norsk rikskringkasting ( NRK ) , the contest was held at the Telenor Arena , and consisted of two semi-finals on 25 and 27 May , and the final on 29 May 2010 . The three live shows were hosted by Erik Solbakken , Haddy N'jie and Nadia Hasnaoui . Thirty-nine countries took part in the contest , with Georgia returning after its one-year absence . Meanwhile , Andorra , the Czech Republic , Hungary , and Montenegro all withdrew , mainly for financial reasons related to the global financial crisis . Lithuania originally announced its withdrawal , but was later among the participants confirmed by the EBU . The winner was Germany with the song Satellite , performed by Lena and written by Julie Frost and John Gordon . This was Germany 's second victory in the contest , following their win in 1982 , and their first win as a unified country . It was also the first win for one of the Big Four countries , since the rule 's introduction in 2000 . Turkey , Romania , Denmark and Azerbaijan rounded out the top five ."}]}, {'value': 'In a Moment Like This', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_a_Moment_Like_This', 'summary': "In a Moment Like This is a song performed by Chanée & N'evergreen and composed Thomas G : son , Henrik Sethsson and Erik Bernholm , and was the Danish entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 , held in Oslo , Norway on 29 May 2010 . The song was the winner of the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix contest , held on 6 February , which selected the Danish entry for Eurovision , and they won fourth place at the contest , with 149 points , this song was also later that year covered by South African Artists Lianie May & Jay . The song did n't escape controversy as it was alleged that it was too similar to The Police Every Breath You Take . Swedish band Scotts recorded a cover version of the song as a duet with Erica Sjöström from the Drifters , which in 2010 appeared on both on the Scotts album Vi gör det igen and the Drifters ' album Stanna hos mig ."}]}, {'value': "Chanée and N'evergreen", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chanée', 'summary': "Christina Chanée ( born 6 January 1979 , [ citation needed ] Christina Ratchanée Birch Wongskul ) is a Danish-Thai pop singer who won the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2010 with Tomas N'evergreen , with the song In a Moment Like This . Chanée lives in Frederiksberg , Copenhagen ."}, {'url': "/wiki/N'evergreen", 'summary': "Tomas Christiansen ( born 12 November 1969 ) , better known by his stage name Tomas N'evergreen , is a pop singer from Aarhus , Denmark . The singles Since You 've Been Gone and Everytime ( I See Your Smile ) were on top ten lists throughout Eastern Europe for more than a year and are still staples on FM radio . His debut album Since You 've Been Gone topped the charts in Russia and sold hundreds of thousands of units . The music video Since You 've Been Gone was made with the participation of Russian singer Polina Griffith . He lives now in Moscow , Russia . Tomas has been married to Russian actress Valeriya Zhidkova since 24 September 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 was the 56th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Düsseldorf , Germany , following Lena 's win at the 2010 contest in Oslo , Norway with the song Satellite . It was the third time Germany had hosted the contest ( and the first following the German reunification ) , having previously done so in 1957 and 1983 ( both in then West Germany ) . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and host broadcasters Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rundfunkanstalten Deutschland ( ARD ) and Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( NDR ) , the contest was held at the Esprit Arena and consisted of two semi-finals on 10 and 12 May , and the final on 14 May 2011 . The three live shows were hosted by Anke Engelke , Judith Rakers and Stefan Raab . Forty-three countries participated in the contest , equalling the record of the 2008 edition . Four countries returned to the contest this year ; Austria returned after their last participation in 2007 , Hungary returned after their last participation in 2009 , San Marino returned after their very first participation in 2008 . Finally , Italy also returned to the contest after their last participation fourteen years earlier , in 1997 . For the first time since 2005 , no country withdrew from the contest . The winner was Azerbaijan with the song Running Scared performed by Ell & Nikki and written by Stefan Örn , Sandra Bjurman and Iain James Farquharson . This was Azerbaijan 's first victory in the contest , after only 4 years of participation . It was also the first male-female duo to win the contest since 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Tomorrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Tomorrow', 'summary': "New Tomorrow is a 2011 English language song by Danish pop/rock band A Friend in London . It represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 , held in Düsseldorf , Germany . On 26 February 2011 , the song won the Danish preselection contest Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 2011 . It is the first single from their debut album , Unite . Immediately after , the single was released in Denmark , making it straight to # 3 in its first week of release ( chart dated 4 March 2011 ) . The song was used as the Labour Party 's anthem for the 2013 Malta elections ."}]}, {'value': 'A Friend in London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Friend_in_London', 'summary': 'A Friend in London was a Danish pop rock and rock band that represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf , Germany , with the song New Tomorrow and took 5th place in the final with 134 points . The group announced their split in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2013 was the 58th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Malmö , Sweden , following Loreen 's win at the 2012 contest in Baku , Azerbaijan with the song Euphoria . It was the fifth time Sweden had hosted the contest , having previously done so in 1975 , 1985 , 1992 and 2000 . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and host broadcaster Sveriges Television ( SVT ) , the contest was held at Malmö Arena and consisted of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May , and the final on 18 May 2013 . The three live shows were hosted by Petra Mede , while Eric Saade hosted the green room . Thirty-nine countries participated , with Armenia returning after their one-year absence . Bosnia and Herzegovina , Portugal , Slovakia and Turkey all withdrew from the contest for various reasons . The winner was Denmark with the song Only Teardrops performed by Emmelie de Forest and written by Lise Cabble , Julia Fabrin Jakobsen and Thomas Stengaard . This was Denmark 's third victory in the contest , following their wins in 1963 and 2000 . It was the second time that Denmark won on Swedish soil . Azerbaijan , Ukraine , Norway and Russia rounded out the top five . Meanwhile , of the 'Big Five ' countries , only Italy managed to finish in the top ten , third in a row since its return , coming seventh ."}]}, {'value': 'Only Teardrops', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Only_Teardrops', 'summary': "Only Teardrops is a song recorded by Danish singer Emmelie de Forest . The song was written by Lise Cabble , Julia Fabrin Jakobsen and Thomas Stengaard , and it was produced by Frederik Thaae . It is best known as Denmark 's winning entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 held in Malmö , Sweden . The song competed in the first semi-final on 14 May 2013 and managed to qualify for a spot in the final on 18 May 2013 . The song competed in the final against 25 other songs , and finished in first place with 281 points . In 2012 , the song was covered by German singer Nicole in a German-language version entitled Tausend tränen ."}]}, {'value': 'Emmelie de Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmelie_de_Forest', 'summary': 'Emmelie Charlotte-Victoria de Forest ( born 28 February 1993 ) is a Danish singer and songwriter . De Forest represented Denmark with the song Only Teardrops in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden , winning the contest . Her debut album Only Teardrops was released on the Universal Music label on 6 May 2013 . Her sophomore studio album History was released through the Swedish independent label Cosmos Music on 9 February 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': "Main article : Dansk Melodi Grand Prix winners Almost all winners of Dansk Melodi Grand Prix have gone on to represent Denmark at Eurovision ; the only entry not representing Denmark at Eurovision being the 1996 winner ( `` Kun med dig '' by Dorte Andersen [ dk ] and Martin Loft [ dk ] ) , which failed to qualify for the final from the pre-selection . [ 1 ] Denmark has won Eurovision three times : in 1963 , 2000 and 2013 . [ 3 ] The following table lists those entries which finished fifth or higher at Eurovision :", 'uid': 'Dansk_Melodi_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "Dansk Melodi Grand Prix is an annual music competition organised by Danish public broadcaster Danmarks Radio (DR), which determines the country's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest. The festival has produced three Eurovision winners and fourteen top-five placings."}
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between the person born 28 February 1993 and 1 February 1939 what is the first name of the producer of the song that reached the highest place in the Eurovision contest ?
Frederik
062c5f4e46af1ac9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Faribault_County,_Minnesota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Faribault County, Minnesota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adams H. Bullis House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004259 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted 43°45′39″N 94°06′57″W / 43.760833°N 94.115833°W / 43.760833 ; -94.115833 ( Adams H. Bullis House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delavan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delavan,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Delavan is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 179 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "Circa-1875 Italianate farmhouse of scientific cattle breeder Adams H. Bullis ( 1832- ? ) , a leading figure representative of Faribault County 's agricultural history and its transition from pioneer farms to sophisticated enterprises", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center Creek Archeological District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 15 , 1976 ( # 76001052 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Both sides of Center Creek above its confluence with the Blue Earth River 43°44′16″N 94°11′00″W / 43.73777°N 94.18333°W / 43.73777 ; -94.18333 ( Center Creek Archeological District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Earth_River', 'summary': "The Blue Earth River ( Dakota : Makhátho Wakpá ) is a tributary of the Minnesota River , 108 miles ( 174 km ) long , in southern Minnesota in the United States . Two of its headwaters tributaries , the Middle Branch Blue Earth River and the West Branch Blue Earth River , also flow for short distances in northern Iowa . By volume , it is the Minnesota River 's largest tributary , accounting for 46% of the Minnesota 's flow at the rivers ' confluence in Mankato . Via the Minnesota River , the Blue Earth River is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River , draining an area of 3,486 square miles ( 9,029 km² ) in an agricultural region . Ninety percent of the river 's watershed is in Minnesota . It is a Minnesota Department of Natural Resources designated Water Trail ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnebago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnebago,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Winnebago is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,437 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "Dense cluster of sites associated with the Blue Earth Phase of the Oneota culture , one of Minnesota 's earliest farming societies . The sites are characterized by abundant storage pits and ground stone tools", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oneota', 'summary': "Oneota is a designation archaeologists use to refer to a cultural complex that existed in the eastern plains and Great Lakes area of what is now occupied by the United States from around AD 900 to around 1650 or 1700 . Based on classification defined in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology , the Oneota culture belongs to formative stage . The culture is believed to have transitioned into various Siouan cultures of the protohistoric and historic times , such as the Ioway [ citation needed ] . A long-accepted ancestry to the Ho-chunk has yet to be conclusively demonstrated . Oneota is considered a major component of Upper Mississippian culture . It is characterized by globular , shell-tempered pottery that is often coarse in fibre . Pieces often had a spherical body , short necks and/or a flat lip . Sometimes the vessels had strap handles . Decoration includes wavy and zigzag lines , often in parallel . Most decoration was done on the top half of the vessel . Analytically , the culture has been broken down into various stages or horizons . Generally accepted are the following :"}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Depot and Lunchroom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Depot_and_Lunchroom', 'summary': "The Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Depot and Lunchroom are two buildings located in Wells , Minnesota , and built by the Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ( otherwise known as The Milwaukee Road ) in 1903 . The town of Wells was platted by a precursor to The Milwaukee Road in 1869 . As the town grew , it became a junction , with one branch of the railroad continuing west toward Sioux Falls , South Dakota and a second branch going north toward Farmington , Minnesota . The railroad placed a railyard at Wells . In 1903 , as railroad operations expanded , The Milwaukee Road built the present station out of brick . It also built the lunchroom ( or beanery ) to serve the train crews as well as passengers and the town . The lunchroom was also built of brick and is located adjacent to the depot . The depot is a single-story , rectangular building with a passenger waiting area on one end and a freight room on the other . The agent 's office was located between the two . The lunchroom is also a single-story , rectangular building . It was altered from its original appearance with the addition of a wood-frame room and garage . The lunchroom would have had a kitchen and dining area ; however , at the time of nomination to the National Register of Historic Places , the lunchroom had already been sold to private individuals who converted it into a residence ."}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004263 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '89-100 1st St. , NW . 43°44′46″N 93°43′37″W / 43.746045°N 93.726817°W / 43.746045 ; -93.726817 ( Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Depot and Lunchroom )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wells,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Wells is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,343 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Two 1903 buildings representative of the substantial railroad activity in Wells - a train station and a freestanding lunchroom that served crew and passengers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of the Good Shepherd-Episcopal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd-Episcopal_(Blue_Earth,_Minnesota)', 'summary': 'Church of the Good Shepherd Episcopal is a historic church at Moore and 8th Streets in Blue Earth , Minnesota . The city of Blue Earth was established in 1856 , and although most of its early settlers were Methodists , Episcopalians and Presbyterians also arrived in the city . The first Episcopal service in the city was held in the Presbyterian church in town on December 10 , 1867 . In 1870 , Bishop Henry Whipple asked the Reverend Solomon Stephens Burleson to visit the city and consider serving the Episcopal community as its resident pastor . Whipple and Burleson returned in 1871 , and Whipple offered the parish $ 3000 for construction of a church if the parish would pay for the rectory . The parish accepted the offer , and Burleson moved from his parish in Northfield to establish the church . Burleson designed the building himself . It has a rectangular shape , with a steeply-pitched roof . A tower topped with a shingled steeple is located on one side of the building . Construction was completed on March 21 , 1872 , and Whipple returned to consecrate the building on August 13 , 1872 . It was added to the National Register in 1980 . In 1982 , the three remaining members of the congregation donated the building to the Faribault County Historical Society .'}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004257 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moore and 8th Sts . 43°38′12″N 94°06′02″W / 43.636735°N 94.100628°W / 43.636735 ; -94.100628 ( Church of the Good Shepherd-Episcopal )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Earth,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Blue Earth is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , at the confluence of the east and west branches of the Blue Earth River . The population was 3,353 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Faribault County . It is home to a statue of the Jolly Green Giant . Additionally , Interstate Highway 90 is centered on Blue Earth , as the east and west construction teams met here in 1978 . As a tribute , there is a golden stripe of concrete on the interstate near Blue Earth . This draws a parallel to the golden spike set in the first transcontinental railroad .'}]}, {'value': '1872 example of the small Gothic Revival churches built under the leadership of Episcopal bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_Benjamin_Whipple', 'summary': 'Henry Benjamin Whipple ( February 15 , 1822 - September 16 , 1901 ) was the first Episcopal bishop of Minnesota , a humanitarian and an advocate for Native Americans .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'District No . 40 School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004264 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Highway 109 43°44′45″N 93°49′38″W / 43.745913°N 93.827268°W / 43.745913 ; -93.827268 ( District No . 40 School )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_109', 'summary': 'Minnesota State Highway 109 ( MN 109 ) is a 32.833-mile-long ( 52.840 km ) highway in south-central Minnesota , which runs from its intersection with U.S. Highway 169 in Winnebago and continues east to its eastern terminus at its interchange with Interstate 90 in Alden . Highway 109 passes through the cities of Winnebago , Wells , and Alden .'}]}, {'value': 'Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wells,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Wells is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,343 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "One of Faribault County 's best-preserved rural schoolhouses , in operation 1896-1952 . Known as the Pink Schoolhouse for its distinctive color scheme", 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew C. Dunn House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004265 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '133 S. Main St. 43°45′57″N 94°09′59″W / 43.765854°N 94.16627°W / 43.765854 ; -94.16627 ( Andrew C. Dunn House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnebago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnebago,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Winnebago is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,437 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Prominent house built in 1901 for Andrew C. Dunn , who helped found Winnebago in 1857 and served a leading role in civic and political life', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faribault County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faribault_County_Courthouse', 'summary': "The Faribault County Courthouse in Blue Earth , Minnesota , United States , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The building was completed in December 1892 at a cost of $ 70,000 . Materials included Kasota limestone , sand from the Blue Earth River bottoms , red brick above the rusticated sandstone ground floor , and clay tile for the roof . The arches at the entrance rest on short columns with foliated capitals , a hallmark of the Richardsonian Romanesque style . Between the arches is a gargoyle in the form of a satyr 's head . The most prominent feature is a seven-story tower on the corner ."}]}, {'value': 'April 11 , 1977 ( # 77000731 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '415 N. Main 43°38′33″N 94°06′11″W / 43.64237°N 94.103069°W / 43.64237 ; -94.103069 ( Faribault County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Earth,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Blue Earth is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , at the confluence of the east and west branches of the Blue Earth River . The population was 3,353 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Faribault County . It is home to a statue of the Jolly Green Giant . Additionally , Interstate Highway 90 is centered on Blue Earth , as the east and west construction teams met here in 1978 . As a tribute , there is a golden stripe of concrete on the interstate near Blue Earth . This draws a parallel to the golden spike set in the first transcontinental railroad .'}]}, {'value': "Courthouse built 1891-92 , exemplifying the late-19th century 's Richardsonian Romanesque public buildings", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque', 'summary': 'Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson ( 1838-1886 ) . The revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French , Spanish and Italian Romanesque characteristics . Richardson first used elements of the style in his Richardson Olmsted Complex in Buffalo , New York , designed in 1870 . Multiple architects followed in this style in the late 1800s ; Richardsonian Romanesque later influenced modern styles of architecture as well .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First National Bank', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004266 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main St. and Cleveland Ave. 43°46′04″N 94°09′58″W / 43.767642°N 94.165978°W / 43.767642 ; -94.165978 ( First National Bank )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnebago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnebago,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Winnebago is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,437 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "Leading example - constructed from 1916 to '17 - of the Neoclassical bank buildings that often characterized Minnesota 's early-20th-century smalltown streetscapes", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Kremer House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Kremer_House', 'summary': 'The Peter Kremer House is a historic house museum in Minnesota Lake , Minnesota , United States . The Minnesota Lake Historical Society operates the house as the Kremer House Library and Museum . Built in 1902 , it was the home of a French immigrant and his wife , Millie Zabel of Prussia , who both served as business and civic leaders in the community .'}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004260 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main and 4th Sts . 43°50′34″N 93°49′58″W / 43.842739°N 93.832877°W / 43.842739 ; -93.832877 ( Peter Kremer House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Lake,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Minnesota Lake is a city in Blue Earth and Faribault counties in the State of Minnesota . The population was 687 at the 2010 census . The bulk of the city is in Faribault County ; only a small part extends into Blue Earth County . The small Blue Earth County portion of Minnesota Lake is part of the Mankato-Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': "Prominent house built in 1906 for Minnesota Lake 's leading entrepreneur and town promoter . Now a museum", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muret N. Leland House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004261 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '410 2nd Ave. , SW. 43°44′26″N 93°43′44″W / 43.740635°N 93.728822°W / 43.740635 ; -93.728822 ( Muret N. Leland House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wells,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Wells is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,343 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "One of Wells ' most prominent houses , built in 1883 and later owned by pioneer merchant and politician Muret N. Leland ( 1849-1921 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial Library', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 20 , 1988 ( # 88002835 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th St. and Ramsey Ave. 43°38′18″N 94°05′54″W / 43.638403°N 94.098446°W / 43.638403 ; -94.098446 ( Memorial Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Earth,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Blue Earth is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , at the confluence of the east and west branches of the Blue Earth River . The population was 3,353 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Faribault County . It is home to a statue of the Jolly Green Giant . Additionally , Interstate Highway 90 is centered on Blue Earth , as the east and west construction teams met here in 1978 . As a tribute , there is a golden stripe of concrete on the interstate near Blue Earth . This draws a parallel to the golden spike set in the first transcontinental railroad .'}]}, {'value': 'Public library built in 1904 as the Etta C. Ross Memorial Library , noted as a project of a local philanthropist in memory of his late wife and for its Neoclassical architecture . Now a museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James B. Wakefield House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004258 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '405 E. 6th St. 43°38′20″N 94°05′52″W / 43.638937°N 94.09777°W / 43.638937 ; -94.09777 ( James B. Wakefield House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Earth,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Blue Earth is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , at the confluence of the east and west branches of the Blue Earth River . The population was 3,353 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Faribault County . It is home to a statue of the Jolly Green Giant . Additionally , Interstate Highway 90 is centered on Blue Earth , as the east and west construction teams met here in 1978 . As a tribute , there is a golden stripe of concrete on the interstate near Blue Earth . This draws a parallel to the golden spike set in the first transcontinental railroad .'}]}, {'value': '1868 house of James Wakefield ( 1825-1910 ) , one of the principal founders of Blue Earth and Faribault County , and a career politician who served as lieutenant governor and a U.S. congressman . Now a museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Wakefield', 'summary': 'James Beach Wakefield ( March 21 , 1825 in Winsted , Connecticut - August 25 , 1910 ) was a United States Representative from Minnesota . He attended the public schools at Westfield , Massachusetts , and Jonesville , New York , graduated from Trinity College , Hartford , Connecticut in 1846 and studied law in Painesville , Lake County , Ohio . He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Delphi , Indiana , in 1852 . He moved to Shakopee , Minnesota , in 1854 . He was first judge of the probate court of Faribault County , Minnesota . He was elected as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1858 , 1863 , and 1866 , serving as speaker in the session of 1866 . He was elected as a member of the Minnesota State Senate 1867-1869 . He was appointed receiver of the United States Land Office at Winnebago City Township , Minnesota , June 1 , 1869 , and served until January 15 , 1875 , when he resigned . He was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota 1875-1877 . He was elected as a Republican to the 48th and 49th congresses , ( March 4 , 1883 - March 3 , 1887 ) . He retired from public life and died at Blue Earth , Faribault County , Minnesota with interment in Evergreen Cemetery , Painesville , Ohio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Minnesota', 'summary': 'This is a list of lieutenant governors of the U.S. state of Minnesota . In 1886 , elections were moved from odd years to even years . Beginning with the 1962 election , the term of the lieutenant governor increased from two to four years . Prior to the 1974 election , governors and lieutenant governors were elected on separate ballots . Marlene Johnson , elected in 1982 as the running mate of Rudy Perpich , was the first female lieutenant governor of Minnesota . All eight of her successors in that office have also been women .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walters Jail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1980 ( # 80004262 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd and Main Sts . 43°36′20″N 93°40′20″W / 43.605469°N 93.672306°W / 43.605469 ; -93.672306 ( Walters Jail )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walters,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Walters is a city in Faribault County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 73 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '1906 freestanding jail reflecting the insular nature of small railroad towns in their initial years', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Faribault_County,_Minnesota_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Faribault County, Minnesota. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Faribault County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. A supplementary list includes one additional site that was formerly listed on the National Register.'}
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What is the location of the historic place that was the home of a French immigrant and his wife , Millie Zabel of Prussia ?
43°50′34″N 93°49′58″W / 43.842739°N 93.832877°W / 43.842739 ; -93.832877 ( Peter Kremer House )
062e043820a27411
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Flanagan_Memorial_Award', 'title': 'Terry Flanagan Memorial Award', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Position', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2003–04_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2003-04 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 3 , 2003 and concluded with the 2004 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 10 , 2004 at the Fleet Center in Boston , Massachusetts . This was the 57th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 109th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . The 2003-04 season was the inaugural year for the Atlantic Hockey Association after the discontinuation of Division I ice hockey sponsorship by the MAAC at the conclusion of the previous season ."}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Voros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Voros', 'summary': 'Aaron Voros ( born July 2 , 1981 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . Voros played in the National Hockey League with the Minnesota Wild , New York Rangers and Anaheim Ducks . He served two consecutive years as the Team President of the NHL Players Association for the New York Rangers and one year for the Anaheim Ducks .'}]}, {'value': 'Right Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing .'}]}, {'value': 'Alaska-Fairbanks', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alaska_Nanooks_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Alaska Nanooks men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents the University of Alaska Fairbanks . The Nanooks are a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) . They play at the Carlson Center in Fairbanks , Alaska ."}]}, {'value': '2004-05', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2004–05_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2004-05 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 3 , 2004 and concluded with the 2005 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 9 , 2005 at the Value City Arena in Columbus , Ohio . This was the 58th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 110th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan Sigalet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Sigalet', 'summary': 'Jordan Marvin Sigalet ( born February 19 , 1981 ) is a Canadian ice hockey coach and former goaltender . He is the goaltending coach for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League . His brother Jonathan also played on the Bowling Green hockey team'}]}, {'value': 'Goaltender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': 'Bowling Green', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Bowling Green Falcons ice hockey team is the ice hockey team that represents Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green , Ohio . The school 's team competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association . The Falcons last played in the NCAA Men 's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament in 2019 . The Falcons have won one NCAA Division I championship , coming in 1984 , defeating the Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs in the longest championship game in the tournament 's history ."}]}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2005–06_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2005-06 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 7 , 2005 and concluded with the 2006 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 8 , 2006 at the Bradley Center in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . This was the 59th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 111th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve McJannet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Superior State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lake_Superior_State_Lakers_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Lake Superior State Lakers men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Lake Superior State University . The Lakers are a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) . They play at the Taffy Abel Arena in Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan ."}]}, {'value': '2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2006–07_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2006-07 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October , 2006 and ended with the 2007 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 7 , 2007 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis , Missouri . Michigan State won the NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Championship , defeating Boston College 3-1 in the national championship game . This was the 60th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 112th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Fritsche', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Ohio State Buckeyes men 's ice hockey team is an NCAA Division I college ice hockey program that represents Ohio State University . The Buckeyes are a member of the Big Ten Conference . They play at Value City Arena in Columbus , Ohio ."}]}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2007–08_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2007-08 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 7 , 2007 and ended with the 2008 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 12 , 2008 at Pepsi Center in Denver , Colorado . Boston College won their third NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Championship , defeating Notre Dame 4-1 in the national championship game . This was the 61st season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 113th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Dan VeNard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defenceman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Notre Dame Fighting Irish men 's ice hockey team is the college ice hockey team of the University of Notre Dame , competing at the NCAA Division I level as an associate member of the Big Ten Conference . The Irish play their home games at Compton Family Ice Arena . The head coach of the Fighting Irish is Jeff Jackson , and his assistant coaches are Paul Pooley , Andy Slaggert , and Max Mobley ."}]}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008–09_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2008-09 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 10 , 2008 and concluded with the 2009 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 11 , 2009 at the Verizon Center in Washington , D.C. Over the course of the season , five teams achieved the nation 's # 1 ranking , with Boston University finishing the season as the top-ranked team after winning the national championship tournament . This was the 62nd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 114th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Erik Condra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Condra', 'summary': 'Erik Paul Condra ( born August 6 , 1986 ) is an American professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing with the Colorado Eagles of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . Condra played for the University of Notre Dame in the CCHA . Condra was born in Trenton , Michigan , but grew up in Livonia , Michigan .'}]}, {'value': 'Right Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing .'}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Notre Dame Fighting Irish men 's ice hockey team is the college ice hockey team of the University of Notre Dame , competing at the NCAA Division I level as an associate member of the Big Ten Conference . The Irish play their home games at Compton Family Ice Arena . The head coach of the Fighting Irish is Jeff Jackson , and his assistant coaches are Paul Pooley , Andy Slaggert , and Max Mobley ."}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2009–10_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2009-10 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 8 , 2009 and concluded with the 2010 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 10 , 2010 at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . Denver and Miami entered the season as the nations ' two top ranked teams . This was the 63rd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 115th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Lewicki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Lewicki', 'summary': 'Aaron Lewicki ( born July 30 , 1987 ) is an American professional ice hockey player who is currently a Free Agent . He most recently played for the Idaho Steelheads in the ECHL .'}]}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferris State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ferris_State_Bulldogs_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Ferris State Bulldogs men 's ice hockey team is a NCAA Division I college ice hockey program that represents Ferris State University . The Bulldogs are a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) . They play at Ewigleben Arena in Big Rapids , Michigan . They competed in the Great Lakes Invitational for the first time in 2014 , finishing in 4th place out of four teams ."}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2010–11_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2010-11 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 2 , 2010 and concluded with the 2011 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 9 , 2011 at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota . This was the 64th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 116th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Petovello', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing .'}]}, {'value': 'Alaska', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alaska_Nanooks_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Alaska Nanooks men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents the University of Alaska Fairbanks . The Nanooks are a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) . They play at the Carlson Center in Fairbanks , Alaska ."}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2011–12_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2011-12 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 1 , 2011 and concluded with the 2012 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 7 , 2012 at the Tampa Bay Times Forum in Tampa , Florida . This was the 65th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 117th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Domenic Monardo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Superior State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lake_Superior_State_Lakers_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Lake Superior State Lakers men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Lake Superior State University . The Lakers are a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) . They play at the Taffy Abel Arena in Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan ."}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012–13_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2012-13 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 6 , 2012 and concluded with the 2013 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 13 , 2013 at the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . This was the 66th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 118th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Rogers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goaltender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Notre Dame Fighting Irish men 's ice hockey team is the college ice hockey team of the University of Notre Dame , competing at the NCAA Division I level as an associate member of the Big Ten Conference . The Irish play their home games at Compton Family Ice Arena . The head coach of the Fighting Irish is Jeff Jackson , and his assistant coaches are Paul Pooley , Andy Slaggert , and Max Mobley ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Terry_Flanagan_Memorial_Award_1', 'intro': "The Terry Flanagan Memorial Award was an annual award given out at the conclusion of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association regular season to the player who best demonstrates perseverance, dedication and courage while overcoming severe adversity as voted by the coaches of each CCHA team. The Award was named after Terry Flanagan who was an assistant coach at Bowling Green for seven seasons before succumbing to cancer in 1991 at the age of 35. Flanagan has another award named in his honor that is given out by the American Hockey Coaches Association to a coach for his career body of work. The first recipient of that award was Terry Flanagan himself in 1997. The Terry Flanagan Memorial Award was first awarded in 1993 and every year thereafter until 2013 when the CCHA was dissolved as a consequence of the Big Ten forming its men's ice hockey conference."}
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Where is the ice rink of the university attended by Steve McJannet ?
Taffy Abel Arena
062e41c5268652d4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Southeastern_Conference_football_season', 'title': '2011 Southeastern Conference football season', 'header': ['Position', 'Player', 'Class', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Murray', 'summary': 'Aaron William Murray ( born November 10 , 1990 ) is an American football quarterback for the Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL . He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round of the 2014 NFL Draft . He played college football at Georgia . Murray currently leads the SEC career touchdown list , surpassing Peyton Manning , Eli Manning , and Matthew Stafford . Murray is also a college football color commentator for the CBS Sports Network .'}]}, {'value': 'So', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football . The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university 's Athens , Georgia , campus . Georgia 's inaugural season was in 1892 . UGA claims two consensus national championships ( 1942 and 1980 ) ; the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion once ( 1980 ) ; Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons ( 1920 , 1927 , 1946 and 1968 ) . The Bulldogs have won 15 conference championships , including 13 SEC championships ( tied for second-most all-time ) , and have appeared in 56 bowl games , tied for second-most all-time . The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners , four number-one National Football League ( NFL ) draft picks , and many winners of other national awards . The team is known for its storied history , unique traditions , and rabid fan base , known as the Bulldog Nation . Georgia has won over 800 games in their history , placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 24 times , 12 of which were Top 5 finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcus Lattimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcus_Lattimore', 'summary': 'Marcus Lattimore ( born October 29 , 1991 ) is a former American football running back . He played college football at South Carolina , where he holds the career record for rushing touchdowns ( 38 ) . He rushed for 1,197 yards as a starter during his freshman year . His sophomore and junior years were truncated by severe knee injuries . He opted to forgo his senior year and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft . He never played a game for the 49ers and retired from playing football at the age of 23 . In 2016 , he was named head football coach at Heathwood Hall prep school in Columbia , South Carolina . In 2018 , he joined Will Muschamps staff as the Director of Player Development for the South Carolina Gamecocks .'}]}, {'value': 'So', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks football program represents the University of South Carolina in the sport of American football . The Gamecocks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference . Will Muschamp currently serves as the team 's head coach . They play their home games at Williams-Brice Stadium . Currently , it is the 16th largest stadium in college football . USC 's SEC tenure has been highlighted by an SEC East title in 2010 , Final Top-25 rankings in 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ( AP No . 19 , No . 13 , No . 22 , No . 9 , No . 8 and No . 4 ) , and six wins over Top-5 SEC opponents , ( No ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trent Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Richardson', 'summary': 'Trenton Jamond Richardson ( born July 10 , 1990 ) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent . He played college football for the University of Alabama , was recognized as an All-American , and was a member of two BCS National Championship teams . Considered the top running back prospect for the 2012 NFL Draft , Richardson was considered by some as the best running back prospect since Adrian Peterson , and was selected third overall by the Cleveland Browns . After being traded away from the Browns during his second season with the team , and out of the NFL after five seasons , he is sometimes considered one of the biggest draft busts in league history . He played for the Birmingham Iron of the Alliance of American Football in 2019 , and led the league with 12 rushing touchdowns .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Childs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Childs_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Greg Childs ( born March 10 , 1990 ) is a former American football wide receiver . After playing college football for Arkansas , he was drafted by the Vikings in the fourth round of the 2012 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_football', 'summary': 'The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas , located in Fayetteville , Arkansas , in the sport of American football . The Razorbacks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The program has 1 national championship awarded by the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) and Helms Athletic Foundation ( HAF ) in 1964 , 1 national championship awarded by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments ( FACT ) in 1977 , 13 conference championships , 45 All-Americans , and an all-time record of 716-504-40 . Home games are played at locations on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System : Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville , and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alshon Jeffery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alshon_Jeffery', 'summary': 'Alshon Jemell Jeffery ( born February 14 , 1990 ) is an American football wide receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at South Carolina , and was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft . As a member of the Eagles , he won Super Bowl LII over the New England Patriots .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks football program represents the University of South Carolina in the sport of American football . The Gamecocks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference . Will Muschamp currently serves as the team 's head coach . They play their home games at Williams-Brice Stadium . Currently , it is the 16th largest stadium in college football . USC 's SEC tenure has been highlighted by an SEC East title in 2010 , Final Top-25 rankings in 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ( AP No . 19 , No . 13 , No . 22 , No . 9 , No . 8 and No . 4 ) , and six wins over Top-5 SEC opponents , ( No ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Orson Charles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orson_Charles', 'summary': 'Orson Charles ( born January 27 , 1991 ) is an American football tight end and fullback who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football . The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university 's Athens , Georgia , campus . Georgia 's inaugural season was in 1892 . UGA claims two consensus national championships ( 1942 and 1980 ) ; the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion once ( 1980 ) ; Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons ( 1920 , 1927 , 1946 and 1968 ) . The Bulldogs have won 15 conference championships , including 13 SEC championships ( tied for second-most all-time ) , and have appeared in 56 bowl games , tied for second-most all-time . The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners , four number-one National Football League ( NFL ) draft picks , and many winners of other national awards . The team is known for its storied history , unique traditions , and rabid fan base , known as the Bulldog Nation . Georgia has won over 800 games in their history , placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 24 times , 12 of which were Top 5 finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offensive_Line', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage . The linemen of the team currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line , while linemen on the opposing team are the defensive line . A number of NFL rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for the offensive line , whose job is to help protect the quarterback from getting sacked for a loss , or worse , fumbling . The defensive line is covered by the same rules that apply to all defensive players . Linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight , since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions .'}]}, {'value': 'Cordy Glenn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cordy_Glenn', 'summary': 'Cordy Glenn ( born September 18 , 1989 ) is an American football offensive tackle for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft . He played college football at Georgia . Glenn earned a 2010 All-American selection and was considered one of the best offensive guards of his class by NFLdraftscout.com .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football . The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university 's Athens , Georgia , campus . Georgia 's inaugural season was in 1892 . UGA claims two consensus national championships ( 1942 and 1980 ) ; the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion once ( 1980 ) ; Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons ( 1920 , 1927 , 1946 and 1968 ) . The Bulldogs have won 15 conference championships , including 13 SEC championships ( tied for second-most all-time ) , and have appeared in 56 bowl games , tied for second-most all-time . The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners , four number-one National Football League ( NFL ) draft picks , and many winners of other national awards . The team is known for its storied history , unique traditions , and rabid fan base , known as the Bulldog Nation . Georgia has won over 800 games in their history , placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 24 times , 12 of which were Top 5 finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrett Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrett_Jones', 'summary': 'Barrett Jones ( born May 25 , 1990 ) is a former American football guard . He played college football at Alabama , and was drafted by the Rams in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradley Sowell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_Sowell', 'summary': 'Bradley Keith Sowell ( born June 6 , 1989 ) is an American football tight end for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) . A former offensive tackle , he played college football at the University of Mississippi . He signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as undrafted free agent in 2012 , and later spent time with the Indianapolis Colts , Arizona Cardinals , and Seattle Seahawks . He was born in Memphis , Tennessee and raised in nearby Hernando , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_football', 'summary': "The Ole Miss Rebels football program represents the University of Mississippi , also known as Ole Miss . The Rebels compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . As of 2020 , the team is coached by Lane Kiffin . Founded in 1893 as the state 's first football team , Ole Miss has won six Southeastern Conference titles ( 1947 , 1954 , 1955 , 1960 , 1962 , and 1963 ) and three national titles ( 1959 , 1960 , 1962 ) . The Rebels posted their 600th win on September 27 , 2008 , when they defeated the Florida Gators 31-30 . In 2017 , the NCAA vacated 33 of the team 's victories - nearly 5 percent of its total wins at the time - and levied a two-year ban on post-season play as punishment for recruiting and academic violations under head coaches Houston Nutt and Hugh Freeze ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Warford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Warford', 'summary': 'Larry Warford III ( born June 18 , 1991 ) is an American football guard for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft . He played college football at Kentucky .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Kentucky Wildcats football program represents the University of Kentucky in the sport of American football . The Wildcats compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The Wildcats play their home games at Kroger Field in Lexington , Kentucky and are currently led by head coach Mark Stoops .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'William Vlachos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Vlachos', 'summary': 'William Christos Vlachos ( born May 26 , 1988 ) is a former American football center for the University of Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Preseason', 'section_text': "Florida head coach Urban Meyer retired in early December citing his health concerns and wanting to be around his family more . [ 1 ] Meyer then joined ESPN as an analyst for its college football coverage during the 2011 season . [ 2 ] In his place Florida hired Texas defensive coordinator Will Muschamp as the new head coach . [ 3 ] Muschamp elected to bring in former Notre Dame head coach Charlie Weis as his offensive coordinator . [ 3 ] Vanderbilt interim head coach Robbie Caldwell had a tough year in 2010 with injuries and tough schedule , going 2–10 . [ 4 ] The school decided to search for a new coach to replace former head coach Bobby Johnson , who retired unexpectedly in July 2010 . [ 4 ] Vanderbilt hired Maryland offensive coordinator James Franklin , and this is Franklin 's first head coaching job . [ 4 ] LSU decided to part ways with offensive coordinator Gary Crowton because of a lack of offensive production the previous seasons . [ 5 ] In his place LSU hired former Louisville head coach Steve Kragthorpe . [ 6 ] Kentucky added new schemes to its defense by adding former Cincinnati head coach Rick Minter as its co-defensive coordinator alongside Steve Brown . [ 7 ] 2011 Pre-season Coaches All-SEC [ 8 ]", 'uid': '2011_Southeastern_Conference_football_season_0', 'intro': 'The 2011 Southeastern Conference football season began on Thursday, September 1, 2011 with Kentucky taking on Western Kentucky on ESPNU. The season concluded on January 9, 2012 as the Alabama Crimson Tide shut out LSU Tigers, 21-0 in the Allstate BCS National Championship Game at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans to claim their 14th national championship in school history.'}
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What is the name of the player who played for the college team the Razorbacks ?
Greg Childs
06310ee32047a598
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Short_Course_Swimming_Championships', 'title': 'United States Short Course Swimming Championships', 'header': ['Event', 'Time', 'Name', 'Club', 'Date', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '50y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathan Adrian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Adrian', 'summary': 'Nathan Ghar-jun Adrian ( born December 7 , 1988 ) is an American competitive swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist who formerly held the American record in the long course 50-meter freestyle event . In his Olympic debut at the 2008 Summer Olympics , Adrian swam in the heats of the 4×100-meter freestyle relay and earned a gold medal when the United States team won in the final . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , Adrian won gold medals in both the 100-meter freestyle and the 4×100-meter medley relay , and a silver medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay . He has won thirty-two medals in major international competitions ; twenty gold , seven silver , and five bronze in such competitions as the Summer Olympics , the FINA World Aquatics Championships , and the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships . In the 2016 Summer Olympics 4x100-meter freestyle relay a gold was won with Michael Phelps , Caeleb Dressel , and Ryan Held . He was an individual bronze medalist in the 50-meter and 100-meter freestyles .'}]}, {'value': 'California Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': 'November 30 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '100y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41.22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathan Adrian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Adrian', 'summary': 'Nathan Ghar-jun Adrian ( born December 7 , 1988 ) is an American competitive swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist who formerly held the American record in the long course 50-meter freestyle event . In his Olympic debut at the 2008 Summer Olympics , Adrian swam in the heats of the 4×100-meter freestyle relay and earned a gold medal when the United States team won in the final . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , Adrian won gold medals in both the 100-meter freestyle and the 4×100-meter medley relay , and a silver medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay . He has won thirty-two medals in major international competitions ; twenty gold , seven silver , and five bronze in such competitions as the Summer Olympics , the FINA World Aquatics Championships , and the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships . In the 2016 Summer Olympics 4x100-meter freestyle relay a gold was won with Michael Phelps , Caeleb Dressel , and Ryan Held . He was an individual bronze medalist in the 50-meter and 100-meter freestyles .'}]}, {'value': 'California Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '200y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:31.31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricky Berens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Berens', 'summary': 'Richard Ricky Berens ( born April 21 , 1988 ) is an American former competition swimmer , two-time Olympic gold medalist , world champion , and current world record-holder . As a member of the U.S. national team , he holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay ( long course ) . He competed in the 4×100-meter and 4×200-meter freestyle relay events , as well as the individual 200-meter freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas Longhorns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns are the athletic teams that represent The University of Texas at Austin . The teams are sometimes referred to as the 'Horns and take their name from Longhorn cattle that were an important part of the development of Texas , and are now the official large animal of the U.S. state of Texas . The women 's teams are sometimes called the Lady Longhorns , but generally both the men 's and women 's teams are referred to as the Longhorns , and the mascot is a Texas Longhorn steer named Bevo . The Longhorn nickname appeared in Texas newspapers by 1900 . The University of Texas at Austin is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . It offers a wide variety of varsity and intramural sports programs , and was selected as America 's Best Sports College in a 2002 analysis by Sports Illustrated . Texas was also listed as the number one Collegiate Licensing Company client from 2005-2013 in regards to the amount of annual trademark royalties received from the sales of its fan merchandise . Until Athletic Director Chris Del Conte altered the organizational structure of the athletic department in 2017 , Texas was the only remaining NCAA Division I school to operate separate men 's and women 's athletic departments , after the other remaining holdout , the University of Tennessee , merged its men 's and women 's athletic departments at the end of the 2011-12 academic year ."}]}, {'value': 'March 7 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '500y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:07.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zane Grothe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zane_Grothe', 'summary': "Zane Grothe ( born April 22 , 1992 ) is an American swimmer who specializes in distance and mid-distance freestyle events . He competed in the men 's 400 meter freestyle event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships . He broke the American and U.S. Open records in the 500 yard and 1650 yard freestyle events at the 2017 USA Winter National Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 30 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '1650y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14:18.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zane Grothe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zane_Grothe', 'summary': "Zane Grothe ( born April 22 , 1992 ) is an American swimmer who specializes in distance and mid-distance freestyle events . He competed in the men 's 400 meter freestyle event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships . He broke the American and U.S. Open records in the 500 yard and 1650 yard freestyle events at the 2017 USA Winter National Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '100y backstroke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44.07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Thoman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Thoman', 'summary': 'Nicholas Brewer Thoman ( born March 6 , 1986 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in the backstroke and is an Olympic gold medalist . He has won two world championships as a member of winning United States medley relay teams at the FINA World Aquatics Championships . From 2009 to 2015 he held the world record in the 100-meter backstroke ( short course ) . Thoman has won a total of ten medals in major international competition , four gold , three silver , and three bronze spanning the Olympics , World Championships , Pan Pacific Championships , Pan American Games , and the Summer Universiade . He was a member of the 2012 U.S. Olympic team , and won gold and silver medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics . On December 6 , 2013 , at the U.S. national championships in Knoxville Tennessee , Thoman set three American records in one evening . He broke the American record in the 50-yard backstroke ( 20.69 ) , was part of an American record-breaking 200-yard medley relay ( with E. Knight , T. Phillips and C. Jones , 1:23.02 ) and shattered the American record in the 100-yard backstroke with a time of 44.07 .'}]}, {'value': 'SwimMAC Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 6 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}, {'value': '200y backstroke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:36.81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Lochte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Lochte', 'summary': "Ryan Steven Lochte ( /ˈlɒkti/ LOK-tee ; born August 3 , 1984 ) is an American competitive swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist . Along with Natalie Coughlin , Dara Torres , and Jenny Thompson , he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals , behind only Michael Phelps . Lochte 's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men 's swimming ( again to Michael Phelps ) , tied for second among all Olympic swimmers . He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley ( long and short course ) . As part of the American teams , he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle ( long course ) and 4x100-meter freestyle ( mixed ) relay . Lochte 's success has earned him SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for U.S . Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013 , the World Swimmer of the Year Award and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice . He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times . He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition ( 54 gold , 22 silver , and 14 bronze ) spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , Pan American Games , and Pan Pacific Championships , including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles . Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley , but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer . He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater . Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format ( 25-yard and 25-meter-long pools ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Daytona Beach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '100y breaststroke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicolas Fink', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nic_Fink', 'summary': 'Nicolas Fink ( born July 3 , 1993 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in breaststroke events . Fink grew up in Morristown , New Jersey and attended Pingry School .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_swimming_and_diving', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs swimming and diving team represents the University of Georgia ( UGA ) in NCAA men 's and Women 's swimming and diving . Also known as the Swim Dawgs , the teams compete at Gabrielsen Natatorium in Athens , Georgia , USA . The women have won seven NCAA national championships ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ) . Jack Bauerle is the head coach over both the men 's and women 's swimming teams . Dan Laak is the head diving coach ."}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '200y breaststroke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:49.31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cody Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cody_Miller', 'summary': "Cody Miller ( born January 9 , 1992 ) is an American competitive swimmer who specializes in the breaststroke . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , Miller won a bronze medal in the men 's 100 metre breaststroke and a gold medal in the men 's 4 × 100 metre medley relay , in which he performed the breaststroke leg of the final . Miller has won a total of seven medals in major international competitions : three golds , two silver , and two bronzes , spanning the long and short courses ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandpipers of Nevada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '100y butterfly', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43.84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Shields', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Shields', 'summary': 'Thomas Allen Shields ( born July 11 , 1991 ) is an American swimmer who swims for the University of California , Berkeley . In 2016 , Shields placed second in the 100 and 200 meter butterfly events at the US Olympic Swimming Trials . He currently holds the short-course American records in the 100 and 200 meter butterfly events .'}]}, {'value': 'California Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '200y butterfly', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:40.24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Shields', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Shields', 'summary': 'Thomas Allen Shields ( born July 11 , 1991 ) is an American swimmer who swims for the University of California , Berkeley . In 2016 , Shields placed second in the 100 and 200 meter butterfly events at the US Olympic Swimming Trials . He currently holds the short-course American records in the 100 and 200 meter butterfly events .'}]}, {'value': 'California Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '200y individual medley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:40.08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Lochte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Lochte', 'summary': "Ryan Steven Lochte ( /ˈlɒkti/ LOK-tee ; born August 3 , 1984 ) is an American competitive swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist . Along with Natalie Coughlin , Dara Torres , and Jenny Thompson , he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals , behind only Michael Phelps . Lochte 's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men 's swimming ( again to Michael Phelps ) , tied for second among all Olympic swimmers . He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley ( long and short course ) . As part of the American teams , he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle ( long course ) and 4x100-meter freestyle ( mixed ) relay . Lochte 's success has earned him SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for U.S . Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013 , the World Swimmer of the Year Award and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice . He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times . He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition ( 54 gold , 22 silver , and 14 bronze ) spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , Pan American Games , and Pan Pacific Championships , including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles . Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley , but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer . He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater . Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format ( 25-yard and 25-meter-long pools ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Daytona Beach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 29 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '400y individual medley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:37.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Lochte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Lochte', 'summary': "Ryan Steven Lochte ( /ˈlɒkti/ LOK-tee ; born August 3 , 1984 ) is an American competitive swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist . Along with Natalie Coughlin , Dara Torres , and Jenny Thompson , he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals , behind only Michael Phelps . Lochte 's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men 's swimming ( again to Michael Phelps ) , tied for second among all Olympic swimmers . He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley ( long and short course ) . As part of the American teams , he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle ( long course ) and 4x100-meter freestyle ( mixed ) relay . Lochte 's success has earned him SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for U.S . Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013 , the World Swimmer of the Year Award and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice . He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times . He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition ( 54 gold , 22 silver , and 14 bronze ) spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , Pan American Games , and Pan Pacific Championships , including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles . Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley , but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer . He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater . Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format ( 25-yard and 25-meter-long pools ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Daytona Beach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 30 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '4×50y freestyle relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:17.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 19.94 ) Tim Phillips ( 19.32 ) Dax Hill ( 19.25 ) Eric Knight ( 18.55 ) Cullen Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Phillips_(swimmer)', 'summary': 'Timothy Phillips ( born November 30 , 1990 ) is an American competition swimmer . He swam for the Ohio State Buckeyes , earning numerous All-Big Ten and All-America honors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cullen_Jones', 'summary': 'Cullen Andrew Jones ( born February 27 , 1984 ) is an American competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist who specializes in freestyle sprint events . As part of the American team , he holds the world record in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay ( long course ) . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he won silver medals in the 4 x 100-meter freestyle relay and the 50-meter freestyle , as well as the gold in the 4 x 100-metre medley .'}]}, {'value': 'SwimMAC Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 5 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}, {'value': '4×100y freestyle relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2:51.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 42.98 ) Tyler Messerschmidt ( 42.40 ) Ryan Murphy ( 43.35 ) Fabio Gimondi ( 42.43 ) Seth Stubblefield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(swimmer)', 'summary': "Ryan Murphy ( born July 2 , 1995 ) is an American competitive swimmer who specializes in backstroke . He is a three-time Olympic gold medalist and world-record holder in the men 's 100-meter backstroke ( long course ) . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , Murphy swept the backstroke events by winning gold in the 100- and 200-meter backstroke . Murphy also won gold in the 4×100-meter medley relay and his leadoff backstroke leg broke Aaron Peirsol 's former world record set in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'University of California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 7 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}, {'value': '4×200y freestyle relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6:12.43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 1:32.43 ) Michael Phelps ( 1:33.54 ) Peter Vanderkaay ( 1:33.83 ) Davis Tarwater ( 1:32.63 ) Chris Dejong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Phelps', 'summary': "Michael Fred Phelps II ( born June 30 , 1985 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time , with a total of 28 medals . Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals ( 23 ) , Olympic gold medals in individual events ( 13 ) , and Olympic medals in individual events ( 16 ) . When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games , Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz 's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Phelps had already tied the record of eight medals of any color at a single Games by winning six gold and two bronze medals . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Phelps won four gold and two silver medals , and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , he won five gold medals and one silver . This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row . Phelps is the long course world record holder in the men 's 400-meter individual medley as well as the former long course world record holder in the 200-meter freestyle , 100-meter butterfly , 200-meter butterfly , and 200-meter individual medley . He has won 82 medals in major international long course competitions , of which 65 were gold , 14 silver , and three bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Phelps 's international titles and record-breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award eight times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eleven times , as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2012 and 2016 . Phelps earned Sports Illustrated magazine 's Sportsman of the Year award due to his unprecedented Olympic success in the 2008 Games . After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation , which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles . Phelps retired following the 2012 Olympics , but he made a comeback in April 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Vanderkaay', 'summary': 'Peter William Vanderkaay ( born February 12 , 1984 ) is an American former competition swimmer who specialized in middle-distance freestyle events and is a four-time Olympic medalist . He was a member of the United States Olympic team in 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 , and won bronze medals in the 200-meter freestyle at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 400-meter freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Davis_Tarwater', 'summary': "Davis Edward Tarwater ( born March 24 , 1984 ) is an American swimmer and Olympic gold medalist . He grew up in Knoxville , Tennessee and began competitive swimming at age seven . During high school , he set three state swimming records and led Webb School of Knoxville to the state title . In 2002 , he was named High School Swimmer of the Year . Tarwater attended the University of Michigan , earning a bachelors in political science , and St. Antony 's College , Oxford earning a masters in Latin American Studies . At Michigan , he shifted his focus from the freestyle to the butterfly . He was a three-time NCAA national champion and thirteen-time All-American . Tarwater set three Big Ten conference and six school records en route to six Big Ten titles . In his senior season , he won a Big Ten Medal of Honor for being the school 's top student-athlete . Tarwater has represented the United States in the World Championships three times , winning a gold medal as part of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay team in 2009 . He has won three individual and five relay national titles , and has finished in the top three more than fifteen times . In 2011 , he set an American record in the 200-meter butterfly , and as of 2012 jointly holds two additional national records in relay events ."}]}, {'value': 'Club Wolverine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 30 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '4×50y medley relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:23.02', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 20.69 ) Nick Thoman ( 23.83 ) Eric Knight ( 20.02 ) Tim Phillips ( 18.48 ) Cullen Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Thoman', 'summary': 'Nicholas Brewer Thoman ( born March 6 , 1986 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in the backstroke and is an Olympic gold medalist . He has won two world championships as a member of winning United States medley relay teams at the FINA World Aquatics Championships . From 2009 to 2015 he held the world record in the 100-meter backstroke ( short course ) . Thoman has won a total of ten medals in major international competition , four gold , three silver , and three bronze spanning the Olympics , World Championships , Pan Pacific Championships , Pan American Games , and the Summer Universiade . He was a member of the 2012 U.S. Olympic team , and won gold and silver medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics . On December 6 , 2013 , at the U.S. national championships in Knoxville Tennessee , Thoman set three American records in one evening . He broke the American record in the 50-yard backstroke ( 20.69 ) , was part of an American record-breaking 200-yard medley relay ( with E. Knight , T. Phillips and C. Jones , 1:23.02 ) and shattered the American record in the 100-yard backstroke with a time of 44.07 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_Phillips_(swimmer)', 'summary': 'Timothy Phillips ( born November 30 , 1990 ) is an American competition swimmer . He swam for the Ohio State Buckeyes , earning numerous All-Big Ten and All-America honors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cullen_Jones', 'summary': 'Cullen Andrew Jones ( born February 27 , 1984 ) is an American competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist who specializes in freestyle sprint events . As part of the American team , he holds the world record in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay ( long course ) . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he won silver medals in the 4 x 100-meter freestyle relay and the 50-meter freestyle , as well as the gold in the 4 x 100-metre medley .'}]}, {'value': 'SwimMAC Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 6 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}, {'value': '4×100y medley relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:05.69', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 46.45 ) Mitchell Friedemann ( 51.15 ) Kevin Cordes ( 45.33 ) Giles Smith ( 42.76 ) Nimrod Shapira Bar-Or', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Cordes', 'summary': "Kevin Cordes ( born August 13 , 1993 ) is an American competitive swimmer who specializes in the breaststroke . He was a member of the 2016 US Men 's Olympic Swimming Team . He took 4th place in the Men 's 100m Breaststroke at the 2016 Olympic Games . He is the current American record holder in the 50-meter and 100-meter breaststroke ( long course ) , and the 200-meter breaststroke ( short course ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nimrod_Shapira_Bar-Or', 'summary': 'Nimrod Shapira Bar-Or ( Hebrew : נמרוד שפירא בר אור ; born April 25 , 1989 ) is an Israeli swimmer . He and Arab-Israeli Olympic swimming hopeful Jowan Qupty were high school roommates and best friends . He won a silver medal in the 200 meter freestyle , and a bronze medal in the 400 meter freestyle , at the 2007 European Junior Swimming Championships . He won a silver medal in the 100 meter freestyle at the 2009 Maccabiah Games . Shapira Bar-Or represented Israel at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 100 meter and 200 meter freestyle , and in the 200 m freestyle for Israel at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He founded and still owns a swim club in Michigan called AquaSwimClub .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona Wildcats', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 29 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Championships records -- Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'United_States_Short_Course_Swimming_Championships_0', 'intro': "The United States Short Course National Championships or USA Swimming Winter Nationals is a national championship meet organized by USA Swimming. The competition is swum short course yards (SCY), in a pool 25-yards long. The meet's most recent incarnation began in 2007, and is an held annually in November or December, on the weekend previously occupied by the U.S. Open. Prior to 1991, the annual Spring version of U.S. Nationals were swum as a 25-yard meet; however, from 1991-2007, the meet was held as a long course (50m) meet. In the mid-2000s, USA Swimming decided to revive a Nationals meet in the short-course-yards format, but decided that the meet should be in December, rather than the late-March/early April time frame that the Spring Nationals had turned into. For 2016 USA Swimming returned to the old format with two short course Nationals in one year, American Short Course Championships in March in Austin and the Winter National Championships in Atlanta in December."}
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Which county does the city where Zane Grothe swam a 04:07.25 500y freestyle lie ?
Franklin County
063215b51e0dc80f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Selznick_filmography', 'title': 'David O. Selznick filmography', 'header': ['Release date', 'Title', 'Director ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'August 5 , 1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forgotten Faces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forgotten_Faces_(1928_film)', 'summary': "Forgotten Faces is a 1928 American silent drama film directed by Victor Schertzinger and starring Clive Brook , Mary Brian , and Olga Baclanova . The production was overseen by David O. Selznick , a rising young producer at the time . The film was remade by Paramount in 1936 as a sound film . The film is preserved with copies at the Library of Congress and the Museum of Modern Art . This film is Paramount 's remake of their 1920 film Heliotrope ."}]}, {'value': 'Victor Schertzinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Schertzinger', 'summary': "Victor L. Schertzinger ( April 8 , 1888 - October 26 , 1941 ) was an American composer , film director , film producer , and screenwriter . His films include Paramount on Parade ( co-director , 1930 ) , Something to Sing About ( 1937 ) with James Cagney , and the first two Road pictures Road to Singapore ( 1940 ) and Road to Zanzibar ( 1941 ) . His two best-known songs are I Remember You and Tangerine , both with lyrics by Johnny Mercer and both featured in Schertzinger 's final film , The Fleet 's In ( 1942 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'March 14 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinatown Nights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinatown_Nights_(1929_film)', 'summary': 'Chinatown Nights , also known as Tong War , is a 1929 film starring Wallace Beery and begun as a silent film then finished as an all-talking sound one via dubbing . Directed by William A. Wellman and released by Paramount Pictures , Chinatown Nights also stars Florence Vidor , former wife of director King Vidor , who did not dub her own voice and quit the movie business immediately afterward , preferring not to work in sound films ; her voice in Chinatown Nights was supplied by actress Nella Walker . The supporting cast includes Warner Oland as a Chinese gangster and Jack Oakie as a stuttering reporter . The movie was based upon the story Tong War by Samuel Ornitz .'}]}, {'value': 'William A. Wellman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_A._Wellman', 'summary': 'William Augustus Wellman ( February 29 , 1896 - December 9 , 1975 ) was an American film director notable for his work in crime , adventure and action genre films , often focusing on aviation themes , a particular passion . He also directed several well-regarded satirical comedies . Beginning his film career as an actor , he went on to direct over 80 films , at times co-credited as producer and consultant . In 1927 , Wellman famously directed Wings , which became the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony . He also won the Academy Award for Best Story for his film A Star Is Born .'}]}, {'value': 'May 27 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Man I Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Man_I_Love_(1929_film)', 'summary': "The Man I Love ( 1929 ) is a part-talking sound film from Paramount Pictures produced in parallel silent and sound versions . This film survives in a copy sold to television in the 1950s . The film stars Richard Arlen . Some sources refer to this as Arlen 's first sound film , but he co-starred Nancy Carroll in Dorothy Arzner 's Manhattan Cocktail ( 1928 ) , another part-talking picture released by Paramount ."}]}, {'value': 'William A. Wellman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 12 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Four Feathers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Feathers_(1929_film)', 'summary': 'The Four Feathers is a 1929 American war film directed by Merian C. Cooper and starring William Powell , Richard Arlen , Clive Brook and Fay Wray . The film is the third of numerous film versions of the 1902 novel The Four Feathers written by A. E. W. Mason .'}]}, {'value': 'Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack Lothar Mendes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper', 'summary': "Merian Caldwell Cooper ( October 24 , 1893 - April 21 , 1973 ) was an American aviator , United States Air Force and Polish Air Force officer , adventurer , screenwriter , film director , and producer . Cooper was the founder of the Kościuszko Squadron during the Polish-Soviet War and was a Soviet prisoner of war for a time . He was a notable movie producer , and got his start with film as part of the Explorers Club , traveling the world and documenting adventures . He was a member of the board of directors of Pan American Airways , but his love of film always took priority . During his film career , he worked for companies such as Pioneer Pictures , RKO Pictures , and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . He is also credited as co-inventor of the Cinerama film projection process . Cooper 's most famous film was the 1933 movie King Kong . He was awarded an honorary Oscar for lifetime achievement in 1952 and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ernest_B._Schoedsack', 'summary': 'Ernest Beaumont Schoedsack ( June 8 , 1893 - December 23 , 1979 ) was an American motion picture cinematographer , producer , and director . He worked on several films with Merian C. Cooper including King Kong and Chang : A Drama of the Wilderness .'}]}, {'value': 'August 15 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dance of Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dance_of_Life', 'summary': "The Dance of Life ( 1929 ) is the first of three film adaptations of the popular Broadway play Burlesque , the others being Swing High , Swing Low ( 1937 ) and When My Baby Smiles at Me ( 1948 ) . The Dance of Life was shot at Paramount 's Astoria Studios in Astoria , Queens , and included Technicolor sequences , directed by John Cromwell and A. Edward Sutherland ."}]}, {'value': 'John Cromwell A. Edward Sutherland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cromwell_(director)', 'summary': 'Elwood Dager Cromwell ( December 23 , 1886 - September 26 , 1979 ) , known as John Cromwell , was an American film and stage director and actor . His films spanned the early days of sound to 1950s film noir , when his directing career was cut short by the Hollywood blacklist .'}]}, {'value': 'September 14 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fast Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fast_Company_(1929_film)', 'summary': 'Fast Company is a 1929 American Pre-Code comedy film directed by A. Edward Sutherland and starring Jack Oakie and Evelyn Brent . It is based upon the play Elmer the Great by George M. Cohan and Ring Lardner .'}]}, {'value': 'A. Edward Sutherland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._Edward_Sutherland', 'summary': "Albert Edward Sutherland ( January 5 , 1895 - December 31 , 1973 ) was a film director and actor . Born in London , he was from a theatrical family . His father , Al Sutherland , was a theatre manager and producer and his mother , Julie Ring , was a vaudeville performer . He was a nephew of both Blanche Ring and Thomas Meighan , who was married to Frances Ring , another of his mother 's sisters . Sutherland acted in 37 known films early in his career , beginning as a Keystone Cop in Tillie 's Punctured Romance ( 1914 ) , which starred Charles Chaplin , Mabel Normand , and Marie Dressler ."}]}, {'value': 'February 2 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Street of Chance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_of_Chance_(1930_film)', 'summary': 'Street of Chance is a 1930 American pre-Code film directed by John Cromwell and starring William Powell , Jean Arthur , Kay Francis and Regis Toomey . Howard Estabrook was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Writing , Achievement .'}]}, {'value': 'John Cromwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 14 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarah and Son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_and_Son', 'summary': "Sarah and Son is a 1930 pre-Code American drama film directed by Dorothy Arzner . The screenplay by Zoë Akins was adapted from Timothy Shea 's novel of the same name . It stars Ruth Chatterton , Fredric March , Gilbert Emery , and Doris Lloyd . It was filmed at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles and released by Paramount Pictures ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorothy Arzner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorothy_Arzner', 'summary': 'Dorothy Emma Arzner ( January 3 , 1897 - October 1 , 1979 ) was an American film director whose career in Hollywood spanned from the silent era of the 1920s into the early 1940s . From 1927 until her retirement from feature directing in 1943 , Arzner was the only female director working in Hollywood . Additionally , she was one of a very few number of women able to establish a successful and long career in Hollywood as a film director until the 1970s . Arzner made a total of twenty films between 1927 and 1943 and launched the careers of a number of Hollywood actresses , including Katharine Hepburn , Rosalind Russell , and Lucille Ball . Additionally , Arzner was the first woman to join the Directors Guild of America and the first woman to direct a sound film .'}]}, {'value': 'March 27 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wesley Ruggles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wesley_Ruggles', 'summary': 'Wesley Ruggles ( June 11 , 1889 - January 8 , 1972 ) was an American film director .'}]}, {'value': 'May 1 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Texan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Texan_(1930_film)', 'summary': 'The Texan is a 1930 American Western film directed by John Cromwell and starring Gary Cooper and Fay Wray . Based on the short story The Double-Dyed Deceiver by O. Henry , the film is about a daring bandit called the Llano Kid who shoots a young gambler in self-defense and is forced to hide from the law . He is helped by a corrupt lawyer who involves the bandit in a scheme to swindle a Mexican aristocrat whose son turns out to be the young gambler killed by the Llano Kid . The screenplay was written by Daniel Nathan Rubin , and the story was adapted for the screen by Oliver H.P . Garrett and Victor Milner . Produced by Hector Turnbull for Paramount Pictures , The Texan was released in the United States on May 10 , 1930 . The film received positive reviews upon its theatrical release .'}]}, {'value': 'John Cromwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 18 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For the Defense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/For_the_Defense_(1930_film)', 'summary': 'For the Defense is a 1930 pre-Code crime drama film starring William Powell as a lawyer whose ethics are challenged when the woman he loves hits and kills a pedestrian while out driving with another suitor .'}]}, {'value': 'John Cromwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 23 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manslaughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manslaughter_(1930_film)', 'summary': "Manslaughter is a 1930 American pre-Code drama film directed by George Abbott , and starring Claudette Colbert and Fredric March . An original print of the film is saved in the UCLA Film and Television Archive . This film is a sound remake of Cecil B. DeMille 's 1922 silent classic Manslaughter . Paramount also released a French-language version of this 1930 film as The Indictment , directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki ."}]}, {'value': 'George Abbott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Abbott', 'summary': 'George Francis Abbott ( June 25 , 1887 - January 31 , 1995 ) was an American theater producer and director , playwright , screenwriter , and film director and producer whose career spanned nine decades .'}]}, {'value': 'November 15 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laughter_(film)', 'summary': "Laughter is a 1930 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast and starring Nancy Carroll , Fredric March and Frank Morgan . It was shot at the Astoria Studios in New York . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Story . A copy has been preserved at the Library of Congress . In 1931 , a German-language version called Die Männer um Lucie was released starring Liane Haid and Lien Deyers . This film is considered lost ."}]}, {'value': "Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harry_d'Abbadie_d'Arrast", 'summary': "Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast ( May 6 , 1897 - March 17 , 1968 ) was an Argentinean born , French screenwriter and director . He was nominated at the 4th Academy Awards for the now defunct category of Best Story for the film Laughter . His nomination was shared with Donald Ogden Stewart and Douglas Z. Doty . He also was in the French army during World War I. d'Abbadie d'Arrast married retired silent-film actress Eleanor Boardman ( 1898-1991 ) in 1940 , and remained married until his death in 1968 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Paramount Pictures', 'section_text': "In response to my question as to what will happen to Schulberg , he [ Lasky ] said , in effect , that they would be kicking him upstairs . … One of my rows with Paramount … was my insistence that no one man could possibly personally produce more than a few pictures per year . — David O. Selznick [ 23 ] In early 1928 Selznick accepted the position of assistant to producer B. P. Schulberg at Paramount Studios . The professional relationship between the two , however , eventually deteriorated after Schulberg went to Europe for several months in 1929 . During his absence , studio head Jesse L. Lasky placed Selznick into Schulberg 's position and decided to keep him there . Selznick remained with Paramount until his resignation in June 1931 .", 'uid': 'David_O._Selznick_filmography_2', 'intro': "David O. Selznick (1902-1965) was an American motion picture producer whose work consists of three short subjects, 67 feature films, and one television production made between 1923 and 1957. He was the producer of the 1939 epic Gone With the Wind. Selznick was born in Pittsburgh and educated in public schools in Brooklyn and Manhattan. He began working in the film industry in New York while in his teens as an assistant to his father, jeweler-turned-film producer Lewis J. Selznick. In 1923, he began producing films himself, starting with two documentary shorts and then a minor feature, Roulette (1924). Moving to Hollywood in 1926, Selznick became employed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), where he produced two films before switching to Paramount in early 1928. After helping to guide Paramount into the sound era, Selznick moved to RKO Radio in 1931 where he served as the studio's executive producer. During his time at RKO he oversaw the production of King Kong (1933) and helped to develop Katharine Hepburn and Myrna Loy into major film stars. In 1933 Selznick returned to MGM, this time as a vice-president in charge of his own production unit. During his two years with the studio he produced elaborate versions of Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina and Charles Dickens' David Copperfield and A Tale of Two Cities. In 1935, he left MGM to form his own production company, Selznick International Pictures, where he produced adaptations of Robert Smythe Hichens' The Garden of Allah (1936), Frances Hodgson Burnett's Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936), Anthony Hope's The Prisoner of Zenda (1937), and Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938). Selznick also became a pioneer in the use of Technicolor with the first and last of these films and also with his productions of A Star is Born and Nothing Sacred (both 1937)."}
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Which film is a part talking film with the director who liked to focus on aviation themes ?
The Man I Love
063299471b98d550
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history', 'title': 'Minnesota Vikings draft history', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick #', 'Overall', 'Name', 'Position', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daunte Culpepper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daunte_Culpepper', 'summary': "Daunte Rachard Culpepper ( born January 28 , 1977 ) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for 11 seasons , primarily with the Minnesota Vikings . He played college football at the University of Central Florida and was drafted 11th overall by the Vikings in the 1999 NFL Draft . A three-time Pro Bowl selection during his seven seasons with the Vikings , Culpepper 's most successful season came in 2004 in which he set a then-single season record for the most total yardage produced by a quarterback in NFL history at 5,123 . However , Culpepper suffered a serious knee injury the following season that ended his Vikings career . After his injury , he played sparingly in the NFL for the Miami Dolphins , Oakland Raiders , and Detroit Lions . His professional career concluded after one season with the Sacramento Mountain Lions of the United Football League ( UFL ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCF_Knights_football', 'summary': "The UCF Knights football team represents The University of Central Florida ( UCF ) in the sport of American football . The Knights compete in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the East Division of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) . Their current head coach is Josh Heupel , formerly a player and coach at Oklahoma and offensive coordinator at Missouri . The Knights play their home games at the 44,206-seat Spectrum Stadium , which is located on UCF 's main campus in Orlando , Florida , United States . UCF first fielded a varsity football team in the fall of 1979 as a NCAA Division III program and subsequently completed their ascension to Division I-A , now known as the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , in 1996 , becoming the only program in NCAA history to have played in all four divisions of football . As a Division I-AA program , the Knights made the 1990 and 1993 playoffs , and were picked as the preseason No . 1 team to start the 1994 season . As of 2019 , UCF has compiled 259 victories , six division titles , six conference championships , and an undefeated season in 2017 . The Knights have a national championship for the 2017 season despite being excluded from that season 's College Football Playoff . The Knights have made ten postseason appearances since joining the FBS , including winning two major bowls : the 2014 Fiesta Bowl and the 2018 Peach Bowl . The program has produced one Consensus All-American , Kevin Smith in 2007 , and three Heisman Trophy candidates , Daunte Culpepper ( QB ) in 1998 , Kevin Smith ( RB ) in 2007 , and McKenzie Milton ( QB ) in 2017 and 2018 . UCF has produced a long line of accomplished NFL players , including Blake Bortles , A.J ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dimitrius Underwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dimitrius_Underwood', 'summary': 'Dimitrius Paul Underwood ( born March 29 , 1977 ) is a former professional American football defensive end in the National Football League for the Miami Dolphins , and Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at Michigan State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Michigan State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_football', 'summary': "Michigan State Spartans football program represents Michigan State University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level . The Spartans are members of the Big Ten Conference . Michigan State claims a total of six national championships ( 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1957 , 1965 , and 1966 ) ; the AP Poll voted Michigan State as national champion one time ( 1952 ) . They have been named national champions twice in the Coaches Poll ( 1952 and 1965 ) . The Spartans have also won two Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association championships ( 1903 and 1905 ) and nine Big Ten championships ( 1953 , 1965 , 1966 , 1978 , 1987 , 1990 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2015 ) . The Spartans home games are played at Spartan Stadium , which is located on the main university campus . Spartan Stadium has ranked among the NCAA 's Top 25 in attendance for 61 consecutive seasons , from 1953 through 2016 . The team 's iconic Spartan helmet logo has been ranked as one of the game 's best ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Kleinsasser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Kleinsasser', 'summary': 'Jimmy Carter Kleinsasser ( /ˈklaɪnsɑːsər/ ; born January 31 , 1977 ) is a former American Football player who played fullback , H-back , and tight end for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League . He played college football at North Dakota and played for the Vikings his entire career since being drafted in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tight end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'North Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Sioux_football', 'summary': "The North Dakota Fighting Hawks represent the University of North Dakota , competing as an independent program in the NCAA Division I 's Football Championship Subdivision . From 1973 to 2008 , they played in the NCAA 's NCAA Division II , winning the National Championship in 2001 . From 1955 to 1972 , they competed in the NCAA 's College Division where they participated in and won three bowl games . North Dakota fielded its first football team in 1894 . In 1922 , they were one of the 9 charter members of the North Central Conference , where they competed until 2008 when they upgraded all of their athletic programs to the Division I level and joined the Great West Conference . They joined the Big Sky Conference in 2012 . UND has won 26 conference championships , including 14 outright titles . They have qualified for NCAA postseason play 18 times , most recently in 2019 . North Dakota was ineligible for post season play during its transition to Division I from 2008 to 2011 . North Dakota left the Big Sky Conference for all sports in 2018 , joining the Summit League . Their football program will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in 2020 . Although being classified as an independent for football in 2018 and 2019 , they will continue to play a full Big Sky schedule and their games will count in the conference standings for their opponents but the Fighting Hawks will be ineligible to win the conference championship ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenny Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Wright', 'summary': 'Kenneth Dewayne Kenny Wright ( born September 14 , 1977 ) is a former American football cornerback . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft . He played college football at Northwestern State . Wright also played for the Houston Texans , Jacksonville Jaguars , Washington Redskins and Cleveland Browns .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornerback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Northwestern State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_State_Demons', 'summary': "The Northwestern State University athletic teams go by the Demons , with women 's athletic teams generally called the Lady Demons , and its mascot is Vic the Demon . Once a member of the SIAA conference , the school now competes in the Southland Conference ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jay Humphrey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Offensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football', 'summary': 'The Texas Longhorns football program is the intercollegiate team representing the University of Texas at Austin ( variously Texas or UT ) in the sport of American football . The Longhorns compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) as a member of the Big 12 Conference . The team has been coached by Tom Herman since 2017 , and home games are played at Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '169', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safety', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Clemson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_football', 'summary': "The Clemson Tigers , known traditionally as the Clemson University Fighting Tigers , represent Clemson University in the sport of American football . The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Consistently ranked among the most elite college football programs in the United States , the team is known for its storied history , distinctive helmet , fight song , and colors , as well as the many traditions associated with the school . Formed in 1896 , the program has over 750 wins and has achieved three consensus Division I Football National Championships in the modern era , and were College Football Playoff National Championship Finalists in 2015 , 2016 , 2018 , and 2019 , winning the championship game over the Alabama Crimson Tide for the 2016 and 2017 seasons . Clemson has had 6 undefeated seasons , 5 consecutive College Football Playoff appearances , 25 conference championships , 8 divisional titles , and has produced over 100 All-Americans , 17 Academic All-Americans and over 250 NFL players . Clemson has had seven members inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame including former players Banks McFadden , Terry Kinard , Jeff Davis , and former coaches John Heisman , Jess Neely , Frank Howard , and Danny Ford . Clemson 's streak of nine consecutive 10 win seasons ranks second in active streaks behind the Alabama Crimson Tide . The Tigers have had sixteen seasons with 10 wins or more , 10 of them with 11 to 12 wins or more by the end of the postseason . With 25 total conference titles , Clemson is one of the founding members of the ACC , and holds 19 ACC titles , the most of any member , and holds the most combined conference football titles of any Atlantic Coast Conference school . The Tigers ' most recent ACC championships were won five in a row from 2015 to 2019 , the latter with a 12-0 regular season and a 62-17 win over the Virginia Cavaliers . Among its eight undefeated regular seasons , Clemson was crowned poll-era National Champions and finished with its third perfect season with a win over Nebraska in the 48th Orange Bowl , and was the National Championship Finalist Runner-up with a 14-1 record in 2015 . The following season , Clemson won the National Title over # 1 Alabama in college football 's first National Championship rematch in 2016 , and again in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '185', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talance Sawyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talance_Sawyer', 'summary': 'Talance Sawyer ( born June 14 , 1976 ) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 1999 NFL Draft . He played college football at UNLV .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'UNLV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UNLV_Rebels_football', 'summary': 'The UNLV Rebels football program is a college football team that represents the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) . The team is currently a member of the Mountain West Conference , which is a Division I Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) conference of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) . The program , which began on September 14 , 1968 , called Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney , Nevada home from 1971 until the end of the 2019 season , where they will share the new Allegiant Stadium in Paradise , Nevada , near the famed Las Vegas Strip with the Las Vegas Raiders .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '199', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antico Dalton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antico_Dalton', 'summary': 'Antico Dalton ( born December 31 , 1975 ) is a former professional American and Canadian football linebacker and defensive lineman . He was drafted in the sixth round of the 1999 NFL draft by the Minnesota Vikings . He played college football at Hampton University . Dalton has also played for the New England Patriots , Berlin Thunder and Edmonton Eskimos .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Hampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampton_University', 'summary': 'Hampton University is a private historically black university in Hampton , Virginia . It was founded in 1868 by black and white leaders of the American Missionary Association after the American Civil War to provide education to freedmen . It is home to the Hampton University Museum , which is the oldest museum of the African diaspora in the United States , and the oldest museum in the commonwealth of Virginia . In 1878 , it established a program for teaching Native Americans that lasted until 1923 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '236', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noel Scarlett', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Langston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Langston_University', 'summary': 'Langston University ( LU ) is a public university in Langston , Oklahoma . It is the only historically black college in the state . Though located in a rural setting 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Guthrie , Langston also serves an urban mission , with University Centers in both Tulsa ( at the same campus as the OSU-Tulsa facility ) and Oklahoma City , and a nursing program set to open in Ardmore . The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund .'}]}], 'section_title': '1999 NFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_38', 'intro': 'This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection.'}
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Which of the players drafted in round one is older ?
Daunte Culpepper
0636b3950571a189
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_postcode_area', 'title': 'PR postcode area', 'header': ['Postcode district', 'Post town', 'Coverage', 'Local authority area'], 'data': [{'value': 'PR0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PRESTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Express Gifts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'non-geographic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UK_postcodes', 'summary': 'Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes ( originally , postal codes ) . They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974 , having been devised by the General Post Office ( Royal Mail ) . A full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point . The structure of a postcode is two alphanumeric codes , the first having between two and four characters and the second , three characters . First , one or two letters indicate the postcode area , followed by one or two digits signifying a district within that area . This is followed by a space and then a number denoting a sector within said district , and finally by two letters which are allocated to streets or sides of a street . Postcode areas are often named for a major town or city ( such as B for Birmingham ) but may also be geographic in nature ( such as HS for Outer Hebrides ) . Each postcode area contains a number of post towns which are not themselves alphabetically denoted however each will generally constitute one ( or more ) postcode districts . ( Example : a sizeable part of Southern England is covered by the GU postcode area , named for the town of Guildford . Guildford comprises postal districts GU1 and GU2 . Nearby Woking , a major commuter town 6 miles distant , is a post town within postal district GU22 . ) The central part of the town or city the postcode area is named after will have the number one e.g .'}]}, {'value': 'PR1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PRESTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': "City Centre , Avenham , Broadgate , Deepdale , Fishwick , St. Matthew 's , Penwortham", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avenham', 'summary': 'Avenham and Frenchwood are the central communities which make up the Town Centre ward of Preston City Council , in Lancashire , England . The name of the ward was chosen by the Boundary Committee for England prior to Preston being awarded city status . In addition to Avenham and Frenchwood , Town Centre ward consists of the city centre itself , which includes numerous pubs , clubs , and new build housing . Landmarks such as the Harris Museum , and Preston Bus Station are also in this ward . The difference between the new build 6-figure sum properties of Winckley Square and the community association housing in Avenham is stark , as is the continuing regeneration of the city . Avenham and Frenchwood form part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston City , in addition to the Broadgate and docklands ward of Riversway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Riversway', 'summary': "Riversway is an electoral ward in Preston , Lancashire , England . The ward is named for its location close to the River Ribble , and the historical links to the former Port of Preston . The ward can be split into three distinct areas ; the former Docklands , now a shopping area and residential community , with new build apartments and housing overlooking the dock ; Broadgate , the residential area built during the Industrial Revolution ; and Christ Church , a community of traditional terraced housing . The ward contains the administrative headquarters of Lancashire County Council . Riversway returns three members to Preston City Council , elected 'in thirds ' in first past the post elections each year . The ward is currently represented by three Labour councillors . The ward forms part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston City ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Deepdale,_Preston', 'summary': "Deepdale is an electoral ward in Preston , Lancashire , England . The population of the ward as taken at the 2011 census was 6,103 . The ward is home to the Deepdale football stadium of Preston North End . The ward is a predominantly urban area of terraced housing , notable for one of the largest South Asian populations in the city . [ citation needed ] Deepdale borders Moor Park , and has a number of mosques and one of two branches of Domino 's Pizza in Preston . The former Deepdale railway station was to be found in this ward . Two members of Preston City Council , elected 'in thirds ' in first past the post elections each year , are returned from the ward . The ward forms part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston Central North ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Penwortham', 'summary': 'Penwortham ( /ˈpɛnwərðəm/ ) is a town in South Ribble , Lancashire , England , on the south bank of the River Ribble facing the city of Preston . The town is at the most westerly crossing point of the river , with major road and rail links crossing it here . The population of the town at the 2011 census was 23,047 .'}]}, {'value': 'City of Preston , South Ribble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Ribble', 'summary': 'South Ribble is a non-metropolitan district and borough of Lancashire , England . Its council is based in Leyland . The population , at the 2011 Census , was 109,057 . In May 2007 , the council was officially declared Excellent by the Audit Commission , of the best five district councils in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'PR2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PRESTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashton On Ribble , Brookfield , Cadley , Fulwood , Grimsargh , Haighton , Ingol , Larches , Lea , Ribbleton , Riversway , Sharoe Green , Tanterton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashton_On_Ribble', 'summary': "Ashton-on-Ribble is a suburb of Preston , Lancashire , England . The population of the Ashton Ward taken at the 2011 census was 4,459 . The terms Ashton-on-Ribble and Ashton are often used synonymously , although Ashton is a specific electoral ward whilst Ashton-on-Ribble is a term applied more generally to much of the west of Preston . This is reflected in the fact that Ashton Community Science College and Ashton Park are not in Ashton ward ( they are in Larches ward ) but are in the suburb of Ashton-on-Ribble . The Ashton electoral ward is located in the City of Preston , returning two councillors to Town Hall . Ashton ward is also one part of the Preston North West division of Lancashire County Council , returning one Labour councillor to County Hall . The settlement of Ashton-on-Ribble was recorded in the Domesday Book . Ashton was named after a family called Estun who lived in the area at the time of the Domesday Book 's compilation , although it is not known exactly where they lived ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brookfield,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Brookfield is an electoral ward of the city of Preston , in Lancashire , England . It is located north-east of the city centre , in the suburb of Ribbleton . At the 2001 census the ward had a population of 7,625 , reducing to 7,301 at the 2011 Census . The area is represented on the city council by three Labour councillors . The area forms part of the Preston East division of Lancashire County Council , represented by one Labour councillor . The area is mainly residential , and the majority of homes are privately owned although there is also a large council estate . The ward also contains a modern business park , which includes the head office of Booths , a regional chain of supermarkets . This is close to junction 31A on the M6 motorway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cadley,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Cadley is a largely residential suburban area of Preston , Lancashire , England , and an electoral ward . The population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 4,589 . It is usually considered to be a district of the larger suburb of Fulwood ( and formed part of the pre-1974 Fulwood Urban District ) , but was historically separate as evidenced , for instance , in the name of Fulwood and Cadley County Primary School . Cadley is a district of Preston positioned to the north of the city centre , with two main roads to its east and west ; the B5411 Woodplumpton Road to its west , Black Bull Lane to its east . The West Coast Main Line runs through the area , although its major transport links are served by the local and national bus routes criss-crossing its boundaries . The ward of Cadley is a two-member electoral division , returning two councillors to Town Hall . With the neighbouring Greyfriars ward , it forms the Preston North division of Lancashire County Council . At the 2001 census , the population of Cadley was 4,698 , with over 85% regarding themselves as Christian . At the most recent election in Cadley , the 2010 by-election , the total valid electorate was 3,772 . In 2006 there was an electorate of 3,746 , whilst the elections in 2008 had an electorate of 3,778 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fulwood,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Fulwood is a township in Lancashire , England , forming much of the northern half of the unparished area of the City of Preston district . It had a population of 33,171 in 2001 . For several reasons , despite its close proximity to Preston , it has remained distinctly separated . Historically , Fulwood was governed independently from Preston until 1974 . Furthermore , since the majority of the area is encompassed under The Fulwood Conservation Area , it has remained geographically separate from Preston . Fulwood , in 2011 , had a population of 28,353 and is made up of five wards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grimsargh', 'summary': 'Grimsargh is a village and civil parish in the City of Preston , Lancashire , England . According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 2,164 , increasing to 2,653 at the 2011 census . The parish is part of the electoral ward of Preston Rural East .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Haighton', 'summary': 'Haighton is a civil parish in the City of Preston , Lancashire , England . It is a rural area north east of the urban city of Preston , beyond Fulwood and Brookfield .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingol', 'summary': "Ingol is an electoral ward and suburb of Preston , Lancashire , England . The population of the Ward as taken at the 2011 census was 7,369 . The ward also includes the district of Tanterton . The ward is coterminous with the civil parish of Ingol and Tanterton , created in 2012 . With a golf course within its boundaries and continued new housing development , the area is suburban in its northern and central areas with a more significant low income housing area in its eastern part . Ingol and Tanterton straddle the historic boundary between the former County Borough of Preston and Fulwood Urban District . Ingol has running through it the main Woodplumpton Road running from Prestons Lane Ends shopping community to the villages in the parish of Woodplumpton and the borough of Wyre . It is served by a library , a community centre several churches and shops . The citywide orbital service provided by Preston Bus cuts through both suburban and new-build areas of the Ingol area . Three members of Preston City Council , elected 'in thirds ' in first past the post elections each year , are returned from the ward . The ward forms part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston West ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Larches,_Preston', 'summary': "Larches is one of the districts of Preston , Lancashire , England . The area , north-west of Preston city centre , is a mix of social and private housing , although both components of the ward - Larches , and Savick - are largely post-war council estates . Ashton Park is in the middle of the current ward , which borders Riversway and the civil parish of Lea . The area of Larches is part of Ashton-on-Ribble , which was part of the former hundred of Amounderness . With small businesses and shops in the area , the population are largely commute-to-work families and retirees . The citywide Preston Bus service runs through both sides of the Larches ward , and routes operated by Stagecoach between Preston and Blackpool also serve the area . Three members of Preston City Council , elected 'in thirds ' in first past the post elections each year , are returned from the ward . The ward and neighbouring Ashton forms part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston North West ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lea,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Lea ( /ˈliːə/ LEE-ə ) , Cottam , and Lea Town are villages in the City of Preston , Lancashire , England . Together they form the civil parish of Lea , which has a population of 5,962 . In 2011 , the population increased to 6157 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ribbleton', 'summary': 'Ribbleton is a suburb and ward of the city of Preston , Lancashire , England . It is located to the east of the city centre , between the A59 New Hall Lane and the B6243 Longridge Road . The M6 motorway also runs through the area . The ward had a population of 7,351 recorded in the 2001 census increasing to 8,548 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Riversway', 'summary': "Riversway is an electoral ward in Preston , Lancashire , England . The ward is named for its location close to the River Ribble , and the historical links to the former Port of Preston . The ward can be split into three distinct areas ; the former Docklands , now a shopping area and residential community , with new build apartments and housing overlooking the dock ; Broadgate , the residential area built during the Industrial Revolution ; and Christ Church , a community of traditional terraced housing . The ward contains the administrative headquarters of Lancashire County Council . Riversway returns three members to Preston City Council , elected 'in thirds ' in first past the post elections each year . The ward is currently represented by three Labour councillors . The ward forms part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston City ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sharoe_Green', 'summary': 'Sharoe Green ( /ˈʃɛrə/ ) is a largely residential suburban area of Preston , Lancashire , England , and an electoral ward . It is nowadays usually considered to be a district of the larger suburb of Fulwood ( and formed part of the pre-1974 Fulwood Urban District ) . Preston golf course is within the ward boundaries , and the Royal Preston Hospital , now the sole main provider of NHS hospital treatment in the city . Sharoe Green is a district of Preston with its near neighbour Sherwood , positioned to the far northeast of the city centre adjoining Deepdale . Its major transport links are served by the local and national bus routes criss-crossing its boundaries . The ward of Sharoe Green is a three-member electoral division , returning three councillors to Town Hall . With its neighbour Garrison , the ward forms part of the one-member Preston North East division of Lancashire County Council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingol', 'summary': "Ingol is an electoral ward and suburb of Preston , Lancashire , England . The population of the Ward as taken at the 2011 census was 7,369 . The ward also includes the district of Tanterton . The ward is coterminous with the civil parish of Ingol and Tanterton , created in 2012 . With a golf course within its boundaries and continued new housing development , the area is suburban in its northern and central areas with a more significant low income housing area in its eastern part . Ingol and Tanterton straddle the historic boundary between the former County Borough of Preston and Fulwood Urban District . Ingol has running through it the main Woodplumpton Road running from Prestons Lane Ends shopping community to the villages in the parish of Woodplumpton and the borough of Wyre . It is served by a library , a community centre several churches and shops . The citywide orbital service provided by Preston Bus cuts through both suburban and new-build areas of the Ingol area . Three members of Preston City Council , elected 'in thirds ' in first past the post elections each year , are returned from the ward . The ward forms part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston West ."}]}, {'value': 'City of Preston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PR3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PRESTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Barnacre-with-Bonds , Barton , Bilsborrow , Bonds , Bowgreave , Broughton , Cabus , Calder Vale , Chipping , Claughton , Forton , Garstang , Goosnargh , Great Eccleston , Inglewhite , Little Eccleston , Longridge , Myerscough , Oakenclough , Pilling , Ribchester , St Michael 's On Wyre , Scorton , Whittingham , Winmarleigh", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnacre-with-Bonds', 'summary': 'Barnacre-with-Bonds is a civil parish in the Wyre district of Lancashire , England . According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,751 increasing to 2,148 at the 2011 Census The parish covers an area to the south and east of Garstang , including the settlements of Bonds , Calder Vale and Bowgreave . In Bowgreave , there is Garstang Community Academy , formerly known as Garstang High School , and an eighteen-hole golf course , near the Great Western Hotel . Barnacre also includes a pub the Kenlis Arms Hotel , which is a former hunting lodge built in 1856 . Calder Vale , which is one of the most isolated villages in England , has only one road providing access . It lies in a deep valley near the River Calder . The 5-star self-catering Barnacre holiday cottages are located near the village . The parish is mostly rural and hilly with a small population .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barton,_Preston', 'summary': 'Barton is a linear village and civil parish in the City of Preston , Lancashire , England . The parish had a population of 1,150 , of whom 552 were male and 598 were female , according to the 2011 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bilsborrow', 'summary': "Bilsborrow /ˈbɪlzbərə/ is a village on the A6 road and the Lancaster Canal , in the Wyre District , in the English county of Lancashire . The village population at the 2011 census was 632 . It is approximately 1 mile ( 2 km ) east of Myerscough . Bilsborrow was a civil parish until 2003 when it merged with the neighbouring parish of Myerscough to form the parish of Myerscough and Bilsborrow . Bilsborrow has a primary school , a post office and local shop , and a fish and chip shop , St Hilda 's Church of England church and two public houses , the Roebuck and the White Bull , a canalside tavern Owd Nell 's Tavern , a Premier Inn hotel , a canalside lodge , a guest house , and a themed thatched hamlet 'village ' with restaurant , hotel and tavern . In 2018 , John Cross Church of England Primary School celebrated the 300th anniversary of its founding by John Cross , a local Christian benefactor . In the former parish is the hamlet of Duncombe . In the 1950s there was a large paper mill at Matshead . The river Brock is crossed by Walmesley Bridge ; it is dated 1883 but looks much older ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bonds,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Bonds is a village in Lancashire , England . It lies immediately south of Garstang town centre , on the opposite bank of the River Wyre . It is bounded by the Lancaster Canal to the south and west . Garstang , Bonds , Bowgreave and Catterall form an almost continuous built-up area , which was bypassed by the A6 road in 1928 . ( Some sources state , incorrectly , that this occurred in 1926. ) . While it is often regarded as a de facto suburb of Garstang , Bonds forms part of a different civil parish : Barnacre-with-Bonds . The Roman Catholic church of St Mary and St Michael is a Gothic Revival building consecrated in 1858 , superseding a chapel built in 1784 . ) 1⁄2 mile ( 800 m ) east of the village is the ruin of Greenhalgh Castle , built in 1490 for Thomas Stanley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bowgreave', 'summary': 'Bowgreave is a village in the parish of Barnacre-with-Bonds , Lancashire , England . Its nearest town is Garstang , a mile to the north . Garstang Community Academy is a secondary school within the village .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Broughton,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Broughton is a village and civil parish in the City of Preston , Lancashire , England , about 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of Preston city centre . According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,735 , decreasing to 1,722 at the 2011 Census . The parish is included in Preston Rural East ward of Preston city council , and the Preston Rural division of Lancashire County council . The parish ( historically also known as Broughton-in-Amounderness ) was part of Preston Rural District throughout its existence from 1894 to 1974 . In 1974 the parish became part of the Borough of Preston , which became a city in 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cabus', 'summary': 'Cabus is a village and civil parish in Lancashire , England . It lies 12 miles north of Preston , 9 miles south of Lancaster and 16 miles north east of Blackpool . The electoral ward of Cabus , which includes some northern suburbs of Garstang and a rural area around the village , had a population of 1,573 in 2001 and lies in the Wyre district . The population of the ward had fallen to 1,522 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Calder_Vale', 'summary': "Calder Vale is an English village , located on the edge of the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire . It lies on the River Calder in a deep valley with only a single road providing vehicular access . The name Calder is thought to be derived from the Old Norse kaldr ( cold ) . The village was founded by Quakers Jonathan and Richard Jackson , and in 1835 a cotton-weaving mill - the Lappet Mill - was built , powered by the River Calder . The mill and mill pond still exist and Lappet Mill is still working as a cotton mill . One of its main products is the red , black and white checked cloth used for Arab headscarves and it was said that Yasser Arafat 's headdresses were made at the Mill . The Jackson brothers also built many of the terraced houses still in occupation close to the mills . The church of St. John the Evangelist lies high above the village , linked to it by a woodland footpath . It was consecrated on 12 August 1863 . It serves the adjacent village of Oakenclough , in addition to Calder Vale . The village also contains a primary school , Calder Vale Church of England School , which was built concurrently with the church . It is a small school consisting of two teachers and about 30 pupils , and it is situated next door to St. John 's Church , the two being very closely linked ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chipping,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Chipping is a village and civil parish of the borough of Ribble Valley , Lancashire , England , within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . In the 2001 census , the parish had a population of 1,046 , falling slightly to 1,043 at the 2011 Census . This Lancashire village has won a number of best kept village competitions over the years . [ citation needed ] The village also won the village section of the Royal Horticultural Society Britain in Bloom competition in 2009 picking up RHS Tourism and Gold achievement awards in the process .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claughton,_Wyre', 'summary': "Claughton ( /ˈklaɪtən/ KLY-tən ) is a sparse village and civil parish in the county of Lancashire in the north of England , located within the Borough of Wyre . The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 633 . Its full name is Claughton-on-Brock to distinguish it from another Claughton in Lancashire in the Lune valley between Lancaster and Hornby . The village has both a Roman Catholic church ( St Thomas Apostle ) and a Roman Catholic primary school ( St Mary 's ) , but no Church of England presence , which is unusual for a parish in England . [ citation needed ] The nearest Church of England church is in the neighbouring parish , Barnacre-with-Bonds . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Forton,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Forton is a village and civil parish in the Wyre district of the English county of Lancashire near the Forest of Bowland . It is near the A6 road , between the city of Lancaster and the town of Garstang . Its population as measured at the 2011 Census is 1,213 . It has one school , Forton Primary School , several churches and one pub , the New Holly .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Garstang', 'summary': "Garstang is an old market town and civil parish within the Wyre borough of Lancashire , England . It is 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of the city of Preston and the same distance south of Lancaster . In 2011 , the parish had a total resident population of 4,268 ; the larger Garstang Built-up Area , which includes the adjoining settlements of Bonds and Cabus , had population of 6,779 . Garstang is famous for being the world 's first ever Fairtrade Town ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Goosnargh', 'summary': 'Goosnargh ( /ˈɡuːznə/ GOOZ-nər ) is a village and civil parish in the City of Preston district of Lancashire , England . The village lies between Broughton and Longridge , and mostly lies in the civil parish of Whittingham , although the ancient centre lies in the civil parish of Goosnargh . The parish of Goosnargh had a population of 1,204 recorded in the 2001 census , increasing to 1,316 at the 2011 Census . The village population in 2011 was 1,072 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Great_Eccleston', 'summary': 'Great Eccleston is a village and civil parish in the English county of Lancashire , situated on a coastal plain called the Fylde . The village lies to the south of the River Wyre and the A586 road , approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) upstream from the port of Fleetwood . At the 2001 United Kingdom census , the parish had a population of 1,473 , rising slightly to 1,486 at the Census 2011 . Great Eccleston is part of Wyre district and is in the parliamentary constituency of Wyre and Preston North . Locally , the village is known for its annual agricultural show .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Inglewhite', 'summary': 'Inglewhite is a small village in the parish of Goosnargh in Lancashire , England . It lies at the intersection of the roads from Longridge to Garstang and from Broughton to Beacon Fell .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Little_Eccleston', 'summary': 'Little Eccleston-with-Larbreck is a civil parish on the southern bank of the River Wyre on the Fylde in the English county of Lancashire . The population taken at the 2011 census was 400 . The river is crossed by Cartford Bridge at grid reference SD421408 which , unusually for England , is a toll bridge . The main A586 road runs south of the village of Little Eccleston , dividing it from Great Eccleston . The port of Fleetwood is some 10 miles ( 16 km ) downstream . Administratively it forms part of the Borough of Fylde . Larbreck is a hamlet at grid reference SD408406 about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) to the west .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Longridge', 'summary': 'Longridge is a small town and civil parish in the borough of Ribble Valley in Lancashire , England . It is situated 8 miles ( 13 km ) north-east of the city of Preston , at the western end of Longridge Fell , a long ridge above the River Ribble . Its nearest neighbours are Grimsargh and the Roman town of Ribchester ( Bremetennacum ) , 3.5 miles ( 6 km ) to the southeast . The parish of Longridge had a population of 7,546 recorded in the 2001 census , increasing to 7,724 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oakenclough', 'summary': "Oakenclough ( /ˈoʊkənkluː/ ) is an English hamlet located on the edge of the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire . Oakenclough is a small and scattered community , which appears to have developed largely as a result of a paper mill being sited here to make use of the water power available from the swiftly flowing River Calder . In 1827 , Quaker John Jackson bought the mill from Richard Curtis , a paper manufacturer and farmer who had gone bankrupt . Jackson built and lived in the adjacent house , known as Calder Bank , where his descendants continued to live for well over a hundred years . Jackson 's brothers , Jonathan and Richard , founded nearby Calder Vale in 1835 , when they built a mill on the river . It was used to weave cotton and is still in use today , even though the river no longer provides the power . Built by public subscription , St. John 's Church , and the small church school next to it , stands at the top of Church Wood between Calder Vale and Oakenclough ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pilling', 'summary': 'Pilling is a village and civil parish within the Wyre borough of Lancashire , England . It is 6.5 miles ( 10.5 km ) north-northeast of Poulton-le-Fylde , 9.4 miles ( 15.1 km ) south-southwest of Lancaster and 14.5 miles ( 23.3 km ) northwest of Preston , in a part of the Fylde known as Over Wyre . The civil parish of Pilling , which includes the localities of Stake Pool , Scronkey and Eagland Hill , has a total resident population of 1,739 , increasing to 2,020 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ribchester', 'summary': 'Ribchester is a village and civil parish within the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire , England . It lies on the banks of the River Ribble , six miles ( 10 km ) northwest of Blackburn and twelve miles ( 19 km ) east of Preston . The village has a long history with evidence of Bronze Age beginnings . It is well known as a significant Roman site being the location of a Roman cavalry fort called Bremetennacum , some parts of which have been exposed by excavation . In common with many towns and villages in East Lancashire its later history was dominated by cotton weaving ; firstly in the form of hand-loom weaving and later in two mills . Neither mill still operates and the village is primarily a dormitory village for commuters to the town of Blackburn and the cities of Preston and Manchester . The main access road into Ribchester is the B6245 . From the north-west , this is Preston Road , which merges into Church Street . From the east , it is Blackburn Road , which , at its westernmost extremity , also links up with Church Street , albeit closer to the centre of the village . Stonygate Lane , which runs to the north , partially follows the route of the old Roman road into Ribchester .'}, {'url': "/wiki/St_Michael's_On_Wyre", 'summary': "St Michael 's on Wyre is a village on the Fylde , in the Borough of Wyre , in Lancashire , England ; it lies on the River Wyre . The village is centred on the church of St Michael 's which was founded before AD 640 . It is in the civil parish of Upper Rawcliffe with Tarnacre , which had a population in 2001 of 604 . For later counts see the Civil parish ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scorton,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Scorton is a small village near the River Wyre , in the Wyre district of Lancashire , England . It is located north of Garstang . The name means farmstead near a ditch or ravine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Whittingham,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Whittingham is a civil parish in the City of Preston , Lancashire , England . The parish measures 4 miles ( 6 km ) east-to-west , from the outskirts of Longridge to the outskirts of Broughton , but only 1 mile ( 1½ km ) north-to-south . Its population was 2,189 in 2001 , reducing to 2,027 at the time of the 2011 Census . The village of Goosnargh is at its centre . The parish once contained the largest mental hospital in England , North West Englands nuclear bunker , and , according to legend , a giant cow .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Winmarleigh', 'summary': 'Winmarleigh is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Wyre in Lancashire , England . The population taken at the 2011 census was 272 . The village , which is north-west of Garstang , has an agricultural college , and the Duchy of Lancaster has an estate here . This includes the local pub , the Patten Arms . It is home to the great manor of Winmarleigh Hall . Constructed to the order of the Duchy of Lancaster , it was given to the first Lord Winmarleigh . Since then the house has been donated to NST Travel Group , who have turned the grounds into an outdoor education programme for schools across the country . Winmarleigh railway station opened in 1870 on the Garstang and Knot-End Railway . It was renamed Nateby railway station in 1902 and closed in 1930 . The school and school house , which date from 1870 , were designed by Lancaster architects Paley and Austin .'}]}, {'value': 'Fylde , City of Preston , Ribble Valley , Wyre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borough_of_Fylde', 'summary': "The Borough of Fylde is a local government district with borough status in Lancashire , England . It covers part of the Fylde plain , after which it is named . The council 's headquarters are in St Annes . Some council departments , including Planning and an office of the Registrar , were previously located in Wesham , but in 2007 these offices were transferred to the ownership of the NHS North Lancashire Primary Care Trust and have since been replaced by a new housing development . The population of the Non-metropolitan district at the 2011 census was 75,757 . Fylde borough was formed under the Local Government Act 1972 , on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the borough of Lytham St Annes , Kirkham Urban District , and Fylde Rural District . It borders the unitary Authority of Blackpool , along with the Preston , South Ribble , West Lancashire and Wyre districts . The armorial arms of the borough bear the motto of the former Fylde RDC Gaudeat Ager from Psalm 96 : Let the field ( Fylde ) be joyful ' - Let Fylde Prosper . The armorial bearings comprise a complete Achievement of Arms , that is - shield , crest and helm and mantling , supporters , badge and motto . They reflect the union of the three local authorities in the area : Lytham St Annes Borough Council , Kirkham Urban District Council and Fylde Rural District Council ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ribble_Valley', 'summary': "Ribble Valley is a local government district with borough status within the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire , England . The total population of the non-metropolitan district at the 2011 Census was 57,132 . Its council is based in Clitheroe . Other places include Whalley , Longridge and Ribchester . The area is so called due to the River Ribble which flows in its final stages towards its estuary near Preston . The area is popular with tourists who enjoy the area 's natural unspoilt beauty , much of which lies within the Forest of Bowland . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 , as a merger of the municipal borough of Clitheroe , Longridge urban district , Clitheroe Rural District , part of Blackburn Rural District , part of Burnley Rural District , and part of Preston Rural District , as well as the Bowland Rural District from the West Riding of Yorkshire , hence the addition of the Red Rose of Lancaster and White Rose of York on the council 's coat of arms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Borough_of_Wyre', 'summary': 'Wyre is a local government district with borough status in Lancashire , England . The population of the non-metropolitan district at the 2011 census was 107,749 . The district borders the unitary authority of Blackpool as well as the districts of Lancaster , Ribble Valley , Fylde and Preston . The council is based in Poulton-le-Fylde . The district is named after the River Wyre , which runs through the district . It was formed on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 and was a merger of the municipal borough of Fleetwood , along with Poulton-le-Fylde , Preesall , Garstang and Thornton-Cleveleys urban districts and various rural districts .'}]}, {'value': 'PR4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PRESTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Becconsall , Catforth , Clifton , Cottam , Eaves , Elswick , Freckleton , Hesketh Bank , Hutton , Inskip , Kirkham , Lea Town , Longton , Much Hoole , New Longton , Newton , Tarleton , Thistleton , Treales , Roseacre and Wharles , Walmer Bridge , Warton , Wesham , Woodplumpton , Wrea Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Becconsall', 'summary': 'Hesketh Bank is a small agricultural village in Lancashire , England . It lies to the north-east of the town of Southport on the Irish Sea estuary of the River Ribble . The area falls under West Lancashire Borough Council for administrative purposes , and Hesketh-with-Becconsall Parish Council for parochial matters . The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 4,041 . It is in the South Ribble parliamentary constituency .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Catforth', 'summary': "Catforth is a village in the English civil parish of Woodplumpton and the City of Preston district , in Lancashire , England . There is a village hall and the last remaining of Catforth 's pubs , The Running Pump , is situated on Catforth Road , which is the village 's main road . There is a Roman Catholic church and a primary school ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clifton,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Clifton is a village in the English county of Lancashire and in the district of Fylde . The village is part of the civil parish of Newton-with-Clifton . It is situated on the A583 road , approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of its post town , Preston , and 11 miles ( 18 km ) east of Blackpool . The village is also home to Lund Parish Church , which is situated on Church Lane , and Clifton Hall . Clifton used to boast its own radio station , Clifton FM , which is no longer available worldwide . The village also has a post office/convenience store , a garden centre ( Dobbies ) and a caravan sales shop named Preston'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cottam,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Lea ( /ˈliːə/ LEE-ə ) , Cottam , and Lea Town are villages in the City of Preston , Lancashire , England . Together they form the civil parish of Lea , which has a population of 5,962 . In 2011 , the population increased to 6157 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eaves,_Lancashire', 'summary': "Eaves is a hamlet in Lancashire , England , six miles north of Preston . It is part of the Fylde , a flat area of land between the Forest of Bowland and the Lancashire coast . The village has a school , St. Mary and St. Andrew 's Catholic Primary School , and a pub , the Plough at Eaves , which is the oldest in the Fylde . It was originally called the Cheadle Plough Inn . Eaves is in the parish of Woodplumpton ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elswick,_Lancashire', 'summary': "Elswick is a rural village and civil parish on the Fylde coast of Lancashire , England . At the 2011 Census , it had a population of 1,079 . At the Norman conquest of England in 1066 , Elswick was a small agricultural community in the hundred of Amounderness . The village was originally part of the ecclesiastical parish of St Michael 's on Wyre . A Nonconformist chapel was built in Elswick before 1650 . Elswick is part of the local government district of Fylde and the parliamentary constituency of Fylde . It lies approximately 8.5 miles ( 14 km ) east of Blackpool and 12 miles ( 19 km ) north-west of Preston ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Freckleton', 'summary': "Freckleton is a village and civil parish on the Fylde coast in Lancashire , England , to the south of Kirkham and east of the seaside resort of Lytham St. Annes . In 2001 it had a population of 6,045 , reducing to 6,019 at the 2011 Census . The village is near Warton , with its links to BAE Systems . Warton Aerodrome 's 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) runway is partly within Freckleton 's boundary . Freckleton has a parish council , and is part of Fylde Borough , and Fylde constituency ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hesketh_Bank', 'summary': 'Hesketh Bank is a small agricultural village in Lancashire , England . It lies to the north-east of the town of Southport on the Irish Sea estuary of the River Ribble . The area falls under West Lancashire Borough Council for administrative purposes , and Hesketh-with-Becconsall Parish Council for parochial matters . The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 4,041 . It is in the South Ribble parliamentary constituency .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hutton,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Hutton is a village and civil parish in Lancashire , England . It is located 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) south west of Preston , in the South Ribble borough and parliamentary constituency . The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 2,277 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Inskip,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Inskip is a small village in the Fylde area of Lancashire , England . It is part of the civil parish of Inskip-with-Sowerby . The village is close to the former RNAS Inskip airfield , which still serves the armed forces as a tri-service communication centre . It is home to one of the Royal Air Force Air Cadets training centres . The hamlet of Inskip Moss Side lies about a mile north and east of the village at grid reference SD452391 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirkham,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Kirkham ( originally Kirkam-in-Amounderness ) is a small town and civil parish in the Borough of Fylde in Lancashire , England , midway between Blackpool and Preston ( 11 miles west of Preston ) and adjacent to the smaller town of Wesham . It owes its existence to Carr Hill upon which it was built and which was the location of a Roman fort . At the Census of 2011 it had a population 7,194 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lea_Town', 'summary': 'Lea ( /ˈliːə/ LEE-ə ) , Cottam , and Lea Town are villages in the City of Preston , Lancashire , England . Together they form the civil parish of Lea , which has a population of 5,962 . In 2011 , the population increased to 6157 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Longton,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Longton is a village and civil parish in the west of the borough of South Ribble , Lancashire , England . It is about 4 miles to the south west of Preston . The population of the civil parish , which also includes the village of New Longton , was 5,500 at the 2001 Census increasing to 7,652 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Much_Hoole', 'summary': 'Much Hoole is a village and civil parish in the borough of South Ribble , Lancashire , England . The parish of Much Hoole had a population of 1,851 at the time of the 2001 census , increasing to 1,997 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Longton', 'summary': 'New Longton is a village located 4 miles ( 6 km ) south west of Preston , in the district of South Ribble , in the county of Lancashire , North West England . It is in the parish of Longton , which is the name of the older village located 2 miles ( 3 km ) to the west of New Longton .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Newton_with_Scales', 'summary': "Newton-with-Scales is a village in the county of Lancashire and in the Borough of Fylde . It is situated on the A583 road , 5 miles ( 8 km ) from Preston and 11 miles ( 18 km ) from Blackpool , in the civil parish of Newton-with-Clifton . It has a park and a shop . In 2003 it was the 'village of the year ' . [ citation needed ] It has a pub called the 'Bell and Bottle ' , which the locals called 'the bell ' and has a local Primary school called 'Newton bluecoats ' . The shop is called 'The Convenience Store ' and is situated on Bryning lane ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tarleton', 'summary': 'Tarleton is a village and civil parish situated in the Lancashire mosslands north east of Southport , and to the south west of Preston , in North West England . The village is known for farming due to its rich soil quality . The River Douglas runs northwards to the east of the village , which is locally thought to be where the Vikings camped on the river banks of what is now Tarleton . [ citation needed ] The parish also includes the village of Mere Brow and the hamlets of Sollom and Holmes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thistleton,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Greenhalgh-with-Thistleton is a civil parish on the Fylde in Lancashire , England . In 2001 it had a population of 462 , falling to 439 at the 2011 Census . The parish is in the Borough of Fylde , and contains the hamlets of Greenhalgh , Thistleton , Esprick and Corner Row . It is part of the ward of Singleton and Greenhalgh , which elects one councillor . In 2015 it was represented by Maxine Chew , an independent councillor . The main road through the parish is the A585 Kirkham to Fleetwood road ; there is also a junction with the M55 motorway ( M55 J3 , Wesham Circle ) in the south of the parish . The linear settlement of Esprick is situated along the A585 , with Corner Row ( used to be known as Cornah Row until M55 was completed 1975 ) further south where the road crosses the M55 . Greenhalgh is to the west , and Thistleton in the north east corner of the parish . Greenhalgh is adjacent to Wesham . The surrounding area is agricultural land . Thistleton has been designated as a conservation area since 1975 . The nearest railway station is Kirkham and Wesham , with Poulton-le-Fylde a little further away .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Treales,_Roseacre_and_Wharles', 'summary': 'Treales , Roseacre and Wharles is a civil parish in the Borough of Fylde , Lancashire , England . It had a population of 492 at the 2011 Census . It lies two miles east of Kirkham and includes the villages of Bolton Houses , Moor Side , Roseacre ( /ˈrɒzəkər/ ) , Treales ( /treɪlz/ ) and Wharles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Walmer_Bridge', 'summary': 'Walmer Bridge is a small village in Lancashire , England . Surrounding villages are Much Hoole and Longton .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Warton,_Fylde', 'summary': 'Warton is a village on the Fylde in Lancashire , England . The village is just a busy road 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Preston and 8 miles ( 13 km ) south-east of Blackpool . It is located on the banks of the River Ribble , close to its entry into the Irish Sea . It is best known for its airfield , Warton Aerodrome and the associated aircraft manufacturing plant of BAE Systems Military Air & Information . The village is part of the borough of Fylde .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wesham', 'summary': 'Medlar-with-Wesham is civil parish and an electoral ward on the Fylde in Lancashire , England . It lies within the Borough of Fylde , and had a population of 3,245 in 1,294 households recorded in the 2001 census . rising to 3,584 at the 2011 Census . The parish contains the town of Wesham ( pronounced variously /ˈwɛsəm/ WESS-əm , /ˈwɛʃəm/ WESH-əm , or /ˈwɛzəm/ WEZ-əm ) , adjacent to the larger town of Kirkham outside the parish . Technically , town status attaches to the whole parish , but in practice it is the settlement of Wesham that is referred to as a town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Woodplumpton', 'summary': 'Woodplumpton is a village and civil parish in the City of Preston , Lancashire , England , located 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of Preston .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wrea_Green', 'summary': "Wrea Green is a village in the Fylde borough of Lancashire , England . It lies about 2 miles west of Kirkham . Along with the village of Ribby , it forms the civil parish Ribby-with-Wrea . Wrea Green has approximately 1,600 residents , [ citation needed ] many of whom work at the nearby Warton Aerodrome 2 miles away , where BAE Systems is a major local employer . Uniquely for the Fylde Coast , Wrea Green , as described by its name , surrounds a large common land space at one side of which is a duck pond , known locally as 'The Dub ' . Wrea Green has won Lancashire 's Best Kept Village award 15 times - 1959 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1972 , 1980 , 1986 , 1987 , 1993 , 1996 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fylde , City of Preston , South Ribble , West Lancashire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Lancashire', 'summary': 'West Lancashire is a non-metropolitan district with borough status in Lancashire , England . Its council is based in Ormskirk , and the largest town is Skelmersdale . At the 2011 Census , the population of the borough was 110,685 . The district was formed in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 , as a merger of Ormskirk and Skelmersdale and Holland urban districts along with part of West Lancashire Rural District and part of the former Wigan Rural District .'}]}, {'value': 'PR5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PRESTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bamber Bridge , Coupe Green , Cuerdale , Cuerden , Gregson Lane , Higher Walton , Hoghton , Lostock Hall , Riley Green , Samlesbury , Walton-le-Dale , Walton Park , Walton Summit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bamber_Bridge', 'summary': 'Bamber Bridge is an urban village in Lancashire , England , 3 miles ( 5 km ) south-east of the city of Preston , in the borough of South Ribble . The name derives from the Old English bēam and brycg , which probably means tree-trunk bridge . It is mentioned in an undated medieval document . Bamber Bridge is often referred to as Brig by residents . People born in Bamber Bridge are known as Briggers . The total population for the three active Bamber Bridge Wards was 12,126 at the 2001 census , increasing to a total of 13,945 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Coupe_Green', 'summary': 'Coupe Green or Coup Green is a village in Lancashire , England . It is located on the A675 between Higher Walton and Hoghton . The village is in the borough of South Ribble and the Ribble Valley parliamentary constituency . The village has a primary school which opened in 1975 , one pub ( ) and a few shops including a hairdresser and a Texaco petrol station . The village is situated in the Hoghton postal district as Royal Mail does not recognise it as a separate village , this postal district also includes Coupe Green and Hoghton is often called the village of two halves by residents . Despite this , it is administratively and geographically separate . The village is in the Coupe Green & Gregson Lane ward which elects two councillors , At the May 2011 election , two councillors were elected from the Conservative party Warren Bennett and Jim Marsh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuerdale', 'summary': "Cuerdale is a civil parish in the South Ribble district of Lancashire , England . It includes Cuerdale Hall and has no substantive settlements . It originated as a township in the parish of Blackburn , becoming a separate civil parish in 1866 . From 1894 , it formed part of the Preston Rural District , and under the Local Government Act 1972 became part of the South Ribble district in 1974 . The origin of Cuerdale is defined as Cynferth 's valley . Cynferth is a Saxon personal name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuerden', 'summary': 'Cuerden is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley , in Lancashire , England . It is situated between Bamber Bridge and Leyland , and had a population of 77 in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gregson_Lane', 'summary': 'Gregson Lane is a village in Lancashire , England . It is situated between Bamber Bridge , Higher Walton , Coupe Green and Brindle , and is within four miles of the city of Preston . Most of the village is in an unparished area of South Ribble borough and Ribble Valley parliamentary constituency . However , a small part of the village lies in Brindle civil parish in the Borough of Chorley and Chorley parliamentary constituency . The village is situated in the Hoghton postal district , as the Royal Mail does not recognise it as a separate village ; this postal district also includes Coupe Green and Hoghton is often called the village of two halves by residents . Despite this , it is administratively and geographically separate . The village is in the Gregson Lane & Coupe Green ward which elects two councillors . At the May 2011 election , Jim Marsh and Warren Bennett both from the Conservative party were elected .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Higher_Walton,_Lancashire', 'summary': "Higher Walton is a village in South Ribble , Lancashire , England . It is on the old road between Blackburn and Preston where it crosses the River Darwen . The road , at this point , is now part of the A675 . Nearby places include Walton-le-Dale , Coupe Green , and Bamber Bridge . The main road through the village has a number of shops , including a post office , a bicycle shop and takeaways . The village has two pubs - the Swan and the Mill Tavern . There is a church ( All Saints , in the Blackburn diocese of the Church of England ) and a primary school in the village . The M6 motorway passes through the village , west of the centre , and crosses the River Darwen and A675 Higher Walton Road on a 474 feet ( 144 m ) -long bridge that was built as part of the Preston Bypass and opened in 1958 . The village was formerly called Moon 's Mill , and developed around a cotton mill in the 19th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hoghton', 'summary': "Hoghton is a small village and civil parish in the Borough of Chorley , Lancashire , England . At the 2011 Census , it had a population of 802 . Brindle and Hoghton ward also includes the parish of Brindle . Hoghton Tower is a fortified manor house , and the ancestral home of the de Hoghton family from the 12th century . Also within the parish are the hamlets of Riley Green and Hoghton Bottoms . The villages of Gregson Lane and Coupe Green are sometimes described as in Hoghton , although they are outside the parish , forming the ward of Coupe Green and Gregson Lane in the South Ribble district . A local folk tale tells that two Houghton poachers once raided a rabbit warren inhabited by fairies . When they heard the fairies ' voices coming from the sacks they were carrying , they fled in terror . The village has two public houses : the Sirloin , which is reputed to be haunted , and the Boar 's Head which claims to be one of the final overnight stops of the Pendle Witches before their eventual trials and sentencing at Lancaster in 1612 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lostock_Hall', 'summary': "Lostock Hall /ˌlɒstɒk ˈhɔːl/ is a suburban village within the South Ribble borough of Lancashire , England . It is located on the south side of the River Ribble , some 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) south of Preston and 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) north of Leyland . It is bordered on its southeastern side by the interchange for the M6 , M61 and M65 motorways . At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , the central Lostock Hall area had a population of 3,948 , falling to 3,762 at the 2011 Census Lostock Hall traces its origins to James de Lostock who in 1212 built Lostock 's Hall in the then rural area of Cuerden Green in the township of Walton-le-Dale . A settlement expanded outwards from Lostock 's Hall , taking its name from the Hall . The former separate community of Tardy Gate is now for all intents and purposes a part of Lostock Hall - it used to be the farming community linking one part of rural Lancashire to another ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Riley_Green_(hamlet)', 'summary': 'Riley Green is a hamlet , part of the village of Hoghton , within the Borough of Chorley , Lancashire , England . It is located at the junction of the A675 and A6061 roads , between Preston , Blackburn and Chorley . The hamlet consists of a small number of houses and two pubs - the Royal Oak on the A6061 , and the Boatyard on the A675 beside the Leeds and Liverpool Canal . Most of the surrounding area is pasture land . There is also a marina at The Boatyard , where many narrowboats are moored , and some are for hire , and there is a cruising restaurant . The original route to Hoghton Tower starts in Riley Green , however it is now only a track as a new route was built straight up to the Tower when motorised transport came to pass . The village is on the Blackburn Bus Company bus route from Burnley to Preston ( route 152 ) and near junction 3 of the M65 . Boats were formerly constructed at the Boat Yard in the village which the Boatyard pub is named after . The Boatyard was refurbished by the brewery Thwaites in 2016 and reopened as the Grill and Grain but was destroyed by fire in 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Samlesbury', 'summary': 'Samlesbury ( /ˈsɑːmzbəri/ ) is a village and civil parish in South Ribble , Lancashire , England . Samlesbury Hall , a historic house , is in the village , as is Samlesbury Aerodrome and a large modern brewery owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev . The population at the 2011 census was 1,206 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Walton-le-Dale', 'summary': 'Walton-le-Dale is a large village in the Borough of South Ribble , in Lancashire , England . It lies on the south bank of the River Ribble , opposite the city of Preston , adjacent to Bamber Bridge . The population of the South Ribble Ward at the 2011 census was 3,792 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lostock_Hall', 'summary': "Lostock Hall /ˌlɒstɒk ˈhɔːl/ is a suburban village within the South Ribble borough of Lancashire , England . It is located on the south side of the River Ribble , some 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) south of Preston and 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) north of Leyland . It is bordered on its southeastern side by the interchange for the M6 , M61 and M65 motorways . At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , the central Lostock Hall area had a population of 3,948 , falling to 3,762 at the 2011 Census Lostock Hall traces its origins to James de Lostock who in 1212 built Lostock 's Hall in the then rural area of Cuerden Green in the township of Walton-le-Dale . A settlement expanded outwards from Lostock 's Hall , taking its name from the Hall . The former separate community of Tardy Gate is now for all intents and purposes a part of Lostock Hall - it used to be the farming community linking one part of rural Lancashire to another ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walton_Summit', 'summary': 'Walton Summit is an industrial area between Clayton Brook and Bamber Bridge , near Preston in Lancashire , England . It is in the South Ribble district . It is near the M61 , M65 and M6 motorways and has a bit of single carriageway motorway from the M65/M61 roundabout . Walton Summit also includes the smaller area of Seed Lee .'}]}, {'value': 'South Ribble , Chorley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borough_of_Chorley', 'summary': 'The Borough of Chorley is a local government district with borough status in Lancashire , England . The population of the Borough at the 2011 census was 104,155 . It is named after its largest settlement , the town of Chorley .'}]}, {'value': 'PR6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHORLEY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey Village , Adlington , Anderton , Anglezarke , Astley Village , Brindle , Brinscall , Clayton-le-Woods , Heapey , Heath Charnock , Wheelton , White Coppice , Whittle-le-Woods , Withnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Village', 'summary': 'Abbey Village is a village in the English county of Lancashire and the constituency of Chorley . It is located on the A675 road , six miles ( 10 km ) from Blackburn , eight miles from Chorley , nine miles ( 14 km ) from Preston and ten miles from Bolton .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adlington,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Adlington is a town and civil parish in Lancashire , England , near the West Pennine Moors and approximately three miles south of Chorley . It became a separate parish in 1842 then grew into a township around the textile and coal mining industries until these closed in the 1960s . It had a population of 5,270 at the 2001 census , but in the last decade this has risen by over 2,000 more people to 7,326 . The measured population at the 2011 Census was 6,010 . The Leeds and Liverpool Canal runs through the village and is host to White Bear Marina which is the largest marina on the Leeds & Liverpool Canal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anderton,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Anderton is a civil parish in the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire , England . It is now a suburb of Adlington , 5 miles ( 8 km ) northwest of Bolton . Within its boundaries are the Rivington Reservoirs . Grimeford village is in the parish . In 2001 , the parish had a population of 1,206. increasing to 1,316 at the 2011 census . The Rivington services on the M61 are at the south of the parish .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anglezarke', 'summary': 'Anglezarke is a sparsely populated civil parish in the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire , England . It is dominated by reservoirs that were built to supply water to Liverpool , and a large expanse of moorland with evidence of Bronze Age settlements . Popular with walkers and tourists , it lies in the West Pennine Moors in Lancashire , sandwiched between the moors of Withnell and Rivington , and is close to the towns of Chorley , Horwich and Darwen . At the 2001 census it had a population of 23 . At the 2011 Census the population is included within Heapey civil parish . Quarrying the hard millstone grit for building and paving , mining for lead and minerals , some small-scale coal mining and hill farming were important in Anglezarke particularly from the 17th to the 19th centuries . There is no village : the settlement consisted of scattered farms with the hamlet of White Coppice close to the quarries . The area was subjected to depopulation after the reservoirs were built .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Astley_Village', 'summary': 'Astley Village is a civil parish in the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire , England , covering a suburb of Chorley . According to the census of 2001 , it had a population of 3,329 , reducing to 3,005 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brindle,_Lancashire', 'summary': "Brindle is a small village and civil parish of the borough of Chorley , Lancashire , England . The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 978 . It is in the centre of a triangle between Preston , Blackburn , and Chorley . The area has little industry . Brindle is one of the more affluent areas in Lancashire [ permanent dead link ] , with average earnings over 33% higher than the national average . Occupations include professionals , teachers and an increasingly retired population as well as some remaining agricultural employment . Brindle is home to the Anglican St James ' Church and a number of trails and bridle paths . As a parish offering excellent links to nearby towns including business centres such as Preston , Bolton , Chorley and Manchester . Brindle could be described as a commuter village although the village still retains a strong sense of local identity . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Brinscall', 'summary': 'Brinscall is a village in the Borough of Chorley , Lancashire , England . Located approximately five miles north-east of Chorley , Brinscall borders the similar-sized villages of Withnell and Abbey Village . Brinscall is part of the civil parish of Withnell but does not have its own boundaries . However , an area used in the 2001 census that covers approximately the same area as the village had a population of 1,431 . The village population at the 2011 census was 1,388 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clayton-le-Woods', 'summary': 'Clayton-le-Woods ( Commonly shortened to Clayton ) is a large village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley , in Lancashire , England . According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 , it has a population of 14,528 , rising marginally to 14,532 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Heapey', 'summary': 'Heapey is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley , in Lancashire , England . The village is two miles from Chorley and on the western fringe of the West Pennine Moors . In 2001 the population was 955 , increasing to 1,001 at the 2011 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Heath_Charnock', 'summary': 'Heath Charnock is a small village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire , England . According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 it has a population of 2,065 , reducing to 2,026 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wheelton', 'summary': 'Wheelton is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley , in Lancashire , England . According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 it has a population of 1,001 , reducing to 956 at the 2011 Census . The village is located on the A674 Chorley-Blackburn road . There are two communities : Wheelton , which is close to the Leeds-Liverpool Canal and borders Whittle-le-Woods ; and Higher Wheelton which is located on the road from Chorley to Blackburn . It is one of the more affluent parts of Lancashire owing to easy motorway access and a semi rural setting . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/White_Coppice', 'summary': 'White Coppice is a hamlet near Chorley , Lancashire , England . It was the most populated part of the township of Anglezarke in the 19th century . Close to the settlement in the early 19th century were quarries and small coal mines . The hamlet lies to the north of Anglezarke Reservoir in the Rivington reservoir chain built to provide water for Liverpool in the mid 19th century . To the south west is a hill known as Healey Nab . White Coppice had a cotton mill at the start of the Industrial Revolution . Its mill lodge provided water for a steam engine , and before that the mill was powered by a waterwheel on the Black Brook . Around 1900 the mill was owned by Alfred Ephraim Eccles , a supporter of the Temperance movement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Whittle-le-Woods', 'summary': "Whittle-le-Woods ( commonly shortened to Whittle ) is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire , England . The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 5,434 . Whittle-le-Woods lies on the A6 , about three miles north of the town of Chorley , and to the south of the city of Preston . It is divided into two areas , the older part on the old coach road running through Waterhouse Green to Brindle and the more modern part on the A6 road where the church of St John is situated . In the north east is St Chad 's RC Church and off the A6 is Shaw Hill Hotel , Golf and Country Club centred on the Shaw Hill Georgian mansion . It has experienced much residential development during the last twenty years . This has established the village as a popular commuter area , as it lies close to Preston and between the M6 and M61 motorways . Just over a mile to the east of the M61 is the hamlet of Whittle Springs . The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes a junction in the hamlet , where the south end of the Lancaster Canal formerly continued north to Walton Summit . This is also the start of a flight of locks called Johnson 's Hillock Locks , which continue via Heapey and Wheelton in the direction of Blackburn . Whittle is also known for fishing places , such as Lower Mill off Town Lane and Top Lock . Whittle has many public houses , and it is close to the Shaw Hill golf course on the A6 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Withnell', 'summary': "Withnell is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Chorley , Lancashire , England . According to the census of 2001 , it had a population of 3,631 , reducing to 3,498 at the census of 2011 . Withnell is about 5 miles ( 8 km ) north-east of Chorley itself and about 5 miles ( 8 km ) from Blackburn . It constituted an urban district from 1894 to 1974 . It was originally called 'Withinhull ' around 1160 , later appearing as 'Withinhulle ' in the 1332 Subsidy Rolls of Lancashire , meaning ' a hill where willow trees grow ' . It borders the villages of Brinscall and Abbey Village which are part of the parish ."}]}, {'value': 'Chorley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PR7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHORLEY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adlington , Buckshaw Village , Charnock Richard , Coppull , Eccleston , Euxton , Heath Charnock , Heskin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adlington,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Adlington is a town and civil parish in Lancashire , England , near the West Pennine Moors and approximately three miles south of Chorley . It became a separate parish in 1842 then grew into a township around the textile and coal mining industries until these closed in the 1960s . It had a population of 5,270 at the 2001 census , but in the last decade this has risen by over 2,000 more people to 7,326 . The measured population at the 2011 Census was 6,010 . The Leeds and Liverpool Canal runs through the village and is host to White Bear Marina which is the largest marina on the Leeds & Liverpool Canal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Buckshaw_Village', 'summary': 'Buckshaw Village ( often shortened to Buckshaw ) is a newly created residential and industrial area , which largely sits in Euxton , between the towns of Chorley and Leyland in Lancashire , England . It is one of the largest urban development sites in the North West of England with a population of about 4,000 although official population statistics mainly sit within Euxton . The new development is taking place on the former site of the Royal Ordnance Factory ( ROF ) Chorley , and covers several square kilometres mainly consisting of the part of Euxton known as Buckshaw , before it was requisitioned by the War Office in the 1930s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charnock_Richard', 'summary': 'Charnock Richard is a small village and civil parish in the borough of Chorley , Lancashire , in England . The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 census was 1,748 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Coppull', 'summary': 'Coppull is a village and civil parish in Lancashire , England . It is part of the Borough of Chorley , lies around 300 feet ( 91 m ) above sea level . Its population is around 8,000 , having been counted at 7,959 in the 2011 Census . It is bounded by Whittle Brook , Clancutt Brook , the River Yarrow , Eller Brook , Hic-Bibi Brook and Stars Brook . Coppull is located between Chorley and Standish , Greater Manchester , to the east of the A49 road near Charnock Richard .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eccleston,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Eccleston is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire , England . It is beside the River Yarrow and was formerly an agricultural and later a weaving settlement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Euxton', 'summary': 'Euxton ( /ˈɛkstən/ EKS-tən ) is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley , in Lancashire , England . The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 census was 9,993 , however , the population is now significantly higher due to the increase in housing developments in the village , including the Buckshaw development . The village is situated just to the west of Chorley , and to the south of Clayton-le-Woods . Euxton is around 2.5 miles from east to west and 2 miles north to south . The village is made up of several areas including Runshaw Moor , Balshaw , Shaw Green , Daisy Hill , Buckshaw , Pincock , Primrose Hill , Glead Hill , Dawbers , Spout Hillock , Culbeck and Pear tree'}, {'url': '/wiki/Heath_Charnock', 'summary': 'Heath Charnock is a small village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire , England . According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 it has a population of 2,065 , reducing to 2,026 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Heskin', 'summary': 'Heskin is a small village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire , England . According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 it has a population of 883 increasing to 898 at the 2011 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'Chorley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PR8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SOUTHPORT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ainsdale , Birkdale , Blowick , Scarisbrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ainsdale', 'summary': 'Ainsdale is an area of Southport in the borough of Sefton , Merseyside , England , situated three miles south of the centre of Southport . Historically part of Lancashire , at the 2001 Census it had a population of 12,723 . By the time of the 2011 census only figures for Ainsdale ( ward ) were available . It makes up the southern edge of the town , bordering Formby . The village and roads leading to the beach are middle class areas , with some new modern developments around the station including the addition of the private estate Village Row in 2006 and the Belway estate in 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Birkdale', 'summary': 'Birkdale is an area of Southport , within the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton , Merseyside , though historically in Lancashire , in the north-west of England . The area is located on the Irish Sea coast , approximately a mile away from the centre of Southport . From 1894 to 1912 , Birkdale and the adjoining suburb/village of Ainsdale were administered by Birkdale Urban District Council before becoming part of the county borough of Southport . Until 1 April 1974 , Birkdale lay in the traditional borders of the county of Lancashire . At the 2001 census , the local government ward called Birkdale had a population of 12,265 . The population of the area at the 2011 Census is shown under Birkdale ( Ward ) ( qv ) . Other parts of Birkdale are included in Dukes Ward - which contains a significant part of the village centre and the Royal Birkdale Golf Club - Kew Ward and Ainsdale ward . Birkdale also inspired the name for a new urban mixed use community in the United States twelve miles north of Charlotte , North Carolina in Huntersville , North Carolina called Birkdale Village .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Blowick', 'summary': 'Blowick is a suburb on the east side of the town of Southport , Merseyside , England .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scarisbrick', 'summary': 'Scarisbrick ( /ˈskeɪzbrɪk , ˈskɛərz-/ ) is a village and civil parish in West Lancashire , England . The A570 , the main road between Ormskirk and Southport , runs through Scarisbrick , and much of the village lies along it . As a result , it does not have a traditional village centre , though the junction with the A5147 is close to the geographic centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Sefton , West Lancashire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Borough of Sefton in Merseyside , England , was formed on 1 April 1974 by the amalgamation of the county boroughs of Bootle and Southport , the municipal borough of Crosby , the urban districts of Formby and Litherland , and part of West Lancashire Rural District within the new county of Merseyside . The borough consists of a coastal strip of land on the Irish Sea which extends from Southport in the north to Bootle in the south , and an inland part to Maghull in the south-east . The district is bounded by the city of Liverpool to the south , the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley to the south-east , and West Lancashire to the east . It is named after the village and parish of Sefton , near Maghull . When the borough was created in the Local Government Act 1972 , a name was sought that would not unduly identify the borough with any of its constituent parts , particularly the former county boroughs of Bootle and Southport . The locality had strong links with both the Earl of Sefton and the Earl of Derby , resident of Knowsley Hall , and given the fact that the immediately adjacent borough was subsequently named Knowsley it seems equally likely that the choice of name was derived from the names of the local nobility . A Sefton Rural District covering some of the villages in the district existed from 1894 to 1932 .'}]}, {'value': 'PR9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SOUTHPORT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banks , Churchtown , Crossens , Marshside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banks,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Banks /ˈbæŋks/ is a large coastal village in Lancashire , England , south of the Ribble estuary four miles ( 6 km ) north-east of Southport . The village is administered by West Lancashire Borough and North Meols Parish Council . It is in the South Ribble parliamentary constituency . At the 2001 census , the population was 3,792 . Banks is the largest village in the parish of North Meols on the West Lancashire coastal plain . Like most of them , it was primarily an agricultural community due to the excellent soil , although there was fishing activity for many years . Production of flowers and vegetables is common on the farms surrounding the village . The proximity of Southport and Preston have led to its expansion as a dormitory for commuters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Churchtown,_Sefton', 'summary': 'Churchtown is a suburb of Southport , Merseyside , England . Historically in Lancashire , it is surrounded by Crossens , High Park and Marshside in the ancient parish of North Meols on the northern fringe of what is now Southport .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Crossens', 'summary': "Crossens is the northernmost district of the town of Southport , Merseyside , England , and part of the ancient parish of North Meols . Whilst most of the village is now within Merseyside , part of northern Crossens known as Fiddlers Ferry , is in West Lancashire . Formerly , Crossens was a detached settlement lying on the western edge of Martin Mere , but after the drainage of the Mere and the expansion of Southport , it had become absorbed into the town 's conurbation . Formerly Crossenes or Crosnes meaning a ness or headland with a cross . The cross was possibly a guide for shipping or people crossing the Ribble Estuary from Freckleton ( near Lytham ) . A hospice or lodging house was sited in Crossens where travellers could rest after making the crossing . It is also believed to be the point at which 2,000 horsemen from a retreating Royalist force crossed the Ribble estuary following the battle of Marston Moor . They later joined the battle at Lathom Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marshside,_Sefton', 'summary': "Marshside is a suburb of the town of Southport , Merseyside , England . It is part of the ancient parish of North Meols and was formerly a detached settlement , on the northern fringe of what is now Southport . Marshside 's most notable features are neighbours : the SSSI and nature reserve on the opposite side of Marine Drive . The sandwinning plant closed in early 2007 . Whilst operational , it extracted thousands of tonnes of Southport sand per year for use in industry . The nature reserve is managed by the RSPB and provides food and accommodation to many native and migratory birds . Marshside 's traditional industry was shrimping , and the practice still continues to a diminished degree today . Marshside has four schools : Marshside Primary School , St Patrick 's Primary School , Larkfield Primary School ( between Larkfield Lane and Preston New Road ) and Stanley High School ( on Fleetwood Road ) . The last of these is the largest , with around 800 pupils between the ages of 11 and 16 . Marshside has surprisingly few pubs ( compared with neighbouring Churchtown ) , possibly in part due to the strong tradition of Methodism in the former village . However , there is the Shrimper on Fylde Road ( next to The Co-operative Food ) . The Shrimper is a food-serving pub and part of a large chain ."}]}, {'value': 'Sefton , West Lancashire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PR11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PRESTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Universal Stores / Department for Work and Pensions delivering to its address in PR1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Universal_Stores', 'summary': "GUS plc was an FTSE 100 retailing group based in the United Kingdom . GUS is an abbreviation of Great Universal Stores , the company 's name before 2001 . On 10 October 2006 , the company was split into two separate companies : Experian which continues to exist , and Home Retail Group which was bought by Sainsbury 's in 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions', 'summary': "The Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) is a British government department responsible for welfare and pension policy . It is the largest governmental department in terms of employees and budget . The department has four operational organisations : Jobcentre Plus administers working age benefits such as Jobseeker 's Allowance , and decides which claimants receive Employment and Support Allowance ; the Pension Service which pays the Basic State Pension and Pension Credit and provides information on related issues ; Disability and Carers Service which provides financial support to disabled people and their carers ; and the Child Maintenance Group which provides the statutory Child Support Schemes , operating as the Child Support Agency and the Child Maintenance Service ."}]}, {'value': 'non-geographic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PR25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LEYLAND', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leyland , Clayton-le-Woods , Cuerden , Farington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leyland,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Leyland ( /ˈleɪlənd/ ) is a town in the South Ribble borough , in the county of Lancashire , England . It is approximately six miles ( 10 km ) south of the city of Preston . The population of the town was estimated as 35,600 at the 2011 Census . Throughout the 20th and 21st century , the community has seen a large growth in industry , population and farming . The name of the town is of old Anglo-Saxon origin , meaning untilled land .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clayton-le-Woods', 'summary': 'Clayton-le-Woods ( Commonly shortened to Clayton ) is a large village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley , in Lancashire , England . According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 , it has a population of 14,528 , rising marginally to 14,532 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuerden', 'summary': 'Cuerden is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley , in Lancashire , England . It is situated between Bamber Bridge and Leyland , and had a population of 77 in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Farington', 'summary': 'Farington is a small village and civil parish in the South Ribble local government district of Lancashire , England . The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 6,674 .'}]}, {'value': 'South Ribble , Chorley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PR26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LEYLAND', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leyland , Bretherton , Croston , Farington Moss , Moss Side , Ulnes Walton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leyland,_Lancashire', 'summary': 'Leyland ( /ˈleɪlənd/ ) is a town in the South Ribble borough , in the county of Lancashire , England . It is approximately six miles ( 10 km ) south of the city of Preston . The population of the town was estimated as 35,600 at the 2011 Census . Throughout the 20th and 21st century , the community has seen a large growth in industry , population and farming . The name of the town is of old Anglo-Saxon origin , meaning untilled land .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bretherton', 'summary': 'Bretherton is a small village and civil parish in the Borough of Chorley , Lancashire , England , situated to the south west of Leyland and east of Tarleton . The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 669 . Its name suggests pre-conquest origins and its early history was closely involved with the manor house Bank Hall and the families who lived there . Bretherton remained a rural community and today is largely residential with residents travelling to nearby towns for employment .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Croston', 'summary': 'Croston is a village and civil parish in Lancashire , England between Chorley and Southport and is next to the River Yarrow .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moss_Side,_South_Ribble', 'summary': "Moss Side is a suburban , semi-rural community on the western side of Leyland , Lancashire , in the borough of South Ribble , England . The suburb is growing . It is adjacent to Bretherton , Ulnes Walton and Midge Hall . There is a Scouts group in the area and a concert party who perform for the elderly . There are bowling and running groups in the community as well . There were plans to build a new Redrow apartment development , but local residents fought a determined campaign to oppose this and planning permission was ultimately refused in December 2005 . A new ball court and a children 's playground were completed in 2005 and a better community is coming together overall . Moss Side has seen an increase in community involvement in recent years . This has delivered benefits such as the Moss Side Community Newsletter , a Moss Side football team and the new 'Your Moss Side ' website ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ulnes_Walton', 'summary': 'Ulnes Walton is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire , England . According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 it had a population of 2,048 , increasing to 2,672 at the 2011 Census . The village is also the location of two prisons . Garth Prison , holds Category B adult males , while Wymott Prison holds Category C adult males .'}]}, {'value': 'South Ribble , Chorley', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Coverage', 'section_text': 'The approximate coverage of the postcode districts :', 'uid': 'PR_postcode_area_0', 'intro': 'The PR postcode area, also known as the Preston postcode area, is a group of eleven postcode districts in North West England, which are subdivisions of four post towns. These cover the city of Preston and the towns of Leyland and Chorley in south-west Lancashire, plus the town of Southport in Merseyside.'}
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What is the postcode district of the coverage that is the largest governmental department in terms of employees and budget ?
PR11
0638b359bc55bf81
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Farmer_discography', 'title': 'Art Farmer discography', 'header': ['Year recorded', 'Leader', 'Title', 'Label'], 'data': [{'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( Various )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Savoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savoy_Records', 'summary': 'Savoy Records is an American record company and label established by Herman Lubinsky in 1942 in Newark , New Jersey . Savoy specialized in jazz , rhythm and blues , and gospel music . In September 2017 , Savoy was acquired by Concord Bicycle Music .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clifford Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifford_Brown', 'summary': "Clifford Benjamin Brown ( October 30 , 1930 - June 26 , 1956 ) was an American jazz trumpeter . He died at the age of 25 in a car accident , leaving behind four years ' worth of recordings . He was also a composer of note : his compositions Sandu , Joy Spring , and Daahoud have become jazz standards . Brown won the Down Beat critics ' poll for New Star of the Year in 1954 ; he was inducted into the DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame in 1972 in the critics ' poll . He influenced later jazz trumpeters such as Booker Little , Freddie Hubbard , and Lee Morgan ."}]}, {'value': 'The Clifford Brown Big Band In Paris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prestige', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prestige_Records', 'summary': 'Prestige Records is a jazz record company and label founded in 1949 by Bob Weinstock in New York City . The company recorded hundreds of albums by many of the leading jazz musicians of the day , sometimes issuing them under subsidiaries . In 1971 , the company was sold to Fantasy , which was later absorbed by Concord .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clifford Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memorial_(Clifford_Brown_album)', 'summary': "Memorial is a 1956 jazz album by trumpeter Clifford Brown issued posthumously . It was originally released on the Prestige label as PRLP 7055 . It principally includes fast bop pieces , also arranged for a brass section . Ira Gitler , who was supervising session for Prestige label at the time , confessed he was greatly impressed by Brown : When Brownie stood up and took his first solo on Philly J J , I nearly fell off my seat in the control room . The power , range and brilliance together with the warmth and invention was something that I had n't heard since Fats Navarro Tracks 1-4 were recorded abroad with a Swedish All Star Group . Tracks 5-9 were recorded in New York as a Tadd Dameron led 10 inch LP minus the alternate take . Clifford and Benny Golson were the only horn soloists ."}]}, {'value': 'Prestige', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quincy Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quincy_Jones', 'summary': "Quincy Delight Jones Jr. ( born March 14 , 1933 ) is an American record producer , multi-instrumentalist , songwriter , composer , arranger , and film and television producer . His career spans over 60 years in the entertainment industry with a record 80 Grammy Award nominations , 28 Grammys , and a Grammy Legend Award in 1992 . Jones came to prominence in the 1950s as a jazz arranger and conductor , before moving on to work in pop music and film scores . In 1969 Jones and his songwriting partner Bob Russell became the first African-Americans to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song , for The Eyes of Love from the film Banning . Jones was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score for his work on the 1967 film In Cold Blood , making him the first African-American to be nominated twice in the same year . In 1971 he became the first African-American to be the musical director and conductor of the Academy Awards ceremony . In 1995 he was the first African-American to receive the Academy 's Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award . He has tied with sound designer Willie D. Burton as the second most Oscar-nominated African-American , with seven nominations each . Jones was the producer , with Michael Jackson , of Jackson 's albums Off the Wall ( 1979 ) , Thriller ( 1982 ) , and Bad ( 1987 ) , as well as the producer and conductor of the 1985 charity song We Are the World , which raised funds for victims of famine in Ethiopia . In 2013 , Jones was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as the winner , alongside Lou Adler , of the Ahmet Ertegun Award . He was named one of the most influential jazz musicians of the 20th century by Time magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz Abroad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz_Abroad', 'summary': 'Jazz Abroad is a split album by American jazz drummer Roy Haynes and Quincy Jones with tracks recorded in Sweden in 1953 and 1954 and released by EmArcy .'}]}, {'value': 'EmArcy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EmArcy_Records', 'summary': 'EmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by Mercury Records , and today a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group . The name is a phonetic spelling of MRC , the initials for Mercury Record Company . During the 1950s and 1960s , musicians such as Max Roach , Clifford Brown , Cannonball Adderley , Dinah Washington , and Sarah Vaughan recorded for EmArcy . The EmArcy catalogue is currently managed by Island Records .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Hampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Hampton', 'summary': 'Lionel Leo Hampton ( April 20 , 1908 - August 31 , 2002 ) was an American jazz vibraphonist , pianist , percussionist , and bandleader . Hampton worked with jazz musicians from Teddy Wilson , Benny Goodman , and Buddy Rich to Charlie Parker , Charles Mingus , and Quincy Jones . In 1992 , he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame , and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'European Concert 1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IAJRC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clifford Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Complete Paris Collection , Vol . 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jazz Legacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gene Ammons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gene_Ammons', 'summary': 'Eugene Jug Ammons ( April 14 , 1925 - August 6 , 1974 ) , also known as The Boss , was an American jazz tenor saxophonist . The son of boogie-woogie pianist Albert Ammons , Gene Ammons is remembered for his accessible music , steeped in soul and R & B .'}]}, {'value': 'All Star Sessions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Star_Sessions', 'summary': 'All Star Sessions is an album by saxophonist Gene Ammons recorded between 1950 and 1955 and released on the Prestige label .'}]}, {'value': 'Prestige', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gene Ammons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Happy Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Happy_Blues', 'summary': 'The Happy Blues is an album by saxophonist Gene Ammons recorded in 1956 and released on the Prestige label .'}]}, {'value': 'Prestige', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gene Ammons', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jammin ' with Gene", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jammin'_with_Gene", 'summary': "Jammin ' with Gene is an album by saxophonist Gene Ammons recorded in 1956 and released on the Prestige label ."}]}, {'value': 'Prestige', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quincy Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This Is How I Feel About Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/This_Is_How_I_Feel_About_Jazz', 'summary': 'This Is How I Feel About Jazz is the 1957 debut album by Quincy Jones . Jones arranged and conducted three recording sessions during September 1956 , each with a different line-up , from a nonet to a fifteen piece big band . Musicians on the album include Art Farmer , Phil Woods , Lucky Thompson , Hank Jones , Paul Chambers , Milt Jackson , Art Pepper , Zoot Sims , and Herbie Mann . The bonus tracks on the CD release include compositions by Jimmy Giuffre , Lennie Niehaus and Charlie Mariano . The album was produced by Creed Taylor and released by ABC-Paramount . The digital reissue on CD in 1992 was repackaged with the label Impulse ! , ABCs sub-label for contemporary jazz established by Taylor four years after these sessions took place . The Impulse ! version has a cover similar to the original but with the Impulse ! logo .'}]}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Records', 'summary': 'ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955 . It originated as the main popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation . Am-Par also created the Impulse ! jazz label in 1960 . It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979 . ABC produced music in a variety of genres : pop , rock , jazz , country , rhythm and blues , soundtrack , gospel , and polka . In addition to producing records , ABC licensed masters from independent record producers , and purchased regionally released records for national distribution . The company operated first under the Am-Par Record Corporation ( 1955 - 1961 ) then ABC-Paramount Records , Inc. ( 1961 - 1966 ) ABC Records ( 1966'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Mathis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Mathis', 'summary': 'John Royce Mathis ( born September 30 , 1935 ) is an American singer-songwriter of popular music . Starting his career with singles of standard music , he became highly popular as an album artist , with several dozen of his albums achieving gold or platinum status and 73 making the Billboard charts to date . Mathis has received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for three separate recordings . Although he is frequently described as a romantic singer , his discography includes traditional pop , Brazilian and Spanish music , soul , rhythm and blues , show tunes , Tin Pan Alley , soft rock , blues , country music , and even a few disco songs for his album Mathis Magic in 1979 . Mathis has also recorded six albums of Christmas music . In a 1968 interview , Mathis cited Lena Horne , Nat King Cole , and Bing Crosby among his musical influences .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Mathis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Mathis_(album)', 'summary': "Johnny Mathis is the first studio album by vocalist Johnny Mathis that was released by Columbia Records in 1956 . The subtitle A New Sound in Popular Song can be found on the back cover but not on the front of the album or the disc label ; in fact , this Mathis LP has been referred to as the jazz album . This release did not make it onto Billboard magazine 's Best Selling Pop Albums chart , which had 15 positions available at the time . Columbia/Legacy released the album on compact disc for the first time as a 40th Anniversary Edition on May 7 , 1996 , and included a previously unreleased recording of I 'm Glad There Is You . In the UK the album was originally issued by Fontana Records with alternate artwork and a different track listing . On May 14 , 2001 , this version had its first pressing on compact disc as one of two albums on one CD , the other album being its 1957 follow-up , Wonderful Wonderful ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teddy Charles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teddy_Charles', 'summary': "Teddy Charles ( April 13 , 1928 - April 16 , 2012 ) was an American jazz musician and composer whose instruments were the vibraphone , piano , and drums . Born Theodore Charles Cohen in Chicopee Falls , Massachusetts , he studied at the Juilliard School of Music as a percussionist . Later he began to record and made personal appearances as Teddy Cohen with bands as a vibraphonist , writing , arranging , and producing records . In 1951 he changed his last name to Charles . Charles was one of many jazz musicians who hung out at an apartment building at 821 Sixth Avenue in New York City known as the Jazz Loft rented by photographer and artist David X . Young , who in turn sublet two apartments to Hall Overton ( Charles 's mentor ) and Dick Cary . Known as an innovator , Charles 's main work was recorded in the 1950s , with polytonal albums such as New Directions , Collaboration : West , Word from Bird , and The Teddy Charles Tentet . He was a studio musician for Miles Davis , Charles Mingus , Shelly Manne , and Dion . He was also a co-leader of the Prestige Jazz Quartet . He recorded an album , Live at the Verona Jazz Festival , for Soul Note in 1988 . Charles was captain of the 1906 wooden schooner Mary E he purchased in 1973 and restored , and later captained the boat Pilgrim out of Greenport , New York ( on the North Fork of Long Island ) and performed music locally . In his last years , he began performing again after spending some years at sea ."}]}, {'value': 'The Teddy Charles Tentet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Teddy_Charles_Tentet', 'summary': "The Teddy Charles Tentet is a 1956 jazz album featuring a tentet led by multi-instrumentalist Teddy Charles . Critically well received , the album is listed as one of the Core Collection albums in The Penguin Guide to Jazz and an essential recording in 2000 's The Essential Jazz Records : Modernism to Postmodernism . Released originally in high fidelity vinyl by Atlantic , the album has been reissued on CD and LP multiple times since 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar Pettiford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Pettiford', 'summary': 'Oscar Pettiford ( September 30 , 1922 - September 8 , 1960 ) was an American jazz double bassist , cellist and composer . He was one of the earliest musicians to work in the bebop idiom .'}]}, {'value': 'The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Oscar_Pettiford_Orchestra_in_Hi-Fi', 'summary': 'The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi is an album by bassist/cellist and composer Oscar Pettiford which was recorded in 1956 and first issued on the ABC-Paramount label . The album was reissued on CD on Impulse ! Records as Deep Passion in 1994 combined with The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi Volume Two .'}]}, {'value': 'ABC-Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teddy Charles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Word from Bird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Word_from_Bird', 'summary': 'Word from Bird is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Teddy Charles released on the Atlantic label in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bennie Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bennie_Green', 'summary': "Bennie Green ( April 16 , 1923 - March 23 , 1977 ) was an American jazz trombonist . Born in Chicago , Illinois , Green worked in the orchestras of Earl Hines and Charlie Ventura , and recorded as bandleader through the 1950s and 1960s . According to critic Scott Yanow of Allmusic , Green 's style straddled swing music and soul , making him one of the few trombonists of the 1950s and '60s uninfluenced by the pioneering sound of J.J. Johnson . Green relocated to Las Vegas where he played in hotel bands for the last decade of his career , though he made occasional appearances at jazz festivals . He died on March 23 , 1977 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bennie Green with Art Farmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bennie_Green_with_Art_Farmer', 'summary': 'Bennie Green with Art Farmer is an album by American trombonist Bennie Green with trumpeter Art Farmer recorded in 1956 and released on the Prestige label .'}]}, {'value': 'Prestige', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal McKusick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_McKusick', 'summary': 'Hal McKusick ( 1 June 1924 - 11 April 2012 ) was an American jazz alto saxophonist , clarinetist and flutist , who worked with Boyd Raeburn from 1944 to 1945 and Claude Thornhill from 1948 to 1949 . McKusick was born in Medford , Massachusetts . In the early 1950s he worked with Terry Gibbs and Don Elliott . McKusick also released albums under his own leadership , including a 1957 album for Prestige titled Triple Exposure . At that time he made many recordings with groups led by George Russell and Jimmy Giuffre . A fine example of his solo playing can be heard on All About Rosie , the lead track on the suite for orchestra featuring Bill Evans ( written by George Russell and conducted by Gunther Schuller ) , recorded live at the Brandeis Jazz Festival in 1957 . In 1958 Hal McKusick led a small group with Bill Evans that recorded Cross Section - Saxes which included contributions from Art Farmer , Paul Chambers , Connie Kay , and Barry Galbraith . For this album , McKusick commissioned arrangements from George Handy , Jimmy Giuffre , George Russell and Ernie Wilkins . He also worked on sessions with other prominent jazz musicians including Lee Konitz and John Coltrane . In his later years he taught at the Ross School in East Hampton , New York . On April 11 , 2012 , McKusick died of natural causes at the age of 87 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Jazz Workshop', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RCA Victor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gil Mellé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gil_Mellé', 'summary': 'Gilbert John Gil Mellé ( 31 December 1931 - 28 October 2004 ) was an American artist , jazz musician and film composer .'}]}, {'value': "Gil 's Guests", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gil's_Guests", 'summary': "Gil 's Guests is an album by American saxophonist Gil Mellé recorded in 1956 and released on the Prestige label ."}]}, {'value': 'Prestige', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Russell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Russell_(composer)', 'summary': 'George Allen Russell ( June 23 , 1923 - July 27 , 2009 ) was an American jazz pianist , composer , arranger and theorist . He is considered one of the first jazz musicians to contribute to general music theory with a theory of harmony based on jazz rather than European music , in his book Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization ( 1953 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Jazz Workshop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jazz_Workshop', 'summary': 'The Jazz Workshop is the debut album by jazz composer George Russell , featuring his Smalltet , which included Art Farmer , Hal McKusick , Barry Galbraith , and Bill Evans .'}]}, {'value': 'RCA Victor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl Coleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Coleman_(singer)', 'summary': 'Earl Coleman ( August 12 , 1925 - July 12 , 1995 ) was a jazz singer . Coleman was born in Port Huron , Michigan . As a child , he lived with his mother , grandmother , aunt , and step-grandfather . After moving to Indianapolis in 1939 , he sang with Ernie Fields and Bardu Ali . He joined the Jay McShann band in 1943 and later sang with Earl Hines , the Billy Eckstine Orchestra , and King Kolax . He then went with McShann to California and recorded with Charlie Parker , Fats Navarro , and Max Roach in 1948 . In 1954 , he worked with Gene Ammons and recorded with Art Farmer and Gigi Gryce . In 1956 he was with Sonny Rollins . By 1960 he was recording as a leader and performed with Gerald Wilson . In 1962 he was with Don Byas in Paris and in the mid-60s with Billy Taylor and Frank Foster . By 1980-86 he was recording with organist Shirley Scott .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl Coleman Returns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Coleman_Returns', 'summary': 'Earl Coleman Returns is an album by American jazz singer Earl Coleman recorded in 1956 and released on the Prestige label . The 1994 CD reissue added four additional tracks originally released on 78 RPM singles .'}]}, {'value': 'Prestige', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manny Albam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manny_Albam', 'summary': 'Manny Albam ( June 24 , 1922- October 2 , 2001 was a jazz baritone saxophonist , composer , arranger , record producer , and educator .'}]}, {'value': 'The Jazz Greats of Our Time , Vol . 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coral', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Discography -- Albums as sideman', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Art_Farmer_discography_2', 'intro': 'Art Farmer was a jazz musician who played trumpet, flugelhorn and flumpet. His appearances on record date from 1948 to 1998 and include more than 60 albums under his own name and more than 70 as a sideman, in addition to a dozen with the Jazztet. His appearances on film are also listed on this page, including his two appearances in Hollywood productions.'}
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null
What was the age of death of the American artist who recorded an album under the label that was sold to Fantasy in 1971 ?
73
06390a2e9b582843
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dumbarton_F.C._players', 'title': 'List of Dumbarton F.C. players', 'header': ['Name', 'Nation', 'International career', 'Appearances', 'Goals'], 'data': [{'value': 'John Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Bell', 'summary': 'John Jack Bell ( born 6 October 1869 in Dumbarton ) was an early Scottish football player and manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI', 'summary': 'The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League . The team regularly played against the ( English ) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980 . For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams . The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s ; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended . A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990 , to mark the centenary of the League .'}]}, {'value': '1891-1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dickie Boyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickie_Boyle', 'summary': 'Richard Boyle ( born 24 September 1869 ) was a Scottish professional footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI', 'summary': 'The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League . The team regularly played against the ( English ) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980 . For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams . The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s ; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended . A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990 , to mark the centenary of the League .'}]}, {'value': '1891-1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Miller_(footballer,_born_1870)', 'summary': 'John Miller ( 1870 in Dumbarton - 1933 in Glasgow ) was a Scottish footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI', 'summary': 'The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League . The team regularly played against the ( English ) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980 . For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams . The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s ; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended . A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990 , to mark the centenary of the League .'}]}, {'value': '1891-1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John McLeod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_McLeod_(footballer,_born_1866)', 'summary': 'John McLeod ( 12 March 1866 - 4 February 1953 ) was a Scottish footballer'}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI', 'summary': 'The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League . The team regularly played against the ( English ) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980 . For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams . The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s ; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended . A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990 , to mark the centenary of the League .'}]}, {'value': '1891-1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Taylor_(footballer,_born_1872)', 'summary': 'John Daniel Taylor ( 27 January 1872 - 21 February 1949 ) was a Scottish professional footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI', 'summary': 'The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League . The team regularly played against the ( English ) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980 . For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams . The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s ; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended . A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990 , to mark the centenary of the League .'}]}, {'value': '1891-1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom McMillan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_McMillan_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Thomas McMillan ( 1866 - 1928 ) was a Scottish footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI', 'summary': 'The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League . The team regularly played against the ( English ) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980 . For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams . The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s ; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended . A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990 , to mark the centenary of the League .'}]}, {'value': '1893-1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Thomson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Thomson_(Dumbarton_footballer)', 'summary': 'William Thomson ( sometimes William Thompson ) was a Scottish footballer of the 1890s .'}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI', 'summary': 'The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League . The team regularly played against the ( English ) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980 . For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams . The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s ; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended . A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990 , to mark the centenary of the League .'}]}, {'value': '1894-1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murdo MacLeod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murdo_MacLeod', 'summary': "Murdo Davidson MacLeod ( born 24 September 1958 in Glasgow ) is a Scottish former professional football player and manager . MacLeod , who played as a midfielder , made 20 appearances for Scotland and played in the 1990 World Cup Finals . He had a successful club career , mainly with Dumbarton , Celtic , Borussia Dortmund and Hibernian . He then became a manager during the mid-1990s , serving both Dumbarton and Partick Thistle . MacLeod then returned to Celtic as assistant manager , enjoying a successful season in tandem with Wim Jansen . Since leaving Celtic as a result of Jansen 's departure from Celtic Park in 1998 , MacLeod has worked as a football pundit for newspapers , radio and television ."}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI', 'summary': 'The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League . The team regularly played against the ( English ) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980 . For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams . The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s ; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended . A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990 , to mark the centenary of the League .'}]}, {'value': '1977-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graeme Sinclair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graeme_Sinclair', 'summary': "James Graeme Sinclair ( born 1 July 1957 ) is a Scottish former footballer , who played for Dumbarton , Celtic , Manchester City and St Mirren . Sinclair man-marked Johan Cruyff when Celtic beat Ajax in a 1982-83 European Cup tie . Sinclair won a Scottish League Cup winner 's medal in December 1982 when he played in the Celtic side that won 2-1 in the final against Rangers . In November 1984 his former Celtic manager Billy McNeill signed him on loan for Manchester City . He made his debut in a 4-1 League Cup defeat at Chelsea , but made just one league appearance , against Portsmouth , in which he was substituted at half-time ."}]}, {'value': 'Scottish League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI', 'summary': 'The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League . The team regularly played against the ( English ) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980 . For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams . The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s ; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended . A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990 , to mark the centenary of the League .'}]}, {'value': '1977-1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of players -- International', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Dumbarton_F.C._players_3', 'intro': "Dumbarton F.C. are a Scottish professional association football club based in Dumbarton, who currently play in the Scottish Championship. They have played at their current home ground, the Cheaper Insurance Direct Stadium, since 2000. Previous to this they played at Boghead Park from 1879 until 2000 and various grounds in Dumbarton from their foundation in 1872 to 1879. They were one of the founding clubs of the Scottish Football League in 1890, and since that time the club's first team has competed in numerous nationally and internationally organised competitions. All players who have played in 100 or more such matches or played international or representative football during their time at the club are listed below. Players are listed according to the date of their first professional contract signed with the club. Appearances and goals are for first-team competitive matches only, substitute appearances are included. Wartime appearances are listed separately as they are considered to be 'unofficial'."}
null
null
How many goals did the player score who died in 1933 in Glasgow ?
2
063a0ef29746de55
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_transmitting_station', 'title': 'Dover transmitting station', 'header': ['Frequency', 'UHF', 'kW', 'Operator'], 'data': [{'value': '618.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux C ) †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arqiva', 'summary': 'Arqiva /ɑːrˈkiːvə/ is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure and broadcast transmission facilities in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , along with commercial WiFi and smart meter facilities for Scotland and the north of England . The company headquarters is located at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire , just outside Winchester . Its main customers are broadcasters and mobile phone network operators , and its main asset is a network of over 1,000 radio and television transmission sites . It is owned by a consortium of investors led by CPP ( Canada Pension Plan ) and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank . Arqiva is a patron of The Radio Academy . Through its NOW Digital subsidiary , it operates various local digital radio ensembles .'}]}, {'value': '642.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital 3 & 4 ( Mux 2 ) †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_3&4', 'summary': 'Digital 3 & 4 is a consortium consisting of ITV plc , STV Group plc and the Channel Four Television Corporation , which operates a multiplex broadcasting from a number of transmitter sites in the United Kingdom , carrying television and radio channels , together with interactive services , from both ITV and Channel 4 . Unlike other multiplexes , the regional ITV broadcaster has control over which services are to be broadcast on their allotted amount of the capacity , leading to small regional differences across the country .'}]}, {'value': '666.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC ( Mux 1 ) †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': '746.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '770.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC ( Mux B )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '786.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDN ( Mux A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks', 'summary': 'S4C Digital Networks ( SDN ) is a company that operates one of the six multiplexes of channels on digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom . It is now wholly owned by ITV plc .'}]}, {'value': '794.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital 3 & 4 ( Mux 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '802.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux C )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '850.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC ( Mux 1 )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Dover_transmitting_station_3', 'intro': 'The Dover transmitting station is a facility for broadcasting and telecommunications, located at West Hougham, near Dover, Kent (grid reference TR274397). It has a 243.2 metres (798 ft) high guyed steel lattice mast of triangular cross section. The station is owned by Arqiva. The recommended UHF aerial group is C/D with horizontal polarisation. There is also a relay transmitter located in the town of Dover (Dover Town); in addition FM radio services are covered by the Swingate transmitting station. Along with Heathfield and Bluebell Hill, Dover transmits regional television services from BBC One South East and ITV Meridian (South East).'}
null
null
Over what number of staff does the operator of the station with 45 UHF and 2 kW employ ?
22,000
063a10be63daa1cb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_metres', 'title': '400 metres', 'header': ['Year', 'Time', 'Athlete', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'While the most notable story coming out of 1968 was Socio-Political , politics involved with the Olympics was not something unique to this year . However , the year marked the beginning of several emerging elements of contemporary Track and Field .'}]}, {'value': '52.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colette Besson ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colette_Besson', 'summary': 'Colette Besson ( 7 April 1946 - 9 August 2005 ) was a French athlete , the surprise winner of the 400 m at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51.72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicole Duclos ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicole_Duclos', 'summary': 'Nicole Duclos ( née Salavert ; born 15 August 1947 ) is a French former track and field athlete who competed in the 400 metres . She broke the world record for the event in 1969 , running 51.77 seconds to become European champion in 1969 . She also shared in a world record in the 4×400 metres relay . She represented France at the 1972 Summer Olympics and was a three-time national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51.02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marilyn Neufville ( JAM )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marilyn_Neufville', 'summary': 'Marilyn Fay Neufville ( born 16 November 1952 ) is a retired sprint runner who was active between 1967 and 1971 . Neufville broke the world record in the 400 m and won four gold medals and one bronze in various regional championships . Born in Jamaica , she emigrated at eight years old to Great Britain . [ unreliable source ? ]'}]}, {'value': 'Edinburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh', 'summary': "Edinburgh ( /ˈɛdɪnbərə/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann [ ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ ] ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas . Historically part of the county of Midlothian ( interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921 ) , it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth 's southern shore . Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government , the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland . The city 's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland . The city has long been a centre of education , particularly in the fields of medicine , Scots law , literature , philosophy , the sciences and engineering . It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom ( after London ) and the city 's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom 's second most popular tourist destination attracting 1.75 million visits from overseas in 2016 . Edinburgh is Scotland 's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The official population estimates are 488,050 ( 2016 ) for the Locality of Edinburgh ( Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno ) , 518,500 ( 2018 ) for the City of Edinburgh , and 1,339,380 ( 2014 ) for the city region . Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian , Edinburgh , Fife , Midlothian , Scottish Borders and West Lothian . The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52.14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helga Seidler ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helga_Seidler', 'summary': "Helga Seidler ( née Fischer , born 5 August 1949 in Oberneuschönberg ) is a former East German athlete who mainly competed in the women 's 400 metres event . She competed for East Germany at the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich , Germany where she won the gold medal in the women 's 4 × 400 meters with her team mates Dagmar Käsling , Rita Kühne and Monika Zehrt ."}]}, {'value': 'Helsinki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsinki', 'summary': "Helsinki ( /ˈhɛlsɪŋki/ HEL-sink-ee or /hɛlˈsɪŋki/ ( listen ) hel-SINK-ee , Finnish : [ ˈhelsiŋki ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Helsingfors [ hɛlsɪŋˈfɔʂː ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ helsiŋˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Finland . Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland , and has a population of 650,058 . The city 's urban area has a population of 1,268,296 , making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country 's most important center for politics , education , finance , culture , and research . Helsinki is located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north of Tallinn , Estonia , 400 km ( 250 mi ) east of Stockholm , Sweden , and 300 km ( 190 mi ) west of Saint Petersburg , Russia . It has close historical ties with these three cities . Together with the cities of Espoo , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and surrounding commuter towns , Helsinki forms the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which has a population of nearly 1.5 million . Often considered to be Finland 's only metropolis , it is the world 's northernmost metro area with over one million people as well as the northernmost capital of an EU member state . After Stockholm and Oslo , Helsinki is the third largest municipality in the Nordic countries . Swedish and Finnish are both official languages . The city is served by the international Helsinki Airport , located in the neighboring city of Vantaa , with frequent service to many destinations in Europe and Asia . Helsinki was the World Design Capital for 2012 , the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics , and the host of the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 . Helsinki has one of the highest urban standards of living in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51.08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monika Zehrt ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monika_Zehrt', 'summary': 'Monika Zehrt ( later Landgraf , born 29 September 1952 ) is a retired East German sprinter who specialized in the 400 m. At the 1972 Olympics she won gold medals in the individual 400 m and 4 × 400 m relay , setting an Olympic and a world record , respectively . Zehrt also won relay golds at the 1971 European Championships and the 1970 and 1973 European Cup . During her career she set one world record in the 400 m and four in the 4 × 400 m. After retiring in 1974 , she earned a degree in external trade and a leading position at a furniture company . She married , but then divorced Jochen Landgraf , a 400 m hurdler .'}]}, {'value': 'Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mona-Lisa Pursiainen ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mona-Lisa_Pursiainen', 'summary': 'Eivor Mona-Lisa Pursiainen ( née Strandvall ; 21 June 1951 , Kronoby - 7 August 2000 ) was a Finnish female sprinter , who was especially successful in 1973-1974 , being ranked # 2 in the world over 100 metres and # 3 , over 200 metres and 400 metres in 1973 . In 1974 , she was ranked # 7 in the 100 metres and # 6 in the 200 metres . She won 100 metres and 200 metres at the 1973 Summer Universiade held in Moscow . She won a bronze medal in the 200 metres at the 1974 European Athletics Championships , as well as a silver medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay , and helped Finland to a National Record of 3:25.7 . She would take two silver medals over the 100 metres and 200 metres at the 1975 Summer Universiade in Rome . Pursiainen died in 2000 from breast cancer , aged 49 , at Kauniainen .'}]}, {'value': 'Helsinki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsinki', 'summary': "Helsinki ( /ˈhɛlsɪŋki/ HEL-sink-ee or /hɛlˈsɪŋki/ ( listen ) hel-SINK-ee , Finnish : [ ˈhelsiŋki ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Helsingfors [ hɛlsɪŋˈfɔʂː ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ helsiŋˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Finland . Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland , and has a population of 650,058 . The city 's urban area has a population of 1,268,296 , making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country 's most important center for politics , education , finance , culture , and research . Helsinki is located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north of Tallinn , Estonia , 400 km ( 250 mi ) east of Stockholm , Sweden , and 300 km ( 190 mi ) west of Saint Petersburg , Russia . It has close historical ties with these three cities . Together with the cities of Espoo , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and surrounding commuter towns , Helsinki forms the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which has a population of nearly 1.5 million . Often considered to be Finland 's only metropolis , it is the world 's northernmost metro area with over one million people as well as the northernmost capital of an EU member state . After Stockholm and Oslo , Helsinki is the third largest municipality in the Nordic countries . Swedish and Finnish are both official languages . The city is served by the international Helsinki Airport , located in the neighboring city of Vantaa , with frequent service to many destinations in Europe and Asia . Helsinki was the World Design Capital for 2012 , the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics , and the host of the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 . Helsinki has one of the highest urban standards of living in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50.14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riitta Salin ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riitta_Salin', 'summary': 'Riitta Liisa Salin ( née Hagman , born 16 October 1950 ) is a retired Finnish sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres . She won the gold medal in 1974 European Athletics Championships with a new world record time 50.14 , which remains the Finnish record . At the 1976 Summer Olympics Salin finished seventh . Riitta Salin is the sister of former ice hockey player Matti Hagman .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irena Szewinska ( POL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irena_Szewinska', 'summary': "Irena Szewińska , née Kirszenstein ( Polish pronunciation : [ iˈrɛna ʂɛˈviɲska ] ; 24 May 1946 - 29 June 2018 ) was a Polish sprinter who was one of the world 's foremost athletes for nearly two decades , in multiple events . She is the only athlete in history , male or female , to have held the world record in the 100 m , the 200 m and the 400 m ."}]}, {'value': 'Nice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nice', 'summary': "Nice ( /niːs/ , NEESS ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ nis ] ; Niçard Occitan : Niça , classical norm , or Nissa , nonstandard , pronounced [ ˈnisa ] ; Italian : Nizza [ ˈnittsa ] ; Greek : Νίκαια ; Latin : Nicaea ) is the seventh most populous urban area in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes department . The metropolitan area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits , with a population of about 1 million on an area of 721 km2 ( 278 sq mi ) . Located in the French Riviera , on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea , at the foot of the Alps , Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and the second-largest city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille . Nice is approximately 13 kilometres ( 8.1 mi ) from the principality of Monaco and 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from the French-Italian border . Nice 's airport serves as a gateway to the region . The city is nicknamed Nice la Belle ( Nissa La Bella in Niçard ) , which means Nice the Beautiful , which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice , written by Menica Rondelly in 1912 . The area of today 's Nice contains Terra Amata , an archaeological site which displays evidence of a very early use of fire 380,000 years ago . Around 350 BC , Greeks of Marseille founded a permanent settlement and called it Nikaia , after Nike , the goddess of victory . Through the ages , the town has changed hands many times . Its strategic location and port significantly contributed to its maritime strength . For centuries it was a dominion of Savoy , and was then part of France between 1792 and 1815 , when it was returned to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia until its re-annexation by France in 1860 . The natural environment of the Nice area and its mild Mediterranean climate came to the attention of the English upper classes in the second half of the 18th century , when an increasing number of aristocratic families took to spending their winters there ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49.28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irena Szewinska ( POL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irena_Szewinska', 'summary': "Irena Szewińska , née Kirszenstein ( Polish pronunciation : [ iˈrɛna ʂɛˈviɲska ] ; 24 May 1946 - 29 June 2018 ) was a Polish sprinter who was one of the world 's foremost athletes for nearly two decades , in multiple events . She is the only athlete in history , male or female , to have held the world record in the 100 m , the 200 m and the 400 m ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49.52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irena Szewinska ( POL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irena_Szewinska', 'summary': "Irena Szewińska , née Kirszenstein ( Polish pronunciation : [ iˈrɛna ʂɛˈviɲska ] ; 24 May 1946 - 29 June 2018 ) was a Polish sprinter who was one of the world 's foremost athletes for nearly two decades , in multiple events . She is the only athlete in history , male or female , to have held the world record in the 100 m , the 200 m and the 400 m ."}]}, {'value': 'Düsseldorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Düsseldorf', 'summary': "Düsseldorf ( often Dusseldorf in English sources ; UK : /ˈdʊsəldɔːrf/ , US : /ˈdjuːs-/ , German : [ ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf ] ( listen ) ; Low Franconian and Ripuarian : [ a ] Düsseldörp ( [ ˈdʏsl̩dœɐ̯p ] ) ; archaic Dutch : Dusseldorp ) is the capital and second-largest city of the most populous German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne , as well as the seventh-largest city in Germany , with a population of 617,280 . At the confluence of the Rhine and its tributary Düssel , the city lies in the centre of both the Rhine-Ruhr and the Rhineland Metropolitan Regions with the Cologne Bonn Region to its south and the Ruhr to its north . Most of the city lies on the right bank of the Rhine ( as opposed to Cologne , whose city centre lies on the river 's left bank ) . The city is the largest in the German Low Franconian dialect area ( closely related to Dutch ) . Dorf meaning village in German , the -dorf suffix ( English cognate : thorp ) is unusual in the German-speaking area for a settlement of Düsseldorf 's size . Mercer 's 2012 Quality of Living survey ranked Düsseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world . Düsseldorf Airport is Germany 's third-busiest airport after those of Frankfurt and Munich , serving as the most important international airport for the inhabitants of the densely populated Ruhr , Germany 's largest urban area . Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre , renowned for its fashion and trade fairs , and is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies . Messe Düsseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows . As second largest city of the Rhineland , Düsseldorf holds Rhenish Carnival celebrations every year in February/March , the Düsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in Cologne and Mainz . There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , the university of applied sciences ( Hochschule Düsseldorf ) , the academy of arts ( Kunstakademie Düsseldorf ) ( Joseph Beuys , Emanuel Leutze , August Macke , Gerhard Richter , Sigmar Polke , and Andreas Gursky ) , and the university of music ( Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule Düsseldorf ) . The city is also known for its pioneering influence on electronic/experimental music ( Kraftwerk ) and its Japanese community ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48.94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marita Koch ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marita_Koch', 'summary': 'Marita Koch ( later Meier-Koch , born 18 February 1957 ) is a German former sprint track and field athlete . During her career she collected sixteen world records in outdoor sprints as well as fourteen world records in indoor events . Her record of 47.60 in the 400 metres , set on 6 October 1985 , still stands .'}]}, {'value': 'Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prague', 'summary': "Prague ( /prɑːɡ/ ; Czech : Praha [ ˈpraɦa ] ( listen ) , German : Prag , Latin : Praga ) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic , the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia . Situated on the Vltava river , Prague is home to about 1.3 million people , while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.6 million . The city has a temperate oceanic climate , with relatively warm summers and chilly winters . Prague is a political , cultural and economic centre of central Europe complete with a rich history . Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque eras , Prague was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the main residence of several Holy Roman Emperors , most notably of Charles IV ( r. 1346-1378 ) . It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire . The city played major roles in the Bohemian and Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years ' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era . Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions , many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe . Main attractions include Prague Castle , Charles Bridge , Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock , the Jewish Quarter , Petřín hill and Vyšehrad . Since 1992 , the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . The city has more than ten major museums , along with numerous theatres , galleries , cinemas and other historical exhibits . An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1979 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '48.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marita Koch ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marita_Koch', 'summary': 'Marita Koch ( later Meier-Koch , born 18 February 1957 ) is a German former sprint track and field athlete . During her career she collected sixteen world records in outdoor sprints as well as fourteen world records in indoor events . Her record of 47.60 in the 400 metres , set on 6 October 1985 , still stands .'}]}, {'value': 'Potsdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potsdam', 'summary': "Potsdam ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpɔt͡sdam ] ( listen ) ; Lower Sorbian : Podstupim ) is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg . It directly borders the German capital , Berlin , and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region . It is situated on the River Havel some 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) southwest of Berlin 's city centre . Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918 . Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment : through a careful balance of architecture and landscape , Potsdam was intended as a picturesque , pastoral dream which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason . The city lies in an area of interconnected lakes and is distinguished by a series of cultural landmarks , in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci , the largest World Heritage Site in Germany . The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at Cecilienhof Palace . Babelsberg , in the south-eastern part of Potsdam , was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall . The Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world . Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century . Today , there are three public colleges , the University of Potsdam , and more than 30 research institutes in the city ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This page contains an overview of the year 1980 in athletics . The major athletics event of the year was the 1980 Moscow Olympics . A boycott of this competition meant many of world 's leading athletes did not face each other , with many of the boycotting athletes taking part in the rival Liberty Bell Classic competition . A further global event , the 1980 World Championships in Athletics , was held specifically for women athletes in the 400 metres hurdles and 3000 metres disciplines , as neither event featured on the Olympic programme in spite of IAAF approval ."}]}, {'value': '48.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marita Koch ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marita_Koch', 'summary': 'Marita Koch ( later Meier-Koch , born 18 February 1957 ) is a German former sprint track and field athlete . During her career she collected sixteen world records in outdoor sprints as well as fourteen world records in indoor events . Her record of 47.60 in the 400 metres , set on 6 October 1985 , still stands .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1981 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '48.61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarmila Kratochvílová ( CZE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarmila_Kratochvílová', 'summary': "Jarmila Kratochvílová ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈjarmɪla ˈkratoxviːlovaː ] ( listen ) ; born 26 January 1951 , in Golčův Jeníkov ) is a Czech former track and field athlete . She won the 400 metres and 800 metres at the 1983 World Championships , setting a world record in the 400 m. In 1983 , she also set the world record for the 800 metres , which still stands and which is currently the longest-standing individual world record in athletics . Only two athletes , Pamela Jelimo of Kenya , in 2008 , and Caster Semenya of South Africa , in 2018 , have come within a second of Kratochvílová 's mark since it was set ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1982 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '48.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marita Koch ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marita_Koch', 'summary': 'Marita Koch ( later Meier-Koch , born 18 February 1957 ) is a German former sprint track and field athlete . During her career she collected sixteen world records in outdoor sprints as well as fourteen world records in indoor events . Her record of 47.60 in the 400 metres , set on 6 October 1985 , still stands .'}]}, {'value': 'Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1983 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '47.99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarmila Kratochvílová ( CZE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarmila_Kratochvílová', 'summary': "Jarmila Kratochvílová ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈjarmɪla ˈkratoxviːlovaː ] ( listen ) ; born 26 January 1951 , in Golčův Jeníkov ) is a Czech former track and field athlete . She won the 400 metres and 800 metres at the 1983 World Championships , setting a world record in the 400 m. In 1983 , she also set the world record for the 800 metres , which still stands and which is currently the longest-standing individual world record in athletics . Only two athletes , Pamela Jelimo of Kenya , in 2008 , and Caster Semenya of South Africa , in 2018 , have come within a second of Kratochvílová 's mark since it was set ."}]}, {'value': 'Helsinki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsinki', 'summary': "Helsinki ( /ˈhɛlsɪŋki/ HEL-sink-ee or /hɛlˈsɪŋki/ ( listen ) hel-SINK-ee , Finnish : [ ˈhelsiŋki ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Helsingfors [ hɛlsɪŋˈfɔʂː ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ helsiŋˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Finland . Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland , and has a population of 650,058 . The city 's urban area has a population of 1,268,296 , making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country 's most important center for politics , education , finance , culture , and research . Helsinki is located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north of Tallinn , Estonia , 400 km ( 250 mi ) east of Stockholm , Sweden , and 300 km ( 190 mi ) west of Saint Petersburg , Russia . It has close historical ties with these three cities . Together with the cities of Espoo , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and surrounding commuter towns , Helsinki forms the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which has a population of nearly 1.5 million . Often considered to be Finland 's only metropolis , it is the world 's northernmost metro area with over one million people as well as the northernmost capital of an EU member state . After Stockholm and Oslo , Helsinki is the third largest municipality in the Nordic countries . Swedish and Finnish are both official languages . The city is served by the international Helsinki Airport , located in the neighboring city of Vantaa , with frequent service to many destinations in Europe and Asia . Helsinki was the World Design Capital for 2012 , the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics , and the host of the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 . Helsinki has one of the highest urban standards of living in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1984 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '48.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marita Koch ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marita_Koch', 'summary': 'Marita Koch ( later Meier-Koch , born 18 February 1957 ) is a German former sprint track and field athlete . During her career she collected sixteen world records in outdoor sprints as well as fourteen world records in indoor events . Her record of 47.60 in the 400 metres , set on 6 October 1985 , still stands .'}]}, {'value': 'Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prague', 'summary': "Prague ( /prɑːɡ/ ; Czech : Praha [ ˈpraɦa ] ( listen ) , German : Prag , Latin : Praga ) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic , the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia . Situated on the Vltava river , Prague is home to about 1.3 million people , while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.6 million . The city has a temperate oceanic climate , with relatively warm summers and chilly winters . Prague is a political , cultural and economic centre of central Europe complete with a rich history . Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque eras , Prague was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the main residence of several Holy Roman Emperors , most notably of Charles IV ( r. 1346-1378 ) . It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire . The city played major roles in the Bohemian and Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years ' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era . Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions , many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe . Main attractions include Prague Castle , Charles Bridge , Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock , the Jewish Quarter , Petřín hill and Vyšehrad . Since 1992 , the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . The city has more than ten major museums , along with numerous theatres , galleries , cinemas and other historical exhibits . An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1985 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '47.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marita Koch ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marita_Koch', 'summary': 'Marita Koch ( later Meier-Koch , born 18 February 1957 ) is a German former sprint track and field athlete . During her career she collected sixteen world records in outdoor sprints as well as fourteen world records in indoor events . Her record of 47.60 in the 400 metres , set on 6 October 1985 , still stands .'}]}, {'value': 'Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canberra', 'summary': "Canberra ( /ˈkænbərə/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Australia . Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation , it is Australia 's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall . The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory ; 280 km ( 170 mi ) south-west of Sydney and 660 km ( 410 mi ) north-east of Melbourne . On 1 January 1901 , federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved . Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land , situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney , would be ceded to the new federal government . Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales , the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region . The land was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911 , creating the Australian Capital Territory , two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 . It is unusual among Australian cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state , similar to Washington , D.C. in the United States or Brasília in Brazil . Following an international contest for the city 's design , a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913 . The Griffins ' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles , hexagons and triangles , and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory . The city 's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation . As the seat of the government of Australia , Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government , national monuments and museums ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Women', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '400_metres_4', 'intro': "The 400 metres, or 400 metre dash, is a sprinting event in track and field competitions. It has been featured in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1964 for women. On a standard outdoor running track, it is one lap around the track. Runners start in staggered positions and race in separate lanes for the entire course. In many countries, athletes previously competed in the 440 yard dash (402.336 m) - which is a quarter of a mile and was referred to as the 'quarter-mile' - instead of the 400 m (437.445 yards), though this distance is now obsolete. Like other sprint disciplines, the 400 m involves the use of starting blocks. The runners take up position in the blocks on the 'ready' command, adopt a more efficient starting posture which isometrically preloads their muscles on the 'set' command, and stride forwards from the blocks upon hearing the starter's pistol. The blocks allow the runners to begin more powerfully and thereby contribute to their overall sprint speed capability. Maximum sprint speed capability is a significant contributing factor to success in the event, but athletes also require substantial speed endurance and the ability to cope well with high amounts of lactic acid to sustain a fast speed over a whole lap. While considered to be predominantly an anaerobic event, there is some aerobic involvement and the degree of aerobic training required for 400 metre athletes is open to debate. The current men's world record is held by Wayde van Niekerk of South Africa, with a time of 43.03 seconds; van Niekerk is also the Olympic champion. Steven Gardiner is the reigning World Champion."}
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In which location was the fastest time under 50 seconds recorded ?
Montreal
063bdd8a6c5063f8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_courtesy_titles_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland', 'title': 'List of courtesy titles in the peerages of Britain and Ireland', 'header': ['Peer', 'Son', 'Grandson', 'Great-grandson'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Duke of Norfolk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk', 'summary': 'The Duke of Norfolk is the premier duke in the peerage of England , and also , as Earl of Arundel , the premier earl . The Duke of Norfolk is , moreover , the Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England . The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex , although the title refers to the county of Norfolk . The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard , 18th Duke of Norfolk . The dukes have historically been Catholic , a state of affairs known as recusancy in England . All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I ( see Dukes of Norfolk family tree ) . The son of Thomas Howard , 3rd Duke of Norfolk , was Henry Howard , Earl of Surrey ; the earl was descended from both Edward I and Edward III .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Arundel *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Arundel', 'summary': "Earl of Arundel is a title of nobility in England , and the oldest extant in the English peerage . It is currently held by the Duke of Norfolk , and is used ( along with the Earldom of Surrey ) by his heir apparent as a courtesy title . The earldom was created in 1138 or 1139 for the Norman baron William d'Aubigny . Its origin was the earlier grant by Henry I to his second wife Adeliza of the forfeited honour of Arundel , which included the castle and a large portion of Sussex . After his death she married William , who thus became master of the lands , and who from about the year 1141 is variously styled earl of Sussex , of Chichester , or of Arundel . His first known appearance as earl is at Christmas 1141 . Until the mid-13th century , the earls were also frequently known as Earl of Sussex , until this title fell into disuse . At about the same time , the earldom fell to the originally Breton FitzAlan Family , a younger branch of which went on to become the Stuart Family , which later ruled Scotland and England . A tradition arose that the holder of Arundel Castle should automatically be Earl of Arundel , and this was formally confirmed by King Henry VI . An Act of Parliament in 1627 confirmed this designation , and retrospectively applied the earldom to the Lords of Arundel , some authorities holding that the earldom stretched back to the reign of Richard I ( specifically 1189 ) . However , this designation was not always followed . Some of the Lords of Arundel were never addressed as earl during their lifetime , but nevertheless are counted and numbered as earls here ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Maltravers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Maltravers', 'summary': 'The title Baron Maltravers or Mautravers was created in the Peerage of England on 25 January and 23 October 1330 when John Maltravers was summoned to Parliament by writs directed Iohanni Mautravers Iuniori . The barony fell into abeyance among his granddaughters and coheirs , Joan and Eleanor , at his death on 16 February 1364 . At the death of Joan without issue , Eleanor became , according to modern doctrine , de jure Baroness Maltravers . The barony later became a subsidiary title of the Earl of Arundel and subsequently the Duke of Norfolk .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Somerset', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Somerset', 'summary': "Duke of Somerset , from the county of Somerset , is a title that has been created five times in the peerage of England . It is particularly associated with two families : the Beauforts , who held the title from the creation of 1448 , and the Seymours , from the creation of 1547 , in whose name the title is still held . The present dukedom is unique , in that the first holder of the title created it for himself in his capacity of Lord Protector of the Kingdom of England , using a power granted in the will of his nephew King Edward VI . The only subsidiary title of the duke of Somerset is Baron Seymour , which is used as a courtesy title by the eldest son and heir of the duke . This courtesy title is the lowest in rank of all heirs to dukedoms in the peerages of the British Isles , yet the holder 's precedence is higher than his title suggests , by virtue of the seniority of the Dukedom of Somerset ( the only more senior non-royal duke is the Duke of Norfolk ) . Several other titles have been held by the dukes of Somerset , but have become extinct . These include : Earl of Kendal ( created 1443 , extinct 1444 ) , Earl of Somerset ( created 1397 , forfeit 1461 ) , Marquess of Dorset ( created 1397 , degraded 1399 ; created 1442 , forfeit 1461 ) , Marquess of Somerset ( created 1397 , degraded 1399 ) , Earl of Dorset ( created 1441 , forfeit 1461 ) , Viscount Rochester ( created 1611 , extinct 1645 ) , Viscount Beauchamp of Hache ( created 1536 , forfeit 1552 ) , Earl of Hertford ( created 1537 , forfeit 1552 ; and created 1559 , extinct 1750 ) , Marquess of Hertford ( created 1640 , extinct 1675 ) , Baron Seymour of Trowbridge ( created 1641 , extinct 1750 ) , Baron Percy ( created 1722 , separated 1750 ) , Baron Cockermouth ( created 1749 , separated 1750 ) , Earl of Egremont ( created 1749 , separated 1750 ) , and Earl St. Maur ( created 1863 , extinct 1885 ) . The ducal seat is Bradley House in Maiden Bradley , west Wiltshire , with a secondary estate at Berry Pomeroy Castle , Totnes , Devon . The principal burial place for the Seymour family today is All Saints ' Church , Maiden Bradley , adjacent to Bradley House ; the church and the family cemetery can be reached from the grounds of Bradley House via private access ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Seymour*', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Richmond , Lennox and Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond', 'summary': 'Duke of Richmond is a title in the Peerage of England that has been created four times in British history . It has been held by members of the royal Tudor and Stuart families . The current dukedom of Richmond was created in 1675 [ a ] for Charles Lennox , the illegitimate son of King Charles II of England and a Breton noblewoman , Louise de Penancoët de Kérouaille ; Charles Lennox was also made Duke of Lennox a month later . The Duke of Richmond and Lennox was furthermore created Duke of Gordon in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1876 , meaning that the Duke holds three dukedoms - plus , in pretence , the French Duchy of Aubigny-sur-Nère - more than any other person in the realm .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Lennox', 'summary': 'The title Duke of Lennox has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland , for Clan Stewart of Darnley . The Dukedom , named for the district of Lennox in Stirling , was first created in 1581 , and had formerly been the Earldom of Lennox . The second Duke was made Duke of Richmond ; at his death , the dukedom of Richmond became extinct . The fourth Duke of Lennox was also created Duke of Richmond ; at the death of the sixth Duke , both the dukedoms became extinct . The Dukedom of Richmond and one month later that of Lennox were created in 1675 for Charles Lennox , an illegitimate son of Charles II . The Duke of Richmond and Lennox was created Duke of Gordon in 1876 . Thus , the Duke holds four dukedoms ( including Aubigny-sur-Nère ) , more than any other person in the realm .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Gordon', 'summary': "The title Duke of Gordon has been created once in the Peerage of Scotland and again in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The Dukedom , named after the Clan Gordon , was first created for the 4th Marquess of Huntly , who on 3 November 1684 was created Duke of Gordon , Marquess of Huntly , Earl of Huntly and Enzie ( all three of which he already held by an older creation ) , Viscount of Inverness , and Lord Strathaven , Balmore , Auchindoun , Garthie and Kincardine . On 2 July 1784 , the 4th Duke was created Earl of Norwich , in the County of Norfolk , and Baron Gordon , of Huntley in the County of Gloucester , in the Peerage of Great Britain . The principal family seat was Gordon Castle . The Dukedom became extinct in 1836 , along with all the titles created in 1684 and 1784 . Most of the Gordon estates passed to the son of the 5th Duke 's eldest sister , the 5th Duke of Richmond , whose main seat was Goodwood House in Sussex . In 1876 his son , the 6th Duke of Richmond and Lennox , was created Duke of Gordon , of Gordon Castle in Scotland , and Earl of Kinrara , in the County of Inverness . Thus , the Duke holds four dukedoms ( including the titular Aubigny-sur-Nère ; see Duke of Aubigny ) , more than any other person in the realm . Aubigny is in the defunct Peerage of France and the central arms of the Duke are based on the original Jacobean ones for the Union of the Crowns , with the inherited but inactive English claims to the French throne also represented prominently ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl of March and Kinrara *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_March', 'summary': "Earl of March is a title that has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland and the Peerage of England . The title derived from the marches or borderlands between England and either Wales ( Welsh Marches ) or Scotland ( Scottish Marches ) , and it was held by several great feudal families which owned lands in those districts . Later , however , the title came to be granted as an honorary dignity , and ceased to carry any associated power in the marches . The Scottish earldom is extant in its own right , and it is held by James Charteris , 13th Earl of Wemyss and 9th Earl of March . The English earldom is today the main non-ducal subsidiary title of the Duke of Richmond . The current duke 's eldest son , named Charles like his father , enjoys it as a courtesy title ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Settrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Grafton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Grafton', 'summary': "Duke of Grafton is a title in the Peerage of England . It was created in 1675 by Charles II of England for Henry FitzRoy , his second illegitimate son by the Duchess of Cleveland . The most famous duke was probably Augustus FitzRoy , 3rd Duke of Grafton , who served as prime minister in the 1760s . The duke of Grafton holds three subsidiary titles , all created in 1675 in the peerage of England : Earl of Euston , Viscount Ipswich , and Baron Sudbury . Between 1723 and 1936 the dukes , being descended from the 1st Duke 's wife Isabella FitzRoy , 2nd Countess of Arlington , also held the titles Earl of Arlington , Viscount Thetford and Baron Arlington . Those titles fell into abeyance between the 9th Duke 's sisters , with the abeyance of the barony of Arlington being ended in 1999 . The title of the dukedom refers to the Honour of Grafton in the southeast of Northamptonshire , the titular village now being called Grafton Regis . The family seat is Euston Hall in Suffolk , an 11,000-acre estate straddling the Norfolk-Suffolk border . The duke of Grafton is fourth in the order of precedence after the dukes of Norfolk , Somerset , and Richmond ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Euston*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Ipswich', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Beaufort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Beaufort', 'summary': "Duke of Beaufort , a title in the Peerage of England , was created by Charles II in 1682 for Henry Somerset , 3rd Marquess of Worcester , a descendant of Charles Somerset , 1st Earl of Worcester , legitimized son of Henry Beaufort , 3rd Duke of Somerset , a Lancastrian leader in the Wars of the Roses . The name Beaufort refers to a castle in Champagne , France ( now Montmorency-Beaufort ) . It is the only current dukedom to take its name from a place outside the British Isles . [ citation needed ] The Dukes of Beaufort descend in the male line from the House of Plantagenet through John of Gaunt , son of Edward III . This statement was challenged after the analysis of the Y chromosomal DNA of the remains of Richard III . Most living male heirs of the 5th Duke of Beaufort were found to carry a relatively common Y chromosome type , which is different from the rare lineage found in Richard III 's remains . The instance of false paternity could have occurred anywhere in the numerous generations separating Richard III from the 5th Duke of Beaufort . The break also could have occurred with Richard III 's grandfather Richard of Conisburgh , whose paternity has been called into question although he was acknowledged by his father . The Beaufort Castle was in possession of John of Gaunt , and the surname Beaufort was given to Gaunt 's four legitimised children by his mistress and third wife , Katherine Swynford . This was the foundation of the House of Beaufort , Dukes of Somerset . A descendant of the Beauforts through his mother was Henry VII of England . Charles Somerset , 1st Earl of Worcester , KG ( c. 1460 - 15 March 1526 ) , was the bastard son of Henry Beaufort , 3rd Duke of Somerset by his mistress Joan Hill ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Worcester*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Glamorgan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Grosmont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of St Albans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_St_Albans', 'summary': "Duke of St Albans is a title in the Peerage of England . It was created in 1684 for Charles Beauclerk , 1st Earl of Burford , then fourteen years old . King Charles II had accepted that Burford was his illegitimate son by Eleanor Gwynn ( commonly known as 'Nell ' ) , an actress , and awarded him the Dukedom just as he had awarded the Dukedoms of Monmouth , Southampton , Grafton , Northumberland and Richmond and Lennox on his other illegitimate sons . The subsidiary titles of the Duke are : Earl of Burford , in the County of Oxford ( 1676 ) , Baron Heddington , in the County of Oxford ( 1676 ) and Baron Vere , of Hanworth in the County of Middlesex ( 1750 ) . The Earldom and the Barony of Heddington are in the Peerage of England , and the Barony of Vere is in the Peerage of Great Britain . The Dukes of St Albans also bear the hereditary title of Grand Falconer of England , and Hereditary Registrar of the Court of Chancery . The eldest son and heir of the Duke of St Albans is known by the courtesy title Earl of Burford , and Lord Burford 's eldest son and heir is known as Lord Vere . Recent Dukes of St Albans have not held a landed estate . Former seats of the Dukes of St Albans were Bestwood Lodge in Nottinghamshire , now a hotel , and Upper Gatton Park in Surrey . The accepted pronunciation of the family surname Beauclerk is reflected in the original alternative rendering Beauclaire : boh-clair ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Burford*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Vere*', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Bedford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Bedford', 'summary': "Duke of Bedford ( named after Bedford , England ) is a title that has been created six times ( for five distinct people ) in the Peerage of England . The first and second creations came in 1414 in favour of Henry IV 's third son , John , who later served as regent of France . He was made Earl of Kendal at the same time and was made Earl of Richmond later the same year . The titles became extinct on his death in 1435 . The third creation came in 1470 in favour of George Neville , nephew of Warwick the Kingmaker . He was deprived of the title by Act of Parliament in 1478 . The fourth creation came 1478 in favour of George , the third son of Edward IV . He died the following year at the age of two . The fifth creation came in 1485 in favour of Jasper Tudor , half-brother of Henry VI and uncle of Henry VII . He had already been created Earl of Pembroke in 1452 . However , as he was a Lancastrian , his title was forfeited between 1461 and 1485 during the predominance of the House of York . He regained the earldom in 1485 when his nephew Henry VII came to the throne and was elevated to the dukedom the same year ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Tavistock*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Howland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Devonshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire', 'summary': 'Duke of Devonshire is a title in the Peerage of England held by members of the Cavendish family . This ( now the senior ) branch of the Cavendish family has been one of the wealthiest British aristocratic families since the 16th century and has been rivalled in political influence perhaps only by the Marquesses of Salisbury and the Earls of Derby .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Hartington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Burlington *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Burlington', 'summary': "Earl of Burlington is a title that has been created twice , the first time in the Peerage of England in 1664 and the second in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1831 . Since 1858 , Earl of Burlington has been a courtesy title used by the Dukes of Devonshire , traditionally borne by the duke 's grandson , who is the eldest son of the duke 's eldest son , the Marquess of Hartington ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Cavendish*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Marlborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Marlborough_(title)', 'summary': 'Duke of Marlborough ( locally /ˈmɔːrlbərə/ ( listen ) MORL-bər-ə ) is a title in the Peerage of England . It was created by Queen Anne in 1702 for John Churchill , 1st Earl of Marlborough ( 1650-1722 ) , the noted military leader . In historical texts , it is often to him that an unqualified use of the title refers . The name of the dukedom refers to Marlborough in Wiltshire . The earldom of Marlborough was held by the family of Ley from its creation 1626 until its extinction with the death of the 4th earl in 1679 . The title was recreated 10 years later for John Churchill ( in 1689 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Blandford*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Sunderland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Sunderland', 'summary': "Earl of Sunderland is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England . The first creation came in 1627 in favour of Emanuel Scrope , 12th Baron Scrope of Bolton . The earldom became extinct on his death in 1630 while the barony became either extinct or dormant ( see Baron Scrope of Bolton for more information on this title ) . The second creation came in 1643 in favour of the Royalist soldier Henry Spencer , 3rd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton . The Spencer family descended from Sir John Spencer ( d. 1522 ) who acquired the Wormleighton estate in Warwickshire and the Althorp estate in Northamptonshire . His grandson Sir John Spencer ( d. 1586 ) was a Knight of the Shire for Northamptonshire . The latter 's grandson Sir Robert Spencer represented Brackley in Parliament in the late 16th century . In 1603 Sir Robert was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Spencer of Wormleighton . He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son , William , the second Baron . He had previously represented Northamptonshire in Parliament . His eldest son was the aforementioned third Baron . In July 1643 he was created Earl of Sunderland in the Peerage of England ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Churchill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Rutland', 'summary': "Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England , named for Rutland , a county in the East Midlands of England . Earldoms named after Rutland have been created three times ; the ninth earl of the third creation was made duke in 1703 , in whose family 's line the title continues . The heir apparent to the dukedom has the privilege of using the courtesy style/title of the Marquis/Marquess of Granby ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Granby*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Haddon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Hamilton and Brandon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Hamilton', 'summary': "Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1643 . It is the senior dukedom in that Peerage ( except for the Dukedom of Rothesay held by the Sovereign 's eldest son ) , and as such its holder is the Premier Peer of Scotland , as well as being head of both the House of Hamilton and the House of Douglas . The title , the town of Hamilton in Lanarkshire , and many places around the world are named after members of the Hamilton family . The Ducal family 's surname , originally Hamilton , is now Douglas-Hamilton . Since 1711 , the Dukedom has been held together with the Dukedom of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain , and the Dukes since that time have been styled Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , along with several other subsidiary titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Angus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Angus', 'summary': "The Mormaer or Earl of Angus was the ruler of the medieval Scottish province of Angus . The title , in the Peerage of Scotland , is held by the Duke of Hamilton , and is used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of the Duke 's eldest son ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Abernethy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Buccleuch', 'summary': "The title Duke of Buccleuch /bəˈkluː/ , formerly also spelt Duke of Buccleugh , is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created twice on 20 April 1663 , first for James Scott , 1st Duke of Monmouth and second suo jure for his wife Anne Scott , 4th Countess of Buccleuch . Monmouth , the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II was attainted after his 1685 rebellion , but his wife 's title was unaffected and passed on to their descendants , who have successively borne the surnames Scott , Montagu-Scott , Montagu Douglas Scott and Scott again . In 1810 , the 3rd Duke of Buccleuch inherited the Dukedom of Queensberry , also in the Peerage of Scotland , thus separating that title from the Marquessate of Queensberry . The substantial origin of the ducal house of the Scotts of Buccleuch dates back to the large grants of lands in Scotland to Sir Walter Scott of Kirkurd and Buccleuch , a border chief , by James II , in consequence of the fall of William Douglas , 8th Earl of Douglas ( 1452 ) , but the family traced their descent back to a Sir Richard le Scott ( 1240-1285 ) . Sir Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch ( died 1552 ) distinguished himself at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh ( 1547 ) . His great-grandson Sir Walter was created Lord Scott of Buccleuch in 1606 . Other subsidiary titles associated with the Dukedom of Buccleuch are : Earl of Buccleuch ( 1619 ) , Earl of Dalkeith ( 1663 ) and Lord Scott of Whitchester and Eskdaill ( 1619 ) ( all in the Peerage of Scotland ) . The Duke also holds the two subsidiary titles of the attainted Dukedom of Monmouth , namely Earl of Doncaster ( 1663 ) and Baron Scott of Tindale ( 1663 ) ( both in the Peerage of England ) , and several subsidiary titles associated with the Dukedom of Queensberry , namely Marquess of Dumfriesshire ( 1683 ) , Earl of Drumlanrig and Sanquhar ( 1682 ) , Viscount of Nith , Tortholwald and Ross ( 1682 ) and Lord Douglas of Kilmount , Middlebie and Dornock ( 1682 ) ( all in the Peerage of Scotland ) . The Earldom of Doncaster and Barony of Scott of Tindale had been forfeit at the time of the first Duke 's attainder , but the titles were restored to the 2nd Duke of Buccleuch in 1742 . Until 1835 , the Dukes also held lands in the West Riding of Yorkshire and the ancient title of Lord of Bowland . The Duke of Buccleuch is the hereditary chief of Clan Scott . The holder is one of only five people in the UK to hold two or more different dukedoms , the others being the Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay , the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , the Duke of Argyll ( who holds two dukedoms named Argyll ) , and the Duke of Richmond , Lennox and Gordon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Queensberry', 'summary': 'The title Duke of Queensberry was created in the Peerage of Scotland on 3 February 1684 along with the subsidiary title Marquess of Dumfriesshire for the 1st Marquess of Queensberry . The Dukedom was held along with the Marquessate of Queensberry until the death of the 4th Duke ( and 5th Marquess ) in 1810 , when the Marquessate was inherited by Sir Charles Douglas of Kelhead , 5th Baronet , while the Dukedom was inherited by the 3rd Duke of Buccleuch . Since then the title of Duke of Queensberry has been held by the Dukes of Buccleuch .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Dalkeith*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Eskdaill', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Argyll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Argyll', 'summary': 'Duke of Argyll ( Scottish Gaelic : Diùc Earra-Ghàidheil ) is a title , created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892 . The Earls , Marquesses , and Dukes of Argyll were for several centuries among the most powerful noble families in Scotland . As such , they played a major role in Scottish history throughout the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The Duke of Argyll also holds the hereditary titles of chief of Clan Campbell and Master of the Household of Scotland . Since 2001 , Torquhil Campbell has been Duke of Argyll and is the thirteenth man to hold the title .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Lorne*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Lochaw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Atholl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Atholl', 'summary': "Duke of Atholl , alternatively Duke of Athole , named after Atholl in Scotland , is a title in the Peerage of Scotland held by the head of Clan Murray . It was created by Queen Anne in 1703 for John Murray , 2nd Marquess of Atholl , with a special remainder to the heir male of his father , the 1st Marquess . As of 2017 [ update ] , there were twelve subsidiary titles attached to the dukedom : Lord Murray of Tullibardine ( 1604 ) , Lord Murray , Gask and Balquhidder ( 1628 ) , Lord Murray , Balvany and Gask ( 1676 ) , Lord Murray , Balvenie and Gask , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) , Viscount of Balquhidder ( 1676 ) , Viscount of Balquhidder , Glenalmond and Glenlyon , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) , Earl of Atholl ( 1629 ) , Earl of Tullibardine ( 1628 ) , Earl of Tullibardine ( 1676 ) , Earl of Strathtay and Strathardle , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) , Marquess of Atholl ( 1676 ) and Marquess of Tullibardine , in the County of Perth ( 1703 ) . These titles are also in the Peerage of Scotland . The dukes have also previously held the following titles : Baron Strange ( Peerage of England 1628 ) between 1736 and 1764 and 1805 and 1957 ; Baron Murray , of Stanley in the County of Gloucester , and Earl Strange ( Peerage of Great Britain 1786 ) between 1786 and 1957 , Baron Glenlyon , of Glenlyon in the County of Perth ( Peerage of the United Kingdom 1821 ) between 1846 and 1957 and Baron Percy ( Peerage of Great Britain 1722 ) between 1865 and 1957 . From 1786 to 1957 the Dukes of Atholl sat in the House of Lords as Earl Strange . The Duke 's eldest son and heir apparent uses the courtesy title Marquess of Tullibardine . The heir apparent to Lord Tullibardine uses the courtesy title Earl of Strathtay and Strathardle ( usually shortened to Earl of Strathtay ) . Lord Strathtay 's heir apparent uses the courtesy title Viscount Balquhidder . The Duke of Atholl is the hereditary chief of Clan Murray ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Tullibardine*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Strathtay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Balquhidder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Montrose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Montrose', 'summary': "Duke of Montrose ( named after Montrose , Angus ) is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Scotland . The first creation was in 1488 for David Lindsay , 5th Earl of Crawford . He was forced to forfeit the dukedom later in 1488 , but it was restored to him in 1489 , although only for his lifetime . Thus , it was not inherited . The title was created anew in 1707 , again in the Peerage of Scotland , for James Graham , 4th Marquess of Montrose . It has remained since then in the Graham family , and the title is also tied to the chieftainship of Clan Graham . The Duke 's subsidiary titles are : Marquess of Montrose ( created 1644 ) , Marquess of Graham and Buchanan ( 1707 ) , Earl of Montrose ( 1503 ) , Earl of Kincardine ( 1644 ) , Earl Graham ( 1722 ) , Viscount Dundaff ( 1707 ) , Lord Graham ( 1445 ) , Lord Graham and Mugdock ( 1644 ) , Lord Aberruthven , Mugdock and Fintrie ( 1707 ) and Baron Graham , of Belford ( 1722 ) . The titles of Earl Graham and Baron Graham are in the Peerage of Great Britain ; the rest are in the Peerage of Scotland . The eldest son of the Duke uses the courtesy title of Marquess of Graham and Buchanan . The family seat is Auchmar House , near Loch Lomond , Stirlingshire . It was previously Buchanan Castle , near Drymen , Stirlingshire ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Graham*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Kincardine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Kincardine', 'summary': 'The title Earl of Kincardine was created in 1647 in the Peerage of Scotland for Edward Bruce . Charles Bruce , the ninth Earl of Kincardine , inherited the title Earl of Elgin in 1747 , and the Earldoms of Elgin and Kincardine have remained united since .'}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Dundaff', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Roxburghe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Roxburghe', 'summary': "The Duke of Roxburghe ( /ˈrɒksbərə/ ) is a title in the peerage of Scotland created in 1707 along with the titles Marquess of Bowmont and Cessford , Earl of Kelso and Viscount Broxmouth . John Ker , 5th Earl of Roxburghe became the first holder of these titles . The title is derived from the royal burgh of Roxburgh in the Scottish Borders that in 1460 the Scots captured and destroyed . Originally created Earl of Roxburghe in 1616 , before the elevation to duke , a number of other subsidiary titles are held : Marquess of Bowmont and Cessford ( created 1707 ) , Earl of Kelso ( 1707 ) , Earl Innes ( 1837 ) , Viscount Broxmouth ( 1707 ) , Lord Roxburghe ( 1600 ) , and Lord Ker of Cessford and Cavertoun ( 1616 ) . All of the titles form part of the peerage of Scotland , with the exception the Earldom of Innes , which belongs to the peerage of the United Kingdom . The Duke 's eldest son bears the courtesy title of Marquess of Bowmont and Cessford . The dukedom and its associated titles descend to heirs who shall inherit the earldom which in turn had a very specific line of descent . On the death of the 4th duke the titles became dormant as no one could prove their claim . In 1812 the House of Lords ruled in favour of Sir James Innes-Ker , 6th Baronet , of Innes ( see Innes baronets ) , rejecting claims by the heir female of the second earl and heir male whatsoever of the first earl . The Duke of Roxburghe would be the Chief of Clan Innes , but can not be so recognised as he retains the name Innes-Ker . The family has its seat at Floors Castle near Kelso , Scotland . The grounds contain the ruins of Roxburgh Castle on a promontory between the rivers Tweed and Teviot ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Bowmont and Cessford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Kelso', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Broxmouth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Manchester', 'summary': 'Duke of Manchester is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain , and the current senior title of the House of Montagu . It was created in 1719 for the politician Charles Montagu , 4th Earl of Manchester .'}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Mandeville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Kimbolton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Northumberland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Northumberland', 'summary': 'Duke of Northumberland is a noble title that has been created three times in English and British history , twice in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of Great Britain . The current holder of this title is Ralph Percy , 12th Duke of Northumberland .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl Percy*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Lovaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Lovaine', 'summary': "Earl of Beverley , in the County of York , is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain , held by the Duke of Northumberland since 1865 . It was created in 1790 for Algernon Percy , 2nd Baron Lovaine . He was the second son of Hugh Percy , 1st Duke of Northumberland . The title of Baron Lovaine , of Alnwick in the County of Northumberland , had been created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1784 for the first Duke of Northumberland , with a special remainder to his second son , the aforementioned Algernon , who succeeded in the barony on his father 's death in 1786 . Lord Beverley was succeeded by his son , George , the 2nd Earl , who in 1865 inherited the dukedom of Northumberland from his cousin , the 4th Duke . All three titles have remained united since . The Honourable Algernon Percy , second son of the first Earl , was a minor diplomat . The Right Reverend the Honourable Hugh Percy , third son of the first Earl , was Bishop of Rochester and of Carlisle . The Honourable Josceline Percy , fourth son of the first Earl , was a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy . The Honourable William Henry Percy , sixth son of the first Earl , was a naval officer and politician ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Leinster', 'summary': "Duke of Leinster ( /ˈlɪnstər/ ; Irish : Diúc Laighean ) is a title in the Peerage of Ireland and the premier dukedom in that peerage . The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Leinster are : Marquess of Kildare ( 1761 ) , Earl of Kildare ( 1316 ) , Earl of Offaly ( 1761 ) , Viscount Leinster , of Taplow in the County of Buckingham ( 1747 ) , Baron Offaly ( 1620 ) and Baron Kildare , of Kildare in the County of Kildare ( 1870 ) . The viscounty of Leinster is in the Peerage of Great Britain , the barony of Kildare in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , and all other titles in the Peerage of Ireland . The courtesy title of the eldest son and heir of the Duke of Leinster is Marquess of Kildare . General The 3rd Duke of Schomberg , K.G . ( 1641-1719 ) , was created The 1st Duke of Leinster in 1691 . However , that creation became extinct upon Schomberg 's death in July 1719 . The family seat of the current Duke of Leinster is now Oakley Park , near Abingdon , Oxfordshire ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Kildare', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Offaly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Leinster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Duke of Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(title)', 'summary': "Duke of Wellington is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The name derived from Wellington in Somerset , and the title was created in 1814 for Arthur Wellesley , 1st Marquess of Wellington ( 1769-1852 ; born as The Hon . Arthur Wesley ) , the Anglo-Irish military commander who is best known for leading the decisive victory with Field Marshal von Blücher over Napoleon 's forces at Waterloo in Brabant ( now Walloon Brabant , Belgium ) . Wellesley later served twice as British prime minister . The first Duke 's father , Garret Wesley , had been granted the title of Earl of Mornington in 1760 . His male-line ancestors were wealthy agricultural and urban landowners in both countries , among the Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy . The dukedom has descended to heirs male of the body , along with eleven other hereditary titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Marquess of Douro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl of Mornington *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Mornington', 'summary': 'Earl of Mornington is a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1760 for the Anglo-Irish politician and composer Garret Wellesley , 2nd Baron Mornington . On the death of the fifth earl in 1863 it passed to the Duke of Wellington .'}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Wellesley*', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Courtesy titles for heirs of dukes', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_courtesy_titles_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of courtesy titles used for the heirs of currently extant titles in the Peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Asterisks denote courtesy titles currently used by living heirs.'}
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Who created the title of the peer whose grandson is Viscount Ipswich ?
Charles II
063c76cbe4b00e8b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_Delaware', 'title': 'List of the oldest buildings in Delaware', 'header': ['Building', 'Location', 'First Built', 'Use', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Block House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Block_House', 'summary': 'The Block House is a historic building located off Naamans Road in Claymont , Delaware . The Block House is believed to be the only structure remaining of original settlement on Naamans Creek .'}]}, {'value': 'Claymont , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claymont,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Claymont is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . The population was 8,253 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '1654', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defense', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Possibly the oldest building in Delaware , however , some date the building to ca . 1723', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryves Holt House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryves_Holt_House', 'summary': 'Ryves Holt House ( 1665 ) is purportedly the oldest surviving house in the U.S. state of Delaware . It is located at 218 Second Street in Lewes , Delaware . The building , which has been dated to 1665 using dendrochronology , served as one of the earliest inns in the region . It was run for a time by Philip Russell , who was recorded as a cupbearer to William Penn . After coming to Port Lewes in 1721 , Ryves Holt , the first Chief Justice of Sussex County , purchased the house . The Lewes Historical Society currently owns and operates the building . On December 30 , 2014 , the Ryves Holt House was added to the First State National Historical Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Lewes , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewes,_Delaware', 'summary': "Lewes ( // LOO-iss ) is an incorporated city on the Delaware Bay in eastern Sussex County , Delaware . According to the 2010 census , the population is 2,747 . Along with neighboring Rehoboth Beach , Lewes is one of the principal cities of Delaware 's rapidly growing Cape Region . The city lies within the Salisbury , Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area . Lewes proudly claims to be The First Town in The First State ."}]}, {'value': '1665', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Likely the oldest house in Delaware', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_Point_(Dover,_Delaware)', 'summary': "Town Point , also known as Kingston-upon-Hull and Logan 's Lane , is a historic home located at Dover , Kent County , Delaware . It was built in three sections , with the earliest dated to about 1677 . The oldest section is a brick , three bay structure consisting of two rooms and a center hall . A one-story , brick kitchen wing was added to the original section at an early date . A five-bay frame second story was added early in the 19th century . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dover , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dover,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Dover ( /ˈdoʊvər/ ) is the capital and second-largest city in the U.S. state of Delaware . It is also the county seat of Kent County , and the principal city of the Dover , DE Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Kent County and is part of the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Camden , PA-NJ-DE-MD Combined Statistical Area . It is located on the St. Jones River in the Delaware River coastal plain . It was named by William Penn for Dover in Kent , England . As of 2010 , the city had a population of 36,047 .'}]}, {'value': '1677', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lombardy Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardy_Hall', 'summary': 'Lombardy Hall is a historic house at 1611 Concord Pike in Fairfax , Delaware . Probably built about 1750 , this stone house is notable as the home of Gunning Bedford , Jr. ( 1747-1812 ) , a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and a signer of the U. S. Constitution . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}]}, {'value': '1683 ( earliest part )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Historic Landmark ( NHL ) , home to Gunning Bedford , Jr. , a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and a signer of the U.S. Constitution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunning_Bedford,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Gunning Bedford Jr. ( 1747 - March 30 , 1812 ) was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation ( Continental Congress ) , Attorney General of Delaware , a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 which drafted the United States Constitution , a signer of the United States Constitution and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Belmont Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belmont_Hall_(Smyrna,_Delaware)', 'summary': 'Belmont Hall is a Georgian house located in Smyrna , Delaware , built about 1773 by Thomas Collins , who would become the eighth governor of Delaware . The front façade faces US 13 .'}]}, {'value': 'Smyrna , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smyrna,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Smyrna is a town in Kent and New Castle counties in the U.S. state of Delaware . It is part of the Dover , Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area . According to the Census Bureau , as of 2010 , the population of the town is 10,023 . The international jurist John Bassett Moore was born in Smyrna , as were politicians Louis McLane and James Williams .'}]}, {'value': '1685 ( earliest part )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'large Georgian addition built about 1753 by Thomas Collins , who would become the sixth governor of Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Collins_(governor)', 'summary': 'Thomas Collins ( 1732 - March 29 , 1789 ) was an American planter and politician from Smyrna , in Kent County , Delaware . He was an officer of the Delaware militia during the American Revolution , and served in the Delaware General Assembly and as President of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Hendrickson House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hendrickson_House', 'summary': 'Hendrickson House is one of the oldest houses in the U.S. state of Delaware and one of the oldest surviving Swedish-American homes in the United States . [ citation needed ] The house was originally built in the early 18th century in Chester , Pennsylvania as the home of Swedish farmer Andrew Hendrickson and his wife , Brigitta Morton , who were both born in the New Sweden colony . In 1958 the house was moved to Wilmington , Delaware . The Hendrickson House is part of Old Swedes Historic Site , which includes Holy Trinity Church ( Old Swedes ) ( 1698-99 ) and burial ground ( 1638 ) , a National Historic Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Delaware from Chester , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Chester is a city in Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . With a population of 33,972 at the 2010 census it is the largest city in Delaware County . Incorporated in 1682 , Chester is the oldest city in Pennsylvania and is located on the western bank of the Delaware River between the cities of Philadelphia and Wilmington , Delaware .'}]}, {'value': '1690', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moved from Chester , PA to Wilmington , DE in 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Trinity Church ( Old Swedes )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church_(Old_Swedes)', 'summary': 'Holy Trinity Church , also known as Old Swedes , is a historic church at East 7th and Church Street in Wilmington , Delaware . It was consecrated on Trinity Sunday , June 4 , 1699 , by a predominantly Swedish congregation formerly of the colony of New Sweden . The church , designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 , is among the few surviving public buildings that reflect the Swedish colonial effort . The church is considered part of First State National Historical Park . The church , which is often visited by tourists , remains open today for tours and religious activities .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}]}, {'value': '1698', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Religious', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest Swedish Church in the United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brecknock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brecknock_(Camden,_Delaware)', 'summary': "Brecknock , also known as the Howell 's Mill Seat , is a historic home located near Camden , Kent County , Delaware . The house is in four sections ; two of brick and two frame . The original one-room house possibly dates before 1700 and is constructed of brick . A brick section was added in the 1740s . The 2 1/2-story , frame , main house was added in the mid-18th century and abuts the second brick section . The final frame section was added in the 1880s and is a four-room apartment originally built for the wagon driver , but later incorporated into the house . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'Camden , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camden,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Camden is a town in Kent County , Delaware , United States . It is part of the Dover , Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 3,464 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'ca . 1700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutch_House_(Newcastle_Delaware)', 'summary': "The Dutch House is a late-17th-century house in New Castle in the U.S. state of Delaware . Built during New Castle 's colonial period , the house currently serves a museum under the management of the New Castle Historical Society ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcastle,_Delaware', 'summary': 'New Castle is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States , six miles ( 10 km ) south of Wilmington , and situated on the Delaware River . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 5,285 .'}]}, {'value': '1701', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Built either in the mid 1690 's or 1701 . Historic home and museum", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Castle County Court House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Castle_County_Court_House', 'summary': 'The New Castle Court House Museum is the center of a circle with a 12-mile radius that defines most of the border between the states of Delaware and Pennsylvania and parts of the borders between Delaware and New Jersey and Maryland . It is one of the oldest courthouses in the United States and has played a role in a number of historic events . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972 . The building is also a contributing property to a second National Historic Landmark , the New Castle Historic District . It is part of First State National Historical Park .'}]}, {'value': 'New Castle , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware', 'summary': 'New Castle is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States , six miles ( 10 km ) south of Wilmington , and situated on the Delaware River . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 5,285 .'}]}, {'value': '1732', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Government', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One of the oldest continuously used courthouses in America', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Prince George 's Chapel", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Prince_George's_Chapel", 'summary': "Prince George 's Chapel is a historic Episcopal chapel of ease located near Dagsboro , Sussex County , Delaware . It was built in 1755 as a chapel-of-ease for St. Martin 's Church , Worcester Parish , Maryland . Churches built to serve the outlying areas of a parish where it was difficult for people to travel to the main church were given a chapel-of-ease designation . On June 30 , 1757 the completed chapel was received by the vestry , dedicated , and named Prince George 's Chapel for England 's Prince George , later George III of the United Kingdom . It is a small , shingled structure . A transept and chancel were added about 1763 , but these have been removed . The interior features a vaulted ceiling of heart-pine , timbered pine pillars . The State of Delaware purchased the property in 1967 and renovated the building . The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dagsboro , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dagsboro,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Dagsboro is a town in Sussex County , Delaware , United States . The population was 805 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Salisbury , Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1755', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Religious', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episcopal chapel of ease', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Barratt 's Chapel", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Barratt's_Chapel", 'summary': "Barratt 's Chapel is a chapel located to the north of Frederica in Kent County , Delaware . It was built in 1780 on land donated by Philip Barratt , owner of Barratt Hall , and a prominent local landowner and political figure . Barratt , who had recently become a Methodist , wanted to build a center for the growing Methodist movement in Delaware ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederica , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederica,_Delaware', 'summary': "Frederica is a town in Kent County , Delaware , United States . It is part of the Dover , Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 774 at the 2010 census . ILC Dover , the company which manufactured the spacesuits for the Apollo and Skylab astronauts of the 1960s and 1970s , along with fabricating the suit component of the Space Shuttle 's Extravehicular Mobility Unit ( EMU ) , is located nearby ."}]}, {'value': '1780', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Religious', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest Methodist church building in the U.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist', 'summary': "Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people ."}]}, {'value': 'Pratt House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milford , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milford,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Milford is a city in Kent and Sussex counties in the U.S. state of Delaware . According to the 2010 census , the population of the city is 9,559 . The Kent County portion of Milford is part of the Dover , DE Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden , PA-NJ-DE-MD Combined Statistical Area , while the Sussex County portion is part of the Salisbury , MD-DE Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1785', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residential', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former home of the influential Pratt family', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'See also : Oldest buildings in America This article attempts to list the oldest extant buildings surviving in the state of Delaware in the United States of America , including the oldest houses in Delaware and any other surviving structures . Some dates are approximate and based upon dendrochronology , architectural studies , and historical records . Sites on the list are generally from the First Period of American architecture or earlier . To be listed here a site must : date from prior to 1776 ; or be the oldest building in a county , large city , or oldest of its type ( church , government building , etc . ) ,', 'uid': 'List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_Delaware_0', 'intro': 'This article attempts to list the oldest extant buildings surviving in the state of Delaware in the United States of America, including the oldest houses in Delaware and any other surviving structures. Some dates are approximate and based upon dendrochronology, architectural studies, and historical records. Sites on the list are generally from the First Period of American architecture or earlier. To be listed here a site must:'}
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How many sections are in the home in Dover , Delaware built in 1677 ?
three
063cbf918379bbbc
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'title': '1935 College Football All-America Team', 'header': ['Name', 'Position', 'School', 'Number', 'Official', 'Other'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jay Berwanger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Berwanger', 'summary': "John Jacob Jay Berwanger ( March 19 , 1914 - June 26 , 2002 ) was an American college football player and referee . He was the first winner of the Downtown Athletic Club Trophy in 1935 ( the following year the award was renamed the Heisman Trophy ) ; the trophy is awarded annually to the nation 's most outstanding college football player . Berwanger was a star halfback for the Chicago Maroons football team of the University of Chicago , where he was known as the one man football team . In 1936 , Berwanger became the first player drafted into the National Football League ( NFL ) in its inaugural 1936 NFL Draft , although he did not play professionally ."}]}, {'value': 'Halfback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , AP , COL , INS , LIB , NANA , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , CP , KCS , NYS , PTH , WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Grayson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Grayson', 'summary': 'Bobby Grayson ( December 8 , 1914 - September 22 , 1981 ) was an American football player . He was a two-time consensus All-American player who led the Stanford University football team to three consecutive Rose Bowl Games from 1933 to 1935 . At Stanford , Grayson played for the varsity football team in the 1933 , 1934 and 1935 seasons . He was recruited to Stanford by Coach Glenn Pop Warner and helped lead Stanford to a Pacific Coast Conference title in 1934 and co-championships in 1933 and 1935 . He was a consensus All-American in both 1934 and 1935 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fullback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(American_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , AP , COL , INS , LIB , NANA , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , CP , KCS , PTH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Wilson_(American_football)', 'summary': "Robert Edward Wilson Jr. ( August 16 , 1913 - May 15 , 1999 ) was an American football player . He attended Southern Methodist University ( SMU ) , where he played halfback for the SMU Mustangs football team from 1933 to 1935 . He was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American following his 1935 senior season . Wilson was chosen by the National Football League 's Brooklyn Dodgers in fifth round ( 40th pick overall ) in the 1936 NFL draft , and played a single season for the Dodgers in 1936 . Wilson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1973 , and died in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Halfback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}, {'value': 'SMU', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AP , COL , INS , LIB , NANA , NEA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , CP , NYS , PTH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jac Weller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jac_Weller', 'summary': "John Jac Weller ( January 6 , 1913 - August 18 , 1994 ) was an American college football player , firearms expert and military historian . He was a consensus All-American in 1935 at the guard position . He played for Fritz Crisler 's Princeton Tigers football team at Princeton University that went 25-1 during Weller 's three years on the team . Weller later became known as a firearms expert and published several works on munitions and military history ."}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Princeton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AP , COL , INS , LIB , NANA , NEA , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , CP , KCS , NYS , PTH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Widseth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Widseth', 'summary': 'Edwin Clarence Widseth ( January 5 , 1910 - December 3 , 1998 ) was an American professional football player who was a tackle for the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) for four seasons . He played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers football team of the University of Minnesota , where he was a consensus All-American in 1935 and 1936 . Widseth was drafted by the New York Giants in the first round of the 1937 NFL Draft , and was chosen for the pro Bowl in 1938 . He was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , INS , LIB , NANA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , CP , KCS , SN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaynell Tinsley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaynell_Tinsley', 'summary': 'Gaynell Charles Gus Tinsley ( February 1 , 1915 - July 24 , 2002 ) was an American football end and coach . He played professionally for the Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1937 to 1938 and in 1940 . He attended Louisiana State University , where he was a consensus All-American for the LSU Tigers football team in 1935 and 1936 . In 1937 he was drafted by the Cardinals , with whom he was an All-NFL selection in 1937 and 1938 . During his three years in the NFL , Tinsley set or tied NFL single-season records with 674 receiving yards in 1937 and 41 pass receptions in 1938 . He later served as the head football coach at LSU from 1948 to 1954 . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/End_(American_football)', 'summary': 'An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage , usually beside the tackles . Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on the end of the line constitutes an eligible receiver .'}]}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AP , COL , INS , LIB , NEA , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , NYS , PTH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darrell Lester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darrell_Lester', 'summary': 'Darrell Lester may refer to two professional American football players :'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(American_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'TCU', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , AP , COL , INS , NEA , SN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , PTH , WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monk Moscrip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Moscrip', 'summary': 'James Henderson Monk Moscrip ( September 17 , 1913 - October 11 , 1980 ) was an American college and professional football player . Born in Adena , Ohio , he attended The Kiski Prep School in Saltsburg , Pennsylvania , before enrolling at Stanford University in Palo Alto , California . Moscrip became an All-American end for the Stanford Indians and was a member of the Stanford football teams known as the Vow Boys . The Vow Boys teams played together from 1934 to 1936 , never lost a game to either USC or Cal , and went to three consecutive Rose Bowl games . Moscrip was selected as a consensus first-team All-American in both 1934 and 1935 . After graduating from Stanford , Moscrip later played pro football with the Detroit Lions in 1938 and 1939 . He served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy during World War II and participated in battles at Guadalcanal , Iwo Jima , and Okinawa . After winning a fight against alcohol addiction , Moscrip served as the manager of the alcohol rehabilitation center in Woodside , California for nearly 25 years . In October 1980 , Moscrip died of a heart attack at his home in Atherton , California , at the age of 67 . He was survived by his wife and two daughters .'}]}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/End_(American_football)', 'summary': 'An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage , usually beside the tackles . Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on the end of the line constitutes an eligible receiver .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , COL , INS , NANA , SN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , CP , KCS , PTH , WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riley Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riley_Smith_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Riley Henry Smith ( July 14 , 1911 - August 9 , 1999 ) was an American college and professional football player who was a quarterback for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) during the late 1930s . He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide football team of the University of Alabama , where he was recognized as a consensus All-American . After his NFL career ended , he became a coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , AP , COL , INS , NEA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , NYS , WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Smith_(American_football_tackle)', 'summary': "Richard Smith an All-American football player for the University of Minnesota in the mid-1930s . During Smith 's three years as a starter at tackle , the Golden Gophers did not lose a game ."}]}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AP , COL , INS , NEA , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYS , PTH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne Millner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Millner', 'summary': "Wayne Vernal Millner ( January 31 , 1913 - November 19 , 1976 ) was an American college and professional football player who was known for his clutch play as an offensive and defensive end for both the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and for the National Football League 's Washington Redskins ."}]}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/End_(American_football)', 'summary': 'An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage , usually beside the tackles . Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on the end of the line constitutes an eligible receiver .'}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , NANA , SN , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CP , NYS , WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gomer Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gomer_Jones', 'summary': 'Gomer Thomas Jones ( February 26 , 1914 - March 21 , 1971 ) was an American football player , coach , and college athletics administrator . He played college football as a center at Ohio State University from 1933 to 1935 . After serving as an assistant coach for 17 years under Bud Wilkinson at the University of Oklahoma , Jones helmed the Sooners for two seasons in 1964 and 1965 , compiling a record of 9-11-1 . He was also the athletic director at Oklahoma from 1964 until his death in 1971 . Jones was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(American_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , LIB , NANA , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CP , KCS , WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Lutz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Lutz', 'summary': 'Lawrence H. Larry Lutz ( 1913-1998 ) was an American football player and coach . He played for the California Golden Bears football team from 1933 and 1935 . He was selected as a consensus All-American at the tackle position in 1935 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , AP , NANA , SN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , CP , WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. C. Wetsel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._C._Wetsel', 'summary': 'Jesse Claude Iron Man Wetsel ( March 17 , 1910 - November 5 , 1980 ) was an American college football player for the SMU Mustangs football team of Southern Methodist University in the 1930s . He was a consensus All-American at the guard position in 1935 .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'SMU', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAB , NANA , SN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNS , KCS , WC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sid Wagner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sid_Wagner', 'summary': 'Sidney P. Wagner ( October 29 , 1912 - November , 1972 ) was an American college and professional football player who was a lineman for the Michigan State Spartans football team of Michigan State University and the Detroit Lions of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Wagner was a consensus All-American in 1935 .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LIB , UP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYS', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Consensus All-Americans', 'section_text': "For the year 1935 , the NCAA recognizes nine published All-American teams as `` official '' designations for purposes of its consensus determinations . The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received .", 'uid': '1935_College_Football_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': "The 1935 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1935. The nine selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1935 season are (1) Collier's Weekly, as selected by Grantland Rice, (2) the Associated Press (AP), (3) the United Press (UP), (4) the All-America Board (AAB), (5) the International News Service (INS), (6) Liberty magazine, (7) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), (8) the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA), and (9) the Sporting News (SN). Jay Berwanger of Chicago was one of two unanimous All-American selections. Berwanger was also the first recipient of the Heisman Trophy and the first player selected in the first NFL Draft. Bobby Grayson of Stanford was the other unanimous All-American. He was one of Stanford's Vow Boys, a group of freshmen players who vowed after a 1932 loss to the University of Southern California that they would never lose to the Trojans when they made the varsity team. The group kept their promise, defeating USC three straight years and becoming the first team in college football history to play in three consecutive Rose Bowl games. Other Vow Boys who made the 1935 All-American team include Monk Moscrip and Bob Reynolds. Bob Wilson of SMU received eight official first-team designations, and Jac Weller of Princeton received seven. The 1935 All-Americans also included two players who went on to Hall of Fame careers as coaches. Bear Bryant was named a third-team All-American at the end position by the NEA, and Bud Wilkinson of the University of Minnesota was named a second-team All-American by the UP and a third-team selection by the NEA and the Central Press Association."}
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What is the nickname of the halfback that died at a later date ?
Jay
063cf05324ae1793
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth', 'title': 'List of Chinese by net worth', 'header': ['China Rank', 'Name', 'Net worth ( USD )', 'Sources of wealth', 'Age', 'Global Rank 2013'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zong Qinghou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zong_Qinghou', 'summary': "Zong Qinghou ( Chinese : 宗庆后 ; born 1945 ) is a Chinese billionaire businessman , and the founder , chairman and CEO of the Hangzhou Wahaha Group , the leading beverage company in China . He was ranked as China 's richest man in 2012 and second-richest in 2013 , according to the China Rich List , published by Hurun Report . On the Global Rich List , he is 35th richest man in the world , with an estimated net worth of US $ 20 billion . Zong is a delegate to the Chinese National People 's Congress ."}]}, {'value': '$ 10 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wahaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hangzhou_Wahaha_Group', 'summary': 'The Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co. , Ltd. ( WHH ; Chinese : 杭州娃哈哈集团有限公司 ) is a private group of companies , and the largest beverage producer in China . The company is headquartered in Hangzhou , Zhejiang province . Wa ha ha signifies laughing child . Wahaha has roughly 150 subsidiary companies and 60 manufacturing bases scattered throughout China . Wahaha employs about 60,000 staff . The company was originally a local government owned sales company founded in 1987-8 . For most of the time since creation , it has been run by Zong Qinghou ( 宗慶後 ) , who exercises operational control over the day-to-day operations .'}]}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Li', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Li', 'summary': "Robin Li Yanhong ( Chinese : 李彦宏 ; pinyin : Lǐ Yànhóng ; born 17 November 1968 ) is a Chinese computer scientist and internet entrepreneur . He is the co-founder of the search engine Baidu , and one of the richest people in China , with a net worth of US $ 18.5 billion as of October 2017 . Li is a member of the 12th Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference . He also invented RankDex , the first web search engine with page-ranking and site-scoring algorithms , which inspired Google 's PageRank algorithm . [ citation needed ] Li studied information management at Peking University and computer science at the State University of New York at Buffalo . In 1996 , he invented RankDex , the first web search engine with page-ranking and site-scoring algorithms . In 2000 , he founded Baidu with Eric Xu . Li has been CEO of Baidu since January 2004 . The company was listed on NASDAQ on August 5 , 2005 . Li was included as one of the 15 Asian Scientists To Watch by Asian Scientist Magazine on 15 May 2011 . On August 29 , 2014 , Robin Li was appointed by the United Nations Secretary General , Mr. Ban Ki-Moon , as co-chair of the Independent Expert Advisory Group on Data Revolution for Sustainable Development ."}]}, {'value': '$ 8.1 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baidu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baidu', 'summary': "Baidu , Inc. ( Chinese : 百度 ; pinyin : Bǎidù , anglicized /ˈbaɪduː/ BY-doo ) is a Chinese multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products and artificial intelligence ( AI ) , headquartered in Beijing 's Haidian District . It is one of the largest AI and internet companies in the world . The holding company of the group is incorporated in the Cayman Islands . Baidu was incorporated in January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu . The Baidu search engine is currently the fourth largest website in the Alexa Internet rankings . Baidu has origins in RankDex , an earlier search engine developed by Robin Li in 1996 , before he founded Baidu in 2000 . Baidu offers various services , including a Chinese search engine , as well as a mapping service called Baidu Maps . Baidu offers about 57 search and community services , such as Baidu Baike ( an online encyclopedia ) and a keyword-based discussion forum . Baidu Global Business Unit ( GBU ) is responsible for Baidu 's international products and services for markets outside of China . Baidu GBU 's product portfolio includes keyboard apps Simeji and Facemoji Keyboard , content recommendation platform popIn , augmented reality network OmniAR , Japanese smart projector popIn Aladdin , and ad platform MediaGo , which is focused on Chinese advertisers looking to reach overseas users . In 2017 , Baidu GBU entered into a partnership with Snap Inc. to act as the company 's official ad reseller for Snapchat in Greater China , South Korea , Japan and Singapore . The partnership was extended in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '172', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wang Jianlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wang_Jianlin', 'summary': "Wang Jianlin ( Chinese : 王健林 ; pinyin : Wáng Jiànlín ; born 24 October 1954 ) is a Chinese billionaire businessman , politician , and philanthropist . He is the founder of Dalian Wanda Group , China 's largest real estate development company , and the world 's largest movie theater operator . He owns 15% of the Spanish football club Atlético Madrid . In 2016 , Wang reached a deal with FIFA to launch the China Cup , in which national football teams compete in Asia each year . Wang has been the economic consultant for Yunnan province , as well as a construction consultant of the Guiyang government , and was named honorable citizen of Changchun city , and outstanding contributor to the construction of Dalian city . As of November 2019 , Wang is estimated by Forbes to have a net worth of $ 12.5 billion , making him one of the richest men in China ."}]}, {'value': '$ 8 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dalian Wanda Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalian_Wanda_Group', 'summary': "Wanda Group ( Chinese : 万达集团 ; pinyin : Wàndá Jítuán ) , or Dalian Wanda ( Chinese : 大连万达 ) , is a Chinese multinational conglomerate based in Beijing . It is a private property developer and owner of Wanda Cinemas and the Hoyts Group , as well as a majority shareholder of AMC Theatres . With investments within Mainland China and globally , the Dalian Wanda group has investments across many industries including construction , entertainment , media , industrial manufacturing , financial services , high technology , hospitality , real estate , retail , healthcare , and sports . It was established in Dalian , Liaoning and is now headquartered in Beijing . It ranked 380th on the Fortune Global 500 List in 2017 . In 2017 , its assets amounted to 700 billion yuan and an annual revenue 227.4 billion yuan ( $ 35.29 billion ) . Wanda Cultural Industry Group is one of China 's cultural enterprises , includes movie theaters as well as sports and film production assets , and contributed 28% or $ 10.85 billion to overall revenue ."}]}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '128', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ma Huateng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ma_Huateng', 'summary': "Ma Huateng ( Chinese : 马化腾 ; pinyin : Mǎ Huàténg , born on October 29 , 1971 ) , also known as Pony Ma , is a Chinese business magnate , investor , politician , and philanthropist . He is the founder , chairman and chief executive officer of Tencent , Asia 's most valuable company , one of the largest Internet and technology companies , and the biggest investment , gaming and entertainment conglomerates in the world . The company controls China 's biggest mobile instant messaging service and its subsidiaries provide media , entertainment , payment systems , smartphones , internet-related services , value-added services and online advertising services , both in China and globally . In 2007 , 2014 , and 2018 , Time magazine called him one of the world 's most influential people , while in 2015 , Forbes credited him as one of the world 's most powerful people . In 2017 , Fortune ranked him as among the top businessmen of the year . In 2018 , he was named one of the Most Powerful People In The World by the CEOWORLD magazine . Ma is a deputy to the Shenzhen Municipal People 's Congress and is a delegate in the 12th National People 's Congress . Being one of Fortune world 's greatest leaders , Ma is known for his low profile personality as compared to fellow Chinese businessman Jack Ma 's outgoing personality . Ma has been closely compared to American investor Warren Buffett for their similar investment philosophies , and often described as an aggressive acquisitor . As of August 2019 [ update ] , he is China 's richest man , and the 20th wealthiest in the world , with a net worth of US $ 37.7 billion . On 21 November 2017 , he surpassed both Larry Page and Sergey Brin to become the ninth richest man in the world , and the first citizen from the People 's Republic of China to enter Forbes ' top 10 richest men list ."}]}, {'value': '$ 6.4 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tencent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tencent', 'summary': "Tencent Holdings Ltd. ( Chinese : 腾讯控股有限公司 ; pinyin : Téngxùn Kònggǔ Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī ) is a Chinese multinational conglomerate holding company founded in 1998 , whose subsidiaries specialise in various Internet-related services and products , entertainment , artificial intelligence and technology both in China and globally . Its twin-skyscrapers headquarters Tencent Seafront Towers ( also known as Tencent Binhai Mansion ) are based in Nanshan District , Shenzhen . Tencent is the world 's largest video game company , one of the world 's most valuable technology companies , one of the world 's largest social media companies , and one of the world 's largest venture capital firms and investment corporations . Its many services include social network , music , web portals , e-commerce , mobile games , internet services , payment systems , smartphones , and multiplayer online games , which are all among the world 's biggest and most successful in their respective categories . Offerings in China include the instant messenger Tencent QQ and one of the largest web portals , QQ.com . It also owns the majority of China 's music services ( Tencent Music Entertainment ) , with more than 700 million active users and 120 million paying subscribers . The company surpassed the market value of US $ 500 billion in 2018 , becoming the first Asian technology company to cross the valuation mark . It has since then emerged as one of Asia 's most valuable companies , and among the world 's top technology companies by market value . Tencent has been credited as one of the world 's most innovative companies by numerous media and firms . As of 2018 , Tencent has the 5th highest global brand value . Tencent controls hundreds of subsidiaries and associates in numerous industries and areas , creating a broad portfolio of ownerships and investment across a diverse range of businesses including search engine , e-commerce , retail , video gaming , real estate , software , virtual reality , ride-sharing , banking , financial services , fintech , consumer technology , computer technology , automobile , film production , movie ticketing , music production , space technology , natural resources , smartphones , big data , agriculture , medical services , cloud computing , social media , IT , advertising , streaming media , artificial intelligence , robotics , UAVs , food delivery , courier services , e-book , internet services , education and renewable energy . [ citation needed ] It is one of the most active investment corporations in the world , with stakes in over 600 companies , and recent focus on start-ups within Asias tech scene ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '173', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wu Yajun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wu_Yajun', 'summary': "Wu Yajun ( Chinese : 吴亚军 ; born 1964 ) is a Chinese billionaire businesswoman , and the world 's richest self-made woman . She is the co-founder , chairwoman , and former CEO of Longfor Properties . From humble origins , she worked as a journalist and editor before moving into real estate in the 1990s , later investing in technology companies including Uber and Evernote . As of October 2019 , Wu has an estimated net worth of US $ 11.2 billion ."}]}, {'value': '$ 6.2 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longfor Properties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longfor_Properties', 'summary': 'Longfor Properties Co. Ltd ( 龙湖地产股份有限公司 ) is an investment holding company , and part of the Forbes Global 2000 companies , at number 345 in the 2019 list . It manages numerous subsidiaries which are involved in property investment , development and management in China as well as relative services . As of December 2011 , the total land property of the company was 33.76 million square meters , with major subsidiaries being Beijing Huicheng Investment Limited and Beijing Longhu Properties Company Limited . Wu Yajun is the co-founder , CEO and Chairwoman of Longfor Properties . The company founded in Chongqing， headquartered in Beijing , with a Market Cap US $ 8.62 Billions and 7,374 employees . Products include high-rise apartment buildings , luxury villas , office buildings , residential buildings , business complexes and large scale shopping malls . Cities the company has operations in Beijing , Changzhou , Chengdu , Chongqing , Hangzhou , Qingdao , Shenyang , Shanghai , Xian and Wuxi .'}]}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '299', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liang Wengen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liang_Wengen', 'summary': 'Liang Wengen ( Chinese : 梁稳根 ; pinyin : Liáng Wěngēn ; born 1956 ) is a Chinese entrepreneur who founded and serves as the chairman of Sany Heavy Industry . In 2011 , he became the richest man in mainland China with a net worth of about US $ 8 billion . As of November 2018 , he is the 68th richest person in China , with a net worth of about $ 3.5 billion .'}]}, {'value': '$ 5.9 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sany', 'summary': 'Sany Heavy Industry Co. , Ltd. ( SSE : 600031 ) is a Chinese multinational heavy equipment manufacturing company headquartered in Changsha , Hunan Province . It is the sixth-largest heavy equipment manufacturer in the world , and the first in its industry in China to enter the FT Global 500 and the Forbes Global 2000 rankings . Its founder and main shareholder is Liang Wengen . Sany has a dozen industrial parks in China plus manufacturing facilities in Australia , Belarus , Brazil , Canada , Germany , India , Indonesia , Kazakhstan , Russia , Ukraine and in the United States . The company has approximately 90,000 employees worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '158', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liu Yongxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liu_Yongxing', 'summary': 'Liu Yongxing ( Chinese : 刘永行 , born June 1948 ) is a Chinese businessman . He is the founder , chairman and CEO of East Hope Group , a Chinese company active in the agribusiness as well as chemical and non-ferrous metal industries . He is the honorary president of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce in Sichuan , a part-time professor at China Agricultural University , MBA lecturer , and a member of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC .'}]}, {'value': '$ 5.8 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hope Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '198', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xu Jiayin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xu_Jiayin', 'summary': "Xu Jiayin ( Chinese : 许家印 ; born 9 October 1958 ) , or Hui Ka Yan in Cantonese , is a Chinese billionaire businessman and chairman of Evergrande Group , a Chinese real estate developer . Hui is the largest shareholder of China Evergrande Group . It has more than 700 projects in more than 240 cities in China including Beijing , Shanghai , Guangzhou and Shenzhen . In 2017 , Evergrande Real Estate Group will achieve a sales amount of RMB 450 billion . The Guangzhou-based company has become China 's biggest property developer in 2016 based on sales volume and had revenue of 211.4 billion yuan ( $ 31.8 billion ) in 2016 . As of June 2019 , Xu has a net worth of US $ 30.4 billion , making him the third-richest person in China ."}]}, {'value': '$ 4.9 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evergrande Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evergrande_Group', 'summary': "The Evergrande Group or the Evergrande Real Estate Group ( previously Hengda Group ) is China 's second-largest property developer by sales . It is based in southern China 's Guangdong Province , and sells apartments mostly to upper and middle-income dwellers . As of 2018 , it is the world 's most valuable real estate company . The holding company of the group is incorporated in the Cayman Islands . In 2017 , Evergrande stocks , share price , profits and revenue , surged to almost three to four times in value , propelling founder Hui Ka Yan to one of China 's richest men , as well as one of the wealthiest people in Asia ."}]}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '209', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yang Huiyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yang_Huiyan', 'summary': "Yang Huiyan ( simplified Chinese : 杨惠妍 ; traditional Chinese : 楊惠妍 ; pinyin : Yáng Huìyán ; born 1981 ) is a Chinese billionaire businesswoman . She is a property developer and the majority shareholder of Country Garden Holdings , a stake largely transferred to her by her father Yang Guoqiang in 2007 . She is the richest woman in Asia . Her father Yang Guoqiang started the real estate company Country Garden in 1997 and transferred 70% of Country Garden 's shares to her before its IPO in 2007 . Country Garden 's initial offering raised about $ 1.6 billion , or as much as Google raised in 2004 in the United States . As of June 2019 , Yang had a net worth of US $ 21.2 billion . Yang is vice chairman of the board 's governance committee and helped raise $ 410 million selling new shares in 2014 , according to Forbes . Yang is a 2003 graduate of Bachelor of Arts/Science , Ohio State University ."}]}, {'value': '$ 4.4 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country Garden Holdings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_Garden_Holdings', 'summary': "Country Garden ( Chinese : 碧桂园 ; pinyin : Bìguìyuán ; SEHK : 2007 ) is a property development company based in Guangdong Province , China , owned by Yang Guoqiang 's family . In 2018 , it is ranked 353rd in Fortune Global 500 List . Country Garden features a market capitalization of over US $ 29.84 billion as of 2018 ; with more than 200 high-end township developments throughout China , Malaysia and Australia among its vast international project portfolio ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '211', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xu Rongmao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xu_Rongmao', 'summary': 'Xu Rongmao , JP ( simplified Chinese : 许荣茂 ; traditional Chinese : 許榮茂 ; born 1950 ) , or Hui Wing Mau in Cantonese , is a Chinese-Australian entrepreneur and billionaire , and the founder and the chairman of Shimao Property . Xu is the 8th richest man in mainland China , according to the Hurun Report China Rich List , with a net worth of 7 billion . Xu is estimated to be one of the largest property developers in Shanghai .'}]}, {'value': '$ 4 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shimao Property', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimao_Property', 'summary': "Shimao Property Holdings Ltd. ( SEHK : 0813 ) is a diversified real estate development company that specializes in property development , property investment , and hotel operations in the People 's Republic of China . The group develops large-scale residential projects , hotels , and other commercial buildings in prime locations , and it is one of the largest property developers in the People 's Republic of China . As of February 2013 , Shimao Property Holdings Ltd. owned a bank of land totaling 36.2 million square meters , making it one of the top real estate developers in China in terms of land bank size . The group 's projects have been well received by property buyers and investors in China and internationally , and they have won several awards . The group is headquartered in Wan Chai , Hong Kong , and Shanghai ."}]}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': '262', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Ma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Ma', 'summary': "Jack Ma , or Ma Yun ( Chinese : 马云 ; [ mà y̌n ] ; born 10 September 1964 ) , is a Chinese business magnate , investor , politician , and philanthropist . He is the co-founder and former executive chairman of Alibaba Group , a multinational technology conglomerate . Ma is a strong proponent of an open and market-driven economy . A prominent business leader , Ma is seen as a global ambassador for Chinese business and as such is frequently listed as one of the world 's most powerful people , with Forbes ranking him 21st on its World 's Most Powerful People list . He also serves as a role model for startup businesses . In 2017 , Ma was ranked second in the annual World 's 50 Greatest Leaders list by Fortune . In September 2018 , he announced that he would retire from Alibaba and pursue educational work , philanthropy , and environmental causes ; the following year , Daniel Zhang succeeded him as executive chairman . As of February 2020 , Ma is China 's richest man , with a net worth of $ 43.9 billion , as well as one of the wealthiest people in the world , ranked 20th by Bloomberg Billionaires Index and Forbes . In 2019 , Forbes named Ma in its list of Asias 2019 Heroes of Philanthropy for his work supporting underprivileged communities in China , Africa , Australia , and the Middle East ."}]}, {'value': '$ 3.4 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alibaba Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alibaba_Group', 'summary': "Alibaba Group Holding Limited ( also known as Alibaba Group and as Alibaba ) is a Chinese multinational conglomerate holding company specializing in e-commerce , retail , Internet , and technology . Founded on 4 April 1999 in Hangzhou , Zhejiang , the company provides consumer-to-consumer ( C2C ) , business-to-consumer ( B2C ) , and business-to-business ( B2B ) sales services via web portals , as well as electronic payment services , shopping search engines and cloud computing services . It owns and operates a diverse array of businesses around the world in numerous sectors , and is named as one of the world 's most admired companies by Fortune . At closing time on the date of its initial public offering ( IPO ) - US $ 25 billion - the world 's highest in history , 19 September 2014 , Alibaba 's market value was US $ 231 billion . It is one of the top 10 most valuable and is the 59th biggest public companies in the world by Global 2000 list . In January 2018 , Alibaba became the second Asian company to break the US $ 500 billion valuation mark , after its competitor Tencent . As of 2018 [ update ] , Alibaba has the 9th highest global brand valuation . Alibaba is the world 's largest retailer and e-commerce company , is on the list of largest Internet companies and artificial intelligence companies , is one of the biggest venture capital firms , and one of the biggest investment corporations in the world . The company hosts the largest B2B ( Alibaba.com ) , C2C ( Taobao ) , and B2C ( Tmall ) marketplaces in the world . Its online sales and profits surpassed all US retailers ( including Walmart , Amazon , and eBay ) combined since 2015 . It has been expanding into the media industry , with revenues rising by triple percentage points year after year . It also sets the record on the 2018 edition of China 's Singles ' Day , the world 's biggest online and offline shopping day ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '395', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He Xiangjian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/He_Xiangjian', 'summary': "He Xiangjian ( Chinese : 何享健 ; pinyin : Hé Xiǎngjiàn , born October 5 , 1942 ) is the co-founder of Midea , one of China 's largest appliance makers . With a net worth of $ 9.3 billion in January 2015 , he was the ninth richest person in China , and 136th richest in the world , according to Forbes . He previously ranked # 6 for Forbes list of 2010 Chinese billionaires and # 9 in Forbes list of Chinese billionaires of 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 3.3 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midea Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midea_Group', 'summary': "Midea Group ( Chinese : 美的集团 ; pinyin : Měidì Jítuán ) is a Chinese electrical appliance manufacturer , headquartered in Beijiao , Shunde , Foshan , Guangdong and listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange . As of 2018 , the firm employs approximately 135,000 people in China and overseas with 200 subsidiaries and over 60 overseas branches . Midea Group is listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange since 2013 . It has been listed on the Fortune Global 500 since July 2016 . Midea produces wide ranges of lighting , water appliances , floor care , small kitchen appliances , laundry , large cooking appliances , and refrigeration appliances . It also has a long history in producing home and commercial solutions [ buzzword ] in air conditioning and heating ( HVAC ) . In the summer of 2016 , Midea made a highly publicized move to acquire German robotics company KUKA . It is the world 's largest producer of robots and appliances ."}]}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '262', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhang Jindong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Jindong', 'summary': 'Zhang Jindong ( simplified Chinese : 张近东 ; traditional Chinese : 張近東 ; pinyin : Zhāng Jìndōng ; born March 1963 ) is a Chinese billionaire entrepreneur . He is one of the founders and the current largest shareholder of the Suning.com , headquartered in Nanjing , Jiangsu Province . He also owned 100% stake in Suning Holdings Group , 65% stake in Suning Real Estate as well as 48.1% stake in Suning Appliance Group as the second largest shareholder . His company also holds the majority of shares of Italian football giants Inter Milan . He was also the managing director and general manager of Suning Holdings Group , chairman of Suning.com .'}]}, {'value': '$ 3.2 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suning Appliance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suning_Appliance', 'summary': 'Suning.com Co. , Ltd. formerly Suning Commerce Group Co. , Ltd. is one of the largest non-government retailers in China , headquartered in Nanjing , Jiangsu Province . Suning has more than 1600 stores covering over 700 cities of China ( the mainland China and Hong Kong S.A.R . ) and Japan and its e-commerce platform , Suning.com ranks among top three Chinese B2C companies . The operation categories include physical merchandise , such as home appliances , 3C products , books , general merchandise , household commodities , cosmetics and baby care products , content products and service merchandise with the total number of SKU exceeding 3 million . It was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '412', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Guangxin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Guangxin', 'summary': 'Sun Guangxin ( Chinese : 孙广信 ; born 1962 ) is a Chinese businessman , investor and philanthropist .'}]}, {'value': '$ 3.1 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xinjiang Guanghui Industry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '329', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Ding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Ding', 'summary': "Ding Lei ( Chinese : 丁磊 ; pinyin : Dīng Lěi ; born 1 October 1971 ) , also known as William Ding , is a Chinese billionaire businessman , and the founder and CEO of NetEase ( 163.com ) . Ding made significant contributions to the development of computer networks in mainland China . In late 2016 , Ding was looking into investing in the property sector , and travelled to Zimbabwe in December , and to the United Kingdom . As of June 2019 , Ding 's fortune was estimated to be $ 15.3 billion . In 2019 , he was ranked at # 79 on Forbes 's billionaires list ."}]}, {'value': '$ 2.95 billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netease', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netease', 'summary': "NetEase , Inc. ( simplified Chinese : 网易 ; traditional Chinese : 網易 ; pinyin : WǎngYì ) is a Chinese Internet technology company providing online services centered on content , community , communications and commerce . The company was founded in 1997 by Ding Lei . NetEase develops and operates online PC and mobile games , advertising services , email services and e-commerce platforms in China . It is one of the largest Internet and video game companies in the world . The company also owns several pig farms . Some of NetEase 's games include the Westward Journey series ( Fantasy Westward Journey , Westward Journey Online II , Fantasy Westward Journey II , and New Westward Journey Online II ) , as well as other games , such as Tianxia III , Heroes of Tang Dynasty Zero and Ghost II . NetEase also partners with Blizzard Entertainment to operate local versions of Warcraft III , World of Warcraft , Hearthstone , StarCraft II , Diablo III : Reaper of Souls , Overwatch in China , The RPG game Onmyoji , and The Onmyoji Arena MOBA.They are also developing their very first self-developed VR multiplayer online game with an open world setting , which is called Nostos ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '458', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2012 Chinese billionaires top 15 list', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth_4', 'intro': 'The following are partial lists of the Forbes list of Chinese billionaires (converted into USD) and is based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes magazine in 2019. In 2019 China had over 300 billionaires which put the country second in the world, after the United States.'}
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How many cities in China does the development group of the Chinese person worth $ 4.9 billion have projects in ?
240
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausura_2013_Copa_MX', 'title': 'Clausura 2013 Copa MX', 'header': ['Club', 'League', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Altamira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Altamira', 'summary': 'Altamira Fútbol Club , or Estudiantes de Altamira ( previously known as Estudiantes de Santander ) was a Mexican football team that was based in Altamira , Tamaulipas .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Altamira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Altamira', 'summary': 'Estadio Altamira is the current stadium for the team Estudiantes de Altamira , which plays in the Liga de Ascenso . The stadium , which seats 9,581 people , is located in the port city of Altamira in the state of Tamaulipas .'}]}, {'value': '12,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Liga MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_MX', 'summary': "The Liga MX ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis ] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system . Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México , it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX . The season has two tournaments : Apertura , which starts in the summer , and Clausura , which starts in the winter . As of 2020 , the league comprises 18 clubs , with one being relegated every year ( two tournaments ) based upon its league performances over the previous three years . The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla ( mini-league , or playoff ) . Until July 2011 , the league was divided into 3 tiers . The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format . The league is considered the strongest in North America , and among the strongest in all of Latin America . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . According to CONCACAF , the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America , behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball , and ahead of the Canadian Football League . It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Spain 's La Liga . Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league , América has won the title 13 times , followed by Guadalajara ( 12 ) , Toluca ( 10 ) , Cruz Azul ( 8 ) , León , UANL and UNAM ( 7 ) , and Pachuca and Santos Laguna ( 6 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Azteca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azteca', 'summary': "The Estadio Azteca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo asˈteka ] ) is a multi purpose stadium located in Mexico City . It is the official home of football club Club América and the Mexico national football team . The stadium sits at an altitude of 7,200 feet ( 2195 meters ) above sea level . With an official capacity of 87,523 , it is the largest stadium in Mexico . As of 2018 , the stadium also serves as the home of Cruz Azul . The National Football League ( NFL ) features one game at Estadio Azteca per season as a part of their International Series . Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world , it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals ; in the 1970 World Cup Final , Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 , and in the 1986 World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3-2 . It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century . The stadium also hosted the Game of the Century , when Italy defeated West Germany 4-3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches . Additionally , it is scheduled to host games in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The stadium was also the principal venue for the football tournament of the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1971 Women 's World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '114,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlante', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlante_F.C.', 'summary': "Atlante Fútbol Club , is a Mexican football club based in Cancun , Quintana Roo . Founded in 1918 , Atlante were original members of the Mexican professional league when it began in 1943 . Atlante has won three national league championships , two from their original home in Mexico City , and the most recent following their 2007 relocation to Cancún . They are also three-time winners of the Copa México , and twice winners of the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup / CONCACAF Champions League . Atlante currently compete in Mexico 's second-tier Ascenso MX following relegation from Liga MX at the end of the 2013-14 season . They play their home matches at the Estadio Andrés Quintana Roo in Cancún ."}]}, {'value': 'Liga MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_MX', 'summary': "The Liga MX ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis ] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system . Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México , it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX . The season has two tournaments : Apertura , which starts in the summer , and Clausura , which starts in the winter . As of 2020 , the league comprises 18 clubs , with one being relegated every year ( two tournaments ) based upon its league performances over the previous three years . The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla ( mini-league , or playoff ) . Until July 2011 , the league was divided into 3 tiers . The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format . The league is considered the strongest in North America , and among the strongest in all of Latin America . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . According to CONCACAF , the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America , behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball , and ahead of the Canadian Football League . It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Spain 's La Liga . Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league , América has won the title 13 times , followed by Guadalajara ( 12 ) , Toluca ( 10 ) , Cruz Azul ( 8 ) , León , UANL and UNAM ( 7 ) , and Pachuca and Santos Laguna ( 6 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrés Quintana Roo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Andrés_Quintana_Roo', 'summary': "The Estadio Olímpico Andrés Quintana Roo is a 17,289-seat stadium in Cancún , Quintana Roo , Mexico . It is the home field of Ascenso MX 's Atlante F.C . The stadium was inaugurated on August 11 , 2007 , in a game against Universidad Nacional . Atlante F.C . won in this stadium their 3rd league title in Apertura 2007 against Universidad Nacional . The Houston Dynamo became the first Major League Soccer team to play in the stadium on March 3 , 2009 , when the club were defeated by Atlante in the second leg of the CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinals ."}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlas', 'summary': "Atlas Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈatɬas ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) is a Mexican football club . Atlas plays in Guadalajara , Mexico , in the Liga MX . The club 's home stadium is Estadio Jalisco in Guadalajara ."}]}, {'value': 'Liga MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_MX', 'summary': "The Liga MX ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis ] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system . Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México , it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX . The season has two tournaments : Apertura , which starts in the summer , and Clausura , which starts in the winter . As of 2020 , the league comprises 18 clubs , with one being relegated every year ( two tournaments ) based upon its league performances over the previous three years . The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla ( mini-league , or playoff ) . Until July 2011 , the league was divided into 3 tiers . The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format . The league is considered the strongest in North America , and among the strongest in all of Latin America . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . According to CONCACAF , the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America , behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball , and ahead of the Canadian Football League . It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Spain 's La Liga . Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league , América has won the title 13 times , followed by Guadalajara ( 12 ) , Toluca ( 10 ) , Cruz Azul ( 8 ) , León , UANL and UNAM ( 7 ) , and Pachuca and Santos Laguna ( 6 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jalisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Jalisco', 'summary': 'The Jalisco Stadium is a football stadium located in Guadalajara , Mexico . It is the third largest Mexican football stadium behind Estadio Azteca and Estadio Olímpico Universitario . The facility is located in the city of Guadalajara , Jalisco , 400 kilometers north-west of Mexico City , and has a maximum capacity of 55,110 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '56,713', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Celaya', 'summary': 'Celaya Football Club is a Mexican professional football club based in Celaya , Guanajuato . Celaya currently plays in the Ascenso MX . Initially formed on Sunday 7 February 1954 , the team was reorganized in Winter 2003 after their city neighbour Atlético Celaya lost its license to Colibríes de Morelos and moved to Primera División A , through the moving of La Piedad to Celaya .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Alemán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Alemán', 'summary': 'The Estadio Miguel Alemán Valdés is a multi-use stadium in Celaya , Guanajuato . Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Celaya . The stadium holds 23,369 people and opened in 1954 . It is named for Miguel Alemán Valdés , President of the Republic from 1946 to 1952 . On June 2 , 2016 , it was announced that the stadium was renamed in honour of former Real Madrid player Emilio Butragueño , who played the last three years of his career for Celaya F.C. , it was later denied by Ramón Lemus Muñoz , the Municipal president of Celaya .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Correcaminos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Correcaminos_UAT', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol Correcaminos de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas is an association football team from Ciudad Victoria , Tamaulipas . It currently plays in the Ascenso MX League of Mexico . The team was founded in 1980 , Correcaminos played in the Primera Division De Mexico from the 1987-88 season to the 1994-95 season . They play in the Estadio Marte R. Gómez , which has a capacity of 10,520 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Marte R. Gómez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Marte_R._Gómez', 'summary': 'The Estadio Olímpico Marte R. Gómez is a multi-use stadium in Ciudad Victoria , Tamaulipas , Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium for Correcaminos UAT . The stadium has a capacity of 10,520 people and opened in 1938 .'}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruz Azul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruz_Azul', 'summary': "Cruz Azul ( pronounced [ kɾus a'sool ] ) is a Mexican football club that plays in the top division of Mexican football , Liga MX . Originally from Hidalgo in the town of Jasso ( now part of the city cooperative Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul ) , south of Tula de Allende , the club moved to Mexico City in 1971 . Estadio Azteca , the nation 's largest sports venue , served as their home venue until 1996 , when they moved to the Estadio Azul . After 22 years , however , the team returned to the Azteca at the conclusion of the 2017-18 Liga MX season . Its headquarters are in La Noria , a suburb within Xochimilco in the southern part of Mexico City . Cruz Azul has been the Primera División champion eight times , trailing Toluca 's 10 , C.D . Guadalajara 's 12 , and Club América 's 13 . Cruz Azul 's six titles makes it the second-most successful club in the history of the CONCACAF Champions League , the most prestigious international club competition in North American football , trailing intracity rival Club America . Cruz Azul was also the first CONCACAF team to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , the most prestigious club competition in South American football ( which invited top Liga MX clubs from 1998 to 2017 ) , losing on penalties to Argentine football giants Boca Juniors in 2001 . In the 1968-69 season , Cruz Azul was the first CONCACAF club ( and third worldwide ) to complete a rare Continental Treble , winning the Mexican Primera División championship , the Copa México national tournament , and the CONCACAF Champions League . The International Federation of Football History & Statistics , in its Club World Ranking for year ending December 31 , 2014 , places Cruz Azul as the 99th-best club in the world and the third-best club in CONCACAF . According to several polls published , Cruz Azul is the third-most popular team in Mexico , behind only C.D ."}]}, {'value': 'Liga MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_MX', 'summary': "The Liga MX ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis ] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system . Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México , it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX . The season has two tournaments : Apertura , which starts in the summer , and Clausura , which starts in the winter . As of 2020 , the league comprises 18 clubs , with one being relegated every year ( two tournaments ) based upon its league performances over the previous three years . The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla ( mini-league , or playoff ) . Until July 2011 , the league was divided into 3 tiers . The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format . The league is considered the strongest in North America , and among the strongest in all of Latin America . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . According to CONCACAF , the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America , behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball , and ahead of the Canadian Football League . It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Spain 's La Liga . Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league , América has won the title 13 times , followed by Guadalajara ( 12 ) , Toluca ( 10 ) , Cruz Azul ( 8 ) , León , UANL and UNAM ( 7 ) , and Pachuca and Santos Laguna ( 6 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Azul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azul', 'summary': "The Estadio Azul , is a 33,000-seat stadium located in Mexico City . This sports facility is currently used for association football matches and previously ( until 1990 ) for American football . The Tazón México has been played at the stadium . It was the home of Mexican football club Cruz Azul until 2018 , and also has been home for Atlante F.C . ( hence the nickname Estadio Azulgrana ) and the Mexico national football team , especially in the early 1990s . In summer 2016 , it was announced by Mexico City authorities that plans to demolish the stadium will begin at the end of the 2017-2018 Liga MX season . In July 2018 , the demolition project was put on hold and the stadium will temporarily host college sports . Demolition plans may resurface some time in 2020 . Both times that Mexico hosted the World Cup , Estadio Azul did not host any games mainly due to the age of the structure , bad parking facilities , and complex traffic patterns . A peculiarity of this stadium is that it is built as a pit with the playing field is below street level . Just beside the stadium is the Plaza México , the world 's largest bullring ."}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruz Azul Hidalgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruz_Azul_Hidalgo', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Cruz Azul Hidalgo , also known as Cruz Azul Hidalgo , is a professional football club in Mexico who last played in the Liga Premier league of Mexico . Their stadium was the Estadio 10 de Diciembre located in Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul ( previously name the town of Jasso ) in Hidalgo and was the affiliate team of Cruz Azul . The team dissolved in 2014 after Zacatepec 1948 bought their spot to remain in Ascenso MX . But has a team in the Liga Premier de Ascenso , replace Cruz Azul Jasso .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': '10 de Diciembre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_10_de_Diciembre', 'summary': 'Estadio 10 de Diciembre is a multi-use stadium in the Mexican town of Jasso . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Cruz Azul Hidalgo and Cruz Azul Premier . The stadium holds 14,500 people and opened in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': '17,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorados_de_Sinaloa', 'summary': "Dorados de Sinaloa , or Dorados , is a Mexican professional football club based in Culiacán . The club plays its home games in Culiacán , Mexico . Dorados was the youngest franchise to play in the Primera División de México , having joined the division for the first time for the Apertura 2004 tournament , when the club was only one year old . Dorados currently plays in Ascenso MX , the second tier of the Mexican league . The goalkeeper 's primary colours are a red shirt and white shorts , and the secondary attire is all white ."}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos González', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Carlos_González', 'summary': 'Estadio Banorte is a stadium with a capacity of 21,000 seats . Is home of the team Dorados de Sinaloa . The stadium was inaugurated on August 9 , 2003 in a match played between Dorados de Sinaloa and Cobras de Ciudad Juárez . The final score was Dorados 4-2 Cobras . The first goal scored in this stage was the work of Hector Giménez . The building has a capacity for 20,108 fans , the same that is constructed in 2003 in record time of just three months .'}]}, {'value': '21,325', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estudiantes Tecos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estudiantes_Tecos', 'summary': "Tecos Fútbol Club ( often referred to by its nickname Tecos ) is a Mexican professional football club associated with the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara AC . It plays its home games in the Estadio 3 de Marzo ( March 3 Stadium , named for the day the university was founded in 1935 ) . The 30,015-seat facility is located in Zapopan , a municipality within the Guadalajara , Jalisco conurbation . Previously named Club de Fútbol Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara , Estudiantes have won the national championship once and is the only team in Mexican football history to ascend from the two lower divisions and get the Championship ( the other team that ascended from lower divisions was Oaxtepec , through it descended later ) . The club was runner-up in the Mexican League 's Clausura 2005 , after losing to Club América in the second game , 6-3 . On April 14 , 2012 Estudiantes Tecos was relegated to Mexico 's Liga de Ascenso after gaining the lowest percentage of points got in the last three years against Atlas and Querétaro . The last straw was a combination of a draw between Estudiantes and Puebla and a victory achieved by Atlas against Monterrey . Estudiantes won the Clausura 2014 Ascenso MX championship , but lost the promotional final against Leones Negros . On May 22 , 2014 , Grupo Pachuca president , Jesús Martínez Patiño , announced Estudiantes Tecos would change its location and move to Zacatecas . On May 28 , 2014 the move was confirmed , the club changed its name to Mineros de Zacatecas , and Estudiantes Tecos were dissolved . After being dissolved , still had a team in Mexico 's Third Division , the Liga Premier de Ascenso , but they were not allowed to be promoted into Ascenso MX because they were considered a subsidiary of Mineros de Zacatecas . In August 2015 , the Leaño family announced they had bought the image rights from Grupo Pachuca , thus , re-founding the club to play in the Tercera División , the fourth tier of Mexican football ."}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Tres de Marzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Tres_de_Marzo', 'summary': 'The Estadio 3 de Marzo , is situated in Zapopan , Jalisco , México , district that forms part of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area ; it is the ground of Tecos ; which plays in the Tercera Division de Mexico . It has a capacity of 18,779 and was constructed inside the campus of the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irapuato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irapuato_FC', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Irapuato is a professional football club , based in Irapuato , Guanajuato , Mexico . They are currently playing in the Serie A in the Liga Premier . Irapuato has mostly played in the Promotion League of Mexico ( formerly Primera División A or Ascenso MX . From 2000 to 2004 , the team briefly rose to prominence in the Liga MX reaching the playoffs . Historically , Irapuato has spent over 26 years in the Primera División , never quite excelling to challenge for the title . The team was relegated from the Primera División in 2004 but not because of their on-field performance , but because of financial irregularities . In 2013 , the team then took a turn for the worse being relegated to Liga Premier , the Third Division of Mexico for a year . The team briefly returned to Ascenso MX in May 2014 when Ballenas Galeana , decided to move to Irapuato , and also change their name to Club Irapuato , once again giving Irapuato a football team . But that team was relegated too after a couple of mediocre seasons to Liga Premier , were they play to this day .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergio León Chávez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Sergio_León_Chávez', 'summary': 'Estadio Sergio León Chávez is a Multi-purpose stadium in the city of Irapuato . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 25,000 people . The stadium was built in 1967 and hosted group C of the FIFA World Cup in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiapas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiapas_F.C.', 'summary': 'Chiapas Fútbol Club , commonly known as Jaguares de Chiapas , was a football club based in Tuxtla Gutiérrez , Mexico , that played in the Mexican football league system Mexican Liga MX . The team played their home matches at the Estadio Víctor Manuel Reyna .'}]}, {'value': 'Liga MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_MX', 'summary': "The Liga MX ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis ] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system . Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México , it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX . The season has two tournaments : Apertura , which starts in the summer , and Clausura , which starts in the winter . As of 2020 , the league comprises 18 clubs , with one being relegated every year ( two tournaments ) based upon its league performances over the previous three years . The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla ( mini-league , or playoff ) . Until July 2011 , the league was divided into 3 tiers . The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format . The league is considered the strongest in North America , and among the strongest in all of Latin America . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . According to CONCACAF , the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America , behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball , and ahead of the Canadian Football League . It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Spain 's La Liga . Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league , América has won the title 13 times , followed by Guadalajara ( 12 ) , Toluca ( 10 ) , Cruz Azul ( 8 ) , León , UANL and UNAM ( 7 ) , and Pachuca and Santos Laguna ( 6 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Víctor Manuel Reyna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Víctor_Manuel_Reyna', 'summary': 'The Estadio Víctor Manuel Reyna is a football stadium located in Tuxtla Gutierrez , Chiapas , México . This facility has a capacity of 29,001 seats and was built in 2003 . This sport facility is used mostly for football matches and is currently the home stadium for Cafetaleros de Chiapas . It also hosted shows as the final of La Academia Última Generación .'}]}, {'value': '25,222', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Piedad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.F._La_Piedad', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol La Piedad is a Mexican football club based in La Piedad , Michoacán . The club currently plays in the Liga Premier de Ascenso de Mexico in the Liga Premier . Reboceros was founded in 1951 by football players from Perros Bravos neighborhood , most of them were craftsman working with leather and textile .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan N. López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Juan_N._López', 'summary': 'Estadio Juan N. López is a football stadium located in La Piedad , Michoacán , Mexico . It is home to Segunda División de México ( Mexico Second Division ) club La Piedad . It opened in 1994 and has a setting capacity of 13,356 .'}]}, {'value': '15,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lobos BUAP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lobos_de_la_BUAP', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Lobos de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla was a Mexican football club based in Puebla , Mexico . The club represented the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla . The club 's history goes back to the early 1930s when the club was known as Preparatoria , formed exclusively by players that attended the university . The club has played on and off since then . It was not until the 1990s when the club made a serious comeback . It has been playing in the lower level Mexican football divisions . In 2003 the club was awarded a spot in the Primera A ( now known as the Liga de Ascenso ) , a league where the club played until earning promotion in 2017 to the Liga MX Primera División . The club marked its home in the Estadio Universitario BUAP ."}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Olímpico de C.U', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_de_C.U.', 'summary': 'Estadio Universitario BUAP ( official name ) is a multi-purpose stadium located in Ciudad Universitaria in Puebla , Puebla , Mexico . It is used by the Lobos BUAP professional football team , currently playing in the Liga MX top flight of Mexican football .'}]}, {'value': '20,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mérida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mérida_FC', 'summary': 'Venados Fútbol Club is a Mexican football club based in Mérida , Yucatán . The team are currently plays in the Liga de Ascenso , the second tier of the Mexican football league system . For the Clausura 2011 season they became the filial team of Atlante , whilst until that point they had been the subsidiary team of Monarcas Morelia .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Iturralde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Carlos_Iturralde', 'summary': 'The Estadio Carlos Iturralde is a multi-use stadium in the Mexican city of Mérida , Yucatán . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Venados F.C . The stadium holds 15,087 people .'}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morelia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Monarcas Morelia is a Mexican professional football club based in Morelia , Michoacán , playing in Liga MX . The team is owned by Grupo Salinas and plays its home games in Estadio Morelos .'}]}, {'value': 'Liga MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_MX', 'summary': "The Liga MX ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis ] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system . Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México , it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX . The season has two tournaments : Apertura , which starts in the summer , and Clausura , which starts in the winter . As of 2020 , the league comprises 18 clubs , with one being relegated every year ( two tournaments ) based upon its league performances over the previous three years . The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla ( mini-league , or playoff ) . Until July 2011 , the league was divided into 3 tiers . The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format . The league is considered the strongest in North America , and among the strongest in all of Latin America . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . According to CONCACAF , the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America , behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball , and ahead of the Canadian Football League . It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Spain 's La Liga . Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league , América has won the title 13 times , followed by Guadalajara ( 12 ) , Toluca ( 10 ) , Cruz Azul ( 8 ) , León , UANL and UNAM ( 7 ) , and Pachuca and Santos Laguna ( 6 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Morelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Morelos', 'summary': "Estadio Morelos is a football stadium located along Periférico Independencia , in the Independencia sector , near the base of Cerro del Quinceo in northwest Morelia , Michoacán , México . It 's the site of professional football teams , Monarcas Morelia in the top division of Mexican football and Monarcas Primera A in the league under that . This structure holds various events , such as concerts and religious gatherings and mass . Its official name Estadio José María Morelos y Pavón is meant to honor this hero of the Mexican War of Independence The stadium has an irregular shape , because the areas behind the goals only have one level and 32 rows , along the side there are 4 levels ( one grandstand , one other seating area and 2 box areas ) and 49 stands . According to the Monarcas Morelia website , the capacity of the stadium is 35,000 ."}]}, {'value': '41,056', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Necaxa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Necaxa', 'summary': 'Impulsora del Deportivo Necaxa S.A. de C.V. ( pronounced [ ne.ˈkak.sa ] ) ; often simply known as Club Necaxa , is a Mexican football club in Liga MX based in the city of Aguascalientes . It plays in the Estadio Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Victoria', 'summary': 'Estadio Victoria is sports stadium in the Mexican city of Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes . The stadium opened in 2003 and has a capacity of 23,851 seats . Although the stadium is capable of multi-use , its main use is for soccer games . It is the home stadium of the Necaxa football club , which played in Mexico City at the Estadio Azteca before relocating to Aguascalientes and Estadio Victoria . The stadium is named after a leading brand of beer brewed by Grupo Modelo .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toros_Neza', 'summary': 'Toros Neza Fútbol Club , also known as Toros Neza was a Mexican football team based in the city of Nezahualcóyotl . They played in the Segunda División de México . The club returned for the Clausura 2011 Liga de Ascenso tournament , taking the place of Atlante UTN who had been purchased by Grupo Salinas . An earlier Toros Neza side played in the Mexican Primera División in the 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Ascenso MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascenso_MX', 'summary': 'Ascenso MX is the second tier of professional football in Mexico of the Mexican football league system . The champion of the competition is promoted to Liga MX ( top-flight tier ) . The bottom team is relegated to Liga Premier ( the third tier ) . It is currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA Bancomer , and thus officially known as Ascenso BBVA MX . Formerly known as Primera División A ( First Division A ) the league rebranded in 2009 its name and competition format to Liga de Ascenso . It was rebranded in 2012 as Ascenso MX . The major changes : clubs do not need a FMF certification to be promoted and that the competition no longer used group stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Neza 86', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Neza_86', 'summary': 'Estadio Neza 86 is a football stadium in Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl , a commuter town located east of Mexico City in the State of Mexico . The stadium is located on the grounds of the main campus of the Universidad Tecnológica de Nezahualcóyotl . The stadium will be renovated soon , which will decrease the capacity .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pachuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.F._Pachuca', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Pachuca is a Mexican professional football team based in Pachuca , Hidalgo , that competes in Liga MX . Founded by Cornish miners in 1901 , it is one of the oldest football clubs in the Americas . After decades of mediocre or poor performances between the 1st and 2nd division , Pachuca was promoted once again to the Primera División in 1998 . Since then , it has been one of the most successful clubs in Mexico , winning six national championships , four CONCACAF Champions ' Cups , the 2007 SuperLiga , and one Copa Sudamericana . In 2006 , Pachuca became the first CONCACAF team to win a CONMEBOL tournament . Pachuca was one of the founding members of the Mexican Primera División ."}]}, {'value': 'Liga MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_MX', 'summary': "The Liga MX ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis ] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system . Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México , it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX . The season has two tournaments : Apertura , which starts in the summer , and Clausura , which starts in the winter . As of 2020 , the league comprises 18 clubs , with one being relegated every year ( two tournaments ) based upon its league performances over the previous three years . The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla ( mini-league , or playoff ) . Until July 2011 , the league was divided into 3 tiers . The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format . The league is considered the strongest in North America , and among the strongest in all of Latin America . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . According to CONCACAF , the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America , behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball , and ahead of the Canadian Football League . It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Spain 's La Liga . Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league , América has won the title 13 times , followed by Guadalajara ( 12 ) , Toluca ( 10 ) , Cruz Azul ( 8 ) , León , UANL and UNAM ( 7 ) , and Pachuca and Santos Laguna ( 6 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hidalgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Hidalgo', 'summary': "The Estadio Hidalgo is a football stadium named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . It is located in Pachuca in the Mexican state of Hidalgo , also named in honor of Miguel Hidalgo . This sport facility is one of Mexico 's mid-sized soccer stadiums , with a capacity of 27,512 . It opened in January 1993 , but recently was refurbished and modernized . It is located in the city of Pachuca , formerly a large mining site . This building is used mostly for soccer games and is the home of C.F . Pachuca ."}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puebla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puebla_F.C.', 'summary': 'Club Puebla , formerly Puebla F.C . is a Mexican professional football club based in the city of Puebla , competing in the Liga MX . The team shirt features a diagonal stripe ( traditionally blue on white on the home kit , and a combination of different colors on the away kits ) that crosses the chest diagonally from right to left , which is considered a distinctive element of its identity . Since 1904 , the city of Puebla had an official football team . It started as club Puebla AC , founded by Englishmen . It was later incorporated into the Mexican football league during the amateur era . In the 1944-45 season , they won their first official tournament , the Copa Mexico ( nowadays known as Copa MX ) . They won that trophy again in the 1953-54 season . Their first league title came in the 1982-83 season after defeating Guadalajara on penalty kicks . The team won a third Copa Mexico on the 1987-88 season , and in the 1989-90 season , they won both their fourth Copa Mexico and their second league title after beating Universidad de Guadalajara . This feat ( winning both the league and the Copa Mexico championships ) earned the team the right to be counted among the Campeonísimos . In 1991 , they defeated Police from Trinidad and Tobago for their first CONCACAF championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Liga MX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_MX', 'summary': "The Liga MX ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis ] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system . Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México , it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX . The season has two tournaments : Apertura , which starts in the summer , and Clausura , which starts in the winter . As of 2020 , the league comprises 18 clubs , with one being relegated every year ( two tournaments ) based upon its league performances over the previous three years . The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla ( mini-league , or playoff ) . Until July 2011 , the league was divided into 3 tiers . The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format . The league is considered the strongest in North America , and among the strongest in all of Latin America . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . According to CONCACAF , the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America , behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball , and ahead of the Canadian Football League . It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Spain 's La Liga . Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league , América has won the title 13 times , followed by Guadalajara ( 12 ) , Toluca ( 10 ) , Cruz Azul ( 8 ) , León , UANL and UNAM ( 7 ) , and Pachuca and Santos Laguna ( 6 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuauhtémoc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Cuauhtémoc', 'summary': 'Estadio Cuauhtémoc is a football stadium in the city of Puebla , Mexico . It is the home of Club Puebla . It is currently the fourth biggest football stadium in Mexico by capacity . The stadium has been the host of the 1970 FIFA World Cup and the 1986 FIFA World Cup . From November 2014 - 2015 , the stadium went through massive renovations . As of November 2015 , Cuauhtémoc Stadium is considered to be an innovation in textile design and sports architecture in Mexico , since it is the first and only stadium in Latin America to have a facade totally covered with ETFE .'}]}, {'value': '48,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of teams', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Clausura_2013_Copa_MX_0', 'intro': 'The Copa MX Clausura 2013 was the 69th staging of the Copa MX, the 42nd staging in the professional era and is the second tournament played since the 1996-97 edition. This tournament started on January 15, 2013 and concluded on April 10, 2013.'}
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What city is the team based in that has a home stadium capacity of 56,713 ?
Guadalajara
063ea4c94dcd8a44
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_with_most_United_States_military_fatalities', 'title': 'List of battles with most United States military fatalities', 'header': ['Battle or siege', 'Conflict', 'Date', 'Estimated number killed', 'Opposing force'], 'data': [{'value': 'Battle of Elsenborn Ridge ( part of the Battle of the Bulge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge', 'summary': 'The Battle of Elsenborn Ridge refers to the northernmost German attacks during the Battle of the Bulge ; the area from Elsenborn Ridge itself to Monschau was the only sector of the American front line attacked during the Battle of the Bulge where the Germans failed to advance . :33 The battle centered on the boomerang-shaped Elsenborn Ridge east of Elsenborn , Belgium . In this region , Elsenborn Ridge marks the westernmost ridge of the Ardennes , rising more than 2,000 feet ( 600 m ) above sea level ; unlike the uplands further north , east and south , it has been extensively logged . West of Elsenborn Ridge , where the land descends in gentle hills to the cities of Liège and Spa , was a network of Allied supply bases and a well-developed road network . The Germans planned on using two key routes through the area to seize Antwerp and force a separate peace with the United States and Britain . :259-271 Capturing Monschau , the nearby village of Höfen , and the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt just east of Elsenborn Ridge , were key to the success of the German plans , and Hitler committed his best armored units to the area . The untested troops of the 99th Infantry Division had been placed in the sector during mid-November because the Allies thought that the area was unlikely to see battle . The division was stretched thin over a 22-mile ( 35 km ) front , and all three regiments were in the line with no reserve . In early December , the 2nd Infantry Division was assigned to capture a crossroads named Wahlerscheid , at the southern tip of the Hurtgen Forest . German forces counterattacked in what the Americans initially thought was a localized spoiling action , but was actually a leading element of the Battle of the Bulge . The 2nd Division consolidated its lines , pulling back into Hünningen , then Rocherath-Krinkelt , and finally to the dug-in positions held by the 99th Division at Elsenborn Ridge . In a fierce battle lasting ten days , the American and German lines were often confused .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge', 'summary': "The Battle of the Bulge , also known as the Ardennes Counteroffensive , was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II , and took place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945 . It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in eastern Belgium , northeast France , and Luxembourg , towards the end of the war in Europe . The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines , allowing the Germans to encircle and destroy four Allied armies and force the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers ' favor . The Germans achieved a total surprise attack on the morning of 16 December 1944 , due to a combination of Allied overconfidence , preoccupation with Allied offensive plans , and poor aerial reconnaissance due to bad weather . American forces bore the brunt of the attack and incurred their highest casualties of any operation during the war . The battle also severely depleted Germany 's armored forces , and they were largely unable to replace them . German personnel and , later , Luftwaffe aircraft ( in the concluding stages of the engagement ) also sustained heavy losses . The Germans had attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line , taking advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies ' overwhelmingly superior air forces . Fierce resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive , around Elsenborn Ridge , and in the south , around Bastogne , blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west that they counted on for success . Columns of armor and infantry that were supposed to advance along parallel routes found themselves on the same roads . This , and terrain that favored the defenders , threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops . The farthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy-Nôtre-Dame , south east of Dinant , being stopped by the U.S. 2nd Armored Division on 24 December 1944 ."}]}, {'value': 'World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'December 16 to 26 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '~5,000 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Saint-Mihiel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel', 'summary': 'The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a major World War I battle fought from 12-15 September 1918 , involving the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) and 110,000 French troops under the command of General John J. Pershing of the United States against German positions . The U.S. Army Air Service played a significant role in this action . This battle marked the first use of the terms D-Day and H-Hour by the Americans . The attack at the Saint-Mihiel salient was part of a plan by Pershing in which he hoped that the Americans would break through the German lines and capture the fortified city of Metz . It was the first and only offensive launched mainly by the United States Army in World War I , and the attack caught the Germans in the process of retreating . This meant that their artillery was out of place and the American attack , coming up against disorganized German forces , proved more successful than expected . The Saint-Mihiel attack established the stature of the U.S. Army in the eyes of the French and British forces , and again demonstrated the critical role of artillery during World War I and the difficulty of supplying such massive armies while they were on the move . The U.S. attack faltered as artillery and food supplies were left behind on the muddy roads . The attack on Metz was not realized , as the Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch ordered the American troops to march towards Sedan and Mézières , which would lead to the Meuse-Argonne Offensive .'}]}, {'value': 'World War I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'September 12 to 15 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': '~4,500 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Gettysburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg', 'summary': "The Battle of Gettysburg ( locally /ˈɡɛtɪsbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) ) was fought July 1-3 , 1863 , in and around the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War . The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war 's turning point . Union Maj. Gen. George Meade 's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , halting Lee 's invasion of the North . After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863 , Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North - the Gettysburg Campaign . With his army in high spirits , Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war-ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , or even Philadelphia . Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit , but was relieved of command just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade . Elements of the two armies initially collided at Gettysburg on July 1 , 1863 , as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there , his objective being to engage the Union army and destroy it . Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig . Gen. John Buford , and soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry . However , two large Confederate corps assaulted them from the northwest and north , collapsing the hastily developed Union lines , sending the defenders retreating through the streets of the town to the hills just to the south . On the second day of battle , most of both armies had assembled . The Union line was laid out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'July 1 to July 3 , 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,155 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Leyte Gulf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf', 'summary': "The Battle of Leyte Gulf ( Filipino : Labanan sa Look ng Leyte ) is considered to have been the largest naval battle of World War II and is , by some criteria , a contender for the title largest naval battle in history , with over 200,000 naval personnel involved . It was fought in waters near the Philippine islands of Leyte , Samar , and Luzon , from 23-26 October 1944 , between combined American and Australian forces and the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) , as part of the invasion of Leyte , which aimed to isolate Japan from the countries it had occupied in Southeast Asia which were a vital source of industrial and oil supplies . By the time of the battle , Japan had fewer capital ships ( aircraft carriers and battleships ) left than the Allied forces had total aircraft carriers , underscoring the disparity in force strength at this point in the war . Regardless , the IJN mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to defeat the Allied invasion , but it was repulsed by the U.S. Navy 's Third and Seventh fleets . The battle consisted of four main separate engagements : the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea , the Battle of Surigao Strait , the Battle off Cape Engaño and the Battle off Samar , as well as lesser actions . This was the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks , and the last naval battle between battleships in history . The IJN suffered heavy losses and never sailed in comparable force thereafter , stranded for lack of fuel in their bases for the rest of the war , and were unable to affect the successful Allied invasion of Leyte ."}]}, {'value': 'World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'October 23 to 25 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,800 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Spotsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania', 'summary': "The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House , sometimes more simply referred to as the Battle of Spotsylvania ( or the 19th-century spelling Spottsylvania ) , was the second major battle in Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Overland Campaign of the American Civil War . Following the bloody but inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness , Grant 's army disengaged from Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's army and moved to the southeast , attempting to lure Lee into battle under more favorable conditions . Elements of Lee 's army beat the Union army to the critical crossroads of Spotsylvania Court House , Virginia , and began entrenching . Fighting occurred on and off from May 8 through May 21 , 1864 , as Grant tried various schemes to break the Confederate line . In the end , the battle was tactically inconclusive , but both sides declared victory . The Confederacy declared victory because they were able to hold their defenses . The United States declared victory because the Federal offensive continued and Lee 's army suffered losses that could not be replaced . With almost 32,000 casualties on both sides , Spotsylvania was the costliest battle of the campaign . On May 8 , Union Maj. Gens . Gouverneur K. Warren and John Sedgwick unsuccessfully attempted to dislodge the Confederates under Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson from Laurel Hill , a position that was blocking them from Spotsylvania Court House . On May 10 , Grant ordered attacks across the Confederate line of earthworks , which by now extended over 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) , including a prominent salient known as the Mule Shoe . Although the Union troops failed again at Laurel Hill , an innovative assault attempt by Col. Emory Upton against the Mule Shoe showed promise ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'May 8 to May 21 , 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,725 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D-day ( first day of Operation Overlord )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D-day', 'summary': 'The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday , 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II . Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day , it was the largest seaborne invasion in history . The operation began the liberation of German-occupied France ( and later western Europe ) and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the Western Front . Planning for the operation began in 1943 . In the months leading up to the invasion , the Allies conducted a substantial military deception , codenamed Operation Bodyguard , to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings . The weather on D-Day was far from ideal , and the operation had to be delayed 24 hours ; a further postponement would have meant a delay of at least two weeks , as the invasion planners had requirements for the phase of the moon , the tides , and the time of day that meant only a few days each month were deemed suitable . Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and of developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an Allied invasion . The amphibious landings were preceded by extensive aerial and naval bombardment and an airborne assault - the landing of 24,000 American , British , and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight . Allied infantry and armoured divisions began landing on the coast of France at 06:30 . The target 50-mile ( 80 km ) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors : Utah , Omaha , Gold , Juno , and Sword . Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions , particularly at Utah and Omaha . The men landed under heavy fire from gun emplacements overlooking the beaches , and the shore was mined and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes , metal tripods , and barbed wire , making the work of the beach-clearing teams difficult and dangerous .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Operation_Overlord', 'summary': "Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy , the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II . The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings ( Operation Neptune , commonly known as D-Day ) . A 1,200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels . Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June , and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August . The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion in 1944 was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943 . General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) , and General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group , which comprised all the land forces involved in the invasion . The coast of Normandy of northwestern France was chosen as the site of the invasion , with the Americans assigned to land at sectors codenamed Utah and Omaha , the British at Sword and Gold , and the Canadians at Juno . To meet the conditions expected on the Normandy beachhead , special technology was developed , including two artificial ports called Mulberry harbours and an array of specialised tanks nicknamed Hobart 's Funnies . In the months leading up to the invasion , the Allies conducted a substantial military deception , Operation Bodyguard , using both electronic and visual misinformation . This misled the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings . Führer Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of developing fortifications all along Hitler 's proclaimed Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion . The Allies failed to accomplish their objectives for the first day , but gained a tenuous foothold that they gradually expanded when they captured the port at Cherbourg on 26 June and the city of Caen on 21 July ."}]}, {'value': 'World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'June 6 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,500 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pearl Harbor Attack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Attack', 'summary': "The attack on Pearl Harbor [ nb 3 ] was a surprise , preemptive military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States ( a neutral country at the time ) against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu , Territory of Hawaii , just before 08:00 , on Sunday morning , December 7 , 1941 . The attack led to the United States ' formal entry into World War II the next day . The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI , and as Operation Z during its planning . Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S.-held Philippines , Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . The attack commenced at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 18:18 GMT ) . [ nb 4 ] The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft ( including fighters , level and dive bombers , and torpedo bombers ) in two waves , launched from six aircraft carriers . All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged , with four sunk . All but USS Arizona were later raised , and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war . The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers , three destroyers , an anti-aircraft training ship , [ nb 5 ] and one minelayer . 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed ; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded . Important base installations such as the power station , dry dock , shipyard , maintenance , and fuel and torpedo storage facilities , as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) were not attacked ."}]}, {'value': 'World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'December 7 , 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,403 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of the Wilderness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness', 'summary': "The Battle of the Wilderness , fought May 5-7 , 1864 , was the first battle of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's 1864 Virginia Overland Campaign against Gen. Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War . Both armies suffered heavy casualties , around 5,000 men killed in total , a harbinger of a bloody war of attrition by Grant against Lee 's army and , eventually , the Confederate capital , Richmond , Virginia . The battle was tactically inconclusive , as Grant disengaged and continued his offensive . Grant attempted to move quickly through the dense underbrush of the Wilderness of Spotsylvania , but Lee launched two of his corps on parallel roads to intercept him . On the morning of May 5 , the Union V Corps under Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren attacked the Confederate Second Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell , on the Orange Turnpike . That afternoon the Third Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill , encountered Brig . Gen. George W. Getty 's division ( VI Corps ) and Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock 's II Corps on the Orange Plank Road . Fighting until dark was fierce but inconclusive as both sides attempted to maneuver in the dense woods . At dawn on May 6 , Hancock attacked along the Plank Road , driving Hill 's Corps back in confusion , but the First Corps of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet arrived in time to prevent the collapse of the Confederate right flank . Longstreet followed up with a surprise flanking attack from an unfinished railroad bed that drove Hancock 's men back to the Brock Road , but the momentum was lost when Longstreet was wounded by his own men . An evening attack by Brig . Gen. John B. Gordon against the Union right flank caused consternation at Union headquarters , but the lines stabilized and fighting ceased ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'May 5 to May 7 , 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,246 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Antietam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam', 'summary': "The Battle of Antietam /ænˈtiːtəm/ , also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg , particularly in the Southern United States , was a battle of the American Civil War , fought on September 17 , 1862 , between Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan 's Army of the Potomac , near Sharpsburg , Maryland and Antietam Creek . Part of the Maryland Campaign , it was the first field army-level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War to take place on Union soil . It was the bloodiest day in United States military history , with a combined tally of 22,717 dead , wounded , or missing . After pursuing the Confederate general Robert E. Lee into Maryland , Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan of the Union Army launched attacks against Lee 's army , in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek . At dawn on September 17 , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee 's left flank . Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller 's Cornfield , and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church . Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center , but the Federal advantage was not followed up . In the afternoon , Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside 's corps entered the action , capturing a stone bridge over Antietam Creek and advancing against the Confederate right . At a crucial moment , Confederate Maj. Gen. A. P. Hill 's division arrived from Harpers Ferry and launched a surprise counterattack , driving back Burnside and ending the battle . Although outnumbered two-to-one , Lee committed his entire force , while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army , enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill . During the night , both armies consolidated their lines . In spite of crippling casualties , Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout September 18 , while removing his battered army south of the Potomac River ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'September 17 , 1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,108 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Aachen ( part of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen', 'summary': "The Battle of Aachen was a major combat action of World War II , fought by American and German forces in and around Aachen , Germany , between 2-21 October 1944 . The city had been incorporated into the Siegfried Line , the main defensive network on Germany 's western border ; the Allies had hoped to capture it quickly and advance into the industrialized Ruhr Basin . Although most of Aachen 's civilian population was evacuated before the battle began , much of the city was destroyed and both sides suffered heavy losses . It was one of the largest urban battles fought by U.S. forces in World War II , and the first city on German soil to be captured by the Allies . The battle ended with a German surrender , but their tenacious defense significantly disrupted Allied plans for the advance into Germany ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Hürtgen_Forest', 'summary': "The Battle of Hürtgen Forest ( German : Schlacht im Hürtgenwald ) was a series of fierce battles fought from 19 September to 16 December 1944 , between American and German forces on the Western Front during World War II , in the Hürtgen Forest , a 140 km2 ( 54 sq mi ) area about 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) east of the Belgian-German border . It was the longest battle on German ground during World War II and is the longest single battle the U.S. Army has ever fought . The U.S. commanders ' initial goal was to pin down German forces in the area to keep them from reinforcing the front lines farther north in the Battle of Aachen , where the US forces were fighting against the Siegfried Line network of fortified industrial towns and villages speckled with pillboxes , tank traps , and minefields . A secondary objective may have been to outflank the front line . [ citation needed ] The Americans ' initial tactical objectives were to take Schmidt and clear Monschau . In a second phase the Allies wanted to advance to the Rur River as part of Operation Queen . Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model intended to bring the Allied thrust to a standstill . While he interfered less in the day-to-day movements of units than at the Battle of Arnhem , he still kept himself fully informed on the situation , slowing the Allies ' progress , inflicting heavy casualties , and taking full advantage of the fortifications the Germans called the Westwall , better known to the Allies as the Siegfried Line . The Hürtgen Forest cost the U.S. First Army at least 33,000 killed and wounded , including both combat and non-combat losses , with upper estimate at 55,000 ; German casualties were 28,000 . The city of Aachen in the north eventually fell on 22 October at high cost to the U.S. Ninth Army , but they failed to cross the Rur or wrest control of its dams from the Germans . The battle was so costly that it has been described as an Allied defeat of the first magnitude , with specific credit given to Model . :391 The Germans fiercely defended the area because it served as a staging area for the 1944 winter offensive Unternehmen : Wacht am Rhein ( later known as the Battle of the Bulge ) , and because the mountains commanded access to the Rur Dam [ notes 3 ] at the head of the Rur Reservoir ( Rurstausee ) ."}]}, {'value': 'World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'October 12 to October 21 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Cold Harbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor', 'summary': "The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought during the American Civil War near Mechanicsville , Virginia , from May 31 to June 12 , 1864 , with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3 . It was one of the final battles of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's Overland Campaign , and is remembered as one of American history 's bloodiest , most lopsided battles . Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified positions of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's army . On May 31 , as Grant 's army once again swung around the right flank of Lee 's army , Union cavalry seized the crossroads of Old Cold Harbor , about 10 miles northeast of the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , holding it against Confederate attacks until the Union infantry arrived . Both Grant and Lee , whose armies had suffered enormous casualties in the Overland Campaign , received reinforcements . On the evening of June 1 , the Union VI Corps and XVIII Corps arrived and assaulted the Confederate works to the west of the crossroads with some success . On June 2 , the remainder of both armies arrived and the Confederates built an elaborate series of fortifications 7 miles long . At dawn on June 3 , three Union corps attacked the Confederate works on the southern end of the line and were easily repulsed with heavy casualties . Attempts to assault the northern end of the line and to resume the assaults on the southern were unsuccessful . Grant said of the battle in his Personal Memoirs , I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made . . No advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'May 21 to June 12 , 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,844 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Tarawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa', 'summary': 'The Battle of Tarawa was a battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that was fought on 20-23 November 1943 . It took place at the Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands , and was part of Operation Galvanic , the U.S. invasion of the Gilberts . Nearly 6,400 Japanese , Koreans , and Americans died in the fighting , mostly on and around the small island of Betio , in the extreme southwest of Tarawa Atoll . The Battle of Tarawa was the first American offensive in the critical central Pacific region . It was also the first time in the Pacific War that the United States had faced serious Japanese opposition to an amphibious landing . Previous landings met little or no initial resistance , [ N 1 ] but on Tarawa the 4,500 Japanese defenders were well-supplied and well-prepared , and they fought almost to the last man , exacting a heavy toll on the United States Marine Corps . The losses on Tarawa were incurred within 76 hours .'}]}, {'value': 'World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'November 20 to November 23 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,759 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Shiloh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh', 'summary': "The Battle of Shiloh ( also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing ) was a battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War , fought April 6-7 , 1862 , in southwestern Tennessee . A Union force known as the Army of the Tennessee ( Major General Ulysses S. Grant ) had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the Tennessee River , where the Confederate Army of Mississippi ( General Albert Sidney Johnston , P. G. T. Beauregard second-in-command ) launched a surprise attack on Grant 's army from its base in Corinth , Mississippi . Johnston was mortally wounded during the fighting ; Beauregard took command of the army and decided against pressing the attack late in the evening . Overnight , Grant was reinforced by one of his divisions stationed further north and was joined by three divisions from the Army of the Ohio ( Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell ) . The Union forces began an unexpected counterattack the next morning which reversed the Confederate gains of the previous day . On April 6 , the first day of the battle , the Confederates struck with the intention of driving the Union defenders away from the river and into the swamps of Owl Creek to the west . Johnston hoped to defeat Grant 's army before the anticipated arrival of Buell and the Army of the Ohio . The Confederate battle lines became confused during the fighting , and Grant 's men instead fell back to the northeast , in the direction of Pittsburg Landing . A Union position on a slightly sunken road , nicknamed the Hornet 's Nest and defended by the divisions of Brig . Gens . Benjamin Prentiss and William H. L. Wallace , provided time for the remainder of the Union line to stabilize under the protection of numerous artillery batteries . Wallace was mortally wounded when the position collapsed , while several regiments from the two divisions were eventually surrounded and surrendered ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'April 6 to April 7 , 1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,754 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Battle of Bull Run', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run', 'summary': "The Second Battle of Bull Run or Battle of Second Manassas was fought August 28-30 , 1862 in Prince William County , Virginia , as part of the American Civil War . It was the culmination of the Northern Virginia Campaign waged by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia , and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run ( or First Manassas ) fought on July 21 , 1861 on the same ground . Following a wide-ranging flanking march , Confederate Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson captured the Union supply depot at Manassas Junction , threatening Pope 's line of communications with Washington , D.C . Withdrawing a few miles to the northwest , Jackson took up strong concealed defensive positions on Stony Ridge and awaited the arrival of the wing of Lee 's army commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet . On August 28 , 1862 , Jackson attacked a Union column just east of Gainesville , at Brawner 's Farm , resulting in a stalemate but successfully getting Pope 's attention . On that same day , Longstreet broke through light Union resistance in the Battle of Thoroughfare Gap and approached the battlefield . Pope became convinced that he had trapped Jackson and concentrated the bulk of his army against him . On August 29 , Pope launched a series of assaults against Jackson 's position along an unfinished railroad grade . The attacks were repulsed with heavy casualties on both sides . At noon , Longstreet arrived on the field from Thoroughfare Gap and took position on Jackson 's right flank . On August 30 , Pope renewed his attacks , seemingly unaware that Longstreet was on the field . When massed Confederate artillery devastated a Union assault by Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter 's V Corps , Longstreet 's wing of 25,000 men in five divisions counterattacked in the largest simultaneous mass assault of the war ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26 to August 30 , 1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,747 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seven Days Battles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles', 'summary': "The Seven Days Battles were a series of seven battles over seven days from June 25 to July 1 , 1862 , near Richmond , Virginia , during the American Civil War . Confederate General Robert E. Lee drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac , commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , away from Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia Peninsula . The series of battles is sometimes known erroneously as the Seven Days Campaign , but it was actually the culmination of the Peninsula Campaign , not a separate campaign in its own right . The Seven Days began on Wednesday , June 25 , 1862 , with a Union attack in the minor Battle of Oak Grove , but McClellan quickly lost the initiative as Lee began a series of attacks at Beaver Dam Creek ( Mechanicsville ) on June 26 , Gaines 's Mill on June 27 , the minor actions at Garnett 's and Golding 's Farm on June 27 and 28 , and the attack on the Union rear guard at Savage 's Station on June 29 . McClellan 's Army of the Potomac continued its retreat toward the safety of Harrison 's Landing on the James River . Lee 's final opportunity to intercept the Union Army was at the Battle of Glendale on June 30 , but poorly executed orders and the delay of Stonewall Jackson 's troops allowed his enemy to escape to a strong defensive position on Malvern Hill . At the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1 , Lee launched futile frontal assaults and suffered heavy casualties in the face of strong infantry and artillery defenses . The Seven Days ended with McClellan 's army in relative safety next to the James River , having suffered almost 16,000 casualties during the retreat . Lee 's army , which had been on the offensive during the Seven Days , lost over 20,000 . As Lee became convinced that McClellan would not resume his threat against Richmond , he moved north for the northern Virginia campaign and the Maryland campaign ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'June 25 to July 1 , 1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,734 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naval Battle of Guadalcanal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal', 'summary': "The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , sometimes referred to as the Third and Fourth Battles of Savo Island , the Battle of the Solomons , the Battle of Friday the 13th , or , in Japanese sources , the Third Battle of the Solomon Sea ( 第三次ソロモン海戦 , Dai-san-ji Soromon Kaisen ) , took place from 12-15 November 1942 , and was the decisive engagement in a series of naval battles between Allied ( primarily American ) and Imperial Japanese forces during the months-long Guadalcanal Campaign in the Solomon Islands during World War II . The action consisted of combined air and sea engagements over four days , most near Guadalcanal and all related to a Japanese effort to reinforce land forces on the island . The only two U.S. Navy admirals to be killed in a surface engagement in the war were lost in this battle . Allied forces landed on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942 and seized an airfield , later called Henderson Field , that was under construction by the Japanese military . There were several subsequent attempts to recapture the airfield by the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy using reinforcements delivered to Guadalcanal by ship , efforts which ultimately failed . In early November 1942 , the Japanese organized a transport convoy to take 7,000 infantry troops and their equipment to Guadalcanal to attempt once again to retake the airfield . Several Japanese warship forces were assigned to bombard Henderson Field with the goal of destroying Allied aircraft that posed a threat to the convoy . Learning of the Japanese reinforcement effort , U.S. forces launched aircraft and warship attacks to defend Henderson Field and prevent the Japanese ground troops from reaching Guadalcanal . In the resulting battle , both sides lost numerous warships in two extremely destructive surface engagements at night . Nevertheless , the U.S. succeeded in turning back attempts by the Japanese to bombard Henderson Field with battleships . Allied aircraft also sank most of the Japanese troop transports and prevented the majority of the Japanese troops and equipment from reaching Guadalcanal . Thus , the battle turned back Japan 's last major attempt to dislodge Allied forces from Guadalcanal and nearby Tulagi , resulting in a strategic victory for the U.S. and its allies and deciding the ultimate outcome of the Guadalcanal campaign in their favor ."}]}, {'value': 'World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'November 12 , 1942 to November 15 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,732 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Stones River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River', 'summary': "The Battle of Stones River ( also known as the Second Battle of Murfreesboro ) was a battle fought from December 31 , 1862 , to January 2 , 1863 , in Middle Tennessee , as the culmination of the Stones River Campaign in the Western Theater of the American Civil War . Of the major battles of the war , Stones River had the highest percentage of casualties on both sides . Although the battle itself was inconclusive , the Union Army 's repulse of two Confederate attacks and the subsequent Confederate withdrawal were a much-needed boost to Union morale after the defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg , and it dashed Confederate aspirations for control of Middle Tennessee . Union Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans 's Army of the Cumberland marched from Nashville , Tennessee , on December 26 , 1862 , to challenge General Braxton Bragg 's Army of Tennessee at Murfreesboro . On December 31 , each army commander planned to attack his opponent 's right flank , but Bragg struck first . A massive assault by the corps of Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee , followed by that of Leonidas Polk , overran the wing commanded by Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook . A stout defense by the division of Brig . Gen. Philip Sheridan in the right center of the line prevented a total collapse , and the Union assumed a tight defensive position backing up to the Nashville Turnpike . Repeated Confederate attacks were repulsed from this concentrated line , most notably in the cedar Round Forest salient against the brigade of Col. William B. Hazen . Bragg attempted to continue the assault with the division of Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge , but the troops were slow in arriving and their multiple piecemeal attacks failed . Fighting resumed on January 2 , 1863 , when Bragg ordered Breckinridge to assault the well-fortified Union position on a hill to the east of the Stones River . Faced with overwhelming artillery , the Confederates were repulsed with heavy losses ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'December 31 , 1862 to January 2 , 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,730 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Chickamauga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga', 'summary': "The Battle of Chickamauga , fought on September 18 - 20 , 1863 , between U.S. and Confederate forces in the American Civil War , marked the end of a Union offensive , the Chickamauga Campaign , in southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia . It was the first major battle of the war fought in Georgia , the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater , and involved the second-highest number of casualties after the Battle of Gettysburg . The battle was fought between the Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans and the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Braxton Bragg , and was named for Chickamauga Creek , which meanders near the battle area in northwest Georgia ( and ultimately flows into the Tennessee River about 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) northeast of downtown Chattanooga ) . After his successful Tullahoma Campaign , Rosecrans renewed the offensive , aiming to force the Confederates out of Chattanooga . In early September , Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Bragg 's army out of Chattanooga , heading south . The Union troops followed it and brushed with it at Davis 's Cross Roads . Bragg was determined to reoccupy Chattanooga and decided to meet a part of Rosecrans 's army , to defeat it , and then to move back into the city . On September 17 he headed north , intending to attack the isolated XXI Corps . As Bragg marched north on September 18 , his cavalry and infantry fought with Union cavalry and mounted infantry , which were armed with Spencer repeating rifles . Fighting began in earnest on the morning of September 19 . Bragg 's men strongly assaulted but could not break the Union line . The next day , Bragg resumed his assault ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'September 19 to September 20 , 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,656 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Chancellorsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville', 'summary': "The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville campaign . It was fought from April 30 to May 6 , 1863 , in Spotsylvania County , Virginia , near the village of Chancellorsville . Two related battles were fought nearby on May 3 in the vicinity of Fredericksburg . The campaign pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's Army of the Potomac against an army less than half its size , General Robert E. Lee 's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia . Chancellorsville is known as Lee 's perfect battle because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory . The victory , a product of Lee 's audacity and Hooker 's timid decision-making , was tempered by heavy casualties , including Lt. Gen. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson . Jackson was hit by friendly fire , requiring his left arm to be amputated . He died of pneumonia eight days later , a loss that Lee likened to losing his right arm . Lee 's difficulty in replacing his lost men as well as his inability to prevent the Union withdrawal effectively have led to his great victory being regarded as a Pyrrhic one . The Chancellorsville campaign began with the crossing of the Rappahannock River by the Union army on the morning of April 27 , 1863 . Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman began a long-distance raid against Lee 's supply lines at about the same time . This operation was completely ineffectual ."}]}, {'value': 'American Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}]}, {'value': 'April 30 to May 6 , 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,606 killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confederacy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Task Force Faith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Task_Force_Faith', 'summary': 'The Regimental Combat Team 31 ( RCT-31 ) , commonly referred to as Task Force Faith of the Chosin Few , is a United States Army unit known for its role in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir during the Korean War where 85.4% of its force was killed , wounded , and/or captured on the eastern side of the reservoir . RCT-31 primarily consisted of infantry , artillery , and tank units from the 7th Infantry Division including the 31st Infantry Regiment , 57th Field Artillery Battalion , 13th Engineer Combat Battalion , 73rd Heavy Tank Battalion , and the 15th Antiaircraft Automatic Weapons Battalion . It was also augmented by KATUSA ( also known as ROKs ) . The units of RCT-31 positioned at the Chosin Reservoir from 27 Nov - 2 Dec 1950 consisted of 3rd Battalion/31st Infantry , 1st Battalion/32nd Infantry Regiment , A and B Batteries/57th Field Artillery Battalion , D Battery/15th Anti-aircraft Automatic Weapons Battalion , and 750 KATUSA soldiers . Task Force Faith is a nickname coined by a U.S. Army historian in the 1960s ; the unit was not known by that name during the Korean War . Historians have subsequently also referred to RCT-31 as Task Force Ovenshine and Task Force MacLean to distinguish the various periods of command .'}]}, {'value': 'Korean War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korean_War', 'summary': 'The Korean War ( in South Korean Korean : 한국전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , Korean War ; in North Korean Korean : 조국해방전쟁 ; Hanja : 祖國解放戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng , Fatherland Liberation War ; 25 June 1950 - 27 July 1953 ) [ b ] was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the support of the United Nations , principally from the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea . At the end of World War II , the Soviet Union and the United States liberated Korea from imperial Japanese colonial control on 15 August 1945 . After the war had ended , Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation , the Soviets administered the northern half and the Americans administered the southern half . With the border set at the 38th parallel in 1948 , two sovereign states were established as a result of geopolitical tensions of the Cold War ( between the Soviet Union and the United States ) . A socialist state was established in the north under the communist leadership of Kim Il-sung and a capitalist state in the south under the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee . Both governments of the two new Korean states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into warfare when North Korean military ( KPA ) forces - supported by the Soviet Union and China - crossed the border and advanced into South Korea on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation of the United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean Army ( ROKA ) and the US forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat . As a result , the ROKA and US troops retreated to a small area behind a defensive line known as the Pusan Perimeter .'}]}, {'value': 'November 27 to December 2 , 1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,450~ killed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Battles', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Most_lethal_American_battles_0', 'intro': 'This article contains the list of battles with most United States military fatalities, in terms of American deaths.'}
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Who was the Confederate General in charge for the battle that had 3,155 people killed ?
General Robert E. Lee
063f023c9fbb8d23
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_AFL_draft', 'title': '1995 AFL draft', 'header': ['Pick', 'Player', 'Recruited from', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clive Waterhouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clive_Waterhouse', 'summary': 'Clive Waterhouse ( born 23 June 1974 in England ) is a former Australian rules footballer . He played in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) for the Fremantle Football Club as a half-forward flanker .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Magpies', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Primus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Primus', 'summary': 'Matthew Richard Primus ( born 12 January 1975 ) is a former coach of the Port Adelaide Football Club and Australian rules footballer , captain and All Australian ruckman . He is currently an assistant coach at the Gold Coast Football Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Norwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Norwood Football Club , nicknamed the Redlegs , is an Australian rules football club competing in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) in the state of South Australia . Its home ground is Coopers Stadium ( Norwood Oval ) , which often referred to as The Parade . It is one of the two traditional powerhouse clubs of the SANFL , the other being Port Adelaide , who together have won half of all SANFL premierships ( see Port Adelaide-Norwood SANFL rivalry ) . The club has won 30 SANFL premierships and 1 SANFLW premiership .'}]}, {'value': 'Fitzroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Fitzroy Football Club , nicknamed the Lions or the Roys , is an Australian rules football club formed in 1883 to represent the inner-Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy , Victoria and was a foundation member club of the Victorian Football League ( now the Australian Football League ) on its inception in 1897 . Despite being the first club to win a VFL Grand Final they were not the first team to win a premiership . That honour belongs to the Essendon Football Club who were crowned premiers in 1897 without a Grand Final being played . Although Fitzroy won a total of eight VFL premierships they never won a premiership as the Lions . They won seven premierships ( 1898 , 1899 , 1904 , 1905 , 1913 , 1916 and 1922 ) as the Maroons and one ( 1944 ) as the Gorillas . The decision of the club to change its name to the Lions in 1957 coincided with what history now records as the beginning of decades of poor on-field performance and financial mismanagement that eventually resulted in the club being placed into administration and forced out of the AFL in 1996 . Although the club managed to survive and came out of administration in 1998 it never played in the AFL again . Fitzroy largely resumed its original VFL-AFL identity through its continued use of their 1975-1996 VFL-AFL jumper , their theme song and their 1884-1966 home ground at the Brunswick Street Oval . For a brief time it experimented in partnerships with other semi professional and amateur clubs before incorporating the Fitzroy Reds ( formerly University Reds ) to play in the Victorian Amateur Football Association . They began in the D1 section of the VAFA in 2009 and now , after having been promoted three times ( 2009 , 2012 , 2018 ) play in the Premier B Division . It is also notable for being one of only three clubs ( along with University and Hawthorn ) to have played in the VFA , VFL/AFL and VAFA competitions of Australian rules football .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brendon Fewster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brendon_Fewster', 'summary': "Brendon Fewster ( born 4 January 1974 ) is an Australian rules footballer . He played for both the West Coast Eagles and the Fremantle Football Club in the AFL and West Perth in the WAFL , mainly as a full forward . He was drafted from West Perth to the Eagles with the 3rd selection in the 1995 AFL Draft after Clive Waterhouse and Matthew Primus . During four seasons at West Coast he struggled to maintain a place in the side , playing only 33 games , with no more than 14 in a season . At the end of the 1999 season , he was traded to Fremantle in return for the 16th selection in the 1999 AFL Draft , which the Eagles used to draft David Haynes . After a career high 20 games in 2000 , Fewster again struggled to maintain his position in the AFL and was delisted by Fremantle at the end of the 2002 season . Fewster continued to play for West Perth in the WAFL until the end of the 2005 season , when he retired having played over 100 games for the Falcons , including three premierships in 1995 , 1999 and 2003 . In 2004 he was named at full forward of West Perth 's Team of the Decade ."}]}, {'value': 'West Perth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Perth_Football_Club', 'summary': "The West Perth Football Club , nicknamed the Falcons , is an Australian rules football club located in Joondalup , Western Australia . West Perth competes in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and is the oldest existing Australian rules football club in Western Australia . Originally located at Leederville Oval , the team was relocated in 1994 to Arena Joondalup , a sports complex in the northern suburbs of Perth . The team 's club song is It 's a Grand Old Flag and its traditional rivals are East Perth ."}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Bamford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Bamford', 'summary': 'Scott Bamford ( born 23 June 1974 ) is a former Australian Rules Footballer who played for Fitzroy , Brisbane , and Geelong in the Australian Football League and for North Adelaide ( roosters ) in the South Australian National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'North Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "North Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed The Roosters , is an Australian rules football club affiliated with the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . The club plays its home games at Prospect Oval , located in Prospect , a northern suburb of Adelaide . The club was formed in 1888 as the Medindie Football Club , changing its name to North Adelaide in 1893 . North Adelaide 's first premiership was won in 1900 , and the club has won a total of fourteen senior premierships in the SANFL , most recently in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fitzroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Fitzroy Football Club , nicknamed the Lions or the Roys , is an Australian rules football club formed in 1883 to represent the inner-Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy , Victoria and was a foundation member club of the Victorian Football League ( now the Australian Football League ) on its inception in 1897 . Despite being the first club to win a VFL Grand Final they were not the first team to win a premiership . That honour belongs to the Essendon Football Club who were crowned premiers in 1897 without a Grand Final being played . Although Fitzroy won a total of eight VFL premierships they never won a premiership as the Lions . They won seven premierships ( 1898 , 1899 , 1904 , 1905 , 1913 , 1916 and 1922 ) as the Maroons and one ( 1944 ) as the Gorillas . The decision of the club to change its name to the Lions in 1957 coincided with what history now records as the beginning of decades of poor on-field performance and financial mismanagement that eventually resulted in the club being placed into administration and forced out of the AFL in 1996 . Although the club managed to survive and came out of administration in 1998 it never played in the AFL again . Fitzroy largely resumed its original VFL-AFL identity through its continued use of their 1975-1996 VFL-AFL jumper , their theme song and their 1884-1966 home ground at the Brunswick Street Oval . For a brief time it experimented in partnerships with other semi professional and amateur clubs before incorporating the Fitzroy Reds ( formerly University Reds ) to play in the Victorian Amateur Football Association . They began in the D1 section of the VAFA in 2009 and now , after having been promoted three times ( 2009 , 2012 , 2018 ) play in the Premier B Division . It is also notable for being one of only three clubs ( along with University and Hawthorn ) to have played in the VFA , VFL/AFL and VAFA competitions of Australian rules football .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brendan Krummel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brendan_Krummel', 'summary': "Brendan Alan Krummel ( born 24 June 1972 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for West Coast , Fremantle and Hawthorn in the AFL . A West Australian , Krummel started his league career with the West Coast Eagles but struggled to get game time due to the strength of the club in the early 1990s . In three seasons at the club he played just 9 games and decided to join Fremantle for their inaugural season in 1995 . He played in Fremantle 's first ever AFL game in round one but injuries ensured that it would be his only game for the Dockers . Krummel made a move to Victoria in 1996 after being selected at pick 5 in the draft by Hawthorn . He played both forward and back but was again hampered by injuries . in 1999 in a game against the Kangaroos he was on the receiving end of one of the greatest hip and shoulder bumps of all time , dished out by the then rampaging Byron Pickett . This hit lead to a rule change from the AFL about front on contact . After 64 games with the Hawks he announced his retirement during the 2000 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Hawthorn Football Club , nicknamed the Hawks , is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club , founded in 1902 , is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships . It is the only club to have won premierships in each decade of the 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernsey . The club 's Latin motto is spectemur agendo , the English translation being Let us be judged by our acts . The Hawks ' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval , the club 's former administrative and training base and social club . Matches , however , have not been played there since 1973 . In 2006 , Hawthorn 's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club 's major supporter base in Melbourne 's outer-eastern region . The mascot of the club is a hawk . Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston , Tasmania , with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the club 's current playing home ground . Hawthorn 's current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Healy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Healy', 'summary': "Daniel Healy ( born 3 May 1974 ) is a former Australian rules footballer , who played for St Kilda in the Australian Football League and for Central District in the South Australian National Football League . Healy was taken in the first round , pick number 6 overall , of the 1995 AFL Draft , and made his debut against West Coast in Round 12 1996 . In this match he scored one goal and this was the only game he played during the year . In the 1997 AFL season , Healy became a regular starter and played 15 games , scoring 5 goals . Healy played in 15 of 22 matches in the 1997 AFL Premiership Season home and away rounds in which St Kilda Football Club qualified in first position for the 1997 AFL Finals Series , winning the clubs 2nd Minor Premiership and 1st McClelland Trophy . He played the same number of games again in the 1998 AFL season , scoring 14 goals for the year . In 1999 he played just 7 games , scoring 4 goals and was delisted at the end of the year . He returned to South Australia to play for Central District in the SANFL . He played in Central 's 2000 SANFL premiership team , and was then appointed captain for the 2001 season . With the team dominating the SANFL , Healy became a five-time Premiership player ( 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 ) . Four of these times Healy was captain of the side , although he missed out in 2002 . He retired at the end of 2005 season , playing a total of 135 games for centrals ."}]}, {'value': 'Central District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_District_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Central District Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in the city of Elizabeth about 25 km to the north of Adelaide , South Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Fremantle_Football_Club_players', 'summary': 'This is the list of Fremantle Football Club league players . It documents every player to have played at least one game in the Australian Football League for Fremantle since they entered the league in 1995 . Only league games are included in the ordered list ; players who were on the Fremantle playing list but only played in pre-season or scratch matches are listed separately at the end of the list .'}]}, {'value': 'Claremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claremont_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Claremont Football Club , nicknamed Tigers , is an Australian rules football club based in Claremont , Western Australia , that currently plays in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . Its official colours are navy blue and gold . Formed as the Cottesloe Beach Football Club in 1906 , the club entering the WAFL in 1925 as the Claremont-Cottesloe Football Club ' , changing its name to the present in 1935 . Claremont have won 12 senior men 's premierships since entering the competition , including most recently the 2011 and 2012 premierships ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jared Crouch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jared_Crouch', 'summary': "Jared Crouch ( born 5 March 1978 ) is a South Australian former Australian football player with the Sydney Swans of the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , who is colloquially known as Crouchie to Swans fans and media . He currently serves as a development coach at the Sydney Swans . Having played for Norwood in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , Crouch was selected by Sydney in the first round of the 1995 AFL Draft . He did not make his senior debut until 1998 , when he was called up to play against Collingwood in Round 7 , having been originally selected as an emergency for that match . He played in every game for the rest of the season , earning a Rising Star Award nomination , and did not miss a game in the subsequent seven years . Crouch 's first serious injury occurred in the first match of the 2004 International Rules series ( played after the AFL season had ended ) when he broke a shoulder and it looked like his unbroken run in the AFL would come to an end . However , Crouch was fit to play in the first game of the 2005 AFL season and played every game in Sydney 's premiership-winning season . His run finally ended when he was unavailable for Round 13 of the 2006 AFL season . His 194 consecutive games from his debut is an AFL record , and also places him fourth on the AFL list for consecutive games generally . He was overtaken by team-mate Brett Kirk in 2010 . Crouch usually played in the back pocket , where he kept many well-known opponents quiet . His consistency and professionalism saw him in the top 10 of the Swans ' best and fairest count six years in a row , but his only recognition from outside the club was selection in the International Rules team that played Ireland in 2003 and 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Norwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Norwood Football Club , nicknamed the Redlegs , is an Australian rules football club competing in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) in the state of South Australia . Its home ground is Coopers Stadium ( Norwood Oval ) , which often referred to as The Parade . It is one of the two traditional powerhouse clubs of the SANFL , the other being Port Adelaide , who together have won half of all SANFL premierships ( see Port Adelaide-Norwood SANFL rivalry ) . The club has won 30 SANFL premierships and 1 SANFLW premiership .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allen Jakovich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_Jakovich', 'summary': 'Allen John Jakovich ( /dʒækəvɪtʃ/ ) ( born 21 March 1968 ) is a retired Australian rules football player . Jakovich was a prolific full forward and is notable for kicking 208 goals in his 54 Australian Football League matches , an average of 3.85 per game , for Melbourne and Footscray . He and his younger brother , Glen Jakovich , both began their AFL careers in the 1990 AFL Draft . Jakovich grew up in Western Australia and has also played football with clubs in the Northern Territory , South Australia and Victoria . He is of Croatian descent .'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'Footscray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon Prestigiacomo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Prestigiacomo', 'summary': "Simon 'Presti ' Prestigiacomo ( born 31 January 1978 ) is a retired Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Knights', 'summary': 'The Northern Knights is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based in Preston , representing the northern suburban area of Melbourne . The Knights are one of the six original clubs set up as part of a plan by the Victorian State Football League to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft , which allows U18 players the opportunity to be selected by AFL clubs . Northern Knights have had many of their players drafted into the AFL , including the first two selections in the 2007 AFL Draft , Matthew Kreuzer and Trent Cotchin , and the fifth selection in the 2008 AFL Draft , Michael Hurley . Previously drafted players include Anthony Rocca , Brent Harvey , Jack Grimes , Lance Whitnall , Brent Stanton , Heath Shaw , Marcus Bontempelli and David Zaharakis .'}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Cockatoo-Collins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Cockatoo-Collins', 'summary': 'Donald Don Cockatoo-Collins ( born 1 April 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Cockatoo-Collins , an Indigenous Australian , is a younger brother of Che Cockatoo-Collins and twin brother of David Cockatoo-Collins . He made nine appearances for Melbourne , over three seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Gowling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The South Adelaide Football Club is an Australian rules football club that competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . Known as the Panthers , their home ground is Flinders University Stadium ( formerly Noarlunga Oval ) , located in Noarlunga Downs in the southern suburbs of Adelaide .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Bears', 'summary': 'The Brisbane Football Club , nicknamed the Bears , was the first professional Australian rules football club established in Queensland . The club , along with the West Coast Eagles , joined the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1987 and played its first ever VFL game against North Melbourne at the MCG on Friday 27 March 1987 which it won 19.23.137 to 15.14.104 . Unlike the AFLs more recent expansion clubs , the Gold Coast Suns and Greater Western Sydney Giants ( GWS ) , Brisbane received absolutely no assistance from the VFL/AFL when it was first established and was given only 5 months to recruit an entire team . Despite this however , the club went on to secure 6 wins in its first season and remains the only expansion club from the northern states to avoid finishing in last place on the ladder at the end of their first season . In contrast , the Gold Coast Suns only won 3 games in their first season and GWS only won 4 . Both the Gold Coast Suns and GWS Giants , unlike Brisbane , also finished on the bottom of the ladder at the end of their first season . Brisbane made the finals for the first time in 1995 and only narrowly missed out on a position in the grand final the following year when they were defeated by North Melbourne in the preliminary finals . Many of the Brisbane players who played in this match would go to be stars of Brisbanes 2001 , 2002 and 2003 triple premiership winning teams . The club merged with the Fitzroy Football Club at the completion of the 1996 season to form the Brisbane Lions without giving their members a vote on the matter . Many Brisbane supporters are still unhappy with the way the club handled the merger and this is exasperated by the clubs reluctance to acknowledge the Bears history despite its clear willingness to regularly acknowledge that of Fitzroys . This has created significant unrest , particularly in Melbourne , between longstanding Brisbane supporters and the small number of former Fitzroy supporters who chose to support the club after Fitzroy went into administration .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brad Rowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Rowe_(footballer)', 'summary': "Brad Rowe ( born 23 November 1969 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He played 72 games in total for three clubs , and kicked 80 goals . Recruited from East Fremantle , Rowe was drafted by Brisbane as a first-round draft pick in the 1989 National Draft , no.5 overall . He played two seasons for only 14 games at the Bears before being traded to Collingwood . Rowe spent his best seasons of his career at the Pies between 1992-1995 , as a quick goal-kicking small forward . He was accurate in front of goals , but consistency was his main problem in his later seasons . He kicked goals occasionally , including a bag of 6 goals one day at Victoria Park against Sydney . He then moved back to Perth where he played for Fremantle for one season in 1996 , playing only 7 games . Rowe 's mother , Margaret Rowe , was a member of parliament in Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke Trew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray Bushrangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray_Bushrangers', 'summary': 'The Murray Bushrangers is an Australian rules football team playing in Victorian statewide under-18s competition , presently known as the NAB League , since 1993 based in Wangaratta . The team trains on Norm Minns Oval . The team is coached by Leon Higgins . Guernsey colors are Black , Purple and Yellow , with black socks and black ( home ) or white ( away ) shorts . The Bushrangers have produced some of the current elite Australian Football League players through the AFL Draft including Daniel Cross , Brett Deledio , Steele Sidebottom , Steve Johnson , Jarrad Waite , Kayne Pettifer , Justin Koschitzke , Hamish McIntosh , Barry Hall , Fraser Gehrig , Ben Mathews , Steven King , Robert Campbell , Alipate Carlile , David Mundy & Shannon Byrnes'}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darren Wheildon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darren_Wheildon', 'summary': "Darren 'Doc ' Wheildon ( born 11 November 1970 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Originally from Newborough , Wheildon bagged a seven-goal haul in just his third league game , against the Brisbane Bears at Carrara . One of his best performances came when he kicked six goals and six behinds against a strong Hawthorn team in 1992 . The following season , against Sydney at the SCG , he kicked a career best eight goals , in a shoot-out with Simon Minton-Connell who also kicked eight . Wheildon finished the 1992 season with 41 goals , his best ever season tally , but unlike the 29 goals he kicked in 1991 it was n't enough to top Fitzroy 's charts . From 1990 to 1993 , Wheildon was sent to the AFL Tribunal no less than seven times . On one occasion , in 1993 , he was fined after being found guilty of shaking a goalpost when an opponent was taking a shot at goal . Wheildon left Fitzroy after the 1994 season and played at West Adelaide before he was given another chance at AFL , recruited by Essendon with pick 15 in the 1995 AFL Draft . He however never got a chance to play for them after he was hit by a taxi in King Street and badly injured his legs , ending his career ."}]}, {'value': 'West Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "West Adelaide Football Club is an Australian rules football club in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . Commonly known as The Bloods and Westies , the club 's home base is Richmond Oval ( currently known as Hisense Stadium under a sponsorship agreement ) . The Oval is located in Richmond , an inner-western suburb of Adelaide . The club has won nine SANFL premierships , the most recent coming in 2015 - breaking a thirty-two-year premiership drought dating back to 1983 ; the second longest in the SANFL ."}]}, {'value': 'Essendon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Essendon Football Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Thought to have formed in 1872 , the club played its first recorded game on 7 June 1873 against a Carlton Second 20 , winning 1 goal to nil . The club played a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1878 , one year after the VFA formed . It is historically associated with Essendon , a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne , Victoria . Since 2013 , the club has been headquartered at The Hangar , Melbourne Airport , and plays its home games at either Docklands Stadium or the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; throughout most of its history the club 's home ground and headquarters was Windy Hill , Essendon , where it played from 1922 until 1991 . While it stopped playing games at the ground thereafter , Windy Hill remained its training and administration base until the end of 2013 . Dyson Heppell is the current team captain . A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association , in 1877 , and the Victorian Football League ( renamed the AFL in 1990 ) , in 1896 , Essendon is one of Australia 's best-known football clubs . Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships , which , along with Carlton , is the most of any club in the competition . The club won four consecutive VFA premierships between 1891 and 1894 , a feat matched only by Collingwood between 1927 and 1930 ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shane Clayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shane_Clayton', 'summary': "Shane Clayton ( born 24 October 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy , the Brisbane Lions and the Kangaroos in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , including their victorious 1999 Grand Final . Originally from the Northern Knights , Clayton debuted in the AFL for Fitzroy with whom he appeared 13 times . Following Fitzroy 's merger , he played five games with the Brisbane Lions over two seasons before moving to the Kangaroos ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Knights', 'summary': 'The Northern Knights is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based in Preston , representing the northern suburban area of Melbourne . The Knights are one of the six original clubs set up as part of a plan by the Victorian State Football League to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft , which allows U18 players the opportunity to be selected by AFL clubs . Northern Knights have had many of their players drafted into the AFL , including the first two selections in the 2007 AFL Draft , Matthew Kreuzer and Trent Cotchin , and the fifth selection in the 2008 AFL Draft , Michael Hurley . Previously drafted players include Anthony Rocca , Brent Harvey , Jack Grimes , Lance Whitnall , Brent Stanton , Heath Shaw , Marcus Bontempelli and David Zaharakis .'}]}, {'value': 'Fitzroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Fitzroy Football Club , nicknamed the Lions or the Roys , is an Australian rules football club formed in 1883 to represent the inner-Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy , Victoria and was a foundation member club of the Victorian Football League ( now the Australian Football League ) on its inception in 1897 . Despite being the first club to win a VFL Grand Final they were not the first team to win a premiership . That honour belongs to the Essendon Football Club who were crowned premiers in 1897 without a Grand Final being played . Although Fitzroy won a total of eight VFL premierships they never won a premiership as the Lions . They won seven premierships ( 1898 , 1899 , 1904 , 1905 , 1913 , 1916 and 1922 ) as the Maroons and one ( 1944 ) as the Gorillas . The decision of the club to change its name to the Lions in 1957 coincided with what history now records as the beginning of decades of poor on-field performance and financial mismanagement that eventually resulted in the club being placed into administration and forced out of the AFL in 1996 . Although the club managed to survive and came out of administration in 1998 it never played in the AFL again . Fitzroy largely resumed its original VFL-AFL identity through its continued use of their 1975-1996 VFL-AFL jumper , their theme song and their 1884-1966 home ground at the Brunswick Street Oval . For a brief time it experimented in partnerships with other semi professional and amateur clubs before incorporating the Fitzroy Reds ( formerly University Reds ) to play in the Victorian Amateur Football Association . They began in the D1 section of the VAFA in 2009 and now , after having been promoted three times ( 2009 , 2012 , 2018 ) play in the Premier B Division . It is also notable for being one of only three clubs ( along with University and Hawthorn ) to have played in the VFA , VFL/AFL and VAFA competitions of Australian rules football .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Welsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Welsh', 'summary': "Scott Nathan Welsh ( born 7 December 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He is the nephew of former Glenelg and North Melbourne player Kym Hodgeman , and cousin of former Glenelg and Richmond player Ben Moore . Debuting with North Melbourne in 1996 as a 17-year-old , Welsh was seen as a development player who started to get regular game time in 1998 . Though he was drafted as a half-back flanker , Welsh played with North Melbourne as a forward and was a part of North Melbourne 's premiership side in 1999 before , citing homesickness , returning to Adelaide in 2000 to play for Adelaide Football Club . Welsh played up forward for the Crows and is known for his occasional devastating displays in front of goals , twice scoring eight goals in a match . He was considered one of Adelaide 's premier forwards . In 2005 , Welsh booted 58 goals ; his best season in terms of goals scored . He also notched up his 100th game with Adelaide in 2004 . Though injury problems forced him to miss many games throughout his career ( injuries mainly began from 2002 onwards ) and he had to wait until Round 19 for his first game for the Crows in 2006 . In 2007 he played his 150th AFL game against Brisbane in round 7 . Welsh finished with 49 goals and 20 behinds for the season , topping the Crows goalkicking list for the fourth time . His fourth goal against Hawthorn on 8 September 2007 in the elimination final became his 300th goal in senior AFL football ."}]}, {'value': 'West Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "West Adelaide Football Club is an Australian rules football club in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . Commonly known as The Bloods and Westies , the club 's home base is Richmond Oval ( currently known as Hisense Stadium under a sponsorship agreement ) . The Oval is located in Richmond , an inner-western suburb of Adelaide . The club has won nine SANFL premierships , the most recent coming in 2015 - breaking a thirty-two-year premiership drought dating back to 1983 ; the second longest in the SANFL ."}]}, {'value': 'North Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brent Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brent_Williams_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': "Brent Cameron Williams ( born 13 February 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Adelaide in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Williams came from Victoria and represented his state at Under-17 level , where he was an All-Australian . A forward , he came the way of Adelaide in the 1995 AFL Draft , with a pick that they had received from Geelong in return for Martin McKinnon . After spending the 1996 season playing in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) with West Adelaide , Williams appeared in the opening seven rounds for Adelaide in 1997 . He was traded , along with Matthew Collins , to Melbourne at the end of the year , in return for defender Nathan Bassett . Although he led the reserves ' goal-kicking in 1998 , he was unable to break into the seniors . In both 2002 and 2004 , Williams was the leading goal-kicker in the first division of the Eastern Football League , with Noble Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Prahran Dragons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prahran_Dragons', 'summary': 'The Sandringham Dragons are an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at the Trevor Barker Oval in Sandringham , Victoria , representing the southern suburban area of Melbourne . The Dragons were one of the founding metropolitan clubs of the competition in 1992 as part of a plan by the Victorian State Football League to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . The club was originally named the Central Dragons and played out of Toorak Oval in Prahran , Victoria . In 1995 the name of the club was changed to Prahran Dragons as part of the agreement which saw the Prahran Two Blues exit the senior Victorian Football League . In 2000 , the club relocated to the Trevor Barker Beach Oval in Sandringham and changed its name for the new locality .'}]}, {'value': 'Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club has both a men 's team , which played its first match in 1991 , and a women 's team , which began in 2017 in the inaugural season of the AFLW . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is The Pride of South Australia , to the tune of the US Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 to be the 'state team ' to represent the South Australia in the AFL . They were originally owned by the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , before gaining independence . They played their first season in 1991 . The men 's team won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 28-year history . The club has had a reserves team compete in the South Australian National Football League since 2014 and has fielded a women 's team in the AFL Women 's competition since 2017 . The men 's team is currently coached by Matthew Nicks and captained by Rory Sloane , who was appointed co-captain alongside Taylor Walker prior to the 2019 season . Don Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 before departing the club at the end of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Hall', 'summary': "Barry Hall ( born 8 February 1977 ) is a retired professional Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club , Sydney Swans and Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He is considered to be one of the best forwards of the modern era , being named All-Australian , leading his club 's goalkicking on eleven occasions and captaining the Sydney Swans to their 2005 AFL Grand Final victory . In July 2011 , Hall created history by becoming the first player to kick 100 goals for three AFL teams . Hall began his career at the St Kilda Football Club where he twice led the club 's goalkicking in 1999 and 2001 . He is best known for his career with the Sydney Swans . He was one of the Swans ' best players during his time at the club , topping the club goalkicking from 2002 to 2008 and co-captaining the side from 2005 to 2007 , including the club 's drought breaking premiership in 2005 . He also featured heavily in the AFL 's promotion in Sydney , gaining a similarly high-profile to Tony Lockett which saw him featured in a 2006 AFL and Swans joint promotion known as Barry Hall Hall . The former junior boxing champion 's AFL career has been marred by a reputation for on-field aggression , which has earned him the label of football wild man and he became one of the most feared players on the field . Several controversial and highly publicised incidents ( often called brain snaps by the media ) and tribunal appearances have interrupted his career and contributed to a change of clubs ."}]}, {'value': 'Murray Bushrangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray_Bushrangers', 'summary': 'The Murray Bushrangers is an Australian rules football team playing in Victorian statewide under-18s competition , presently known as the NAB League , since 1993 based in Wangaratta . The team trains on Norm Minns Oval . The team is coached by Leon Higgins . Guernsey colors are Black , Purple and Yellow , with black socks and black ( home ) or white ( away ) shorts . The Bushrangers have produced some of the current elite Australian Football League players through the AFL Draft including Daniel Cross , Brett Deledio , Steele Sidebottom , Steve Johnson , Jarrad Waite , Kayne Pettifer , Justin Koschitzke , Hamish McIntosh , Barry Hall , Fraser Gehrig , Ben Mathews , Steven King , Robert Campbell , Alipate Carlile , David Mundy & Shannon Byrnes'}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Carter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Carter_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Nick Carter ( born 28 April 1978 ) is a former Australian rules football player . During his career Carter played for Fitzroy , Brisbane and Melbourne in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bendigo Pioneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bendigo_Pioneers', 'summary': 'The Bendigo Pioneers is an Australian rules football team in the statewide Victorian under-18s league , the NAB League .'}]}, {'value': 'Fitzroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Fitzroy Football Club , nicknamed the Lions or the Roys , is an Australian rules football club formed in 1883 to represent the inner-Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy , Victoria and was a foundation member club of the Victorian Football League ( now the Australian Football League ) on its inception in 1897 . Despite being the first club to win a VFL Grand Final they were not the first team to win a premiership . That honour belongs to the Essendon Football Club who were crowned premiers in 1897 without a Grand Final being played . Although Fitzroy won a total of eight VFL premierships they never won a premiership as the Lions . They won seven premierships ( 1898 , 1899 , 1904 , 1905 , 1913 , 1916 and 1922 ) as the Maroons and one ( 1944 ) as the Gorillas . The decision of the club to change its name to the Lions in 1957 coincided with what history now records as the beginning of decades of poor on-field performance and financial mismanagement that eventually resulted in the club being placed into administration and forced out of the AFL in 1996 . Although the club managed to survive and came out of administration in 1998 it never played in the AFL again . Fitzroy largely resumed its original VFL-AFL identity through its continued use of their 1975-1996 VFL-AFL jumper , their theme song and their 1884-1966 home ground at the Brunswick Street Oval . For a brief time it experimented in partnerships with other semi professional and amateur clubs before incorporating the Fitzroy Reds ( formerly University Reds ) to play in the Victorian Amateur Football Association . They began in the D1 section of the VAFA in 2009 and now , after having been promoted three times ( 2009 , 2012 , 2018 ) play in the Premier B Division . It is also notable for being one of only three clubs ( along with University and Hawthorn ) to have played in the VFA , VFL/AFL and VAFA competitions of Australian rules football .'}]}], 'section_title': '1995 national draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1995_AFL_Draft_1', 'intro': 'The 1995 AFL draft was held at the conclusion of the 1995 Australian Football League (AFL) season. The AFL draft is the annual draft of new unsigned players by Australian rules football clubs that participate in the main competition of that sport, the Australian Football League. Clubs receive picks based on the position in which they finish on the ladder during the season, although these picks can be swapped around by teams for trading players.'}
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At which football club is the # 2 pick currently coaching ?
Gold Coast
063f8ba75e61943c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_Music_Prize', 'title': 'Choice Music Prize', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Album', 'Shortlisted nominees & albums', 'Judges'], 'data': [{'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julie Feeney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Feeney', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}]}, {'value': '13 songs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Feeney', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell X1 - Flock Cane 141 - Moonpool The Chalets - Check In Joe Chester - A Murder of Crows Duke Special - Adventures in Gramophone Hal - Hal Nick Kelly - Running Dog Emmett Tinley - Attic Faith Turn - Turn LP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_X1_(band)', 'summary': 'Bell X1 is a musical group from County Kildare , Ireland . The group consists of Paul Noonan ( lead vocals , guitar , percussion , keys ) , David Geraghty ( guitar , vocals , keys , percussion , banjo , piano , harmonica ) and Dominic Phillips ( bass , vocals ) . In their native Ireland , Bell X1s longevity , emotional resonance and headliner status has seen the group referred to as national treasures . Meanwhile , the band has generated a reasonable audience in the United States , UK , Canada , Europe , Australia , Mexico and the Middle East . In the US , their profile was boosted on the back of regular touring , high-profile TV slots such as The Late Show with David Letterman and their music appearing in popular drama series such as Greys Anatomy and The OC . Bell X1 are known for regular changes in sound from album to album , their range taking in alternative , indie , hard rock , post-punk , acoustic , lo-fi , folk rock , ballad , pop , synth-pop , new wave and electronica . They have been compared to The Blue Nile , Talking Heads , David Bowie , Radiohead , The Flaming Lips , Coldplay , U2 , Animal Collective , Elbow and Talk Talk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Flock_(album)', 'summary': "Flock is the third studio album by Irish band Bell X1 . It was released on 14 October 2005 in Ireland , 20 March 2006 in the UK and February 19 , 2008 in North America . The album was ranked # 15 in Planet Sound 's top albums of 2006 . Flock was Bell X1 's first ever # 1 album in Ireland . Three singles were released from the album in Ireland , Bigger Than Me ( 30 September 2005 in Ireland and 10 October 2005 in the UK ) , Flame ( 16 March 2006 ) and Rocky Took a Lover , which was eventually released on 28 August 2006 after gaining cult popularity from radio airplay ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Chalets', 'summary': 'The Chalets were a five-piece band from Dublin , Ireland , active from 2001 to 2008 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Check_In', 'summary': 'Check In is the sole album by The Chalets , released in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_Special', 'summary': 'Duke Special ( born Peter Wilson ; 4 January 1971 ) is a songwriter and performer based in Belfast , Northern Ireland . A piano-based songwriter with a romantic style and a warm , distinctly accented voice , he has distinctive long dreadlocks , eyeliner and outfits he describes as hobo chic . His live performances have a theatrical style inspired by Vaudeville and music hall , and often incorporate 78s played on an old-fashioned gramophone , or sound effects from a transistor radio . He is most often accompanied by percussionist Temperance Society Chip Bailey , who plays cheese graters and egg whisks , a Stumpf fiddle and a Shruti box , as well as the more typical drums and cymbals . Other musicians who perform with Wilson from time to time include Paul Pilot ( guitar ) , Réa Curran ( trumpet , backing vocals , accordion ) , Ben Castle ( clarinet , saxophone ) , Ben Hales ( bass guitar ) , Gareth Williams , Professor Ger Eaton ( keyboards ) , Dan Donnelly ( mandoline , backing vocals ) and Serge Archibald III ( saxophone , ethereal background sounds , vibes ) . His albums include Adventures in Gramophone ( 2005 ) , Songs from the Deep Forest ( 2006 ) , both of which were nominated for the Choice Music Prize , I Never Thought This Day Would Come ( 2008 ) , Little Revolutions ( 2009 ) , The Silent World of Hector Mann ( 2010 ) , Mother Courage and Her Children ( 2010 ) , Under the Dark Cloth ( 2011 ) , Oh Pioneer ( 2012 ) , and Look Out Machines ! ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adventures_in_Gramophone', 'summary': 'Adventures in Gramophone is an album by the Northern Ireland based artist Duke Special . It was released on Hag Records in 2005 and collects all twelve tracks from two previous EP releases - Lucky Me and My Villain Heart . It was nominated for the 2006 Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year , losing out to 13 Songs by Julie Feeney .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hal_(band)', 'summary': "HAL are a band from Dublin , Ireland , composed of brothers Dave Allen ( vocals/guitar ) and Paul Allen ( vocals/bass ) and Stephen O'Brien ( keyboards , occasional guitars and backing vocals ) ( drums ) , who formed in 2003 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hal_(album)', 'summary': 'Hal is the eponymous debut of Irish band Hal , released by Rough Trade Records on May 10 , 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turn_(band)', 'summary': 'Turn are an Irish band .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turn_LP', 'summary': "Turn is the eponymously titled third full-length offering from the Irish indie trio Turn . Turn offered a more pop/singer songwriter direction for Meath based band . Their first album , Antisocial , had shown a strong Pixies style influence , their second album , Forward , offered an even darker side to the band 's sound , but with Turn they showed they were not getting any darker . The album was a mixture of catchy pop tunes such as It 's About Nothing and Stop , and also more Elliott Smith inspired tunes , such as Close Your Eyes and Wildside . Opinions were very mixed about the album among fans and critics . Some [ who ? ] called it a mile stone in musical growth for the band , others [ who ? ] claimed it was a last-ditch effort by the band to become more commercial and popular on the Irish airwaves . However , the strength of the songs proved themselves and became live favourites instantly on the tours that followed ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Divine Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_(band)', 'summary': 'The Divine Comedy are a chamber pop band from Northern Ireland formed in 1989 and fronted by Neil Hannon . Hannon has been the only constant member of the group , playing , in some instances , all of the non-orchestral instrumentation except drums . To date , twelve studio albums have been released under the Divine Comedy name . The group achieved their greatest commercial success in the years 1996-99 , during which they had nine singles that made the UK Top 40 , including the top ten hit National Express .'}]}, {'value': 'Victory for the Comic Muse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victory_for_the_Comic_Muse', 'summary': "Victory for the Comic Muse is the ninth studio album by The Divine Comedy . It was released by EMI on 19 June 2006 . Neil Hannon did not choose the title as a reference to the group 's 1990 debut Fanfare for the Comic Muse . It 's actually a quote from the book A Room with a View ( I have won a great victory for the comic muse ) . On 28 February 2007 , Victory for the Comic Muse won the Choice Music Prize at a ceremony that took place in Dublin 's Vicar St. venue . The Choice Music Prize is Ireland 's equivalent to the Mercury Music Prize . The judging panel was made up of 12 representatives from the Irish music industry . The prize consisted of a trophy as well as a cheque for €10,000 . The Divine Comedy 's victory was unexpected as the album had received some lukewarm reviews and there was strong competition from the likes of The Immediate , Duke Special and Snow Patrol . A special edition version of the album , officially available only on the first day of release , came with second DVD and an additional cardboard sleeve ."}]}, {'value': 'Director - We Thrive on Big Cities Duke Special - Songs from the Deep Forest The Immediate - In Towers and Clouds David Kitt - Not Fade Away Messiah J and the Expert - Now This I Have to Hear Fionn Regan - The End of History Republic of Loose - Aaagh ! Si Schroeder - Coping Mechanisms Snow Patrol - Eyes Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Director_(band)', 'summary': "Director were an Irish art rock quartet from Malahide in County Dublin . The group consisted of Michael Moloney ( vocals/guitars ) , Eoin Aherne ( guitars ) , Shea Lawlor ( drums ) and Rowan Averill ( bass guitar ) . The band 's 2006 debut album We Thrive On Big Cities was a critical and commercial success in Ireland . A follow-up album , I 'll Wait For Sound was released in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Thrive_on_Big_Cities', 'summary': 'We Thrive on Big Cities is the debut studio album by the Irish pop rock quartet , Director . It was released on October 6 , 2006 in the Republic of Ireland . It peaked at # 2 on the Irish Albums Chart , and since its release , the album has gone multi-platinum in Ireland . It was nominated for the 2006 Choice Music Prize Irish Album of the Year . The song Big Cities was used in an internet trailer for Halo 3 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_Special', 'summary': 'Duke Special ( born Peter Wilson ; 4 January 1971 ) is a songwriter and performer based in Belfast , Northern Ireland . A piano-based songwriter with a romantic style and a warm , distinctly accented voice , he has distinctive long dreadlocks , eyeliner and outfits he describes as hobo chic . His live performances have a theatrical style inspired by Vaudeville and music hall , and often incorporate 78s played on an old-fashioned gramophone , or sound effects from a transistor radio . He is most often accompanied by percussionist Temperance Society Chip Bailey , who plays cheese graters and egg whisks , a Stumpf fiddle and a Shruti box , as well as the more typical drums and cymbals . Other musicians who perform with Wilson from time to time include Paul Pilot ( guitar ) , Réa Curran ( trumpet , backing vocals , accordion ) , Ben Castle ( clarinet , saxophone ) , Ben Hales ( bass guitar ) , Gareth Williams , Professor Ger Eaton ( keyboards ) , Dan Donnelly ( mandoline , backing vocals ) and Serge Archibald III ( saxophone , ethereal background sounds , vibes ) . His albums include Adventures in Gramophone ( 2005 ) , Songs from the Deep Forest ( 2006 ) , both of which were nominated for the Choice Music Prize , I Never Thought This Day Would Come ( 2008 ) , Little Revolutions ( 2009 ) , The Silent World of Hector Mann ( 2010 ) , Mother Courage and Her Children ( 2010 ) , Under the Dark Cloth ( 2011 ) , Oh Pioneer ( 2012 ) , and Look Out Machines ! ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Songs_from_the_Deep_Forest', 'summary': 'Songs from the Deep Forest is an album by the Northern Irish artist Duke Special . In May 2006 it was released as a limited edition set of six 7 vinyl discs and then re-released as a single CD in October of the same year . It has been nominated for a 2007 Meteor Music Award for best Irish album , and for the 2007 Choice Music Prize . On October 1 , 2007 , a special 2-disc edition was released which included the new song Our Love Goes Deeper Than This which featured Neil Hannon and Romeo Stodart . A bonus second disc was included in this edition and includes songs from the live BBC performance recorded in Belfast .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Immediate', 'summary': "The Immediate were an avant-garde Irish rock quartet , based in Malahide . They made a considerable impact on the Irish music scene despite releasing only one album during the span of their association together . The album was In Towers and Clouds ( 2006 ) . It received primarily positive critical feedback and was nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2006 . Alongside their sole album , several extended plays and singles were also released by the band . They split suddenly in May 2007 , citing existential differences . The final line-up of the band consisted of David Hedderman ( vocals , guitar , bass ) , Conor O'Brien ( vocals , guitar , drums ) , Peter Toomey ( vocals , drums , bass ) and Barra Heavey ( keys , guitar , bass , drums , backing vocals ) . The band was known for swapping instruments regularly throughout sets ."}, {'url': '/wiki/In_Towers_and_Clouds', 'summary': "In Towers and Clouds is the first and only album released by the Dublin quartet The Immediate . The album received generally positive reviews on its launch and was nominated for the 2007 Choice Music Prize . Shortly after the album 's launch , Jim Carroll , a journalist with the Irish Times , wrote an article in the newspaper 's weekly entertainment supplement praising the band for choosing to release the album independently . He described the album as containing cracking songs and one which gets bigger , better , bolder and brighter with every listen . This was in contrast with another Dublin based band Humanzi whose major label debut was considered a disaster . After the group 's disbandment critics collectively regarded In Towers & Clouds as the finest Irish debut album in the past decade . The band performed A Ghost In This House at the 2007 Meteor Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Kitt', 'summary': 'David Kitt ( born 1975 in Dublin , Ireland ) is an Irish musician . He has released six studio albums to date : Small Moments , The Big Romance , Square 1 , The Black and Red Notebook , Not Fade Away and The Nightsaver . He is the son of former Irish politician Tom Kitt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Not_Fade_Away_(David_Kitt_album)', 'summary': "Not Fade Away is the fifth album recorded by Irish singer-songwriter David Kitt , and was released on August 18 , 2006 . The album was also nominated for the Choice Music Prize as an album of the year but lost out to The Divine Comedy 's album Victory for the Comic Muse . The album spawned the popular single , Say No More , which received extensive airplay on national radio in summer 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Messiah_J_and_the_Expert', 'summary': 'Messiah J & The Expert are a rapper/producer duo based in Dublin , Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fionn_Regan', 'summary': "Fionn Regan ( born 1981 ) is an Irish folk musician and singer-songwriter . Born and raised in Bray , Regan came to prominence with the release of his debut studio album , The End of History in 2006 . He had been releasing extended plays for six years on independent record labels prior to the album 's release . Regan 's second studio album , The Shadow of an Empire was released in 2010 to positive reviews and his third studio album , 100 Acres of Sycamore , was released in 2011 . His fourth studio album , The Bunkhouse Vol . 1 : Anchor Black Tattoo , was released in 2012 . Among the accolades Regan has received nominations for the Choice Music Prize in Ireland , the Mercury Prize in the United Kingdom and the Shortlist Music Prize in the United States . Regan has cited Bob Dylan and Neil Young as influences on his music and has been referred to by Lucinda Williams as his generation 's answer to Bob Dylan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_End_of_History_(album)', 'summary': 'The End of History is the debut studio album by the Irish folk musician Fionn Regan , released on 7 August 2006 on Bella Union . The album was nominated for the 2007 Mercury Prize , and was also named Best Irish Album of 2006 by the Irish Independent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Loose', 'summary': "Republic of Loose were an Irish funk rock band from Dublin . Formed in 2001 , the band formerly consisted of lead vocalist Mick Pyro , bass guitarist and vocalist Benjamin Loose , keyboardist Darragh , guitarists and vocalists Dave Pyro and Darach O ' Laoire and drummer and percussionist Coz Noelen . Additional percussion and vocals were provided by Orla La and Emily Rose . With a self-described musical style of the stuff your dad likes , the band signed to Big Cat Records in 2003 , recording their debut album This is the Tomb of the Juice which was released in 2004 . They were named Hope for 2004 at the 2004 Meteor Awards . In 2005 , the singles Comeback Girl and You Know It received significant airplay on Irish radio . Republic of Loose 's second album Aaagh ! , released in April 2006 , reached number two in the Irish Albums Chart , achieving platinum sales and a Choice Music Prize nomination in the process . It spawned several more successful singles , including Break which achieved notoriety in South Africa where a radio station banned it following complaints regarding its allegedly explicit lyrics . Vol IV : Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil , Republic of Loose 's third album , was released in 2008 . That album produced their highest chart performer to date , The Steady Song , which peaked at number twelve and stayed in the Irish Singles Chart for thirteen weeks . Bounce at the Devil , the band 's fourth album , was released in 2010 . Having earned the admiration of several musicians , including members of Snow Patrol and U2 , as well as Sinéad O'Connor - with whom they recorded , released and performed a duet at the 2008 Meteor Awards - the band have had their music played on radio stations in Africa , Asia , Europe and North America ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aaagh!_(Republic_of_Loose_album)', 'summary': "Aaagh ! is the second album by the Irish funk-rock band Republic of Loose . It was released 7 April 2006 . At a cost of €70,000 to make , it was their most expensive album to date . Sunday Tribune journalist Una Mullally called it one of the most original and progressive Irish albums ever made . Aaagh ! reached number two in the Irish Albums Chart , going platinum in the process , it received regular airplay on Irish radio and produced five singles , including The Idiots , a song about Mick Pyro 's former girlfriend which also features her on vocals . Break made top forty singles chart in South Africa , and was temporarily banned by South African radio station 5fm when a female DJ declared on air that it promoted anal sex without contraception , a comment which led to several complaints from listeners . The band 's 2006 summer tour included a performance where fans danced outside despite the lashing rain at Oxegen 2006 , with the Irish Independent 's Larissa Nolan saying their scheduling on the main stage was a testament to just how big their army of fans is , and Castlepalooza . In 2007 , Republic of Loose performed at several festivals in Ireland and the United Kingdom , including Reading and Leeds Festivals , Cois Fharraige and a headline slot at Indie-pendence . Aaagh ! was released in the United Kingdom on 15 October 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Si_Schroeder', 'summary': "Si Schroeder ( born Dublin , Ireland ) is the alias of Irish music artist Simon Kenny . He has released one studio album , Coping Mechanisms , and the singles Clocked , Jump Ship , C4 and Brailowsky to date as Si ( rhymes with sigh ) Schroeder . The single Clocked was released on 1 June 2012 and is the second release from the forthcoming Si Schroeder LP Holding Patterns , following the release of the previous single Jump Ship on 22 July 2011 . Coping Mechanisms was nominated for the 2006 Choice Music Prize Irish album of the year and released on Irish independent record label Trust Me I 'm A Thief . Influential Irish blogger Nialler9 named Coping Mechanisms his blog 's No 1 Irish album of 2006 , as did the Foggy Notions magazine . Si Schroeder was one of four music acts selected to represent Ireland at the 2008 Eurosonic Festival held annually in Groningen . Simon Kenny has also recorded and performed under the alias Schroedersound . Throughout most of the 1990s he was one half of Irish indie rock band Schroeder 's Cat whose eponymous four-track EP was released in 1998 on the LA label Emperor Norton Records . Si Schroeder 's current band members are Mark Jordan ( guitar ) and Bryan O'Connell ( drums ) . Previous band members include Ger Griffin ( formerly of Rollerskate Skinny ) , Joss Moorkens , Jimmy Eadie and Brian Mooney ( both formerly of The Idiots and Into Paradise ) , Kevin Brew and Fiachra Lennon . Irish electronica artist Somadrone , aka Neil O'Connor , also a member of The Redneck Manifesto , has also been part of Si Schroeder 's live set-up as has Chequerboard . Si Schroeder has performed on a number of Irish television shows including on RTÉ One 's The View presented by John Kelly , RTÉ Two 's Two Tube and RTÉ Two 's Other Voices on which he was interviewed by BBC Radio 1 DJ Annie Mac ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coping_Mechanisms', 'summary': "Coping Mechanisms is the debut album by Irish music artist Si Schroeder . It was released in 2006 by Irish independent record label Trust Me I 'm A Thief . In an interview with The Irish Times at the time of its release Si Schroeder explained that the title 'comes from observing how friends and colleagues of his deal with living in 21st-century Dublin . The nature of living in Dublin has definitely influenced the themes on this record . There 's no doubt that it has become increasingly difficult to live here , so people use mechanisms and quirks to cope with living here and staying sane . '"}, {'url': '/wiki/Snow_Patrol', 'summary': "Snow Patrol are a Northern Irish-Scottish rock band , formed in Dundee , Scotland in 1994 , consisting of Gary Lightbody ( vocals , guitar ) , Nathan Connolly ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Paul Wilson ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) , Jonny Quinn ( drums ) , and Johnny McDaid ( piano , guitar , backing vocals ) . Initially an indie rock band , the band rose to prominence in the early-mid 2000s as part of the post-Britpop movement . The band were founded at the University of Dundee in 1994 by Lightbody , Mark McClelland , and Michael Morrison as Shrug . After briefly using the name Polarbear , releasing the EP Starfighter Pilot ( 1997 ) and losing Morrison as a member , the band became Snow Patrol in 1997 and added Quinn to its line-up . Their first two studio albums , Songs for Polarbears ( 1998 ) and When It 's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up ( 2001 ) , were commercially unsuccessful and were released by the independent record label Jeepster Records . The band then signed to the major record label Polydor Records in 2002 . Connolly joined Snow Patrol in 2002 , and after their major-label debut album , Final Straw , the following year , the band rose to national fame . The album was certified 5× platinum in the UK and eventually sold over 3 million copies worldwide . Their next studio album , Eyes Open ( 2006 ) , and its hit single , Chasing Cars - the most widely played song of the 21st century on UK radio - propelled the band to greater international fame . The album topped the UK Albums Chart and was the best-selling British album of the year , selling over 6 million copies worldwide . In 2008 , the band released their fifth studio album , A Hundred Million Suns ; then , in 2009 , they released their first compilation album , Up to Now ; and , in 2011 , released their sixth studio album , Fallen Empires . The band released their seventh album , Wildness , on 25 May 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eyes_Open_(album)', 'summary': "Eyes Open is the fourth studio album by Northern Irish-Scottish alternative rock band Snow Patrol . Produced by Jacknife Lee , it was released in the UK on 1 May 2006 , and 9 May 2006 in the US . It was the band 's first album without bassist Mark McClelland and the first to feature bassist Paul Wilson and keyboardist Tom Simpson . Recording for the album took place between October and December 2005 at Grouse Lodge Studios in Ireland , The Garage in Kent , and The Garden and Angel Recording Studios , both in London . Six singles were released from the album , including top 10 hits You 're All I Have and Chasing Cars , the latter of which came to worldwide attention when it was featured during the season 2 finale of the American medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . It went on to sell over 5 million copies worldwide and has spent a total of 166 weeks on the UK Singles Chart , more than any other song in history . Eyes Open was the best-selling album of 2006 in the UK , selling 1.5 million copies and 6 million worldwide . It was also the 15th best-selling album of the 2000s , and is one of the best-selling albums in UK chart history ."}]}, {'value': "John Caddell ( Phantom FM ) Stuart Clark ( Hot Press ) Alison Curtis ( Today FM ) Neil Dunphy ( Sunday Tribune ) Sinéad Gleeson ( The Ticket ) Rick O'Shea ( RTÉ 2fm ) Nick Kelly ( Irish Independent ) Mike Knightson ( Limerick 's Live 95fm ) Padraic Kileen ( Irish Examiner ) Eamon Sweeney ( Foggy Notions ) Tanya Sweeney ( Irish Daily Star ) Jonny Tiernan ( Alternative Ulster magazine )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phantom_FM', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hot_Press', 'summary': 'Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin , Ireland , founded in June 1977 . The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it had a circulation of 17,084 during 2014 . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alison_Curtis', 'summary': "Alison Ally Curtis ( born 1 November 1977 in Kingston , Ontario , Canada ) is a presenter of radio on Irish radio station Today FM and a respected figure on the Irish music scene . She currently presents her own show , Saturday Breakfast with Alison Curtis on Today FM which airs every Saturday morning from 7am to 10am and since July 2016 , has also presented Sunday Breakfast with Alison Curtis which airs every Sunday morning from 7am to 9am . She previously presented The Last Splash on Sunday nights and The Alison Curtis Show . The Last Splash and , later , The Alison Curtis Show , earned Curtis her three Best DJ Meteor nominations , though she narrowly lost out on the first two occasions to her Today FM colleague Ray D'Arcy and lost again in 2009 , this time to her Today FM colleague Ray Foley . Curtis has written for Hot Press . She is married to Anton Hegarty , the former bassist for Future Kings of Spain with whom she has a daughter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sunday_Tribune', 'summary': 'The Sunday Tribune was an Irish Sunday broadsheet newspaper published by Tribune Newspapers plc . It was edited in its final years by Nóirín Hegarty , who changed both the tone and the physical format of the newspaper from broadsheet to tabloid . Previous editors were Conor Brady , Vincent Browne , Peter Murtagh , Matt Cooper and Paddy Murray . The Sunday Tribune was founded in 1980 , closed in 1982 , relaunched in 1983 and entered receivership in February 2011 after which it ceased to trade .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sinéad_Gleeson', 'summary': "Sinéad Gleeson is an Irish Book Award-winning writer , editor and freelance broadcaster . Having edited the work of others , in 2016 's The Long Gaze Back and 2017 's The Glass Shore , she released her first book Constellations , a collection of personal essays , in 2019 . Some of the essays in this work document Gleeson 's struggle through illness Gleeson has been a book and music reviewer for The Irish Times ' The Ticket arts supplement and presents The Book Show on RTÉ Radio 1 . She has been a judge for the Choice Music Prize . She was a writer in residence at University College Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Irish_Times', 'summary': "The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper launched on 29 March 1859 . The editor is Paul O'Neill who succeeded Kevin O'Sullivan on 5 April 2017 ; the deputy editor is Deirdre Veldon . The Irish Times is published every day except Sundays . Though formed as a Protestant nationalist paper , within two decades and under new owners it had become the voice of British unionism in Ireland . It is no longer marketed as a unionist paper ; it presents itself politically as liberal and progressive , as well as promoting neoliberalism on economic issues . The editorship of the newspaper from 1859 until 1986 was controlled by the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority , only gaining its first nominal Irish Catholic editor 127 years into its existence . The paper 's most prominent columnists include writer and arts commentator Fintan O'Toole and satirist Miriam Lord . The late Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald was once a columnist . Senior international figures , including Tony Blair and Bill Clinton , have written for its op-ed page . Its most prominent columns have included the political column Backbencher , by John Healy , Drapier ( an anonymous piece produced weekly by a politician , giving the 'insider ' view of politics ) , Rite and Reason ( a weekly religious column , edited by Patsy McGarry , the 'religious affairs ' editor ) and the long-running An Irishman 's Diary . An Irishman 's Diary was written by Patrick Campbell in the forties ( under the pseudonym 'Quidnunc ' ) ; by Seamus Kelly from 1949 to 1979 ( also writing as 'Quidnunc ' ) ; and more recently [ when ? ] by Kevin Myers ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Rick_O'Shea", 'summary': "Paul Crossan ( born 7 May 1973 , also known as Rick O'Shea ) is an Irish radio personality . He was born in Drimnagh , Dublin 12 , and attended Drimnagh Castle Secondary School and later UCD . He has been a presenter on RTÉ 2fm since 2001 . O'Shea has also presented The Poetry Programme on RTÉ Radio 1 in 2015 and 2016 . Since 2017 he has been presenting the morning show on RTÉ Gold . He is currently presenting The Book Show on RTÉ Radio 1 since 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Independent', 'summary': "The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper , and online publication via Independent.ie , which is owned by Independent News & Media ( INM ) who are a subsidiary of mediahuis . The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines . Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper , it introduced an additional compact size in 2004 and in December 2012 ( following O'Brien 's takeover ) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Limerick's_Live_95fm", 'summary': 'Live 95 is a radio station in Ireland owned by Wireless Group , broadcasting to Limerick city and county'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Examiner', 'summary': 'The Irish Examiner , formerly The Cork Examiner and then The Examiner , is an Irish national daily newspaper which primarily circulates in the Munster region surrounding its base in Cork , though it is available throughout the country .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Foggy_Notions', 'summary': "Foggy Notions was an independently published Irish music magazine founded by Leagues O ' Toole and Myles Claffey , which focused on the more esoteric elements of electronica , indie , and folk music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Daily_Star', 'summary': 'The Irish Daily Star ( formerly known simply as The Star ) is a tabloid newspaper published in Ireland by the Independent Star Limited , a joint venture between Reach plc , which owns the British Daily Star , and Independent News & Media . The Irish Daily Star became known for its comprehensive in-depth coverage of and thorough focus on crime , often featuring sensational coverage . It also focuses heavily on celebrity matters , and has a large sports section . Between 2003 and 2011 , a Sunday edition was published , as Irish Daily Star Sunday . Like its British tabloid counterpart , the Irish Daily Star has a red-top mast head .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alternative_Ulster', 'summary': 'AU ( formerly Alternative Ulster ) was a magazine written , designed and published in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Although predominantly a music magazine , AU covered other aspects of popular culture , such as movies , comics , games and the arts . The magazine was launched in June 2003 . 81 issues were published in total , with the final issue being published in March 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Extra Bonus Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Extra_Bonus_Party', 'summary': "Super Extra Bonus Party are a Choice Music Prize winning indie-electronica band , formed in November 2005 and based in Kildare , Ireland . Their music spanned various genres such as electronica , indie and hip hop . Their debut album Super Extra Bonus Party LP was released to widespread critical acclaim , winning the 2007 Choice Music Prize and considered the most inventive Irish album this decade . Aside from headline shows , the band played with the likes of The Go ! Team , Cadence Weapon , Bonde do Rolê , Subtle and Alec Empire as well as slots at Electric Picnic in 2007 and 2008 . The band 's second album , Night Horses , was released in 2009 . Super Extra Bonus Party announced an indefinite hiatus in 2011 . They returned with new single 'Switzerland ' on November 17 , 2017 with the promise of a new album due in late 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Extra Bonus Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Extra_Bonus_Party_LP', 'summary': "Super Extra Bonus Party LP is the title of Super Extra Bonus Party 's debut Choice Music Prize winning album . It was released on April 13 , 2007 . It has received much critical acclaim in Ireland and has been called the most inventive Irish album this decade and contender for Irish album of the year . It was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in January 2007 , subsequently winning on February 27 ."}]}, {'value': "Adrian Crowley - Long Distance Swimmer Cathy Davey - Tales of Silversleeve Delorentos - In Love with Detail Dry County - Unexpected Falls The Flaws - Achieving Vagueness David Geraghty - Kill Your Darlings Kíla - Gamblers ' Ballet Róisín Murphy - Overpowered Stanley Super 800 - Louder & Clearer", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Crowley', 'summary': "Adrian Crowley is a singer , composer , songwriter , lyricist from Galway , based in Dublin and was born in Sliema , Malta . Crowley has released eight albums to date , with his debut A Strange Kind arriving in 1999 . He followed this with When You Are Here You Are Family ( 2002 ) , A Northern Country ( 2004 ) , Long Distance Swimmer ( 2007 ) , Season of the Sparks ( 2009 ) and I See Three Birds Flying ( 2012 ) In a 2005 Rolling Stone interview , Ryan Adams cited Crowley when asked Who 's the best songwriter that no one 's heard of . The Irish Times placed this artist at number eight in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 . Crowley has won the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year on one occasion for Season of the Sparks and been nominated on two another occasion for Long Distance Swimmer and I See Tree Birds Flying ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Long_Distance_Swimmer', 'summary': "Long Distance Swimmer is the fourth studio album released by Irish singer-songwriter Adrian Crowley . It was recorded during a one-week period in the home of Crowley 's sister in the suburb of Foxrock , County Dublin , was released on the Tin Angel record label , and features contributions from other musicians , such as James Yorkston ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cathy_Davey', 'summary': "Catherine Cathy Davey ( born 1979 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter . She has released one extended play , Come Over ( 2004 ) , and four albums , Something Ilk ( 2004 ) , Tales of Silversleeve ( 2007 ) , The Nameless ( 2010 ) and New Forest ( 2016 ) . Her second album garnered her a Choice Music Prize nomination , Meteor Award for Best Irish Female , and spawned a number of successful singles including Reuben , Moving and Sing for Your Supper . The Nameless was the top selling album in Ireland upon the week of its release . It was also nominated for the Choice Music Prize . Davey has performed at several international events , including representing Ireland at the Eurosonic Festival in Groningen , the Netherlands , and performing at the South by Southwest festival in Austin , Texas . She has also performed at other large exhibitions and festivals in Ireland , including Electric Picnic , Indie-pendence and The Music Show . Davey has worked with Autamata , Elbow and The Duckworth Lewis Method as well as providing support for Graham Coxon , R.E.M . and Supergrass . She appears prominently on the 2016 album Foreverland by The Divine Comedy . The Irish Times placed Davey third in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 , saying There 's no better female songwriter in Irish music right now . Tales of Silversleeve was named sixth best Irish album of 2007 by John Meagher of the Irish Independent and ninth best album of the decade by Jim Carroll , Tony Clayton-Lea and Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tales_of_Silversleeve', 'summary': "Tales of Silversleeve is the second album released by Irish-born singer Cathy Davey . It was released on 12 October 2007 as the follow-up release to Davey 's 2004 debut Something Ilk . The album contains eleven tracks , including the singles Reuben , Sing for Your Supper and Moving . Tales of Silversleeve led to several award wins and nominations for Davey and her album , including a win in the Best Irish Female category at the Meteor Music Awards . There was also a Choice Music Prize nomination for Irish Album of the Year 2007 . Although the album failed to chart , Davey received positive remarks from newspapers , radio stations and members of the general public alike , being described as a bright , bold and breezy rush of imagination , creativity and sheer glorious sounds by journalist and blogger Jim Carroll ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Delorentos', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/In_Love_with_Detail', 'summary': 'In Love with Detail is the debut album by Delorentos released on 21 April 2007 . It reached # 7 in the Irish Singles Chart and was subsequently nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Flaws', 'summary': 'The Flaws were an Irish indie-rock quartet , hailing from Carrickmacross in County Monaghan . The band released their self entitled debut EP in the Summer of 2005 which attracted a flurry of label attention and eventually culminated in the signing of a 5 album contract to Polydor UK/ Universal Music in December 2005 . The flaws released three full-length studio albums between 2007 and 2016 . The Flaws consist of : Paul Finn on Vocals/Guitar , Paul Mallon on Bass/Backing Vocals , Shane Malone , Lead Guitar and drummer Colin Berrill .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Achieving_Vagueness', 'summary': "Achieving Vagueness ( # 18 Irish Charts ) is the title of The Flaws ' debut album . It was released on September 14 , 2007 . The album was originally to be titled Lost in a Scene . It was nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Geraghty', 'summary': 'David Geraghty ( born 30 September 1975 ) is an Irish , Multi-Instrumentalist , Composer and Songwriter . He is a founding member of Bell X1 . Since 2014 , he has been performing under the moniker Join Me in the Pines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kill_Your_Darlings_(album)', 'summary': "Kill Your Darlings is the debut studio album by Irish singer-songwriter David Geraghty ( also a member of Bell X1 ) . The album was released in Ireland in September 2007 . Following the album 's release Geraghty went on a nationwide tour of Ireland . Shortly after its release it received critical acclaim . David Geraghty was nominated for 3 awards in the Irish music industry these included the Meteor Awards - Best Irish Male 2007 , Meteor Awards - Best Irish Album 2007 and Choice Music Prize - Best Irish Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kíla', 'summary': 'Kíla are an Irish folk music/world music group , originally formed in 1987 in the Irish language secondary school Coláiste Eoin in County Dublin .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Gamblers'_Ballet", 'summary': "Gamblers ' Ballet is a 2007 album by the Irish folk band Kíla . It was nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2007 . The opening track Leath Ina Dhiaidh A hOcht/Half Eight was the first single taken from the album . Cardinal Knowledge was used as the outro music for the Cartoon Saloon , Oscar nominated animation The Secret of Kells , and Dúisigí and Cabhraigí Léi were used in the Japanese film Kadokawa , which was directed by Ryuichi Hiroki ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Róisín_Murphy', 'summary': "Róisín Marie Murphy ( /roʊˈʃiːn/ ; Irish pronunciation : [ ɾˠoːˈʃiːnʲ ] ; born 5 July 1973 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter and record producer . She first became known in the 1990s as one-half of the UK-Irish trip hop duo Moloko with her partner Mark Brydon . After the breakup of Moloko , Murphy embarked on a solo career , releasing her debut solo album , Ruby Blue , written and produced with experimental musician Matthew Herbert , to critical praise in 2005 . Her second solo album , Overpowered , was released in 2007 . After an eight-year hiatus ( which nonetheless included several singles , vocal features , and side projects ) , her third album Hairless Toys was released in 2015 ; it was subsequently nominated for the Mercury Music Prize and Ireland 's Choice Music Prize . The following year , she released her fourth album Take Her Up to Monto ( 2016 ) . In 2018 , she released four 12 releases in collaboration with producer Maurice Fulton to critical praise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Overpowered', 'summary': "Overpowered is the second solo studio album by Irish singer and songwriter Róisín Murphy . It was released on 11 October 2007 by EMI . Receiving widespread critical acclaim , the album was more commercially successful than its predecessor , Ruby Blue ( 2005 ) , debuting at number 20 on the UK Albums Chart with 9,656 copies sold in its first week . Overpowered was shortlisted for the 2007 Choice Music Prize in Murphy 's native Ireland . As of May 2015 , the album had sold 65,532 copies in the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stanley_Super_800', 'summary': "Stanley Super 800 is an Irish band , from Cork . The group 's second album , Louder & Clearer , received a nomination for the 2007 Choice Music Prize ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Louder_&_Clearer', 'summary': 'Louder & Clearer is the second album by band Stanley Super 800 . It was nominated for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2007 .'}]}, {'value': "Brian Boyd ( The Irish Times ) Michael Carr ( Cork 's 96FM and Cork Independent ) Ronan Casey ( Westmeath Examiner ) Alan Corr ( RTÉ Guide ) Dan Hegarty ( 2FM ) Anne Marie Kelly ( Today FM ) Sheena McGinley ( entertainment.ie ) Una Mullally ( Sunday Tribune and the Una Rocks blog ) Paul McClean ( BBC Northern Ireland ) Nadine O'Regan ( The Sunday Business Post , Phantom 105.2 and blogger ) Leagues O'Toole ( Foggy Notions ) Jon Richards ( Galway Bay FM )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Irish_Times', 'summary': "The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper launched on 29 March 1859 . The editor is Paul O'Neill who succeeded Kevin O'Sullivan on 5 April 2017 ; the deputy editor is Deirdre Veldon . The Irish Times is published every day except Sundays . Though formed as a Protestant nationalist paper , within two decades and under new owners it had become the voice of British unionism in Ireland . It is no longer marketed as a unionist paper ; it presents itself politically as liberal and progressive , as well as promoting neoliberalism on economic issues . The editorship of the newspaper from 1859 until 1986 was controlled by the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority , only gaining its first nominal Irish Catholic editor 127 years into its existence . The paper 's most prominent columnists include writer and arts commentator Fintan O'Toole and satirist Miriam Lord . The late Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald was once a columnist . Senior international figures , including Tony Blair and Bill Clinton , have written for its op-ed page . Its most prominent columns have included the political column Backbencher , by John Healy , Drapier ( an anonymous piece produced weekly by a politician , giving the 'insider ' view of politics ) , Rite and Reason ( a weekly religious column , edited by Patsy McGarry , the 'religious affairs ' editor ) and the long-running An Irishman 's Diary . An Irishman 's Diary was written by Patrick Campbell in the forties ( under the pseudonym 'Quidnunc ' ) ; by Seamus Kelly from 1949 to 1979 ( also writing as 'Quidnunc ' ) ; and more recently [ when ? ] by Kevin Myers ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Cork's_96FM", 'summary': "96FM is one of three local radio stations licensed by the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland for Cork City and County in Ireland ( the other two being its sister station C103 and youth music station Red FM ) . It broadcasts from studios at Broadcasting House , St. Patrick 's Place in Cork City . 96FM is operated as a dual franchise with C103 by County Media Limited which is owned by Wireless Group . The station 's sound broadcasting contract ( and thus its broadcasting licence ) is advertised together with that of C103 and one company is required to operate the two stations , in a similar situation to that of Shannonside FM and Northern Sound Radio in the north-west of Ireland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cork_Independent', 'summary': 'The Cork Independent is a free newspaper in Cork , Ireland . The paper is published weekly and contains local news , health and beauty , business , opinion , social events , entertainment , motoring and property as well as input from a number of columnists . The Cork Independent is published by the IFN Group , which previously published the Galway Independent until the Galway Independent went into liquidation in September 2017 . The newspaper has been published under the Cork Independent masthead since 2007 , having previously operating under the name Inside Cork . The newspaper is printed ( but not owned ) by Celtic Media Group'}, {'url': '/wiki/Westmeath_Examiner', 'summary': 'The Westmeath Examiner is a weekly newspaper in Westmeath , Ireland . It was founded in 1882 . The Westmeath Examiner is a sister paper of the Westmeath Independent which circulates in the Athlone area of the county . The Westmeath Examiner circulates in the north of the county and is based in Mullingar , the capital town of Westmeath . In May 2004 , both papers were sold by their owners Martin Nally and Ronald Carroll to Celtic Media Group - a subsidiary of the Scottish owned Dunfermline Press - along with the third sister paper Offaly Independent . On May 16 2015 , The Westmeath Examiner saw a change from broadsheet to compact format . In June 2012 , the Irish management team of Celtic Media Group acquired the business and assets of the group for €5.5 million . Other Irish newspaper titles that are part of the same stable include The Anglo Celt , in Cavan ; The Meath Chronicle in Navan ; and , since May 2014 , The Connaught Telegraph . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , the paper had an average weekly circulation of 9,687 during the first six months of 2006 . For the same period in 2011 , it had an average weekly circulation of 5,719 , a fall that was in line with industry trends , which , broadly , endured sudden sharp declines in paid-for sales . However , following a move from a Wednesday publication date to a Tuesday , and a concerted effort to drive its digital offering , the newspaper has renewed growth in paid-for sales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_Guide', 'summary': 'The RTÉ Guide is a television and radio listings magazine in Ireland published by RTÉ Commercial Enterprises Ltd , a subsidiary of Raidió Teilifís Éireann . The magazine offers detailed programme listings for RTÉ channels , as well as Virgin Media One ( TV3 ) , TG4 ( TnaG ) , Virgin Media Two ( 3e ) , BBC One , BBC Two , UTV , and Channel 4 , as well as less detailed listings for variations of BBC Wales , ITV Wales , S4C and a number of satellite and cable channels . RTÉ Radio programme listings are also published . Lifestyle and celebrity articles are also included in the magazine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dan_Hegarty', 'summary': 'Dan Hegarty is an Irish radio presenter employed by RTÉ . He presents his show The Alternative on RTÉ 2fm Monday to Thursday from 00:00 pm - 03:00am ( the show is broadcast live each morning on RTÉ 2XM at 10am to 1pm ) . He is regularly dispatched to important musical events such as the Eurosonic Festival in The Netherlands , Electric Picnic and Oxegen for live broadcasting purposes , as well as being sent around the country to present the 2fm 2moro 2our . In 2008 Hegarty featured on the panel of judges for the Choice Music Prize and was sent to The Music Show to distribute advice .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Entertainment.ie', 'summary': 'Entertainment.ie is an Irish web company . It is based in Dublin City Centre . The company provides news and reviews of the programs and films for TV and cinema . It provides information on upcoming comedy , festivals and theater shows and music in Ireland , as well as celebrity news and gossip . The site was developed in 1997 by Fusio . The Irish Times acquired a 30% stake in the company in May 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Una_Mullally', 'summary': 'Una Mullally is an Irish journalist and broadcaster . She is a columnist with The Irish Times and The Guardian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sunday_Tribune', 'summary': 'The Sunday Tribune was an Irish Sunday broadsheet newspaper published by Tribune Newspapers plc . It was edited in its final years by Nóirín Hegarty , who changed both the tone and the physical format of the newspaper from broadsheet to tabloid . Previous editors were Conor Brady , Vincent Browne , Peter Murtagh , Matt Cooper and Paddy Murray . The Sunday Tribune was founded in 1980 , closed in 1982 , relaunched in 1983 and entered receivership in February 2011 after which it ceased to trade .'}, {'url': '/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland', 'summary': 'BBC Northern Ireland ( Irish : BBC Thuaisceart Éireann ; Ulster-Scots : BBC Norlin Airlan ) is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland . It is one of the three BBC national regions , together with BBC Scotland and BBC Cymru Wales . Based at Broadcasting House , Belfast , it provides television , radio , online and interactive television content . BBC Northern Ireland currently employs 700 people , largely in Belfast . BBC Northern Ireland has two TV channels - BBC One Northern Ireland , BBC Two Northern Ireland ; and two radio stations - BBC Radio Ulster and BBC Radio Foyle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Sunday_Business_Post', 'summary': 'The Business Post ( formally called The Sunday Business Post ) is a Sunday newspaper distributed nationally in Ireland and an online publication and is focused mainly on business and financial issues in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phantom_105.2', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Foggy_Notions', 'summary': "Foggy Notions was an independently published Irish music magazine founded by Leagues O ' Toole and Myles Claffey , which focused on the more esoteric elements of electronica , indie , and folk music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Galway_Bay_FM', 'summary': 'Galway Bay FM is an Irish independent local radio station and operates under a licence from the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland . Established in 1989 , the station broadcasts from studios in Galway , serving the city and County Galway .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jape_(band)', 'summary': "Jape is an Irish electronic-rock band from Dublin . Formed as a side project by Richie Egan whilst part of The Redneck Manifesto , they have released five albums to date ; Cosmosphere ( 2003 ) , The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me ( 2004 ) , Ritual ( 2008 ) , Ocean of Frequency ( 2011 ) , and This Chemical Sea ( 2015 ) . Jape 's wider discography includes the EP , Jape is Grape ( 2007 ) , as well as a number of singles , including Floating and Phil Lynott . The band have performed at festivals and events such as Glastonbury , Electric Picnic , Lovebox and Hard Working Class Heroes and provided support for The Flaming Lips at Belsonic in Belfast in August 2008 . The first and second albums received airplay on alternative national radio in Ireland . The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me 's opening track , Floating , became a popular single on late night alternative music radio shows and attracted the attention of Brendan Benson during a visit to Dublin . Benson now covers the track whilst performing live with his band The Raconteurs , as do the Belgian bastard pop duo Soulwax during their DJ sets . Jape 's third album , Ritual , was released in June 2008 , later winning the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2008 . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , the latter of which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named Ireland 's Christmas number one single in December 2008 . The album Ocean of Frequency was released in 2011 and won Jape their second Choice Music Prize in March 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ritual', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ritual_(Jape_album)', 'summary': "Ritual is the third studio album from electronic rock band Jape , released on Co-op Records in 2008 . It won the Choice Music Prize for the 2008 Irish Album of the Year in March 2009 . A video for the song Graveyard , which was filmed in an actual graveyard in Dublin , was released in May 2008 prior to the release of the album . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named the Christmas number one in Ireland in December 2008 . When squinted at , the cover album art reveals a skull . The Irish Independent 's John Meagher named Ritual his twentieth best Irish album of the 2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Fight Like Apes - Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion Mick Flannery - White Lies Halfset - Another Way of Being There Lisa Hannigan - Sea Sew David Holmes ( musician ) - The Holy Pictures Messiah J and the Expert - From the Word Go Oppenheimer - Take the Whole Midrange and Boost It R.S.A.G . - Organic Sampler The Script - The Script', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fight_Like_Apes', 'summary': "Fight Like Apes ( also referred to as FLApes or FLA ) were an Irish alternative rock band formed in Dublin in 2006 . Their final lineup consisted of Mary-Kate MayKay Geraghty ( vocals and synth ) , Jamie Pockets Fox ( keyboard and vocals ) , Conor Garry ( bass ) , Peter O'Shea ( drums ) and Frog Cullen . Original members Adrian Mullan ( drums ) and Tom Ryan ( bass ) left the band in 2010 . They are known for their elongated record titles , usually inspired by B movies . They have released three EPs , How Am I Supposed to Kill You If You Have All the Guns ? ( 2007 ) , David Carradine is a Bounty Hunter Whos Robotic Arm Hates Your Crotch ( 2007 ) and Whigfield Sextape ( 2014 ) , and two albums , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion ( 2008 ) and The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner ( 2010 ) . In 2009 , they released an EP for the American market titled You Filled His Head with Fluffy Clouds and Jolly Ranchers , What Did You Think Was Going to Happen ? . Fight Like Apes have toured the UK with The Von Bondies , The Ting Tings , New Found Glory , The Prodigy and Kasabian and have played several Irish and European festivals throughout their career . They have appeared on several television shows in Ireland , including Tubridy Tonight , WeTV , The View , Other Voices and The Cafe . They have also had some success in Asia , where they have been signed up by Sony Music Entertainment Japan for an album release on that continent in April 2009 . The band have been nominated for five Meteor Music Awards , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion was nominated for the Choice Music Prize and was named 31st best album of the decade by Phantom FM at the end of 2009 . Fight Like Apes were named the fourth best Irish musical act of their generation by The Irish Times in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fight_Like_Apes_and_the_Mystery_of_the_Golden_Medallion', 'summary': 'Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion is the debut studio album of Fight Like Apes . It was released in Ireland on 26 September 2008 , the UK on 26 January 2009 and Japan in April 2009 . The album charted in the top ten of the Irish Albums Chart upon its release , at # 9 . It was nominated in the Best Irish Album category at the 2009 Meteor Awards , as well as for the Choice Music Prize in the same year . Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion was named 31st best album of the decade by Phantom FM at the end of 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mick_Flannery', 'summary': "Mick Flannery ( born 28 November 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . His debut album Evening Train resulted from his time spent studying music and management at Coláiste Stiofáin Naofa in Cork . It featured tracks which had previously won Flannery two categories at the International Songwriting Competition in Nashville , Tennessee . He was the first Irish musician to win in this event . In 2019 this album premiered as a musical by the same name . Flannery 's second studio album White Lies was released on 12 September 2008 , achieving a top ten position on the Irish Albums Chart . It later went platinum and was nominated for the Choice Music Prize . The Irish Times placed him at number forty-six in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 . Also that year Flannery won Best Irish Male at the 2009 Meteor Awards . Influences include Kurt Cobain , Leonard Cohen and Bob Dylan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/White_Lies_(Mick_Flannery_album)', 'summary': "White Lies is the second studio album released by Irish singer-songwriter Mick Flannery . The album was released on September 12 , 2008 . It achieved a top ten position on the Irish Albums Chart and featured prominently on the country 's national radio stations . White Lies went platinum in Ireland . It also received a nomination for the Choice Music Prize . When The Irish Times placed Flannery at number forty-six in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now it published in April 2009 it referenced the album White Lies in its comments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Halfset', 'summary': 'Halfset were an Irish electronica/post-rock band based in Dublin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Hannigan', 'summary': "Lisa Margaret Hannigan ( born 12 February 1981 ) is an Irish singer , songwriter , musician , and voice actress . She began her musical career as a member of Damien Rice 's band . Since beginning her solo career in 2007 she has released three albums : Sea Sew ( 2008 ) , Passenger ( 2011 ) , and At Swim ( 2016 ) . Hannigan 's music has received award nominations both in Ireland and the USA . Hannigan is also the voice actress for the character Blue Diamond in Steven Universe , an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sea_Sew', 'summary': "Sea Sew is the Mercury and Choice Music Prize-nominated solo debut album released by Lisa Hannigan . It was released in Ireland on 12 September 2008 , with the lead single , Lille , made available as a free download on lisahannigan.ie on 25 August . Sea Sew was a critical success , earning rave reviews and being named by some music critics amongst the best Irish albums of the year . It garnered airtime on American radio station KCRW and earned early praise from press across the US , including the western Los Angeles Times , which called it charmingly idiosyncratic and the eastern publication , The New York Times , which described it as exquisitely ethereal . Lead single Lille , released on 25 August 2008 , became an airplay hit on Irish and American radio stations . Her song I Do n't Know was also featured as free single of the week by iTunes UK in 2009 . The admiration of Jason Mraz led to Hannigan supporting the Grammy-nominated Californian singer-songwriter on a 42-date US tour in late 2008 Hannigan signed with ATO Records in the US , where the album was released on 3 February 2009 . Sea Sew was released in the United Kingdom in May 2009 , where The Daily Telegraph described it as wonderfully creaky and raw , a record of welcoming intimacy and ear-pleasing consistency ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Holmes_(musician)', 'summary': 'David Holmes ( born 14 February 1969 ) is an electronic musician and composer from Northern Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Holy_Pictures', 'summary': 'The Holy Pictures is a 2008 studio album by David Holmes . The album departs from the eclectic soundtrack-to-an-imaginary-film style of his previous studio albums , in favour of a more personal approach . It was nominated for the 2008 Choice Music Prize , awarded to the best Irish album of the year . The tracks I Heard Wonders and Holy Pictures were released as singles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Messiah_J_and_the_Expert', 'summary': 'Messiah J & The Expert are a rapper/producer duo based in Dublin , Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/From_the_Word_Go', 'summary': 'From the Word Go is the second album by alternative rock group Alien Crime Syndicate released in 2000 through Collective Fruit . Recorded nearly two years before debut Dust to Dirt but released months after and produced by Gil Norton . Originally the album was to be released on Revolution Records , a subsidiary of Giant Records , however after recording had finished , the record label folded and ACS lost the rights to their album . The rights were later bought by Will Records who released the album in July 2000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oppenheimer_(band)', 'summary': "Oppenheimer were an indie pop band from Belfast , Northern Ireland . The band was made up of musicians Shaun Robinson and Rocky O'Reilly . Robinson and O'Reilly were previously members of the now disbanded Belfast group , Torgas Valley Reds . They met in 2003 , in Belfast . O'Reilly had been mixing sound and recording Torgas Valley Reds , whom Robinson drummed for . Inspired by their mutual love for Moog synthesizers , vocoders , and airhorns , O'Reilly and Robinson formed Oppenheimer in late 2004 , using O'Reilly 's spare room to record 3 songs , which they sent to their favourite labels . Oppenheimer 's music has been used in various North American television shows , including How I Met Your Mother , in the episode Lucky Penny , Ugly Betty , and Gossip Girl ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Take_the_Whole_Midrange_and_Boost_It', 'summary': 'Take the Whole Midrange and Boost It is the second studio album by the Belfast indie-pop duo Oppenheimer , released on 3 June 2008 through Fantastic Plastic in the UK and Bar/None Records in the US . The album was nominated for the 2008 Choice Music Prize .'}, {'url': '/wiki/R.S.A.G.', 'summary': 'Jeremy Hickey ( also known as Rarely Seen Above Ground - abbreviated as R.S.A.G . - ) is an Irish multi-instrumentalist from Kilkenny . He has three albums : Rarely Seen Above Ground ( 2007 ) Organic Sampler ( 2008 ) and Be It Right Or Wrong ( 2010 ) . Rotate EP ( 2013 ) . Following a performance at Electric Picnic in 2008 , he appeared on the television series Other Voices . The double album Organic Sampler received a Choice Music Prize nomination for Irish Album of the Year 2008 in 2009 . Hickey later appeared on the interactive music television programme The Raw Sessions , reaching the final where he lost to The Infomatics . He has performed at several music festivals , including Castlepalooza , Electric Picnic and Oxegen and is rumoured to be one of the most innovative and astonishing Irish musicians around . He came thirteenth in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published by The Irish Times in April 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Script', 'summary': "The Script is an Irish rock band formed in 2007 in Dublin , Ireland . They first released music in 2008 . It consists of lead vocalist and keyboardist Daniel O'Donoghue , lead guitarist Mark Sheehan , and drummer and bassist Glen Power . The band moved to London after signing to Sony Label Group imprint Phonogenic and released its eponymous debut album in August 2008 , preceded by the successful singles The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved and Breakeven . The album peaked at number one in both Ireland and the UK . Their next three albums , Science & Faith ( 2010 ) , # 3 ( 2012 ) and No Sound Without Silence ( 2014 ) , all topped the album charts in Ireland and the UK , while Science & Faith reached number three in the US . Hit singles from the albums include For the First Time , Nothing , Hall of Fame and Superheroes . The band 's fifth studio album , Freedom Child , was released on 1 September 2017 , and features the UK Top 20 single Rain . The Script 's music has been featured in television programmes such as 90210 , Ghost Whisperer , The Hills , Waterloo Road , EastEnders , Made in Chelsea and The Vampire Diaries . Frontman Danny O'Donoghue was also a coach on The Voice UK for seasons 1 and 2 , before leaving the show in order to focus more on the band . The band has won three Meteor Ireland Music Awards and two World Music Awards and have received two Brit Award nominations . The Script have sold over 20 million albums worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Script_(album)', 'summary': 'The Script is the debut album by Irish pop rock band the Script , which was released in the Republic of Ireland on 8 August 2008 and was released in the UK on 11 August 2008 by Phonogenic Records . Following success in the Republic of Ireland , the album was released elsewhere in Europe in September 2008 . The album topped the UK charts and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 on 4 March 2010 . The album was nominated for a Choice Music Prize-Irish Album of the Year 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Niall Byrne ( State /Nialler9 blog ) Edel Coffey ( Irish Independent ) Ian Dempsey ( Today FM ) James Foley ( Record of the Day ) Andrew Hamilton ( Clare People ) Kieran Hurley ( Cork Campus Radio ) Paul Mallon ( Irish Daily Star Sunday ) Lauren Murphy ( entertainment.ie ) Sinead Ni Mhorda ( Phantom FM ) Ed Power ( Freelance ) Rigsy ( BBC Northern Ireland ¹s Across The Line/ATL TV ) Ian Wilson ( RTÉ 2fm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/State_(magazine)', 'summary': "State.ie ( formerly State Magazine ) is an Irish website and formerly a monthly music magazine , which launched in April 2008 and ceased to print in January 2009 having published a total of ten issues . The magazine continues online and was voted Best Music Site in 2008 and Best Web Publication in 2010 in the Irish Web Awards . Originally the concept of the magazine involved a hard copy of which there was a charge to purchase , however after six issues it was decided to make the magazine 's content free both online and in print . The first issue , April 2008 , appeared on Irish shelves on 6 March 2008 and featured Michael Stipe of R.E.M . on the cover . This immediately garnered comparisons between the new magazine 's similarities with Hot Press who featured Stipe on their cover at the same time , a move widely thought to be an attempt by Hot Press to stifle State 's status as a serious 'alternative ' to the more established local magazine . At a price of €5.50 , State charged €2 more than Hot Press . State is published by Roger Woolman and edited by Hot Press alumni Phil Udell . Contributors include Evening Herald columnist , The Irish Times reviewer and blogger Sinéad Gleeson , Rolling Stone writer Kara Manning , award-winning blogger Niall Byrne ( a.k.a . Nialler9 ) , Event Guide writer David O'Mahony and The Star feature writer Tanya Sweeney . The magazine 's art director , Simon Roche , was named designer of the year by the Periodical Publishers Association of Ireland in December 2008 . From October 2008 until January 2009 the magazine was made available for free of charge from a number of venues around Ireland 's major cities and online from the magazine 's website , following a number of other magazines such as Mongrel , Connected and Analogue Magazine in providing their print content free of charge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Independent', 'summary': "The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper , and online publication via Independent.ie , which is owned by Independent News & Media ( INM ) who are a subsidiary of mediahuis . The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines . Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper , it introduced an additional compact size in 2004 and in December 2012 ( following O'Brien 's takeover ) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ian_Dempsey', 'summary': "Ian Dempsey ( born 16 January 1961 ) is an Irish presenter of television and breakfast radio . He is the long-running presenter of the breakfast show on Today FM , self-titled The Ian Dempsey Breakfast Show , which runs from 7-9am each weekday . He has won several major awards for his programmes and was the Republic of Ireland 's tenth most-listened-to broadcaster in 2007 . On 9 June 2010 , he co-hosted the opening ceremony of the 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games Irish heats at Thomond Park with Des Cahill ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clare_People', 'summary': "The Clare People was an Irish weekly regional newspaper founded in 2005 . It was published every Tuesday and sold mainly in County Clare . It published Clare related news , sport and events . It announced that it had published its final print edition on 13 August 2019 . The newspaper 's headquarters were located in Ennis Co Clare ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Daily_Star', 'summary': 'The Irish Daily Star ( formerly known simply as The Star ) is a tabloid newspaper published in Ireland by the Independent Star Limited , a joint venture between Reach plc , which owns the British Daily Star , and Independent News & Media . The Irish Daily Star became known for its comprehensive in-depth coverage of and thorough focus on crime , often featuring sensational coverage . It also focuses heavily on celebrity matters , and has a large sports section . Between 2003 and 2011 , a Sunday edition was published , as Irish Daily Star Sunday . Like its British tabloid counterpart , the Irish Daily Star has a red-top mast head .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Entertainment.ie', 'summary': 'Entertainment.ie is an Irish web company . It is based in Dublin City Centre . The company provides news and reviews of the programs and films for TV and cinema . It provides information on upcoming comedy , festivals and theater shows and music in Ireland , as well as celebrity news and gossip . The site was developed in 1997 by Fusio . The Irish Times acquired a 30% stake in the company in May 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phantom_FM', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland', 'summary': 'BBC Northern Ireland ( Irish : BBC Thuaisceart Éireann ; Ulster-Scots : BBC Norlin Airlan ) is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland . It is one of the three BBC national regions , together with BBC Scotland and BBC Cymru Wales . Based at Broadcasting House , Belfast , it provides television , radio , online and interactive television content . BBC Northern Ireland currently employs 700 people , largely in Belfast . BBC Northern Ireland has two TV channels - BBC One Northern Ireland , BBC Two Northern Ireland ; and two radio stations - BBC Radio Ulster and BBC Radio Foyle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adrian Crowley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Crowley', 'summary': "Adrian Crowley is a singer , composer , songwriter , lyricist from Galway , based in Dublin and was born in Sliema , Malta . Crowley has released eight albums to date , with his debut A Strange Kind arriving in 1999 . He followed this with When You Are Here You Are Family ( 2002 ) , A Northern Country ( 2004 ) , Long Distance Swimmer ( 2007 ) , Season of the Sparks ( 2009 ) and I See Three Birds Flying ( 2012 ) In a 2005 Rolling Stone interview , Ryan Adams cited Crowley when asked Who 's the best songwriter that no one 's heard of . The Irish Times placed this artist at number eight in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 . Crowley has won the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year on one occasion for Season of the Sparks and been nominated on two another occasion for Long Distance Swimmer and I See Tree Birds Flying ."}]}, {'value': 'Season of the Sparks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Season_of_the_Sparks', 'summary': 'Season of the Sparks is the fifth studio album released by Irish singer-songwriter Adrian Crowley . On March 3 , 2010 it was announced as the winner of the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2009 at Vicar Street , Dublin . It was released on April 24 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'And So I Watch You from Afar - And So I Watch You From Afar Bell X1 - Blue Lights on the Runway Codes - Trees Dream in Algebra Dark Room Notes - We Love You Dark Matter The Duckworth Lewis Method - The Duckworth Lewis Method Julie Feeney - Pages Valerie Francis - Slow Dynamo Laura Izibor - Let the Truth Be Told The Swell Season - Strict Joy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/And_So_I_Watch_You_from_Afar', 'summary': 'And So I Watch You from Afar is a Northern Irish instrumental rock band from Belfast , composed of guitarists Rory Friers and Niall Kennedy , bassist Johnny Adger and drummer Chris Wee . The band released two albums and three EPs with former member Tony Wright , who was replaced by Niall Kennedy in 2011 . The band signed with Richter Collective , and in October 2011 announced a deal in North America with management and record label Sargent House . They released their self-titled debut studio album on April 13 , 2009 . Their second studio album , Gangs ( 2011 ) , was met with critical acclaim . The band released their third studio album , All Hail Bright Futures , on March 15 , 2013 on Sargent House . Their fourth studio album , Heirs ( 2015 ) . Their fifth studio album , The Endless Shimmering , was released on October 20 , 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/And_So_I_Watch_You_From_Afar_(album)', 'summary': 'And So I Watch You From Afar is the self-titled , first studio album from the Irish instrumental band And So I Watch You From Afar , released in April 2009 . It was re-released in 2013 as a special edition and now included the 4 tracks from the Letters EP .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bell_X1_(band)', 'summary': 'Bell X1 is a musical group from County Kildare , Ireland . The group consists of Paul Noonan ( lead vocals , guitar , percussion , keys ) , David Geraghty ( guitar , vocals , keys , percussion , banjo , piano , harmonica ) and Dominic Phillips ( bass , vocals ) . In their native Ireland , Bell X1s longevity , emotional resonance and headliner status has seen the group referred to as national treasures . Meanwhile , the band has generated a reasonable audience in the United States , UK , Canada , Europe , Australia , Mexico and the Middle East . In the US , their profile was boosted on the back of regular touring , high-profile TV slots such as The Late Show with David Letterman and their music appearing in popular drama series such as Greys Anatomy and The OC . Bell X1 are known for regular changes in sound from album to album , their range taking in alternative , indie , hard rock , post-punk , acoustic , lo-fi , folk rock , ballad , pop , synth-pop , new wave and electronica . They have been compared to The Blue Nile , Talking Heads , David Bowie , Radiohead , The Flaming Lips , Coldplay , U2 , Animal Collective , Elbow and Talk Talk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Blue_Lights_on_the_Runway', 'summary': "Blue Lights On The Runway is the fourth studio album by Irish band Bell X1 . It was released in Ireland on 20 February 2009 , and on March 3 , 2009 , in North America . It is a Choice Music Prize nominated album for Best Irish album in 2009 . The first single from the album was The Great Defector ( 30 January 2009 in Ireland and 3 February 2009 , in the UK and the US ) . The album 's title comes from a line of the lyrics of The Great Defector : Blue lights on the runway , I love the colour of it all . It has been certified Platinum in Ireland with record sales exceeding 15,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Codes_(band)', 'summary': 'Codes are an Irish indie electronic quartet from Dublin , consisting of Daragh Anderson , Eoin Stephens , Niall Woods and Raymond Hogge . Their debut album Trees Dream in Algebra was nominated for the 2010 Choice Music Prize . The band have established themselves swiftly as a very exciting and energetic live act .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trees_Dream_in_Algebra', 'summary': 'Trees Dream in Algebra is the first studio album from Irish alternative-rock group Codes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dark_Room_Notes', 'summary': "Dark Room Notes were an Irish electro/synthpop group . The three founding members , Ronan Gaughan , Ruairi Ferrie and former drummer Ruairi Cavanagh originally hail from Galway . Later members Arran Murphy is from Wicklow , and Darragh Shanahan , who was the band 's drummer for four years , comes from Dublin . The band 's music has been described as electro/synthpop with a slightly sombre overtone and introverted lyrical sensibility . According to Village they seem to gather comparisons with the murkier side of electro pop , usually bands like New Order , Interpol or Joy Division . While the comparisons have some basis , DRN are far from gloomy , just a bit . cool . But this cool does not translate into pretension , just humorous and knowledgeable asides to their favourite artists , photographers and filmmakers . The band 's debut album We Love You Dark Matter was nominated for the Choice Music Prize ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Duckworth_Lewis_Method', 'summary': "The Duckworth Lewis Method are an Irish pop group formed by Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy and Thomas Walsh of Pugwash . The Duckworth Lewis Method is also the title of the group 's first album , which was released on 3 July 2009 , a few days before the start of the 2009 Ashes series . A concept album about cricket , the album has 12 tracks , one of which is an instrumental . The album was mixed and recorded in Dublin and was mastered at Abbey Road Studios . Hannon and Walsh have described their album as a kaleidoscopic musical adventure through the beautiful and rather silly world of cricket . The track Jiggery Pokery is a comic retelling of the Ball of the Century incident involving Shane Warne and Mike Gatting , and features guest cameo performances from Phill Jupitus , Alexander Armstrong , Matt Berry and more . Berry also features on the track Mason on the Boundary . On 9 September 2009 the band were put on hiatus . They wrote and recorded the theme song for the ESPNcricinfo video blog The Two Chucks . In April 2010 The Duckworth Lewis Method album was nominated for an Ivor Novello Award . In an interview with the BBC , Neil Hannon confirmed that he and Thomas Walsh would be working together again in the future . In late October 2012 Hannon and Walsh confirmed they were working on a second Duckworth Lewis album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Julie_Feeney', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pages_(Julie_Feeney_album)', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laura_Izibor', 'summary': "Laura Elizabeth Arabosa Izibor ( born 13 May 1987 ) is an Irish recording artist , musician and producer . She won the RTÉ 2fm song contest while still in secondary school . She went on to win an award at the 2006 Meteor Music Awards . She also performed at that year 's Electric Picnic music festival and Music Ireland 2007 . Izibor has opened for Aretha Franklin , India.Arie , Estelle , Maxwell , and John Legend on tour . Her debut album , Let the Truth Be Told , was released in Ireland on 8 May 2009 . Izibor has appeared in The CW television show , One Tree Hill , where she plays Erin Macree ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Let_the_Truth_Be_Told_(Laura_Izibor_album)', 'summary': 'Let the Truth Be Told is the debut album by Irish recording artist Laura Izibor . It was released on 8 May 2009 , under Atlantic Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Swell_Season', 'summary': "The Swell Season is a folk rock duo formed by Irish musician Glen Hansard and Czech singer and pianist Markéta Irglová . The Swell Season name is derived from Hansard 's favourite novel by Josef Škvorecký from 1975 bearing the same title . Their debut album , released in 2006 , carried the same name . The duo rose to prominence following the success of the 2007 film Once , , directed by John Carney , in which the pair starred depicting a dramatised version of their own musical pairing . Their song Falling Slowly from the film took the Oscar for Best Song at the 80th Academy Awards . They increasingly referred to themselves as The Swell Season in promotion of their performances until it became the formal name of their collaboration in 2008 . ( They still used their separate names when they contributed their cover of Bob Dylan 's You Ai n't Goin ' Nowhere to the 2007 soundtrack of I 'm Not There . ) From 2007 through 2010 , a documentary film was made about Irglova and Hansard called The Swell Season . The documentary premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in June 2011 to positive reviews ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Strict_Joy', 'summary': 'Strict Joy is the second and final album by The Swell Season ( Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ) . It was released in Ireland on October 23 , 2009 , the rest of Europe on October 26 , and on October 27 in North America on the ANTI- record label . The title of the album was derived from a 1931 book of poems written by Irish poet James Stephens . The album reached number 15 on the Billboard 200 .'}]}, {'value': "Martin Burns ( News of the World ) Josh Clarke ( I102-104FM , Galway ) Roisin Dwyer ( Hot Press ) Tony Fenton ( Today FM ) Cathal Funge ( Phantom 105.2 , Dublin ) Padraic Halpin ( Ragged Words ) Sophie Gorman ( Irish Independent ) John McMahon ( RTÉ 2fm ) Rob O'Connor ( Beat 102 103 , Waterford ) Eva Staic ( Spin 1038 , Dublin ) Chris Wasser ( Evening Herald ) Aoife Woodlock ( Other Voices )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News_of_the_World', 'summary': "The News of the World was a weekly national red top tabloid newspaper published every Sunday in the United Kingdom from 1843 to 2011 . It was at one time the world 's highest-selling English-language newspaper , and at closure still had one of the highest English-language circulations . It was originally established as a broadsheet by John Browne Bell , who identified crime , sensation and vice as the themes that would sell most copies . The Bells sold to Henry Lascelles Carr in 1891 ; in 1969 it was bought from the Carrs by Rupert Murdoch 's media firm News Limited . Reorganised into News International , a subsidiary of News Corporation , the newspaper was transformed into a tabloid in 1984 and became the Sunday sister paper of The Sun . The News of the World concentrated in particular on celebrity scoops , gossip and populist news . Its somewhat prurient focus on sex scandals gained it the nickname News of the Screws . In its last decade it had a reputation for exposing celebrities ' drug use , sexual peccadilloes , or criminal acts , by using insiders and journalists in disguise to provide video or photographic evidence , and covert phone hacking in ongoing police investigations . Sales averaged 2,812,005 copies per week in October 2010 . From 2006 , allegations of phone hacking began to engulf the newspaper . These culminated in the revelation on 4 July 2011 that , nearly a decade earlier , a private investigator hired by the newspaper had intercepted the voicemail of missing British teenager Milly Dowler , who was later found murdered . Amid a public backlash and the withdrawal of advertising , News International announced the closure of the newspaper on 7 July 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/I102-104FM', 'summary': "i102-104FM was a regional station in Ireland , launched on 7 February 2008 . The station had won a licence - as part of a strategy by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland to create a network of regional youth stations across the Republic - to operate a 'youth ' oriented station that would broadcast across seven counties in the northwest and west of Ireland , targeting listeners aged between 15 and 34 . In 2011 , i102-104FM merged with its sister station i105-107FM ; the combined station now broadcasts as iRadio . i102-104FM had its studios originally in Galway City , and towards the end of the station 's life , Athlone . It was licensed to cover Counties Donegal , Galway , Leitrim , Longford , Mayo , Roscommon and Sligo . It was also popular in the neighbouring regions of counties Clare , Limerick , Tipperary , Offaly , Westmeath , Cavan , Monaghan and the border areas of the North . In County Donegal , because local radio station Highland Radio was already broadcasting on 103.3 MHz , i102-104 used the frequency of 96.9 MHz . High-profile figures such as the comedian Tommy Tiernan and the presenter Hector Ó hEochagáin were signed up in an effort to raise the profile of the station . There had been five competitors for the lucrative northwest licence , with bids coming from Dublin 's SPIN 1038 , Cork 's Red FM , and the northwest station Ocean FM , through 'Vibe FM ' , and the €20m licence was granted to i105-107FM in November 2006. i102-104FM was owned by the iRadio consortium that has applied for several other of the regional youth licences on offer from the BAI , winning the northeast and midlands licence through i105-107FM . In August 2009 i102-104 was rated the fastest growing 15-to-34 radio station in the country , reaching over 166,000 people each week . It was also the regional radio station most listened to by 18- to 34-year-olds in Ireland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Galway', 'summary': 'Galway ( /ˈɡɔːlweɪ/ GAWL-way ; Irish : Gaillimh , pronounced [ ˈɡal̠ʲɪvʲ ] ) is a city in County Galway in the West of Ireland , in the province of Connacht . It lies on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay , and is the sixth most populous city in Ireland , with a population at the 2016 Census of 79,934 . Galway is renowned for its vibrant lifestyle and for hosting numerous festivals , celebrations and events such as The Galway Arts Festival . The city is currently the European Capital of Culture for 2020 , alongside Rijeka , Croatia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hot_Press', 'summary': 'Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin , Ireland , founded in June 1977 . The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it had a circulation of 17,084 during 2014 . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tony_Fenton', 'summary': "Tony Fenton ( born Anthony James Fagan ; 25 March 1961 - 12 March 2015 ) was an Irish radio presenter and DJ . For 18 years until he left in 2003 , he worked with RTÉ 2fm ; then joined Today FM in 2004 , where he worked until his death 11 years later . Fenton won Music Broadcaster of the Year at the 2008 PPI Radio Awards . He also appeared on television , including a 2007 guest appearance on The Panel , plus a four stars from five meal cooked on The Restaurant . Fenton was one of Ireland 's favourite pop DJs . Louis Walsh described him as one of the kings of Irish broadcasting ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phantom_FM', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Independent', 'summary': "The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper , and online publication via Independent.ie , which is owned by Independent News & Media ( INM ) who are a subsidiary of mediahuis . The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines . Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper , it introduced an additional compact size in 2004 and in December 2012 ( following O'Brien 's takeover ) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only ."}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beat_102_103', 'summary': 'Beat 102 103 is an independent regional radio station in Republic of Ireland licensed by the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland covering counties Waterford , Carlow , Kilkenny , Wexford and Tipperary in South East Ireland . It began broadcasting on 1 July 2003 from studios at The Broadcast Centre , Ardkeen , Waterford City ( shared with Waterford station WLR FM ) , becoming the first station to operate under a regional licence . The station is a Top 40 Hit/CHR station aimed at listeners aged between 15 and 35 . On 13 April 2007 , Cork based Thomas Crosbie Holdings ( TCH ) announced it had acquired 75% ownership of both Beat 102 103 and WLR FM , in a deal worth a combined €14 million with WLR FM managing director Des Whelan keeping 25% of each . TCH already had a media presence in the South East , owning several newspapers in the region . Thomas Crosbie Holdings went into receivership in March 2013 . The 75% stake was acquired by Landmark Media Investments . In December 2017 , a sale was agreed to The Irish Times pending regulatory approval . In July 2018 , the sale of the station to The Irish Times was complete . A second stream , Noughty Beats , was launched in 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waterford', 'summary': "Waterford ( from Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr [ ˈweðrɑˌfjɒrðr̩ ] , meaning ram ( wether ) fjord ; Irish : Port Láirge [ pˠɔɾˠt̪ˠ ˈl̪ˠaːɾʲ ( ə ) ɟə ] ) is a city in Ireland . It is in County Waterford in the south east of Ireland and is part of the province of Munster . The city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour . It is the oldest and the fifth most populous city in the Republic of Ireland . It is the tenth most populous settlement on the island of Ireland . Waterford City and County Council is the local government authority for the city . According to the 2016 Census , 53,504 people live in the city , with a wider metropolitan population of 82,963 . Today , Waterford is known for Waterford Crystal , a legacy of the city 's former glass making industry . Glass , or crystal , was manufactured in the city from 1783 until early 2009 , when the factory there was shut down after the receivership of Waterford Wedgwood plc . The Waterford Crystal visitor centre in the Viking Quarter , under new owners , opened in June 2010 , after the intervention of Waterford City Council and Waterford Chamber of Commerce , and resumed production . Waterford is also known for being the starting point of Ryanair 's first flight ; a 14-seat Embraer Bandeirante turboprop aircraft flying between Waterford and Gatwick Airport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spin_1038', 'summary': "SPIN 1038 ( or simply SPIN ; pronounced spin one-oh-three-eight ) is a Local Radio station in Dublin , Ireland . It is owned by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp group and broadcasts under a sound broadcasting contract with the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland . Despite their name , they do not broadcast on the medium wave band ( 1038 not being a valid mediumwave frequency , anyway ) , but on 103.8 FM . SPIN 1038 is mostly heard in Dublin but can also be heard in such towns as Naas , Celbridge , Leixlip , Maynooth , Drogheda and Bray due to their close proximity to Dublin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Evening_Herald', 'summary': 'The Herald is a nationwide mid-market tabloid newspaper headquartered in Dublin , Ireland and published by Independent News & Media who are a subsidiary of Mediahuis . It is published Monday-Saturday . The paper was known as the Evening Herald until its name was changed in 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Other_Voices_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Other Voices is a live music series which broadcasts on Irish public service broadcaster RTÉ2 . The show ( previously called Other Voices : Songs from a Room ) first aired in 2003 . It is currently Ireland 's leading live music series which focuses mainly on alternative music from Irish and international artists . Each December over three days a season is filmed in Dingle , County Kerry , Ireland during the Other Voices Music Festival . Season 16 started broadcasting on 22 February 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Door Cinema Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club', 'summary': "Two Door Cinema Club is a band from Northern Ireland . The band formed in 2007 and is composed of three members : Alex Trimble ( vocals , rhythm guitar , beats , synths ) , Sam Halliday ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , and Kevin Baird ( bass , synths , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album , Tourist History , was released on 1 March 2010 by French independent record label Kitsuné Music . In the United States , where the band are signed to Glassnote Records , the album was released on 27 April 2010 . Tourist History was selected for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year ( 2010 ) the following year . The band 's second album Beacon was released on 3 September 2012 , debuted at number one on the Irish Albums Chart and reached number two in the UK Albums Chart . The band 's third album Gameshow was released on 14 October 2016 . The first single , Are We Ready ? ( Wreck ) was released on 14 June 2016 and was debuted on Annie Mac 's Hottest Record on BBC Radio 1 . Two more singles , 'Bad Decisions ' and the title track 'Gameshow ' were released prior to the album and are also included on the track list ."}]}, {'value': 'Tourist History', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tourist_History', 'summary': "Tourist History is the debut studio album by Northern Irish indie rock band Two Door Cinema Club . It was released on 17 February 2010 by Kitsuné . The album is named for the reputation of the band 's hometown , Bangor , as a tourist attraction . Tourist History won the Choice Music Prize for the 2010 Irish Album of the Year . The band said it was the first award they had ever won and donated the €10,000 prize money to charity ."}]}, {'value': 'Adebisi Shank - This Is the Second Album of a Band Called Adebisi Shank The Cast of Cheers - Chariot Cathy Davey - The Nameless Fight Like Apes - The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner Halves - It Goes , It Goes ( Forever & Ever ) Imelda May - Mayhem James Vincent McMorrow - Early in the Morning O Emperor - Hither Thither Villagers - Becoming a Jackal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adebisi_Shank', 'summary': 'Adebisi Shank were a three-piece instrumental rock trio from Wexford , Ireland consisting of guitarist Larry Kaye , bass guitarist Vincent McCreith and drummer Michael Roe . The band was signed to Richter Collective in Ireland , before the record label closed in December 2012 , Big Scary Monsters in the United Kingdom , Sargent House in the United States and Parabolica in Japan . Their name is a reference to the Oz character Simon Adebisi . Their style of music was described as seriously upbeat math-rocky craziness . In September 2014 , the band announced their breakup , with each member pursuing different paths . They released three studio albums and one extended play in their career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/This_Is_the_Second_Album_of_a_Band_Called_Adebisi_Shank', 'summary': 'This Is the Second Album of a Band Called Adebisi Shank is the second studio album by Irish math rock band Adebisi Shank . It was released on 20 August 2010 through Richter Collective .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Cast_of_Cheers', 'summary': 'The Cast of Cheers are a four-piece indie/math rock band from Sligo and Dublin , Ireland composed of Conor Adams ( vocals , guitar ) , Neil Adams ( guitar , vocals ) , John Higgins ( bass , vocals ) and Kevin Curran ( drums ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cathy_Davey', 'summary': "Catherine Cathy Davey ( born 1979 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter . She has released one extended play , Come Over ( 2004 ) , and four albums , Something Ilk ( 2004 ) , Tales of Silversleeve ( 2007 ) , The Nameless ( 2010 ) and New Forest ( 2016 ) . Her second album garnered her a Choice Music Prize nomination , Meteor Award for Best Irish Female , and spawned a number of successful singles including Reuben , Moving and Sing for Your Supper . The Nameless was the top selling album in Ireland upon the week of its release . It was also nominated for the Choice Music Prize . Davey has performed at several international events , including representing Ireland at the Eurosonic Festival in Groningen , the Netherlands , and performing at the South by Southwest festival in Austin , Texas . She has also performed at other large exhibitions and festivals in Ireland , including Electric Picnic , Indie-pendence and The Music Show . Davey has worked with Autamata , Elbow and The Duckworth Lewis Method as well as providing support for Graham Coxon , R.E.M . and Supergrass . She appears prominently on the 2016 album Foreverland by The Divine Comedy . The Irish Times placed Davey third in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 , saying There 's no better female songwriter in Irish music right now . Tales of Silversleeve was named sixth best Irish album of 2007 by John Meagher of the Irish Independent and ninth best album of the decade by Jim Carroll , Tony Clayton-Lea and Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Nameless_(album)', 'summary': "The Nameless is the third album released by Irish singer Cathy Davey . It was released on 7 May 2010 in Ireland as the follow-up to her 2007 second album Tales of Silversleeve . The first single from the album Little Red debuted on Cathy Davey 's My Space page ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fight_Like_Apes', 'summary': "Fight Like Apes ( also referred to as FLApes or FLA ) were an Irish alternative rock band formed in Dublin in 2006 . Their final lineup consisted of Mary-Kate MayKay Geraghty ( vocals and synth ) , Jamie Pockets Fox ( keyboard and vocals ) , Conor Garry ( bass ) , Peter O'Shea ( drums ) and Frog Cullen . Original members Adrian Mullan ( drums ) and Tom Ryan ( bass ) left the band in 2010 . They are known for their elongated record titles , usually inspired by B movies . They have released three EPs , How Am I Supposed to Kill You If You Have All the Guns ? ( 2007 ) , David Carradine is a Bounty Hunter Whos Robotic Arm Hates Your Crotch ( 2007 ) and Whigfield Sextape ( 2014 ) , and two albums , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion ( 2008 ) and The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner ( 2010 ) . In 2009 , they released an EP for the American market titled You Filled His Head with Fluffy Clouds and Jolly Ranchers , What Did You Think Was Going to Happen ? . Fight Like Apes have toured the UK with The Von Bondies , The Ting Tings , New Found Glory , The Prodigy and Kasabian and have played several Irish and European festivals throughout their career . They have appeared on several television shows in Ireland , including Tubridy Tonight , WeTV , The View , Other Voices and The Cafe . They have also had some success in Asia , where they have been signed up by Sony Music Entertainment Japan for an album release on that continent in April 2009 . The band have been nominated for five Meteor Music Awards , Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion was nominated for the Choice Music Prize and was named 31st best album of the decade by Phantom FM at the end of 2009 . Fight Like Apes were named the fourth best Irish musical act of their generation by The Irish Times in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Body_of_Christ_and_the_Legs_of_Tina_Turner', 'summary': 'The Body of Christ and the Legs of Tina Turner is the second album released by Irish band Fight Like Apes . It was released on 27 August 2010 in the Republic of Ireland as the follow-up to their debut album Fight Like Apes and the Mystery of the Golden Medallion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Halves_(band)', 'summary': 'Halves is an ambient/alternative/electronic band based in Dublin , Ireland . It is composed of Brian Cash and brothers Tim and Elis Czerniak , with additional live members .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Imelda_May', 'summary': 'Imelda Mary Higham ( born Imelda Mary Clabby ; 10 July 1974 ) , professionally known as Imelda May , is an Irish singer , songwriter and multi-instrumentalist . Although known primarily as a singer , she also plays the bodhrán , guitar , bass guitar and tambourine . Described as a unique vocal talent , May is known for her musical style of rockabilly revival and has also been compared to female jazz musicians such as Billie Holiday . Born and raised in The Liberties area of Dublin , May began her career in music at 16 by performing with a number of local bands and musicians . She formed her own band in 2002 , and released her debut studio album , No Turning Back . After the release , May relocated to London with her then-husband , guitarist Darrel Higham . Following an appearance on the BBC music programme Later . with Jools Holland in 2008 , she released her second studio album , Love Tattoo ( 2009 ) . She collaborated and toured with a number of artists following its release . Her third studio album , Mayhem , was released in 2010 and earned her a nomination for the Choice Music Prize . Her fourth studio album , Tribal was released in 2014 . Her fifth studio album , Life Love Flesh Blood was released in 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mayhem_(Imelda_May_album)', 'summary': 'Mayhem is the third studio album by Irish rockabilly musician Imelda May , released on 3 September 2010 on Decca Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Vincent_McMorrow', 'summary': 'James Vincent McMorrow ( born 14 January 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . He is best known for his albums Early in the Morning and Post Tropical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Early_in_the_Morning_(James_Vincent_McMorrow_album)', 'summary': 'Early in the Morning is the first full-length album by Irish singer-songwriter James Vincent McMorrow . The album has drawn comparisons to Bon Iver for both its sound and the recording technique . The album was first released in Ireland on 26 February 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/O_Emperor', 'summary': 'O Emperor are a rock band from Waterford , Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Villagers_(band)', 'summary': "Villagers are an Irish indie folk band from Dublin , formed in 2008 . As well as songwriter and vocalist/guitarist Conor O'Brien , the band currently consists of Danny Snow ( bass , upright bass ) , Cormac Curran ( keyboards ) , Gwion Llewelyn ( drums , flugelhorn ) and Mali Llywelyn ( harp ) . The band came to prominence in 2010 with the release of their debut album , Becoming a Jackal . Released to critical acclaim , the album was shortlisted for the 2010 Mercury Prize and the Choice Music Prize . The band 's second studio album , { Awayland } was released in 2013 . It won the Choice Music Prize that year and was also shortlisted for the 2013 Mercury Prize . In 2015 they released their third album , Darling Arithmetic , and the following year Where Have You Been All My Life ? - a compilation of live reworkings of some of the band 's best-known tracks . In May 2016 Darling Arithmetic won the Ivor Novello award for Best Album . Villagers have performed at several music festivals and toured with Grizzly Bear , Tracy Chapman , Bell X1 , Tindersticks and Elbow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Becoming_a_Jackal', 'summary': 'Becoming a Jackal is the debut album by the Irish rock group Villagers . In 2010 it was nominated for the Mercury Prize . Vinyl editions of the album contains 2 discs , with tracks on the first three sides and an etching on the fourth .'}]}, {'value': "Aidan Cuffe ( GoldenPlec ) Ray D'Arcy ( Today FM ) Michelle Doherty ( Phantom 105.2 ) Dave Fanning ( RTÉ 2fm ) Shane Hegarty ( The Irish Times ) Chris Jones ( Alternative Ulster ) Danny McElhinney ( The Irish Mail on Sunday ) John Meagher ( Irish Independent ) Jenny Mulligan ( entertainment.ie ) Celina Murphy ( Hot Press ) Phil Udell ( State.ie ) Tony Clayton-Lea ( Chairman of Judging Panel )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ray_D'Arcy", 'summary': "Raymond Michael D'Arcy ( born 1 September 1964 ) is an Irish television and radio presenter currently on his second spell at state broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) . He once presented a self-titled weekday morning radio programme on the Denis O'Brien-owned Today FM . His professional partner on that show , Jenny Kelly , became his wife on 24 August 2013 and they have two children : Tom ( born June 2012 ) and Kate ( born 25 November 2006 ) . D'Arcy came to prominence with a television career on RTÉ , presenting children 's television on The Den , a quiz show called Blackboard Jungle and the youth music show 2Phat . He presented television coverage of The Rose of Tralee beauty pageant each August for four consecutive years until 2010 . He rejoined RTÉ in 2015 . D'Arcy is a household name in Ireland , but does not consider himself to be a celebrity , and rarely gives interviews ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Today_FM', 'summary': "Radio Ireland Ltd , trading as 100-102 Today FM , is a commercial FM radio station which is available nationally in Ireland . Broadcasting since 17 March 1997 ( Saint Patrick 's Day ) , it carries music and talk . Purchased by Denis O'Brien 's Communicorp in 2007 , Today FM holds a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland as far as the year 2027 . The station recorded pretax profits of €7.4 million on a turnover of €19.4 million in early 2009 , more than twice what it was two years previously ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Doherty', 'summary': "Michelle Doherty is an Irish radio/television presenter , model , actress , and DJ . She has presented various television shows including Xposé , a daily entertainment/celebrity gossip TV show on TV3 in Ireland , Arthur 's Day , RTÉ Two television series Under Ether , the weekday breakfast show , Pure Morning on Phantom FM now TXFM , and Night Shift and Day Shift on Channel 6 for a number of years before the closure of the station on 31 December 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phantom_105.2', 'summary': "TXFM ( formerly Phantom 105.2 ) was a Dublin based radio station , founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station . TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) . The station ceased broadcasting on 26 October 2016 . TXFM played mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on local artists , as well as alternative dance and hip-hop from local and international acts . Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a specific genre of rock or to premiering new Irish and international acts . Following the re-advertisement of the 'Alternative Rock ' radio licence by the BAI in December 2015 , no formal applications had been made by the closing date , and on 30 March 2016 it was announced that the station was to cease broadcasting by October of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dave_Fanning', 'summary': "Dave Fanning ( born David Fanning ; 30 December 1955 ) is an Irish rock journalist , TV and radio broadcaster , DJ , film critic and author . Fanning currently hosts weekend morning magazine/chat show The Dave Fanning Show on the Irish national radio station RTÉ 2fm and a number of RTÉ Radio 1 programmes . He regularly deputizes on RTE Radio 1 across a range of primetime programmes and also presented his own Mon-Fri 9am show Mornings With Dave Fanning in 2015 . He also fills in for other presenters on RTÉ Radio , including often acting as a surrogate for Ryan Tubridy . Likewise , John Creedon has worked as a surrogate for Fanning . Due to his much celebrated friendship with U2 , Fanning has for three decades been granted the first airing of any of the band 's new singles before anyone else in the world , with band members often calling Fanning to tell him what they are doing . He has presented more than twenty different TV shows for RTÉ Television , including 2TV , The Movie Show . He also hosted RTÉ 's live television coverage of Live 8 in Hyde Park , London ( July 2005 ) , and Live Earth in Wembley Stadium , London ( July 2007 ) . He has conducted over 200 interviews with global rock stars . Down through the years Fanning has been the recipient of a number of Best DJ awards from various publications , including Hot Press where he topped the annual Readers Poll for over twenty years . In 1980 , he was the first person ever outside of RTE Radio 1 to be honoured with a prestigious Jacob 's Award for the depth and scope of his radio show . Following Christy Moore in 1990 and preceding Van Morrison in 92 , Fanning was awarded the IRMA Special Industry Award in 91 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2fm', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Irish_Times', 'summary': "The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper launched on 29 March 1859 . The editor is Paul O'Neill who succeeded Kevin O'Sullivan on 5 April 2017 ; the deputy editor is Deirdre Veldon . The Irish Times is published every day except Sundays . Though formed as a Protestant nationalist paper , within two decades and under new owners it had become the voice of British unionism in Ireland . It is no longer marketed as a unionist paper ; it presents itself politically as liberal and progressive , as well as promoting neoliberalism on economic issues . The editorship of the newspaper from 1859 until 1986 was controlled by the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority , only gaining its first nominal Irish Catholic editor 127 years into its existence . The paper 's most prominent columnists include writer and arts commentator Fintan O'Toole and satirist Miriam Lord . The late Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald was once a columnist . Senior international figures , including Tony Blair and Bill Clinton , have written for its op-ed page . Its most prominent columns have included the political column Backbencher , by John Healy , Drapier ( an anonymous piece produced weekly by a politician , giving the 'insider ' view of politics ) , Rite and Reason ( a weekly religious column , edited by Patsy McGarry , the 'religious affairs ' editor ) and the long-running An Irishman 's Diary . An Irishman 's Diary was written by Patrick Campbell in the forties ( under the pseudonym 'Quidnunc ' ) ; by Seamus Kelly from 1949 to 1979 ( also writing as 'Quidnunc ' ) ; and more recently [ when ? ] by Kevin Myers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_Independent', 'summary': "The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper , and online publication via Independent.ie , which is owned by Independent News & Media ( INM ) who are a subsidiary of mediahuis . The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines . Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper , it introduced an additional compact size in 2004 and in December 2012 ( following O'Brien 's takeover ) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Entertainment.ie', 'summary': 'Entertainment.ie is an Irish web company . It is based in Dublin City Centre . The company provides news and reviews of the programs and films for TV and cinema . It provides information on upcoming comedy , festivals and theater shows and music in Ireland , as well as celebrity news and gossip . The site was developed in 1997 by Fusio . The Irish Times acquired a 30% stake in the company in May 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hot_Press', 'summary': 'Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin , Ireland , founded in June 1977 . The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it had a circulation of 17,084 during 2014 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': "2011 Held on Thursday March 8 , 2012 Paul McLoone 's debut as M.C . Broadcast live on Today FM", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jape_(band)', 'summary': "Jape is an Irish electronic-rock band from Dublin . Formed as a side project by Richie Egan whilst part of The Redneck Manifesto , they have released five albums to date ; Cosmosphere ( 2003 ) , The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me ( 2004 ) , Ritual ( 2008 ) , Ocean of Frequency ( 2011 ) , and This Chemical Sea ( 2015 ) . Jape 's wider discography includes the EP , Jape is Grape ( 2007 ) , as well as a number of singles , including Floating and Phil Lynott . The band have performed at festivals and events such as Glastonbury , Electric Picnic , Lovebox and Hard Working Class Heroes and provided support for The Flaming Lips at Belsonic in Belfast in August 2008 . The first and second albums received airplay on alternative national radio in Ireland . The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me 's opening track , Floating , became a popular single on late night alternative music radio shows and attracted the attention of Brendan Benson during a visit to Dublin . Benson now covers the track whilst performing live with his band The Raconteurs , as do the Belgian bastard pop duo Soulwax during their DJ sets . Jape 's third album , Ritual , was released in June 2008 , later winning the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2008 . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , the latter of which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named Ireland 's Christmas number one single in December 2008 . The album Ocean of Frequency was released in 2011 and won Jape their second Choice Music Prize in March 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ocean of Frequency', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'And So I Watch You From Afar - Gangs Bell X1 - Bloodless Coup Cashier No.9 - To the Death of Fun Lisa Hannigan - Passenger The Japanese Popstars - Controlling Your Allegiance Jape - Ocean of Frequency Patrick Kelleher & His Cold Dead Hands - Golden Syrup Pugwash - The Olympus Sound Tieranniesaur - Tierannuesaur We Cut Corners - Today I Realised I Could Go Home Backwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/And_So_I_Watch_You_From_Afar', 'summary': 'And So I Watch You from Afar is a Northern Irish instrumental rock band from Belfast , composed of guitarists Rory Friers and Niall Kennedy , bassist Johnny Adger and drummer Chris Wee . The band released two albums and three EPs with former member Tony Wright , who was replaced by Niall Kennedy in 2011 . The band signed with Richter Collective , and in October 2011 announced a deal in North America with management and record label Sargent House . They released their self-titled debut studio album on April 13 , 2009 . Their second studio album , Gangs ( 2011 ) , was met with critical acclaim . The band released their third studio album , All Hail Bright Futures , on March 15 , 2013 on Sargent House . Their fourth studio album , Heirs ( 2015 ) . Their fifth studio album , The Endless Shimmering , was released on October 20 , 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gangs_(album)', 'summary': 'Gangs is the second studio album by the Northern Irish post-rock band And So I Watch You From Afar , released on 29 April 2011 on Richter Collective .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bell_X1_(band)', 'summary': 'Bell X1 is a musical group from County Kildare , Ireland . The group consists of Paul Noonan ( lead vocals , guitar , percussion , keys ) , David Geraghty ( guitar , vocals , keys , percussion , banjo , piano , harmonica ) and Dominic Phillips ( bass , vocals ) . In their native Ireland , Bell X1s longevity , emotional resonance and headliner status has seen the group referred to as national treasures . Meanwhile , the band has generated a reasonable audience in the United States , UK , Canada , Europe , Australia , Mexico and the Middle East . In the US , their profile was boosted on the back of regular touring , high-profile TV slots such as The Late Show with David Letterman and their music appearing in popular drama series such as Greys Anatomy and The OC . Bell X1 are known for regular changes in sound from album to album , their range taking in alternative , indie , hard rock , post-punk , acoustic , lo-fi , folk rock , ballad , pop , synth-pop , new wave and electronica . They have been compared to The Blue Nile , Talking Heads , David Bowie , Radiohead , The Flaming Lips , Coldplay , U2 , Animal Collective , Elbow and Talk Talk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bloodless_Coup', 'summary': 'Bloodless Coup is the fifth studio album by Irish band Bell X1 . It was released on 1 April 2011 in Ireland , Germany , Belgium and the Netherlands , on 4 April in the United Kingdom , and on 5 April in North America . It has received average reviews from critics and reached number 3 of the Top Irish 100 Albums in its debut week .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Hannigan', 'summary': "Lisa Margaret Hannigan ( born 12 February 1981 ) is an Irish singer , songwriter , musician , and voice actress . She began her musical career as a member of Damien Rice 's band . Since beginning her solo career in 2007 she has released three albums : Sea Sew ( 2008 ) , Passenger ( 2011 ) , and At Swim ( 2016 ) . Hannigan 's music has received award nominations both in Ireland and the USA . Hannigan is also the voice actress for the character Blue Diamond in Steven Universe , an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Passenger_(Lisa_Hannigan_album)', 'summary': 'Passenger is the second and Choice Music Prize nominated album from Irish singer-songwriter Lisa Hannigan . The album was released in the US and Canada on 20 September 2011 and in the Republic of Ireland on 7 October 2011 ( brought forward from the originally scheduled date , 21 October ) . The LP features 11 new tracks . The album was self-released in Ireland and UK through her label , Hoop Records . The album was released in North America through Barp-ATO Records and later for Europe in 2012 on PIAS Recordings . In 2012 it was awarded a silver certification from the Independent Music Companies Association , which indicated sales of at least 20,000 copies throughout Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Japanese_Popstars', 'summary': 'The Japanese Popstars are a Northern Irish electronic group consisting of Gary Curran and Gareth Donoghue ( with former founding member and keyboardist Declan McLaughlin ) . Each member has his own alias . The act was nominated for Best House DJs at the 2006 World Urban Music Awards , Best Live Performance at the 2007 Northern Ireland Music Awards and won Best Live Act at the 2008 Irish Music Awards and then every year since ( four years in a row ) . They were also voted Best Breakthrough Producers at the DJ Mag Best of British Awards 2008 [ citation needed ] , awarded No.1 Dance Album by Hotpress magazine , and won Best Live Act and Best Album at the 2009 Irish Music Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jape_(band)', 'summary': "Jape is an Irish electronic-rock band from Dublin . Formed as a side project by Richie Egan whilst part of The Redneck Manifesto , they have released five albums to date ; Cosmosphere ( 2003 ) , The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me ( 2004 ) , Ritual ( 2008 ) , Ocean of Frequency ( 2011 ) , and This Chemical Sea ( 2015 ) . Jape 's wider discography includes the EP , Jape is Grape ( 2007 ) , as well as a number of singles , including Floating and Phil Lynott . The band have performed at festivals and events such as Glastonbury , Electric Picnic , Lovebox and Hard Working Class Heroes and provided support for The Flaming Lips at Belsonic in Belfast in August 2008 . The first and second albums received airplay on alternative national radio in Ireland . The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me 's opening track , Floating , became a popular single on late night alternative music radio shows and attracted the attention of Brendan Benson during a visit to Dublin . Benson now covers the track whilst performing live with his band The Raconteurs , as do the Belgian bastard pop duo Soulwax during their DJ sets . Jape 's third album , Ritual , was released in June 2008 , later winning the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2008 . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , the latter of which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named Ireland 's Christmas number one single in December 2008 . The album Ocean of Frequency was released in 2011 and won Jape their second Choice Music Prize in March 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pugwash_(band)', 'summary': "Pugwash is an Irish pop band fronted by Drimnagh-born musician Thomas Walsh . Pugwash has released six albums since its debut LP Almond Tea in 1999 . Influences on the band 's sound are regularly cited as including XTC , Electric Light Orchestra and Jeff Lynne , The Beach Boys , The Kinks , Honeybus and The Beatles , though Walsh dismisses the Beatles comparisons as lazy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Olympus_Sound', 'summary': 'The Olympus Sound is the fifth studio album by Irish power pop band Pugwash . It features contributions from Ben Folds , Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy , and Dave Gregory and Andy Partridge of XTC . Frontman Thomas Walsh wrote the track Dear Belinda as a birthday present for British actress Belinda Stewart-Wilson , and claimed Stewart-Wilson had requested to sing vocals on the final version of the song but she does not appear on the album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Cut_Corners', 'summary': 'We Cut Corners are an Irish indie rock duo from Dublin .'}]}, {'value': "Brian Adams ( Today FM ) John Barker ( 98FM ) Stuart Clarke ( Hot Press ) Siobhan Maguire ( The Sunday Times ) Naomi McCardle ( Harmless Noise ) Lauren Murphy ( The Irish Times ) Nadine O'Regan ( RTÉ/Phantom/ Sunday Business Post ) Colm O'Sullivan ( Red FM ) Ed Power ( Irish Independent / Irish Examiner ) Rigsy ( BBC1 Northern Ireland ) Penny Rose-Hart ( RTÉ Radio 1 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 Held on March 7 , 2013 Broadcast live on Today FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delorentos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delorentos', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Little Sparks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Sparks', 'summary': 'Little Sparks is the third album by Delorentos released in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wallis Bird - Wallis Bird The Cast of Cheers - Family Adrian Crowley - I See Three Birds Flying Damien Dempsey - Almighty Love Julie Feeney - Clocks Heathers - Kingdom Mumblin Deaf Ro - Dictionary Crimes Two Door Cinema Club - Beacon Windings - I Am Not The Crow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallis_Bird', 'summary': 'Wallis Bird ( born 29 January 1982 ) is an Irish musician . She has released six studio albums , including Architect in 2014 and Home in 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wallis_Bird_(album)', 'summary': 'Wallis Bird is the self-titled third album by Wallis Bird , which was released in Ireland , Germany , Austria and Switzerland on 9 March 2012 . The album is released in the United Kingdom on 12 March 2012 . The first single Encore was released on 2 March 2012 . The music video debuted on 1 February 2012 . The video was shot in Berlin . All songs on the album were written by Bird and produced by Marcus Wuest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Cast_of_Cheers', 'summary': 'The Cast of Cheers are a four-piece indie/math rock band from Sligo and Dublin , Ireland composed of Conor Adams ( vocals , guitar ) , Neil Adams ( guitar , vocals ) , John Higgins ( bass , vocals ) and Kevin Curran ( drums ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Crowley', 'summary': "Adrian Crowley is a singer , composer , songwriter , lyricist from Galway , based in Dublin and was born in Sliema , Malta . Crowley has released eight albums to date , with his debut A Strange Kind arriving in 1999 . He followed this with When You Are Here You Are Family ( 2002 ) , A Northern Country ( 2004 ) , Long Distance Swimmer ( 2007 ) , Season of the Sparks ( 2009 ) and I See Three Birds Flying ( 2012 ) In a 2005 Rolling Stone interview , Ryan Adams cited Crowley when asked Who 's the best songwriter that no one 's heard of . The Irish Times placed this artist at number eight in a list of The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now published in April 2009 . Crowley has won the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year on one occasion for Season of the Sparks and been nominated on two another occasion for Long Distance Swimmer and I See Tree Birds Flying ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Damien_Dempsey', 'summary': "Damien Dempsey ( born 1975 ) in Donaghmede , Dublin ) is an Irish singer and songwriter who mixes traditional Irish folk with contemporary lyrics to deliver social commentary on the positive and negative aspects arising from Ireland 's Celtic Tiger society . He sings in English , and to a lesser extent in Irish ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Almighty_Love', 'summary': "Almighty Love is the sixth studio album by the Irish singer-songwriter Damien Dempsey . Four years in the making , the album once again features Dempsey with long-time producer John Reynolds with Sinéad O'Connor again providing backing vocals on several tracks . Almighty Love was released on 28 September 2012 , along with the title track as the first single . The album sees Dempsey continue his exploration of local Irish themes , but with a greater focus on wider themes such as love , peace and justice ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Julie_Feeney', 'summary': "Julie Feeney is an Irish singer , composer , songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work . She makes both instrumental and electronic music , and all of her songs with full orchestrations . Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year ' , winning in 2006 for debut album 13 songs . She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens ' : 13 songs ( 2005 ) , pages ( 2009 ) , and Clocks ( 2012 ) . Clocks entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No . 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date . She is from Galway , Ireland . Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heathers_(band)', 'summary': "Heathers are an indie pop act formed in 2007 in Dublin , Ireland by twin sisters Ellie and Louise Macnamara . They began writing music together in 2007 and in February 2008 recorded their debut album Here , Not There while preparing for their Leaving Certificate . The album was recorded in The Hive Studios in Kilcoole by Eoin Whitfield in a joint release between Irish Label Hide Away Records and US label Plan-It-X Records . The lead track from the album Remember When was used by the Irish Tourist Board in a major advertising campaign subsequently leading to the re-release of the album though Warner Music Ireland . In 2013 they provided vocals for Enemies ' song Nighthawk , which is included in the band 's album Embark , Embrace . Heathers ' second album Kingdom was an Irish Choice Music Prize nominated album and released in 2014 through Sony Music ( Canada / US ) and Warner Music ( Europe / Asia ) . The lead single from the album : Forget Me Knots ( It 's Alright Not To Feel Ok ) became a much used anthem in a number of mental health awareness campaigns in Ireland and internationally . Heathers 2016 releases include the singles ; November & Call Home"}, {'url': '/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club', 'summary': "Two Door Cinema Club is a band from Northern Ireland . The band formed in 2007 and is composed of three members : Alex Trimble ( vocals , rhythm guitar , beats , synths ) , Sam Halliday ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , and Kevin Baird ( bass , synths , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album , Tourist History , was released on 1 March 2010 by French independent record label Kitsuné Music . In the United States , where the band are signed to Glassnote Records , the album was released on 27 April 2010 . Tourist History was selected for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year ( 2010 ) the following year . The band 's second album Beacon was released on 3 September 2012 , debuted at number one on the Irish Albums Chart and reached number two in the UK Albums Chart . The band 's third album Gameshow was released on 14 October 2016 . The first single , Are We Ready ? ( Wreck ) was released on 14 June 2016 and was debuted on Annie Mac 's Hottest Record on BBC Radio 1 . Two more singles , 'Bad Decisions ' and the title track 'Gameshow ' were released prior to the album and are also included on the track list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beacon_(album)', 'summary': 'Beacon is the second studio album by Northern Irish indie rock band Two Door Cinema Club . It was released on 31 August 2012 by Kitsuné . The album was recorded in Los Angeles with producer Jacknife Lee in his home studios .'}]}, {'value': "Mark Kavanagh ( Irish Daily Star ) KC ( Today FM ) Aoife Barry ( The Ticket /Blogger/2XM ) Craig Fitzpatrick ( Hot Press ) Elaine Buckley ( RTÉ , State , Entertainment.ie ) Sean Rocks ( Radio1/Arena ) Eamonn Sweeney ( Irish Independent ) Andy Kavanagh ( TG4 ) Steven McCauley ( BBC Radio Foyle ) Eoghan O'Sullivan ( Irish Examiner / blogger ) Claire Beck ( Phantom FM & GoldenPlec )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Press', 'summary': 'Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin , Ireland , founded in June 1977 . The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes . According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations , it had a circulation of 17,084 during 2014 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2013 Held on February 27 , 2014 Broadcast live on Today FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Villagers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villagers_(band)', 'summary': "Villagers are an Irish indie folk band from Dublin , formed in 2008 . As well as songwriter and vocalist/guitarist Conor O'Brien , the band currently consists of Danny Snow ( bass , upright bass ) , Cormac Curran ( keyboards ) , Gwion Llewelyn ( drums , flugelhorn ) and Mali Llywelyn ( harp ) . The band came to prominence in 2010 with the release of their debut album , Becoming a Jackal . Released to critical acclaim , the album was shortlisted for the 2010 Mercury Prize and the Choice Music Prize . The band 's second studio album , { Awayland } was released in 2013 . It won the Choice Music Prize that year and was also shortlisted for the 2013 Mercury Prize . In 2015 they released their third album , Darling Arithmetic , and the following year Where Have You Been All My Life ? - a compilation of live reworkings of some of the band 's best-known tracks . In May 2016 Darling Arithmetic won the Ivor Novello award for Best Album . Villagers have performed at several music festivals and toured with Grizzly Bear , Tracy Chapman , Bell X1 , Tindersticks and Elbow ."}]}, {'value': '{ Awayland }', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awayland', 'summary': "{ Awayland } is the second studio album by Irish indie folk band Villagers , released on 11 January 2013 on Domino Records . Co-produced by band members Conor O'Brien and Tommy McLaughlin , the album was preceded by the single , Nothing Arrived . Like its predecessor , Becoming a Jackal ( 2010 ) , the album has been nominated for the Mercury Prize ."}]}, {'value': "And So I Watch You from Afar - All Hail Bright Futures Bell X1 - Chop Chop Girls Names - The New Life Kodaline - In a Perfect World Little Green Cars - Absolute Zero Mano Le Tough - Changing Days My Bloody Valentine - MBV O Emperor - Vitreous Lisa O'Neill - Same Cloth or Not", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/And_So_I_Watch_You_from_Afar', 'summary': 'And So I Watch You from Afar is a Northern Irish instrumental rock band from Belfast , composed of guitarists Rory Friers and Niall Kennedy , bassist Johnny Adger and drummer Chris Wee . The band released two albums and three EPs with former member Tony Wright , who was replaced by Niall Kennedy in 2011 . The band signed with Richter Collective , and in October 2011 announced a deal in North America with management and record label Sargent House . They released their self-titled debut studio album on April 13 , 2009 . Their second studio album , Gangs ( 2011 ) , was met with critical acclaim . The band released their third studio album , All Hail Bright Futures , on March 15 , 2013 on Sargent House . Their fourth studio album , Heirs ( 2015 ) . Their fifth studio album , The Endless Shimmering , was released on October 20 , 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/All_Hail_Bright_Futures', 'summary': "All Hail Bright Futures is the third album from Northern Irish band And So I Watch You From Afar , released on 15 March 2013 . It was produced and mixed by Rocky O'Reilly . Record label Sargent House uploaded a track from the album entitled Like a Mouse on 7 December 2012 . And So I Watch You From Afar revealed the track listings on its Bandcamp page on 17 December 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bell_X1_(band)', 'summary': 'Bell X1 is a musical group from County Kildare , Ireland . The group consists of Paul Noonan ( lead vocals , guitar , percussion , keys ) , David Geraghty ( guitar , vocals , keys , percussion , banjo , piano , harmonica ) and Dominic Phillips ( bass , vocals ) . In their native Ireland , Bell X1s longevity , emotional resonance and headliner status has seen the group referred to as national treasures . Meanwhile , the band has generated a reasonable audience in the United States , UK , Canada , Europe , Australia , Mexico and the Middle East . In the US , their profile was boosted on the back of regular touring , high-profile TV slots such as The Late Show with David Letterman and their music appearing in popular drama series such as Greys Anatomy and The OC . Bell X1 are known for regular changes in sound from album to album , their range taking in alternative , indie , hard rock , post-punk , acoustic , lo-fi , folk rock , ballad , pop , synth-pop , new wave and electronica . They have been compared to The Blue Nile , Talking Heads , David Bowie , Radiohead , The Flaming Lips , Coldplay , U2 , Animal Collective , Elbow and Talk Talk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chop_Chop_(Bell_X1_album)', 'summary': 'Chop Chop is the sixth studio album by Irish band Bell X1 . It was released on 28 June 2013 in Ireland , Germany and the Netherlands . The album released in the United Kingdom on 1 July 2013 and North America on 2 July 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Girls_Names', 'summary': "Girls Names was a four-piece band from Belfast , Northern Ireland . Formed in 2009 as a two-piece by singer/guitarist and songwriter Cathal Cully and drummer Neil Brogan , Claire Miskimmin joined on bass the following year and Charles Hurts guitarist Philip Quinn was added to the line-up in 2012 . Neil Brogan departed the band in 2013 and was replaced by Gib Cassidy , who was later replaced by Sarah Grimes . The band released four albums : 2011 's Dead To Me , 2013 's The New Life , on Tough Love Records in Europe and Slumberland Records in the US , 2015 's 'Arms Around a Vision ' on Tough Love Records and 2018 's Stains on Silence , as well as several EPs , singles and split singles on labels such as Captured Tracks and CF Records . They disbanded in January 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_New_Life_(album)', 'summary': "The New Life is the second album by Northern Irish band Girls Names . It was released on 18 February 2013 by Tough Love Records in Europe and on 12 March 2013 by Slumberland Records in the USA . Its release was preceded by the album 's title track The New Life as a single on 13 November 2012 and the song Hypnotic Regression as a download-only single on 10 December 2012 . The album cover features a photograph by Rob Peart . The New Life received an aggregate score of 76 out of 100 according to review aggregator website Metacritic , indicating generally favorable reviews . An EP of remixes of tracks from The New Life , entitled The Next Life , was released in October 2013 in digital and vinyl formats . Both formats also include a cover version of the Brian Eno song , Third Uncle ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kodaline', 'summary': 'Kodaline ( /ˈkoʊdəlaɪn/ ) is an Irish rock band . Originally known as 21 Demands , the band adopted their current name in 2012 . The group comprises Steve Garrigan , Mark Prendergast , Vincent May , Jason Boland and David Prendergast . Garrigan and Prendergast grew up in Swords , Dublin , and have known each other since childhood . Both attended secondary school at Colaiste Choilm , where they participated in battles of the bands . May joined the two in the group , followed by Boland in 2012 . The group has released three studio albums : In a Perfect World ( 2013 ) , Coming Up for Air ( 2015 ) , and Politics of Living ( 2018 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/In_a_Perfect_World_(Kodaline_album)', 'summary': 'In a Perfect World is the debut studio album by Irish rock band Kodaline . The album was released in Ireland on 14 June 2013 and includes the singles High Hopes and Love Like This . On 20 June 2013 the album entered the Irish Albums Chart at number 1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Little_Green_Cars', 'summary': 'Little Green Cars were an Irish indie rock band formed in Dublin in 2008 . The band announced on 21 March 2019 that they were disbanding .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mano_Le_Tough', 'summary': 'Loving You Is Killing Me is a song by American singer Aloe Blacc , with music and lyrics by Jeffrey Scott Silverman , Leon Marcus Michels , Clay Wells Holley , Nicholas Anthony Movshon and E. Nathaniel Dawkins and produced by Leon Michels and Jeff Dynamite .'}, {'url': '/wiki/My_Bloody_Valentine_(band)', 'summary': "My Bloody Valentine are a rock band formed in Dublin in 1983 . Since 1987 , its lineup has consisted of founding members Kevin Shields ( vocals , guitar , sampler ) and Colm Ó Cíosóig ( drums , sampler ) , with Bilinda Butcher ( vocals , guitar ) and Debbie Googe ( bass ) . Their music is best known for its merging of dissonant guitar textures with ethereal melody and unorthodox production techniques . They helped to pioneer the alternative rock subgenre known as shoegazing during the late 1980s and early 1990s . Following several unsuccessful early releases and membership changes , My Bloody Valentine signed to Creation Records in 1988 . The band released three successful EPs - You Made Me Realise ( 1988 ) , Glider ( 1990 ) , and Tremolo ( 1991 ) - and the studio albums Is n't Anything ( 1988 ) and Loveless ( 1991 ) on the label ; the latter is often described as their magnum opus and one of the best albums of the 1990s . However , they were dropped by Creation after its release due to the album 's extensive production costs . In 1992 , the band signed to Island Records and recorded several albums worth of unreleased material , remaining largely inactive . Googe and Ó Cíosóig left the band in 1995 , and were followed by Butcher in 1997 . Unable to complete a follow-up to Loveless , Shields isolated himself and , in his own words , went crazy . In 2007 , he announced that he had reunited with his bandmates , and My Bloody Valentine subsequently embarked on a world tour . Their long-delayed third studio album , m b v , was released in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MBV_(album)', 'summary': "m b v is the third studio album by rock band My Bloody Valentine , self-released on 2 February 2013 . Produced by the band 's vocalist and guitarist Kevin Shields , m b v was the band 's first full-length release of original material since Loveless ( 1991 ) , two decades earlier . Recording for m b v began prior to My Bloody Valentine 's breakup in 1997 . Shields resumed recording in 2006 , with further recording occurring after 2011 . The album received critical acclaim and was named among the best albums of 2013 by numerous publications , including Pitchfork , Uncut , and The Wire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/O_Emperor', 'summary': 'O Emperor are a rock band from Waterford , Ireland .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Lisa_O'Neill_(Irish_singer)", 'summary': "Lisa O'Neill ( born 1982 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter ."}]}, {'value': "John Balfe ( Entertainment.ie ) Aidan Butler ( RTÉ Radio One ) Niall Byrne ( Nialler9 , Irish Independent ) Steve Cummins ( The Irish Post ) Shilpa Ganatra ( Irish Daily Star ) Daniel Gray ( Totally Dublin ) Laurence Mackin ( The Irish Times ) Una Mullally ( The Irish Times and TG4 ) Fin O'Leary ( MCD Concerts ) Colm O'Sullivan ( Today FM ) Niall Stokes ( Hot Press ) Amy McGarrigle ( BBC Northern Ireland ) Laura Kirkpatrick ( Spotify )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 Held on March 5 , 2015 Broadcast live on Today FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gloaming', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gloaming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gloaming_(album)', 'summary': 'The Gloaming is the debut studio album by the contemporary Irish/American music group The Gloaming . It was released on January 20 , 2014 on Real World Records , and on Brassland Records in America , Justin Time Records in Canada , and Planet Records in Australia . The album received widespread critical acclaim on its release and is considered one of the finest recordings of 2014 . The Gloaming made several end-of-year lists for publications such as the Irish Times ( who named it No.1 Best album of 2014 ) , Irish Independent , and NPR , while also being nominated for three BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards , winning Best Traditional Track for Samhradh Samhradh . It won the Meteor Choice Music Prize for Album of the Year in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': "Aphex Twin - Syro Delorentos - Night Becomes Light Hozier - Hozier James Vincent McMorrow - Post Tropical Sinéad O'Connor - I 'm Not Bossy , I 'm the Boss Damien Rice - My Favourite Faded Fantasy The Riptide Movement - Getting Through U2 - Songs of Innocence We Cut Corners - Think Nothing", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aphex_Twin', 'summary': 'Richard David James ( born 18 August 1971 ) , best known by the stage name Aphex Twin , is an English musician . He is best known for his idiosyncratic work in electronic styles such as techno and ambient music in the 1990s , and has also been associated with the electronic subgenre known as intelligent dance music . In 2001 , Guardian journalist Paul Lester called James the most inventive and influential figure in contemporary electronic music . Raised in Cornwall , James began performing as a rave DJ at local clubs and free parties in the late 1980s . In 1991 his debut EP Analogue Bubblebath was released on Mighty Force , a local independent label , winning him acclaim and a cult following . James co-founded the independent label Rephlex Records the same year . He attracted wider praise for his 1992 debut album Selected Ambient Works 85-92 and signed to the record label Warp the following year . His music became increasingly well-known through the 1990s with the charting albums Selected Ambient Works Volume II ( 1994 ) and .I Care Because You Do ( 1995 ) , and singles On ( 1993 ) , Come to Daddy ( 1997 ) , and Windowlicker ( 1999 ) . The latter two singles , accompanied by music videos directed by Chris Cunningham , brought James attention in the US market . James has also recorded under aliases including AFX , Caustic Window , and Polygon Window . After releasing the Aphex Twin album Drukqs in 2001 , James spent the following years releasing music mostly under other aliases , including the 2005 Analord EP series as AFX , a pair of 2007 releases as the Tuss , and archival material such as an unreleased 1994 LP in 2014 as Caustic Window . He returned as Aphex Twin in 2014 with the album Syro , which won the Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Delorentos', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hozier_(musician)', 'summary': 'Andrew John Hozier-Byrne ( born 17 March 1990 ) , known professionally as Hozier ( /ˈhoʊziər/ HOH-zee-ər ) , is an Irish musician , singer , and songwriter from County Wicklow . He had his international breakthrough after releasing his debut single Take Me to Church , which had been certified multi-platinum in several countries , including the US , the UK , and Canada . In 2013 , he released his debut EP , featuring the single Take Me to Church . His debut studio album , released in 2014 , topped the chart in Ireland and scored top ten positions on global charts . It has been certified 6× platinum in Ireland and multi-platinum in several countries . He embarked on an American and a European tour to support the album . In September 2018 , Hozier released an EP , titled Nina Cried Power , featuring the title track as a single . He released his second album , Wasteland , Baby ! , in March 2019 . It debuted atop the US Billboard 200 and was followed by a tour to promote it .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hozier_(album)', 'summary': "Hozier is the debut studio album from Irish musician Hozier . The album was released on 19 September 2014 through Island Records and Rubyworks Records . The album contains songs from his previously released EPs , Take Me to Church and From Eden . Well received by music critics , Hozier was also commercially successful , reaching top ten positions in Ireland , UK , the United States , Canada , Australia , Denmark and Greece . The album 's lead single , Take Me to Church , was a huge success worldwide and also earned a nomination for Song of the Year at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Vincent_McMorrow', 'summary': 'James Vincent McMorrow ( born 14 January 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . He is best known for his albums Early in the Morning and Post Tropical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Post_Tropical', 'summary': "Post Tropical is the second full-length album by the Irish singer-songwriter James Vincent McMorrow . It marks a move away from the largely acoustic indie folk of his 2010 debut Early in the Morning , towards a more soulful direction , and the inclusion of electronic instruments such as a Roland TR-808 , brass and strings , combined with hip-hop beats and 1960s soul influences . The album was preceded in October 2013 by the single and album opening track Cavalier . The single 's video was directed by Irish director Aoife McArdle , one of three short films she made for the album . Asked about the dramatic change in direction , McMorrow admitted that he consciously sought to move away from the sound of his debut , and had no interest in repeating himself . He believes that musicians have a responsibility to make new and interesting things . And not just go , 'Well that works , so I 'm just gon na . ' The song Glacier was included in a Spanish Christmas Lottery ( 'El Gordo ' ) advert , aired in November 2014 , in which someone who had n't bought a lottery ticket from the bar he always went to , tears up when the barman charges him with 21 euros ; 1 for the coffee and 20 for this lottery ticket ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Sinéad_O'Connor", 'summary': "Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor ( /ʃɪˈneɪd oʊˈkɒnər/ shin-AYD oh-KON-ər ; born 8 December 1966 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the late 1980s with her debut album The Lion and the Cobra . O'Connor achieved worldwide success in 1990 with a new arrangement of Prince 's song Nothing Compares 2 U . Since then , while maintaining her singing career , she has occasionally encountered controversy , partly due to her statements and gestures . These include her ordination as a priest , despite being a woman with a Roman Catholic background , and strongly expressing views on organised religion , women 's rights , war , and child abuse . In addition to her ten solo albums , her work includes many singles , songs for films , collaborations with many other artists , and appearances at charity fundraising concerts . In 2017 , O'Connor changed her name to Magda Davitt . On converting to Islam in 2018 , she changed it again to Shuhada ' Sadaqat . However , she continues to record and perform under her original name ."}, {'url': "/wiki/I'm_Not_Bossy,_I'm_the_Boss", 'summary': "I 'm Not Bossy , I 'm the Boss is the tenth full-length album by Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor , released on 11 August 2014 on Nettwerk Music Group . The album was originally to be called The Vishnu Room after the song of the same name , but was changed , along with its original cover design , shortly before release in support of the Ban Bossy campaign . The album was nominated for the Irish Meteor Choice Music Prize for Best Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Damien_Rice', 'summary': "Damien Rice ( born 7 December 1973 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter , musician and record producer . Rice began his musical career as a member of the 1990s rock group Juniper , who were signed to Polygram Records in 1997 . The band enjoyed moderate success with a couple of single releases , but a projected album floundered because of record company politics . After leaving Juniper , he worked as a farmer in Tuscany and busked throughout Europe before returning to Ireland in 2001 and beginning a solo career . The rest of the band went on to become Bell X1 . In 2002 his debut album , O , reached No . 8 on the UK Albums Chart , won the Shortlist Music Prize , and generated three top-30 singles in the UK . Rice released his second album 9 in 2006 . After eight years of various collaborations and his songs appearing in numerous films and television episodes , Rice released his third studio album My Favourite Faded Fantasy on October 31 , 2014 . Rice 's personal activities include musical contributions to charitable projects such as the Songs for Tibet , Freedom Campaign and the Enough Project ."}, {'url': '/wiki/My_Favourite_Faded_Fantasy', 'summary': 'My Favourite Faded Fantasy is the third studio album by Irish singer , songwriter and producer Damien Rice . The album was released in Ireland on 31 October 2014 and subsequently in other territories on 3 November , almost eight years since the release of his previous album , 9 . The album was produced by Rick Rubin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Riptide_Movement', 'summary': 'The Riptide Movement are an Irish rock band formed in Dublin , Ireland in 2006 by vocalist and guitarist Mal Tuohy , guitarist John Dalton , bassist and harmonica player Gerry Mc Garry and drummer Gar Byrne .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_(U2_album)', 'summary': "Songs of Innocence is the 13th studio album by Irish rock band U2 , released on 9 September 2014 . It was produced by Danger Mouse , with additional production from Paul Epworth , Ryan Tedder , Declan Gaffney , and Flood . The album was announced at an Apple Inc. product launch event and released the same day to all iTunes Store customers at no cost . It was exclusive to iTunes , iTunes Radio , and Beats Music until 13 October 2014 , when it received a physical release on Island and Interscope Records . The digital release made the record available to more than 500 million iTunes customers , for what Apple CEO Tim Cook marketed as the largest album release of all time . After the relatively lukewarm commercial performance of their previous record , No Line on the Horizon ( 2009 ) , lead singer Bono expressed uncertainty about the band 's ability to remain musically relevant . During the five-and-a-half-year gestation period for Songs of Innocence - the longest gap between albums of their career - the group reportedly worked on several projects with multiple producers , including an aborted companion to their previous record called Songs of Ascent . However , they struggled to complete an album to their satisfaction and continually delayed a release . After working with Danger Mouse for two years , the group collaborated with Flood , Epworth , and Tedder to complete Songs of Innocence . Thematically , it revisits the group members ' youth in Ireland in the 1970s , touching on childhood memories , loves , and losses , while paying tribute to musical inspirations Ramones and the Clash . Bono described it as the most personal album we 've written . Lead single The Miracle ( of Joey Ramone ) was featured in an Apple television advertisement as part of a promotional campaign for the band on which the company reportedly spent US $ 100 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Cut_Corners', 'summary': 'We Cut Corners are an Irish indie rock duo from Dublin .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2015 Held Thursday March 3 , 2016 Broadcast live on Today FM Paul McLoone 's final appearance as M.C . Final broadcast on Today FM", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SOAK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SOAK', 'summary': "Bridie Monds-Watson , better known by her stage name SOAK , is a Northern Irish singer-songwriter born in Derry in 1996 . SOAK 's music has been described as ' a vivid portrait of teenage deep-thinking ' by The Guardian . She released her debut studio album Before We Forgot How to Dream in May 2015 . SOAK is a phonetic portmanteau of Soul and Folk ."}]}, {'value': 'Before We Forgot How to Dream', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Before_We_Forgot_How_to_Dream', 'summary': 'Before We Forgot How to Dream is the debut album by Northern Irish singer/songwriter SOAK . The album was released on 29 May 2015 under Rough Trade Records . It was nominated for the 2015 Mercury Music Prize . It subsequently won the Choice Music Prize on Thursday 3 March 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Girl Band - Holding Hands with Jamie Ham Sandwich - Stories from the Surface Gavin James ( singer-songwriter ) - Bitter Pill Jape - This Chemical Sea Le Galaxie - Le Club Colm Mac Con Iomaire - And Now The Weather Róisín Murphy - Hairless Toys Villagers - Darling Arithmetic Young Wonder - Birth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girl_Band_(Irish_band)', 'summary': 'Girl Band are an Irish rock band from Dublin . Formed in 2011 , the group is composed of vocalist Dara Kiely , guitarist Alan Duggan , bassist Daniel Fox and drummer Adam Faulkner .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ham_Sandwich_(band)', 'summary': 'Ham Sandwich ( stylized as HamsandwicH ) are an Irish indie rock band from Kells , County Meath . The band originally consisted of Niamh Farrell ( vocals ) , Podge McNamee ( vocals and guitar ) , Brian Darcy ( guitar and piano ) , John Moore ( bass guitar ) and Ollie Murphy ( drums ) . On 12 April 2010 , Moore announced he was leaving the group . The band subsequently hired David McEnroe as his replacement . To date , the band have released three studio albums : Carry the Meek ( 2008 ) , White Fox ( 2010 ) and Stories from the Surface ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stories_from_the_Surface', 'summary': "Stories from the Surface is the third album from Irish rock band Ham Sandwich . It was released in Ireland on 17 April 2015 , and was produced by the band 's long-time collaborator Karl Odlum . Illuminate was the band 's first single to chart in Ireland , reaching 43 in the Irish music charts . The album has received mostly positive reviews in the band 's native Ireland and went straight to first place in the Irish charts on its first week of release , becoming the band 's first album to reach the top 20 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gavin_James_(singer-songwriter)', 'summary': 'Gavin Wigglesworth , known professionally as Gavin James , is an Irish singer-songwriter . In March 2013 and March 2016 , he won the Choice Music Prize Irish Song of the Year award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jape_(band)', 'summary': "Jape is an Irish electronic-rock band from Dublin . Formed as a side project by Richie Egan whilst part of The Redneck Manifesto , they have released five albums to date ; Cosmosphere ( 2003 ) , The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me ( 2004 ) , Ritual ( 2008 ) , Ocean of Frequency ( 2011 ) , and This Chemical Sea ( 2015 ) . Jape 's wider discography includes the EP , Jape is Grape ( 2007 ) , as well as a number of singles , including Floating and Phil Lynott . The band have performed at festivals and events such as Glastonbury , Electric Picnic , Lovebox and Hard Working Class Heroes and provided support for The Flaming Lips at Belsonic in Belfast in August 2008 . The first and second albums received airplay on alternative national radio in Ireland . The Monkeys in the Zoo Have More Fun Than Me 's opening track , Floating , became a popular single on late night alternative music radio shows and attracted the attention of Brendan Benson during a visit to Dublin . Benson now covers the track whilst performing live with his band The Raconteurs , as do the Belgian bastard pop duo Soulwax during their DJ sets . Jape 's third album , Ritual , was released in June 2008 , later winning the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2008 . The album features the singles I Was a Man , Strike Me Down and Phil Lynott , the latter of which was subject to an unsuccessful petition by fans to have it named Ireland 's Christmas number one single in December 2008 . The album Ocean of Frequency was released in 2011 and won Jape their second Choice Music Prize in March 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/This_Chemical_Sea', 'summary': 'This Chemical Sea is the fifth studio album from Irish recording artist Jape . The album was released on January 23 , 2015 via Faction Records and reached number 8 in the Irish charts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Le_Galaxie', 'summary': "Le Galaxie were an electronic music band based in Dublin , Ireland . Their debut album Laserdisc Nights II was released in 2011 , followed in 2012 by Fade to Forever EP and the single Love System , which was nominated for the Choice Music Prize 'Song of the Year ' They announced the end of the band via Twitter in December 2019 . Le Galaxie signed to Universal Music Ireland in January 2015 , releasing their second album Le Club ( mixed in Los Angeles by former DFA Records house engineer Eric Broucek ) on 24 April 2015 . Since 2015 , the publishing interest of Le Galaxies catalog has been represented by Reservoir Media Management ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colm_Mac_Con_Iomaire', 'summary': "Colm Mac Con Iomaire [ ˈkɔl̪ˠəmˠ mˠak kɔnˠ ˈʊmˠəɾʲə ] is an Irish musician from Blackrock , County Dublin . He plays violin and sings vocals with rock group The Frames . Mac Con Iomaire has been involved with The Frames since 1990 and has been a touring member of The Swell Season since 2006 ( albums Once and Strict Joy ) . He also played violin on David Gray 's 1998 album White Ladder ( on the track Silver Lining ) . Mac Con Iomaire was a founder member of Irish folk group Kíla in 1987 . His involvement with Kíla began during his schooldays at Coláiste Eoin , an Irish Language secondary school ( Meánscoil ) in Co. Dublin . It was his interest in the Irish Language that led to The Frames 's involvement in with the release of two Irish-language albums released for Irish charity Concern during Seachtain na Gaeilge . This included an Irish-language version of the Burn the Maps track Locusts entitled Lócáistí on the SnaG 05 album in 2005 and a song called Pian agus Ciúnas in the 2006 album Ceol 06 . Mac Con Iomaire 's first solo album , The Hare 's Corner ( Cúinne an Ghiorria ) , was released in 2008 . It was nominated for a 2009 Meteor Award for Best Traditional/Folk Album . His second solo album , And Now the Weather ( Agus Anois an Aimsir ) , was released in April 2015 . He had a cameo role in the 1991 film The Commitments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Róisín_Murphy', 'summary': "Róisín Marie Murphy ( /roʊˈʃiːn/ ; Irish pronunciation : [ ɾˠoːˈʃiːnʲ ] ; born 5 July 1973 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter and record producer . She first became known in the 1990s as one-half of the UK-Irish trip hop duo Moloko with her partner Mark Brydon . After the breakup of Moloko , Murphy embarked on a solo career , releasing her debut solo album , Ruby Blue , written and produced with experimental musician Matthew Herbert , to critical praise in 2005 . Her second solo album , Overpowered , was released in 2007 . After an eight-year hiatus ( which nonetheless included several singles , vocal features , and side projects ) , her third album Hairless Toys was released in 2015 ; it was subsequently nominated for the Mercury Music Prize and Ireland 's Choice Music Prize . The following year , she released her fourth album Take Her Up to Monto ( 2016 ) . In 2018 , she released four 12 releases in collaboration with producer Maurice Fulton to critical praise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Villagers_(band)', 'summary': "Villagers are an Irish indie folk band from Dublin , formed in 2008 . As well as songwriter and vocalist/guitarist Conor O'Brien , the band currently consists of Danny Snow ( bass , upright bass ) , Cormac Curran ( keyboards ) , Gwion Llewelyn ( drums , flugelhorn ) and Mali Llywelyn ( harp ) . The band came to prominence in 2010 with the release of their debut album , Becoming a Jackal . Released to critical acclaim , the album was shortlisted for the 2010 Mercury Prize and the Choice Music Prize . The band 's second studio album , { Awayland } was released in 2013 . It won the Choice Music Prize that year and was also shortlisted for the 2013 Mercury Prize . In 2015 they released their third album , Darling Arithmetic , and the following year Where Have You Been All My Life ? - a compilation of live reworkings of some of the band 's best-known tracks . In May 2016 Darling Arithmetic won the Ivor Novello award for Best Album . Villagers have performed at several music festivals and toured with Grizzly Bear , Tracy Chapman , Bell X1 , Tindersticks and Elbow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Darling_Arithmetic', 'summary': 'Darling Arithmetic is the third studio album from the twice Mercury Prize-nominated Irish indie folk band Villagers , released on April 10 , 2015 via Domino Records . The album reached number one in the Irish album charts in its first week of release . It won the Best Album Award in the 2016 Ivor Novello Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Emily Brown ( Spin Southwest ) Roddy Cleere ( KCLR ) Tom Dunne ( Newstalk ) Sínead Gleeson ( The Irish Times ) Joe Harrington ( Joe.ie ) James Hendicott ( GoldenPlec ) Edwin McFee ( Hot Press ) Louise McSharry ( 2FM ) Sinéad Ní Mhórdha ( Radio Nova ) Ed Smith ( Today FM ) Phil Taggart ( BBC Radio 1 ) Mike Walsh ( Radio X )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2016 Held on Thursday March 9 , 2017 Eoghan McDermott 's debut as M.C . Broadcast live for the first time on RTÉ 2FM , with highlights on RTÉ2", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2FM', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ2', 'summary': "RTÉ2 is an Irish free-to-air television channel operated by public service broadcaster RTÉ . It was launched in 1978 becoming the Republic of Ireland 's second television channel ."}]}, {'value': 'Rusangano Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rusangano_Family', 'summary': 'Rusangano Family are an Irish rap trio from Limerick .'}]}, {'value': 'Let The Dead Bury The Dead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Tvvins - llVV Wallis Bird - Home Bantum - Move The Divine Comedy - Foreverland Lisa Hannigan - At Swim Katie Kim - Salt James Vincent McMorrow - We Move Overhead , The Albatross - Learning to Growl We Cut Corners - The Cadences Of Others', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Tvvins', 'summary': 'All Tvvins is an Irish pop band from Dublin . In 2016 , the band released their debut album , llVV , which debuted at number 2 on the Irish charts . In 2019 they released Just to Exist under Faction Records label . Composed of former members of DIY math-rock bands Adebisi Shank and The Cast of Cheers , the new project marks a sharp turn into commercial pop music , signing with Warner Music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/LlVV', 'summary': "llVV ( All Tvvins ; the first two characters are lower-case L 's ) is the debut album by Irish electronic rock band All Tvvins . It was released through Warner Music UK on August 12 , 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wallis_Bird', 'summary': 'Wallis Bird ( born 29 January 1982 ) is an Irish musician . She has released six studio albums , including Architect in 2014 and Home in 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bantum', 'summary': 'Ruairí Lynch ( born 5 October 1983 ) , known by the stage name Bantum , is an Irish multi-instrumentalist , musician , DJ , producer and composer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_(band)', 'summary': 'The Divine Comedy are a chamber pop band from Northern Ireland formed in 1989 and fronted by Neil Hannon . Hannon has been the only constant member of the group , playing , in some instances , all of the non-orchestral instrumentation except drums . To date , twelve studio albums have been released under the Divine Comedy name . The group achieved their greatest commercial success in the years 1996-99 , during which they had nine singles that made the UK Top 40 , including the top ten hit National Express .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Foreverland', 'summary': 'Foreverland is the eleventh studio album by The Divine Comedy . It was released on 2 September 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Hannigan', 'summary': "Lisa Margaret Hannigan ( born 12 February 1981 ) is an Irish singer , songwriter , musician , and voice actress . She began her musical career as a member of Damien Rice 's band . Since beginning her solo career in 2007 she has released three albums : Sea Sew ( 2008 ) , Passenger ( 2011 ) , and At Swim ( 2016 ) . Hannigan 's music has received award nominations both in Ireland and the USA . Hannigan is also the voice actress for the character Blue Diamond in Steven Universe , an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/At_Swim', 'summary': 'At Swim is the third studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Lisa Hannigan . The album was released worldwide on 19 August 2016 , through Hoop Recordings and Play It Again Sam .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katie_Kim_(Irish_musician)', 'summary': 'Katie Sullivan ( born 16 March 1983 ) , also known as Katie Kim , is an Irish musician , singer-songwriter and composer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Vincent_McMorrow', 'summary': 'James Vincent McMorrow ( born 14 January 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . He is best known for his albums Early in the Morning and Post Tropical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Move', 'summary': "We Move is the third studio album by Irish singer-songwriter James Vincent McMorrow . Produced in part by Nineteen85 and Frank Dukes , the album marks the musician 's transition from folk to minimalistic R & B . It was recorded in Los Angeles , Toronto and Dublin , and released on 2 September 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Cut_Corners', 'summary': 'We Cut Corners are an Irish indie rock duo from Dublin .'}]}, {'value': 'Louise Bruton - Freelance & The Irish Times Brian Coney - Editor , The Thin Air Maire Dineen - Súgradh Productions ( Imeall TG4/Body & Soul ) Suzanne Doyle - Music , Film & Television Consultant Dan Hegarty - RTÉ 2FM Paddy McKenna - Editor , Joe.ie Cathal Murray - RTÉ Radio 1 Barbara Nic D - Classic Hits 4FM Colm ORegan - Hot Press Niall Power - Head of Music , Beat FM Eva Short - GoldenPlec & Deputy Editor , Trinity News', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 Held in Vicar Street on March 8 , 2018 Broadcast live on RTÉ 2FM , with highlights on RTÉ2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2FM', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ2', 'summary': "RTÉ2 is an Irish free-to-air television channel operated by public service broadcaster RTÉ . It was launched in 1978 becoming the Republic of Ireland 's second television channel ."}]}, {'value': 'Ships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ships_(Irish_band)', 'summary': 'Ships are an Irish synth-pop-disco duo based in Dublin . They won the Choice Music Prize in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Precession', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Come On Live Long - In The Still Marlene Enright - Placemats and Second Cuts Fangclub - Fangclub Lankum - Between The Earth & Sky James Vincent McMorrow - True Care New Jackson - From Night to Night Otherkin - OK Fionn Regan - The Meetings of the Waters Talos - Wild Alee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Come_On_Live_Long', 'summary': 'Come On Live Long is an Irish folk-electronica band based in Dublin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marlene_Enright', 'summary': 'Marlene Enright ( born 1985 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter from County Cork .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fangclub', 'summary': 'Fangclub are a band formed in Dublin , signed to Vertigo Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fangclub_(album)', 'summary': 'Fangclub is the eponymous debut album by Irish alternative rock band , Fangclub . The album was released on 4 August 2017 through Vertigo Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lankum', 'summary': "Lankum are a contemporary Irish folk music group from Dublin , consisting of brothers Ian and Daragh Lynch , Cormac MacDiarmada and Radie Peat . Their music has been characterised as a younger , darker Pogues with more astonishing power . Reviewing their third album The Livelong Day ( 2019 ) for The Guardian , Jude Rogers described it as a folk album influenced by the ambient textures of Sunn O ) ) ) and Swans , plus the sonic intensity of Xylouris White and My Bloody Valentine . In 2018 they were named Best Folk Group at the RTÉ Folk Music Awards , while Radie Peat was named Best Folk Singer . The group were originally known as Lynched , after the brothers ' surname , and released their début album Cold Old Fire ( 2014 ) under that name . In October 2016 they announced in a statement that they were changing their name to Lankum to avoid associations with the practice of lynching . The statement read : We will not continue to work under our current name while the systemic persecution and murder of Black people in the USA continues . The name Lankum comes from the folk ballad False Lankum , as sung by the Irish traveller and folk singer John Reilly . In 2017 the band signed to Rough Trade Records and recorded their album Between The Earth and Sky to analogue tape with producer/ engineer Julie McLarnon , released on 27 October 2017 and subsequently nominated for BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards . Mojo ( magazine ) named it folk 'album of the year ' 2017 . [ citation needed ] In 2019 Lankums video for The Young People , directed by filmmaker Bob Gallagher , won Best Irish Music Video Award at The Irish Film Festival London ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Vincent_McMorrow', 'summary': 'James Vincent McMorrow ( born 14 January 1983 ) is an Irish singer and songwriter . He is best known for his albums Early in the Morning and Post Tropical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Jackson', 'summary': 'David Kitt ( born 1975 in Dublin , Ireland ) is an Irish musician . He has released six studio albums to date : Small Moments , The Big Romance , Square 1 , The Black and Red Notebook , Not Fade Away and The Nightsaver . He is the son of former Irish politician Tom Kitt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fionn_Regan', 'summary': "Fionn Regan ( born 1981 ) is an Irish folk musician and singer-songwriter . Born and raised in Bray , Regan came to prominence with the release of his debut studio album , The End of History in 2006 . He had been releasing extended plays for six years on independent record labels prior to the album 's release . Regan 's second studio album , The Shadow of an Empire was released in 2010 to positive reviews and his third studio album , 100 Acres of Sycamore , was released in 2011 . His fourth studio album , The Bunkhouse Vol . 1 : Anchor Black Tattoo , was released in 2012 . Among the accolades Regan has received nominations for the Choice Music Prize in Ireland , the Mercury Prize in the United Kingdom and the Shortlist Music Prize in the United States . Regan has cited Bob Dylan and Neil Young as influences on his music and has been referred to by Lucinda Williams as his generation 's answer to Bob Dylan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Meetings_of_the_Waters', 'summary': "Fionn Regan ( born 1981 ) is an Irish folk musician and singer-songwriter . Born and raised in Bray , Regan came to prominence with the release of his debut studio album , The End of History in 2006 . He had been releasing extended plays for six years on independent record labels prior to the album 's release . Regan 's second studio album , The Shadow of an Empire was released in 2010 to positive reviews and his third studio album , 100 Acres of Sycamore , was released in 2011 . His fourth studio album , The Bunkhouse Vol . 1 : Anchor Black Tattoo , was released in 2012 . Among the accolades Regan has received nominations for the Choice Music Prize in Ireland , the Mercury Prize in the United Kingdom and the Shortlist Music Prize in the United States . Regan has cited Bob Dylan and Neil Young as influences on his music and has been referred to by Lucinda Williams as his generation 's answer to Bob Dylan ."}]}, {'value': "Kate Brennan-Harding - Today FM Martin Byrne - Music Consultant Stephen Byrne - GoldenPlec Tracy Clifford - RTÉ 2FM Alan Donovan - Cork 's RedFM Dave Hanratty - Freelance journalist & broadcaster with NO ENCORE podcast Hugh Linehan - The Irish Times Culture/Arts/Ticket Editor Ann Marie Shields - BIMM Lilian Smith - RTÉ Radio 1 Danny Wilson - Totally Dublin", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018 Held in Vicar Street on March 7 , 2019 Broadcast live on RTÉ 2FM , with highlights on RTÉ2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTÉ_2FM', 'summary': 'RTÉ 2fm , or 2FM as it is more commonly referred to , is an Irish radio station operated by RTÉ . The station specialises in current popular music and chart hits and is the second national radio station in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTÉ2', 'summary': "RTÉ2 is an Irish free-to-air television channel operated by public service broadcaster RTÉ . It was launched in 1978 becoming the Republic of Ireland 's second television channel ."}]}, {'value': 'O Emperor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O_Emperor', 'summary': 'O Emperor are a rock band from Waterford , Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Academic - Tales From The Backseat Delorentos - True Surrender Just Mustard - Wednesday Kojaque - Deli Daydreams Lisa O'Neill - Heard A Long Gone Song Saint Sister - Shape Of Silence Rejjie Snow - Dear Annie Villagers - The Art Of Pretending To Swim Wyvern Lingo - Wyvern Lingo", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Academic', 'summary': "The Academic are an indie rock band from Westmeath , Ireland formed at the end of 2013 while all members of the band were at St Josephs Secondary School in Rochfortbridge . The band is made up of Craig Fitzgerald , Dean Gavin , and brothers Matthew and Stephen Murtagh . Their debut studio album , Tales from the Backseat was released in January 2018 and entered the Official Irish Charts at number one . In January 2019 , Tales From The Backseat was nominated and shortlisted for Ireland 's Choice Music Prize for Album of The Year for 2018 , an annual music prize awarded to the best album from a band or solo act in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tales_From_The_Backseat', 'summary': 'Tales from the Backseat is the debut studio album by Irish indie rock band The Academic , released on 12 January 2018 by Room 6 Records . It debuted at number 1 on the Irish Albums Chart and received generally favourable critical reception .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Delorentos', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/True_Surrender', 'summary': "Delorentos are a Dublin-based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . They consist of Rónan Yourell ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kieran McGuinness ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal Conlan ( bass , backing vocals ) and Ross McCormick ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Two extended plays have also been released ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow-up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . The Delorentos discography consists of a selection of singles which impacted on the Irish Singles Chart , such as The Rules in May 2006 and Stop in July 2007 . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high profile shows throughout their career , including 2007 support slots for Sinéad O'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighbouring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . They briefly split in 2009 , but got back together to release their second album You Can Make Sound , Their third album Little Sparks was released in 2012 , followed by Unbroken , Untied and Night Becomes Light in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Just_Mustard', 'summary': 'Just Mustard is an Irish rock band from Dundalk in County Louth .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kojaque', 'summary': 'Kevin Smith ( born 1995 ) , known professionally as Kojaque /ˈkoʊdʒæk/ , is an Irish rapper from Cabra , Dublin . He is also a visual artist and filmmaker .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Lisa_O'Neill_(Irish_singer)", 'summary': "Lisa O'Neill ( born 1982 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saint_Sister', 'summary': 'Saint Sister are an Irish traditional duo , whose music is also described as atmosfolk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rejjie_Snow', 'summary': 'Alex Anyaegbunam better known by his stage name Rejjie Snow , is an Irish rapper , songwriter and record producer from Drumcondra , Dublin . He is currently ( as of 2016 ) signed to 300 Entertainment .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Villagers_(band)', 'summary': "Villagers are an Irish indie folk band from Dublin , formed in 2008 . As well as songwriter and vocalist/guitarist Conor O'Brien , the band currently consists of Danny Snow ( bass , upright bass ) , Cormac Curran ( keyboards ) , Gwion Llewelyn ( drums , flugelhorn ) and Mali Llywelyn ( harp ) . The band came to prominence in 2010 with the release of their debut album , Becoming a Jackal . Released to critical acclaim , the album was shortlisted for the 2010 Mercury Prize and the Choice Music Prize . The band 's second studio album , { Awayland } was released in 2013 . It won the Choice Music Prize that year and was also shortlisted for the 2013 Mercury Prize . In 2015 they released their third album , Darling Arithmetic , and the following year Where Have You Been All My Life ? - a compilation of live reworkings of some of the band 's best-known tracks . In May 2016 Darling Arithmetic won the Ivor Novello award for Best Album . Villagers have performed at several music festivals and toured with Grizzly Bear , Tracy Chapman , Bell X1 , Tindersticks and Elbow ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Art_Of_Pretending_To_Swim', 'summary': 'The Art of Pretending to Swim is the fourth studio album by Irish band Villagers . It was released in September 2018 under Domino Recording Company .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wyvern_Lingo', 'summary': 'Wyvern Lingo is an Irish band from Bray , Ireland in County Wicklow . It consists of Caoimhe Barry ( vocals , drums ) , Karen Cowley ( vocals , synth , bass ) and Saoirse Duane ( vocals , guitar ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wyvern_Lingo_(album)', 'summary': 'Wyvern Lingo is an Irish band from Bray , Ireland in County Wicklow . It consists of Caoimhe Barry ( vocals , drums ) , Karen Cowley ( vocals , synth , bass ) and Saoirse Duane ( vocals , guitar ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Louise Cantillion ( Classic Hits ) Zara Hedderman ( Thin Air / Totally Dublin / freelance ) Conor McCaffrey ( Irish Daily Star / mookidmusic.com ) Mike McGrath-Bryan ( freelance / nialler9.com ) Danny McElhinney ( The Irish Mail on Sunday ) Cathy Moorehead ( Across The Line ) Ed Smith ( Today FM ) Tara Stewart ( RTÉ 2FM ) Dean Van Nguyen ( freelance / The Irish Times ) Stephen White ( thelastmixedtape.com )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Winners and shortlisted nominees', 'section_text': 'Neil Hannon , winner with The Divine Comedy in 2006 and nominee with The Duckworth Lewis Method in 2009 Super Extra Bonus Party , winners in 2007 Jape , winners in 2008 and 2011 Adrian Crowley , winner in 2009 Two Door Cinema Club , winners in 2010 Delorentos , winners in 2012 Villagers , winners in 2013 SOAK , winner in 2015', 'uid': 'Choice_Music_Prize_0', 'intro': 'The Choice Music Prize (Irish: Duais Cheoil Choice), known for sponsorship reasons as the RTÉ Choice Music Prize is an annual music prize awarded to the best album from a band or solo musician who resides in the Republic of Ireland and/or Northern Ireland. Since it first began in 2005, the main awards ceremony had been broadcast live on the Irish independent and national radio station, Today FM, every March with the exception of the 2014 ceremony which took place on February 27, 2014 and it is also held in Vicar Street, Dublin with the exception of the 2012 ceremony which was held in the Olympia Theatre (Dublin). After being broadcast on Today FM for nearly eleven years, in November 2016, it was announced that the Choice Music Prize would broadcast on RTÉ 2FM starting in 2017. Previous presenters of the main awards ceremony have been Michelle Doherty, Rigsy and Today FM radio presenters Alison Curtis and Paul McLoone. The program has been sponsored since 2011 by Meteor and it was also broadcast live on Today FM since it first began in 2005, airing as a four-part special, beginning at 7pm and usually concluding at 11pm. [clarification needed]'}
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In which year was the winner the one who is based in Dublin and was born in Sliema , Malta ?
2009
0640009bb5500d57
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_films', 'title': 'List of sports films', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'One in a Million', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_in_a_Million_(1936_film)', 'summary': 'One in a Million is a 1936 American film which marked the Hollywood debut of Sonja Henie . It features footage from the 1936 Winter Olympic Games . Jack Haskell received an Academy Award nomination in Best Dance Direction at the 9th Academy Awards .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Innkeeper 's daughter ( Sonja Henie ) skates in 1936 Winter Olympics", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonja_Henie', 'summary': "Sonja Henie ( 8 April 1912 - 12 October 1969 ) was a Norwegian figure skater and film star . She was a three-time Olympic Champion ( 1928 , 1932 , 1936 ) in women 's Singles , a ten-time World Champion ( 1927-1936 ) and a six-time European Champion ( 1931-1936 ) . Henie won more Olympic and World titles than any other ladies ' figure skater . At the height of her acting career , she was one of the highest-paid stars in Hollywood and starred in a series of box-office hits , including Thin Ice ( 1937 ) , My Lucky Star ( 1938 ) , Second Fiddle ( 1939 ) and Sun Valley Serenade ( 1941 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Thin Ice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thin_Ice_(1937_film)', 'summary': 'Thin Ice is a 1937 American comedy/romance film directed by Sidney Lanfield and starring Tyrone Power and figure skater Sonja Henie .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonja Henie is a ski instructor and skater who falls for a prince', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Happy Landing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Happy_Landing_(1938_film)', 'summary': 'Happy Landing is a 1938 film directed by Roy Del Ruth , starring Sonja Henie , Ethel Merman , Don Ameche and Cesar Romero .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwegian girl meets New York bandleader , becomes a skating star', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Lucky Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Lucky_Star_(1938_film)', 'summary': "My Lucky Star is a 1938 romantic comedy film . This was Norwegian ice-skating Olympic champion Sonja Henie 's fourth film ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A skating star is implicated in a divorce and kicked out of college', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ice Follies of 1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ice_Follies_of_1939', 'summary': 'The Ice Follies of 1939 is a 1939 American musical drama film directed by Reinhold Schünzel , and starring Joan Crawford , James Stewart , Lew Ayres and Lewis Stone . Using a show business backdrop , and featuring The International Ice Follies , Crawford plays Mary , an actress , who marries an ice skater and encounters career and relationship issues .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Careers clash for ice follies producer James Stewart , actress wife Joan Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Stewart', 'summary': "James Jimmy Maitland Stewart ( May 20 , 1908 - July 2 , 1997 ) was an American actor and military officer who is among the most honored and popular stars in film history . Known for his distinctive drawl , down-to-earth authentic personas and everyman acting style , Stewart had a film career that spanned over 55 years and 80 films . With the strong morality he portrayed both on and off the screen , Stewart epitomized the American ideal in the 20th-century United States . The roles he played spanned a wide range of characters and appealed to large audiences . His emotional film performances contributed to his cinematic acclaim . Stewart began his career as a performer on Broadway ; his work there earned him a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) . He first established himself as a star working with Frank Capra , playing idealized and virtuous characters in You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington ( 1939 ) . His performance in the latter earned him the first of five Academy Award nominations for Best Actor . The following year , he won the Academy Award for his work in the screwball comedy The Philadelphia Story , which also starred Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant . Already a licensed pilot , Stewart enlisted as a Private in the Army Air Corps as soon as he could after the United States entered the Second World War . By the end of the war , he had attained the rank of Colonel and had received the Distinguished Flying Cross with two Oak Leaf Clusters , The Air Medal with three Oak Leaf Clusters , and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm . He remained in the United States Air Force Reserve and was promoted to Brigadier General in 1959 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joan_Crawford', 'summary': "Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , 190 ? [ Note 1 ] - May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway . Crawford then signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 ; her career spanned six decades and fifty-five years , multiple studios , and controversies . At different stages of her career , she was noted for her diverse roles playing sympathetic and unsympathetic characters , and for realistic yet mutli-layered performances . Her films ranged in genres from contemporary crime , melodramas , film noir , several historical costume dramas , romances , mysteries , musicals , suspense , horror , to three westerns and over a dozen comedies . Regardless , her greater successes and perhaps most memorable performances were in romantic dramas and melodramas . In 1999 , The American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema . In the 1930s , Crawford 's fame rivaled and later surpassed that of MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Though she started portraying flappers , Crawford often played wealthy women in distress ( Dance , Fools , Dance , This Modern Age , Letty Lynton , No More Ladies , I Live My Life , Susan and God ) or hard-working young women who found romance and success ( Our Dancing Daughters , Paid , Laughing Sinners , Dancing Lady , Sadie McKee , The Last of Mrs. Cheyney , The Shining Hour , The Bride Wore Red , Mannequin ) . These characters and stories were well received by Depression-era audiences , and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywood 's more prominent movie stars , and one of the higher-paid women in the United States . In 1945 , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her work in Mildred Pierce , and received Best Actress nominations for Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Everything 's on Ice", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Everything's_on_Ice", 'summary': "Everything 's on Ice is a 1939 American film directed by Erle C. Kenton . The film is also known as Frolics on Ice ( American video title ) ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A skater 's uncle manages her career , then steals her money", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice-Capades', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice-Capades', 'summary': 'Ice-Capades is a 1940 American film . Its score , composed by Cy Feuer , was nominated for the Best Scoring of a Musical Picture .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A promoter ( Phil Silvers ) passes off the wrong skater as his new star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Silvers', 'summary': 'Phil Silvers ( May 11 , 1911 - November 1 , 1985 ) was an American entertainer and comedic actor , known as The King of Chutzpah . He starred in The Phil Silvers Show , a 1950s sitcom set on a U.S. Army post in which he played Master Sergeant Ernest ( Ernie ) Bilko .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice-Capades Revue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice-Capades_Revue', 'summary': 'Ice-Capades Revue is a 1942 American comedy film directed by Bernard Vorhaus , and written by Bradford Ropes and Gertrude Purcell . The film stars Ellen Drew , Richard Denning , Jerry Colonna , Barbara Jo Allen , Harold Huber and Marilyn Hare . The film was released on December 24 , 1942 , by Republic Pictures .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'After a woman ( Ellen Drew ) inherits a skating troupe , a gangster tries to ruin her', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellen_Drew', 'summary': 'Ellen Drew ( born Esther Loretta Ray , November 23 , 1915 - December 3 , 2003 ) was an American film actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Iceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland_(film)', 'summary': "Iceland ( 1942 ) is a 20th Century Fox musical film directed by H. Bruce Humberstone set in Iceland , starring skater Sonja Henie and John Payne as a U.S. Marine posted in Iceland during World War II . The film was titled Katina in Great Britain and Marriage on Ice in Australia . Fox reteamed their two leads and director from the previous year 's musical Sun Valley Serenade and set the story in the then contemporary American Marine landing and occupation of Iceland in 1941 . Payne had previously played a Marine in Fox 's To the Shores of Tripoli also directed by Humberstone . Among the songs are There Will Never Be Another You and You Ca n't Say No to a Soldier . Some Icelanders protested against the film for its depiction of Marines winning away the local women . Henie 's on-ice partner during the filmed skating sequences was 1940/41 U.S. Champion Eugene Turner ."}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musical', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A skater from Iceland falls for a U.S. Marine ( John Payne )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Payne_(actor)', 'summary': 'John Howard Payne ( May 23 , 1912 - December 6 , 1989 ) was an American film actor who is mainly remembered from film noir crime stories and 20th Century Fox musical films , and for his leading roles in Miracle on 34th Street and the NBC Western television series The Restless Gun .'}]}, {'value': 'Wintertime', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wintertime_(film)', 'summary': 'Wintertime is a 1943 Twentieth Century-Fox musical film directed by John Brahm and starring Sonja Henie and Cesar Romero . It also features Woody Herman and His Orchestra .'}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwegian girl ( Henie ) must wed an American to skate in New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lady , Let 's Dance", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lady,_Let's_Dance", 'summary': "Lady , Let 's Dance is a 1944 black-and-white film directed by Frank Woodruff that was nominated for two Oscars . Produced by Monogram Studios , the film is unique as an ice skating musical . Lady , Let 's Dance stars ice skater Belita as herself , James Ellison , and Walter Catlett . Appearances also include ice skating artists Myrtle Godfrey and the renowned comedy ice team Werner Groebli & Hansruedi ( Hans ) Mauch ( more commonly known as Frick and Frack ) . The plot focuses on Belita as she travels to a California resort , where she is unexpectedly hired as a last minute dance team replacement . She becomes a national star while the handsome resort manager gets fired and becomes a drifter , until he ends up in the Army . Edward Kay 's Oscar-nominated score included : Golden Dreams , Silver Shadows , In the Days of Beau Brummel , Ten Million Men and a Girl , Dream of Dreams , Rio , Happy Hearts , Esperanza , and the title song Lady , Let 's Dance . Myrtle Godfrey sported the same green bonnet with ostrich plume worn by Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind ."}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musical', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figure skater Belita joins a California dancing act', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belita', 'summary': 'Maria Belita Jepson-Turner ( 21 October 1923 [ a ] - 18 December 2005 ) , known professionally as Belita , was a British Olympic figure skater , dancer and film actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Placid Serenade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Placid_Serenade', 'summary': "Lake Placid Serenade is a 1944 American musical romance film directed by Steve Sekely and starring Vera Ralston , Eugene Pallette and Barbara Jo Allen . Following the German invasion of Czechoslovakia a Czech ice-skating champion goes to stay with her Uncle in the United States . It was made by Republic Pictures as a slightly higher-budget production than most of the studios ' B Movies . The film 's sets were designed by the art director Russell Kimball ."}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'After the invasion of her homeland , a Czech skater ( Vera Ralston ) comes to the U.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vera_Ralston', 'summary': 'Vera Ralston ( born Věra Helena Hrubá ; July 12 , 1920 - February 9 , 2003 ) was a Czech figure skater and actress . She later became a naturalized American citizen . She worked as an actress during the 1940s and 1950s .'}]}, {'value': "It 's a Pleasure !", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/It's_a_Pleasure_(film)", 'summary': "It 's a Pleasure ! is a 1945 American Technicolor comedy musical film directed by William A. Seiter and starring Sonja Henie , Michael O'Shea and Marie McDonald ."}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A suspended hockey player becomes a comedy act for an ice revue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suspense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suspense_(1946_film)', 'summary': 'Suspense is a 1946 film noir directed by Frank Tuttle . The ice-skating-themed film stars Barry Sullivan and former Olympic skater Belita . It was also the last film appearance of actor Eugene Pallette . At a cost of 1.1 million dollars , it was considered the most expensive film put out by Monogram Pictures .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Film Noir', 'urls': []}, {'value': "An ice-skating revue 's star ( Belita ) is torn between two men", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belita', 'summary': 'Maria Belita Jepson-Turner ( 21 October 1923 [ a ] - 18 December 2005 ) , known professionally as Belita , was a British Olympic figure skater , dancer and film actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Spring on Ice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spring_on_Ice', 'summary': "Spring on Ice ( German : Frühling auf dem Eis ) is a 1951 Austrian musical comedy film directed by Georg Jacoby and starring Eva Pawlik , Herta Mayen and Hans Holt . The film was shot using Agfacolor at the Soviet-controlled Rosenhügel Studios in Vienna . The film 's sets were designed by the art director Julius von Borsody ."}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musical', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian film featuring 1948 Winter Olympics runner-up Eva Pawlik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1948 Winter Olympics , officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les Ves Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; German : Olympische Winterspiele 1948 ; Italian : V Giochi olimpici invernali ; Romansh : Gieus olimpics d'enviern 1948 ) , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated in 1948 in St. Moritz , Switzerland . The Games were the first to be celebrated after World War II ; it had been 12 years since the last Winter Games in 1936 . From the selection of a host city in a neutral country to the exclusion of Japan and Germany , the political atmosphere of the post-war world was inescapable during the Games . The organizing committee faced several challenges due to the lack of financial and human resources consumed by the war . These were the first of two winter Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström . There were 28 nations that marched in the opening ceremonies on January 30 , 1948 . Bibi Torriani played for the Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team , and became the first ice hockey player to recite the Olympic Oath on behalf of all athletes . Nearly 670 athletes competed in 22 events in four sports . The Games also featured two demonstration sports : military patrol , which later became the biathlon , and winter pentathlon , which was discontinued after these Games . Notable performances were turned in by figure skaters Dick Button and Barbara Ann Scott and skier Henri Oreiller . Most of the athletic venues were already in existence from the first time St. Moritz hosted the Winter Games in 1928 . All of the venues were outdoors , which meant the Games were heavily dependent on favorable weather conditions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eva_Pawlik', 'summary': 'Eva Pawlik ( 4 October 1927 in Vienna - 31 July 1983 in Vienna ) was an Austrian figure skater ( European Champion , Olympic silver medalist ) , a show star , an actress and the world´s first lady figure skater to be a TV figure skating commentator ( sportscaster on TV ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice Castles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_Castles', 'summary': 'Ice Castles is a 1978 American romantic drama film directed by Donald Wrye and starring Lynn-Holly Johnson and Robby Benson . It is the story of Lexie Winston , a young figure skater , and her rise and fall from super stardom . Tragedy strikes when , following a freak accident , Lexie loses her sight , leaving her to hide away in the privacy of her own despair . She eventually perseveres and begins competing in figure skating again . The work was filmed on location in Colorado and Minnesota . Its theme song Through the Eyes of Love , performed by Melissa Manchester , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 52nd Academy Awards . A remake , also directed by Wrye , was released direct to video in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lynn-Holly Johnson as a figure skater who is left blind after a serious injury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lynn-Holly_Johnson', 'summary': "Lynn-Holly Johnson ( born December 13 , 1958 ) is an American professional figure skater and actress . After achieving some success as a figure skater in the mid-1970s , she began an acting career , including a Golden Globe-nominated role in 1978 's Ice Castles and her role as Bibi Dahl in the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only ."}]}, {'value': 'Champions : A Love Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV movie about two teens who become romantically involved as they train for a skating championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice Pawn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dan Haggerty 's favorite champion of ice skating", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Haggerty', 'summary': 'Daniel Francis Haggerty ( November 19 , 1941 - January 15 , 2016 ) was an American actor who is best known for playing the title role in the film and television series The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams .'}]}, {'value': 'On Thin Ice : The Tai Babilonia Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biographical', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Fact-based TV film on champion skater 's career focusing on her drug abuse and depression", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tai_Babilonia', 'summary': 'Tai Reina Babilonia ( born September 22 , 1959 ) is an American former pair skater . Together with Randy Gardner , she won the 1979 World Figure Skating Championships and five U.S . Figure Skating Championships ( 1976-1980 ) . The pair qualified for the 1976 and 1980 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Carmen on Ice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmen_on_Ice', 'summary': 'Carmen on Ice is a 1990 dance film with a choreography for figure skaters made in Germany . The music is based on the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet in an orchestral version arranged especially for this film . In contrast to figure skating movies of former times , Carmen on Ice is a film without spoken dialogue , which is an innovation in the history of figure skating .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Performance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skaters including Katarina Witt are featured performing to Carmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katarina_Witt', 'summary': 'Katarina Witt ( German pronunciation : [ ˈkataʁiːna vɪt ] ; born 3 December 1965 ) is a retired German figure skater . Witt won two Olympic gold medals for East Germany , first at the 1984 Sarajevo Olympics and the second at the 1988 Calgary Olympics . She is a four-time World Champion ( 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) and two-time World silver medalist ( 1982 , 1986 ) . A feat only equalled by Sonja Henie among female skaters , Witt won six consecutive European Championships ( 1983-1988 ) . Between 1984 and 1988 , Witt won ten golds from eleven major international events ; two Olympics , four out of five World championships and six European championships . Her competitive record makes her one of the most successful figure skaters of all time . Since retirement from skating , Witt has worked in film and television .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Figure skating', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sports_films_22', 'intro': 'This compilation of films covers all sports activities. Sports films have been made since the era of silent films, such as the 1915 film The Champion starring Charlie Chaplin. Films in this genre can range from serious (Raging Bull) to silly (Horse Feathers). A classic theme for sports films is the triumph of an individual or team who prevail despite the difficulties, standard elements of melodrama.'}
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Who composed the film starring the King of Chutzpah ?
Cy Feuer
0640424e8ab9d3be
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_NBA_Development_League_draft', 'title': '2006 NBA Development League draft', 'header': ['Pick', 'Player', 'Position', 'Nationality', 'Team', 'College/From'], 'data': [{'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamaal Thomas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SF-PF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'New Mexico Thunderbirds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_Thunderbirds', 'summary': 'The Canton Charge are an American professional basketball team based in Canton , Ohio , that competes in the NBA G League . The Charge are owned by and are also the minor league affiliate of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Its home games are held at the Canton Memorial Civic Center . The franchise was founded in 2001 as the Huntsville Flight , based in Huntsville , Alabama , before moving to Albuquerque , New Mexico in 2005 , where they were known as the Albuquerque Thunderbirds until 2010 . After playing the 2010-11 season in suburban Rio Rancho as the New Mexico Thunderbirds , the franchise was purchased by the Cavaliers and moved to Canton . The team won the 2006 NBA D-League championship while playing in Albuquerque . The team lost the 2003-04 NBA D-League Finals , and reached the semifinals in 2004-05 , 2006-07 , 2011-12 , 2014-15 and 2015-16 .'}]}, {'value': 'Angelo State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelo_State', 'summary': "Angelo State University is a public university in San Angelo , Texas . It was founded in 1928 as San Angelo College . It gained university status and awarded its first baccalaureate degrees in 1967 and graduate degrees in 1969 , the same year it took on its current name . It offers over 100 undergraduate programs and 34 graduate programs . It is the second-largest campus in the Texas Tech University System . In 2018 , Angelo State University ranked among the top 20 fastest-growing public master 's degree-level universities in the country according to The Chronicle of Higher Education in its Students : Almanac 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Bobbitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Bobbitt', 'summary': 'Tony Rachaun Bobbitt ( born October 22 , 1979 ) is an American professional basketball player . Tony Bobbitt played alongside National Basketball Association ( NBA ) player Vince Carter at Daytona Beach Mainland High School , where he graduated in 1999 . Bobbitt also graduated from University of Cincinnati , having previously played for the College of Southern Idaho ( NJCAA ) from 2000 to 2002 . He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Los Angeles Lakers in January 2005 , playing 2 games for them during the 2004-05 NBA season .'}]}, {'value': 'SG-SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Bakersfield Jam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield_Jam', 'summary': 'The Northern Arizona Suns are an NBA G League team based in Prescott Valley , Arizona and the minor league affiliate of the Phoenix Suns . The franchise began as the Long Beach Jam in 2003 under the revived American Basketball Association and moved to Bakersfield in the D-League in 2006 as the Bakersfield Jam ; after 10 years in Bakersfield , California , the franchise was moved to Prescott Valley in 2016 by the Phoenix Suns and were subsequently renamed the Northern Arizona Suns .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Avellino ( Italy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S._Felice_Scandone', 'summary': 'S.S. Felice Scandone , also known for sponsorship reasons as Sidigas Avellino or Sidigas Scandone , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Avellino , Campania . Founded in 1948 , the team has been a regular in the Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) , the first tier of basketball in Italy . The club won one trophy in its existence , as it won the Italian Cup championship in 2008 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A', 'summary': "The Lega Basket Serie A , officially abbreviated as LBA , ( English : Serie A Basketball League ) is a professional men 's club basketball league that has been organised in Italy since 1920 . It constitutes the first and highest-tier level of the Italian league pyramid . The LBA , which is played under FIBA rules , currently consists of 17 teams , with the lowest-placed team relegated to the Serie A2 and replaced by the winner of the play-offs of that division . A total of 99 teams have competed in the LBA since its inception . Seventeen teams have been crowned champions , with Olimpia Milano winning the title a record 28 times , and Virtus Bologna 15 times . According to FIBA Europe 's and Euroleague Basketball 's national league coefficients , the LBA was the overall historically top ranked national domestic league in Europe , for the period 1958 to 2007 . Today , the LBA is considered to be one of the top European national basketball leagues . Its clubs have won the most EuroLeague championships ( 13 ) , the most FIBA Saporta Cups ( 15 ) , and the most FIBA Korać Cups ( 10 ) . The league is run by the Lega Basket , which is itself regulated by the FIP , the Italian Basketball Federation ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B. J . Elder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin Toros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Toros', 'summary': 'The Austin Spurs are an American basketball team of the NBA G League based in Cedar Park , Texas . The team plays their home games at H-E-B Center at Cedar Park . The team has made the postseason in 8 out of their 14 seasons in the NBA Development League . On October 15 , 2014 , after the San Antonio Spurs purchased the franchise , the team colors and logo were changed to reflect the silver and black motif used by the Spurs .'}]}, {'value': 'Giessen 46ers ( Germany )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giessen_46ers', 'summary': 'JobStairs GIESSEN 46ers ( formerly GIESSEN 46ers ) is a professional basketball club based in Gießen , Germany , that plays in the Basketball Bundesliga . Their home arena is Sporthalle Gießen-Ost , with a capacity of 4,003 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga', 'summary': 'The Basketball Bundesliga ( BBL ) ( English language : Federal Basketball League ) , for sponsorship reasons named easyCredit BBL , is the highest level league of professional club basketball in Germany . The league comprises 18 teams . A BBL season is split into a league stage and a playoff stage . At the end of the league stage , the top eight teams qualify for the playoff stage , and the teams positioned in the 17th and 18th places are relegated to a lower tier league . The playoffs are played in a Best of five format . The winning team of the final round are crowned the German Champions of that season . In addition to the league competition , all BBL teams compete for the German Cup ( BBL-Cup ) . Teams playing in the second league ( ProA or ProB ) , or in a lower level Regionalliga , are also eligible to participate in the German Cup . There are always 3 knock-out rounds that are played for the BBL-Cup . If more teams from the leagues below the BBL level apply for participation , then available places , and additional qualification rounds are added for them . The final four remaining teams determine the rankings for bronze , silver , and gold medals , in knock-out matches that are termed the BBL-TOP4 . The gold winning team is the German Cup winner .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Robinson_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Eddie B. Robinson Jr. ( born April 19 , 1976 ) is an American former professional basketball player . A 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) shooting guard/small forward , he spent five seasons ( 1999-2004 ) in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In April 2017 , Robinson was inducted into the NJCAA Hall of Fame in Las Vegas , Nevada .'}]}, {'value': 'SG-SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho Stampede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_Stampede', 'summary': 'The Idaho Stampede was an American basketball team in the NBA D-League , based in Boise , Idaho . They played their home games at the Ford Idaho Center in nearby Nampa from 1997 until they moved to CenturyLink Arena in Boise in 2005 . The team relocated to Salt Lake City , Utah for the 2016-2017 season to become the Salt Lake City Stars .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Bulls', 'summary': "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 and played its first game later that year . The Bulls play their home games at the United Center , an arena on Chicago 's west side shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats . All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995-96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015-16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015-16 Warriors . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers , Detroit Pistons , Miami Heat and the New York Knicks ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nate Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PF-C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulsa 66ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulsa_66ers', 'summary': 'The Oklahoma City Blue are an NBA G League team based in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and the minor league affiliate of the Oklahoma City Thunder . The franchise began as the Asheville Altitude in 2001 , before moving to Tulsa , Oklahoma , in 2005 and becoming the Tulsa 66ers . After nine seasons in Tulsa , the franchise moved to Oklahoma City in 2014 and were subsequently renamed the Oklahoma City Blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgia_State_Panthers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Georgia State Panthers men 's basketball team represents Georgia State University and competes in the Sun Belt Conference of NCAA Division I . They are currently led by head coach , Rob Lanier . The Panthers play at the GSU Sports Arena in Atlanta , Georgia , United States ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aloysius Anagonye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aloysius_Anagonye', 'summary': 'Aloysius Anagonye ( born February 10 , 1981 ) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player for ALM Évreux Basket of the LNB Pro B .'}]}, {'value': 'SF/PF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles D-Fenders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_D-Fenders', 'summary': "The South Bay Lakers are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League , based in Los Angeles . Founded in 2006 as the Los Angeles D-Fenders , the team is owned by the Los Angeles Lakers , who were the first National Basketball Association ( NBA ) franchise to own a D-League team . At the conclusion of the 2016-17 D-League season , the D-Fenders re-branded as the South Bay Lakers for the G League . They also moved their home games from the Toyota Sports Center into the UCLA Health Training Center , a new practice facility for the Los Angeles Lakers in El Segundo . All games are broadcast in streaming audio from the team 's official website and on the NBA 's Futurecast web channel . On December 21 , 2012 , the D-Fenders announced a telecast agreement with TWC SportsNet Channel ( now Spectrum SportsNet ) ."}]}, {'value': 'DKV Joventut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DKV_Joventut', 'summary': "Club Joventut de Badalona , S.A.D . ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈklub ʒuβənˈtud bəðəˈlonə ] ) is a Spanish professional basketball club based in Badalona , Spain , playing in the Liga ACB and the EuroCup . Known to their fans as La Penya ( in English , The Club ) , it is one of only three teams that have never been relegated from the top division of the Spanish League . The only other two are Real Madrid and Estudiantes . In 1994 , Badalona was the champion of the FIBA European Champions ' Cup , which is now called the EuroLeague . Well-known players have included : Zoran Slavnić , Jordi Villacampa , Rafael Jofresa , Raül López , Rudy Fernández , Ricky Rubio and Joe Galvin ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Badou Gaye', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senegal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senegal', 'summary': "Senegal ( /ˌsɛnɪˈɡɔːl , -ˈɡɑːl/ ( listen ) ; French : Sénégal ; Wolof : Senegaal ) officially the Republic of Senegal ( French : République du Sénégal ; Wolof : Réewum Senegaal ) is a country in West Africa . Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north , Mali to the east , Guinea to the southeast , and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest . Senegal also surrounds The Gambia , a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River , which separates Senegal 's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country . Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde . Senegal 's economic and political capital is Dakar . The unitary presidential republic is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World , or Afro-Eurasia , and owes its name to the Senegal River , which borders it to the east and north . Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres ( 76,000 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of about 16 million . The climate is typically Sahelian , though there is a rainy season ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas RimRockers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_RimRockers', 'summary': 'The Arkansas RimRockers were a minor league basketball team based in North Little Rock , Arkansas , which played in the American Basketball Association and the NBA Development League .'}]}, {'value': 'Liege ( Belgium )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liege', 'summary': 'Liège ( /liˈɛʒ , liˈeɪʒ/ lee-EZH , lee-AYZH , French : [ ljɛʒ ] ( listen ) , locally [ li.eʃ ] ; Walloon : Lidje Walloon : [ liːtʃ ] ( listen ) ; Dutch : Luik [ lœyk ] ( listen ) ; German : Lüttich [ ˈlʏtɪç ] ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège . The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse , in the east of Belgium , not far from borders with the Netherlands ( Maastricht is about 33 km ( 20.5 mi ) to the north ) and with Germany ( Aachen is about 53 km ( 32.9 mi ) north-east ) . At Liège , the Meuse meets the River Ourthe . The city is part of the sillon industriel , the former industrial backbone of Wallonia . It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region . The Liège municipality ( i.e . the city proper ) includes the former communes of Angleur , Bressoux , Chênée , Glain , Grivegnée , Jupille-sur-Meuse , Rocourt , and Wandre . In November 2012 , Liège had 198,280 inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,879 km2 ( 725 sq mi ) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008 . This includes a total of 52 municipalities , among others , Herstal and Seraing . Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium , after Brussels and Antwerp , and the fourth municipality after Antwerp , Ghent and Charleroi .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quemont Greer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SG-SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Dakota Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dakota_Wizards', 'summary': 'The Dakota Wizards were an American professional basketball team based in Bismarck , North Dakota . They played in the NBA Development League from 2006 until 2012 . After the 2011-12 season , the team relocated to Santa Cruz , California , and now plays as the Santa Cruz Warriors . Prior to entering the D-League in 2006 , the Wizards spent 11 years playing in minor American leagues such as the International Basketball Association and the Continental Basketball Association .'}]}, {'value': 'DePaul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DePaul_University', 'summary': "DePaul University is a private , Roman Catholic university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded by the Vincentians in 1898 , the university takes its name from the 17th-century French priest Saint Vincent de Paul . In 1998 , it became the largest Catholic university by enrollment in the United States . Following in the footsteps of its founders , DePaul places special emphasis on recruiting first-generation students and others from disadvantaged backgrounds . DePaul 's two campuses are located in Lincoln Park and the Loop . The Lincoln Park Campus is home to the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , Science and Health , and Education . It also houses the School of Music , the Theatre School , and the John T. Richardson Library . The Loop campus houses the Colleges of Communication , Computing and Digital Media , and Law , as well as the School of Public Service and the School for New Learning . It is also home to the Kellstadt Graduate School of Business , which is part of the nationally ranked Driehaus College of Business , the tenth oldest business school in the nation . The Loop campus also houses the Loop Library , the Rinn Law Library , and the Barnes and Noble-based Student Center . The university enrolls around 16,000 undergraduates and about 7,600 graduate/law students , making DePaul the 13th largest private university by enrollment in the United States , and the largest private university in Illinois . According to the Division of Student Affairs website , about 90% of DePaul 's students commute or live off campus ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeremy Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Richardson', 'summary': "Jeremy Terrell Richardson ( born February 11 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player . He is a 6 ' 7 , 210 lb . swingman and he has played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) with the Atlanta Hawks , Portland Trail Blazers , Memphis Grizzlies , San Antonio Spurs and Orlando Magic ."}]}, {'value': 'SG-SF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Flyers', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Flyers were a minor league basketball team in the NBA Development League ( D-League ) based in Fort Worth , Texas . They began play in the 2005-06 season and were shut down for the 2007-08 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta_State', 'summary': 'Delta State ( recognized on August 27 , 1991 ) is an oil and agricultural producing state in Nigeria . It is situated in the region known as the South-South geo-political zone with a population of 4,112,445 ( males : 2,069,309 ; females : 2,043,136 ) . The capital city is Asaba , located at the northern end of the state , with an estimated area of 762 square kilometres ( 294 sq mi ) , while Warri is the economic nerve center of the state and also the most populated . It is located in the southern end of the state . The state has a total land area of 16,842 square kilometres ( 6,503 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Von Wafer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Von_Wafer', 'summary': 'Vakeaton Quamar Von Wafer ( born July 21 , 1985 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He played college basketball for the Florida State Seminoles . Wafer has previously played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) with the Los Angeles Lakers , Los Angeles Clippers , Denver Nuggets , Portland Trail Blazers , Houston Rockets , Boston Celtics and Orlando Magic . He was the 39th overall selection ( ninth pick of the second round ) in the 2005 NBA draft by the Lakers . His nickname is The Dutch Cookie .'}]}, {'value': 'SG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado 14ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_14ers', 'summary': 'The Texas Legends are an NBA G League team based in Frisco , Texas , and the minor league affiliate of the Dallas Mavericks . The franchise began as the Colorado 14ers in 2006 , before relocating to Frisco in 2009 and becoming the Texas Legends for the 2010-11 season . The Legends play their home games at the Comerica Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference in the Pacific Division . The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center , an arena shared with the NBA 's Los Angeles Clippers , the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League . The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA , and have won 16 NBA championships , the second-most behind the Boston Celtics . The franchise began with the 1947 purchase of a disbanded team , the Detroit Gems of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The new team began playing in Minneapolis , calling themselves the Minneapolis Lakers . Initially a member of the NBL , the Lakers won the 1948 NBL championship before joining the rival Basketball Association of America , where they would win five of the next six championships , led by star George Mikan . After struggling financially in the late 1950s following Mikan 's retirement , they relocated to Los Angeles before the 1960-61 season . Led by Hall of Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West , Los Angeles made the NBA Finals six times in the 1960s , but lost each series to the Celtics , beginning their long and storied rivalry . In 1968 , the Lakers acquired four-time NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Wilt Chamberlain , and won their sixth NBA title - and first in Los Angeles - in 1972 , led by new head coach Bill Sharman . After the retirement of West and Chamberlain , the team acquired Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , who also won multiple MVP awards , but was unable to make the Finals in the late 1970s . The 1980s Lakers were nicknamed Showtime due to their fast break-offense led by Magic Johnson ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeSean Hadley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sioux Falls Skyforce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Skyforce', 'summary': 'The Sioux Falls Skyforce are an American professional basketball team that plays in the NBA G League . They are based in Sioux Falls , South Dakota , and currently play at Heritage Court in the Sanford Pentagon , a place they have called home since the 2013-14 season . The Skyforce began in the Continental Basketball Association ( CBA ) in 1989 . They played their home games at Sioux Falls Arena from then until the move to the Pentagon in 2013 . They participated in four CBA championship finals , winning the championship trophy in 1996 ( defeating the Fort Wayne Fury , four games to one ) and 2005 ( defeating the Rockford Lightning three games to one ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Michigan', 'summary': "Eastern Michigan University ( EMU ) is a public research university in Ypsilanti , Michigan . The university was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School . Today , the university is governed by an eight-member Board of Regents whose members are appointed by the governor of Michigan for eight-year terms . The school belongs to the Mid-American Conference and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . Since 1991 EMU athletes have been known as Eagles and the school mascot , Swoop , was officially adopted by the university three years later . Currently , EMU comprises seven colleges and schools : College of Arts and Sciences , College of Business , College of Education , College of Health and Human Services , College of Technology , an Honors College , and a Graduate School . The university 's site is composed of an academic and athletic campus spread across 800 acres ( 3.2 km2 ) , with over 120 buildings . EMU has a total enrollment of more than 23,000 students ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andre Owens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Owens', 'summary': 'Andre Owens ( born October 31 , 1980 ) is an American professional basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'SG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Anaheim Arsenal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim_Arsenal', 'summary': 'The Grand Rapids Drive are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League and an affiliate of the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The franchise began as the Anaheim Arsenal in 2006 , before relocating to Springfield , Massachusetts , in 2009 , becoming the Springfield Armor . After five seasons in Springfield , the franchise moved to Grand Rapids in 2014 and were subsequently renamed the Grand Rapids Drive . They play their home games at the DeltaPlex Arena in Walker , Michigan .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Jazz', 'summary': "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City . The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference , Northwest Division . Since 1991 , the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena . The franchise began play as an expansion team in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz ( as a tribute to New Orleans ' history of originating Jazz music ) . The Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . The Jazz were one of the most successful teams in the league in their early years . Although 10 seasons elapsed before the Jazz qualified for their first playoff appearance in 1984 , they did not miss the playoffs again until 2004 . During the late 1980s , John Stockton and Karl Malone arose as the franchise players for the team , and formed one of the most famed point guard-power forward duos in NBA history . Led by coach Jerry Sloan , who took over from Frank Layden in 1988 , they became one of the powerhouse teams of the 1990s , culminating in two NBA Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , where they lost both times to the Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan . Both Stockton and Malone moved on in 2003 . After missing the playoffs for three consecutive seasons the Jazz returned to prominence under the on-court leadership of point guard Deron Williams . However , partway through the 2010-11 season , the Jazz began restructuring after Sloan 's retirement and Williams ' trade to the New Jersey Nets ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Draft -- Round 2', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2006_NBA_Development_League_Draft_1', 'intro': 'The 2006 NBA Development League Draft was the sixth annual draft by the NBA Development League. It was held on November 2, 2006.'}
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Which player plays for the team that qualified for their first playoff appearance in 1984 ?
Andre Owens
064081ac58e99213
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Important_Intangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties', 'title': 'List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties', 'header': ['Name', 'Date', 'Remarks', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Matsumae Kagura ( 松前神楽 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various times', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Originally performed at Matsumae Castle , chief residence of the Matsumae clan , the dance subsequently spread to other parts of Hokkaido where it picked up regional straits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matsumae_Castle', 'summary': 'Matsumae Castle ( 松前城 , Matsumae-jō ) is a castle located in Matsumae in Hokkaidō , Japan , and is the northernmost castle in Japan . The only traditional style Edo period castle in Hokkaidō , it was the chief residence of the han ( estate ) of the Matsumae clan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matsumae_clan', 'summary': "The Matsumae clan ( 松前氏 , Matsumae-shi ) was a Japanese clan which was granted the area around Matsumae , Hokkaidō as a march fief in 1590 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi , and charged with defending it , and by extension the whole of Japan , from the Ainu 'barbarians ' to the north . The clan , originally known as the Kakizaki clan ( 蠣崎氏 ) , had settled in Kakizaki , Kawauchi , Mutsu on the Shimokita Peninsula . Claiming descent from the Takeda clan of Wakasa Province , the family later took the name Matsumae . In exchange for their service in defending the country , the Matsumae were made exempt from owing rice to the shogunate in tribute , and from the sankin-kōtai system , under which most daimyōs ( feudal lords of Edo period Japan ) were required to spend half the year at Edo , while their families spent the entire year at Edo and were , essentially , held hostage to prevent rebellion . [ citation needed ] Due to their location , and their role as border defenders , the Matsumae were the first Japanese to negotiate with Russia in any way . They may well have been the first Japanese to meet Russians at all within Japanese territory . In 1778 , a merchant from Yakutsk by the name of Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin arrived in Hokkaidō with a small expedition . He offered gifts and politely asked to trade . The Matsumae official tried to explain that he had no authority to agree to trade on behalf of the shōgun and suggested that the Russians come back the following year . The following September , the Russians did just that . According to some accounts , they had misinterpreted what had been said and expected to trade . Instead their gifts were returned to them , they were forbidden to return to the island , and they were advised that foreign trade was allowed only at Nagasaki , a port on the southernmost of Japan 's home islands ."}]}, {'value': 'various parts of southeastern Hokkaido : Matsumae District , Hakodate , Otaru , Fukushima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaido', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matsumae_District,_Hokkaido', 'summary': 'Matsumae ( 松前郡 , Matsumae-gun ) is a district located in southwestern Oshima Subprefecture , Hokkaido , Japan . As of 2004 , the district has an estimated population of 16,068 and a density of 33.45 persons per km² . The total area is 480.32 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hakodate,_Hokkaido', 'summary': 'Hakodate ( 函館市 , Hakodate-shi ) is a city and port located in Oshima Subprefecture , Hokkaido , Japan . It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture . As of July 31 , 2011 , the city has an estimated population of 279,851 with 143,221 households , and a population density of 412.83 persons per km2 ( 1,069.2 persons per sq . mi. ) . The total area is 677.77 km2 ( 261.69 sq mi ) . The city is now the third biggest in Hokkaido after Sapporo and Asahikawa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Otaru,_Hokkaido', 'summary': "Otaru ( 小樽市 , Otaru-shi ) is a city and port in Shiribeshi Subprefecture , Hokkaido , Japan , northwest of Sapporo . The city faces the Ishikari Bay , and has long served as the main port of the bay . With its many historical buildings , Otaru is a popular tourist destination . Because it is a 25-minute drive from Sapporo , it has recently grown as a bedroom community . As of 31 July 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 115,333 and a population density of 474.37 persons per km2 ( 1,228.6 persons per sq . mi. ) . The total area is 243.13 km2 ( 93.87 sq mi ) . Although it is the largest city in Shiribeshi Subprefecture , the subprefecture 's capital is the more centrally located Kutchan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fukushima,_Hokkaido', 'summary': 'Fukushima ( 福島町 , Fukushima-chō ) is a town located in Oshima Subprefecture , Hokkaido , Japan . As of September 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 4,390 , and a density of 23 persons per km² . The total area is 187.23 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'Noh Dance of Shimokita ( 下北の能舞 , shimokita no nōmai )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'From third day of New Year', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Theatrical yamabushi kagura consisting of ritual dances , military dances of battles between humans and demons and a lion dance . This is preceded by a group of local youths moving from house to house carrying a lion 's head representing gongen", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamabushi', 'summary': "Yamabushi ( 山伏 ) ( one who prostrates himself on the mountain ) are Japanese mountain ascetic hermits . According to a traditional Japanese mysticism , Yamabushi are believed to be endowed with supernatural powers . They follow the Shugendō doctrine , an integration of mainly esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon sect , with Tendai Buddhist , Taoism , and elements of Shinto . [ unreliable source ] For the most part solitary , they did form loose confederations , and associations with certain temples , and also participated in battles and skirmishes alongside samurai and sōhei warrior monks on certain occasions . Their origins can be traced back to the solitary Yama-bito and some hijiri ( 聖 ) of the eighth and ninth centuries . There has also been cross-teaching with samurai weaponry and Yamabushi 's spiritual approach to life and fighting . [ original research ? ] In modern use , the term ubasoku-yamabushi refers to laymen practitioners of shugendō . [ not verified in body ] The religion places a heavy emphasis on asceticism and feats of endurance , and white and saffron-robed yamabushi toting a horagai conch-shell trumpet are still a common sight near the shugendō holy site of Dewa Sanzan and in the sacred mountains of Kumano and Omine . [ not verified in body ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Gongen', 'summary': 'A gongen ( 権現 ) , literally incarnation , was believed to be the manifestation of a buddha in the form of an indigenous kami , an entity who had come to guide the people to salvation , during the era of shinbutsu-shūgō in premodern Japan . The words gonge ( 権化 ) and kegen ( 化現 ) are synonyms for gongen . Gongen shinkō ( 権現信仰 ) is the term for belief in the existence of gongen . The gongen concept is the cornerstone of the honji suijaku theory , according to which Buddhist deities choose to appear to the Japanese as native kami in order to save them , which is based on the Mahayana Buddhist notion of upaya , expedient means .'}]}, {'value': 'Shimokita District , Aomori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimokita_District,_Aomori', 'summary': 'Shimokita District ( 下北郡 , Shimokita-gun ) is a district located in Aomori Prefecture , Japan . It occupies most of the northern handle of Shimokita Peninsula with the exception of Mutsu City and contains the most northern point on the island of Honshū . It is also home to the Japanese macaque , making it the northernmost natural habitat for monkeys anywhere in the world . As of 2009 , the district has an estimated population of 18,297 and a density of 33.2 persons per km² . The total area was 551 . 08 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Aomori Prefecture ( 青森県 , Aomori-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region . The capital is the city of Aomori .'}]}, {'value': 'Unotori Dance ( 鵜鳥神楽 , unotori kagura )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various times , from January 8 to April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theatrical yamabushi kagura performed as a travelling tour through various villages and towns along the Sanriku Coast , from Kuji in the north to Kamaishi in the south . The dance has been designated under criteria 2 , 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamabushi', 'summary': "Yamabushi ( 山伏 ) ( one who prostrates himself on the mountain ) are Japanese mountain ascetic hermits . According to a traditional Japanese mysticism , Yamabushi are believed to be endowed with supernatural powers . They follow the Shugendō doctrine , an integration of mainly esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon sect , with Tendai Buddhist , Taoism , and elements of Shinto . [ unreliable source ] For the most part solitary , they did form loose confederations , and associations with certain temples , and also participated in battles and skirmishes alongside samurai and sōhei warrior monks on certain occasions . Their origins can be traced back to the solitary Yama-bito and some hijiri ( 聖 ) of the eighth and ninth centuries . There has also been cross-teaching with samurai weaponry and Yamabushi 's spiritual approach to life and fighting . [ original research ? ] In modern use , the term ubasoku-yamabushi refers to laymen practitioners of shugendō . [ not verified in body ] The religion places a heavy emphasis on asceticism and feats of endurance , and white and saffron-robed yamabushi toting a horagai conch-shell trumpet are still a common sight near the shugendō holy site of Dewa Sanzan and in the sacred mountains of Kumano and Omine . [ not verified in body ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Sanriku_Coast', 'summary': "The Sanriku Coast ( 三陸海岸 , sanriku kaigan ) is a coastal region on the Pacific Ocean , extending from southern Aomori Prefecture , through Iwate Prefecture and northern Miyagi Prefecture in northeastern Honshū , which is Japan 's main island . The name comes from the historical region of Sanriku ( or three riku ) , referring to the former provinces of Rikuō , Rikuchū and Rikuzen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kuji,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Kuji ( 久慈市 , Kuji-shi ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 33,607 in 15,618 households , and a population density of 53.9 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 623.50 square kilometres ( 240.73 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kamaishi,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Kamaishi ( 釜石市 , Kamaishi-shi ) is a city located on the Sanriku rias coast in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 34,289 , and a population density of 77.9 persons per km² , in 16,424 households . The total area of the city is 441.43 square kilometres ( 170.44 sq mi )'}]}, {'value': 'Unotori Shrine , Fudai , Iwate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fudai,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Fudai ( 普代村 , Fudai-mura ) is a village located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the village had an estimated population of 2,602 , and a population density of 37.4 persons per km² in 1,157 households . The total area of the village is 69.66 square kilometres ( 26.90 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture', 'summary': "Iwate Prefecture ( 岩手県 , Iwate-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu . Iwate Prefecture has a population of 1,229,432 ( 1 June 2019 ) and is the second-largest prefecture at 15,275 km² ( 5,897 sq mi ) . Iwate Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north , Akita Prefecture to the west , and Miyagi Prefecture to the south . Morioka is the capital and largest city of Iwate Prefecture , with other major cities including Ichinoseki , Ōshū , and Hanamaki . Iwate Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features the easternmost point of Honshu at Cape Todo . Iwate Prefecture shares the highest peaks of the Ōu Mountains , the longest mountain range in Japan , at the border with Akita Prefecture . Iwate Prefecture is home to famous attractions such as Morioka Castle , the Buddhist temples of Hiraizumi including Chūson-ji and Mōtsū-ji , the Fujiwara no Sato movie lot and theme park in Ōshū , and the Tenshochi park in Kitakami known for its big , old cherry trees . Iwate Prefecture has the lowest population density of any prefecture outside Hokkaido and 5% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuromori Kagura ( 黒森神楽 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third Sunday in July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theatrical yamabushi kagura centered around gongen lion dances and also including ritual and masked dances . The dances are accompanied by small hourglass-shaped drums , flutes and bronze cymbals and distinct bird-style hats are used in some of them', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamabushi', 'summary': "Yamabushi ( 山伏 ) ( one who prostrates himself on the mountain ) are Japanese mountain ascetic hermits . According to a traditional Japanese mysticism , Yamabushi are believed to be endowed with supernatural powers . They follow the Shugendō doctrine , an integration of mainly esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon sect , with Tendai Buddhist , Taoism , and elements of Shinto . [ unreliable source ] For the most part solitary , they did form loose confederations , and associations with certain temples , and also participated in battles and skirmishes alongside samurai and sōhei warrior monks on certain occasions . Their origins can be traced back to the solitary Yama-bito and some hijiri ( 聖 ) of the eighth and ninth centuries . There has also been cross-teaching with samurai weaponry and Yamabushi 's spiritual approach to life and fighting . [ original research ? ] In modern use , the term ubasoku-yamabushi refers to laymen practitioners of shugendō . [ not verified in body ] The religion places a heavy emphasis on asceticism and feats of endurance , and white and saffron-robed yamabushi toting a horagai conch-shell trumpet are still a common sight near the shugendō holy site of Dewa Sanzan and in the sacred mountains of Kumano and Omine . [ not verified in body ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Gongen', 'summary': 'A gongen ( 権現 ) , literally incarnation , was believed to be the manifestation of a buddha in the form of an indigenous kami , an entity who had come to guide the people to salvation , during the era of shinbutsu-shūgō in premodern Japan . The words gonge ( 権化 ) and kegen ( 化現 ) are synonyms for gongen . Gongen shinkō ( 権現信仰 ) is the term for belief in the existence of gongen . The gongen concept is the cornerstone of the honji suijaku theory , according to which Buddhist deities choose to appear to the Japanese as native kami in order to save them , which is based on the Mahayana Buddhist notion of upaya , expedient means .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuromori Shrine , Miyako , Iwate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyako,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Miyako ( 宮古市 , Miyako-shi ) is a city located in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 52,782 , and a population density of 41.9 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 1,259.15 square kilometres ( 486.16 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture', 'summary': "Iwate Prefecture ( 岩手県 , Iwate-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu . Iwate Prefecture has a population of 1,229,432 ( 1 June 2019 ) and is the second-largest prefecture at 15,275 km² ( 5,897 sq mi ) . Iwate Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north , Akita Prefecture to the west , and Miyagi Prefecture to the south . Morioka is the capital and largest city of Iwate Prefecture , with other major cities including Ichinoseki , Ōshū , and Hanamaki . Iwate Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features the easternmost point of Honshu at Cape Todo . Iwate Prefecture shares the highest peaks of the Ōu Mountains , the longest mountain range in Japan , at the border with Akita Prefecture . Iwate Prefecture is home to famous attractions such as Morioka Castle , the Buddhist temples of Hiraizumi including Chūson-ji and Mōtsū-ji , the Fujiwara no Sato movie lot and theme park in Ōshū , and the Tenshochi park in Kitakami known for its big , old cherry trees . Iwate Prefecture has the lowest population density of any prefecture outside Hokkaido and 5% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks ."}]}, {'value': 'Hayachine Kagura ( 早池峰神楽 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 31 , August 1 ; also on February 2 , latter part of April , middle of September , third Sunday in December ( Ōtsuganai ) ; January 3 , December 17 ( Take )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A variety of masked dance including ritual , theatrical and wild pieces , comic dialogue and at the end a lion dance characteristic of the yamabushi tradition of northeast Japan . The Hayachine Kagura is represented by two kagura groups , Ōtsuganai and Take , with more or less identical performances . The one notable difference is that the masked used for the mountain kami are referred to as a in Ōtsuganai and as un in the Take tradition , forming the a-un syllables that feature in various Buddhist and Shinto contexts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamabushi', 'summary': "Yamabushi ( 山伏 ) ( one who prostrates himself on the mountain ) are Japanese mountain ascetic hermits . According to a traditional Japanese mysticism , Yamabushi are believed to be endowed with supernatural powers . They follow the Shugendō doctrine , an integration of mainly esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon sect , with Tendai Buddhist , Taoism , and elements of Shinto . [ unreliable source ] For the most part solitary , they did form loose confederations , and associations with certain temples , and also participated in battles and skirmishes alongside samurai and sōhei warrior monks on certain occasions . Their origins can be traced back to the solitary Yama-bito and some hijiri ( 聖 ) of the eighth and ninth centuries . There has also been cross-teaching with samurai weaponry and Yamabushi 's spiritual approach to life and fighting . [ original research ? ] In modern use , the term ubasoku-yamabushi refers to laymen practitioners of shugendō . [ not verified in body ] The religion places a heavy emphasis on asceticism and feats of endurance , and white and saffron-robed yamabushi toting a horagai conch-shell trumpet are still a common sight near the shugendō holy site of Dewa Sanzan and in the sacred mountains of Kumano and Omine . [ not verified in body ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Kami', 'summary': 'Kami is the Japanese word for a god , deity , divinity , or spirit . It has been used to describe mind ( 心霊 ) , God ( ゴッド ) , supreme being ( 至上者 ) , one of the Shinto deities , an effigy , a principle , and anything that is worshipped . Although deity is the common interpretation of kami , some Shinto scholars argue that such a translation can cause a misunderstanding of the term . [ page needed ] The wide variety of usage of the word kami can be compared to the Sanskrit Deva and the Hebrew Elohim , which also refer to God , gods , angels , or spirits . The etymological origin of the word kami is from proto-Japonic kamugami ( „ to shine ( into the eye ) ) or kagami ( „ mirror ) , and was used to describe the characteristics of the kami . The word was first used during the Yayoi period and linked to the early Japanese culture . The most likely origin comes from old-Japanese kami 上 ( the ones above ) . Some other etymological suggestions are :'}, {'url': '/wiki/A-un', 'summary': 'The term A-un of the Sanskrit alphabet . Together , they symbolically represent the beginning and the end of all things . In Japanese Mikkyō Buddhism , the letters represent the beginning and the end of the universe . This appears in Greek as Alpha-Omega , similarly adopted by Christianity to symbolize Christ as the beginning and end of all . The term is also used in Shinto and Buddhist architecture to describe the paired statues common in Japanese religious settings , most notably the Niō and the komainu . In most cases one of the two , the right one , has its mouth open to pronounce the sound a , while the other has it closed to utter the sound um . The symbolism is the same already seen . The generic name for statues with an open mouth is agyō ( 阿形 , lit . a shape ) , that for those with a closed mouth ungyō ( 吽形 , lit . un shape ) . The term a-un is used figuratively in some Japanese expressions as a-un breathing ( 阿吽の呼吸 , a-un no kokyū ) or a-un relationship ( 阿吽の仲 , a-un no naka ) , indicating an inherently harmonious relationship or non-verbal communication . In India , the original Sanscrit a-huṁ or simply Om is used as a mantra for meditation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shinto', 'summary': "Shinto , [ a ] also known as Shintoism or kami-no-michi , [ b ] is a religion originating from Japan . Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of religion , its practitioners often regard it as Japan 's indigenous religion . Scholars sometimes call its practitioners Shintoists , although adherents rarely use that term themselves . Shinto is polytheistic and revolves around the kami ( gods or spirits ) , supernatural entities believed to inhabit all things . The link between the kami and the natural world has led to Shinto being considered animistic and pantheistic . The kami are worshiped at kamidana household shrines , family shrines , and public shrines . The latter are staffed by priests who oversee offerings to the kami and the provision of religious paraphernalia such as amulets to the religion 's adherents . Other common rituals include the kagura ritual dances , age specific celebrations , and seasonal festivals . These festivals and rituals are collectively called matsuri . A major conceptual focus in Shinto is ensuring purity by cleansing practices of various types including ritual washing or bathing . Shinto does not emphasize specific moral codes other than ritual purity , reverence for kami , and regular communion following seasonal practices . Shinto has no single creator or specific doctrinal text , but exists in a diverse range of localized and regionalised forms ."}]}, {'value': 'Hayachine Shrine , Ōhasama , Hanamaki , Iwate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōhasama,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Ōhasama ( 大迫町 , Ōhasama-machi ) was a town located in Hienuki District , Iwate Prefecture , Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hanamaki,_Iwate', 'summary': 'Hanamaki ( 花巻市 , Hanamaki-shi ) is a city in Iwate Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 94,127 , and a population density of 104 persons per km² , in 36,859 households . The total area of the city is 908.39 square kilometres ( 350.73 sq mi ) . Hanamaki is famous as the birthplace of Kenji Miyazawa and for its hot spring resorts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture', 'summary': "Iwate Prefecture ( 岩手県 , Iwate-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu . Iwate Prefecture has a population of 1,229,432 ( 1 June 2019 ) and is the second-largest prefecture at 15,275 km² ( 5,897 sq mi ) . Iwate Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north , Akita Prefecture to the west , and Miyagi Prefecture to the south . Morioka is the capital and largest city of Iwate Prefecture , with other major cities including Ichinoseki , Ōshū , and Hanamaki . Iwate Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features the easternmost point of Honshu at Cape Todo . Iwate Prefecture shares the highest peaks of the Ōu Mountains , the longest mountain range in Japan , at the border with Akita Prefecture . Iwate Prefecture is home to famous attractions such as Morioka Castle , the Buddhist temples of Hiraizumi including Chūson-ji and Mōtsū-ji , the Fujiwara no Sato movie lot and theme park in Ōshū , and the Tenshochi park in Kitakami known for its big , old cherry trees . Iwate Prefecture has the lowest population density of any prefecture outside Hokkaido and 5% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks ."}]}, {'value': 'Ogatsu hōin Kagura ( 雄勝法印神楽 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18th day of the second month ( Funatama Shrine ) ; 15th-16th day of the third month ( Isuzu Shrine ) ; 19th day of the third month ( Shirogane Shrine ) ; 8th day of the fourth month , once every three or four years ( Ishi Shrine ) ; 29th day of the fourth month , once every three or four years ( Shiogama Shrine )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theatrical yamabushi kagura including the Amano-Iwato story which is characteristic of kagura of western Japan . It is accompanied by two large ōdaiko drums and is first mentioned in a document from 1739', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamabushi', 'summary': "Yamabushi ( 山伏 ) ( one who prostrates himself on the mountain ) are Japanese mountain ascetic hermits . According to a traditional Japanese mysticism , Yamabushi are believed to be endowed with supernatural powers . They follow the Shugendō doctrine , an integration of mainly esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon sect , with Tendai Buddhist , Taoism , and elements of Shinto . [ unreliable source ] For the most part solitary , they did form loose confederations , and associations with certain temples , and also participated in battles and skirmishes alongside samurai and sōhei warrior monks on certain occasions . Their origins can be traced back to the solitary Yama-bito and some hijiri ( 聖 ) of the eighth and ninth centuries . There has also been cross-teaching with samurai weaponry and Yamabushi 's spiritual approach to life and fighting . [ original research ? ] In modern use , the term ubasoku-yamabushi refers to laymen practitioners of shugendō . [ not verified in body ] The religion places a heavy emphasis on asceticism and feats of endurance , and white and saffron-robed yamabushi toting a horagai conch-shell trumpet are still a common sight near the shugendō holy site of Dewa Sanzan and in the sacred mountains of Kumano and Omine . [ not verified in body ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Amano-Iwato', 'summary': "Ama-no-Iwato ( 天岩戸 , literally heavenly rock cave ) is a cave in Japanese mythology . According to the Kojiki ( Records of Ancient Matters ) , the bad behavior of Susano ' o , the Japanese god of storms , drove his sister Amaterasu into the Ame-no-Iwato cave . The land was thus deprived of light . In order to get Amaterasu out of the cave the other gods called Yao-yorozu-no-kami threw a party outside with wisdom of Omoikane . The goddess Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto performed a lewd dance , eliciting laughter . Amaterasu grew curious about the source of amusement and peeked out of the cave entrance . She became fascinated by her own reflection in the Yata no Kagami mirror which the other gods had crafted and hung before the cave for that purpose , and stood transfixed . Ame-no-tajikarao then forced the cave open and the world was bathed in light once again . As Amaterasu stepped out of the cave a holy seal was applied to it so that she could never go back into hiding ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ōdaiko', 'summary': 'The origin of the instruments is unclear , though there have been many suggestions . Historical accounts , of which the earliest date from 588 CE , note that young Japanese men traveled to Korea to study the kakko , a drum that originated in South China . This study and appropriation of Chinese instruments may have influenced the emergence of taiko . Certain court music styles , especially gigaku and gagaku , arrived in Japan through both Korea and China . In both traditions , dancers were accompanied by several instruments that included drums similar to taiko . Certain percussive patterns and terminology in togaku , an early dance and music style in Japan , in addition to physical features of the kakko , also reflect influence from both China and India on drum use in gagaku performance . Archaeological evidence shows that taiko were used in Japan as early as the 6th century CE , during the latter part of the Kofun period , and were likely used for communication , in festivals , and in other rituals . This evidence was substantiated by the discovery of haniwa statues in the Sawa District of Gunma Prefecture . Two of these figures are depicted playing drums ; one of them , wearing skins , is equipped with a barrel-shaped drum hung from his shoulder and uses a stick to play the drum at hip height . This statue is titled Man Beating the Taiko and is considered the oldest evidence of taiko performance in Japan . Similarities between the playing style demonstrated by this haniwa and known music traditions in Korea and China further suggest influences from these regions . The Nihon Shoki , the second oldest book of Japanese classical history , contains a mythological story describing the origin of taiko .'}]}, {'value': 'Ogatsu , Ishinomaki , Miyagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ogatsu,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ogatsu ( 雄勝町 , Ogatsu-chō ) was a town formerly located in Monou District , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . On April 1 , 2005 , the old city of Ishinomaki absorbed the towns of Kahoku , Kanan , Kitakami , Monou and Ogatsu ( all from the former Monou District ) , and the town of Oshika ( from Oshika District ) to more than quadruple its area and added nearly 60,000 people to its population . Ogatsu was famous for its inkstones and had a scallop festival every year in the fall .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ishinomaki,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ishinomaki ( 石巻市 , Ishinomaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 141,725 , and a population density of 256 persons per km² in 61,233 households . The total area of the city is 554.58 square kilometres ( 214.12 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Miyagi Prefecture ( 宮城県 , Miyagi-ken ) is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan . The capital is Sendai .'}]}, {'value': 'Nekko Bangaku ( 根子番楽 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 14 , second Sunday in September', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A form of yamabushi kagura performed as part of the Bon festival in August and as part of Yama Shrine 's festival in September . Locally it is referred to as bushi mai ( warrior dance ) , ara mai ( wild dance ) or shishi mai ( lion dance ) and is accompanied by large hourglass-type drum , flute and cymbals", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamabushi', 'summary': "Yamabushi ( 山伏 ) ( one who prostrates himself on the mountain ) are Japanese mountain ascetic hermits . According to a traditional Japanese mysticism , Yamabushi are believed to be endowed with supernatural powers . They follow the Shugendō doctrine , an integration of mainly esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon sect , with Tendai Buddhist , Taoism , and elements of Shinto . [ unreliable source ] For the most part solitary , they did form loose confederations , and associations with certain temples , and also participated in battles and skirmishes alongside samurai and sōhei warrior monks on certain occasions . Their origins can be traced back to the solitary Yama-bito and some hijiri ( 聖 ) of the eighth and ninth centuries . There has also been cross-teaching with samurai weaponry and Yamabushi 's spiritual approach to life and fighting . [ original research ? ] In modern use , the term ubasoku-yamabushi refers to laymen practitioners of shugendō . [ not verified in body ] The religion places a heavy emphasis on asceticism and feats of endurance , and white and saffron-robed yamabushi toting a horagai conch-shell trumpet are still a common sight near the shugendō holy site of Dewa Sanzan and in the sacred mountains of Kumano and Omine . [ not verified in body ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Bon_festival', 'summary': "Obon ( お盆 ) or just Bon ( 盆 ) is a Japanese Buddhist custom to honor the spirits of one 's ancestors . This Buddhist-Confucian custom has evolved into a family reunion holiday during which people return to ancestral family places and visit and clean their ancestors ' graves when the spirits of ancestors are supposed to revisit the household altars . It has been celebrated in Japan for more than 500 years and traditionally includes a dance , known as Bon Odori . The festival of Obon lasts for three days ; however , its starting date varies within different regions of Japan . When the lunar calendar was changed to the Gregorian calendar at the beginning of the Meiji era , the localities in Japan responded differently , which resulted in three different times of Obon . Shichigatsu Bon ( Bon in July ) is based on the solar calendar and is celebrated around the 15th of July in eastern Japan ( Kantō region such as Tokyo , Yokohama and the Tōhoku region ) , coinciding with Chūgen . Hachigatsu Bon ( Bon in August ) , based on the lunar calendar , is celebrated around the August 15 and is the most commonly celebrated time . Kyū Bon ( Old Bon ) is celebrated on the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar , and so differs each year , which appears between August 8 and September 7 . One exception was in 2008 and 2019 , when the solar and lunar calendar matched so Hachigatsu Bon and Kyū Bon were celebrated on the same day . Kyū Bon is celebrated in areas such as the northern part of the Kantō region , Chūgoku region , Shikoku , and Okinawa Prefecture . These three festival days are not listed as public holidays , but it is customary for people to be given leave ."}]}, {'value': 'Yama Shrine , Ani , Kitaakita , Akita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ani,_Akita', 'summary': 'Ani ( 阿仁町 , Ani-machi ) was a town located in Kitaakita District , Akita Prefecture , Japan . In 2003 , the town had an estimated population of 4,079 and a density of 10.97 persons per km² . The total area was 371.92 km² . On March 22 , 2005 , Ani , along with the towns of Aikawa , Moriyoshi and Takanosu ( all from Kitaakita District ) merged to create the city of Kitaakita .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kitaakita,_Akita', 'summary': 'Kitaakita ( 北秋田市 , Kitaakita-shi ) is a city located in Akita Prefecture , Japan . As of 30 November 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 31,504 in 14,021 households , and a population density of 27 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 1,152.76 square kilometres ( 445.08 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Akita_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Akita Prefecture ( 秋田県 , Akita-ken ) is a prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of Japan . The capital is the city of Akita .'}]}, {'value': 'Horōsan no Shimotsuki Kagura ( 保呂羽山の霜月神楽 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 7 , 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A form of yudate kagura including 33 rituals performed over one night including a kagura dance in ancient manner . It is seen as a prayer for abundant crops and thanks for the harvest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kagura', 'summary': 'The epics Kojiki and Nihon Shoki describe a folktale origin for the dances . In these texts , there is a famous legendary tale about the sun goddess Amaterasu , who retreated into a cave , bringing darkness and cold to the world . Ame-no-Uzume , goddess of the dawn and of revelry , led the other gods in a wild dance , and persuaded Amaterasu to emerge to see what the ruckus was all about . Kagura is one of a number of rituals and arts said to derive from this event . Originally called kamukura or kamikura ( 神座 ) , kagura began as sacred dances performed at the Imperial court by shrine maidens ( miko ) who were supposedly descendants of Ame-no-Uzume . Over time , however , these Mikagura ( 御神楽 ) performed within the sacred and private precincts of the Imperial courts , inspired popular ritual dances , called satokagura ( 里神楽 ) , which , being popular forms , practiced in villages all around the country , were adapted into various other folk traditions and developed into a number of different forms . Among these are miko kagura , shishi kagura , and Ise-style and Izumo-style kagura dances . Many more variations have developed over the centuries , including some which are fairly new , and most of which have become highly secularized folk traditions . Kagura , in particular those forms that involve storytelling or reenactment of fables , is also one of the primary influences on the Noh theatre .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōmori , Yokote , Akita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōmori,_Akita', 'summary': 'Ōmori ( 大森町 , Ōmori-machi ) was a town located in Hiraka District , Akita Prefecture , Japan . In 2003 , the town has an estimated population of 7,757 and a density of 75.88 persons per km² . The total area was 102.23 km² . On October 1 , 2005 , Ōmori , along with the towns of Hiraka , Jūmonji , Masuda and Omonogawa ; and the villages of Sannai and Taiyū ( all from Hiraka District ) , was merged into the expanded city of Yokote .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yokote,_Akita', 'summary': 'Yokote ( 横手市 , Yokote-shi ) is a city located in Akita Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 December 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 89,574 in 34,240 households , and a population density of 130 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 693.04 km2 ( 267.58 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Akita_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Akita Prefecture ( 秋田県 , Akita-ken ) is a prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of Japan . The capital is the city of Akita .'}]}, {'value': 'Honkai-bangaku Lion dance ( 本海獅子舞番楽 , honkai shishimai bangaku )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lion_dance', 'summary': "Lion dance ( simplified Chinese : 舞狮 ; traditional Chinese : 舞獅 ; pinyin : wǔshī ) is a form of traditional dance in Chinese culture and other Asian countries in which performers mimic a lion 's movements in a lion costume to bring good luck and fortune . The lion dance is usually performed during the Chinese New Year and other Chinese traditional , cultural and religious festivals . It may also be performed at important occasions such as business opening events , special celebrations or wedding ceremonies , or may be used to honour special guests by the Chinese communities . The Chinese lion dance is normally operated by two dancers , one of whom manipulates the head while the other forms the rear end of the lion . It is distinguishable from the dragon dance which is performed by many people who hold the long sinuous body of the dragon on poles . Chinese lion dance fundamental movements can be found in Chinese martial arts , and it is commonly performed to a vigorous drum beat . There are two main forms of the Chinese lion dance , the Northern Lion and the Southern Lion . Both forms are commonly found in China , but around the world especially in South East Asia , the Southern Lion predominates as it was spread by the Chinese diaspora communities who are historically mostly of Southern Chinese origin . Versions of lion dance related to the Chinese lion are also found in Japan , Korea , Tibet and Vietnam . Other forms of lion dance exist around the world , for example Singa Barong in Indonesian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Various times of the year , at the start of the year in January , July-September , November , December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intense lion dance performed by two people , one carrying a lion head the other under a sheet . Besides the lion dance there are other ceremonial and ritual dances , samurai dances and women dances . The designation has been designated under criteria 2 , 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akita Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akita_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Akita Prefecture ( 秋田県 , Akita-ken ) is a prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of Japan . The capital is the city of Akita .'}]}, {'value': 'Sugisawa Hiyama ( 杉沢比山 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 15 ( main ) , also on August 6 ( preparation ) , 20 ( sending kami off )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kami', 'summary': 'Kami is the Japanese word for a god , deity , divinity , or spirit . It has been used to describe mind ( 心霊 ) , God ( ゴッド ) , supreme being ( 至上者 ) , one of the Shinto deities , an effigy , a principle , and anything that is worshipped . Although deity is the common interpretation of kami , some Shinto scholars argue that such a translation can cause a misunderstanding of the term . [ page needed ] The wide variety of usage of the word kami can be compared to the Sanskrit Deva and the Hebrew Elohim , which also refer to God , gods , angels , or spirits . The etymological origin of the word kami is from proto-Japonic kamugami ( „ to shine ( into the eye ) ) or kagami ( „ mirror ) , and was used to describe the characteristics of the kami . The word was first used during the Yayoi period and linked to the early Japanese culture . The most likely origin comes from old-Japanese kami 上 ( the ones above ) . Some other etymological suggestions are :'}]}, {'value': 'A type of yamabushi kagura that belongs to the bangaku kagura tradition of Aomori , Iwate , Akita and Yamagata Prefecture and consists of a series of masked dramas and ritual dances', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamabushi', 'summary': "Yamabushi ( 山伏 ) ( one who prostrates himself on the mountain ) are Japanese mountain ascetic hermits . According to a traditional Japanese mysticism , Yamabushi are believed to be endowed with supernatural powers . They follow the Shugendō doctrine , an integration of mainly esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon sect , with Tendai Buddhist , Taoism , and elements of Shinto . [ unreliable source ] For the most part solitary , they did form loose confederations , and associations with certain temples , and also participated in battles and skirmishes alongside samurai and sōhei warrior monks on certain occasions . Their origins can be traced back to the solitary Yama-bito and some hijiri ( 聖 ) of the eighth and ninth centuries . There has also been cross-teaching with samurai weaponry and Yamabushi 's spiritual approach to life and fighting . [ original research ? ] In modern use , the term ubasoku-yamabushi refers to laymen practitioners of shugendō . [ not verified in body ] The religion places a heavy emphasis on asceticism and feats of endurance , and white and saffron-robed yamabushi toting a horagai conch-shell trumpet are still a common sight near the shugendō holy site of Dewa Sanzan and in the sacred mountains of Kumano and Omine . [ not verified in body ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Aomori Prefecture ( 青森県 , Aomori-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region . The capital is the city of Aomori .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture', 'summary': "Iwate Prefecture ( 岩手県 , Iwate-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu . Iwate Prefecture has a population of 1,229,432 ( 1 June 2019 ) and is the second-largest prefecture at 15,275 km² ( 5,897 sq mi ) . Iwate Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north , Akita Prefecture to the west , and Miyagi Prefecture to the south . Morioka is the capital and largest city of Iwate Prefecture , with other major cities including Ichinoseki , Ōshū , and Hanamaki . Iwate Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and features the easternmost point of Honshu at Cape Todo . Iwate Prefecture shares the highest peaks of the Ōu Mountains , the longest mountain range in Japan , at the border with Akita Prefecture . Iwate Prefecture is home to famous attractions such as Morioka Castle , the Buddhist temples of Hiraizumi including Chūson-ji and Mōtsū-ji , the Fujiwara no Sato movie lot and theme park in Ōshū , and the Tenshochi park in Kitakami known for its big , old cherry trees . Iwate Prefecture has the lowest population density of any prefecture outside Hokkaido and 5% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Akita_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Akita Prefecture ( 秋田県 , Akita-ken ) is a prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of Japan . The capital is the city of Akita .'}]}, {'value': 'Kumano Shrine , Yuza , Yamagata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuza,_Yamagata', 'summary': 'Yuza ( 遊佐町 , Yuza-machi ) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture , Japan . As of November 2015 , the town had an estimated population of 14,070 , and a population density of 67.5 persons per km² . The total area is 208.38 square kilometres ( 80 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamagata_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Yamagata Prefecture ( 山形県 , Yamagata-ken Japanese pronunciation : [ ja̠ma̠ɡa̠ta̠kẽ̞ɴ ] ) is a prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of Japan . Its capital is Yamagata .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamashiki Shrine Kagura ( 玉敷神社神楽 , tamashiki jinja kagura )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kisai , Saitama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kisai,_Saitama', 'summary': 'Kisai ( 騎西町 , Kisai-machi ) was a town located in Kitasaitama District , Saitama Prefecture , Japan . As of 2003 , the town had an estimated population of 20,105 and a density of 702.97 persons per km² . The total area was 28.60 km² . On March 23 , 2010 , Kisai , along with the towns of Kitakawabe and Ōtone ( all from Kitasaitama District ) , was merged into the expanded city of Kazo . Kitasaitama District was dissolved as a result of this merger .'}]}, {'value': 'Washinomiya Saibara Kagura ( 鷲宮催馬楽神楽 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saibara', 'summary': "Saibara ( 催馬楽 ) is a genre of accompanied vocal Japanese court music that existed during the Heian period in the Nara and Kyoto regions . It draws from traditional folk music ( fūzokuuta ( 風俗歌 ) ) of the Nara period accompanied by togaku instruments , with the exception of the uchimono ( 打物 , percussion instruments ) , which are replaced by shakubyoshi ( 笏拍子 ) , wooden sticks used for rhythm . It may have developed out of music to drive horses along , as the Chinese characters that compose its name seem to indicate but , according to German musicologist Eta Harich-Schneider , there are several other theories . Song texts are short and simple in character and describe scenes of life . The repertoire was once estimated at some 400 songs . In the late Nara period the aristocracy became more interested in complex foreign musical imports . Emperor Horikawa ( 1079-1107 ) , despite the taste for Chinese culture since the Nara period , also cultivated an interest in fūzokuuta . Courtiers sang saibara songs for entertainment . A fashionable aristocrat was not regarded à jour if he did not know of the latest Chinese imports , such as toka music . In the 14th century , because of the many wars , the repertoire of saibara declined , as many were lost due to the turmoil , and it was only at the crowning ceremony ( Daijōe ( 大嘗会 ) ) of emperor Emperor Go-Mizunoo , who ruled from 1611 to 1629 , at Nijo Palace that a reconstruction of the old saibara pieces was attempted and the famous saibara piece Ise no umi was performed at the Imperial palace in Kyōto . The emperor 's wife , Fujiwara no Fusahi , tells in her court chronicles how little old material could be found . The repertoire today includes newly created folk songs imayōuta ( 今様歌 , modern-style song ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washimiya , Saitama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washimiya,_Saitama', 'summary': 'Washimiya ( 鷲宮町 , Washimiya-machi ) was a town located in Kitakatsushika District , Saitama , Japan . As of 2003 , the town had an estimated population of 33,739 and a density of 2,427.27 persons per km² . The total area is 13.90 km² . On March 23 , 2010 , the town of Washimiya , along with the town of Kurihashi ( also from Kitakatsushika District ) , and the town of Shōbu ( from Minamisaitama District ) , was merged into the expanded city of Kuki . Washimiya was famous for Washinomiya Shrine , one of the oldest shrines in the Kanto Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Edo no Sato Kagura ( 江戸の里神楽 ) or haji kagura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various times throughout the year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theatrical mime performed by shrines around Tokyo consisting of four groups : Wakayama shachū ( Taitō ) , Mamiya shachū ( Shinagawa ) , Matsumoto shachū ( Arakawa ) , Yamamoto shachū ( Inagi ) . The tradition is derived from Washi no Miya Kagura of Saitama and was introduced during the Enpō era . It received a revamping during the Meiji period resulting in a mix of classical ( koten ) kagura relating ancient myths , modern ( kindai ) kagura portraying medieval stories ( e.g . Rashōmon ) , otogi kagura of modern legends ( e.g . Momotarō ) , nō and kyōgen kagura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taitō', 'summary': "Taitō ( 台東区 , Taitō-ku ) is a special ward located in Tokyo Metropolis , Japan . In English , it is known as Taitō City . As of May 1 , 2015 , the ward has an estimated population of 186,276 , and a population density of 18,420 persons per km2 . The total area is 10.11 square kilometres ( 3.90 sq mi ) . This makes Taito ward the smallest of Tokyo 's wards in area , and third-smallest in population ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shinagawa', 'summary': 'Shinagawa ( 品川区 , Shinagawa-ku ) is a special ward in Tokyo , Japan . The ward refers to itself as Shinagawa City in English . The ward is home to ten embassies . As of 1 April 2016 [ update ] , the ward has an estimated population of 380,293 , and a population density of 16,510 persons per km² . The total area is 22.84 km² . Shinagawa is also commonly used to refer to the business district around Shinagawa Station , which is not part of the Shinagawa ward . This Shinagawa is in Takanawa and Konan neighborhoods of Minato , directly north of Kita-Shinagawa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arakawa,_Tokyo', 'summary': 'Arakawa ( 荒川区 , Arakawa-ku ) is a special ward located in Tokyo Metropolis , Japan . The ward takes its name from the river , the Arakawa , though the Arakawa River does not run through or touch the ward . Its neighbors are the wards of Adachi , Kita , Bunkyo , Taito and Sumida . In English , the ward calls itself Arakawa City . Arakawa has sister-city relationships with Donaustadt in Vienna , Austria , and with Corvallis , Oregon , U.S. Domestically , it has similar relationships with nine cities , towns and villages . As of May 1 , 2015 , the ward has an estimated population of 208,763 , and a population density of about 20,550 persons per km² . The total area is 10.16 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Inagi,_Tokyo', 'summary': 'Inagi ( 稲城市 , Inagi-shi ) is a city located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis , Japan . As of 1 February 2016 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 87,927 , and a population density of 4890 persons per km² . Its total area is 17.97 square kilometres ( 17,970,000 m2 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture', 'summary': "Saitama Prefecture ( 埼玉県 , Saitama-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region . The capital is the city of Saitama . This prefecture is part of the Greater Tokyo Area , and many of Saitama 's cities can be described as suburbs of Tokyo , to which many residents commute each day ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Enpō', 'summary': 'Enpō ( 延宝 ) ( contemporarily written as 延寳 ) is the Japanese era name ( 年号 , nengō , year name ) after Kanbun and before Tenna . This period spanned the years from September 1673 to September 1681 . The reigning emperor was Reigen-tennō ( 霊元天皇 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meiji_period', 'summary': 'The Meiji era ( 明治 , Meiji , Japanese pronunciation : [ meꜜː ( d ) ʑi ] ) is an era of Japanese history which extended from October 23 , 1868 to July 30 , 1912 . This era represents the first half of the Empire of Japan , during which period the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonisation by European powers to the new paradigm of a modern , industrialised nation state and emergent great power , influenced by Western scientific , technological , philosophical , political , legal , and aesthetic ideas . As a result of such wholesale adoption of radically-different ideas , the changes to Japan were profound , and affected its social structure , internal politics , economy , military , and foreign relations . The period corresponded to the reign of Emperor Meiji and was succeeded upon the accession of Emperor Taishō by the Taishō era .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rashōmon_(Noh_play)', 'summary': 'Rashōmon ( 羅生門 ) is a Noh play by Kanze Nobumitsu ( c.1420 ) . Like other celebrated dramas such as the Maodori-hasi and Ibaraki , it is based on the legend of Watanabe no Tsuna and the demon of Rashōmon . The title is a pun , which involves the Rajōmon outer castle gate but Kanze changed it by using the kanji shō for life rather than the original jō for castle . It is one of the few Noh plays where the supporting waki ( 脇 ) rather than the normally leading shite ( 仕手 ) dominates the action . It is suggested that this can be attributed to the fact that Nobumitsu used to play waki roles when he was an actor . The shite character in this play only makes an appearance at the end and has no dialogue . Rashōmon is also a play which follows characters from one venue to another . Act 1 takes place in the dining hall of a general , but in Act 2 the waki character , Tsuna , climbs the Rasho Gate to determine the truth of a story that a demon resides on the gate top .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Momotarō', 'summary': 'Momotarō ( 桃太郎 , Peach Boy ) is a popular hero of Japanese folklore . His name translates as Peach Tarō , a common Japanese masculine name , and is often translated as Peach Boy . Momotarō is the title of various books , films and other works that portray the tale of this hero . There is now a popular notion that Momotarō is a local hero of Okayama Prefecture , but this claim was invented in the modern era , and not accepted as consensus in scholarly circles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nō', 'summary': "Noh ( 能 , Nō , derived from the Sino-Japanese word for skill or talent ) , is a major form of classical Japanese dance-drama that has been performed since the 14th century . Developed by Kan'ami and his son Zeami , it is the oldest major theatre art that is still regularly performed today . Although the terms Noh and nōgaku are sometimes used interchangeably , nōgaku encompasses both Noh and kyōgen . Traditionally , a full nōgaku program includes five Noh plays with comedic kyōgen plays in between ; an abbreviated program of two Noh plays with one kyōgen piece has become common today . Optionally , an okina play may be presented in the very beginning of nōgaku presentation . Noh is often based on tales from traditional literature with a supernatural being transformed into human form as a hero narrating a story . Noh integrates masks , costumes and various props in a dance-based performance , requiring highly trained actors and musicians . Emotions are primarily conveyed by stylized conventional gestures while the iconic masks represent the roles such as ghosts , women , children , and the elderly . Written in late middle Japanese , the text vividly describes the ordinary people of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries . [ attribution needed ] Having a strong emphasis on tradition rather than innovation , Noh is extremely codified and regulated by the iemoto system ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyōgen', 'summary': "Kyōgen ( 狂言 , mad words or wild speech ) is a form of traditional Japanese comic theater . It developed alongside Noh , was performed along with Noh as an intermission of sorts between Noh acts on the same stage , and retains close links to Noh in the modern day ; therefore , it is sometimes designated Noh-kyōgen . Its contents are nevertheless not at all similar to the formal , symbolic , and solemn Noh theater ; kyōgen is a comic form , and its primary goal is to make its audience laugh . Kyōgen together with Noh is part of Nōgaku theatre . Kyōgen is sometimes compared to the Italian comic form of commedia dell'arte , which developed around the same period ( 14th century ) and likewise features stock characters . It also has parallels with the Greek satyr play , a short , comical play performed between tragedies ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chigo no Mai of Kawaguchi ( 河口の稚児の舞 , Kawaguchi no chigo no mai )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 25 ( Magomi Festival ( 孫見祭 ) ) and July 28 ( Daidai Festival ( 太々御神楽祭 ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dance of about 10 young girls accompanied by drums , hourglass-shaped drums , and flutes considered as a type of daidai kagura . The dance has been designated under criteria 2 , 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawaguchi Asama Shrine , Fujikawaguchiko , Yamanashi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asama_Shrine', 'summary': 'An Asama shrine ( 浅間神社 , Asama jinja , Sengen jinja ) is a type of Shinto Shrine in Japan centered on the worship of the kami of volcanos in general , and Mount Fuji in particular . Per the Jinja Honchō , there are approximately 1300 Asama shrines in the country , centered primarily in Shizuoka Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture , and to a lesser extent in the prefectures of the Kantō region and Aichi . Almost all Asama Shrines are within sight of Mount Fuji . Where this is not possible because of distance or obstructions , a miniature replica of Mount Fuji known as a Fujizuka ( 富士塚 ) made from rocks from the mountain was often erected within the shrine grounds . The head of all Asama shrines is the Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha , located in Fujinomiya , Shizuoka . In 2013 the Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha , Yamamiya Sengen Shrine , Murayama Sengen Shrine , Suyama Sengen Shrine , Fuji Sengen Shrine , Kawaguchi Asama Shrine , and Fuji Omuro Sengen Shrine were added to the World Heritage List as part of the Fujisan Cultural Site .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fujikawaguchiko,_Yamanashi', 'summary': 'Fujikawaguchiko ( 富士河口湖町 , Fujikawaguchiko-machi ) is a town located in Yamanashi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 26,542 in 10618 households , and a population density of 170 persons per km2 . The total area of the town is 158.40 square kilometres ( 61.16 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Yamanashi Prefecture ( 山梨県 , Yamanashi-ken ) is a prefecture located in the Chūbu region of Japan . The prefecture is landlocked , featuring a fertile central valley , the Kōfu Basin , surrounded by many of the highest mountains in Japan including the highest , Mount Fuji located on the southern border with Shizuoka .'}]}, {'value': 'Tōyama Shimotsuki Matsuri ( 遠山の霜月祭 , tōyama no shimotsuki matsuri )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1 -23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A form of yudate kagura consisting of various dances and dramas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iida , Nagano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iida,_Nagano', 'summary': 'Iida ( 飯田市 , Iida-shi ) is a city located in Nagano Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 March 2019 [ update ] , Iida had an estimated population of 101,536 , and a population density of 154 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 658.66 square kilometres ( 254.31 sq mi ) . Iida is an environmental model city ( 環境モデル都市 , Kankyō moderu toshi ) , a municipality designated by the Japanese government to be a model for making large cuts in greenhouse gas emissions towards a low-carbon society .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Nagano Prefecture ( 長野県 , Nagano-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū . Nagano Prefecture has a population of 2,052,493 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 13,561 km² ( 5,236 sq mi ) . Nagano Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture to the north , Gunma Prefecture to the northeast , Saitama Prefecture to the east , Yamanashi Prefecture to the southeast , Shizuoka Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture to the south , and Gifu Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture to the west . Nagano is the capital and largest city of Nagano Prefecture , with other major cities including Matsumoto , Ueda , and Iida . Nagano Prefecture has impressive highland areas of the Japanese Alps , including most of the Hida Mountains , Kiso Mountains , and Akaishi Mountains which extend into the neighbouring prefectures . The abundance of mountain ranges , natural scenic beauty , and rich history has gained Nagano Prefecture international recognition as a world-class winter sports tourist destination , including hosting to the 1998 Winter Olympics and a new Shinkansen line to Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': 'Tenryū Shimotsuki Kagura ( 天竜村の霜月神楽 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tenryū , Nagano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tenryū,_Nagano', 'summary': 'Tenryū ( 天龍村 , Tenryū-mura ) is a village located in Nagano Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2019 [ update ] , the village had an estimated population of 1,275 in 712 households , and a population density of 12.1 persons per km² . The total area of the village is 109.44 square kilometres ( 42.26 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Hana Matsuri ( 花祭 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitashitara District , Aichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitashitara_District,_Aichi', 'summary': 'Kitashitara District ( 北設楽郡 , Kitashitara-gun ) is a rural district located in northeastern Aichi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 October 2019 , the district had an estimated population of 8,595 and a population density of 15.5 persons per km² . Its total area was 554.51 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'Ise Daikagura ( 伊勢太神楽 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A tradition of predominantly lion dances with some theatrical pieces and acrobatics added . They are used as purification ritual and to pacify spirits', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuwana , Mie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuwana,_Mie', 'summary': 'Kuwana ( 桑名市 , Kuwana-shi ) is a city located in Mie Prefecture , Japan . In June 1 , 2019 , the city had an estimated population of 139,587 and a population density of 1,021 per km² . The total area is 136.68 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mie_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Mie Prefecture ( 三重県 , Mie-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Mie Prefecture has a population of 1,781,948 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 5,774 km² ( 2,229 sq mi ) . Mie Prefecture borders Gifu Prefecture to the north , Shiga Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture to the northwest , Nara Prefecture to the west , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Aichi Prefecture to the east . Tsu is the capital and Yokkaichi is the largest city of Mie Prefecture , with other major cities including Suzuka , Matsusaka , and Kuwana . Mie Prefecture is located on the eastern coast of the Kii Peninsula , forming the western side of Ise Bay which features the mouths of the Kiso Three Rivers . Mie Prefecture is a popular tourism destination home to Nagashima Spa Land , Suzuka International Racing Course , and some of the oldest and holiest sites in Shinto , the traditional religion of Japan , including the Ise Grand Shrine and the Tsubaki Grand Shrine .'}]}, {'value': "Okashira Shinji ( 御頭神事 , lit . ritual of the ( lions ' ) heads )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lion dance of a male and female lion by two men bearing torches , originally performed as purification ritual to cure the villagers of disease', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ise , Mie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ise,_Mie', 'summary': 'Ise ( 伊勢市 , Ise-shi ) , formerly called Ujiyamada ( 宇治山田 ) , is a city located on the eastern tip of Kii Peninsula , in central Mie Prefecture ( formally in Ise Province ) , on the island of Honshū , Japan , facing Ise Bay . Ise is home to Ise Grand Shrine , the most sacred Shintō shrine in Japan , and is thus a very popular destination for tourists . The city has a long-standing title - Shinto ( 神都 ) - that roughly means the Holy City , and literally means the Capital of the Kami . Most of the city is within the geographic limits of Ise-Shima National Park . As of September 2012 , the city has an estimated population of 129,125 and a population density of 619 persons per km² . The total area is 208.53 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mie_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Mie Prefecture ( 三重県 , Mie-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Mie Prefecture has a population of 1,781,948 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 5,774 km² ( 2,229 sq mi ) . Mie Prefecture borders Gifu Prefecture to the north , Shiga Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture to the northwest , Nara Prefecture to the west , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Aichi Prefecture to the east . Tsu is the capital and Yokkaichi is the largest city of Mie Prefecture , with other major cities including Suzuka , Matsusaka , and Kuwana . Mie Prefecture is located on the eastern coast of the Kii Peninsula , forming the western side of Ise Bay which features the mouths of the Kiso Three Rivers . Mie Prefecture is a popular tourism destination home to Nagashima Spa Land , Suzuka International Racing Course , and some of the oldest and holiest sites in Shinto , the traditional religion of Japan , including the Ise Grand Shrine and the Tsubaki Grand Shrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Ama Fūryū Odori and Kōdori dances ( 阿万の風流大踊小踊 , ama no fūryū odori kōdori )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunday nearest to September 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Two types of dances : odori danced in two rows employing fans to the accompaniment of song , hyoshigi , and shimedaiko , with lyrics originating in the Muromachi and early Edo period ; kōdori danced in a single row by about 8 dancers with lyrics after the Genroku era and with a lighter tone . Originally a prayer for rain , the dances are now performed as part of the shrine 's autumn festival . The dance has been designated under criteria 2 , 3", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyoshigi', 'summary': 'The hyōshigi ( 拍子木 ) is a simple Japanese musical instrument , consisting of two pieces of hardwood or bamboo often connected by a thin ornamental rope . The clappers are played together or on the floor to create a cracking sound . Sometimes they are struck slowly at first , then faster and faster .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Muromachi_period', 'summary': 'The Muromachi period ( 室町時代 , Muromachi jidai , also known as the Muromachi era , the Ashikaga era , or the Ashikaga period ) is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573 . The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate ( Muromachi bakufu or Ashikaga bakufu ) , which was officially established in 1338 by the first Muromachi shōgun , Ashikaga Takauji , two years after the brief Kenmu Restoration ( 1333-1336 ) of imperial rule was brought to a close . The period ended in 1573 when the 15th and last shogun of this line , Ashikaga Yoshiaki , was driven out of the capital in Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga . From a cultural perspective , the period can be divided into the Kitayama and Higashiyama periods ( later 15th - early 16th centuries ) . The early years from 1336 to 1392 of the Muromachi period are known as the Nanboku-chō or Northern and Southern Court period . This period is marked by the continued resistance of the supporters of Emperor Go-Daigo , the emperor behind the Kenmu Restoration . The years from 1465 to the end of the Muromachi period are also known as the Sengoku period or Warring States period .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Genroku', 'summary': 'Genroku ( 元禄 ) was a Japanese era name ( 年号 , nengō , year name ) after Jōkyō and before Hōei . This period spanned the years from ninth month of 1688 through third month of 1704 . The reigning emperor was Higashiyama-tennō ( 東山天皇 ) . The years of Genroku are generally considered to be the Golden Age of the Edo period . [ citation needed ] The previous hundred years of peace and seclusion in Japan had created relative economic stability . The arts and architecture flourished . There were unanticipated consequences when the shogunate debased the quality of coins as a strategy for financing the appearance of continuing Genroku affluence . This strategic miscalculation caused abrupt inflation . Then , in an effort to solve the ensuing crisis , the bakufu introduced what were called the Kyōhō Reforms .'}]}, {'value': 'Kameoka Hachiman Shrine , Minamiawaji , Hyōgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minamiawaji', 'summary': "Minamiawaji ( 南あわじ市 , Minamiawaji-shi , lit . South Awaji City ) is a city in the southern part of Awaji Island in Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan . The modern city of Minamiawaji was established on January 11 , 2005 , from the merger of all four towns of the former Mihara District : Mihara , Midori , Nandan and Seidan . Minamiawaji also includes the small island of Nushima off the southeast coast of Awaji Island , which is only accessible by ferry . As of April 1 , 2017 , the city had an estimated population of 45,961 and a population density of 200 persons per km² . The total area is 229.17 km² . Minamiawaji 's soil and climate make it ideal for growing onions . As such , Awaji onions are renowned across Japan as sweet and delicious . Mihara town in Minamiawaji is home to a puppet museum which houses numerous examples of locally crafted puppets . This art originated in the area . Minamiawaji is connected to the south with the island of Shikoku by the Ōnaruto Bridge . The area is famous for the Naruto whirlpools , which form when the changing tidal currents are forced through the Naruto Strait ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hyōgo_Prefecture', 'summary': "Hyōgo Prefecture ( 兵庫県 , Hyōgo-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Hyōgo Prefecture has a population of 5,469,762 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 8,400 km² ( 3,243 sq mi ) . Hyōgo Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the east , Osaka Prefecture to the southeast , and Okayama Prefecture and Tottori Prefecture to the west . Kōbe is the capital and largest city of Hyōgo Prefecture , and the sixth-largest city in Japan , with other major cities including Himeji , Nishinomiya , and Amagasaki . Hyōgo Prefecture 's mainland stretches from the Sea of Japan to the Seto Inland Sea , where Awaji Island and a small archipelago of islands belonging to the prefecture are located . Hyōgo Prefecture is a major economic center , transportation hub , and tourist destination in western Japan , with 20% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Hyōgo Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Designated cultural properties -- Folk performing arts', 'section_text': "Kagura ( 神楽 , kagura ) ( lit . `` god entertainment '' ) are dances associated with Shinto shrines .", 'uid': 'List_of_Important_Intangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties_6', 'intro': 'This is a list of 318 Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties of Japan.'}
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What is the 2019 populace of Kuromori Kagura 's city ?
52,782
0640c4d011a3716c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venues_of_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Venue', 'Location', 'Sports', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Florida Citrus Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Citrus_Bowl', 'summary': 'Camping World Stadium is a stadium in Orlando , Florida , located in the West Lakes neighborhood of Downtown Orlando , west of new sports and entertainment facilities including the Amway Center , the Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts , and Exploria Stadium . It opened in 1936 as Orlando Stadium and has also been known as the Tangerine Bowl and Florida Citrus Bowl . The City of Orlando owns and operates the stadium . Camping World Stadium is the current home venue of the Citrus Bowl and the Camping World Bowl . It is also the regular host of other college football games including the Florida Classic between Florida A & M and Bethune-Cookman , the MEAC/SWAC Challenge , and the Camping World Kickoff . The stadium was built for football and in the past , it has served as home of several alternate-league football teams . From 2011 to 2013 , it was the home of the Orlando City SC , a soccer team in USL Pro . From 1979 to 2006 , it served as the home of the UCF Knights football team ( since 2007 , the team has played at university-owned and campus-based Spectrum Stadium ) . It was also one of the nine venues used for the 1994 FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Park', 'summary': "Golden Park is a 5,000-seat baseball stadium in Columbus , Georgia , United States , that opened in 1926 . Located on the Chattahoochee River in Downtown Columbus , it currently is not home to any professional baseball team . The exterior of the Golden Park is a red brick façade and has many well-landscaped sidewalks that connect to the Chattahoochee RiverWalk . Doug Redmond led the park to the most successful park attendance record in 1992 . Golden Park is named after Theodore Earnest Golden SR , co-founder of Goldens ' Foundry and Machine Co. Golden led the effort in Columbus for the city 's first South Atlantic League team . Golden Park was renovated in 1994 in anticipation of the softball events of the 1996 Summer Olympics that were held in the city of Columbus.In 2013 , Golden Park was the home of the Beep Baseball World Series Championship game . The Taiwan Homerun Team beat the Austin Blackhawks by a score of 5-2 . It also was the home field of the Columbus Catfish from 2003-2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbus , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia', 'summary': "Columbus is a consolidated city-county located on the west-central border of the U.S. state of Georgia . Located on the Chattahoochee River directly across from Phenix City , Alabama , Columbus is the county seat of Muscogee County , with which it officially merged in 1970 . Columbus is the third-largest city in Georgia and the fourth-largest metropolitan area . According to the 2017 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , Columbus has a population of 194,058 residents , with 303,811 in the Columbus metropolitan area . The metro area joins the nearby Alabama cities of Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika Combined Statistical Area , which has a 2017 estimated population of 499,128 . Columbus lies 100 miles ( 160 km ) southwest of Atlanta . Fort Benning , the United States Army 's Maneuver Center of Excellence and a major employer , is located south of the city in Chattahoochee County . Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites , including the National Infantry Museum , dedicated to the United States Army 's Infantry Branch . It has the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world constructed on the Chattahoochee River ."}]}, {'value': 'Softball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Softball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Womens Softball made its first appearance as an official medal sport at the 1996 Summer Olympics . The competition was held at historic Golden Park in Columbus , Georgia , United States . Final results for the Softball competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics :'}]}, {'value': '8,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legion Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legion_Field', 'summary': "Legion Field is an outdoor stadium in the southeastern United States in Birmingham , Alabama , primarily designed to be used as a venue for American football , but occasionally used for other large outdoor events . Opened 93 years ago in 1927 , it is named in honor of the American Legion , a U.S. organization of military veterans . Since the removal of the upper deck in 2004 , Legion Field has a seating capacity of approximately 71,594 . At its peak , it seated 83,091 for football and had the name Football Capital of the South emblazoned from the facade on its upper deck . Legion Field is colloquially called The Old Gray Lady and The Gray Lady on Graymont . The stadium 's only current primary tenant is the University of Alabama at Birmingham Blazers , a member of Conference USA ."}]}, {'value': 'Birmingham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ocoee Whitewater Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ocoee_Whitewater_Center', 'summary': 'The Ocoee Whitewater Center , near Ducktown , Tennessee , United States , was the canoe slalom venue for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , and is the only in-river course to be used for Olympic slalom competition . A 1,640 foot ( 500 m ) stretch of the Upper Ocoee River was narrowed by two-thirds to create the drops and eddies needed for a slalom course . Today , the course is watered only on summer weekends , 34 days a year , for use by guided rafts and private boaters . When the river has water , 24 commercial rafting companies take more than 750 raft passengers through the course each day . Because the river is dry most of the year , the Center , now operated by the U.S. Forest Service , also serves as a site for hiking , mountain biking , conferences , weddings , and receptions . It receives about 300,000 visitors a year .'}]}, {'value': 'Ducktown , Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ducktown,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'Ducktown is a city in Polk County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 427 at the 2000 census and 475 at the 2010 census . It is included in the Cleveland Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing ( slalom )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Orange_Bowl', 'summary': 'The Miami Orange Bowl was an outdoor athletic stadium in Miami , Florida from 1937 until 2008 . Located in the Little Havana neighborhood west of Downtown , it was considered a landmark , and was the home stadium for the Miami Hurricanes college football team , and the professional Miami Dolphins for their first 21 seasons , until the opening of Joe Robbie Stadium ( now Hard Rock Stadium ) in nearby Miami Gardens in 1987 . The stadium was the temporary home of the FIU Golden Panthers while its FIU Stadium underwent expansion during the 2007 season . Originally known as Burdine Stadium when opened in 1937 , it was renamed in 1959 for the Orange Bowl college football bowl game which was played at the venue following every season from 1938 to 1996 . The event was moved to Pro Player Stadium ( now Hard Rock Stadium ) beginning on December 31 , 1996 . In January 1999 , it returned to the Orange Bowl for one final time due to a scheduling conflict . The minor league Miami Marlins baseball team occasionally played games in the Orange Bowl from 1956 to 1960 . The stadium was on a large block bounded by Northwest 3rd Street ( south ) , Northwest 16th Avenue ( west ) , Northwest 6th Street ( north ) and Northwest 14th Avenue ( east , the open end of the stadium ) . The Orange Bowl was demolished in 2008 and the site is now Marlins Park , the home ballpark of the modern Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball , which opened in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74,476', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium', 'summary': "Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium ( commonly known as RFK Stadium , originally District of Columbia Stadium ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Washington , D.C . It is located about two miles ( 3 km ) due east of the U.S. Capitol building , near the west bank of the Anacostia River and adjacent to the D.C. Armory . Opened 59 years ago in 1961 , it was owned by the federal government until 1986 . RFK Stadium has been home to a National Football League ( NFL ) team , two Major League Baseball ( MLB ) teams , five professional soccer teams , two college football teams , a bowl game , and a USFL team . It has hosted five NFC Championship games , two MLB All-Star Games , men 's and women 's World Cup matches , nine men 's and women 's first-round soccer games of the 1996 Olympics , three MLS Cup matches , two MLS All-Star games , and numerous American friendlies and World Cup qualifying matches . It has hosted college football , college soccer , baseball exhibitions , boxing matches , a cycling race , a Le Mans auto race , marathons , and dozens of major concerts and other events . RFK was one of the first major stadiums designed to host both baseball and football . Although other stadiums already served this purpose , such as Cleveland Stadium ( 1931 ) and Baltimore 's Memorial Stadium ( 1950 ) , RFK was one of the first to employ what became known as the circular cookie-cutter design . It is owned and operated by Events DC ( the successor agency to the DC Armory Board ) , a quasi-public organization affiliated with the city government , under a lease that runs until 2038 from the National Park Service , which owns the land . On September 5 , 2019 , the District announced plans to demolish the stadium due to maintenance costs ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanford Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanford_Stadium', 'summary': "Sanford Stadium ( in full Dooley Field at Sanford Stadium ) is the on-campus playing venue for football at the University of Georgia in Athens , Georgia , United States ( also known as UGA ) . The 92,746-seat stadium is the tenth-largest stadium in the NCAA . Architecturally , the stadium is known for its numerous expansions over the years that have been carefully planned to fit with the existing look of the stadium . The view of Georgia 's campus and rolling hills from the open west end-zone has led many to refer to Sanford Stadium as college football 's most beautiful on-campus stadium , while the surrounding pageantry has made it noteworthy as one of college football 's best , loudest , and most intimidating atmospheres . Games played there are said to be played Between the Hedges due to the field being surrounded by privet hedges , which have been a part of the design of the stadium since it opened in 1929 . The current hedges were planted in 1996 after the originals were taken out to accommodate soccer for the 1996 Summer Olympics . The stadium is the 11th largest stadium in the United States and the 17th-largest such stadium in the world . Unlike most stadiums that have artificial playing surfaces , Sanford Stadium from the outset had , and continues to have , a natural grass surface , planted with Tifton 419 Bermuda Grass ."}]}, {'value': 'Athens , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens,_Georgia', 'summary': "Athens , officially Athens-Clarke County , is a consolidated city-county and college town in the U.S. state of Georgia . Athens lies about 70 mi ( 113 km ) northeast of downtown Atlanta , a global city . The University of Georgia , the state 's flagship public university and an R1 research institution , is in Athens and contributed to its initial growth . In 1991 , after a vote the preceding year , the original City of Athens abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County , referred to jointly as Athens-Clarke County . As of 2017 [ update ] , the U.S. Census Bureau 's estimated population of the consolidated city-county ( all of Clarke County except Winterville and a portion of Bogart ) was 125,691 ; the entire county including Winterville and Bogart had a population of 127,064 . Athens is the sixth-largest city in Georgia , and the principal city of the Athens metropolitan area , which had a 2017 estimated population of 209,271 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Metropolitan Athens is a component of the larger Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs Combined Statistical Area , a trading area . The city is dominated by a pervasive student culture and music scene centered on downtown Athens , next to the University of Georgia 's North Campus . Major music acts associated with Athens include numerous alternative rock bands such as R.E.M. , the B-52 's , Widespread Panic , and Neutral Milk Hotel . The city is also known as a recording site for such groups as the Atlanta-based Indigo Girls ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer ( final )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stegeman Coliseum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stegeman_Coliseum', 'summary': "Stegeman Coliseum is a 10,523-seat multi-purpose arena in Athens , Georgia , United States . The arena opened in 1964 . It is home to the University of Georgia Bulldogs basketball and gymnastics teams . It was also the venue of the rhythmic gymnastics and preliminary indoor volleyball matches during the 1996 Summer Olympics , as well as the 1989 , 1995 , and 2008 NCAA gymnastics championships . As a multi-purpose facility , the Coliseum also hosted a variety of other kinds of events , including many large indoor rock concerts during its early history , as well as the university 's Graduate School commencement exercises . At its opening it replaced Woodruff Hall , a 3,000-seat field house built in 1923 ."}]}, {'value': 'Athens , Georgia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastics ( rhythmic ) , Volleyball ( indoor )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wassaw Sound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wassaw_Sound', 'summary': 'Wassaw Sound is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of Georgia , United States near Savannah at the mouth of the Wilmington River .'}]}, {'value': 'Savannah , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ) . With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . The Sailing program of 1996 consisted of a total of ten sailing classes ( disciplines ) . For each class , with the exception of the Soling , eleven races were scheduled from July 22 to August 2 , 1996 off the coast of Savannah at the Wassaw Sound ( an area of the Atlantic Ocean ) . For the Soling ten fleetraces were scheduled followed by a series of matchraces for the top 6 boats of the fleetrace result .'}]}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other venues', 'section_text': 'ATLBirminghamColumbusOrlandoMiamiAthensDucktownWashington , D.C.Savannah Location of the facilities outside Atlanta', 'uid': 'Venues_of_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_2', 'intro': "For the 1996 Summer Olympics, a total of twenty-nine sports venues were used. Several sports venues for the 1996 Olympics were built before the 1960s as college venues. The first professional teams in Atlanta came in 1966, when Major League Baseball's Atlanta Braves moved from Milwaukee and the NFL added the Atlanta Falcons as an expansion team. In 1968, the NBA came to the city when the Atlanta Hawks arrived from St. Louis, and the NHL arrived four years later with the expansion Atlanta Flames. The Braves and Falcons shared Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium from 1966 through 1991, after which the Falcons moved into the Georgia Dome, playing at that stadium from 1992 through 2016. The Braves would remain at the former stadium through the 1996 season. The Hawks initially played at Alexander Memorial Coliseum, now McCamish Pavilion, on the campus of Georgia Institute of Technology before the Omni Coliseum was completed in 1972 for both the Hawks and Flames. After the 1979-80 season, the Flames left for their current home of Calgary. Bidding for the 1996 Games was held in 1990. Seventy-five percent of the venues used for the 1996 Games were owned by the state of Georgia. One of the new venues, the Georgia International Horse Park, had organization problems for the modern pentathlon event that included the competitors being forced to sit under an oak tree during the riding part of the event. The Georgia World Congress Center hosted the dramatic weightlifting 64 kg event that involved national tensions between Greece and Turkey."}
null
null
What river is a venue at whose sport had eleven races scheduled from July 22 to August 2 , 1996 ?
Wilmington
0640ec30b86b70da
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1921 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wally Freeman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '56:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Mills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Mills_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Albert Robert Bobby Mills ( 16 January 1894 - 6 December 1964 ) was a British long-distance runner . He competed in the marathon at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics . Mills ran his first marathon in 1920 , winning the Poly race in a new British record of 2:37:40.4 . He also won the Poly race in 1921 and 1922 , and competed for England internationally in cross-country running in 1920-1921 and 1923 .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '57:03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bevy Bingham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '57:17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Vose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Vose', 'summary': 'Christopher Vose ( 27 January 1887 - 22 August 1970 ) was an English cross-country runner . He finished 19th in the individual cross-country race at the 1920 Summer Olympics and fourth among British runners , and therefore did not score for the silver-medal-winning British team . He also competed at the International Cross Country Championships in 1911-13 and 1920-21 and won one individual silver and five team gold medals .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '57:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Blewitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Blewitt', 'summary': 'Charles Edward Joe Blewitt ( 1 November 1895 - 30 May 1954 ) was a British runner , who won Midland Championships over distances ranging from 880 yd to 10 miles . He was English national and international champion in cross-country running , and competed for Great Britain at the 1920 and 1928 Olympics . In 1920 he finished fifth in the 3000 m and 5000 m , earning a silver medal in the 3000 m team event . In 1928 he failed to reach the final of the 3000 m steeplechase . He withdrew from the 1924 Olympic steeplechase race due to an injury .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '57:46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tim Crowe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '57:51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Cummins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '58:03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Wallach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Wallach', 'summary': 'George Curtis Locke Wallach ( 20 March 1883 - 2 April 1980 ) was a Scottish long-distance runner . He competed in the 10,000 m at the 1912 Summer Olympics , but failed to reach the final . Wallach was born in Scotland to Hermann Louis Waldemar Wallach , a German tinsmith , and Janet Wallach , a native Scot . In 1905 he moved to Lewes and in 1906 to Lancashire to work for the Manchester Evening News . While living in England he competed at Scotland Championships and won the 4 miles in 1911 and 1913 , and the 10 miles in 1913-14 , breaking the Scottish records . Wallach also won the Scottish cross-country championships in 1914 and 1922 , and in 1910-1924 represented Scotland at the International Cross Country Championships , winning two individual and six team medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '58:08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunky Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunky_Wright', 'summary': 'Dunky Wright ( Duncan MacLeod Wright ; 22 September 1896 - 21 August 1976 ) was a Scottish athlete who competed for Great Britain in the 1924 Summer Olympics , in the 1928 Summer Olympics , and in the 1932 Summer Olympics . He was born and died in Glasgow . In 1924 he did not finish the Olympic marathon race . Four years later he finished 20th in the 1928 Olympic marathon . His final Olympic appearance was in 1932 when he finished fourth in the marathon event . At the 1930 Empire Games he won the gold medal in the marathon competition and in the 1934 Empire Games he won the bronze medal in the marathon contest . He won The Morpeth , a long running race in England , a record of seven times between 1927 and 1934 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '58:28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Dixon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '58:32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halland Britton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '58:35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Barrie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '58:38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Judd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '58:40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred Walker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '59:03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Norcliffe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '59:40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alec Woods', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:00', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwyn Morgan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Topping', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W.J . Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alf Pepper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:27', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Individual Race Results -- Men 's ( 10 mi / 16.1 km )", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1921_International_Cross_Country_Championships_0', 'intro': 'The 1921 International Cross Country Championships was held in Caerleon, Wales, at the Caerleon Racecourse on 19 March 1921. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published.'}
null
null
Which year was the person who covered ten miles in 58:28 at the International Cross Country Championships of 1921 unable to complete a race at the Olympic Games ?
1924
0641c7d414c9eafd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Puerta_Trophy', 'title': 'Antonio Puerta Trophy', 'header': ['Goals', 'Player', 'Team', 'Edition in which scored'], 'data': [{'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Carlos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Carlos_Fernández_Vázquez', 'summary': 'José Carlos Fernández Vázquez ( born 17 July 1987 ) , known as José Carlos , is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Recreativo as a left winger or as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2009 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodri Ríos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodri_(footballer,_born_1990)', 'summary': 'Rodrigo Ríos Lozano ( born 6 June 1990 ) , commonly known as Rodri , is a Spanish professional footballer who currently plays for Real Oviedo .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frédéric Kanouté', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frédéric_Kanouté', 'summary': "Frédéric Oumar Kanouté ( born 2 September 1977 ) is a retired Malian-French professional footballer who played as a striker for several top-tier clubs in Europe , enjoying his greatest success with La Liga side Sevilla . Kanouté was named the 2007 African Footballer of the Year , the first player born outside Africa to win the award . Kanouté began his career with Lyon in France before moving to West Ham United of the Premier League in 2000 . After a spell at their London rivals Tottenham Hotspur , Kanouté moved to Spanish club Sevilla where he won two consecutive UEFA Cups in 2006 and 2007 in addition to various other European and domestic honours and remains the club 's highest-scoring foreign player . He joined Beijing Goan in June 2012 . Despite appearing 16 times for France U-21 , Kanouté was a member of the Malian squad which reached the semi-finals of the 2004 African Cup of Nations and also featured in their selections for the tournament in 2006 and 2010 . His international career ended in 2010 with a total of 39 caps and 23 goals ."}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Perotti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Perotti', 'summary': 'Diego Perotti ( born 26 July 1988 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Italian club A.S. Roma . Mainly a winger who can play with both feet , he can also appear as an attacking midfielder . He spent the better part of his career with Sevilla , appearing in 159 competitive games during six La Liga seasons ( 16 goals ) and winning two major titles .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2009 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Tevez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Tevez', 'summary': "Carlos Alberto Tevez ( American Spanish : [ ˈkaɾlos ˈteβes ] ; born 5 February 1984 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Boca Juniors and the Argentina national team . His energy , skill and goalscoring rate have made him an indispensable player for his club sides throughout his career , in the eyes of fellow players and media alike . Tevez began his career with Boca Juniors , winning the Copa Libertadores and Intercontinental Cup in 2003 before moving to Corinthians , where he won the Brasileiro . In 2006 , he moved to West Ham United , helping the team remain in the Premier League in his only season . Tevez 's prolonged transfers to West Ham and later Manchester United were plagued by issues regarding third-party ownership by Media Sports Investment , and their resulting sagas paved changes to both Premier League and FIFA regulations . Tevez transferred to Manchester United in 2007 , and in his two years there won several trophies , including two Premier League titles and the UEFA Champions League . In 2009 , he joined Manchester City for £47 million , becoming the first player to move between the two rival clubs since Terry Cooke in 1999 . Despite missing four months of the 2011-12 season following a dispute , Tevez returned to help Manchester City win their first league title in 44 years . In 2013 , he joined Juventus for £12 million , finishing as the team 's top goalscorer and winning the Scudetto in his first season . After winning a domestic double and reaching the Champions League final in his second season , he returned to Boca Juniors in June 2015 , where he won another domestic double , becoming the first footballer to win two domestic league and cup doubles in one calendar year . In December 2016 , he joined Chinese club Shanghai Shenhua , in a deal which made him one of the highest-paid footballers in the world ; he returned to Boca for a third spell in 2018 . Since his debut for Argentina in 2005 , Tevez has over 75 caps ."}]}, {'value': 'Boca Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boca_Juniors', 'summary': "Club Atlético Boca Juniors ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ aˈtletiko ˈβoka ˈʝunjoɾs ] ) is an Argentine professional sports club based in La Boca neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . Boca Juniors is mostly known for its professional football team which , since its promotion in 1913 , has always played in the Argentine Primera División , becoming the most successful team of Argentina in number of official titles , with 68 won to date . National titles won by Boca Juniors include 33 Primera División championships , and 13 domestic cups . Boca Juniors also owns an honorary title awarded by the Argentine Football Association for their successful tour of Europe in 1925 . Internationally , Boca Juniors has won a total of 22 international titles , with 18 organised by CONMEBOL and the rest organised jointly by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations . Consequently , Boca is ranked third in the world in terms of number of complete international titles , after Real Madrid ( 26 ) and Egyptian side Al Ahly ( 24 ) . Boca Juniors ' international achievements also include Tie Cup , Copa de Honor Cousenier , and Copa Escobar-Gerona , organized jointly by AFA and AUF together . Their success usually has Boca ranked among the IFFHS 's Club World Ranking Top 25 , which they have reached the top position six times ( mostly during the coaching tenure of Carlos Bianchi ) . Boca was named by the IFFHS as the top South American club of the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . Boca Juniors is also known to be one of the most popular football clubs in Argentina , along with River Plate . Boca has always had a fierce rivalry with River Plate , as both clubs were established in La Boca . Matches between them are known as the Superclásico , and are one of the most heated rivalries in Argentina and the world , as both clubs are the two most popular in the country ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luís Fabiano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luís_Fabiano', 'summary': 'Luís Fabiano Clemente ( born 8 November 1980 ) , commonly known as Luís Fabiano , is a retired Brazilian professional footballer who played as a striker . He is a prolific goalscorer and was ranked the second-highest-scoring Brazilian of the 21st century , according to the International Federation of Football History & Statistics .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renato_(footballer,_born_1979)', 'summary': 'Renato Dirnei Florêncio Santos ( born 15 May 1979 ) , known simply as Renato , is a Brazilian retired footballer , and is the director of football of Santos FC . A central midfielder with good heading ability in spite of a small frame , he played most of his professional career in Spain with Sevilla , appearing in 286 official games with the club ( 39 goals scored ) . A Brazilian international during two years , Renato was part of the squads that won one Copa América and one Confederations Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Míchel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Ángel_Carrilero', 'summary': 'Miguel Ángel Carrilero González ( born 3 August 1977 ) , known as Míchel , is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a striker , and is a manager . In a 15-year professional career , he appeared in 231 Segunda División games during ten seasons ( 58 goals ) in representation of six teams , adding 62 matches and eight goals in La Liga .'}]}, {'value': 'Xerez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xerez_CD', 'summary': "Xerez Club Deportivo , known simply as Xerez , is a Spanish football team based in Jerez de la Frontera , in the autonomous community of Andalusia . Xerez currently plays in Tercera Division , the fourth tier of Spanish football . Founded on 24 September 1947 , The club 's biggest success came in 2009 , when they managed to play in La Liga for the very first time . Xerez finished in last place however , and was relegated . After several seasons of financial problems , the team was eventually relegated all the way to the fifth tier by 2016 . Team colours are usually blue shirt and socks , and white shorts ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Calvo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Calvo_Sobrado', 'summary': 'Carlos Calvo Sobrado ( born 18 September 1985 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays mainly as a winger but also as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Granada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Granada_CF', 'summary': 'Granada Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ gɾaˈnaða ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ) , or simply Granada , is a Spanish football club in Granada , in the autonomous community of Andalusia . Founded on 14 April 1931 , it plays in the La Liga . The club plays its home matches at the Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes . Granada was the third Andalusian football team after Betis and Sevilla to compete in La Liga , in 1941-42 . The team is located at position 24 of the historical points classification of the First Division , where it has participated in 20 seasons and finished in sixth place twice . Granada was Copa del Rey runner-up in 1959 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manu del Moral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manu_del_Moral', 'summary': 'Manuel del Moral Fernández ( born 25 February 1984 ) , commonly known as Manu , is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as either a forward or winger . He played 272 games and scored 53 goals in La Liga , representing Atlético Madrid , Getafe , Sevilla , Elche and Eibar . In Segunda División , serving five other teams , he recorded 138 appearances and 29 goals . Manu won one cap for the Spanish national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Álvaro Negredo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Álvaro_Negredo', 'summary': 'Álvaro Negredo Sánchez ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈalβaɾo neˈɣɾeðo ˈsantʃeθ ] ; born 20 August 1985 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Emirati club Al-Nasr Dubai SC as a striker . Nicknamed La fiera de Vallecas ( The beast of Vallecas ) , he has played for Rayo Vallecano , Real Madrid B , Almería , Real Madrid , Sevilla , Manchester City , Valencia , Middlesbrough , Beşiktaş and Al-Nasr . In eight seasons in La Liga , he amassed totals of 264 matches and 112 goals . Negredo earned 21 caps for Spain , scoring ten goals and being part of the team that won Euro 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piotr Trochowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piotr_Trochowski', 'summary': 'Piotr Artur Trochowski ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpi̯ɔtʁ tʁoˈxɔfskiː ] , Polish : [ ˈpjɔtr trɔˈxɔfskʲi ] ; born 22 March 1984 ) is a retired German professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . According to his FIFA World Cup 2010 profile he is a playmaker known for his speed , agility , tricky dribbling and refined technique . Formed at Bayern Munich , he spent six-and-a-half seasons at Hamburger SV before transferring to Sevilla in 2011 . Sevilla cancelled his contract in September 2014 , after which he filed a lawsuit . In 2015 , he signed for FC Augsburg on a one-year deal . Trochowski made his full international debut for Germany in 2006 , and earned 35 caps over four years . He was part of their squads which reached the UEFA Euro 2008 Final and the semi-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Fernández_Salas', 'summary': 'Christian Fernández Salas ( born 15 October 1985 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Real Oviedo mainly as a left back .'}]}, {'value': 'Almería', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UD_Almería', 'summary': 'Unión Deportiva Almería , S.A.D . ( Spanish pronunciation : [ uˈnjon depoɾˈtiβ ( a ) almeˈɾi.a ] ) is a Spanish football club based in Almería , in the autonomous community of Andalusia . Founded in 26 July 1989 and known as Almería Club de Fútbol until 2001 , the club plays in Segunda División , and plays their homes games at Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos , with a 15,000-seat capacity .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denis Suárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Suárez', 'summary': 'Denis Suárez Fernández ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈdenis ˈswaɾeθ feɾˈnandeθ ] ; born 6 January 1994 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Celta de Vigo .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Bacca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Bacca', 'summary': "Carlos Arturo Bacca Ahumada ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkaɾloz ˈβaka ] ; [ A ] born 8 September 1986 ) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish club Villarreal and the Colombia national team . Bacca began his career at Atlético Junior , where he was top scorer in the 2010 Categoría Primera A Apertura . In January 2012 , he moved to Club Brugge , where he was the Belgian Pro League 's top scorer in his only full season before joining Sevilla for €7 million . He won the UEFA Europa League in both of his first two seasons with the club , scoring twice in the 2015 final . In the summer of 2015 , he joined Serie A side Milan for €30 million . An international for Colombia since 2012 , Bacca represented the country at the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cups , the 2015 Copa América , and the Copa América Centenario , in which they finished third . He is renowned for his pace , aggression , eye for goal , and determination as a forward ."}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darío Benedetto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darío_Benedetto', 'summary': 'Darío Ismael Pipa Benedetto ( born 17 May 1990 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a striker for Marseille and the Argentina national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Boca Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boca_Juniors', 'summary': "Club Atlético Boca Juniors ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ aˈtletiko ˈβoka ˈʝunjoɾs ] ) is an Argentine professional sports club based in La Boca neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . Boca Juniors is mostly known for its professional football team which , since its promotion in 1913 , has always played in the Argentine Primera División , becoming the most successful team of Argentina in number of official titles , with 68 won to date . National titles won by Boca Juniors include 33 Primera División championships , and 13 domestic cups . Boca Juniors also owns an honorary title awarded by the Argentine Football Association for their successful tour of Europe in 1925 . Internationally , Boca Juniors has won a total of 22 international titles , with 18 organised by CONMEBOL and the rest organised jointly by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations . Consequently , Boca is ranked third in the world in terms of number of complete international titles , after Real Madrid ( 26 ) and Egyptian side Al Ahly ( 24 ) . Boca Juniors ' international achievements also include Tie Cup , Copa de Honor Cousenier , and Copa Escobar-Gerona , organized jointly by AFA and AUF together . Their success usually has Boca ranked among the IFFHS 's Club World Ranking Top 25 , which they have reached the top position six times ( mostly during the coaching tenure of Carlos Bianchi ) . Boca was named by the IFFHS as the top South American club of the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . Boca Juniors is also known to be one of the most popular football clubs in Argentina , along with River Plate . Boca has always had a fierce rivalry with River Plate , as both clubs were established in La Boca . Matches between them are known as the Superclásico , and are one of the most heated rivalries in Argentina and the world , as both clubs are the two most popular in the country ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristian Pavón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristian_Pavón', 'summary': 'Cristian David Pavón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkɾis.tjan daˈβið paˈβon ] ; born 21 January 1996 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for LA Galaxy on loan from Boca Juniors , and the Argentine football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Boca Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boca_Juniors', 'summary': "Club Atlético Boca Juniors ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ aˈtletiko ˈβoka ˈʝunjoɾs ] ) is an Argentine professional sports club based in La Boca neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . Boca Juniors is mostly known for its professional football team which , since its promotion in 1913 , has always played in the Argentine Primera División , becoming the most successful team of Argentina in number of official titles , with 68 won to date . National titles won by Boca Juniors include 33 Primera División championships , and 13 domestic cups . Boca Juniors also owns an honorary title awarded by the Argentine Football Association for their successful tour of Europe in 1925 . Internationally , Boca Juniors has won a total of 22 international titles , with 18 organised by CONMEBOL and the rest organised jointly by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations . Consequently , Boca is ranked third in the world in terms of number of complete international titles , after Real Madrid ( 26 ) and Egyptian side Al Ahly ( 24 ) . Boca Juniors ' international achievements also include Tie Cup , Copa de Honor Cousenier , and Copa Escobar-Gerona , organized jointly by AFA and AUF together . Their success usually has Boca ranked among the IFFHS 's Club World Ranking Top 25 , which they have reached the top position six times ( mostly during the coaching tenure of Carlos Bianchi ) . Boca was named by the IFFHS as the top South American club of the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . Boca Juniors is also known to be one of the most popular football clubs in Argentina , along with River Plate . Boca has always had a fierce rivalry with River Plate , as both clubs were established in La Boca . Matches between them are known as the Superclásico , and are one of the most heated rivalries in Argentina and the world , as both clubs are the two most popular in the country ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steven Nzonzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Nzonzi', 'summary': 'Steven Nkemboanza Mike Christopher Nzonzi ( born 15 December 1988 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for French club Rennes , on loan from Italian club Roma , and the French national team . He began his career with Ligue 2 side Amiens , impressing enough to earn a move to Premier League side Blackburn Rovers in 2009 for £650,000 . He spent three years at Ewood Park which ended with Rovers being relegated at the end of the 2011-12 season . He remained in the Premier League however , joining Stoke City for £3 million . At Stoke , Nzonzi established himself as a key member of the squad under Tony Pulis and then under Mark Hughes , where his performances during the 2014-15 earned him the Player of the Year award . He joined Spanish side Sevilla for a fee of £7 million in July 2015 , and won the UEFA Europa League in his first season . Nzonzi represented France at under-21 level . He turned down the chance to represent his ancestral DR Congo at senior international level , and was unsuccessful in his attempt to become eligible to play for England . In November 2017 , he made his debut for the senior France squad , and he was part of their team that won the 2018 FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timothée Kolodziejczak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothée_Kolodziejczak', 'summary': 'Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ timɔte kolodʒezak ] ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , on loan from Liga MX club Tigres UANL as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luciano Vietto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luciano_Vietto', 'summary': 'Luciano Darío Vietto ( American Spanish : [ luˈsjano ðaˈɾi.o ˈβjeto ] ; [ A ] born 5 December 1993 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Portuguese side Sporting CP .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevilla FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla_FC', 'summary': "Sevilla Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly referred to as Sevilla , is a professional football club based in Seville , the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia , Spain . It plays in Spanish football 's top flight , La Liga . It is Spain 's oldest sporting club solely devoted to football . The club was formed on 25 January 1890 , with the Scottish born Edward Farquharson Johnston as their first president . On 14 October 1905 , the club 's articles of association were registered in the Civil Government of Seville under the presidency of the Jerez-born José Luis Gallegos Arnosa . Sevilla FC is also the most successful club in Andalusia , winning a national league title in 1945-46 , five Spanish Cups ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 and 2010 ) , one Spanish Super Cup ( 2007 ) , a record five UEFA Cups/UEFA Europa Leagues ( 2006 , 2007 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) and the 2006 UEFA Super Cup . They were also designated by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the World 's best club in 2006 and 2007 , thus being the first club to achieve this distinction in two consecutive years . Its youth team Sevilla Atlético , founded in 1958 , currently play in Segunda División B . The club are affiliated to a side in Puerto Rico of the same name . Other clubs related to Sevilla FC include their women 's team , futsal team and former Superleague Formula team . The Club 's home ground is the 43,883-seat Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium . It is located in the neighborhood of Nervión , Seville and owes its name to Ramón Sánchez Pizjuan , who was Sevilla FC 's President for 17 years ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Goalscorers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Antonio_Puerta_Trophy_0', 'intro': 'The Antonio Puerta Trophy is an annual summer tournament hosted by Sevilla FC since 2008. The tournament is dedicated to Antonio Puerta, who died on August 28, 2007 (at the age of 22) after suffering a heart injury during the inaugural match of the 2007-08 La Liga season against Getafe.'}
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What is the team of the player who was born on 6 June 1990 ?
Sevilla FC
06449e3118e76a81
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tropical_cyclone_records', 'title': 'List of tropical cyclone records', 'header': ['Characteristic', 'Record', 'Date', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Highest overall rainfall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,083 mm ( 239.5 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 14 - 28 , 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone Hyacinthe in Reunion Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclone_Hyacinthe', 'summary': "Tropical Cyclone Hyacinthe was the wettest tropical cyclone on record worldwide . The eighth named storm of the season , Hyacinthe formed on January 15 , 1980 , to the northeast of Mauritius in the southern Indian Ocean . Initially it moved to the west-southwest , and while slowly intensifying it passed north of the French overseas department of Réunion . On January 19 , Météo-France estimated that the storm had intensified to a tropical cyclone . Hyacinthe looped to the south of eastern Madagascar and weakened , although it restrengthened after turning to the east . The storm executed another loop to the southwest of Réunion , passing near the island for a second and later third time . Hyacinthe became extratropical on January 29 after turning southward , dissipating two days later . For twelve days , Hyacinthe dropped torrential rainfall on Réunion ; nearly all of the island received more than 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) of precipitation . Over a 15 - day period from January 14 to January 28 , 6,083 mm ( 239.5 in ) of rainfall were recorded at Commerson 's Crater , a volcano . The heaviest rainfall occurred through a process called orographic lift in the mountainous interior , leading to hundreds of landslides . Widespread floods damaged half the roads on Réunion and isolated three villages . Hyacinthe caused heavy damage to crops and damaged or destroyed 2,000 houses ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Réunion', 'summary': "Réunion ( French : La Réunion [ la ʁe.y.njɔ̃ ] ( listen ) ; previously Île Bourbon ) is an overseas department and region of the French Republic and an island in the Indian Ocean , east of Madagascar and 175 km ( 109 mi ) southwest of Mauritius . As of January 2019 [ update ] , it had a population of 866,506 . The island has been inhabited since the 16th century , when people from France and Madagascar settled there . Slavery was abolished on 20 December 1848 ( a date celebrated yearly on the island ) , when the French Second Republic abolished slavery in the French colonies . However , later on indentured workers were brought to Réunion from South India , among other places . The island became an overseas department of France in 1946 . As in France , the official language is French . In addition , the majority of the region 's population speaks Réunion Creole . Administratively , Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France . Like the other four overseas departments , it is also one of the 18 regions of France , with the modified status of overseas region , and an integral part of the republic with the same status as Metropolitan France . Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and , as an overseas department of France , part of the eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Highest storm surge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storm_surge', 'summary': "A storm surge , storm flood , tidal surge or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low pressure weather systems ( such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones ) . Its severity is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path , as well as the timing of tides . Most casualties during tropical cyclones occur as the result of storm surges . It is a measure of the rise of water beyond what would be expected by the normal movement related to tides . The two main meteorological factors contributing to a storm surge are a long fetch of winds spiraling inward toward the storm , and a low-pressure-induced dome of water drawn up under and trailing the storm 's center ."}]}, {'value': '14.5 m ( 47.6 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 5 , 1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone Mahina in Bathurst Bay , Queensland , Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclone_Mahina', 'summary': "Cyclone Mahina was the deadliest cyclone in recorded Australian history , and also likely the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere . Mahina struck Bathurst Bay , Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , on 4 March 1899 , and its winds and enormous storm surge combined to kill more than 300 people . While the Australian Bureau of Meteorology , which is the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of the basin , estimates Mahina 's peak central pressure to be 914 hPa ( 26.99 inHg ) , the World Meteorological Organization is currently considering an application from Queensland scientists and researchers to have this value upgraded to 880 hPa ( 25.99 inHg ) , based on data from post-storm analysis . This would officially make Mahina the most intense cyclone recorded to have hit the Australian mainland , and the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere , a title currently held by Cyclone Winston . Cyclone Mahina also produced the largest storm surge on record , generating a 13-metre ( 43-foot ) -high surge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bathurst_Bay', 'summary': 'Bathurst Bay is a bay in the localities of Lakefield and Starcke in the Shire of Cook , Queensland , Australia . In the 19th century it was the base for the pearling fleet . It is now a tourist attraction on Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland , Australia , near the Great Barrier Reef .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Queensland', 'summary': "Queensland ( locally /ˈkwiːnzlænd/ KWEENZ-land , [ note 1 ] abbreviated as Qld ) is the second-largest and third-most populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia . Situated in the north-east of the country , it is bordered by the Northern Territory , South Australia and New South Wales to the west , south-west and south respectively . To the east , Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean . To its north is the Torres Strait , with Papua New Guinea located less than 200 km across it from the mainland . The state is the world 's sixth-largest sub-national entity , with an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres ( 715,309 sq mi ) . As of 15 May 2018 , Queensland had a population of 5,000,000 , concentrated along the coast and particularly in the state 's South East . The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane , Australia 's third-largest city . Often referred to as the Sunshine State , Queensland is home to 10 of Australia 's 30 largest cities and is the nation 's third-largest economy . Tourism in the state , fuelled largely by its warm climate , is a major industry . Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders . The first European to land in Queensland ( and Australia ) was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606 , who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa . In 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Highest confirmed wave height', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wave_height', 'summary': 'In fluid dynamics , the wave height of a surface wave is the difference between the elevations of a crest and a neighbouring trough . Wave height is a term used by mariners , as well as in coastal , ocean and naval engineering . At sea , the term significant wave height is used as a means to introduce a well-defined and standardized statistic to denote the characteristic height of the random waves in a sea state . It is defined in such a way that it more or less corresponds to what a mariner observes when estimating visually the average wave height .'}]}, {'value': '30 m ( 98.4 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 11 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane Luis on Queen Elizabeth 2 in the north Atlantic Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Luis', 'summary': 'Hurricane Luis was a very large , long-lived , powerful and a very destructive Category 4 Cape Verde hurricane , as well as one of the strongest and most notable hurricanes of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season . Luis was also the strongest hurricane to make landfall , and the third-most intense hurricane recorded during the extremely active season . It was the twelfth tropical storm , sixth hurricane , and second major hurricane of the season . At one point , the storm was one of four simultaneous tropical systems in the Atlantic basin , along with Humberto , Iris , and Karen . The storm lasted for 14 days as a tropical storm between late August and mid-September . Luis caused extensive damage in Antigua and St. Barthelemy and catastrophic damage in Barbuda , most area on St Martin and Anguilla as a Category 4 with winds between 130 mph ( 210 km/h ) and 135 mph ( 217 km/h ) . The storm accounted for 19 deaths , left over 60,000 disaster victims and near 10,000 homeless ( mostly in Anguilla , Barbuda and Saint Martin ) and caused roughly $ 3.3 billion ( 1995 USD ) in damage across the affected areas . At this time , Luis was the costliest and most devastating hurricane to strike the Leeward Islands and since the 1950 , it was the last Category 4 storms to hit the Leeward Islands in the 20th century after Hurricane Dog in 1950 , Hurricane Donna in 1960 , Hurricane David in 1979 and Hurricane Hugo in 1989 . Additionally , Luis was the second of three tropical cyclones to affect Guadeloupe in a short period of time , the first being Hurricane Iris a week before , and the last being Hurricane Marilyn only ten days afterward . During the next year , the Leeward Islands would be struck by Hurricane Bertha , while still repairing from Luis and Marilyn , then successively hit by Hortense , Erika , Georges , Jose , Lenny and Debby . The system formed from a tropical wave south of Cape Verde islands , west of Africa on August 27 , then subsequently attained tropical storm status on August 29 . Two days later , the storm reached hurricane status ; shortly thereafter , it rapidly strengthened into a 140 mph ( 220 km/h ) Category 4 hurricane .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_2', 'summary': "Queen Elizabeth 2 , often referred to simply as QE2 , is a floating hotel and retired British ocean liner originally built for the Cunard Line , which operated by Cunard as both a transatlantic liner and a cruise ship from 1969 to 2008 . Since 18 April 2018 , she has been operating as a floating hotel in Dubai . QE2 was designed for the transatlantic service from her home port of Southampton , UK to New York , United States and was named after the earlier Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth . She served as the flagship of the line from 1969 until succeeded by RMS Queen Mary 2 in 2004 . QE2 was designed in Cunard 's offices in Liverpool and Southampton and built in Clydebank , Scotland . She was considered the last of the transatlantic ocean liners until Queen Mary 2 entered service . QE2 was also the last oil-fired passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic in scheduled liner service until she was refitted with a modern diesel powerplant in 1986-87 . She undertook regular world cruises during almost 40 years of service , and later operated predominantly as a cruise ship , sailing out of Southampton , England . QE2 had no running mate and never ran a year-round weekly transatlantic express service to New York . She did , however , continue the Cunard tradition of regular scheduled transatlantic crossings every year of her service life . QE2 was retired from active Cunard service on 27 November 2008 . She had been acquired by the private equity arm of Dubai World , which planned to begin conversion of the vessel to a 500-room floating hotel moored at the Palm Jumeirah , Dubai ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean', 'summary': "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world 's oceans , with an area of about 106,460,000 square kilometers ( 41,100,000 square miles ) . It covers approximately 20 percent of Earth 's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the Old World from the New World . The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated , S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east , and the Americas to the west . As one component of the interconnected World Ocean , it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean , to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest , the Indian Ocean in the southeast , and the Southern Ocean in the south ( other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica ) . The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North ( ern ) Atlantic Ocean and the South ( ern ) Atlantic Ocean at about 8°N . Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition , the German Meteor expedition , Columbia University 's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office ."}]}, {'value': 'Costliest tropical cyclone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 125 billion ( 2017 USD ) in damages', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USD', 'summary': 'The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US $ and referred to as the dollar , U.S. dollar , or American dollar ) is the official currency of the United States and its territories per the Coinage Act of 1792 . One dollar is divided into 100 cents ( Symbol : ¢ ) or 1000 mills ( for accounting purposes and for taxing . Symbol : ₥ ) . The Coinage Act of 1792 created a decimal currency by creating the following coins : tenth dollar , one-twentieth dollar , one-hundredth dollar . In addition the act created the dollar , half dollar , and quarter dollar coins . All of these coins are still minted in 2020 . In addition , several forms of paper money were introduced by Congress over the years . The latest of these , the Federal Reserve Note , was authorized by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 , while all existing U.S. currency remains legal tender . Issuance of the previous form of the currency ( U.S. notes ) was discontinued in January 1971 . As a result , currently circulating paper money consists primarily of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars ( 12 U.S.C . § 418 ) . Since the suspension in 1971 of convertibility of paper U.S. currency into any precious metal , the U.S. dollar is de facto fiat money .'}]}, {'value': 'August 29 , 2005 August 25 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Harvey in the northern Gulf Coast of the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina', 'summary': "Hurricane Katrina was the most destructive tropical cyclone on record , tied with Hurricane Harvey in 2017 , causing $ 125 billion in damage , particularly in the city of New Orleans and the surrounding areas , and over 1,200 deaths . The storm was the third major hurricane of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season , and the fourth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record to make landfall in the contiguous United States , behind only the 1935 Labor Day hurricane , Hurricane Camille in 1969 , and Hurricane Michael in 2018 . Katrina originated on August 23 , 2005 as a tropical depression from the merger of a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . Early the following day , the depression intensified into a tropical storm as it headed generally westward toward Florida , strengthening into a hurricane two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach on August 25 . After briefly weakening to tropical storm strength over southern Florida , Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and began to rapidly intensify . The storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico before weakening to Category 3 strength at its second landfall on August 29 over southeast Louisiana and Mississippi . Over fifty breaches in surge protection levees surrounding the city of New Orleans , Louisiana caused of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina . Eventually , 80% of the city , as well as large tracts of neighboring parishes , were inundated for weeks . The flooding also destroyed most of New Orleans ' transportation and communication facilities , leaving tens of thousands of people who had not evacuated the city prior to landfall stranded with little access to food , shelter or basic necessities . The scale of the disaster in New Orleans provoked massive national and international response efforts ; federal , local and private rescue operations evacuated displaced persons out of the city over the following weeks . Multiple investigations in the aftermath of the storm concluded that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , which had designed and built the region 's levees decades earlier , was responsible for the failure of the flood-control systems , though federal courts later ruled that the Corps could not be held financially liable because of sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . The emergency response from federal , state and local governments was widely criticized , resulting in the resignations of Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) director Michael D. Brown and New Orleans Police Department ( NOPD ) Superintendent Eddie Compass ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey', 'summary': "Hurricane Harvey was a Category 4 hurricane that made landfall on Texas and Louisiana in August 2017 , causing catastrophic flooding and many deaths . It is tied with 2005 's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record , [ nb 1 ] inflicting $ 125 billion ( 2017 USD ) in damage , primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas . It was the first major hurricane [ nb 2 ] to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005 , ending a record 12-year span in which no hurricanes made landfall at the intensity of a major hurricane throughout the country . In a four-day period , many areas received more than 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) of rain as the system slowly meandered over eastern Texas and adjacent waters , causing unprecedented flooding . With peak accumulations of 60.58 in ( 1,539 mm ) , in Nederland , Texas , Harvey was the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the United States . The resulting floods inundated hundreds of thousands of homes , which displaced more than 30,000 people and prompted more than 17,000 rescues . The eighth named storm , third hurricane , and first major hurricane of the extremely active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Harvey developed from a tropical wave to the east of the Lesser Antilles , reaching tropical storm status on August 17 . The storm crossed through the Windward Islands on the following day , making landfall on the southern end of Barbados and a second landfall on Saint Vincent . Upon entering the Caribbean Sea , Harvey began to weaken due to moderate wind shear , and degenerated into a tropical wave north of Colombia , late on August 19 . The remnants were monitored for regeneration as it continued west-northwestward across the Caribbean and the Yucatán Peninsula , before redeveloping over the Bay of Campeche on August 23 . Harvey then began to rapidly intensify on August 24 , regaining tropical storm status and becoming a hurricane later that day . While the storm moved generally northwest , Harvey 's intensification phase stalled slightly overnight from August 24-25 ; however , Harvey soon resumed strengthening and quickly became a major hurricane and attained Category 4 intensity later that day ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast of the United States is the coastline along the Southern United States where they meet the Gulf of Mexico . The coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico are Southeast Texas & South Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , and Florida , and these are known as the Gulf States . The economy of the Gulf Coast area is dominated by industries related to energy , petrochemicals , fishing , aerospace , agriculture , and tourism . The large cities of the region are ( from west to east ) McAllen , Brownsville , Corpus Christi , Houston , Galveston , Beaumont , Lafayette , Baton Rouge , New Orleans , Gulfport , Biloxi , Mobile , Pensacola , St. Petersburg , Tampa , and increasingly , Sarasota . All are the centers of their respective metropolitan areas and contain large ports . ( Baton Rouge is relatively far from the Gulf of Mexico ; its port is on the Mississippi River , as is the port of New Orleans . )'}]}, {'value': 'Costliest tropical cyclone season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins', 'summary': 'Traditionally , areas of tropical cyclone formation are divided into seven basins . These include the north Atlantic Ocean , the eastern and western parts of the northern Pacific Ocean , the southwestern Pacific , the southwestern and southeastern Indian Oceans , and the northern Indian Ocean ( Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal ) . The western Pacific is the most active and the north Indian the least active . An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide , with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength , and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones , super typhoons , or major hurricanes ( at least of Category 3 intensity ) .'}]}, {'value': '≥ $ 294.92 billion ( 2017 USD ) in damages during the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USD', 'summary': 'The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US $ and referred to as the dollar , U.S. dollar , or American dollar ) is the official currency of the United States and its territories per the Coinage Act of 1792 . One dollar is divided into 100 cents ( Symbol : ¢ ) or 1000 mills ( for accounting purposes and for taxing . Symbol : ₥ ) . The Coinage Act of 1792 created a decimal currency by creating the following coins : tenth dollar , one-twentieth dollar , one-hundredth dollar . In addition the act created the dollar , half dollar , and quarter dollar coins . All of these coins are still minted in 2020 . In addition , several forms of paper money were introduced by Congress over the years . The latest of these , the Federal Reserve Note , was authorized by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 , while all existing U.S. currency remains legal tender . Issuance of the previous form of the currency ( U.S. notes ) was discontinued in January 1971 . As a result , currently circulating paper money consists primarily of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars ( 12 U.S.C . § 418 ) . Since the suspension in 1971 of convertibility of paper U.S. currency into any precious metal , the U.S. dollar is de facto fiat money .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season', 'summary': "The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest tropical cyclone season on record , with a damage total of at least $ 294.92 billion ( USD ) . [ nb 2 ] It was also a hyperactive Atlantic hurricane season , featuring 17 named storms , 10 hurricanes , and 6 major hurricanes , [ nb 3 ] 2017 had the fifth-most named storms since reliable records began in 1851 - tied with 1936 . Most of the season 's damage was due to hurricanes Harvey , Irma , and Maria . Another notable hurricane , Nate , was the worst natural disaster in Costa Rican history . The names Harvey , Irma , Maria , and Nate were retired following the season due to the number of deaths and amount of damage they caused . Collectively , the tropical cyclones were responsible for at least 3,364 deaths - the most fatalities in a single season since 2005 . The season also had the highest accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) since 2005 , with a record three hurricanes each generating an ACE of over 40 : Irma , Jose , and Maria . This season is also one of only seven years on record to feature multiple Category 5 hurricanes and the only season other than 2007 with two hurricanes making landfall at that intensity . It also became the second consecutive season to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane , with Hurricane Matthew reaching such strength in the previous season . All ten of the season 's hurricanes occurred in a row - the greatest number of consecutive hurricanes in the satellite era , and tied for the highest number of consecutive hurricanes ever observed in the Atlantic basin . The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30 . These dates historically describe the period of year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention ."}]}, {'value': 'April 19 - November 9 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Atlantic Ocean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deadliest tropical cyclone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 500,000+ fatalities', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 12 , 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bhola cyclone in East Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone', 'summary': "The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan and India 's West Bengal on November 3 , 1970 . It remains the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the deadliest natural disasters . At least 500,000 people lost their lives in the storm , primarily as a result of the storm surge that flooded much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta . This cyclone was the sixth cyclonic storm of the 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season , and also the season 's strongest . The cyclone formed over the central Bay of Bengal on November 8 , and traveled northward , intensifying as it did so . It reached its peak with winds of 185 km/h ( 115 mph ) on November 11 , and made landfall on the coast of East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) on the following afternoon . The storm surge devastated many of the offshore islands , wiping out villages and destroying crops throughout the region . In the most severely affected Upazila , Tazumuddin , over 45% of the population of 167,000 was killed by the storm . The Pakistani government , led by junta leader General Yahya Khan , was criticized for its delayed handling of the relief operations following the storm , both by local political leaders in East Pakistan and in the international media . During the election that took place a month later , the opposition Awami League gained a landslide victory in the province , and continuing unrest between East Pakistan and the central government triggered the Bangladesh Liberation War , which led to widespread atrocities and eventually concluded with the creation of the country of Bangladesh . This storm as well as the Bangladesh Liberation War and 1971 Bangladesh genocide and the subsequent refugees led ex-Beatle George Harrison and Bengali musician Ravi Shankar to organize The Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 in Madison Square Garden , New York City ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Pakistan', 'summary': "East Pakistan was the eastern provincial wing of Pakistan between 1955 and 1971 , covering the territory of the modern country Bangladesh . Its land borders were with India and Myanmar , with a coastline on the Bay of Bengal . East Pakistan was renamed from East Bengal by the One Unit scheme of Pakistani Prime Minister Mohammad Ali of Bogra . The Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 replaced the British monarchy with an Islamic republic . Bengali politician H. S. Suhrawardy served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan between 1956 and 1957 and a Bengali bureaucrat Iskandar Mirza became the first President of Pakistan . The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état brought general Ayub Khan to power . Khan replaced Mirza as president and launched a crackdown against pro-democracy leaders . Khan enacted the Constitution of Pakistan of 1962 which ended universal suffrage . By 1966 , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman emerged as the preeminent opposition leader in Pakistan and launched the six point movement for autonomy and democracy . The 1969 uprising in East Pakistan contributed to Ayub Khan 's overthrow . Another general , Yahya Khan , usurped the presidency and enacted martial law . in 1970 , Yahya Khan organized Pakistan 's first federal general election ."}]}, {'value': 'Deadliest tropical cyclone season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 500,805+ fatalities during the 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season', 'summary': 'The 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds , but tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean tend to form between April and December , with peaks in May and November . The 1970 season saw a total of seven cyclonic storms , of which three developed into severe cyclonic storms . The Bay of Bengal was more active than the Arabian Sea during 1970 , with all of the three severe cyclonic storms in the season forming there . Unusually , none of the storms in the Arabian Sea made landfall this year . The most significant storm of the season was the Bhola cyclone , which formed in the Bay of Bengal and hit Bangladesh on November 12 . The storm killed at least 500,000 , making it the deadliest tropical cyclone in recorded history .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2 - November 29 , 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Indian Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Ocean', 'summary': "The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world 's oceanic divisions , covering 70,560,000 km2 ( 27,240,000 sq mi ) or 19.8% of the water on the Earth 's surface . It is bounded by Asia to the north , Africa to the west , and Australia to the east . To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica , depending on the definition in use ."}]}, {'value': 'Most tornadoes spawned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120 confirmed tornadoes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 15 - 18 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane Ivan in the southern and eastern United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan_tornado_outbreak', 'summary': 'The Hurricane Ivan tornado outbreak was a three-day tornado outbreak that was associated with the passage of Hurricane Ivan across the Southern United States starting on September 15 , 2004 across the Gulf Coast states of Alabama and Florida as well as southern Georgia before ending in the Middle Atlantic Coast on September 18 . The outbreak killed 7 people and injured dozens of others across several states from Florida to Pennsylvania . The hurricane itself killed at least 90 people from the US to the eastern Caribbean Islands . Overall it produced 120 tornadoes surpassing the record of 117 that was previously held by Hurricane Beulah during the 1967 Atlantic hurricane season . [ citation needed ] Ivan also produced 16 more tornadoes than Hurricane Frances which struck most of the same regions ( the tornado outbreak ) about ten days earlier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Southern_United_States', 'summary': "The Southern United States , also known as the American South or simply the South , is a geographic and cultural region of the United States . It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States , with the Midwestern United States and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south . The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War . The Deep South is fully located in the southeastern corner . California , Arizona and New Mexico , which are geographically in the southern part of the country , are rarely considered part , while West Virginia , which separated from Virginia in 1863 , commonly is . Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries . While the states of Delaware and Maryland , as well as the District of Columbia , permitted slavery prior to and during the Civil War , they remained with the Union . Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s , they became more culturally , economically , and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states , and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents , businesses , public institutions , and private organizations ; however , the United States Census Bureau continues to define them as in the South with regard to census regions . Usually , the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States . The region is known for its culture and history , having developed its own customs , musical styles , and cuisines , which have distinguished it in some ways from the rest of the United States . The Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European ( mostly English , Italian , Scottish , Scotch-Irish , Irish , German , French , Portuguese and Spanish American ) , African and some Native American components . Some other aspects of the historical and cultural development of the South have been influenced by the institution of slave labor on plantations in the Deep South to an extent seen nowhere else in the United States ; the presence of a large proportion of African Americans in the population ; support for the doctrine of states ' rights , and the legacy of racism magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction Era , as seen in thousands of lynchings ( mostly from 1880 to 1930 ) , the segregated system of separate schools and public facilities known as Jim Crow laws , that lasted until the 1960s , and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to frequently deny black people of the right to vote or hold office until the 1960s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eastern_United_States', 'summary': 'The Eastern United States , commonly referred to as the American East or simply the East , is the region of the United States lying to the east of the Mississippi River . In 2011 the 26 states east of the Mississippi ( in addition to Washington , D.C. but not including the small portions of Louisiana and Minnesota east of the river ) had an estimated population of 179,948,346 or 58.28% of the total U.S. population of 308,745,358 ( excluding Puerto Rico ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Highest wind gusts', 'urls': []}, {'value': '113.3 m/s ( 255 mph ; 220 kn ; 410 km/h )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 10 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone Olivia in Barrow Island , Western Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclone_Olivia', 'summary': "Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia was a powerful cyclone that produced the highest non-tornadic winds on record on Barrow Island , 408 kilometres per hour ( 254 mph ) , breaking the record of 372 km/h ( 231 mph ) on Mount Washington in the United States in April 1934 . The 13th named storm of the 1995-96 Australian region cyclone season , Olivia formed on 3 April 1996 to the north of Australia 's Northern Territory . The storm moved generally to the southwest , gradually intensifying off Western Australia . On 8 April , Olivia intensified into a severe tropical cyclone and subsequently turned more to the south , steered by a passing trough . On 10 April , Olivia produced the worldwide record strongest gust on Barrow Island , and on the same day the cyclone made landfall near Varanus Island . The storm quickly weakened over land , dissipating over the Great Australian Bight on 12 April . While in its formative stages , Olivia produced light rainfall in the Northern Territory . While offshore Western Australia , the cyclone forced oil platforms to shut down , and the combination of high winds and waves caused heavy damage to oil facilities . Onshore , Olivia 's high winds damaged several small mining towns , halting operations . Every house in Pannawonica sustained some damage . One person in the town was injured by flying glass and had to be flown to receive treatment , and nine others were lightly injured . The cyclone also produced heavy rainfall and a localized storm surge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barrow_Island_(Western_Australia)', 'summary': 'Barrow Island is a 202 km2 ( 78 sq mi ) island 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) northwest off the Pilbara coast of Western Australia . The island is the second largest in Western Australia after Dirk Hartog Island .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_Australia', 'summary': "Western Australia [ a ] ( abbreviated as WA ) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia . It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west , and the Southern Ocean to the south , [ b ] the Northern Territory to the north-east , and South Australia to the south-east . Western Australia is Australia 's largest state , with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres ( 976,790 sq mi ) , and the second-largest country subdivision in the world , surpassed only by Russia 's Sakha Republic . The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants - around 11 percent of the national total - of whom the vast majority ( 92 per cent ) live in the south-west corner , 79 per cent of the population living in the Perth area , leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated . The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog , who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616 . The first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government . He established a convict-supported military garrison at King George III Sound , at present-day Albany , and on 21 January 1827 formally took possession of the western third of the continent for the British Crown . This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829 , including the site of the present-day capital , Perth . York was the first inland settlement in Western Australia . Situated 97 kilometres ( 60 miles ) east of Perth , it was settled on 16 September 1831 . Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890 and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901 . Today , its economy mainly relies on mining , oil and gas , services and construction ."}]}, {'value': 'Highest Accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) index for a tropical cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accumulated_cyclone_energy', 'summary': 'Accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) is a measure used by various agencies including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) and the India Meteorological Department to express the activity of individual tropical cyclones and entire tropical cyclone seasons . It uses an approximation of the wind energy used by a tropical system over its lifetime and is calculated every six hours . The ACE of a season is the sum of the ACEs for each storm and takes into account the number , strength , and duration of all the tropical storms in the season . The highest ACE calculated for a single storm is 82 , for Hurricane/Typhoon Ioke in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 20 - September 7 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane/Typhoon Ioke in the northeast and northwest Pacific Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Ioke', 'summary': "Hurricane Ioke , also referred to as Typhoon Ioke , was the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Central Pacific , as well as the fifth-most intense Pacific hurricane on record , tied with 1973 's Hurricane Ava . The first storm to form in the Central Pacific in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season , Ioke was a record breaking , long-lived and extremely powerful storm that traversed the Pacific for 17 days , reaching the equivalent of Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale on three different occasions . The cyclone developed in the Intertropical Convergence Zone on August 20 far to the south of Hawaii . Encountering warm waters , little wind shear , and well-defined outflow , Ioke intensified from a tropical depression to Category 4 status within 48 hours . Late on August 22 it rapidly weakened to Category 2 status before crossing over Johnston Atoll . Two days later favorable conditions again allowed for rapid strengthening , and Ioke attained Category 5 status on August 25 before crossing the International Date Line . As it continued westward its intensity fluctuated , and on August 31 it passed near Wake Island with winds of 155 mph ( 250 km/h ) . Ioke gradually weakened as it turned northwestward and northward , and by September 6 it had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants of Ioke accelerated northeastward and ultimately crossed into the Bering Sea , and then the Gulf of Alaska . Ioke did not affect any permanently-populated areas in the Central Pacific or Western Pacific basins as a hurricane or a typhoon . A crew of 12 people rode out the hurricane in a hurricane-proof bunker on Johnston Atoll ; the crew estimated winds reached over 100 mph ( 160 km/h ) , which damaged trees on the island but did not impact the island 's bird population . The typhoon left moderate damage on Wake Island totaling $ 88 million ( 2006 USD , equivalent to $ 110 million in 2018 ) , including blown off roofs and damaged buildings , though the infrastructure of the island was left intact ; all military personnel were evacuated from the island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Ocean', 'summary': "The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth 's oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by the continents of Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east . At 165,250,000 square kilometers ( 63,800,000 square miles ) in area ( as defined with an Antarctic southern border ) , this largest division of the World Ocean - and , in turn , the hydrosphere - covers about 46% of Earth 's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area , making it larger than all of Earth 's land area combined . The centers of both the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean . The equator subdivides it into the North ( ern ) Pacific Ocean and South ( ern ) Pacific Ocean , with two exceptions : the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands , while straddling the equator , are deemed wholly within the South Pacific . Its mean depth is 4,000 meters ( 13,000 feet ) . Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench , located in the western north Pacific , is the deepest point in the world , reaching a depth of 10,928 meters ( 35,853 feet ) . The Pacific also contains the deepest point in the Southern Hemisphere , the Horizon Deep in the Tonga Trench , at 10,823 meters ( 35,509 feet ) . The third deepest point on Earth , the Sirena Deep , is also located in the Mariana Trench . The western Pacific has many major marginal seas , including the South China Sea , the East China Sea , the Sea of Japan , the Sea of Okhotsk , the Philippine Sea , the Coral Sea , and the Tasman Sea ."}]}, {'value': 'Highest Accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) index for a season', 'urls': []}, {'value': '571 during the 1997 Pacific typhoon season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_Pacific_typhoon_season', 'summary': 'The 1997 Pacific typhoon season was a record-breaking season featuring 11 tropical cyclones reaching super typhoon intensity , tying the record with 1965 with the most violent tropical cyclones globally . It has no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1997 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the International Date Line . Storms that form east of the Date Line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1997 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions in this basin have the W suffix added to their number . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names .'}]}, {'value': 'January 19 - December 23 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwest Pacific Ocean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Most intense ( 1-minute maximum sustained surface winds )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales', 'summary': "Tropical cyclones are ranked on one of five tropical cyclone intensity scales , according to their maximum sustained winds and which tropical cyclone basin ( s ) they are located in . Only a few scales of classifications are used officially by the meteorological agencies monitoring the tropical cyclones , but some alternative scales also exist , such as accumulated cyclone energy , the Power Dissipation Index , the Integrated Kinetic Energy Index , and the Hurricane Severity Index . Tropical cyclones that develop in the Northern Hemisphere are unofficially classified by the warning centres on one of three intensity scales . Tropical cyclones or subtropical cyclones that exist within the North Atlantic Ocean or the North-eastern Pacific Ocean are classified as either tropical depressions or tropical storms . Should a system intensify further and become a hurricane , then it will be classified on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale , which is based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 1-minute period . In the Western Pacific , the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee uses four separate classifications for tropical cyclones that exist within the basin , which are based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 10-minute period . The India Meteorological Department 's scale uses 7 different classifications for systems within the North Indian Ocean , and are based on the systems estimated 3-minute maximum sustained winds . Tropical cyclones that develop in the Southern Hemisphere are only officially classified by the warning centres on one of two scales , which are both based on 10-minute sustained wind speeds : The Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale is used to classify systems within the Australian or South Pacific tropical cyclone basin . The scale used to classify systems in the South-West Indian Ocean is defined by Meteo France for use in various French territories , including New Caledonia and French Polynesia . The definition of sustained winds recommended by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and used by most weather agencies is that of a 10-minute average at a height of 10 m ( 33 ft ) . However , the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is based on wind speed measurements averaged over a 1-minute period , at 10 m ( 33 ft ) above the surface . The scale used by RSMC New Delhi applies a 3-minute averaging period , and the Australian scale is based on both 3-second wind gusts and maximum sustained winds averaged over a 10-minute interval ."}]}, {'value': '96.2 m/s ( 215 mph ; 185 kn ; 345 km/h )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 23 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane Patricia in the northeast Pacific Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Patricia', 'summary': 'Hurricane Patricia was the most intense tropical cyclone on record worldwide in terms of wind speed and the second-most intense on record worldwide in terms of pressure , behind Typhoon Tip in 1979 , with a minimum atmospheric pressure of 872 mbar ( hPa ; 25.75 inHg ) . Originating from a sprawling disturbance near the Gulf of Tehuantepec , south of Mexico , in mid-October 2015 , Patricia was first classified a tropical depression on October 20 . Initial development was slow , with only modest strengthening within the first day of its classification . The system later became a tropical storm and was named Patricia , the twenty-fourth named storm of the annual hurricane season . Exceptionally favorable environmental conditions fueled explosive intensification on October 22 . A well-defined eye developed within an intense central dense overcast and Patricia grew from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in just 24 hours - a near-record pace . On October 23 , the hurricane achieved its record peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 215 mph ( 345 km/h ) . [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] This made it the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Western Hemisphere and the strongest globally in terms of one-minute maximum sustained winds . Late on October 23 , dramatic weakening ensued and Patricia made landfall near Cuixmala , Jalisco , with winds of 150 mph ( 240 km/h ) . This made it the strongest landfalling hurricane on record along the Pacific coast of Mexico . Patricia continued to weaken extremely quickly , faster than it had intensified , as it interacted with the mountainous terrain of Mexico . Within 24 hours of moving ashore , Patricia weakened into a tropical depression and dissipated soon thereafter , late on October 24 .'}]}, {'value': 'Most intense ( 10-minute maximum sustained winds )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78.2 m/s ( 175 mph ; 150 kn ; 280 km/h )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 20 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone Winston in the south Pacific Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclone_Winston', 'summary': "Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston was the most intense tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere on record , as well as the strongest to make landfall in the Southern Hemisphere , with the possible exception of 1899 's Cyclone Mahina in both regards . Winston is also the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the South Pacific basin . The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on 7 February 2016 , when it was located to the northwest of Port Vila , Vanuatu . Over the next few days , the system gradually developed as it moved southeast , acquiring gale-force winds by 11 February . The following day , it underwent rapid intensification and attained ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h ( 110 mph ) . Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter . After turning northeast on 14 February , Winston stalled to the north of Tonga on 17 February . Due to a change in higher level steering , the storm drifted back to the west . In the process , Winston again rapidly intensified , reaching Category 5 intensity on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale on 19 February . The storm passed directly over Vanua Balavu , where a national record wind gust of 306 km/h ( 190 mph ) was observed . The cyclone reached its peak intensity on 20 February , with ten-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h ( 175 mph ) and a pressure of 884 hPa ( mbar ; 26.10 inHg ) , shortly before making landfall on Viti Levu , Fiji . Thereafter , the storm slowly weakened within a less favourable environment ; the system turned southeast during this time , though remained well away from Fiji ."}]}, {'value': 'Most intense ( lowest central pressure )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '870 mb ( 870.0 hPa ; 25.7 inHg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 12 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Typhoon Tip in the northwest Pacific Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Typhoon_Tip', 'summary': "Typhoon Tip , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling , was the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded . The forty-third tropical depression , nineteenth tropical storm , twelfth typhoon , and third super typhoon of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season , Tip developed out of a disturbance within the monsoon trough on October 4 near Pohnpei in Micronesia . Initially , a tropical storm to the northwest hindered the development and motion of Tip , though after the storm tracked farther north , Tip was able to intensify . After passing Guam , Tip rapidly intensified and reached peak sustained winds of 305 km/h ( 190 mph ) [ nb 1 ] and a worldwide record-low sea-level pressure of 870 hPa ( 25.69 inHg ) on October 12 . At its peak strength , Tip was the largest tropical cyclone on record , with a wind diameter of 2,220 km ( 1,380 mi ) . Tip slowly weakened as it continued west-northwestward and later turned to the northeast , in response to an approaching trough . The typhoon made landfall in southern Japan on October 19 , and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter . Tip 's extratropical remnants continued moving east-northeastward , until they dissipated near the Aleutian Islands on October 24 . U.S. Air Force aircraft flew 60 weather reconnaissance missions into the typhoon , making Tip one of the most closely observed tropical cyclones . Rainfall from Tip indirectly led to a fire that killed 13 Marines and injured 68 at Combined Arms Training Center , Camp Fuji in the Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan . Elsewhere in the country , the typhoon caused widespread flooding and 42 deaths ; offshore shipwrecks left 44 people killed or missing ."}]}, {'value': 'Most intense at landfall ( 1-minute maximum sustained winds )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landfall', 'summary': "Landfall is the event of a storm moving over land after being over water . More broadly , and in relation to human travel , it refers to 'the first land that is reached or seen at the end of a journey across the sea or through the air , or the fact of arriving there ' ."}]}, {'value': '86 m/s ( 190 mph ; 165 kn ; 310 km/h )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 7 , 2013 September 13 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Typhoon Haiyan in Samar , Philippines Typhoon Meranti in Itbayat , Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan', 'summary': "Typhoon Haiyan , known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Yolanda , was one of the most powerful tropical cyclones ever recorded . On making landfall , Haiyan devastated portions of Southeast Asia , particularly the Philippines . It is the deadliest Philippine typhoon on record , killing at least 6,300 people in that country alone . In terms of JTWC-estimated 1-minute sustained winds , Haiyan is tied with Meranti for being the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record . In January 2014 , bodies were still being found . The thirtieth named storm , thirteenth typhoon , and fifth super typhoon of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season , Haiyan originated from an area of low pressure several hundred kilometers east-southeast of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia on November 2 , 2013 . Tracking generally westward , environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis and the system developed into a tropical depression on the following day . After becoming a tropical storm and being named Haiyan at 00:00 UTC on November 4 , the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity by 18:00 UTC on November 5 . By November 6 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) assessed the system as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale ( SSHWS ) ; the storm passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau shortly after attaining this strength . Thereafter , Haiyan continued to intensify ; at 12:00 UTC on November 7 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) upgraded the storm 's maximum ten-minute sustained winds to 230 km/h ( 145 mph ) , the highest in relation to the storm . The Hong Kong Observatory put the storm 's maximum ten-minute sustained winds at 285 km/h ( 180 mph ) prior to landfall in the central Philippines , while the China Meteorological Administration estimated the maximum two-minute sustained winds at the time to be around 78 m/s ( 280 km/h or 175 mph ) . At the same time , the JTWC estimated the system 's one-minute sustained winds at 315 km/h ( 195 mph ) , unofficially making Haiyan the strongest tropical cyclone ever observed based on wind speed , a record which would later be surpassed by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 at 345 km/h ( 215 mph ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samar', 'summary': "Samar ( /ˈsɑːmɑːr/ SAH-mar ) is the third largest island in the Philippines . Located in eastern Visayas , within central Philippines . The island is divided into three provinces : Samar ( the western two-fifths of the island of Samar ) , Northern Samar , and Eastern Samar . These three provinces , along with the provinces on the nearby islands of Leyte and Biliran are part of the Eastern Visayas region . Samar is the eastern-most island in the Visayas . About a third of the island is protected as a natural park known as the Samar Island Natural Park . The island is separated from Leyte by the San Juanico Strait , which at its narrowest point is only about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) across . This strait is crossed by the San Juanico Bridge . Samar lies southeast of the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon , the country 's largest island ; the San Bernardino Strait separates the two . To the south of Samar is the Leyte Gulf , which was the site of the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the most decisive naval battles during the Second World War . The gulf opens out into the Philippine Sea , found to the east of Samar and is part of the Pacific Ocean . On June 19 , 1965 , through Republic Act No ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Typhoon_Meranti', 'summary': 'Typhoon Meranti , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ferdie , was one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record . Impacting the Batanes in the Philippines , Taiwan , as well as Fujian Province in September 2016 , Meranti formed as a tropical depression on September 8 near the island of Guam . Tracking to the west northwest , Meranti gradually intensified until September 11 , at which point it began a period of rapid intensification . Continuing to rapidly intensify , it became a super typhoon early on September 12 , as it passed through the Luzon Strait , ultimately reaching its peak intensity on September 13 with 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h ( 195 mph ) . Shortly afterwards , it passed directly over the island of Itbayat . Meranti passed to the south of Taiwan as a super typhoon , and began weakening steadily as a result of land interaction . By September 15 , it struck Fujian Province as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon , becoming the strongest typhoon on record to impact the province . Upon moving inland , rapid weakening ensued and Meranti became extratropical the next day , dissipating shortly afterwards after it passed to the south of the Korean Peninsula . The island of Itbayat sustained a direct hit from the super typhoon near its peak intensity , severing communications from the island for several days . No fatalities were reported on the island from the island . The typhoon caused ₱244.99 million ( US $ 5.16 million ) in damage on the island . However , the most costly and direct impacts were felt in eastern China , where 45 people were killed from floods .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Itbayat,_Batanes', 'summary': "Itbayat , officially the Municipality of Itbayat ( Ivatan : Kavahayan nu Itbayat ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Itbayat ) , is a municipality in the province of Batanes in the Region 2 of the Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 2,867 people . Itbayat is the country 's northernmost municipality , located 156 kilometers ( 97 mi ) from the southernmost tip of Taiwan . In addition to the main island of Itbayat which is the largest in Batanes , the municipality includes the rest of the province 's northern islands , all small and mostly uninhabited . These islands are , from south to north : Di'nem Island , Siayan , Misanga , Ah'li , and Mavulis Island , the northernmost island of the Philippine archipelago ."}]}, {'value': 'Most intense at landfall ( 10-minute maximum sustained winds )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78.2 m/s ( 175 mph ; 150 kn ; 280 km/h )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 20 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone Winston in Viti Levu , Fiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclone_Winston', 'summary': "Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston was the most intense tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere on record , as well as the strongest to make landfall in the Southern Hemisphere , with the possible exception of 1899 's Cyclone Mahina in both regards . Winston is also the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the South Pacific basin . The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on 7 February 2016 , when it was located to the northwest of Port Vila , Vanuatu . Over the next few days , the system gradually developed as it moved southeast , acquiring gale-force winds by 11 February . The following day , it underwent rapid intensification and attained ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h ( 110 mph ) . Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter . After turning northeast on 14 February , Winston stalled to the north of Tonga on 17 February . Due to a change in higher level steering , the storm drifted back to the west . In the process , Winston again rapidly intensified , reaching Category 5 intensity on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale on 19 February . The storm passed directly over Vanua Balavu , where a national record wind gust of 306 km/h ( 190 mph ) was observed . The cyclone reached its peak intensity on 20 February , with ten-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h ( 175 mph ) and a pressure of 884 hPa ( mbar ; 26.10 inHg ) , shortly before making landfall on Viti Levu , Fiji . Thereafter , the storm slowly weakened within a less favourable environment ; the system turned southeast during this time , though remained well away from Fiji ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Viti_Levu', 'summary': "Viti Levu ( pronounced [ ˈβitʃi ˈleβu ] ) is the largest island in the Republic of Fiji , the site of the nation 's capital , Suva , and home to a large majority of Fiji 's population ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fiji', 'summary': "Fiji ( /ˈfiːdʒi/ ( listen ) FEE-jee ; Fijian : Viti [ ˈβitʃi ] ; Fiji Hindi : फ़िजी , Fijī ) , officially the Republic of Fiji ( Fijian : Matanitu Tugalala o Viti ; Fiji Hindi : फ़िजी गणराज्य , Fijī Gaṇarājya ) , is an island country in Melanesia , part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,100 nautical miles ( 2,000 km ; 1,300 mi ) northeast of New Zealand 's North Island . Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west , New Caledonia to the southwest , New Zealand 's Kermadec Islands to the southeast , Tonga to the east , the Samoas and France 's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast , and Tuvalu to the north . Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands - of which 110 are permanently inhabited - and more than 500 islets , amounting to a total land area of about 18,300 square kilometres ( 7,100 sq mi ) . The most outlying island is Ono-i-Lau . The two major islands , Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , account for 87% of the total population of 883,483 . The capital , Suva , on Viti Levu , serves as the country 's principal cruise-ship port . [ failed verification ] About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu 's coasts , either in Suva or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi - where tourism is the major local industry - or Lautoka , where the sugar-cane industry is paramount . Due to its terrain , the interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited . The majority of Fiji 's islands formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago . Some geothermal activity still occurs today , on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni . The geothermal systems on Viti Levu are non-volcanic in origin , with low-temperature ( c. 35-60 degrees Celsius ) surface discharges . Sabeto Hot Springs near Nadi is a good example ."}]}, {'value': 'Most intense at landfall ( pressure )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '884 mb ( 884.0 hPa ; 26.1 inHg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 20 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone Winston in Viti Levu , Fiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclone_Winston', 'summary': "Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston was the most intense tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere on record , as well as the strongest to make landfall in the Southern Hemisphere , with the possible exception of 1899 's Cyclone Mahina in both regards . Winston is also the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the South Pacific basin . The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on 7 February 2016 , when it was located to the northwest of Port Vila , Vanuatu . Over the next few days , the system gradually developed as it moved southeast , acquiring gale-force winds by 11 February . The following day , it underwent rapid intensification and attained ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h ( 110 mph ) . Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter . After turning northeast on 14 February , Winston stalled to the north of Tonga on 17 February . Due to a change in higher level steering , the storm drifted back to the west . In the process , Winston again rapidly intensified , reaching Category 5 intensity on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale on 19 February . The storm passed directly over Vanua Balavu , where a national record wind gust of 306 km/h ( 190 mph ) was observed . The cyclone reached its peak intensity on 20 February , with ten-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h ( 175 mph ) and a pressure of 884 hPa ( mbar ; 26.10 inHg ) , shortly before making landfall on Viti Levu , Fiji . Thereafter , the storm slowly weakened within a less favourable environment ; the system turned southeast during this time , though remained well away from Fiji ."}]}, {'value': 'Longest lasting tropical cyclone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 11 - September 10 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane/Typhoon John in the northeast and northwest Pacific Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_John_(1994)', 'summary': 'Hurricane John , also known as Typhoon John , was both the longest-lasting and the farthest-traveling tropical cyclone ever observed . John formed during the 1994 Pacific hurricane season , which had above-average activity due to the El Niño of 1994-95 , and peaked as a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale , the highest categorization for hurricanes . Over the course of its existence , John followed a 7,165-mile ( 13,280-km ) path from the eastern Pacific to the western Pacific and back to the central Pacific , lasting 31 days in total . Because it existed in both the eastern and western Pacific , John was one of a small number of tropical cyclones to be designated as both a hurricane and a typhoon . Despite lasting for a full month , John barely affected land at all , bringing only minimal effects to the Hawaiian Islands and the United States military base on Johnston Atoll . Its remnants later affected Alaska .'}]}, {'value': 'Longest distance traveled by tropical cyclone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,180 km ( 8,190 mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 11 - September 10 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane/Typhoon John in the northeast and northwest Pacific Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_John_(1994)', 'summary': 'Hurricane John , also known as Typhoon John , was both the longest-lasting and the farthest-traveling tropical cyclone ever observed . John formed during the 1994 Pacific hurricane season , which had above-average activity due to the El Niño of 1994-95 , and peaked as a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale , the highest categorization for hurricanes . Over the course of its existence , John followed a 7,165-mile ( 13,280-km ) path from the eastern Pacific to the western Pacific and back to the central Pacific , lasting 31 days in total . Because it existed in both the eastern and western Pacific , John was one of a small number of tropical cyclones to be designated as both a hurricane and a typhoon . Despite lasting for a full month , John barely affected land at all , bringing only minimal effects to the Hawaiian Islands and the United States military base on Johnston Atoll . Its remnants later affected Alaska .'}]}, {'value': 'Longest lasting Category 4 or 5 winds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saffir–Simpson_scale', 'summary': 'The Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale ( SSHWS ) , formerly the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale ( SSHS ) , classifies hurricanes - Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones - that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms - into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds .'}]}, {'value': '8.25 consecutive days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 24 - September 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane/Typhoon Ioke in the northeast and northwest Pacific Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Ioke', 'summary': "Hurricane Ioke , also referred to as Typhoon Ioke , was the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Central Pacific , as well as the fifth-most intense Pacific hurricane on record , tied with 1973 's Hurricane Ava . The first storm to form in the Central Pacific in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season , Ioke was a record breaking , long-lived and extremely powerful storm that traversed the Pacific for 17 days , reaching the equivalent of Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale on three different occasions . The cyclone developed in the Intertropical Convergence Zone on August 20 far to the south of Hawaii . Encountering warm waters , little wind shear , and well-defined outflow , Ioke intensified from a tropical depression to Category 4 status within 48 hours . Late on August 22 it rapidly weakened to Category 2 status before crossing over Johnston Atoll . Two days later favorable conditions again allowed for rapid strengthening , and Ioke attained Category 5 status on August 25 before crossing the International Date Line . As it continued westward its intensity fluctuated , and on August 31 it passed near Wake Island with winds of 155 mph ( 250 km/h ) . Ioke gradually weakened as it turned northwestward and northward , and by September 6 it had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants of Ioke accelerated northeastward and ultimately crossed into the Bering Sea , and then the Gulf of Alaska . Ioke did not affect any permanently-populated areas in the Central Pacific or Western Pacific basins as a hurricane or a typhoon . A crew of 12 people rode out the hurricane in a hurricane-proof bunker on Johnston Atoll ; the crew estimated winds reached over 100 mph ( 160 km/h ) , which damaged trees on the island but did not impact the island 's bird population . The typhoon left moderate damage on Wake Island totaling $ 88 million ( 2006 USD , equivalent to $ 110 million in 2018 ) , including blown off roofs and damaged buildings , though the infrastructure of the island was left intact ; all military personnel were evacuated from the island ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Major records', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_tropical_cyclone_records_1', 'intro': 'This is a condensed list of worldwide tropical cyclone records set by different storms and seasons.'}
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What is the characteristic of the cyclone whose location is the second largest of the world 's oceans ?
wave height
0647cd7294421c76
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Santos_FC_season', 'title': '2009 Santos FC season', 'header': ['P', 'Name', 'Age', 'Moving to', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Bida', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitória', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vitória', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Vitória , usually known simply as Vitória , is a Brazilian football team from Salvador in Bahia , founded on May 13 , 1899 . The team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B and the Campeonato Baiano . Vitória 's home games are played at the club 's own stadium , Manoel Barradas , capacity 35,632 . The team plays in red and black horizontal striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . The stripes have changed over time : they have been sometimes vertical , horizontal , wide and narrow . The youth system of the club is one of the most successful of the world , holding , between 1995 and 2000 , at its peak , at least 21 international titles . Recent names that started playing in the club are Bebeto , Vampeta , Dida , Júnior , Hulk , David Luiz , Dudu Cearense , Marcelo Moreno , Gabriel Paulista and others . The rivals of Vitória are Esporte Clube Bahia . Their matches are known as Ba-Vi ( Ba from Bahia and Vi from Vitória ) . It is one of the most intense rivalries in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan expiration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Vitor Júnior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitor_Júnior', 'summary': 'Vítor Silva Assis de Oliveira Jr. known as Vítor Júnior or just Júnior ( born September 15 , 1986 in Porto Alegre ) , is a Brazilian attacking midfielder who plays for Brusque . He also known as Júnior Juninho or just Juninho in Europe . He was signed by Kawasaki Frontale in 2008 , he then signed a new deal in January 2009 . In July 2018 , Júnior joined Siam Navy on a one-year deal .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawasaki Frontale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawasaki_Frontale', 'summary': 'Kawasaki Frontale ( 川崎フロンターレ , Kawasaki Furontāre ) is a J1 League association football club . The team is located in Kawasaki , Kanagawa Prefecture , south of Tokyo . Their home stadium is Kawasaki Todoroki Stadium , in Nakahara Ward , in the central area of Kawasaki .'}]}, {'value': 'End of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Rodrigo José Lima dos Santos ( born 11 May 1983 ) , known as Lima , is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a striker . He spent the better part of his professional career in Portugal , amassing Primeira Liga totals of 176 matches and 86 goals over six seasons , representing mainly Braga and Benfica and winning six major titles with the latter club , notably the treble in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avaí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avaí_FC', 'summary': 'Avaí Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ avaˈi ] ) is a Brazilian football team from Florianópolis in Santa Catarina , founded on September 1 , 1923 . Their home stadium is Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva , also known as Ressacada , with a capacity of 17,800 . They play in blue and white shirts , shorts and socks . Their best known supporter is tennis player Gustavo Kuerten .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan expiration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Reginaldo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Agent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Agent', 'summary': "In professional sports , a free agent is a player who is eligible to sign freely with any club or franchise ; i.e. , not under contract to any specific team . The term is also used in reference to a player who is under contract at present but who is allowed to solicit offers from other teams . In some circumstances , the free agent 's options are limited by league rules ."}]}, {'value': 'End of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Fabiano', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confiança', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Desportiva_Confiança', 'summary': "Associação Desportiva Confiança , or Confiança as they are usually called , is a sergipano club from Aracaju in Sergipe , founded on May 1 , 1936 . Confiança 's greatest rival is Sergipe . Home stadium is the Proletário Sabino Ribeiro stadium , capacity 4,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'End of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Anderson_Pereira_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Michael Anderson Pereira da Silva ( born February 16 , 1983 in São Caetano do Sul ) better known as simply Michael , is a professional Brazilian football player .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dynamo Kyiv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dynamo_Kyiv', 'summary': "Football Club Dynamo Kyiv ( Ukrainian : Футбольний клуб « Динамо » Київ , pronounced [ dɪˈnɑmo ˈkɪjiu̯ ] ) is a Ukrainian professional football club based in Kiev . Founded in 1927 as part of the Soviet Dynamo Sports Society , the club plays in the Ukrainian Premier League , and has never been relegated to a lower division . Their home is the 70,050 capacity Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex . Since 1936 , Dynamo has spent its entire history in the top league of Soviet and later Ukrainian football . Its most successful periods are associated with Valeriy Lobanovskyi , who coached the team during three stints , leading them to numerous domestic and European titles . In 1961 , the club became first ever in the history of Soviet football that managed to overcome the total hegemony of Moscow-based clubs in the Soviet Top League . The Spartak Moscow-Dynamo Kyiv rivalry that began in the mid 1970s , is widely considered to have been one of the most exciting football rivalries in the Soviet Union . Since the late 1960s , the club has participated in the UEFA continental competitions almost every year . It was the first Soviet football club to participate in the UEFA European competitions , starting to do so in 1965 . Over its history , Dynamo Kyiv has won 15 Ukrainian national titles , 13 Soviet national titles , 11 Ukrainian national cup competitions , 9 Soviet national cup competitions , and three continental titles ( including two UEFA Cup Winners ' Cups ) . Along with Dinamo Tbilisi , they were the only two Soviet clubs that succeeded in the UEFA competitions . The first team of Dynamo became a base team for the Soviet Union national football team in the 1970-1980s and the Ukraine national football team in the 1990-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan expiration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Fábio Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fábio_Santos_Romeu', 'summary': 'Fábio Santos Romeu ( born 16 September 1985 in São Paulo ) , known simply as Fábio Santos , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a left back for Atlético Mineiro in the Campeonato Brasileiro . Fábio Santos has a reputation for being a penalty kick specialist .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grêmio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grêmio_FBPA', 'summary': "Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈɡɾẽmju ˌfutʃˈbɔw ˌpoɾtw ɐlɛˈɡɾẽsi ] ) , commonly known as Grêmio , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul . The club plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system , and the Campeonato Gaúcho , Rio Grande do Sul 's top state league . The club was founded in 1903 . The club 's home ground is the Arena do Grêmio , to which it moved in 2013 , having previously played at Estádio Olímpico Monumental since 1954 . Grêmio was the first club outside the Southeast of Brazil to become World Champion , after beating Hamburger SV in 1983 ( 2-1 ) . Also , Grêmio is the Brazilian club that most won the Copa Libertadores da América ( 3 ) , alongside São Paulo ( 3 ) and Santos ( 3 ) . As of 2017 , Grêmio was ranked number one in the CBF club rankings and is listed by Forbes as the third most valuable football club in the Americas with an estimated value of $ 295.5 million . Grêmio has won 38 Campeonato Gaúcho , 2 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 1 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , 1 Supercopa do Brasil , 1 Copa Sul and 5 Copa do Brasil . Internationally , Grêmio has won 1 Intercontinental Cup , 3 Copa Libertadores de América , 2 Recopa Sudamericana and 1 Sanwa Bank Cup . Grêmio usually plays in a tricolor ( blue , black and white ) striped shirt , black shorts and white socks . Grêmio has a fierce rivalry with Internacional , which is widely considered the most heated in Brazil and one of the most heated in the world . Matches between the two teams are known as Grenal ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan expiration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Wendel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wendel_Santana_Pereira_Santos', 'summary': 'Wendel Santana Pereira Santos , most known as Wendel ( born October 8 , 1981 in Itapetinga-BA ) , is a Brazilian defensive midfielder . He currently plays for Boa Esporte . In December 2012 , after backing to Palmeiras wished by Gilson Kleina , Wendel said was disrespected by Felipão , former coach of the club , that sent the player for loans .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmeiras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SE_Palmeiras', 'summary': "Palmeiras ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ pawˈmejɾɐs ] ) is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . Founded on 26 August 1914 , as Palestra Italia ( pronounced [ paˌlɛstɾiˈtaliɐ ] ) , but changed to the current name on 14 September 14 , 1942 . It is a popular and successful Brazilian club , with around 18 million supporters and 126,000 affiliated fans , including many Brazilians of Italian ancestry . Despite being primarily an association football team , Palmeiras competes in a number of different sports , most notably football . The football team plays in the Campeonato Paulista , the state of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as in the Brasileirão Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . Palmeiras have won 14 national competitions , making it the most successful club inside Brazil . The club 's most important titles are the 1951 Copa Rio international tournament , 1999 Copa Libertadores , 10 Brazilian National League titles ( Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ) , 2 Brasileirão Série B , 3 Brazil Cups ( Copa do Brasil ) , 1 Champions Cup ( Copa dos Campeões ) and the 1998 Copa Mercosul , as well as 5 Interstate titles ( Torneio Rio - São Paulo ) , and 22 State Championship titles ( Campeonato Paulista ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan expiration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Adoniran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adoniran_Vinícius_de_Campos', 'summary': "Adoniran Vinícius de Campos ( born 12 December 1985 in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste ) , or simply Adoniran , is a Brazilian defensive midfielder . He last played for Paranavaí ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Agent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Agent', 'summary': "In professional sports , a free agent is a player who is eligible to sign freely with any club or franchise ; i.e. , not under contract to any specific team . The term is also used in reference to a player who is under contract at present but who is allowed to solicit offers from other teams . In some circumstances , the free agent 's options are limited by league rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Anderson Salles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Salles', 'summary': 'Anderson Aparecido Salles ( born 16 February 1988 in Araçariguama , São Paulo ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender for Indonesian club Bhayangkara . He made his professional debut for Santos in the São Paulo State Championship against Palmeiras on January 20 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bragantino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Bragantino', 'summary': 'The Clube Atlético Bragantino , or Bragantino as they were usually called , was a Brazilian football team from Bragança Paulista in São Paulo that was founded on 8 January 1928 . On 5 April 2019 the team merged with Red Bull Brasil to form Red Bull Bragantino . They played in white shirts , shorts and socks . Its home stadium was the Estádio Nabi Abi Chedid .'}]}, {'value': 'End of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Nelson Cuevas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Cuevas', 'summary': 'Nelson Rafael Cuevas Amarilla ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈnelson rafaˈel ˈkweβas amaˈɾiʎa ] ; born 10 January 1980 ) is a Paraguayan former footballer and current singer . He represented the Paraguay national football team at the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups and the 1999 and 2007 Copa América tournaments . In addition to playing club football in his native Paraguay , Cuevas played for Santos in Brazil , River Plate in Argentina , Universidad de Chile in Chile , Albacete in Spain , Inter Shanghai in China , and three clubs in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Agent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Agent', 'summary': "In professional sports , a free agent is a player who is eligible to sign freely with any club or franchise ; i.e. , not under contract to any specific team . The term is also used in reference to a player who is under contract at present but who is allowed to solicit offers from other teams . In some circumstances , the free agent 's options are limited by league rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Kléber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kléber_de_Carvalho_Corrêa', 'summary': 'Kléber de Carvalho Corrêa ( born 1 April 1980 in São Paulo ) , commonly known as Kléber , is a Brazilian former professional footballer , who played as a left wingback .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Internacional', 'summary': "Sport Club Internacional ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˌĩteɾnɐsjoˈnaw ] ) , commonly known as Inter , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre . Founded in 4 April , 1909 by the Poppe brothers , with the clear goal of being a democratic institution without prejudice . Its colors are red and white and its fans are known as Colorados . It is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil and America in recent years , being the third club with the most international titles in Brazil , with 7 trophies . Its historical rival is Grêmio , with whom it contests the Grenal , one of the greatest derbies of the world . Internacional plays in the Brasileirão Série A since 2018 after achieving the second place in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as well as in the Campeonato Gaúcho , [ nb 1 ] the state of Rio Grande do Sul 's premier state league . The team 's home stadium , known as Beira-Rio ( Riverside ) , was one of the twelve 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and has a capacity of 51,300 . Internacional is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 200,000 . Internacional was South American champions in 2010 , winning their second Copa Libertadores title . The year 2006 was the most successful in Inter 's history as they won the Copa Libertadores and the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time , defeating European champions Barcelona in the latter and Club World Cup reigning champions São Paulo in the former . In their second participation in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup , Inter entered history as the first South American champion club to stay out of the final of a World Championship , after being defeated by the emerging TP Mazembe . In the following year , the club turned the corner , becoming champion of the Gaúcho Championship for the 40th time ."}]}, {'value': 'Transferred', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Quiñónez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Quiñónez', 'summary': 'Michael Jackson Quiñónez Cabeza ( born June 21 , 1984 in Pedro Carbo , Guayas ) , is an Ecuadorian football attacking midfielder who plays for Aucas .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_El_Nacional', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo El Nacional is an Ecuadorian sports club from Quito , known best for their professional football team . The team currently plays in the Serie A , the top-flight football league in the country . El Nacional has thirteen national championships ( one less than Emelec and two less than Barcelona ) . The club has participated in more Copa Libertadores than any other club in Ecuador with 22 appearances . Their best performance in the continental tournament was as a semi-finalist in 1985 . El Nacional was founded on 1 June 1964 , and was administered by the Ecuadorian Military since the foundation until 2013 , when the club celebrates his first ever democratic elections . The club has maintained a tradition of only playing Ecuadorian footballers , which has given them the nickname of Puros Criollos ( Pure Natives ) . Rival clubs included crosstown clubs LDU Quito , Deportivo Quito , Universidad Católica and the Guayaquileans Barcelona and Emelec . Their home stadium is Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa . Other sports the organization participates in are gymnastics , table tennis , Ecuavolley , chess , and shooting .'}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Bolaños', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Bolaños', 'summary': 'Luis Alberto Chucho Bolaños León ( born March 27 , 1985 in Quito ) is an Ecuadorian football midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Internacional', 'summary': "Sport Club Internacional ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˌĩteɾnɐsjoˈnaw ] ) , commonly known as Inter , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre . Founded in 4 April , 1909 by the Poppe brothers , with the clear goal of being a democratic institution without prejudice . Its colors are red and white and its fans are known as Colorados . It is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil and America in recent years , being the third club with the most international titles in Brazil , with 7 trophies . Its historical rival is Grêmio , with whom it contests the Grenal , one of the greatest derbies of the world . Internacional plays in the Brasileirão Série A since 2018 after achieving the second place in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as well as in the Campeonato Gaúcho , [ nb 1 ] the state of Rio Grande do Sul 's premier state league . The team 's home stadium , known as Beira-Rio ( Riverside ) , was one of the twelve 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and has a capacity of 51,300 . Internacional is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 200,000 . Internacional was South American champions in 2010 , winning their second Copa Libertadores title . The year 2006 was the most successful in Inter 's history as they won the Copa Libertadores and the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time , defeating European champions Barcelona in the latter and Club World Cup reigning champions São Paulo in the former . In their second participation in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup , Inter entered history as the first South American champion club to stay out of the final of a World Championship , after being defeated by the emerging TP Mazembe . In the following year , the club turned the corner , becoming champion of the Gaúcho Championship for the 40th time ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Trípodi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariano_Trípodi', 'summary': 'Mariano Sebastián Trípodi ( born 3 July 1987 ) is an Argentine footballer who plays for Metropolitano as a striker .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Agent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Agent', 'summary': "In professional sports , a free agent is a player who is eligible to sign freely with any club or franchise ; i.e. , not under contract to any specific team . The term is also used in reference to a player who is under contract at present but who is allowed to solicit offers from other teams . In some circumstances , the free agent 's options are limited by league rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Lúcio Flávio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lúcio_Flávio_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Lúcio Flávio dos Santos or simply Lúcio Flávio ( born February 3 , 1979 in Curitiba ) , is a Brazilian attacking midfielder , he currently plays for Joinville .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botafogo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botafogo_FR', 'summary': "Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɔtaˈfoɡu dʒi futʃiˈbɔw i ʁeˈɡataʃ ] ; Botafogo Football and Rowing ) , also known as Botafogo , is a Brazilian sports club based in Botafogo , Rio de Janeiro . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Botafogo is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of the Brazilian football league system , and in the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league . In 2000 , Botafogo finished 12th in a vote by subscribers of FIFA Magazine for the FIFA Club of the Century . In addition , the club has some of Brazilian football 's most notable records , as the largest number of unbeaten matches : 52 games between 1977 and 1978 ; the most unbeaten matches record in the Brazilian Championship games : 42 , also between 1977 and 1978 ; the largest number of player participations in total matches of the Brazil national football team ( considering official and unofficial games ) : 1,094 participations and the largest number of players assigned to the Brazilian national team for World Cup . The club is still responsible for the greatest victory ever recorded in Brazilian football : 24-0 against Sport Club Mangueira in 1909 ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Molina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauricio_Molina', 'summary': 'Mauricio Alejandro Molina Uribe ( American Spanish : [ mauˈɾisjo moˈlina ] ; born 30 April 1980 ) is a retired Colombian football midfielder , who ended his professional career playing for Independiente Medellín .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seongnam_Ilhwa_Chunma', 'summary': 'Seongnam FC ( Hangul : 성남 FC ) is a South Korean professional football club based in Seongnam , South Korea . Seongnam plays in the K League 1 , the top division in South Korea . Founded as Ilhwa Chunma Football Club in 1989 , the club have won a joint-record seven national league titles , three FA Cups , three League Cups , and two AFC Champions League titles . Seongnam also placed fifth in the IFFHS Asian Clubs of the 20th century . In 2014 , the club was bought by the Seongnam City Government and was officially renamed Seongnam FC .'}]}, {'value': 'Transferred', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Roni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rôni', 'summary': 'Roniéliton Pereira Santos or simply Roni ( born 28 April 1977 in Aurora ) , is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fluminense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fluminense_FC', 'summary': "Fluminense Football Club ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ flumiˈnẽsi ˈfutʃibow klɐb ] ) , known simply as Fluminense or Tricolor , is a Brazilian sports club best known for its professional football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the first tier of Brazilian football and the Campeonato Carioca , [ nb 2 ] the state league of Rio de Janeiro . The club is based in the Laranjeiras neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro . Fluminense plays their home games at the Maracanã Stadium , which currently holds up to 78,838 spectators . The club was founded on 21 July 1902 by the sons of Carioca aristocrats , being led by Oscar Cox , a Brazilian sportsman , in the bairro of Flamengo , a direct contrast between the aristocratic founders and the modest ground it was founded on . Cox was elected as the club 's first president . Fluminense have been state champions on 31 occasions , second only to Flamengo with 34 . The team have been national champions four times , most recently in 2012 in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , they won the Copa do Brasil in 2007 and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C [ nb 3 ] in 1999 . The Copa Rio de 1952 ( or Copa Rio Internacional ) and the Copa Libertadores runners up in 2008 and the Copa Sudamericana runners up in 2009 are their best international performances . Fluminense is a demonym for people who reside in the State of Rio de Janeiro . Although football was the club 's original endeavor , the club is today an umbrella organisation for several teams in more than 16 different sport activities . Fluminense 's traditional home kit is dark red-and-green vertical striped shirts , with white shorts , accompanied by white socks ; this combination has been used since 1920 . Under Armour is the current kit manufacturer ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Fabiano Eller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiano_Eller', 'summary': 'Fabiano Eller dos Santos , known as Fabiano Eller ( born 19 November 1977 in Linhares ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender for Náutico . In the 2006 season he played for Internacional while on loan from Turkish giants Trabzonspor . On 11 March 2007 Eller played his first game in La Liga , for Atlético Madrid against Deportivo La Coruña . He scored his first goal in La Liga , in an away match against Villarreal , on 8 April 2007 . In the 2009 season Eller returned to Internacional and won 2010 Copa Libertadores . After Copa Libertadores , Eller signed with Qatari side Al-Ahly . He has one international cap , gained in a friendly match when Brazil played against Guatemala on 27 April 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Agent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Agent', 'summary': "In professional sports , a free agent is a player who is eligible to sign freely with any club or franchise ; i.e. , not under contract to any specific team . The term is also used in reference to a player who is under contract at present but who is allowed to solicit offers from other teams . In some circumstances , the free agent 's options are limited by league rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Emerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerson_Ferreira_da_Rosa', 'summary': 'Emerson Ferreira da Rosa ( born 4 April 1976 ) , simply known as Emerson , is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Miami Dade FC as a defensive midfielder . At international level , he played 73 games for the Brazil national team between 1997 and 2006 , scoring 6 goals . With Brazil , he has taken part in two FIFA World Cups ( 1998 , 2006 , missing out on the 2002 FIFA World Cup due to injury ) , two editions of the Copa América ( 1999 , 2001 ) , and three Confederations Cups ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) , winning the 1999 Copa América and the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup , while also reaching the 1998 World Cup Final . An experienced footballer who was nicknamed the Puma due to his powerful but elegant , ball-winning style of play , Emerson has played for two Brazilian clubs , Grêmio and Santos , as well as several European clubs in Germany , Italy , and Spain , including Bayer Leverkusen , Roma , Juventus , Real Madrid and Milan , winning several titles . In addition to his Brazilian passport , Emerson also holds Italian , German and Qatari passports .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Agent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Agent', 'summary': "In professional sports , a free agent is a player who is eligible to sign freely with any club or franchise ; i.e. , not under contract to any specific team . The term is also used in reference to a player who is under contract at present but who is allowed to solicit offers from other teams . In some circumstances , the free agent 's options are limited by league rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Contract terminated', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- Out', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2009_Santos_FC_season_2', 'intro': "The 2009 season was Santos Futebol Clube's ninety-seventh season in existence and the club's fifty consecutive season in the top flight of Brazilian football."}
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Which of the players who are 22 years old moved to a club that was founded on 8 January 1928 ?
Anderson Salles
0649d4dbf53ffa15
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population', 'title': 'List of Indonesian cities by population', 'header': ['Ranking', 'City', 'Region', 'Population'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jakarta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Jakarta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': '9,607,967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surabaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surabaya', 'summary': "Surabaya ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ suraˈbaja ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second-largest city in the country , after Jakarta . The city has a population of over 3 million within its city limits and over 10 million in the Surabaya metropolitan area , making it the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia . Located on northeastern Java on the Madura Strait , it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia . According to the National Development Planning Agency , Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Medan , and Makassar . The city was settled in 10th century by Kingdom of Janggala , one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons . In the late 15th and 16th centuries , Surabaya grew to be a duchy , a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java , probably under Majapahit empire . At that time , Surabaya was already a major trading port , owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and on the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During the decline of Majapahit , the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate , and only submitted to its rule in 1530 . Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546 . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies , larger than Batavia ( present day Jakarta ) and the centre of trading in the nation , which was then a competitor of Shanghai and Hong Kong . The city is known as Kota Pahlawan ( city of heroes ) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanizing Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution . Today the city remains one of the important entertainment , financial , industrial , transportational , and commercial hubs of the Indonesian archipelago , arguably second only to Jakarta , and the Port of Tanjung Perak is Indonesia 's second-busiest seaport located on northern Surabaya ."}]}, {'value': 'East Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Java', 'summary': "East Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Timur ) is a province of Indonesia . It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west ; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts , respectively , while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali . Located in eastern Java , it also includes the island of Madura , which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia , the Suramadu Bridge , as well as the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos located further east and north , respectively . Its capital is Surabaya , the second largest city in Indonesia and a major industrial center . Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java . The province covers an area of 47,800 km2 , According to the 2010 Census , there were 37,476,757 people residing in the East Java , making it Indonesia 's second-most-populous province ; the latest official estimate ( for mid 2019 ) is 39,744,800 . East Java is inhabited by many different ethnic groups , such as the Javanese , Madurese and Chinese . Most of the people in East Java adheres to Islam , forming around 96% of the total population . Other religions are also worshipped , such as Christianity , which are mostly worshipped by Chinese Indonesians and immigrants from Eastern Indonesia and North Sumatra , and also Hinduism which are mostly worshipped by the Tenggerese people in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the province bordering Bali . The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation , but Javanese and Madurese are the most frequently used language . Indonesian is only used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes . East Java is one of the provinces in Indonesia that offers different types of tourist attractions ."}]}, {'value': '3,009,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandung', 'summary': "Bandung ( /ˈbɑːndʊŋ/ ) is the capital of West Java province in Indonesia . Based on the 2015 estimate , it is Indonesia 's fourth most populous city after Jakarta , Surabaya , and Bekasi with over 2.5 million inhabitants . Greater Bandung is the country 's third-largest metropolitan area with over 8.5 million inhabitants . Located 768 metres ( 2,520 feet ) above sea level , approximately 140 kilometres ( 87 miles ) southeast of Jakarta , Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other Indonesian cities . The city lies on a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provides a natural defence system , which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government 's plan to move the capital from Batavia ( modern-day Jakarta ) to Bandung . The Dutch first established tea plantations around the mountains in the 18th century , and a road was constructed to connect the plantation area to the colonial capital Batavia ( 180 kilometres ( 112 miles ) to the northwest ) . In the early 20th century the Dutch inhabitants of Bandung demanded the establishment of a municipality ( gemeente ) , which was granted in 1906 , and Bandung gradually developed into a resort city for plantation owners . Luxurious hotels , restaurants , cafés , and European boutiques were opened , leading the city to be nicknamed Parijs van Java ( Dutch : The Paris of Java ) . After Indonesia declared independence in 1945 , the city experienced has experienced ongoing development and urbanisation , transforming from an idyllic town into a dense 16,500 people/km2 ( per square kilometre ) metropolitan area with living space for over 8 million people . New skyscrapers , high-rise buildings , bridges , and gardens have been constructed . Natural resources have been heavily exploited , particularly by conversion of the protected upland area into highland villas and real estate . Although the city has encountered many problems ( ranging from waste disposal and floods , to a complicated traffic system resulting from a lack of road infrastructure ) , it still attracts large numbers of tourists , weekend sightseers , and migrants from other parts of Indonesia ."}]}, {'value': 'West Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Java', 'summary': "West Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Barat ) is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java , with its provincial capital in Bandung . West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country 's capital region of Jakarta to the west , the Java Sea to the north , the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south . The province is the homeland of the Sundanese people , the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia after the Javanese . West Java was one of the early eight provinces of Indonesia formed following the country 's independence proclamation and was later legally reestablished on 4 July 1950 . In 1966 , the city of Jakarta was split off from West Java as a 'special capital region ' ( Daerah Khusus Ibukota ) , with a status equivalent to that of a province , while in 2000 the western parts of the province were in turn split away to form a separate Banten province . Even following these split-offs , West Java is the most populous province of Indonesia with a population of 49,316,712 as of mid 2019 . The province 's largest cities , Bekasi and Bandung , are the third and fourth most populous cities proper in Indonesia , respectively . As a satellite city within the Jakarta metropolitan area , Bekasi experiences a highly rapid population growth , having surpassed the West Java capital of Bandung in 2012 . Nonetheless , Bandung remains one of the most densely populated city proper in the world , while Bekasi and Depok , both satellites of Jakarta , are respectively the seventh and tenth most populous suburbs in the world ."}]}, {'value': '2,575,478', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medan', 'summary': "Medan ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ meˈdan ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra . A regional hub and financial centre of Sumatra , it is regarded as one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Surabaya , and Makassar . Medan has a population of over 2.2 million within its city limits , and over 3.4 million in its built-up urban area , making it the fourth largest urban area in Indonesia . The Medan metropolitan area - which includes neighbouring Binjai , Deli Serdang Regency , and a part of Karo Regency - is the largest metropolitan area outside of Java , with 4.6 million residents . Medan is a multicultural metropolis and a busy trading city bordered by the Strait of Malacca . A gateway to the western part of Indonesia , Medan is supported by the Port of Belawan and Kualanamu International Airport , both of which are connected to the city centre via toll road and railway . The city was founded by Guru Patimpus , a Karonese man who named a swampy land in confluence of Deli River and Babura river as Kampung Medan Putri . It later became a part of the Deli Sultanate which was established by Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan in 1632 . In the 18th century , its eighth king , Sultan Mahmud Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam , worked with Jacob Nienhuys , a Dutch tobacco merchant , who pioneered the opening of tobacco plantations in Medan . With the help from the 9th Sultanate Sultan Ma'mun Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam , and also the well-known Chinese businessmen Tjong Yong Hian and Tjong A Fie , the rapid development of the economy transformed Medan into a big trading center with the nickname het land dollar , aka the land of the money . The Deli Railway was established for shipping rubber , tea , timber , palm oil , and sugar industries from the city to the Port of Belawan . Medan was briefly the capital of the State of East Sumatra in 1947 , before it became the provincial capital of North Sumatra in mid-1950 ."}]}, {'value': 'North Sumatera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Sumatera', 'summary': 'North Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatra Utara ) is a province of Indonesia . It consists of a large northwestern belt of the island of Sumatra and its capital is Medan . North Sumatra is the fourth most-populous province after West Java , East Java and Central Java - it covers an area of 72,981 sq.km , and at the Census of 2015 it had a population of 13,923,262 ; the latest official estimate as at mid 2019 is 14,639,400 .'}]}, {'value': '2,241,890', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semarang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semarang', 'summary': "Semarang is the capital and largest city of Central Java province in Indonesia . A major port during the Dutch colonial era , and still an important regional centre and port today . The city has been named as the cleanest tourist destination in Southeast Asia by the ASEAN Clean Tourist City Standard ( ACTCS ) for the year of 2020 to 2022 . It has an area of 373.78 square kilometres ( 144.32 sq mi ) and is located at 6°58′S 110°25′E / 6.967°S 110.417°E / -6.967 ; 110.417 . The population of the city is approximately 1.8 million people , making it Indonesia 's seventh most populous city after Jakarta , Surabaya , Bandung , Bekasi , Medan , and Tangerang . The built-up urban area had 3,183,516 inhabitants at the 2010 census spread on 2 cities and 26 districts . The Semarang metropolitan area ( a.k.a . Kedungsapur ) has a population of close to 6 million ( see Greater Semarang section ) . Population of the city is predominantly Javanese with significant Chinese population ."}]}, {'value': 'Central Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Java', 'summary': "Central Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Tengah ) is a province of Indonesia , located in the middle of the island of Java . Its administrative capital is Semarang . It is bordered by West Java in the west , the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the south , East Java in the east , and the Java Sea in the north . It has a total area of 32,548 km² , with a population of 34,552,500 million in mid 2019 , making it the third-most populous province in both Java and Indonesia after West Java and East Java . The province also includes the island of Nusakambangan in the south ( close to the border of West Java ) , and the Karimun Jawa Islands in the Java Sea . Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Region and city of Yogyakarta . However , administratively the city and its surrounding regencies have formed a separate special region ( equivalent to a province ) since the country 's independence , and is administrated separately . Although known as the heart of Javanese culture , there are several other non-Javanese ethnic groups , such as the Sundanese on the border with West Java . Chinese Indonesians , Arab Indonesians , and Indian Indonesians are also scattered throughout the province . The province has been inhabited by humans since the prehistoric-era . Remains of a Homo erectus , known as Java Man , were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo River , and date back to 1.7 million years ago . What is present-day Central Java was once under the control of several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms , Islamic sultanates , and the Dutch East Indies colonial government ."}]}, {'value': '2,067,254', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palembang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palembang', 'summary': "Palembang ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ palɛmˈbaŋ ] ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra . The city proper covers 369.22 square kilometres ( 142.56 square miles ) of land on both banks of Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra , with an estimated population of 1,708,413 in 2014 . Palembang is the second most populous city in Sumatra , after Medan , the ninth most populous city in Indonesia , and the nineteenth most populous city in Southeast Asia . The Palembang metropolitan area comprises part of regencies surrounding the city such as Banyuasin , Ogan Ilir , and Ogan Komering Ilir , with a total estimated population of more than 3.5 million in 2015 . Palembang is the one of the oldest cities in Southeast Asia . It was once the capital city of Srivijaya , a powerful Buddhist kingdom that ruled many parts of the western Indonesian Archipelago and controlled many maritime trade routes , especially in the Strait of Malacca . The earliest evidence of the city 's existence dates from the 7th century ; a Chinese monk , Yijing , wrote that he visited Srivijaya in the year 671 for 6 months . The first inscription in which Srivijaya was mentioned , Kedukan Bukit Inscription which was found in the city also dates from the 7th century . Palembang was incorporated into the Dutch East Indies in 1825 after the abolishment of the Palembang Sultanate . It was chartered as a city on 1 April 1906 . Palembang is mostly known by many Indonesians for Ampera Bridge , the city main landmark and pempek , one of Indonesian famous snack hailed from the city . Palembang is the host city of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games and 2018 Asian Games along with Jakarta ."}]}, {'value': 'South Sumatera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Sumatera', 'summary': 'South Sumatra ( Jawi : سومترا سلتن , Indonesian : Sumatera Selatan , abbreviated as Sumsel ) is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the southeast of the island of Sumatra , The province spans 91,592.43 km2 ( 35,364 sq mi ) and had a population of 7,450,394 at the 2010 Census and 8,043,042 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate is 8,497,200 ( as at mid 2019 ) . The capital of the province is Palembang . The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north , Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south . The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka , which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province . This province is rich in natural resources , such as petroleum , natural gas and coal . The province is very diverse , as it is inhabited by many different ethnic groups . The Malays is the dominant ethnic group in the province . Most of them spoke the Palembang Malay , which is mutually unintelligible to both Indonesian and Standard Malay . Other ethnic groups also inhabits the province , such as the Javanese , Sundanese , Minangkabau and Chinese . Most of them are concentrated around urban areas , as they are mostly immigrants from other parts of Indonesia . The province was once the seat of many great kingdoms and empires .'}]}, {'value': '1,455,284', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makassar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makassar', 'summary': "Makassar ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ maˈkassar ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi . It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country 's fifth-largest urban centre after Jakarta , Surabaya , Bandung , and Medan . From 1971 to 1999 , the city was named after one of its subdistricts , Ujung Pandang . The city is located on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi , facing the Makassar Strait . Makassar is not only the gateway of Eastern Indonesia , but also the epicenter of West and East Indonesia , as well as between Australia and Asia . Throughout its history , Makassar has been an important trading port , hosting the centre of the Gowa Sultanate and a Portuguese naval base before its conquest by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th century . It remained an important port in the Dutch East Indies , serving Eastern Indonesian regions with Makassarese fishers going as far south as the Australian coast . For a brief period after Indonesian independence , Makassar became the capital of the State of East Indonesia , during which an uprising occurred . The city 's area is 199.3 square kilometres ( 77.0 sq mi ) , and it had a population of around 1.6 million in 2013 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area has 1,976,168 inhabitants covering Makassar City and 15 districts . Its official metropolitan area , known as Mamminasata , with 17 additional districts , covers an area of 2,548 square kilometres ( 984 sq mi ) and had a population of around 2.4 million according to 2010 Census . According to the National Development Planning Agency , Makassar is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Medan , Jakarta , and Surabaya ."}]}, {'value': 'South Sulawesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Sulawesi', 'summary': 'South Sulawesi ( Indonesian : Sulawesi Selatan , abbreviated as Sulsel ; Buginese : ᨔᨘᨒᨓᨙᨔᨗ ᨑᨗᨐᨈ ) is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi . The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province . The capital is Makassar . The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north , the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east , Makassar Strait to the west , and Flores Sea to the south . The 2010 census estimated the population as 8,032,551 which makes South Sulawesi the most populous province on the island ( 46% of the population of Sulawesi is in South Sulawesi ) , and the sixth most populous province in Indonesia . By mid 2019 this was estimated to have risen to 8,819,500 . The main ethnic groups in South Sulawesi are the Buginese , Makassarese , Toraja , and Mandar . The economy of the province is based on agriculture , fishing , and mining of gold , magnesium , iron and other metals . The pinisi , a traditional Indonesian two-masted sailing ship , is still used widely by the Buginese and Makassarese , mostly for inter-insular transportation , cargo , and fishing purposes within the Indonesian archipelago . During the golden era of the spice trade , from the 15th to 19th centuries , South Sulawesi served as the gateway to the Maluku Islands . There were a number of small kingdoms , including two prominent ones , the Kingdom of Gowa near Makassar and the Bugis kingdom located in Bone . The Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) began operating in the region in the 17th century .'}]}, {'value': '1,337,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batam', 'summary': "Batam is the largest city in the province of Riau Islands , Indonesia . The city administrative area covers three main islands of Batam , Rempang , and Galang ( collectively called Barelang ) , as well as several small islands . Batam Island is the core urban and industrial zone , while both Rempang Island and Galang Island maintain their rural character and are connected to Batam Island by short bridges . Batam is an industrial boomtown , an emerging transport hub , and part of a free trade zone in the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle , located 20 km ( 12 mi ) off Singapore 's south coast and also part of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle . According to Statistics Indonesia 's 2016 estimate , Batam has a population of 1,236,399 , making it the third largest city in the region of Sumatra , after Medan and Palembang . It is the closest part of Indonesia to Singapore , at a minimum land distance of 5.8 km . During the 2010 national census , Batam was the fastest-growing municipality in Indonesia the decade prior , with a population growth rate of 11% per year . In 2017 , the island suffered severe job losses , some 300,000 workers were laid off ."}]}, {'value': 'Riau Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riau_Islands', 'summary': "The Riau Islands ( Indonesian : Kepulauan Riau ) is a province of Indonesia . It comprises a total of 1,796 islands scattered between the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , and Borneo . Situated on one of the world 's busiest shipping lanes along the Malacca Strait and the South China Sea , the province shares water borders with neighboring countries such as Singapore , Malaysia , and Vietnam . The Riau Islands also has a relatively large potential of mineral resources , energy , as well as marine resources . The capital of the province is Tanjung Pinang and the largest city is Batam . The Riau archipelago was once part of the Johor Sultanate , which was later partitioned between the Dutch East Indies and British Malaya after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 , in which the archipelago fell under Dutch influence . A Dutch protectorate , the Riau-Lingga Sultanate , was established in the region between 1824 and 1911 before being directly ruled by the Dutch East Indies . The archipelago became a part of Indonesia following the occupation of the Japanese Empire ( 1942-1945 ) and the Indonesian National Revolution ( 1945-1949 ) . The Riau Islands separated from the province of Riau in September 2002 , becoming Indonesia 's third-youngest province . A free trade zone of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle , the Riau Islands has experienced rapid industrialisation since the 1970s . The Riau Islands is one of the country 's most prosperous provinces , having a GDP per capita of Rp72.571,75 ( USD 8.300,82 ) as of 2011 , the fourth largest among all provinces in Indonesia after East Kalimantan , Jakarta and Riau . In addition , as of 2018 , the Riau Islands has a Human Development Index of 0.748 , also the fourth largest among all provinces in Indonesia after Jakarta , Special Region of Yogyakarta and East Kalimantan ."}]}, {'value': '1,290,890', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pekanbaru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pekanbaru', 'summary': "Pekanbaru is the capital of Indonesian province of Riau , and a major economic center on the eastern part of Sumatra Island . Its name is derived from the Malay words for 'new market ' ( 'pekan ' is market and 'baru ' is new ) . It has an area of 632.26 km² with a population of 1,093,416 . Located on the banks of the Siak River , which drains into the Strait of Malacca , Pekanbaru has direct access to the busy strait and was long known as a trading port . Pekanbaru was originally built as a market by Minangkabau merchants during the 18th century . A settlement has existed on the site since the 17th century.In the late 19th century , the city was developed to serve the coffee and coal industries , and the Dutch built roads to help ship goods to Singapore and Malacca . This city is served by the Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport and Sungai Duku Port that is located by the Siak River ."}]}, {'value': 'Riau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riau', 'summary': 'Riau , is a province of Indonesia . It is located in the central eastern coast of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca . Until 2004 the province included the offshore Riau Islands , a large group of small islands ( of which the principal islands are Batam and Bintan ) located east of Sumatra Island and south of Singapore , before these islands were split off as a province in July 2004 . The provincial capital and the largest city of Riau is Pekanbaru . The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest , West Sumatra to the west , and Jambi to the south . The total area for Riau province is 87,023.66 square kilometres ( 33,600.02 sq mi ) , which stretches from the slopes of the Bukit Barisan to the Strait of Malacca . Riau has a wet tropical climate with average rainfall ranging between 2000 and 3000 millimeters per year , and the average rainfall per year is about 160 days . Riau is currently one of the richest provinces in Indonesia and is rich in natural resources , particularly petroleum , natural gas , rubber , palm oil and fibre plantations . Extensive logging and plantation development in has led to a massive decline in forest cover Riau , and associated fires have contributed to haze across the larger region . Riau is considered part of the Malay world . It is currently considered as the cultural center of the Malays in Indonesia . Nevertheless , Riau is considered a very diverse province , as it is inhabited by many ethnic groups , such as Malay , Minangkabau , Chinese and Batak .'}]}, {'value': '1,104,112', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandar Lampung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandar_Lampung', 'summary': "Bandar Lampung is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Lampung . Located on the southern tip of Sumatra , Bandar Lampung was originally called Tanjungkarang-Telukbetung , since it was a unification of two major settlements in Lampung , before being renamed in 1983 . The city proper and South Lampung Regency ( which borders the city on its northern and eastern sides ) are major transmigrasi recipients ; in testimony thereof , it has become the third-densest city in Sumatra , after Medan and Palembang . The city 's area is about 169.21 km² , with an estimated population of 1.015.910 as of 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lampung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lampung', 'summary': "Lampung is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra . It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest , and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north . It is the original home of the Lampung people , who speak their own language , and possess their own written script . Its capital is Bandar Lampung . The province covers a land area of 35,376 sq.km and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 Census and 8,109,601 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at mid 2019 ) was 8,457,600 , with three-quarters of that being descendants of Javanese , Madurese , and Balinese migrants . These migrants came from more densely populated islands , in search of available land , as well as being part of the national government 's Indonesian transmigration program , of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations . On 10 May 2005 , a 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the province . In 1883 , the volcano of Krakatoa , located on an island in the Sunda Strait , separating the islands of Sumatra and Java , suffered one of the most violent volcanic eruptions in recorded history , with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere , including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands , and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years ."}]}, {'value': '900,001', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top ten largest urban centres', 'section_text': 'MedanPekanbaruBatamPalembangBandar LampungJakartaBandungSemarangSurabayaMakassar The followings are the largest core cities in Indonesia ( excluding satellite cities ) :', 'uid': 'Largest_cities_in_Indonesia_1', 'intro': "Below is a list of Indonesia's cities with their rank and population. All figures are estimates for 2014. Population in 2010 is official data from 2010 Census released by Central Statistic Agency."}
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What is the area of the fifth most populated Indonesian city ?
373.78 square kilometres
064a0cd815eb990a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia', 'title': 'Whistler, British Columbia', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Branding', 'Format', 'Owner', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'FM 88.7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FM_radio', 'summary': 'FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies .'}]}, {'value': 'CFTW-FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whistler Information Radio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tourist information', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tourist_information', 'summary': 'A visitor center or centre ( see American and British English spelling differences ) , visitor information center , tourist information center , is a physical location that provides tourist information to visitors .'}]}, {'value': 'Four Senses Entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 90.7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FM_radio', 'summary': 'FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies .'}]}, {'value': 'CFMI-FM-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFMI-FM', 'summary': 'CFMI-FM ( identified on air and in print as Rock 101 ) is a Canadian radio station in the Metro Vancouver region of British Columbia . It broadcasts at 101.1 MHz on the FM band with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts ( peak ) from a transmitter on Mount Seymour in the District of North Vancouver . Owned by Corus Entertainment , the studios are located in Downtown Vancouver , in the TD Tower . The station has a classic rock format .'}]}, {'value': 'Rock 101', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mainstream rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mainstream_rock', 'summary': 'Mainstream rock ( also known as heritage rock ) is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations in the United States and Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Corus Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corus_Entertainment', 'summary': "Corus Entertainment is a Canadian mass media and broadcasting company . Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications , it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto , Ontario , and has prominent holdings in the radio , publishing , and television industries . Corus Entertainment 's voting majority is held by the company 's founder JR Shaw and his family , and a 40% stake of Corus stock was formerly held by Shaw Communications . Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting , as owner of the national Global Television Network ( 15 conventional stations ) , 39 radio stations , and a portfolio of 34 specialty television services . Corus is dominant in Canada 's children 's television industry through its ownership of the domestic YTV , Teletoon , and Treehouse TV networks , the animation studio Nelvana and book publisher Kids Can Press , and localized versions of the Cartoon Network , Disney Channel , Disney Junior , Disney XD , and Nickelodeon brands . The second incarnation of Shaw 's media division - formed from the properties of the bankrupt Canwest Global - was subsumed by Corus on April 1 , 2016 , giving it control of the over-the-air Global network and 19 additional specialty channels . In May 2019 , Shaw announced that it would sell its shares in Corus for roughly $ 500 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcaster of CFMI-FM ( Vancouver )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFMI-FM', 'summary': 'CFMI-FM ( identified on air and in print as Rock 101 ) is a Canadian radio station in the Metro Vancouver region of British Columbia . It broadcasts at 101.1 MHz on the FM band with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts ( peak ) from a transmitter on Mount Seymour in the District of North Vancouver . Owned by Corus Entertainment , the studios are located in Downtown Vancouver , in the TD Tower . The station has a classic rock format .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 92.3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FM_radio', 'summary': 'FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies .'}]}, {'value': 'CFOX-FM-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFOX-FM', 'summary': 'CFOX-FM ( identified on air and in print as CFOX ) is a Canadian radio station in Vancouver , British Columbia . It broadcasts at 99.3 MHz on the FM band with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts ( peak ) from a transmitter on Mount Seymour in the District of North Vancouver . Studios are located in Downtown Vancouver , in the TD Tower . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CFOX has an alternative rock format , as it reports to Mediabase as a Canadian alternative rock station .'}]}, {'value': 'CFOX', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alternative rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alternative_rock', 'summary': "Alternative rock ( also called alternative music , alt-rock , alt-pop or simply alternative ) is a term used to categorize rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1970s and became widely popular in the 1980s . In this instance , the word alternative refers to the genre 's distinction from mainstream , or commercial rock or pop music . The term 's original meaning was broader , referring to a generation of musicians unified by their collective debt to either the musical style or simply the independent , DIY ethos of punk rock , which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music . In September of 1988 , Billboard magazine introduced Alternative Songs into their charting system rather than continue incorporating these artists into the existing rock and pop charts . By then alternative had become a catch-all description for both successful artists ( e.g . U2 and R.E.M . ) , as well as music from underground , independent , or non-commercial rock artists that received some level of mainstream recognition . Although the genre evolved in the late 1970s and 1980s , music anticipating the sound of the genre can be found as early as the 1960s , with bands such as the Velvet Underground and artists such as Syd Barrett . Since the early 1990s the term has often been misused to market an artist 's image or music toward consumers seeking to distinguish their tastes from mainstream pop or rock music . Traditionally , alternative rock broadly consisted of music that differed greatly in terms of its sound , social context and regional roots . Throughout the 1980s , magazines and zines , college radio airplay , and word of mouth had increased the prominence and highlighted the diversity of alternative rock , helping to define a number of distinct styles ( and music scenes ) such as noise pop , indie rock , grunge , and shoegaze . Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands , such as Hüsker Dü and R.E.M. , were signed to major labels ."}]}, {'value': 'Corus Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corus_Entertainment', 'summary': "Corus Entertainment is a Canadian mass media and broadcasting company . Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications , it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto , Ontario , and has prominent holdings in the radio , publishing , and television industries . Corus Entertainment 's voting majority is held by the company 's founder JR Shaw and his family , and a 40% stake of Corus stock was formerly held by Shaw Communications . Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting , as owner of the national Global Television Network ( 15 conventional stations ) , 39 radio stations , and a portfolio of 34 specialty television services . Corus is dominant in Canada 's children 's television industry through its ownership of the domestic YTV , Teletoon , and Treehouse TV networks , the animation studio Nelvana and book publisher Kids Can Press , and localized versions of the Cartoon Network , Disney Channel , Disney Junior , Disney XD , and Nickelodeon brands . The second incarnation of Shaw 's media division - formed from the properties of the bankrupt Canwest Global - was subsumed by Corus on April 1 , 2016 , giving it control of the over-the-air Global network and 19 additional specialty channels . In May 2019 , Shaw announced that it would sell its shares in Corus for roughly $ 500 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcaster of CFOX-FM ( Vancouver )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFOX-FM', 'summary': 'CFOX-FM ( identified on air and in print as CFOX ) is a Canadian radio station in Vancouver , British Columbia . It broadcasts at 99.3 MHz on the FM band with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts ( peak ) from a transmitter on Mount Seymour in the District of North Vancouver . Studios are located in Downtown Vancouver , in the TD Tower . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment . CFOX has an alternative rock format , as it reports to Mediabase as a Canadian alternative rock station .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 96.9', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FM_radio', 'summary': 'FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies .'}]}, {'value': 'CJAX-FM-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJAX-FM', 'summary': 'CJAX-FM is a Canadian radio station in the Greater Vancouver region of British Columbia . Owned by Rogers Media , it broadcasts an adult hits format branded as Jack 96.9 . It broadcasts at 96.9 MHz on the FM band with an effective radiated power of 75,000 watts from a transmitter on Mount Seymour in the District of North Vancouver . The station also operates a 1,430 watt repeater ( CJAX-FM-1 , 96.9 MHz ) in Whistler , British Columbia . Its studios are located at 2440 Ash Street in the Fairview neighbourhood of Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_FM', 'summary': "Jack FM is a radio network branding licensed by Sparknet Communications to media outlets in Canada , the United States , the United Kingdom , and Russia . The stations that adopt this branding play a very broad mix of songs from the late 1960s to the 2000s , along with some current adult contemporary/hot adult contemporary singles . Jack 's slogan playing what we want is also considered to be as more of a motto or philosophy of their programming . They promote themselves as having a larger and more varied playlist than most other commercial radio stations . It is not unusual for a Jack FM station to have a playlist of 700 to 2000 songs , while other FM radio stations may have playlists of fewer than 500 songs . Jack FM stations do not accept song requests from listeners . The format has also been likened to an MP3 player set on shuffle mode . The stations that have the Jack FM format are in most cases officially classified as adult hits or variety hits by radio research companies ."}]}, {'value': 'Adult hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_hits', 'summary': 'Adult hits ( sometimes also called variety hits ) is a radio format that draws from a wide array of popular music . The format typically focuses on adult contemporary , pop , and rock hits from the 1970s through at least the 1990s . Adult hits is essentially a deeper version of the classic hits format today , but at the inception of the format in the mid-2000s , the two formats were separate entities .'}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Radio', 'summary': "Rogers Radio is a subdivision of Rogers Communications , a division of Rogers Media , specializing in the radio broadcasting industry . Rogers Radio is Canada 's third-largest radio broadcaster ( after Bell Media Radio & Stingray Digital ) and the largest based in Ontario . As of January 2015 , the company owns and operates 52 radio stations ( 44 FM and 8 AM ) in Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , Nova Scotia and Ontario ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcaster of CJAX-FM ( Vancouver )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJAX-FM', 'summary': 'CJAX-FM is a Canadian radio station in the Greater Vancouver region of British Columbia . Owned by Rogers Media , it broadcasts an adult hits format branded as Jack 96.9 . It broadcasts at 96.9 MHz on the FM band with an effective radiated power of 75,000 watts from a transmitter on Mount Seymour in the District of North Vancouver . The station also operates a 1,430 watt repeater ( CJAX-FM-1 , 96.9 MHz ) in Whistler , British Columbia . Its studios are located at 2440 Ash Street in the Fairview neighbourhood of Vancouver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 100.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FM_radio', 'summary': 'FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies .'}]}, {'value': 'CBYW-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBU_(AM)', 'summary': "CBU is a Canadian radio station , which airs the programming of the CBC Radio One network , in Vancouver , British Columbia . The station broadcasts on 690 AM ( a clear channel frequency ) and on 88.1 FM as CBU-2-FM . CBU 's newscasts and local shows are also heard on a chain of CBC stations around the Lower Mainland . CBU 's studios and offices are in the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre at 700 Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver . The AM transmitter is in the Steveston section of Richmond , British Columbia and the FM transmitter is on Mount Seymour . CBU began transmitting in 1967 at 50,000 watts , the highest power authorized by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) , allowing it to be heard throughout the Metro Vancouver Regional District and around the British Columbia Coast . CBU 's signal power was reduced to 25,000 watts after a 2017 fire ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC Radio One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Radio_One', 'summary': 'CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Talk radio , public radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcaster of CBU ( Vancouver )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBU_(AM)', 'summary': "CBU is a Canadian radio station , which airs the programming of the CBC Radio One network , in Vancouver , British Columbia . The station broadcasts on 690 AM ( a clear channel frequency ) and on 88.1 FM as CBU-2-FM . CBU 's newscasts and local shows are also heard on a chain of CBC stations around the Lower Mainland . CBU 's studios and offices are in the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre at 700 Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver . The AM transmitter is in the Steveston section of Richmond , British Columbia and the FM transmitter is on Mount Seymour . CBU began transmitting in 1967 at 50,000 watts , the highest power authorized by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) , allowing it to be heard throughout the Metro Vancouver Regional District and around the British Columbia Coast . CBU 's signal power was reduced to 25,000 watts after a 2017 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 101.5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FM_radio', 'summary': 'FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies .'}]}, {'value': 'CKEE-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKEE-FM', 'summary': 'CKEE-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 101.5 FM in Whistler , British Columbia with a modern adult contemporary/classic rock format branded on-air as 101.5 Whistler FM .'}]}, {'value': 'Whistler FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Four Senses Entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 102.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FM_radio', 'summary': 'FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies .'}]}, {'value': 'CISW-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CISQ-FM', 'summary': 'CISQ-FM is an FM radio station owned by Rogers Communications and operating in southwestern British Columbia . It broadcasts at 107.1 MHz in Squamish and 102.1 MHz in Whistler . It uses a primarily hot adult contemporary format branded as Mountain FM .'}]}, {'value': 'Mountain FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Radio', 'summary': "Rogers Radio is a subdivision of Rogers Communications , a division of Rogers Media , specializing in the radio broadcasting industry . Rogers Radio is Canada 's third-largest radio broadcaster ( after Bell Media Radio & Stingray Digital ) and the largest based in Ontario . As of January 2015 , the company owns and operates 52 radio stations ( 44 FM and 8 AM ) in Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , Nova Scotia and Ontario ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcaster of CISQ-FM ( Squamish )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CISQ-FM', 'summary': 'CISQ-FM is an FM radio station owned by Rogers Communications and operating in southwestern British Columbia . It broadcasts at 107.1 MHz in Squamish and 102.1 MHz in Whistler . It uses a primarily hot adult contemporary format branded as Mountain FM .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Squamish,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Squamish ( /ˈskwɔːmɪʃ/ ; 2016 census population 19,512 ) is a community and a district municipality in the Canadian province of British Columbia , located at the north end of Howe Sound on the Sea to Sky Highway . The population of the Squamish census agglomeration - including First Nation reserves of the Squamish Nation not governed by the municipality - is 19,893 . The town of Squamish had its beginning during the construction of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway in the 1910s . It was the first southern terminus of that railway ( now a part of CN ) . The town remains important in the operations of the line and also the port . Forestry has traditionally been the main industry in the area , and the town 's largest employer was the pulp mill operated by Western Forest Products . However , Western 's operations in Squamish permanently ceased on January 26 , 2006 . Before the pulp mill , the town 's largest employer had been International Forest Products ( Interfor ) with its sawmill and logging operation , but it closed a few years prior to the pulp mill 's closing . In recent years , Squamish has become popular with Vancouver and Whistler residents ' escaping the increased cost of living in those places , both less than one hour away by highway . Tourism is an increasingly important part of the town 's economy , with an emphasis on outdoor recreation ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 103.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FM_radio', 'summary': 'FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation ( FM ) . Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity - that is , more accurate reproduction of the original program sound - than other broadcasting technologies , such as AM broadcasting or DAB radio . Therefore , FM is used for most broadcasts of music . FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies .'}]}, {'value': 'CBUF-FM-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBUF-FM', 'summary': "CBUF-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts Radio-Canada 's Ici Radio-Canada Première network at 97.7 MHz in Vancouver and on a chain of rebroadcasters around British Columbia . CBUF-FM is a non-commercial public broadcasting station airing news/talk and some music programming . The station was first launched in 1967 as the first French language Radio-Canada station west of Ontario . Its studios and offices are in the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre on Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver , while its transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour . CBUF also serves as the Première outlet for the Yukon , by way of a locally owned repeater in Whitehorse ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'Talk radio , public radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcaster of CBUF-FM ( Vancouver )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBUF-FM', 'summary': "CBUF-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts Radio-Canada 's Ici Radio-Canada Première network at 97.7 MHz in Vancouver and on a chain of rebroadcasters around British Columbia . CBUF-FM is a non-commercial public broadcasting station airing news/talk and some music programming . The station was first launched in 1967 as the first French language Radio-Canada station west of Ontario . Its studios and offices are in the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre on Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver , while its transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour . CBUF also serves as the Première outlet for the Yukon , by way of a locally owned repeater in Whitehorse ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Media -- Radio', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Whistler,_British_Columbia_0', 'intro': 'Whistler (Squamish language: Sḵwiḵw) is a resort municipality in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in the province of British Columbia, Canada, approximately 125 km (78 mi) north of Vancouver and 36 km (22 mi) south of the town of Pemberton. Incorporated as the Resort Municipality of Whistler (RMOW), it has a permanent population of approximately 11,854, plus a larger but rotating population of seasonal workers, typically younger people from beyond British Columbia, notably from United Kingdom, Australia and Europe. Over two million people visit Whistler annually, primarily for alpine skiing and snowboarding and, in summer, mountain biking at Whistler Blackcomb. Its pedestrian village has won numerous design awards and Whistler has been voted among the top destinations in North America by major ski magazines since the mid-1990s. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, Whistler hosted most of the alpine, Nordic, luge, skeleton, and bobsled events.'}
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What languages besides French and English does the programming of this corporation , which owns the network with 4.3 million listeners each week in 2010 , have ?
eight aboriginal languages
064a53326348f4ec
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Greater_Manchester', 'title': 'Geography of Greater Manchester', 'header': ['Rank', 'Metropolitan borough', 'Height ( m )', 'Name', 'Grid reference'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham', 'summary': "The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester , England . It has a population of 235,623 , and spans 55 square miles ( 142 km2 ) . The borough is named after its largest town , Oldham , but also includes the outlying towns of Chadderton , Failsworth , Royton and Shaw and Crompton , the village of Lees , and the parish of Saddleworth . Although a 20th-century creation , the borough has Neolithic , Bronze Age and Roman heritage . It encompasses several former mill towns , which expanded and coalesced during the late 19th century as a result of population growth and advances in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution . Although some parts contiguous with the city of Manchester are highly industrialised and densely populated , about two-thirds of the borough is composed of rural open space ; the eastern half stretches across the South Pennines . For its first 12 years the borough had a two-tier system of local government ; Oldham Council shared power with the Greater Manchester County Council . Since the Local Government Act 1985 Oldham Council has effectively been a unitary authority , serving as the sole executive , deliberative and legislative body responsible for local policy , setting council tax , and allocating budget in the district . The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham has two civil parishes and 20 electoral wards . Noted as one of the more unpopular amalgamations of territory created by local government reform in the 1970s , the Oldham borough underwent a £100,000 rebranding exercise in early 2008 . The town has no listed buildings with a Grade I rating , and the borough 's architecture has been described as mediocre . There have been calls for the borough to be renamed , but that possibility was dismissed during the rebranding of 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '542', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Chew Head', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Chew_Head', 'summary': 'Black Chew Head in Saddleworth in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham is the highest point or county top of Greater Manchester in northern England . It stands on moorland on the edge of the Peak District at a height of 542 metres ( 1,778 ft ) above sea level , close to the border with the High Peak district of Derbyshire . Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire ( along with the rest of Saddleworth ) , it became a county top in 1974 on the creation of Greater Manchester following the Local Government Act 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'SE056019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tameside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tameside', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Borough of Tameside is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England . It is named after the River Tame , which flows through the borough and spans the towns of Ashton-under-Lyne , Audenshaw , Denton , Droylsden , Dukinfield , Hyde , Mossley and Stalybridge plus Longdendale . Its western border is approximately 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) east of Manchester city centre . It borders High Peak in Derbyshire to the east , the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham to the north , the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport to the south , and the City of Manchester to the west . As of 2011 [ update ] the overall population was 219,324 . The history of the area extends back to the Stone Age . There are over 300 listed buildings in Tameside and three Scheduled Ancient Monuments , which includes a castle of national importance . The settlements in Tameside were small townships centred on agriculture until the advent of the Industrial Revolution . The towns of the borough grew and became involved in the cotton industry , which dominated the local economy . The current borough was created in 1974 as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 . Since then the area has been administered by Tameside Borough Council , which has been judged by the Audit Commission to be performing strongly . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '497', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoarstone Edge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SE019016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England . It is named after its largest town , Rochdale , but spans a far larger area which includes the towns of Middleton , Heywood , Littleborough and Milnrow , and the village of Wardle . The borough was formed in 1974 as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 and is an amalgamation of six former local government districts . It was originally proposed that the borough include the neighbouring town of Bury and disclude Middleton ; Bury however went on to form the administrative centre for the adjacent Metropolitan Borough of Bury .'}]}, {'value': '474', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackstone Edge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackstone_Edge', 'summary': 'Blackstone Edge is a gritstone escarpment at 1,549 feet ( 472 m ) above sea level in the Pennine hills surrounded by moorland on the boundary between Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire in England .'}]}, {'value': 'SD971163', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bolton', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Borough of Bolton /ˈboʊltən/ ( listen ) is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester , England , named after its largest town , Bolton , but covering a far larger area which includes Blackrod , Farnworth , Horwich , Kearsley , Westhoughton , and part of the West Pennine Moors . It has a population of 276,800 . The boundaries were set by of the Local Government Act 1972 , and cover eight former local government districts ; seven Urban Districts from the administrative county of Lancashire , and the County Borough of Bolton . The metropolitan districts of Bury , Salford and Wigan lie to the east , south and west respectively ; and the non-metropolitan districts of Blackburn with Darwen and Chorley in Lancashire to the north and north-west .'}]}, {'value': '445', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winter Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winter_Hill_(North_West_England)', 'summary': "Winter Hill is a hill on the border of the boroughs of Chorley , Blackburn with Darwen and Bolton , in North West England . It is located on Rivington Moor , Chorley and is 1,496 feet ( 456 m ) high . Part of the West Pennine Moors , it is a popular walking area , and has been the site of mining activity , aeroplane disasters and murders . Its prominent position made it the ideal site for the Winter Hill TV Mast , transmitting to a large part of North West England . There is also a number of other telecommunication masts and towers around the summit and side of the hill for mobile phones , Professional Mobile Radio users and emergency services . Lancashire Constabulary was the first to use the site for one of their base stations in 1950 ; they had to build the road and it is said to have been built by policemen . Paths to the summit lead from Belmont ( in Blackburn with Darwen ) , Rivington ( in Chorley borough ) , and Horwich and Blackrod ( in Bolton borough ) . The summit can also be reached via a short walk from the top of a road pass 1¼ miles west of Belmont . The hill is a prominent feature on the skyline for most of the borough of Chorley and further afield . Winter Hill 's topographic prominence results in it being classified as a Marilyn . The trig point on its summit marks the highest point in Blackburn with Darwen whereas the highest point in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton is 440 yards away on its south east slope at 1,467 feet above sea level . It offers views over Lancashire and the Greater Manchester Urban Area , including Manchester city centre , Salford , Werneth Low , Wigan and Bolton ."}]}, {'value': 'SD662146', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Borough of Bury is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England , just north of Manchester , which consists of six towns : Bury , Ramsbottom , Tottington , Radcliffe , Whitefield and Prestwich . Bury bounds the Lancashire districts of Rossendale and Blackburn with Darwen to the north . The Metropolitan Borough of Bury , which covers 24,511 acres ( 99 km2 ) and has a population of 181,900 , was created on 1 April 1974 , with the transfer of functions from the county borough of Bury and the boroughs of Prestwich and Radcliffe , along with the urban districts of Tottington and Whitefield , and part of the urban district of Ramsbottom , all previously in Lancashire .'}]}, {'value': '415', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holcombe Moor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SD755190', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Borough of Stockport is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England . As well as the town of Stockport , it includes the outlying areas of Bramhall , Cheadle , Cheadle Hulme , Marple , Bredbury , Reddish , Woodley and Romiley . In 2001 , it had a population of 284,500 .'}]}, {'value': '327', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mellor Moor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SJ986872', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Borough of Wigan is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester , in North West England . It is named after the former county borough and includes the towns and villages of Leigh , part of Ashton-in-Makerfield , Abram , Ince-in-Makerfield , Hindley , Orrell , Standish , Atherton , Tyldesley , Golborne , Lowton , Billinge , Astley , Haigh and Aspull . The borough was formed in 1974 and is an amalgamation of several former local government districts and parishes . The borough has three civil parishes and lies directly to the west of the City of Salford and southwest of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton . The local authority is Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council .'}]}, {'value': '156', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billinge Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billinge_Hill', 'summary': 'Billinge Hill , also known as Billinge Lump , is the highest point in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in North West England . It is also the highest point of Merseyside . It lies in Billinge , within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire . It is one of the 176 hills graded as a Marilyn in England . A beacon tower is at the summit . Built as a summerhouse to Winstanley Hall in the 18th century , it was used for the Year 2000 celebrations . Most fireworks displays for miles around can be seen from the summit and people often gather there in small numbers to watch displays over the towns of Wigan and St Helens and the local village of Rainford . Over the years it has been covered in graffiti which was recently cleaned off and the metal panels restricting access to the inside of the beacon have been painted black .'}]}, {'value': 'SD523018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Salford', 'summary': "The City of Salford ( /ˈsɒlfərd/ ) is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester , England , named after its main settlement Salford . The borough extends west from Salford to include the towns of Eccles , Worsley , Swinton , Walkden , Little Hulton , and Irlam . The city has a population of 245,600 , and is administered from the Salford Civic Centre in Swinton . The city 's boundaries , set by the Local Government Act 1972 , include five former local government districts . It is bounded on the south east by the River Irwell , which forms part of its boundary with Manchester to the east , and by the Manchester Ship Canal to the south , which forms its boundary with Trafford . The metropolitan boroughs of Wigan , Bolton and Bury lie to the west , northwest and north respectively . Some parts of the city , which lies directly west of Manchester , are highly industrialised and densely populated , but around one third of the city consists of rural open space . The western half of the city stretches across an ancient peat bog , Chat Moss . Salford has a history of human activity stretching back to the Neolithic age . There are over 250 listed buildings in the city , including Salford Cathedral , and three Scheduled Ancient Monuments . With the Industrial Revolution , Salford and its neighbours grew along with its textile industry . The former County Borough of Salford was granted city status in 1926 ."}]}, {'value': '115', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenheys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Hulton', 'summary': 'Little Hulton is an area within the City of Salford , Greater Manchester , England , 3.4 miles ( 5.5 km ) south of Bolton , 7 miles ( 11.3 km ) west-northwest of Salford , and 9 miles ( 14.5 km ) west-northwest of Manchester . Little Hulton is bordered by Farnworth to the north and Walkden to the east . In 2014 , it had a population of 13,469 .'}]}, {'value': 'SD713049', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': '108', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heaton Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heaton_Park', 'summary': "Heaton Park is a municipal park in Manchester , England , covering an area of over 600 acres ( 242.8 ha ) . The park includes the grounds of a Grade I listed , neoclassical 18th century country house , Heaton Hall . The hall , remodelled by James Wyatt in 1772 , is now only open to the public on an occasional basis as a museum and events venue . Heaton Park was sold to Manchester City Council in 1902 by the Earl of Wilton . It has one of the United Kingdom 's few concrete towers , the Heaton Park BT Tower . The park was renovated as part of a millennium project partnership between the Heritage Lottery Fund and Manchester City Council at a cost of over £10 million . It contains an 18-hole golf course , a boating lake , an animal farm , a pitch and putt course , a golf driving range , woodlands , ornamental gardens , an observatory , an adventure playground , a Papal monument and a volunteer-run tram system and museum , and is listed Grade II by Historic England . It has the only flat green bowling greens in Manchester , built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games ."}]}, {'value': 'SD834045', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trafford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trafford', 'summary': 'Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester , England , with an estimated population of 235,493 in 2017 . It covers 41 square miles ( 106 km2 ) and includes the areas of Old Trafford , Stretford , Urmston , Altrincham , Partington and Sale . The borough was formed in 1974 as a merger of the municipal boroughs of Altrincham , Sale , and Stretford , the urban districts of Bowdon , Hale and Urmston and part of Bucklow Rural District . The River Mersey flows through the borough , separating North Trafford from South Trafford , and the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire . There is evidence of Neolithic , Bronze Age , and Roman activity in the area , two castles - one of them a Scheduled Ancient Monument - and over 200 listed buildings . In the late 19th century , the population rapidly expanded with the arrival of the railway . Trafford is the home of Altrincham Football Club , Trafford Football Club , Manchester United F.C. , The Trafford Centre and Lancashire County Cricket Club and since 2002 the Imperial War Museum North . Trafford has a strong economy with low levels of unemployment and contains both Trafford Park industrial estate and the Trafford Centre , a large out-of-town shopping centre . Apart from the City of Manchester , Trafford is the only borough in Greater Manchester to be above the national average for weekly income . Socially , the area includes both working class and middle class areas like Bowdon and Hale . In Parliament , Trafford is represented by three constituencies : Stretford and Urmston ; Altrincham and Sale West ; and Wythenshawe and Sale East , which mainly covers neighbouring Manchester .'}]}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Devisdale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SJ757869', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Physical and extreme points -- Borough tops', 'section_text': "The following lists and ranks the highest point of each of Greater Manchester 's metropolitan boroughs : [ 4 ] Black Chew HeadHoarstone EdgeBlackstone EdgeWinter HillHolcolmbe MoorMellor MoorBillinge HillGreenheysGreenheysHeaton ParkThe Devisdale The high points of each of Greater Manchester 's metropolitan boroughs . [ 4 ]", 'uid': 'Geography_of_Greater_Manchester_0', 'intro': "The geography of Greater Manchester is dominated by one of the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan areas, and in this capacity the landlocked metropolitan county constitutes one of the most urbanised and densely populated areas of the country. There is a mix of high density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Greater Manchester, but overwhelmingly the land use in the county is urban. Greater Manchester is a landlocked county spanning 492.7 sq mi (1,276 km2) (39th largest in England). The Pennines rise along the eastern side of the county, through parts of the boroughs of Oldham, Rochdale and Tameside. The West Pennine Moors, as well as a number of coalfields (mainly sandstones and shales) lie in the west of the county. The rivers Mersey, Irwell and Tame run through the county boundaries, each of which rise in the Pennines. Other rivers run through the county, including the Beal, the Douglas, the Etherow, the Goyt, the Irk, the Medlock and the Roch. Black Chew Head is the highest point of Greater Manchester, rising 542 metres (1,778 ft) above sea-level, within the parish of Saddleworth. Chat Moss at 10.6 square miles (27 km2) comprises the largest area of Grade 1 and 2 farmland in Greater Manchester and contains the largest block of semi-natural woodland in the county. Wardle is the most northerly settlement of Greater Manchester and Ramsden Clough the most northerly point; the suburb of Woodford the most southerly settlement and New Hall Farm (by the River Dean) the most southerly point. Greater Manchester has a strong regional central business district, formed by Manchester City Centre and the adjoining parts of Salford and Trafford. However, Greater Manchester is also a polycentric county with ten metropolitan districts, each of which has a major town centre - and in some cases more than one - and many smaller settlements."}
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What is the name of the highest point in the metropolitan borough who had a population of 284,500 in 2001 ?
Mellor Moor
064ac238995634f7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouta_Yasooka', 'title': 'Shouta Yasooka', 'header': ['Season', 'Event type', 'Location', 'Format', 'Date', 'Rank'], 'data': [{'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamamatsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-9 April 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3-4 June 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Charleston , South Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16-18 June 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Toulouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-25 June 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7-8 October 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-12 November 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Strasbourg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19-20 May 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-24 June 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Invitational', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_DCI', 'summary': "The DCI ( formerly Duelists ' Convocation International ) was the official sanctioning body for competitive play in Magic : The Gathering and various other games produced by Wizards of the Coast and its subsidiaries , such as Avalon Hill , before being gradually rebranded as the Wizards Play Network starting in 2008 . The DCI provided game rules , tournament operating procedures , and other materials to private tournament organizers and players . It also operated a judge certification program to provide consistent rules enforcement and promote fair play ."}]}, {'value': 'Essen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18-21 October 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakyushu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-11 November 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Manila', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30-31 August 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2010', 'summary': 'The 2010 Pro Tour season was the fifteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 13 February 2010 with Grand Prix Oakland , and ended on 12 December 2010 with the conclusion of the 2010 World Championship in Chiba , Japan . The season consisted of eighteen Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in San Diego , San Juan , Amsterdam , and Chiba . Gabriel Nassif , Brian Kibler , and Bram Snepvangers were inducted into the Hall of Fame at the World Championship in Chiba . Although the season formally ended with the conclusion of the World Championship , the final title of season was not awarded until three months later . Guillaume Matignon and Brad Nelson tied for Player of the Year . The title was decided by a single match between the two at the 2011 Pro Tour in Paris , which Nelson won by four games to two .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13-14 March 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2010', 'summary': 'The 2010 Pro Tour season was the fifteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 13 February 2010 with Grand Prix Oakland , and ended on 12 December 2010 with the conclusion of the 2010 World Championship in Chiba , Japan . The season consisted of eighteen Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in San Diego , San Juan , Amsterdam , and Chiba . Gabriel Nassif , Brian Kibler , and Bram Snepvangers were inducted into the Hall of Fame at the World Championship in Chiba . Although the season formally ended with the conclusion of the World Championship , the final title of season was not awarded until three months later . Guillaume Matignon and Brad Nelson tied for Player of the Year . The title was decided by a single match between the two at the 2011 Pro Tour in Paris , which Nelson won by four games to two .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Sendai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-6 June 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2010', 'summary': 'The 2010 Pro Tour season was the fifteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 13 February 2010 with Grand Prix Oakland , and ended on 12 December 2010 with the conclusion of the 2010 World Championship in Chiba , Japan . The season consisted of eighteen Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in San Diego , San Juan , Amsterdam , and Chiba . Gabriel Nassif , Brian Kibler , and Bram Snepvangers were inducted into the Hall of Fame at the World Championship in Chiba . Although the season formally ended with the conclusion of the World Championship , the final title of season was not awarded until three months later . Guillaume Matignon and Brad Nelson tied for Player of the Year . The title was decided by a single match between the two at the 2011 Pro Tour in Paris , which Nelson won by four games to two .'}]}, {'value': 'Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Magic:_The_Gathering_national_champions', 'summary': 'The Magic : The Gathering national champions are the players who won National Championships ( Nationals ) that year . ( with the exception of champions between 2012-16 , which were awarded to players with the most Pro Points at the end of a Pro Tour season ) Nationals took place around the world usually in summer or autumn . Eligibility to play in a national championship was determined on residence instead of nationality . In addition , Nationals required eligible players to qualify . ( prior to 2011 , countries with smaller populations of Magic players open nationals were held , meaning that any eligible player could compete in this tournament ) After 2011 Nationals were discontinued by Wizards of the Coast when they restructured their Magic : The Gathering organized play program , abandoning national championships , and restructuring the World Championship . From 2012 to 2016 the title of National Champion was awarded to the player with the most Pro Points of any given country at the end of a Pro Tour season . At the end of 2018 Wizards of the Coast announced that in 2019 there would be no National Championships . As of April 2019 it is unclear whether Nationals are on hiatus or abandoned . The title National Champion will not be awarded in 2019 . In 2018 , National Champions were determined in 74 nations and regions . In most cases these regions line up with countries , but special exemptions were made in some cases , for example Puerto Rico and the countries of the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-4 July 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2011', 'summary': 'The 2011 Pro Tour season was the sixteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 22 January 2011 with Grand Prix Atlanta , and ended on 20 November 2011 with the conclusion of the 2011 World Championship in San Francisco . The season consisted of twenty Grands Prix , and four Pro Tours , located in Paris , Nagoya , Philadelphia , and San Francisco .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kobe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-24 April 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2011', 'summary': 'The 2011 Pro Tour season was the sixteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 22 January 2011 with Grand Prix Atlanta , and ended on 20 November 2011 with the conclusion of the 2011 World Championship in San Francisco . The season consisted of twenty Grands Prix , and four Pro Tours , located in Paris , Nagoya , Philadelphia , and San Francisco .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4-5 June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2011', 'summary': 'The 2011 Pro Tour season was the sixteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 22 January 2011 with Grand Prix Atlanta , and ended on 20 November 2011 with the conclusion of the 2011 World Championship in San Francisco . The season consisted of twenty Grands Prix , and four Pro Tours , located in Paris , Nagoya , Philadelphia , and San Francisco .'}]}, {'value': 'Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Magic:_The_Gathering_national_champions', 'summary': 'The Magic : The Gathering national champions are the players who won National Championships ( Nationals ) that year . ( with the exception of champions between 2012-16 , which were awarded to players with the most Pro Points at the end of a Pro Tour season ) Nationals took place around the world usually in summer or autumn . Eligibility to play in a national championship was determined on residence instead of nationality . In addition , Nationals required eligible players to qualify . ( prior to 2011 , countries with smaller populations of Magic players open nationals were held , meaning that any eligible player could compete in this tournament ) After 2011 Nationals were discontinued by Wizards of the Coast when they restructured their Magic : The Gathering organized play program , abandoning national championships , and restructuring the World Championship . From 2012 to 2016 the title of National Champion was awarded to the player with the most Pro Points of any given country at the end of a Pro Tour season . At the end of 2018 Wizards of the Coast announced that in 2019 there would be no National Championships . As of April 2019 it is unclear whether Nationals are on hiatus or abandoned . The title National Champion will not be awarded in 2019 . In 2018 , National Champions were determined in 74 nations and regions . In most cases these regions line up with countries , but special exemptions were made in some cases , for example Puerto Rico and the countries of the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Osaka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15-17 July 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2011', 'summary': 'The 2011 Pro Tour season was the sixteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 22 January 2011 with Grand Prix Atlanta , and ended on 20 November 2011 with the conclusion of the 2011 World Championship in San Francisco . The season consisted of twenty Grands Prix , and four Pro Tours , located in Paris , Nagoya , Philadelphia , and San Francisco .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15-16 October 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2012–13', 'summary': "The 2012-13 Pro Tour season was the eighteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It started on 19 May 2012 with Grand Prix Malmö , and ended on 19 May 2013 with the conclusion of Pro Tour Dragon 's Maze in San Diego . The season consisted of 44 Grand Prix and three Pro Tours , which were held in Seattle , Montreal and San Diego . At the end of the season Josh Utter-Leyton was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston-Worcester', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25-26 August 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2012–13', 'summary': "The 2012-13 Pro Tour season was the eighteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It started on 19 May 2012 with Grand Prix Malmö , and ended on 19 May 2013 with the conclusion of Pro Tour Dragon 's Maze in San Diego . The season consisted of 44 Grand Prix and three Pro Tours , which were held in Seattle , Montreal and San Diego . At the end of the season Josh Utter-Leyton was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Players Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_World_Championship', 'summary': "The Magic : The Gathering World Championships ( Worlds ) have been held annually since 1994 . It is the most important tournament in the game of Magic : The Gathering , offering cash prizes of up to $ 100,000 to the winners . With the exception of the first edition , Worlds is an invitation-only event , and from 1996 to 2011 World was the last event of each Pro Tour season . The invitees were mostly top finishers from the National championships , the top-ranked players of the DCI and high-level pro players . Since 2012 the World Championships are held after the season and the most successful 16 or 24 players have been invited to the tournament . After the first five World Championships were all held in the United States , Worlds have since been held in Japan , Australia and various countries in Europe . Besides the main event Worlds were always a huge gathering of Magic players , who came to watch the pros and compete in side events . After the 2011 season , the World Championship was briefly replaced by the Magic Players Championship . The top 16 pro players selected due to various criteria were invited to the Players Championship . In 2013 the tournament was renamed to 'World Championship ' once again . From 2014 to 2018 the tournament was expanded to 24 competitors , but is going back to 16 players for the 2019 Worlds . The large World Championships , held until 2011 , also included a national team portion where the top players from each National Championship engaged in a separate competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29-31 August 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Achievements -- Top 8 appearances', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Shouta_Yasooka_0', 'intro': 'Shouta Yasooka (八十岡 翔太) is a Japanese Magic: The Gathering player. He is best known for his success in the 2006 Pro Tour season, when he won Pro Tour Charleston with Tomohiro Kaji and Tomoharu Saitou, as well as the Player of the Year title. In 2015, Yasooka was elected into the Magic: The Gathering Hall of Fame. When the Magic Online Player of the Year award was introduced in 2009, Yasooka with his account yaya3 became the first player to win this honour. He also won the 2009 Magic Online Champion - Sealed title.'}
null
null
What five cities hosted Pro Tours the season in which Shouta Yasooka played in Toulouse ?
Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris
064d4866b6387045
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Catholic churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': "St. Patrick 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Patrick's_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Bisbee,_Arizona)", 'summary': "St. Patrick 's Roman Catholic Church is a historic church on Oak Avenue , on Higgins Hill in Bisbee , Arizona , United States . It was built in 1915 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '1915 built 1995 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Oak Ave. , on Higgins Hill 31°26′40″N 109°55′19″W / 31.44444°N 109.92194°W / 31.44444 ; -109.92194 ( St. Patrick 's Roman Catholic Church ( Bisbee , Arizona ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bisbee , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bisbee,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Bisbee is a city and the county seat of Cochise County in the southeast of Arizona , United States , 92 miles ( 148 km ) southeast of Tucson and 11 miles ( 18 km ) north of the Mexican border . According to the 2010 census , the population of the town was 5,575 .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of Guadaloupe Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadaloupe_Church', 'summary': 'Our Lady of Guadaloupe Church is a historic church at 302 S. Kendrick in Flagstaff , Arizona , United States . It was built in 1926 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '1926 built 1986 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '302 S. Kendrick 35°11′44″N 111°39′10″W / 35.19556°N 111.65278°W / 35.19556 ; -111.65278 ( Our Lady of Guadaloupe Church ( Flagstaff , Arizona ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flagstaff , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona', 'summary': "Flagstaff is a city in and the county seat of Coconino County in northern Arizona , in the southwestern United States . In 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 73,964 . Flagstaff 's combined metropolitan area has an estimated population of 139,097 . The city is named after a ponderosa pine flagpole made by a scouting party from Boston ( known as the Second Boston Party ) to celebrate the United States Centennial on July 4 , 1876 . Flagstaff lies near the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau , along the western side of the largest contiguous ponderosa pine forest in the continental United States . Flagstaff is next to Mount Elden , just south of the San Francisco Peaks , the highest mountain range in the state of Arizona . Humphreys Peak , the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet ( 3,851 m ) , is about 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Flagstaff in Kachina Peaks Wilderness . Flagstaff 's early economy was based on the lumber , railroad , and ranching industries . Today , the city remains an important distribution hub for companies such as Nestlé Purina PetCare , and is home to Lowell Observatory , the U.S . Naval Observatory , the United States Geological Survey Flagstaff station , and Northern Arizona University . Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector , due to its proximity to Grand Canyon National Park , Oak Creek Canyon , the Arizona Snowbowl , Meteor Crater , and historic Route 66 . The city is also a growing center for medical and biotechnology manufacturing , home to corporations such as SenesTech and W. L. Gore and Associates ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Angels Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Angels_Church_(Globe,_Arizona)', 'summary': 'Holy Angels Church is a historic church at 231 S. Broad Street in Globe , Arizona , United States . It was built in 1916 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': '1916 built 1983 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '231 S. Broad St. 33°23′41″N 110°47′8″W / 33.39472°N 110.78556°W / 33.39472 ; -110.78556 ( Holy Angels Church ( Globe , Arizona ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globe , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Globe,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Globe ( Western Apache : Bésh Baa Gowąh Place of Metal ) is a city in Gila County , Arizona , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city was 7,532 . The city is the county seat of Gila County . Globe was founded c. 1875 as a mining camp . Mining , tourism , government and retirees are most important in the present-day Globe economy . The Globe Downtown Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Mary 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Mary's_Catholic_Church_(Kingman,_Arizona)", 'summary': "Saint Mary 's Catholic Church is between Third and Spring Streets in Kingman , Arizona . The church was built in 1906-07 with the Mission/Spanish Revival style . The native stone came from Metcalfe Quarry . The Catholic Church had two fundraising events to help raise money for St. Mary 's and they were done in 1903 and 06 . The church served Kingman from 1906 to 63 . This church is on the National Register of Historic Places and the number is 86001166 ."}]}, {'value': '1906 built 1986 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "3rd & Spring Streets 35°11′30″N 114°3′11″W / 35.19167°N 114.05306°W / 35.19167 ; -114.05306 ( Saint Mary 's Catholic Church ( Kingman , Arizona ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingman , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Kingman ( Huwaalyapay Nyava in the Mojave language ) is a city in and the county seat of Mohave County , Arizona , United States . According to the 2010 census , the population of the city is 28,068 . The nearby communities of Butler , and Golden Valley bring the Kingman area total population to over 45,000 . Kingman is located about 105 miles ( 169 km ) southeast of Las Vegas , Nevada and about 165 miles ( 266 km ) northwest of the state capital , Phoenix .'}]}, {'value': 'Mission/Spanish Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament_Church', 'summary': 'Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament Church is a Roman Catholic church at 844 Sullivan Street in Miami , Arizona , United States . It was built in 1917 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '1917 built 2008 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '844 Sullivan St. 33°23′50″N 110°52′29.2″W / 33.39722°N 110.874778°W / 33.39722 ; -110.874778 ( Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament Church ( Miami , Arizona ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami,_Arizona', 'summary': "Miami ( Western Apache : Goshtłʼish Tú ) is a town in Gila County , Arizona , United States . Miami is a classic Western copper boom-town . Miami 's old downtown has been partly renovated , and the Bullion Plaza Museum features the cultural , mining and ranching history of the Miami area . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the town was 1,837 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of Victory Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built 2004 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fronting 4th St. , between Cedar and Spruce Sts . 31°54′15″N 109°49′19″W / 31.90417°N 109.82194°W / 31.90417 ; -109.82194 ( Our Lady of Victory Catholic Church ( Pearce , Arizona ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pearce , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pearce,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Pearce , Arizona , and Sunsites , Arizona , are adjacent unincorporated communities in the Sulphur Springs Valley of Cochise County , Arizona , United States . The two communities are often referred to as Pearce-Sunsites , Pearce/Sunsites , or Pearce Sunsites . Pearce is located between the Cochise Stronghold , Chiricahua National Monument , and the winter Sandhill Crane refuge of Whitewater Draw making it popular for birders , history buffs , hikers , and climbers alike . At 4,400 feet of elevation , the area is also known for its milder summers which make it ideal for quality grapes and vineyards ( recognized as an American Viticultural Area ) . Pearce is best known as a historic ghost town . Sunsites , founded in 1961 , adjoins Pearce , and the Sunizona and Richland developments are nearby . All of these communities share the Pearce , Arizona post office and ZIP code , 85625 . The 85625 ZIP Code Tabulation Area , which includes the four communities named plus a large surrounding rural area , had a population of 2104 at the 2000 census . and 1983 in the 2010 census . The Pearce-Sunsites economy is based on retirees and tourism . Fittsburg was the site of the Commonwealth Mine and is located about one mile east of Pearce .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral of Saints Simon and Jude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saints_Simon_and_Jude', 'summary': 'The Cathedral of Saints Simon and Jude is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix .'}]}, {'value': '1966 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6351 North 27th Ave. 33°31′47.28″N 112°6′58.32″W / 33.5298000°N 112.1162000°W / 33.5298000 ; -112.1162000 ( Cathedral of Saints Simon and Jude , Phoenix )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Immaculate Heart of Mary Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built 1993 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '909 E. Washington St. 33°26′53″N 112°03′40″W / 33.44806°N 112.06111°W / 33.44806 ; -112.06111 ( Immaculate Heart of Mary Church , Phoenix )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church_(Phoenix,_Arizona)', 'summary': 'Sacred Heart Church , or the Historic Sacred Heart Church , is an unoccupied church located at 16th St and Buckeye Roads , which was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the US Department of Interior with the efforts of the Braun Sacred Heart Center Inc. in 2012 . The lot the Sacred Heart Church sits on is owned by the City of Phoenix , Aviation Department . Sacred Heart Church was the pillar of the Golden Gate Barrio , and the Braun Sacred Heart Center Inc. has been hosting a yearly Christmas Day Mass at noon for former residents since 1987 , with the permission of the City of Phoenix .'}]}, {'value': 'built 2012 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '920 S. 17th St. 33°26′04″N 112°03′22″W / 33.43444°N 112.05611°W / 33.43444 ; -112.05611 ( Sacred Heart Church , Phoenix )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Mary 's Basilica", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's_Basilica,_Phoenix", 'summary': "Saint Mary 's Basilica , officially named The Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix , was founded in 1881 and staffed by the Franciscan Friars since 1895 . The current church replaced an earlier adobe church which was built in 1881 . Building work on the present church began in 1902 and was completed in 1914 . The church was dedicated in 1915 , and listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Mary 's Church in 1978 . The oldest Roman Catholic parish church in the greater Phoenix , Arizona , area , it was the only parish in Phoenix until 1924 and is home to Arizona 's largest stained glass windows collection and a 26 rank pipe organ built by the Schantz Organ Company ."}]}, {'value': '1902 built 1978 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "231 North 3rd St. 33°27′2.48″N 112°4′6.26″W / 33.4506889°N 112.0684056°W / 33.4506889 ; -112.0684056 ( St. Mary 's Basilica , Phoenix )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Mission Revival/Spanish Colonial Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Catholic_Church_and_Rectory_(Prescott,_Arizona)', 'summary': 'The Sacred Heart Catholic Church and Rectory in Prescott , Arizona , United States is a complex of buildings that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In 2016 , it serves as the Prescott Center for the Arts , formerly the Prescott Fine Arts Association . It is the former home of the Sacred Heart Catholic Church , founded in 1871 now located at 150 Fleury Avenue in Prescott . The church is asserted to be one of the best examples of nineteenth century religious architecture in Arizona . It was designed by architect Frank Parker and was built in 1915 . It had a steeple until it was destroyed in a storm in 1930 . The buildings served the parish until 1969 .'}]}, {'value': '1894 built 1978 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '208 N. Marina St. 34°32′38.59″N 112°28′3.2″W / 34.5440528°N 112.467556°W / 34.5440528 ; -112.467556', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prescott , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Prescott ( /ˈprɛskət/ PRESS-kət ; Yavapai : ʼWi : kwatha Ksikʼita ) is a city in Yavapai County , Arizona , United States . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 39,843 . The city is the county seat of Yavapai County . In 1864 Prescott was designated as the capital of the Arizona Territory , replacing the temporary capital at Fort Whipple . The Territorial Capital was moved to Tucson in 1867 . Prescott again became the Territorial Capital in 1877 , until Phoenix became the capital in 1889 . The towns of Prescott Valley , 7 miles ( 11 km ) east ; Chino Valley , 16 miles ( 26 km ) north ; Dewey-Humboldt , 13 miles ( 21 km ) east , and Prescott , together comprise what is locally known as the Quad-City area . This also sometimes refers to central Yavapai County in general , which would include the towns of : Mayer , Paulden , Wilhoit , and Williamson Valley . Combined with these smaller communities the area had a population of 103,260 as of 2007 [ update ] . Prescott is the center of the Prescott Metropolitan Area , defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as all of Yavapai County . The Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe reservation is located adjacent to and partially within the borders of Prescott . Prescott is in the Granite Creek watershed and contains the convergence of Miller Creek and Granite Creek on its north side .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Gothic Revival ; church and rectory are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Mary 's Church-Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's_Church-Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel_Catholic_Church", 'summary': "The St. Mary 's Church - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Church , now All Saints Catholic Newman Center , is a historic church at College and University Avenue in Tempe , Arizona , United States . It was built in 1903 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . It has been home to the Arizona State University Newman Center since 1968 . It is a one-story brick church which is about 77 by 40 feet ( 23 m × 12 m ) in plan . It has a square tower with an eight-sided steeple ."}]}, {'value': '1903 built 1978 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "College & University Avenue 33°25′20″N 111°56′4″W / 33.42222°N 111.93444°W / 33.42222 ; -111.93444 ( St. Mary 's Church-Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Church ( Tempe , Arizona ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tempe , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tempe ( /tɛmˈpiː/ tem-PEE ; Oidbaḍ in O'odham ) , is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , with the Census Bureau reporting a 2017 population of 185,038 . The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece . Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix ; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west , Scottsdale and the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler on the south , and Mesa on the east . Tempe is also the location of the main campus of Arizona State University ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church_(Tombstone,_Arizona)', 'summary': 'Sacred Heart Church is a historic Roman Catholic church at 516 Safford Street in Tombstone , Arizona , United States . It was built in 1881 , purportedly with support by Nellie Cashman , an Irish immigrant who had been in the United States since age five . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 . The church is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson . Cashman was a noted miner and local businesswoman owning a hotel /restaurant , who also worked as a nurse . She was said to have provided spiritual support to the convicted killers of the Bisbee Massacre , and to have prevented a public spectacle of their execution in Tombstone .'}]}, {'value': '1881 built 2002 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '516 Safford St. 31°42′50.8″N 110°3′50.95″W / 31.714111°N 110.0641528°W / 31.714111 ; -110.0641528 ( Sacred Heart Church ( Tombstone , Arizona ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tucson , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral of St. Augustine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Augustine_(Tucson,_Arizona)', 'summary': 'The Cathedral of Saint Augustine ( Spanish : Catedral de San Agustín ) is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson . It is located in Tucson , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': '1968 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '192 S. Stone Ave. 32°13′10″N 110°58′17.33″W / 32.21944°N 110.9714806°W / 32.21944 ; -110.9714806 ( Cathedral of Saint Augustine ( Tucson , Arizona ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tucson , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexican Baroque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Santa Cruz Catholic Church is a historic church near the Santa Cruz River at 1220 S. Sixth Avenue in Tucson , Arizona . It was designed by Bishop Henry Granjon of Tucson and built between 1916 and 1918 . The Santa Cruz Catholic Church , or Santa Cruz for short , is significant for its construction using unstabilized mud-adobe bricks made in the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation . It is also the largest known mud-adobe building in Arizona , and the only surviving example of a major public building built of adobe . Santa Cruz was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '1918 built 1994 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1220 S. Sixth Ave. 32°12′23″N 110°58′6″W / 32.20639°N 110.96833°W / 32.20639 ; -110.96833 ( Santa Cruz Catholic Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tucson , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mission/Spanish Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission San Xavier del Bac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mission_San_Xavier_del_Bac', 'summary': "Mission San Xavier del Bac ( Spanish : La Misión de San Xavier del Bac ) is an historic Spanish Catholic mission located about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of downtown Tucson , Arizona , on the Tohono O'odham Nation San Xavier Indian Reservation . The mission was founded in 1692 by Padre Eusebio Kino in the center of a centuries-old settlement of the Sobaipuri O'odham , a branch of the Akimel or River O'odham located along the banks of the Santa Cruz River . The mission was named for Francis Xavier , a Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus ( Jesuit Order ) in Europe . The original church was built to the north of the present Franciscan church . This northern church or churches served the mission until it was razed during an Apache raid in 1770 . The mission that survives today was built between 1783 and 1797 , which makes it the oldest European structure in Arizona . Labor was provided by the O'odham . An outstanding example of Spanish Colonial architecture in the United States , the Mission San Xavier del Bac hosts some 200,000 visitors each year . It is a well-known pilgrimage site , with thousands visiting each year on foot and on horseback , some among ceremonial cavalcades or cabalgatas . The site is also known in the O'odham language as goes in or comes in , meaning where the water goes in , as the water in the Santa Cruz River came up to the surface a few miles south of Martinez Hill and then submerged again near Los Reales Wash . The Santa Cruz River that used to run year-round in this section was once critical to the community 's survival , but now runs only part of the year ."}]}, {'value': '1797 built 1966 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Tucson via Mission Rd . 32°06′25″N 111°00′29″W / 32.10694°N 111.00806°W / 32.10694 ; -111.00806 ( Mission San Xavier del Bac , Tucson )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tucson , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mission/Spanish Colonial', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Michael 's Mission", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Michael's_Mission_(Window_Rock,_Arizona)", 'summary': "St. Michael 's Mission , the first permanent Catholic mission to the Navajo , was established in 1898 . A school was opened in 1902 ."}]}, {'value': 'built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "North of Window Rock off State Route 264 35°38′44″N 109°05′53″W / 35.64556°N 109.09806°W / 35.64556 ; -109.09806 ( St. Michael 's Mission ( Window Rock , Arizona ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Window Rock , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona', 'summary': "Window Rock ( Navajo : Tségháhoodzání ) is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation , the largest territory of a sovereign American Indian nation in North America . It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter , adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line . Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council , Navajo Nation Supreme Court , the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President , and many Navajo government buildings . Window Rock 's population was 2,712 at the 2010 census , but is estimated to reach around 20,000 during weekdays when tribal offices are open . Window Rock 's main attraction is the window formation of sandstone the community is named after . The Navajo Nation Museum , the Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park , and the Navajo Nation Code Talkers World War II memorial are located in Window Rock ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Arizona', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_States_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Catholic churches and cathedrals in the United States.'}
null
null
When was the church established that is located in the city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation ?
1898
064e459df7075bc4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology', 'title': 'History of RNA biology', 'header': ['Name', 'Dates', 'Awards'], 'data': [{'value': 'Altman , Sidney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidney_Altman', 'summary': 'Sidney Altman ( born May 7 , 1939 ) is a Canadian and American molecular biologist , who is the Sterling Professor of Molecular , Cellular , and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University . In 1989 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas R. Cech for their work on the catalytic properties of RNA .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore , David', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Baltimore', 'summary': 'David Baltimore ( born March 7 , 1938 ) is an American biologist , university administrator , and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine , he is a Professor of Biology at the California Institute of Technology , where he served as president from 1997 to 2006 . He also serves as the director of the Joint Center for Translational Medicine , which joins Caltech and UCLA in a program to translate basic science discoveries into clinical realities . He served as president of the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) from 1997 to 2006 , and is currently the President Emeritus and Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology at Caltech . He also served as president of Rockefeller University from 1990 to 1991 , and was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007 . Baltimore has profoundly influenced international science , including key contributions to immunology , virology , cancer research , biotechnology , and recombinant DNA research , through his accomplishments as a researcher , administrator , educator , and public advocate for science and engineering . He has trained many doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows , several of whom have gone on to notable and distinguished research careers . In addition to the Nobel Prize , he has received a number of awards , including the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1999 . Baltimore currently sits on the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and is a consultant to the Science Philanthropy Alliance .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barré-Sinoussi , Françoise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Françoise_Barré-Sinoussi', 'summary': 'Françoise Barré-Sinoussi ( French : [ fʁɑ̃swaz baʁesinusi ] ( listen ) ; born 30 July 1947 ) is a French virologist and Director of the Regulation of Retroviral Infections Division ( French : Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales ) and Professor at the Institut Pasteur in Paris , France . Born in Paris , France , Barré-Sinoussi performed some of the fundamental work in the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) as the cause of AIDS . In 2008 , Barré-Sinoussi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , together with her former mentor , Luc Montagnier , for their discovery of HIV . She mandatorily retired from active research on August 31 , 2015 and fully retired by some time in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackburn , Elizabeth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn', 'summary': "Elizabeth Helen Blackburn , AC FRS FAA FRSN ( born 26 November 1948 ) is an Australian-American Nobel laureate who is the former President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies . Previously she was a biological researcher at the University of California , San Francisco , who studied the telomere , a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects the chromosome . In 1984 , Blackburn co-discovered telomerase , the enzyme that replenishes the telomere , with Carol W. Greider . For this work , she was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , sharing it with Greider and Jack W. Szostak , becoming the first Australian woman Nobel laureate . She also worked in medical ethics , and was controversially dismissed from the Bush Administration 's President 's Council on Bioethics ."}]}, {'value': 'born 1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brenner , Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Brenner', 'summary': 'Sydney Brenner CH FRS FMedSci MAE ( 13 January 1927 - 5 April 2019 ) was a South African biologist . In 2002 , he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H. Robert Horvitz and Sir John E. Sulston . Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code , and other areas of molecular biology while working in the Medical Research Council ( MRC ) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge , England . He established the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of developmental biology , and founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley , California , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cech , Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Cech', 'summary': 'Thomas Robert Cech ( born December 8 , 1947 ) is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman , for their discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA . Cech discovered that RNA could itself cut strands of RNA , suggesting that life might have started as RNA . He also studied telomeres , and his lab discovered an enzyme , TERT ( telomerase reverse transcriptase ) , which is part of the process of restoring telomeres after they are shortened during cell division . As president of Howard Hughes Medical Institute , he promoted science education , and he teaches an undergraduate chemistry course at the University of Colorado .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crick , Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Crick', 'summary': 'Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS ( 8 June 1916 - 28 July 2004 ) was a British molecular biologist , biophysicist , and neuroscientist . In 1953 , he co-authored with James Watson the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule . Together with Watson and Maurice Wilkins , he was jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material . The results were based partly on fundamental studies done by Rosalind Franklin , Raymond Gosling and Wilkins . Crick was an important theoretical molecular biologist and played a crucial role in research related to revealing the helical structure of DNA . He is widely known for the use of the term central dogma to summarize the idea that once information is transferred from nucleic acids ( DNA or RNA ) to proteins , it can not flow back to nucleic acids . In other words , the final step in the flow of information from nucleic acids to proteins is irreversible . During the remainder of his career , he held the post of J.W . Kieckhefer Distinguished Research Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla , California . His later research centered on theoretical neurobiology and attempts to advance the scientific study of human consciousness . He remained in this post until his death ; he was editing a manuscript on his death bed , a scientist until the bitter end according to Christof Koch .'}]}, {'value': '1916-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dulbecco , Renato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco', 'summary': 'Renato Dulbecco ( /dʌlˈbɛkoʊ/ dul-BEK-oh , Italian : [ reˈnaːto dulˈbɛkko , -ˈbek- ] ; February 22 , 1914 - February 19 , 2012 ) was an Italian-American virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on oncoviruses , which are viruses that can cause cancer when they infect animal cells . He studied at the University of Turin under Giuseppe Levi , along with fellow students Salvador Luria and Rita Levi-Montalcini , who also moved to the U.S. with him and won Nobel prizes . He was drafted into the Italian army in World War II , but later joined the resistance .'}]}, {'value': '1914-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire , Andrew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Fire', 'summary': 'Andrew Zachary Fire ( born April 27 , 1959 ) is an American biologist and professor of pathology and of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine . He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine , along with Craig C. Mello , for the discovery of RNA interference ( RNAi ) . This research was conducted at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and published in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilbert , Walter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Gilbert', 'summary': 'Walter Gilbert ( born March 21 , 1932 ) is an American biochemist , physicist , molecular biology pioneer , and Nobel laureate .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greider , Carol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_W._Greider', 'summary': 'Carolyn Widney Carol Greider ( born April 15 , 1961 ) is an American molecular biologist and Nobel laureate . She is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor , Daniel Nathans Professor , and Director of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins University . She discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984 , while she was a graduate student of Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California , Berkeley . Greider pioneered research on the structure of telomeres , the ends of the chromosomes . She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine , along with Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak , for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holley , Robert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_W._Holley', 'summary': "Robert William Holley ( January 28 , 1922 - February 11 , 1993 ) was an American biochemist . He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 ( with Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall Warren Nirenberg ) for describing the structure of alanine transfer RNA , linking DNA and protein synthesis . Holley was born in Urbana , Illinois , and graduated from Urbana High School in 1938 . He went on to study chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , graduating in 1942 and commencing his PhD studies in organic chemistry at Cornell University . During World War II Holley spent two years working under Professor Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornell University Medical College , where he was involved in the first chemical synthesis of penicillin . Holley completed his PhD studies in 1947 . Following his graduate studies Holley remained associated with Cornell . He became an Assistant Professor of organic chemistry in 1948 , and was appointed as Professor of Biochemistry in 1962 . He began his research on RNA after spending a year 's sabbatical ( 1955-1956 ) studying with James F. Bonner at the California Institute of Technology . Holley 's research on RNA focused first on isolating transfer RNA ( tRNA ) , and later on determining the sequence and structure of alanine tRNA , the molecule that incorporates the amino acid alanine into proteins . Holley 's team of researchers determined the tRNA 's structure by using two ribonucleases to split the tRNA molecule into pieces . Each enzyme split the molecule at location points for specific nucleotides ."}]}, {'value': '1922-1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacob , François', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Jacob', 'summary': 'François Jacob ( 17 June 1920 - 19 April 2013 ) was a French biologist who , together with Jacques Monod , originated the idea that control of enzyme levels in all cells occurs through regulation of transcription . He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Jacques Monod and André Lwoff .'}]}, {'value': '1920-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khorana , H. Gobind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana', 'summary': "Har Gobind Khorana ( 9 January 1922 - 9 November 2011 ) was an Indian-American biochemist . While on the faculty of the University of Wisconsin-Madison , he shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for research that showed the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids , which carry the genetic code of the cell and control the cell 's synthesis of proteins . Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year . Born in British India , Khorana served on the faculties of three universities in North America . He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966 , and received the National Medal of Science in 1987 ."}]}, {'value': '1922-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klug , Aaron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Klug', 'summary': 'Sir Aaron Klug OM FRS FMedSci HonFRMS ( 11 August 1926 - 20 November 2018 ) was a Lithuanian-born , South African-educated , British biophysicist , and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kornberg , Roger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg', 'summary': 'Roger David Kornberg ( born April 24 [ citation needed ] , 1947 ) is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine . Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for his studies of the process by which genetic information from DNA is copied to RNA , the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mello , Craig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Mello', 'summary': 'Craig Cameron Mello ( born October 18 , 1960 ) is an American biologist and professor of molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester , Massachusetts . He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine , along with Andrew Z . Fire , for the discovery of RNA interference . This research was conducted at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and published in 1998 . Mello has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monod , Jacques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Monod', 'summary': 'Jacques Lucien Monod ( February 9 , 1910 - May 31 , 1976 ) was a French biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 , sharing it with François Jacob and André Lwoff for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis . Monod and Jacob became famous for their work on the E. coli lac operon , which encodes proteins necessary for the transport and breakdown of the sugar lactose ( lac ) . From their own work and the work of others , they came up with a model for how the levels of some proteins in a cell are controlled . In their model , the manufacture of proteins , such as the ones encoded within the lac ( lactose ) operon , is prevented when a repressor , encoded by a regulatory gene , binds to its operator , a specific site in the DNA sequence that is close to the genes encoding the proteins . ( It is now known that a repressor bound to an operator physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter , the site where transcription of the adjacent genes begins . ) Study of the control of expression of genes in the lac operon provided the first example of a system for the regulation of transcription . Monod also suggested the existence of messenger RNA molecules that link the information encoded in DNA and proteins . For these contributions he is widely regarded as one of the founders of molecular biology .'}]}, {'value': '1910-1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montagnier , Luc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_Montagnier', 'summary': 'Luc Antoine Montagnier ( US : /ˌmɒntənˈjeɪ , ˌmoʊntɑːnˈjeɪ/ , US : /mənˈ-/ , French : [ mɔ̃taɲe ] ; born 18 August 1932 ) is a French virologist and joint recipient with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . A long-time researcher at the Pasteur Institute in Paris , he currently works as a full-time professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China . In 2009 , Montagnier published two controversial research studies that some homeopaths claimed as support for homeopathy . Although Montagnier disputed any such support , many scientists greeted his claims with scorn and harsh criticism .'}]}, {'value': 'born 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nirenberg , Marshall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg', 'summary': 'Marshall Warren Nirenberg ( April 10 , 1927 - January 15 , 2010 ) was an American biochemist and geneticist . He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for breaking the genetic code and describing how it operates in protein synthesis . In the same year , together with Har Gobind Khorana , he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University .'}]}, {'value': '1927-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Nobel Laureates in RNA biology', 'section_text': 'See also : List of RNA biologists', 'uid': 'History_of_RNA_biology_0', 'intro': 'Numerous key discoveries in biology have emerged from studies of RNA (ribonucleic acid), including seminal work in the fields of biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, molecular evolution and structural biology. As of 2010, 30 scientists have been awarded Nobel Prizes for experimental work that includes studies of RNA. Specific discoveries of high biological significance are discussed in this article. For related information, see the articles on History of Molecular Biology and History of Genetics. For background information, see the articles on RNA and nucleic acid.'}
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Which biologist that was awarded the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine also received the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1999 ?
Baltimore , David
064ea27df6c6b1e6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansk_Melodi_Grand_Prix', 'title': 'Dansk Melodi Grand Prix', 'header': ['Year', 'Song', 'Artist', 'Position in the Eurovision Song Contest'], 'data': [{'value': '1957', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1957', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1957 was the second edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Frankfurt-am-Main , West Germany and was held at the Großer Sendesaal des hessischen Rundfunks on Sunday 3 March 1957 . The show was hosted by German actress Anaid Iplicjian . Like the first edition of the contest , this one was still mainly a radio programme , but there was a noticeable increase in the number of people with televisions . The winner was the Netherlands with the song Net als toen , performed by Corry Brokken , written by Willy van Hemert and composed by Guus Jansen . This was the Netherlands ' first victory in the contest . For some time , a rumour had existed that the privilege of hosting the 1957 contest was given to Germany because they had come in second place in 1956 with Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück by Walter Andreas Schwarz . In fact , not only were the official 1956 scores withheld , but the rule stating that the winning nation hosts the next year 's Eurovision Song Contest had not yet been conceived . It was planned at the time that each participating country would take it in turns to host the event . However , as more countries wished to participate , this became impractical ."}]}, {'value': 'Skibet skal sejle i nat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skibet_skal_sejle_i_nat', 'summary': "Skibet skal sejle i nat ( The ship is leaving tonight ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 , performed in Danish by Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler and consequently the first time Danish was heard in the Eurovision . The song was performed ninth on the night , following France 's Paule Desjardins with La belle amour and preceding Switzerland 's Lys Assia with L'enfant que j'étais . At the close of voting , it had received 10 points , placing 3rd in a field of 10 . The song is a love duet , with the singers parting before one of them takes a sea voyage on the ship of the title . Additionally , the song is famous for the kiss the duo exchanged at the end of the performance - the longest stage kiss in Contest history , made so by a stagehand omitting to signal for it to end . While the Contest was still predominantly a radio show at the time , the conservative social mores ensured that this event has entered Eurovision folklore . Indeed , at the late 2005 Congratulations special , hosts Katrina Leskanich and Renars Kaupers pretended to re-enact it , only to have Wilke herself appear between them . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1958 Contest by Raquel Rastenni with Jeg rev et blad ud af min dagbog ."}]}, {'value': 'Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birthe_Wilke', 'summary': "Birthe Wilke ( born 19 March 1936 ) is a popular Danish singer . She grew up in a musical family in Copenhagen 's Vesterbro area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gustav_Winckler', 'summary': 'Gustav Frands Wilzeck Winckler ( 13 October 1925 - 20 January 1979 ) was a popular Danish singer , composer and music publisher . He grew up in the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen and started his career as a decorator . In 1948 as a young man he won a talent competition at National Scala Theatre in Copenhagen , as well as many others in Copenhagen . He was often compared to Bing Crosby . He finally broke through in 1950 with engagements , regular appearances on Danmarks Radio and his first professional recording . Through the 1950s he recorded and toured in Denmark , Germany ( under the name Gunnar Winkler ) and England ( under the name Sam Payne ) . In 1957 after qualifying in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix to represent Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest , he participated in Eurovision Song Contest 1957 , where he sang Skibet skal sejle i nat ( The ship is leaving tonight ) with Birthe Wilke . They ranked number 3 , and stunned television audiences with a 13-second-long kiss at the end of their performance . He participated in the Danish Melodi Grand Prix twice afterwards - in 1964 with Ugler i mosen , and then in 1966 with Salami . He died in a car crash in 1979 . His brother Jørgen Winckler also recorded songs in the 1950s and early 1960s .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1959 was the fourth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Cannes , France , following André Claveau 's win at the 1958 contest in Hilversum , Netherlands with the song Dors , mon amour . It was the first time France hosted the event . The contest was held at Palais des Festivals et des Congrès on Wednesday 11 March 1959 , and was hosted by Jacqueline Joubert . Eleven countries participated in the contest . Monaco made its début this year , while Luxembourg decided to withdraw . The United Kingdom returned after their absence from the previous edition . The winner was the Netherlands with the song Een beetje , performed by Teddy Scholten , written by Willy van Hemert and composed by Dick Schallies . This was the Netherlands ' second victory in the contest , following their win in 1957 - marking the first time a country had won more than once . Willy van Hemert also wrote the first Dutch winner that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Uh , jeg ville ønske jeg var dig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uh,_jeg_ville_ønske_jeg_var_dig', 'summary': "Uh , jeg ville ønske jeg var dig ( Oh , I 'd wish I were you ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1959 , performed in Danish by Birthe Wilke . The song was performed second on the night , following France 's Jean Philippe with Oui , oui , oui , oui and preceding Italy 's Domenico Modugno with Piove ( Ciao , ciao bambina ) . At the close of voting , it had received 12 points , placing 5th in a field of 11 . The song is a love ballad , in which Wilke sings about how much she wishes she were her lover . She then describes how she would love herself in this situation , including asking for her own hand in marriage . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1960 Contest by Katy Bødtger with Det var en yndig tid ."}]}, {'value': 'Birthe Wilke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birthe_Wilke', 'summary': "Birthe Wilke ( born 19 March 1936 ) is a popular Danish singer . She grew up in a musical family in Copenhagen 's Vesterbro area ."}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1961', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1961 was the 6th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Cannes , France , following Jacqueline Boyer 's win at the 1960 contest in London , United Kingdom with the song Tom Pillibi . It was the second time that France had hosted the contest ; the first being in 1959 - also in Cannes . The contest was held at Palais des Festivals et des Congrès on 18 March 1961 and was the first to take place on a Saturday night , a tradition that has continued into modern times . The show was hosted by Jacqueline Joubert . Sixteen countries participated in the contest - three more than in the previous edition ; Finland , Spain and Yugoslavia all made their début this year . The winner was Luxembourg with the song Nous les amoureux , performed by Jean-Claude Pascal , written by Maurice Vidalin , and composed by Jacques Datin . This was Luxembourg 's first victory in the contest , with the United Kingdom finishing in second place for the third consecutive year . As the contest overran its allocated time , and the show was being broadcast live , the winning song 's reprise was not shown in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Angelique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelique_(song)', 'summary': "Angelique was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1961 , performed in Danish by Dario Campeotto . The song was performed thirteenth on the night , following Norway 's Nora Brockstedt with Sommer i Palma and preceding Luxembourg 's Jean-Claude Pascal with Nous les amoureux . At the close of voting , it had received 12 points , placing 5th in a field of 16 . The song is a love ballad directed towards the title character , with Campeotto singing about the various things he would do for her if he had the skill - such as writing poetry if he were William Shakespeare or playing the violin if he were Yehudi Menuhin . He explains , however , that the Muses said no to his attempts to master the arts ( including singing , unusually for a professional singer ) , so he is simply dreaming about her . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1962 contest by Ellen Winther with Vuggevise ."}]}, {'value': 'Dario Campeotto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Campeotto', 'summary': 'Dario Campeotto ( born 1 February 1939 ) is a Danish singer , actor , and entertainer . He was born in Frederiksberg , Copenhagen to Italian parents , Emma and Ernesto Campeotto . He started performing at the age of ten , but his breakthrough was a victory in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 1961 with the song Angelique , which went on to finish fifth in the Eurovision Song Contest . Following Angelique , Dario Campeotto released a number of records , starred in theatrical play , operettas , revues , and movies .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1963', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1963 was the eighth annual Eurovision Song Contest . The contest was held in London , United Kingdom , after the British broadcaster BBC stepped in to organise the event . France had won the 1962 edition with the right to host this following one but were unable to , due to financial shortcomings . The contest was won by Denmark with the song Dansevise , performed by Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann . Denmark 's win was their first . Four countries got nul points , with Finland , Norway and Sweden failing to score any points for the first time and The Netherlands for the second time , becoming the first country to go two years in a row without scoring a single point ."}]}, {'value': 'Dansevise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dansevise', 'summary': "Dansevise ( English title : I loved you ; English translation : Dance song ) was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 performed in Danish by Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann representing Denmark . This was the first entry performed by a duo to win the Contest and also the first Scandinavian winner . The song was performed eighth on the night , following Finland 's Laila Halme with Muistojeni laulu and preceding Yugoslavia 's Vice Vukov with Brodovi . At the close of voting , it had received 42 points , thus winning from a field of 16 . The song is a moderately up-tempo tune in which the singer hymns the praises of dancing , specifically with her beloved friend . The song was succeeded as contest winner in 1964 by Gigliola Cinquetti performing Non ho l'età for Italy . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1964 Contest by Bjørn Tidmand with Sangen om dig . The Danish band Outlandish has made a cover of the song called Kom igen which is featured in the game FIFA 07 . DR decided to include Dansevise in the opening sequence of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Grand Final . Jörgen Ingmann died on 23 March 2015 in Denmark at the age of 89 , after he separated from his wife Grethe in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grethe_Ingmann', 'summary': "Grethe Ingmann ( née Clemmensen ; 17 June 1938 - 18 August 1990 ) was a Danish singer . She started her career at 17 , when she temporarily performed as a singer of the Malihini Hawaiians pop quartet . Soon after she sang with the Danish guitarist Jørn Grauengaard and his trio . In 1955 she met her future husband , guitarist Jørgen Ingmann . The couple married in 1956 and performed as the duet Grethe og Jørgen Ingmann . Together they won the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 representing Denmark with the jazz waltz Dansevise ( Dancing tune ) with music by Otto Francker and lyrics by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen . It was the first entry performed by a duo to win the Contest and also the first Scandinavian winner . In 1965 she entered the German Schlager Contest with the song Sommerwind . She dropped out in the preliminaries , but the song 's English version , written by Johnny Mercer in 1966 and sung by Frank Sinatra , became an international hit . Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann continued their musical career until they divorced in 1975 . As a solo singer , Grethe participated in several Danish preselections for the Eurovision Song Contest , unsuccessfully . She died of cancer on August 18 , 1990 , age 52 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jørgen_Ingmann', 'summary': 'Jørgen Ingmann ( born Jørgen Ingmann Pedersen ; 26 April 1925 - 21 March 2015 ) was a Danish jazz and pop guitarist from Copenhagen . He was popular in Europe , and had a wider international hit in 1961 with his version of Apache . He and his wife Grethe Ingmann won the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest with the song Dansevise .'}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1984', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , the 29th event of its kind , was held on 5 May 1984 in Luxembourg . The presenter , Désirée Nosbusch , only 19 years old at the time , hosted the show in a lax manner , which was quite unusual for the show at the time . She manifested her fluency in four languages by switching between a strong transatlantic English , French , German and Luxembourgish in the course of talking , often in the same sentence . Sweden 's the Herreys were the winners of this contest with the song , Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley . This was the Nordic country 's second win , and the first one in Swedish , as ABBA performed Waterloo in English when they won in 1974 . Richard and Luis Herrey became the first teenage males to win Eurovision and remain the youngest ever male winners , being 19 years and 260 days and 18 years and 184 days of age respectively . Israel withdrew from the contest due to Yom Hazikaron ( Day of Remembrance for the Fallen Soldiers of Israel and Victims of Terrorism ) being commemorated on the same date . Iceland was going to participate but withdrew due to lack of financial support . 1984 is also a notable for the audible booing that could be heard from the audience , particularly at the end of the UK 's performance . It was said that the booing was due to English football hooligans having rioted in Luxembourg in November 1983 after being knocked out of the UEFA European Football Championship . However , the song itself managed a pretty good showing , reaching seventh place ."}]}, {'value': "Det ' lige det", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Det'_lige_det", 'summary': "Det ' lige det ( That 's just it ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , performed in Danish by Hot Eyes . The song was performed tenth on the night , following Ireland 's Linda Martin with Terminal 3 and preceding the Netherlands ' Maribelle with Ik hou van jou . At the close of voting , it had received 101 points , placing 4th in a field of 19 . The song is sung from the perspective of a woman waiting for her lover to come to her . She tells him that his presence brightens the day considerably and that he should n't be afraid of loving her , as he appears to be . As part of their performance of this song in the Danish national selection , the female half of the duo ( Kirsten Siggard ) , pushed the male half ( Søren Bundgaard ) into a swimming pool . This act , while unable to be repeated at the Contest itself , earned the song the Danish nickname The Swimming Pool Song . An English version of Det ' lige det , entitled Waiting in the Rain , was released as the B-side of the 45 rpm single . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1985 contest by Hot Eyes again , this time with Sku ' du spørg ' fra no'en ? ."}]}, {'value': 'Hot Eyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Eyes', 'summary': "Hot Eyes was the name adopted for international acts by the Danish singing duo known in their home country as Kirsten and Søren . It was formed by Kirsten Siggard ( born 7 September 1954 in Slagelse ) and Søren Bundgaard ( born 4 March 1956 in Glostrup ) . Kirsten was brought up in a traditional Christian family who sang in a church choir when she was young and later pursued a career deemed appropriate and desirable , working in a bank , where she met her husband , Jorgen . Søren was a musician , singer and composer , at that time a member of the Danish band Sir Henry . Both Sir Henry and Kirsten entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix , which serves as the Danish pre-selection for the Eurovision Song Contest ( ESC ) , in 1983 . For some reason , Sir Henry 's entry , Og Livet går with music composed by Søren and Leif Pedersen was disqualified and Kirsten took their place in the final , but in a somewhat consolation-prize style they sang as backing vocals for Kirsten . Søren later decided to leave Sir Henry in favor of further cooperation with Kirsten , and the duo entered the Dansk MGP in 1984 as Hot Eyes with the song Det ' lige det with music by Søren and lyrics by Keld Heick ( who also penned lyrics to all other Hot Eyes ' Dansk MGP entries ) . The song became known in Denmark as the swimming pool song , as at the end of the Dansk MGP performance Kirsten threw Søren into a swimming pool by the stage . They won the contest and therefore represented Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , taking the fourth place , even though they were unable to replicate the swimming pool gimmick . This was Denmark 's best placing since 1963 , when the country 's entry won the contest . Kirsten was actually pregnant with her first son while singing at Eurovision . Riding on their popularity , they went on to win the Dansk MGP again in 1985 with Sku ' du spørg ' fra no'en ?"}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1987', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1987 was the 32nd Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 9 May 1987 in Brussels , Belgium after Sandra Kim 's win the previous year . The presenter was Viktor Lazlo . She agreed to present the Eurovision Song Contest , on the condition she was allowed to open with a song of her own , Breathless . Johnny Logan was the winner for Ireland with his own composition Hold Me Now . That made him the first ( and as of 2019 only ) performer to win the contest twice , as he had won also in 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'En lille melodi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/En_lille_melodi', 'summary': "En lille melodi ( A little tune ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1987 , performed in Danish by Anne-Cathrine Herdorf & Bandjo . The song was performed nineteenth on the night , following Finland 's Vicki Rosti & Boulevard with Sata salamaa and preceding Ireland 's Johnny Logan with Hold Me Now . At the close of voting , it had received 83 points , placing 5th in a field of 22 . The song is a plea for unity , with Herdorf exhorting everyone to sing this little tune as one . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1988 Contest by Kirsten & Søren with Ka ' du se hva ' jeg sa ' ? ."}]}, {'value': 'Anne-Cathrine Herdorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Cathrine_Herdorf', 'summary': 'Anne-Cathrine Herdorf , ( born 10 July 1967 in Copenhagen ) , is a Danish singer and actress who represented Denmark with the group Bandjo at the 1987 Eurovision Song Contest . Performing the song En lille melodi ( A little tune / English recording title : A Simple Little Song ) she finished in 5th place with 83 points . In 1992 she co-hosted the Danish national final - Dansk Melodi Grand Prix - with another Danish former Eurovision competitor , Anders Frandsen . She appeared at the national final again in 1999 as a jury member and was one of several guest presenters in 2001 . From 1987 to 1993 she played acting roles in several Danish TV productions and from 2001 she has guested or performed as a singer on a number of TV shows .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1988', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1988 was the 33rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . The contest took place on 30 April 1988 in Dublin , Ireland , following the country 's win at the previous 1987 edition . The presenters were Pat Kenny and Michelle Rocca . The host broadcaster was Radio Telefís Éireann ( RTÉ ) which revamped the show 's production style compared to its earlier editions , in order to appeal to a younger audience . The winner was Switzerland with the song Ne partez pas sans moi , performed by Canadian singer Céline Dion and composed by Atilla Şereftuğ with lyrics in French by Nella Martinetti . Switzerland beat the United Kingdom by just a point in the last vote to win the title . Twenty-one countries took part , after an initial plan of twenty-two , as Cyprus withdrew its already registered entry for breaching the contest 's rules by being published a few years earlier , in an attempt to represent the country at a prior edition of the contest . The Cypriot song had been drawn to be performed 2nd in the running order ."}]}, {'value': "Ka ' du se hva ' jeg sa ' ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ka'_du_se_hva'_jeg_sa'?", 'summary': "Ka ' du se hva ' jeg sa ' ? ( Can you see , ( that 's ) what I told you ? , literally : Do you see what I said ? ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1988 , performed in Danish by Kirsten & Søren ( a duo who had previously entered as Hot Eyes ) . The song was performed thirteenth on the night , following Austria 's Wilfried with Lisa Mona Lisa and preceding Greece 's Afroditi Frida with Clown . At the close of voting , it had received 92 points , placing 3rd in a field of 21 . The song describes a particularly difficult personality type - who knows everything for certain and whistles if it turns out you 're at fault . Over the course of the song , this person is gradually revealed to be the person to whom the song is being sung in the first place . The performance is perhaps more memorable for the fact that the female half of the duo ( Kirsten Siggard ) was heavily pregnant at the time and would give birth only three weeks after the contest . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1989 Contest by Birthe Kjær with Vi maler byen rød ."}]}, {'value': 'Hot Eyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Eyes', 'summary': "Hot Eyes was the name adopted for international acts by the Danish singing duo known in their home country as Kirsten and Søren . It was formed by Kirsten Siggard ( born 7 September 1954 in Slagelse ) and Søren Bundgaard ( born 4 March 1956 in Glostrup ) . Kirsten was brought up in a traditional Christian family who sang in a church choir when she was young and later pursued a career deemed appropriate and desirable , working in a bank , where she met her husband , Jorgen . Søren was a musician , singer and composer , at that time a member of the Danish band Sir Henry . Both Sir Henry and Kirsten entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix , which serves as the Danish pre-selection for the Eurovision Song Contest ( ESC ) , in 1983 . For some reason , Sir Henry 's entry , Og Livet går with music composed by Søren and Leif Pedersen was disqualified and Kirsten took their place in the final , but in a somewhat consolation-prize style they sang as backing vocals for Kirsten . Søren later decided to leave Sir Henry in favor of further cooperation with Kirsten , and the duo entered the Dansk MGP in 1984 as Hot Eyes with the song Det ' lige det with music by Søren and lyrics by Keld Heick ( who also penned lyrics to all other Hot Eyes ' Dansk MGP entries ) . The song became known in Denmark as the swimming pool song , as at the end of the Dansk MGP performance Kirsten threw Søren into a swimming pool by the stage . They won the contest and therefore represented Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , taking the fourth place , even though they were unable to replicate the swimming pool gimmick . This was Denmark 's best placing since 1963 , when the country 's entry won the contest . Kirsten was actually pregnant with her first son while singing at Eurovision . Riding on their popularity , they went on to win the Dansk MGP again in 1985 with Sku ' du spørg ' fra no'en ?"}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1989', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1989 was the 34th annual Eurovision Song Contest . It was held on 6 May 1989 in Lausanne , Switzerland , after Celine Dion 's victory in Dublin the previous year . The program was presented by Lolita Morena and Jacques Deschenaux . Riva , representing Yugoslavia , won with the song Rock Me . This was the only victory for Yugoslavia as a unified state ."}]}, {'value': 'Vi maler byen rød', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vi_maler_byen_rød', 'summary': "Vi maler byen rød ( We 're painting the town red ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989 , written by Søren Bundgaard ( music ) and Keld Heick ( lyrics ) performed in Danish by Birthe Kjær . The English version of the song is called I 'm Chasing Butterflies . The song was performed twelfth on the night , following Luxembourg 's Park Café with Monsieur and preceding Austria 's Thomas Forstner with Nur ein Lied . At the close of voting , it had received 111 points , placing 3rd in a field of 22 . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1990 Contest by Lonnie Devantier with Hallo Hallo , with lyrics also by Keld Heick . The song qualified as the Danish entry into the Eurovision Song Contest by the usual means of winning that year 's Dansk Melodi Grand Prix . All of the contributors were Dansk Melodi Grand Prix regulars - although for Birthe it was the first , and only , time to win after three unsuccessful attempts , Keld Heick had by then authored lyrics to five winning songs , and Søren Bundgaard wrote music and co-performed three of them , although with another female vocalist , Kirsten Siggaard , as part of the duo Hot Eyes . Heick also authored the lyrics to three 1990s Danish entries , and entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix numerous times from 1970s to 1990s as both lyricist , composer and performer ( with his wife Hilda ) , while Søren Bundgaard also tried his luck as composer a few other times , including two unsuccessful Hot Eyes entries . Vi maler byen rød is an evocation of good times , with Kjær describing the fun that can be had by painting the town red . Musically , it is something of a throwback to an earlier time as well , sounding like a more unabashed vocal performance than the more modern numbers starting to achieve success at the Contest at the time . It is also memorable for the fact that Kjær was one of the older contestants to have performed in many years . The performance was unique for the fact that not only the song 's author 's , but also the conductor , Henrik Krogsgaard ( also a Eurovision regular ) , joined Birthe on stage as backup singers and dancers ."}]}, {'value': 'Birthe Kjær', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birthe_Kjær', 'summary': 'Birthe Kjær ( born 1 September 1948 ) is a Danish singer . She finished second at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 1980 , 1986 and 1987 , before winning in 1989 , and went on to finish third at the 1989 Eurovision Song Contest in Lausanne . She also finished third at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1995', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1995 was the 40th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Dublin , Ireland , following Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan 's win at the 1994 contest on homesoil with the song Rock ' n ' Roll Kids . It was held on 13 May 1995 in the Point Theatre in Dublin , Ireland . The presenter was Mary Kennedy . This year 's competition was the last with only one host until 18 years later in 2013 in Malmö , Sweden . This contest broke the chain of victories that Ireland enjoyed in 1992 , 1993 , and 1994 . This was Ireland 's 3rd year in succession to host the contest - and to mark the 40th show , it was opened with a 4-minute retrospective showing images from the contest 's history . The Norwegian group Secret Garden was the winner of this contest with the mostly instrumental song , Nocturne . Incidentally , Secret Garden 's violinist was Fionnuala Sherry , who is Irish ."}]}, {'value': 'Fra Mols til Skagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fra_Mols_til_Skagen', 'summary': "Fra Mols til Skagen ( From Mols to Skagen ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 , performed in Danish by Aud Wilken . The song was performed nineteenth on the night , following Sweden 's Jan Johansen with Se på mej and preceding Slovenia 's Darja Švajger with Prisluhni mi . By the close of voting , it had received 92 points , placing it 5th in a field of 23 . The song is a love ballad , with Wilken singing about her desire to be with her lover - she asks him , for example , to let her know train times so that she can be with him . The title of the song comes from her description of the breadth of her feelings about him : From Mols to Skagen I 'm missing you . Mols is the name of a district in east Mid Jutland , while Skagen is Denmark 's northernmost town ( in North Jutland ) , so the two locations are not in fact vastly far apart ( about 170 km as the crow flies ) . Musically , the song is a comparatively slow one , in contrast to the increasingly up-tempo style of other contest entries . It was chosen as the winner of a preliminary Danish song contest by a jury of music professionals ( instead of the usual way of letting viewers decide by telephone voting ) . Initially the song did not enjoy much popularity among the general public , but that seemed to change after its relatively high placing in the international contest . Despite the successful placement of the song , Denmark did not participate in the 1996 contest , as the qualification rules had been changed to require all competing countries barring the host nation to qualify - something the Danes were unable to accomplish . The performance was , however , enough to qualify Denmark as one of the entrants in the next Contest . Hence , it was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1997 contest by Kølig Kaj with Stemmen i mit liv ."}]}, {'value': 'Aud Wilken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aud_Wilken', 'summary': 'Aud Saskia Wilken ( born 1965 in East Berlin ) is a Danish singer , best known for her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2000', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2000 was the 45th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Stockholm , Sweden , following Charlotte Nilsson 's win at the 1999 contest in Jerusalem , Israel with the song Take Me to Your Heaven . The contest was held on 13 May 2000 at the Globe Arena . It was the first time since 1996 that the contest was held on mainland Europe . The contest was the second to be held in Stockholm , and the fourth held in Sweden . The presenters were Kattis Ahlström and Anders Lundin . The winner of the 2000 contest was the Olsen Brothers who represented Denmark with the song Fly on the Wings of Love ( originally : Smuk som et stjerneskud ) . The song was written by one of the brothers , Jørgen Olsen . On the day of their victory , Jørgen Olsen was 50 years and 61 days of age , making him the oldest artist yet to win the contest . However , he would not hold the record for long , as Dave Benton triumphed in the following year at the age of 50 years and 101 days , breaking the record by 40 days . The combined ages of The Olsen Brothers make them the oldest aged act ever to win the contest . The Globe Arena was , at the time , the largest venue chosen to host the contest with a capacity of 16,000 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Smuk som et stjerneskud', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olsen Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olsen_Brothers', 'summary': "Olsen Brothers ( Danish : Brødrene Olsen ) are a Danish rock/pop music duo , formed by brothers Jørgen ( born 15 March 1950 ) and Niels Noller Olsen ( born 13 April 1954 ) , who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2000 . They formed their first band , The Kids , in 1965 . The Kids warmed up for The Kinks in the K.B . Hallen in 1965 and released their first single in 1967 . Both Jørgen and Niels Olsen participated in the musical Hair in the Cirkusbygningen in Copenhagen March 1971 , and went on tour afterwards through Denmark , Norway and Sweden . The Olsen Brothers ' first album was released in 1972 . The Brothers have released 13 albums . Some of the biggest hit singles includes Angelina ( 1972 ) , For what we are ( 1973 ) Julie ( 1977 ) , San Francisco ( 1978 ) , Dans Dans Dans ( 1979 ) , Marie , Marie ( 1982 ) and Neon Madonna ( 1985 ) , wings of love ( 2000 ) , we believe in love ( 2001 ) , Look up Look down ( 2009 -performed with Sir Cliff Richard ) , Brothers to Brothers 2013 . The Olsen Brothers has sold aprox 3.200.000 albums,1.500.000 singles and around 2.700.000 combilations since the released single-record in 1967 . Total 7.500.000 units . The Brothers has a speciel two voice harmoni sound , which many fans , musicians and songwriters loves . Among the fans are Sir Cliff Richard and Bjoern Ulveus both calls the Olsen Brothers for The European Everly Brothers ."}]}, {'value': '1st ( as Fly on the Wings of Love )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fly_on_the_Wings_of_Love', 'summary': "Fly on the Wings of Love is a song by Danish pop-rock duo Olsen Brothers , which was the winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2000 , performed for Denmark , singing in English . The song was performed fourteenth on the night , following Spain 's Serafín Zubiri with Colgado de un sueño and preceding Germany 's Stefan Raab with Wadde hadde dudde da ? . At the close of voting , it had received 195 points , placing first in a field of 24 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2001', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2001 was the 46th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Copenhagen , Denmark , following the Olsen Brothers ' win at the 2000 contest in Stockholm , Sweden with the song Fly on the Wings of Love . The hosting marked the second time the contest was held on Danish soil , after the 1964 contest - 37 years earlier . 23 countries took part in the contest , which was held on 12 May 2001 . The host venue was the Parken Stadium - the largest venue to ever host the contest as of 2019 . A total of 35,000 spectators saw the show live from within the stadium , breaking the record of 16,000 held by the previous year 's hosts Sweden . The show was opened by the Olsen Brothers , with a snippet from their winning song Fly on the Wings of Love , followed by their latest single Walk Right Back , which was already a smash hit in Denmark at the time . The presenters were Danish journalist and TV-show presenter Natasja Crone Back and the famous Danish actor Søren Pilmark who spoke most of their announcements in rhyming couplets . France , Greece and Slovenia were the heavy favourites to win the contest ; however , as the voting progressed it became a two-horse race between Estonia and the host country Denmark . The contest was won by Estonia , represented by Tanel Padar , Dave Benton & 2XL with the song Everybody , written by Ivar Must and Maian-Anna Karmas , which scored a total of 198 points . The host nation , Denmark , finished in 2nd place with 177 points . Coming 3rd were Greece with 147 points - giving the country their best result up until this point ."}]}, {'value': 'Der står et billede af dig på mit bord', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rollo & King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rollo_&_King', 'summary': 'Rollo & King was a Danish group , formed by Søren Poppe and Stefan Nielsen . The two men named themselves after two dog names . They topped the charts with their very first album Midt i en løbetid which stayed in the charts for 13 weeks in 2000-2001 . Before Søren Poppe got famous with the band , he was a teacher in a school in Valby , in Copenhagen teaching music and mathematics .'}]}, {'value': '2nd ( as Never Ever Let You Go )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Never_Ever_Let_You_Go', 'summary': "Never Ever Let You Go was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 , performed in English by Rollo & King . The song was performed in Danish at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 2001 , titled Der står et billede af dig på mit bord ( There is a picture of you on my table ) . The song was performed twenty-third ( last ) on the night , following Greece 's Antique with Die For You . At the close of voting , it had received 177 points , placing 2nd in a field of 23 . The song is from the perspective of a man who has lost his lover . He pleads with her to return and promises that he will never ever let you go . For much of the night , the song led the voting and gave Denmark high hopes of achieving the rare feat of winning the Contest in successive years ( it eventually finished 21 points behind the Estonian winners , Tanel Padar and Dave Benton with Everybody ) . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 2002 Contest by Malene with Tell Me Who You Are ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2010 was the 55th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Oslo , Norway , following Alexander Rybak 's win at the 2009 contest in Moscow , Russia with the song Fairytale . It was the third time Norway had hosted the contest , having previously done so in 1986 and 1996 . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and host broadcaster Norsk rikskringkasting ( NRK ) , the contest was held at the Telenor Arena , and consisted of two semi-finals on 25 and 27 May , and the final on 29 May 2010 . The three live shows were hosted by Erik Solbakken , Haddy N'jie and Nadia Hasnaoui . Thirty-nine countries took part in the contest , with Georgia returning after its one-year absence . Meanwhile , Andorra , the Czech Republic , Hungary , and Montenegro all withdrew , mainly for financial reasons related to the global financial crisis . Lithuania originally announced its withdrawal , but was later among the participants confirmed by the EBU . The winner was Germany with the song Satellite , performed by Lena and written by Julie Frost and John Gordon . This was Germany 's second victory in the contest , following their win in 1982 , and their first win as a unified country . It was also the first win for one of the Big Four countries , since the rule 's introduction in 2000 . Turkey , Romania , Denmark and Azerbaijan rounded out the top five ."}]}, {'value': 'In a Moment Like This', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_a_Moment_Like_This', 'summary': "In a Moment Like This is a song performed by Chanée & N'evergreen and composed Thomas G : son , Henrik Sethsson and Erik Bernholm , and was the Danish entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 , held in Oslo , Norway on 29 May 2010 . The song was the winner of the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix contest , held on 6 February , which selected the Danish entry for Eurovision , and they won fourth place at the contest , with 149 points , this song was also later that year covered by South African Artists Lianie May & Jay . The song did n't escape controversy as it was alleged that it was too similar to The Police Every Breath You Take . Swedish band Scotts recorded a cover version of the song as a duet with Erica Sjöström from the Drifters , which in 2010 appeared on both on the Scotts album Vi gör det igen and the Drifters ' album Stanna hos mig ."}]}, {'value': "Chanée and N'evergreen", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chanée', 'summary': "Christina Chanée ( born 6 January 1979 , [ citation needed ] Christina Ratchanée Birch Wongskul ) is a Danish-Thai pop singer who won the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2010 with Tomas N'evergreen , with the song In a Moment Like This . Chanée lives in Frederiksberg , Copenhagen ."}, {'url': "/wiki/N'evergreen", 'summary': "Tomas Christiansen ( born 12 November 1969 ) , better known by his stage name Tomas N'evergreen , is a pop singer from Aarhus , Denmark . The singles Since You 've Been Gone and Everytime ( I See Your Smile ) were on top ten lists throughout Eastern Europe for more than a year and are still staples on FM radio . His debut album Since You 've Been Gone topped the charts in Russia and sold hundreds of thousands of units . The music video Since You 've Been Gone was made with the participation of Russian singer Polina Griffith . He lives now in Moscow , Russia . Tomas has been married to Russian actress Valeriya Zhidkova since 24 September 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 was the 56th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Düsseldorf , Germany , following Lena 's win at the 2010 contest in Oslo , Norway with the song Satellite . It was the third time Germany had hosted the contest ( and the first following the German reunification ) , having previously done so in 1957 and 1983 ( both in then West Germany ) . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and host broadcasters Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rundfunkanstalten Deutschland ( ARD ) and Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( NDR ) , the contest was held at the Esprit Arena and consisted of two semi-finals on 10 and 12 May , and the final on 14 May 2011 . The three live shows were hosted by Anke Engelke , Judith Rakers and Stefan Raab . Forty-three countries participated in the contest , equalling the record of the 2008 edition . Four countries returned to the contest this year ; Austria returned after their last participation in 2007 , Hungary returned after their last participation in 2009 , San Marino returned after their very first participation in 2008 . Finally , Italy also returned to the contest after their last participation fourteen years earlier , in 1997 . For the first time since 2005 , no country withdrew from the contest . The winner was Azerbaijan with the song Running Scared performed by Ell & Nikki and written by Stefan Örn , Sandra Bjurman and Iain James Farquharson . This was Azerbaijan 's first victory in the contest , after only 4 years of participation . It was also the first male-female duo to win the contest since 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Tomorrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Tomorrow', 'summary': "New Tomorrow is a 2011 English language song by Danish pop/rock band A Friend in London . It represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 , held in Düsseldorf , Germany . On 26 February 2011 , the song won the Danish preselection contest Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 2011 . It is the first single from their debut album , Unite . Immediately after , the single was released in Denmark , making it straight to # 3 in its first week of release ( chart dated 4 March 2011 ) . The song was used as the Labour Party 's anthem for the 2013 Malta elections ."}]}, {'value': 'A Friend in London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Friend_in_London', 'summary': 'A Friend in London was a Danish pop rock and rock band that represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf , Germany , with the song New Tomorrow and took 5th place in the final with 134 points . The group announced their split in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2013 was the 58th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Malmö , Sweden , following Loreen 's win at the 2012 contest in Baku , Azerbaijan with the song Euphoria . It was the fifth time Sweden had hosted the contest , having previously done so in 1975 , 1985 , 1992 and 2000 . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and host broadcaster Sveriges Television ( SVT ) , the contest was held at Malmö Arena and consisted of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May , and the final on 18 May 2013 . The three live shows were hosted by Petra Mede , while Eric Saade hosted the green room . Thirty-nine countries participated , with Armenia returning after their one-year absence . Bosnia and Herzegovina , Portugal , Slovakia and Turkey all withdrew from the contest for various reasons . The winner was Denmark with the song Only Teardrops performed by Emmelie de Forest and written by Lise Cabble , Julia Fabrin Jakobsen and Thomas Stengaard . This was Denmark 's third victory in the contest , following their wins in 1963 and 2000 . It was the second time that Denmark won on Swedish soil . Azerbaijan , Ukraine , Norway and Russia rounded out the top five . Meanwhile , of the 'Big Five ' countries , only Italy managed to finish in the top ten , third in a row since its return , coming seventh ."}]}, {'value': 'Only Teardrops', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Only_Teardrops', 'summary': "Only Teardrops is a song recorded by Danish singer Emmelie de Forest . The song was written by Lise Cabble , Julia Fabrin Jakobsen and Thomas Stengaard , and it was produced by Frederik Thaae . It is best known as Denmark 's winning entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 held in Malmö , Sweden . The song competed in the first semi-final on 14 May 2013 and managed to qualify for a spot in the final on 18 May 2013 . The song competed in the final against 25 other songs , and finished in first place with 281 points . In 2012 , the song was covered by German singer Nicole in a German-language version entitled Tausend tränen ."}]}, {'value': 'Emmelie de Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmelie_de_Forest', 'summary': 'Emmelie Charlotte-Victoria de Forest ( born 28 February 1993 ) is a Danish singer and songwriter . De Forest represented Denmark with the song Only Teardrops in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden , winning the contest . Her debut album Only Teardrops was released on the Universal Music label on 6 May 2013 . Her sophomore studio album History was released through the Swedish independent label Cosmos Music on 9 February 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': "Main article : Dansk Melodi Grand Prix winners Almost all winners of Dansk Melodi Grand Prix have gone on to represent Denmark at Eurovision ; the only entry not representing Denmark at Eurovision being the 1996 winner ( `` Kun med dig '' by Dorte Andersen [ dk ] and Martin Loft [ dk ] ) , which failed to qualify for the final from the pre-selection . [ 1 ] Denmark has won Eurovision three times : in 1963 , 2000 and 2013 . [ 3 ] The following table lists those entries which finished fifth or higher at Eurovision :", 'uid': 'Dansk_Melodi_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "Dansk Melodi Grand Prix is an annual music competition organised by Danish public broadcaster Danmarks Radio (DR), which determines the country's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest. The festival has produced three Eurovision winners and fourteen top-five placings."}
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between the person born 28 February 1993 and 1 September 1948 what is the first name of the producer of the song that reached the highest place in the Eurovision contest ?
Frederik
064f3671d81d2e1a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books', 'title': 'Silver Age of Comic Books', 'header': ['Title & Issue', 'Cover date', 'Publisher', 'Relevance'], 'data': [{'value': 'Detective Comics # 225', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detective_Comics', 'summary': "Detective Comics is an American comic book series published by DC Comics . The first volume , published from 1937 to 2011 ( and later continued in 2016 ) , is best known for introducing the superhero Batman in Detective Comics # 27 ( cover-dated May 1939 ) . A second series of the same title was launched in the fall of 2011 , but in 2016 reverted to the original volume numbering . The series is the source of its publishing company 's name , and - along with Action Comics , the series that launched with the debut of Superman - one of the medium 's signature series . The series published 881 issues between 1937 and 2011 and is the longest continuously published comic book in the United States . [ Note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': 'Nov. 1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Martian Manhunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martian_Manhunter', 'summary': "Martian Manhunter ( J'onn J'onzz ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Joseph Samachson and designed by artist Joe Certa , the character first appeared in the story The Manhunter from Mars in Detective Comics # 225 ( Nov. 1955 ) . Martian Manhunter is one of the seven original members of the Justice League of America and one of the most powerful beings in the DC Universe . Martian Manhunter has been featured in other DC Comics products , such as video games , television series , animated films and merchandise like action figures and trading cards . The character was ranked # 43 on IGN 's greatest comic book hero list ."}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showcase_(comics)', 'summary': 'Showcase is a comic anthology series published by DC Comics . The general theme of the series was to feature new and minor characters as a way to gauge reader interest in them , without the difficulty and risk of featuring untested characters in their own ongoing titles . Showcase is regarded as the most successful of such tryout series , having been published continuously for more than 14 years , launching numerous popular titles , and maintaining a considerable readership of its own . The series ran from March-April 1956 to September 1970 , suspending publication with issue # 93 , and then was revived for eleven issues from August 1977 to September 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Oct. 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Silver Age Flash ( Barry Allen ) . First Silver Age comic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)', 'summary': "The Flash ( Bartholomew Henry Barry Allen ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character first appeared in Showcase # 4 ( October 1956 ) , created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino . Barry Allen is a reinvention of a previous character called the Flash , who appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Jay Garrick . Because he is a speedster , his power consists mainly of superhuman speed . Various other effects are also attributed to his ability to control the speed of molecular vibrations , including his ability to vibrate at speed to pass through objects . The Flash wears a distinct red and gold costume treated to resist friction and wind resistance , traditionally storing the costume compressed inside a ring . Barry Allen 's classic stories introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics , and this concept played a large part in DC 's various continuity reboots over the years . The Flash has traditionally always had a significant role in DC 's major company-wide reboot stories , and in the crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths # 8 ( Nov. 1985 ) , Barry Allen died saving the Multiverse , removing the character from the regular DC lineup for 23 years . His return to regular comics is foreshadowed during the narrative ( and a single image of a blur ) in Grant Morrison 's crossover story Final Crisis : Rogues ' Revenge # 3 ( Nov. 2008 ) , fully actualized in Geoff Johns ' accompanying The Flash : Rebirth # 1 ( June 2009 ) , kicking off a six-issue limited series . He has since played a pivotal role in the crossover stories Blackest Night ( 2009 ) , Flashpoint ( 2011 ) , Convergence ( 2015 ) , and DC Rebirth ( 2016 ) . Allen is the most well-known and commonly featured individual to take the mantle of the Flash , being present in numerous media adaptations , one-shots and comic-book story-arcs taking place in alternate universes . Barry Allen has been featured in several media , first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and then in the related Super Friends program ."}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aug. 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': "First of two pilot issues for the feature Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Superman's_Girl_Friend,_Lois_Lane", 'summary': "Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane is an American comic book series published monthly by DC Comics . The series focusing on the adventures of Lois Lane began publication with a March/April 1958 cover date and ended its run in September/October 1974 , with 137 regular issues and two 80-page Annuals . Following the similar themed Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen , Superman 's Girl Friend Lois Lane was the second comic series based on a Superman supporting character . At the peak of its popularity in 1962 , Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane was the third best-selling comic book in the United States , surpassed only by Superman and Superboy in sales ."}]}, {'value': 'Adventure Comics # 247', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventure_Comics', 'summary': "Adventure Comics is an American comic book series published by DC Comics from 1938 to 1983 and revived from 2009 to 2011 . In its first era , the series ran for 503 issues ( 472 of those after the title changed from New Adventure Comics ) , making it the fifth-longest-running DC series , behind Detective Comics , Action Comics , Superman , and Batman . The series was revived in 2009 through a new # 1 issue by artist Clayton Henry and writer Geoff Johns . It returned to its original numbering with # 516 ( September 2010 ) . The series finally ended with # 529 ( October 2011 ) prior to a company-wide revision of DC 's superhero comic book line , known as The New 52 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Legion of Super-Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legion_of_Super-Heroes', 'summary': "The Legion of Super-Heroes is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Otto Binder and artist Al Plastino , the Legion is a group of superpowered beings living in the 30th and 31st centuries of the DC Comics Universe , and first appears in Adventure Comics # 247 ( April 1958 ) . Initially , the team was closely associated with the original Superboy character ( Superman when he was a teenager ) , and was portrayed as a group of time travelers . Later , the Legion 's origin and back story were fleshed out , and the group was given its own monthly comic . Eventually , Superboy was removed from the team altogether and appeared only as an occasional guest star . The team has undergone two major reboots during its run . The original version was replaced with a new rebooted version following the events of the Zero Hour storyline in 1994 and another rebooted team was introduced in 2004 . A fourth version of the team , nearly identical to the original version , was introduced in 2007 . In 2019 , DC announced a new series written by Brian Michael Bendis and drawn by Ryan Sook . The Legion of Superheroes appeared in live-action in the television series Smallville . The Legion of Superheroes appear in a recurring role in the television series Supergirl ."}]}, {'value': 'Adventure Comics # 260', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Silver Age Aquaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquaman', 'summary': "Aquaman ( Arthur Curry ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by Paul Norris and Mort Weisinger , the character debuted in More Fun Comics # 73 ( November 1941 ) . Initially a backup feature in DC 's anthology titles , Aquaman later starred in several volumes of a solo comic book series . During the late 1950s ' and 1960s ' superhero-revival period known as the Silver Age , he was a founding member of the Justice League . In the 1990s ' Modern Age , writers interpreted Aquaman 's character more seriously , with storylines depicting the weight of his role as king of Atlantis . The character 's original 1960s animated appearances left a lasting impression , making Aquaman widely recognized in popular culture and one of the world 's most recognized superheroes . Jokes about his wholesome , weak portrayal in Super Friends and perceived feeble powers and abilities have been staples of comedy programs and stand-up routines , leading DC at several times to attempt to make the character edgier or more powerful in comic books . Modern comic book depictions have attempted to reconcile these various aspects of his public perception , with many versions often casting Aquaman as serious and brooding , saddled with an ill reputation , and struggling to find a true role and purpose beyond his public side as a deposed king and a fallen hero . Aquaman has been featured in several adaptations , first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and then in the related Super Friends program . Since then he has appeared in various animated productions , including prominent roles in the 2000s series Justice League and Justice League Unlimited and Batman : The Brave and the Bold , as well as several DC Universe Animated Original Movies . Actor Alan Ritchson also portrayed the character in the live-action television show Smallville . In the DC Extended Universe , actor Jason Momoa portrays the character in the films Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Justice League , and Aquaman ."}]}, {'value': 'Action Comics # 252', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Action_Comics', 'summary': 'Action Comics is an American comic book/magazine series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics beginning with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'May 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Supergirl ( Kara Zor-El ) , cousin to Superman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supergirl_(Kara_Zor-El)', 'summary': "Supergirl is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.The character was created by writer Otto Binder and designed by artist Al Plastino . Supergirl first appeared in a story published in Action Comics # 252 ( May 1959 ) titled The Supergirl from Krypton . Kara Zor-El is the biological cousin of Kal-El ( Superman ) . During the 1980s and the revolution of the Modern Age of Comics , Superman editors believed the character 's history had become too convoluted , and desired to re-establish Superman as The Last Son of Krypton . Supergirl was thus killed during the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths and retconned out of existence . In the decades following Crisis , several characters unrelated to Superman used the Supergirl alias . Kara Zor-El re-entered mainstream continuity in 2004 when DC Comics Senior Vice President and Executive Editor Dan DiDio , along with editor Eddie Berganza and comic book writer Jeph Loeb , reintroduced the character in the Superman/Batman storyline The Supergirl from Krypton . The title paid homage to the original character 's 1959 debut . As the current Supergirl , Kara Zor-El stars in her own monthly comic book series . With DC 's 2011 relaunch , Kara , like most of the DC Universe , was revamped . DC relaunched the Supergirl comic in August 2016 as part of their DC Rebirth initiative ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Superman', 'summary': "Superman is a fictional superhero . The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster , and first appeared in Action Comics # 1 , a comic book published on April 18 , 1938 . The character regularly appears in comic books published by DC Comics , and has been adapted to a number of radio serials , movies , and television shows . Superman was born on the planet Krypton and was given the name Kal-El at birth . As a baby , his parents sent him to Earth in a small spaceship moments before Krypton was destroyed in a natural cataclysm . His ship landed in the American countryside , near the fictional town of Smallville . He was found and adopted by farmers Jonathan and Martha Kent , who named him Clark Kent . Clark developed various superhuman abilities , such as incredible strength and impervious skin . His foster parents advised him to use his abilities for the benefit of humanity , and he decided to fight crime as a vigilante . To protect his privacy , he changes into a colorful costume and uses the alias Superman when fighting crime . Clark Kent resides in the fictional American city of Metropolis , where he works as a journalist for the Daily Planet . Superman 's supporting characters include his love interest and fellow journalist Lois Lane , Daily Planet photographer Jimmy Olsen and editor-in-chief Perry White ."}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oct. 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Lantern', 'summary': "Green Lantern is the name of several superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . They fight evil with the aid of rings that grant them a variety of extraordinary powers , all of which come from imagination and/or emotions . [ citation needed ] The characters are typically depicted as members of the Green Lantern Corps , an interstellar law enforcement agency . The first Green Lantern character , Alan Scott , was created in 1940 by Martin Nodell during the Golden Age of Comic Books and usually fought common criminals in Capitol City ( and later , Gotham City ) with the aid of his magic ring . For the Silver Age of Comic Books , John Broome and Gil Kane reinvented the character as Hal Jordan in 1959 and shifted the focus of Green Lantern stories from fantasy to science fiction . Other notable Green Lanterns include Guy Gardner , John Stewart , and Kyle Rayner . The Green Lanterns are among DC Comics ' longer lasting sets of characters . They have been adapted to television , video games , and motion pictures ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hal_Jordan', 'summary': "Hal Jordan , also known as Green Lantern , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created in 1959 by writer John Broome and artist Gil Kane , and first appeared in Showcase # 22 ( October 1959 ) . Hal Jordan is a reinvention of the previous Green Lantern who appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Alan Scott . Hal Jordan is a fighter pilot , a member and occasionally leader of an intergalactic police force called the Green Lantern Corps , as well as a founding member of the Justice League , DC 's flagship superhero team , alongside well-known heroes such as Batman , Superman , and Wonder Woman . He fights evil across the universe with a ring that grants him a variety of superpowers , but is usually portrayed as one of the protectors of Sector 2814 , which is the sector where Earth resides . His powers derive from his power ring and Green Lantern battery , which in the hands of someone capable of overcoming great fear allows the user to channel their will power into creating all manner of fantastic constructs . Jordan uses this power to fly , even through the vacuum of space ; to create shields , swords , and lasers ; and to construct his Green Lantern costume , which protects his secret identity in his civilian life on Earth . Jordan and all other Green Lanterns are monitored and empowered by the mysterious Guardians of the Universe , who were developed from an idea editor Julius Schwartz and Broome had originally conceived years prior in a story featuring Captain Comet in Strange Adventures # 22 ( July 1952 ) entitled Guardians of the Clockwork Universe . During the 1990s , Jordan also appeared as a villain . The story line Emerald Twilight saw a Jordan traumatized by the supervillain Mongul 's destruction of Jordan 's hometown Coast City , adopt the name Parallax , and threaten to destroy the universe . In subsequent years , DC Comics rehabilitated the character , first by having Jordan seek redemption for his actions as Parallax , and later by revealing that Parallax was in fact an evil cosmic entity that corrupted Jordan and took control of his actions . Between the character 's stint as Parallax and his return to DC Comics as a heroic Green Lantern once more , the character also briefly served as the Spectre , a supernatural character in DC Comics stories who acts as God 's wrathful agent on Earth ."}]}, {'value': 'The Brave and the Bold # 28', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Brave_and_the_Bold', 'summary': 'The Brave and the Bold is a comic book series published by DC Comics as an ongoing series from 1955 to 1983 . It was followed by two mini-series in 1991 and 1999 , and was revived as an ongoing title in 2007 . The focus of the series has varied over time , but it most commonly features team-ups of characters from across the DC Universe .'}]}, {'value': 'March 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': "First gathering of DC 's superheroes as the Justice League of America", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_League_of_America', 'summary': "The Justice League is a team of fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The team was conceived by writer Gardner Fox during the Silver Age of Comic Books as a reimagining of the Golden Age 's Justice Society of America . Originally consisting of Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , The Flash , Green Lantern , Aquaman and the Martian Manhunter , they first appeared together as the Justice League of America ( JLA ) in The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( March 1960 ) . The Justice League 's roster has rotated throughout the years , consisting of various superheroes from the DC Universe , such as The Atom , Big Barda , Black Canary , Black Lightning , Captain Marvel/Shazam , Cyborg , Green Arrow , Elongated Man , The Flash , Green Lantern , Hawkgirl , Hawkman , Metamorpho , Plastic Man , Power Girl , Orion , Red Tornado , Stargirl , and Zatanna . In The New 52 reboot , Cyborg replaced the Martian Manhunter as one of the seven founding members . The team received its own comic book title called Justice League of America in November 1960 . With The New 52 in 2011 , DC Comics released a second volume of Justice League . In July 2016 , the DC Rebirth initiative again relaunched the Justice League comic book titles with the third volume of Justice League . Since its inception , the team has been featured in various films , television programs , and video games ."}]}, {'value': 'Richie Rich # 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)', 'summary': "Richie Rich ( often stylized as Ri¢hie Ri¢h ) is a fictional character in the Harvey Comics universe . He debuted in Little Dot # 1 , cover-dated September 1953 , and was created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer . Dubbed the poor little rich boy , Richie is the only child of fantastically wealthy parents and is the world 's richest kid . He is so rich , his middle name is a dollar sign , $ . During Harvey Comics ' heyday ( 1950-1982 ) , Richie was the publisher 's most popular character , eventually starring in over fifty separate titles , including such long-running comics as Richie Rich , Richie Rich Millions , Richie Rich Dollars and Cents , and Richie Rich Success Stories . In 2011 Ape Entertainment began publishing a new licensed Richie Rich comic book series , taking the character in a very different , action-oriented , direction ."}]}, {'value': 'Nov. 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richie Rich gets his own title', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Showcase # 30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feb. 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First of four pilot issues for Aquaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aquaman', 'summary': "Aquaman ( Arthur Curry ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by Paul Norris and Mort Weisinger , the character debuted in More Fun Comics # 73 ( November 1941 ) . Initially a backup feature in DC 's anthology titles , Aquaman later starred in several volumes of a solo comic book series . During the late 1950s ' and 1960s ' superhero-revival period known as the Silver Age , he was a founding member of the Justice League . In the 1990s ' Modern Age , writers interpreted Aquaman 's character more seriously , with storylines depicting the weight of his role as king of Atlantis . The character 's original 1960s animated appearances left a lasting impression , making Aquaman widely recognized in popular culture and one of the world 's most recognized superheroes . Jokes about his wholesome , weak portrayal in Super Friends and perceived feeble powers and abilities have been staples of comedy programs and stand-up routines , leading DC at several times to attempt to make the character edgier or more powerful in comic books . Modern comic book depictions have attempted to reconcile these various aspects of his public perception , with many versions often casting Aquaman as serious and brooding , saddled with an ill reputation , and struggling to find a true role and purpose beyond his public side as a deposed king and a fallen hero . Aquaman has been featured in several adaptations , first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and then in the related Super Friends program . Since then he has appeared in various animated productions , including prominent roles in the 2000s series Justice League and Justice League Unlimited and Batman : The Brave and the Bold , as well as several DC Universe Animated Original Movies . Actor Alan Ritchson also portrayed the character in the live-action television show Smallville . In the DC Extended Universe , actor Jason Momoa portrays the character in the films Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Justice League , and Aquaman ."}]}, {'value': 'The Brave and the Bold # 34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Silver Age Hawkman and Hawkgirl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawkman', 'summary': "Hawkman is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville , the original Hawkman first appeared in Flash Comics # 1 , published by All-American Publications in 1940 . Several incarnations of Hawkman have appeared in DC Comics , all of them characterized by the use of archaic weaponry and by large , artificial wings , attached to a harness made from the special Nth metal that allows flight . Most incarnations of Hawkman work closely with a partner/romantic interest named Hawkgirl or Hawkwoman . Hawkman is most often depicted as human archaeologist Carter Hall - the modern-day reincarnation of an ancient Egyptian prince named Khufu - or as alien police officer Katar Hol from the planet Thanagar . The character is generally regarded as having one of the most confusing backstories of any in DC Comics , due to a series of reinventions over the years following DCs 1985 series Crisis on Infinite Earths . Some writers have attempted to integrate Carter Hall and Katar Hol into one story by linking the Thanagarian aliens to the Egyptian curse that causes Hawkman to reincarnate periodically throughout human history , or by using Carter Hall as Katar Hol 's alias , or otherwise depicting the merger of Carter and Katar into one being . The character has been adapted into other media numerous times , with significant appearances in the animated Justice League Unlimited cartoon , which featured Hawkgirl as a main character , as well as several DC Universe Original Animated Movies . In live action , the character first appeared onscreen in the two-part 1979 TV special Legend of the Superheroes by Bill Nuckols appearing alongside Adam West and Burt Ward as allies Batman and Robin . Hawkman was later portrayed by Michael Shanks in Smallville and by Falk Hentschel in the CW 's Arrowverse family of shows , with both versions favoring the ancient Egyptian version of the character ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hawkgirl', 'summary': "Hawkgirl is the name of several fictional superheroines appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The original Hawkgirl , Shiera Sanders Hall , was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville , and first appeared in Flash Comics # 1 ( January 1940 ) . Shayera Hol was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Joe Kubert , and first appeared in The Brave and the Bold # 34 ( March 1961 ) . Kendra Saunders was created by writer David S. Goyer and artist Stephen Sadowski , and first appeared in JSA : Secret Files and Origins # 1 ( August 1999 ) . One of DC 's earliest super-heroines , Hawkgirl has appeared in many of the company 's flagship team-up titles including Justice Society of America and Justice League of America . Several incarnations of Hawkgirl have appeared in DC Comics , all of them characterized by the use of archaic weaponry and artificial wings , attached to a harness made from the special Nth metal that allows flight . Most incarnations of Hawkgirl work closely with a partner/romantic interest Hawkman . Since DCs continuity was rewritten in the 1985 series Crisis on Infinite Earths , Hawkgirl history has become muddled with several new versions of the character appearing throughout the years , some associated with ancient Egypt and some with the fictional planet Thanagar . These versions of the character have starred in several series of various durations . Hawkgirl has been adapted into various media , including direct-to-video animated films , video games , and both live-action and animated television series , featuring as a main or recurring character in the shows Justice League Animated , Justice League Unlimited , The Flash , Arrow , Young Justice , DC Super Hero Girls and DC 's Legends of Tomorrow ."}]}, {'value': 'The Flash # 123', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)', 'summary': "The Flash ( Bartholomew Henry Barry Allen ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character first appeared in Showcase # 4 ( October 1956 ) , created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino . Barry Allen is a reinvention of a previous character called the Flash , who appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Jay Garrick . Because he is a speedster , his power consists mainly of superhuman speed . Various other effects are also attributed to his ability to control the speed of molecular vibrations , including his ability to vibrate at speed to pass through objects . The Flash wears a distinct red and gold costume treated to resist friction and wind resistance , traditionally storing the costume compressed inside a ring . Barry Allen 's classic stories introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics , and this concept played a large part in DC 's various continuity reboots over the years . The Flash has traditionally always had a significant role in DC 's major company-wide reboot stories , and in the crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths # 8 ( Nov. 1985 ) , Barry Allen died saving the Multiverse , removing the character from the regular DC lineup for 23 years . His return to regular comics is foreshadowed during the narrative ( and a single image of a blur ) in Grant Morrison 's crossover story Final Crisis : Rogues ' Revenge # 3 ( Nov. 2008 ) , fully actualized in Geoff Johns ' accompanying The Flash : Rebirth # 1 ( June 2009 ) , kicking off a six-issue limited series . He has since played a pivotal role in the crossover stories Blackest Night ( 2009 ) , Flashpoint ( 2011 ) , Convergence ( 2015 ) , and DC Rebirth ( 2016 ) . Allen is the most well-known and commonly featured individual to take the mantle of the Flash , being present in numerous media adaptations , one-shots and comic-book story-arcs taking place in alternate universes . Barry Allen has been featured in several media , first appearing in animated form in the 1967 The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and then in the related Super Friends program ."}]}, {'value': 'Sept. 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reappearance of the Golden Age Flash . Introduction of Earth-Two', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Garrick', 'summary': 'Jay Garrick is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . He is the first superhero known as the Flash . The character was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert . He first appeared in Flash Comics # 1 ( 1940 ) . After a bizarre laboratory accident , he acquired the ability to move at superhuman speed , and chose to fight crime as a costumed vigilante , calling himself the Flash . Jay Garrick has made numerous appearances in other media , including his live-action debut as a cameo in Smallville , played by Billy Mitchell , and recurring in the Arrowverse show The Flash , portrayed by John Wesley Shipp .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Earth-Two', 'summary': "Earth-Two is a fictional universe appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . First appearing in The Flash # 123 ( 1961 ) , Earth-Two was created to explain differences between the original Golden Age and then-current Silver Age versions of characters such as the Flash , and how the current ( Earth-One ) versions could appear in stories with their counterparts . This Earth-Two continuity includes DC Golden Age heroes , including the Justice Society of America , whose careers began at the dawn of World War II , concurrently with their first appearances in comics . Earth-Two , along with the four other surviving Earths of the DC Multiverse , were merged into one in the 1985 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths . However , following the events of Infinite Crisis , the Multiverse was reborn , although the subsequent Earth-Two was not the same as its pre-Crisis equivalent . Following the events of Flashpoint , Earth 2 underwent an additional reiteration . While it still houses a team of superheroes , its membership is younger than before . Earth 2 also has a tragic backstory , having been invaded by a horde of alien invaders from Apokolips five years prior to the reboot , ahead of Darkseid 's attempted invasion of Prime Earth . In the process , this reality 's Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman all died , while its Supergirl and Robin were swept through a dimensional warp to Prime Earth where they became known as Power Girl and Huntress ."}]}, {'value': 'Showcase # 34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oct. 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Silver Age Atom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atom', 'summary': "An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that constitutes a chemical element . Every solid , liquid , gas , and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms . Atoms are extremely small ; typical sizes are around 100 picometers ( 1×10−10 m , a ten-millionth of a millimeter , or 1/254,000,000 of an inch ) . They are so small that accurately predicting their behavior using classical physics - as if they were billiard balls , for example - is not possible . This is due to quantum effects . Current atomic models now use quantum principles to better explain and predict this behavior . Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus . The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons . Only the most common variety of hydrogen has no neutrons . Protons and neutrons are called nucleons . More than 99.94% of an atom 's mass is in the nucleus . The protons have a positive electric charge whereas the electrons have a negative electric charge ."}]}, {'value': 'The Fantastic Four # 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fantastic_Four', 'summary': "The Fantastic Four are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The group debuted in Fantastic Four # 1 ( cover dated Nov. 1961 ) , which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium . The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby and editor/co-plotter Stan Lee , who developed a collaborative approach to creating comics with this title that they would use from then on . The four individuals traditionally associated with the Fantastic Four , who gained superpowers after exposure to cosmic rays during a scientific mission to outer space , are Mister Fantastic ( Reed Richards ) , a scientific genius and the leader of the group , who can stretch his body into incredible lengths and shapes ; the Invisible Girl ( Susan Sue Storm ; later Invisible Woman ) , who eventually married Reed , who can render herself invisible and later project powerful invisible force fields ; the Human Torch ( Johnny Storm ) , Sue 's younger brother , who can generate flames , surround himself with them and fly ; and the monstrous Thing ( Ben Grimm ) , their grumpy but benevolent friend , a former college football star and Reed 's college roommate as well as a good pilot , who possesses tremendous superhuman strength , durability , and endurance due to the nature of his stone-like flesh . Since their original 1961 introduction , the Fantastic Four have been portrayed as a somewhat dysfunctional , yet loving , family . Breaking convention with other comic book archetypes of the time , they would squabble and hold grudges both deep and petty and eschewed anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status . The team is also well known for its recurring encounters with characters such as the villainous monarch Doctor Doom , the planet-devouring Galactus , the Kree Empire 's ruthless and tyrannical enforcer Ronan the Accuser , Annihilus , ruler of the Negative Zone , the sea-dwelling prince Namor , the spacefaring Silver Surfer , and the Skrull warrior Kl'rt . The Fantastic Four have been adapted into other media , including four animated series and four live-action films ."}]}, {'value': 'Nov. 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Fantastic Four', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantastic_Four', 'summary': "The Fantastic Four are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The group debuted in Fantastic Four # 1 ( cover dated Nov. 1961 ) , which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium . The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby and editor/co-plotter Stan Lee , who developed a collaborative approach to creating comics with this title that they would use from then on . The four individuals traditionally associated with the Fantastic Four , who gained superpowers after exposure to cosmic rays during a scientific mission to outer space , are Mister Fantastic ( Reed Richards ) , a scientific genius and the leader of the group , who can stretch his body into incredible lengths and shapes ; the Invisible Girl ( Susan Sue Storm ; later Invisible Woman ) , who eventually married Reed , who can render herself invisible and later project powerful invisible force fields ; the Human Torch ( Johnny Storm ) , Sue 's younger brother , who can generate flames , surround himself with them and fly ; and the monstrous Thing ( Ben Grimm ) , their grumpy but benevolent friend , a former college football star and Reed 's college roommate as well as a good pilot , who possesses tremendous superhuman strength , durability , and endurance due to the nature of his stone-like flesh . Since their original 1961 introduction , the Fantastic Four have been portrayed as a somewhat dysfunctional , yet loving , family . Breaking convention with other comic book archetypes of the time , they would squabble and hold grudges both deep and petty and eschewed anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status . The team is also well known for its recurring encounters with characters such as the villainous monarch Doctor Doom , the planet-devouring Galactus , the Kree Empire 's ruthless and tyrannical enforcer Ronan the Accuser , Annihilus , ruler of the Negative Zone , the sea-dwelling prince Namor , the spacefaring Silver Surfer , and the Skrull warrior Kl'rt . The Fantastic Four have been adapted into other media , including four animated series and four live-action films ."}]}, {'value': 'Tales to Astonish # 27', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tales_to_Astonish', 'summary': 'Tales to Astonish is the name of two American comic book series and a one-shot comic published by Marvel Comics . The primary title bearing that name was published from January 1959 to March 1968 . It began as a science-fiction anthology that served as a showcase for such artists as Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko , then featured superheroes during the period fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books . It became The Incredible Hulk with issue No . 102 ( April 1968 ) . Its sister title was Tales of Suspense . A second Marvel comic bearing the name , reprinting stories of the undersea ruler the Sub-Mariner , ran 14 issues from December 1979 to January 1981 . A superhero one-shot followed in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jan. 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Henry Pym , the future Ant-Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Pym', 'summary': 'Dr. Henry Pym is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by penciler Jack Kirby , editor-plotter Stan Lee and scripter Larry Lieber , the character first appeared in Tales to Astonish # 27 ( January 1962 ) . The character , a scientist that debuted in a standalone science-fiction anthology story , returned several issues later as the original iteration of the superhero Ant-Man with the power to shrink to the size of an insect . Alongside his crime-fighting partner-wife Janet van Dyne , he goes on to assume other superhero identities , including the size-changing Giant-Man and Goliath ; the insect-themed Yellowjacket ; and briefly the Wasp . He is a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers . Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , Hank Pym has featured in other Marvel-endorsed products such as animated films ; video games ; and television series . Michael Douglas portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ant-Man', 'summary': "Ant-Man is the name of several superheroes appearing in books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Stan Lee , Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby , Ant-Man 's first appearance was in Tales to Astonish # 35 ( September 1962 ) . The persona was originally the brilliant scientist Hank Pym 's superhero alias after inventing a substance that can change size , but reformed thieves Scott Lang and Eric O'Grady also took on the mantle after the original changed his superhero identity to various other aliases , such as Giant-Man , Goliath , and Yellowjacket . Ant-Man has appeared in several films based on the Marvel character , such as Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hulk # 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hulk', 'summary': "The Hulk is a fictional superhero appearing in publications by the American publisher Marvel Comics . Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in the debut issue of The Incredible Hulk ( May 1962 ) . In his comic book appearances , the character is both the Hulk , a green-skinned , hulking and muscular humanoid possessing a vast degree of physical strength , and his alter ego Dr. Robert Bruce Banner , a physically weak , socially withdrawn , and emotionally reserved physicist , the two existing as independent personalities and resenting of the other . Following his accidental exposure to gamma rays saving the life of Rick Jones during the detonation of an experimental bomb , Banner is physically transformed into the Hulk when subjected to emotional stress , at or against his will , often leading to destructive rampages and conflicts that complicate Banner 's civilian life . The Hulk 's level of strength is normally conveyed as proportionate to his level of anger . Commonly portrayed as a raging savage , the Hulk has been represented with other personalities based on Banner 's fractured psyche , from a mindless , destructive force , to a brilliant warrior , or genius scientist in his own right . Despite both Hulk and Banner 's desire for solitude , the character has a large supporting cast , including Banner 's lover Betty Ross , his best friend Rick Jones , his cousin She-Hulk , therapist and ally Doc Samson , and his co-founders of the superhero team the Avengers , etc . However , his uncontrollable power has brought him into conflict with his fellow heroes and others . Despite this he tries his best to do what 's right while battling villains such as Leader , Abomination , Absorbing Man and more . Lee stated that the Hulk 's creation was inspired by a combination of Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Although the Hulk 's coloration has varied throughout the character 's publication history , the most usual color is green . He has two main catchphrases : Hulk is strongest one there is !"}]}, {'value': 'May 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of the Hulk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hulk', 'summary': "The Hulk is a fictional superhero appearing in publications by the American publisher Marvel Comics . Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in the debut issue of The Incredible Hulk ( May 1962 ) . In his comic book appearances , the character is both the Hulk , a green-skinned , hulking and muscular humanoid possessing a vast degree of physical strength , and his alter ego Dr. Robert Bruce Banner , a physically weak , socially withdrawn , and emotionally reserved physicist , the two existing as independent personalities and resenting of the other . Following his accidental exposure to gamma rays saving the life of Rick Jones during the detonation of an experimental bomb , Banner is physically transformed into the Hulk when subjected to emotional stress , at or against his will , often leading to destructive rampages and conflicts that complicate Banner 's civilian life . The Hulk 's level of strength is normally conveyed as proportionate to his level of anger . Commonly portrayed as a raging savage , the Hulk has been represented with other personalities based on Banner 's fractured psyche , from a mindless , destructive force , to a brilliant warrior , or genius scientist in his own right . Despite both Hulk and Banner 's desire for solitude , the character has a large supporting cast , including Banner 's lover Betty Ross , his best friend Rick Jones , his cousin She-Hulk , therapist and ally Doc Samson , and his co-founders of the superhero team the Avengers , etc . However , his uncontrollable power has brought him into conflict with his fellow heroes and others . Despite this he tries his best to do what 's right while battling villains such as Leader , Abomination , Absorbing Man and more . Lee stated that the Hulk 's creation was inspired by a combination of Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Although the Hulk 's coloration has varied throughout the character 's publication history , the most usual color is green . He has two main catchphrases : Hulk is strongest one there is !"}]}, {'value': 'The Fantastic Four # 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Dr. Doom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Doom', 'summary': "Doctor Victor Von Doom is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby , the character made his debut in The Fantastic Four # 5 ( July 1962 ) . The monarch of the fictional nation Latveria , Doom is usually depicted both as a principal archenemy and ally of Mister Fantastic and the Fantastic Four , though he has come into conflict with other superheroes as well , including Spider-Man , Captain America , Iron Man , Thor , Doctor Strange , Black Panther , the X-Men , and the Avengers . Doctor Doom was ranked # 4 by Wizard on its list of the 101 Greatest Villains of All Time and # 3 on IGN 's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time . In a later article , IGN would declare Doom as Marvel 's greatest villain . The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into several forms of media , including television series , video games , and merchandise such as action figures and trading cards . Most notably , Doctor Doom has been portrayed in licensed Fantastic Four live-action feature films by Joseph Culp in Roger Corman 's unreleased 1994 film ; Julian McMahon in the 2005 film and its 2007 sequel ; and Toby Kebbell in the 2015 film ."}]}, {'value': 'Amazing Fantasy # 15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazing_Fantasy', 'summary': 'Amazing Adult Fantasy and its retitled final issue , Amazing Fantasy , is an American comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics from 1961 through 1962 , with the latter title revived with superhero features in 1995 and in the 2000s . The final 1960s issue , Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( cover-dated Aug. 1962 ) , introduced the popular superhero character Spider-Man . Amazing Adult Fantasy premiered with issue # 7 , taking over the numbering from Amazing Adventures .'}]}, {'value': 'Aug. 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Spider-Man ( Peter Parker )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spider-Man', 'summary': "Spider-Man is a fictional superhero created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko . He first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . He appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , as well as in a number of movies , television shows , and video game adaptations set in the Marvel Universe . In the stories , Spider-Man is the alias of Peter Parker , an orphan raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben in New York City after his parents Richard and Mary Parker were killed in a plane crash . Lee and Ditko had the character deal with the struggles of adolescence and financial issues , and accompanied him with many supporting characters , such as J. Jonah Jameson , Harry Osborn , Max Modell , romantic interests Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson , and foes such as Doctor Octopus , Green Goblin and Venom . His origin story has him acquiring spider-related abilities after a bite from a radioactive spider ; these include clinging to surfaces , shooting spider-webs from wrist-mounted devices , and detecting danger with his spider-sense . When Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s , teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist . The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker , a high school student from Queens behind Spider-Man 's secret identity and with whose self-obsessions with rejection , inadequacy , and loneliness young readers could relate . While Spider-Man had all the makings of a sidekick , unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin , Spider-Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman ; he thus had to learn for himself that with great power there must also come great responsibility - a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider-Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian , the late Uncle Ben . Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several comic book series , the first and longest-lasting of which is The Amazing Spider-Man . Over the years , the Peter Parker character developed from a shy , nerdy New York City high school student to troubled but outgoing college student , to married high school teacher to , in the late 2000s , a single freelance photographer . In the 2010s , he joins the Avengers , Marvel 's flagship superhero team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Parker', 'summary': "Spider-Man is a fictional superhero created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko . He first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . He appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , as well as in a number of movies , television shows , and video game adaptations set in the Marvel Universe . In the stories , Spider-Man is the alias of Peter Parker , an orphan raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben in New York City after his parents Richard and Mary Parker were killed in a plane crash . Lee and Ditko had the character deal with the struggles of adolescence and financial issues , and accompanied him with many supporting characters , such as J. Jonah Jameson , Harry Osborn , Max Modell , romantic interests Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson , and foes such as Doctor Octopus , Green Goblin and Venom . His origin story has him acquiring spider-related abilities after a bite from a radioactive spider ; these include clinging to surfaces , shooting spider-webs from wrist-mounted devices , and detecting danger with his spider-sense . When Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s , teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist . The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker , a high school student from Queens behind Spider-Man 's secret identity and with whose self-obsessions with rejection , inadequacy , and loneliness young readers could relate . While Spider-Man had all the makings of a sidekick , unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin , Spider-Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman ; he thus had to learn for himself that with great power there must also come great responsibility - a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider-Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian , the late Uncle Ben . Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several comic book series , the first and longest-lasting of which is The Amazing Spider-Man . Over the years , the Peter Parker character developed from a shy , nerdy New York City high school student to troubled but outgoing college student , to married high school teacher to , in the late 2000s , a single freelance photographer . In the 2010s , he joins the Avengers , Marvel 's flagship superhero team ."}]}, {'value': 'Journey into Mystery # 83', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Journey_into_Mystery', 'summary': "Journey into Mystery is an American comic book series initially published by Atlas Comics , then by its successor , Marvel Comics . Initially a horror comics anthology , it changed to giant-monster and science fiction stories in the late 1950s . Beginning with issue # 83 ( cover dated Aug. 1962 ) , it ran the superhero feature The Mighty Thor , created by writers Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and artist Jack Kirby , and inspired by the mythological Norse thunder god . The series , which was renamed for its superhero star with issue # 126 ( March 1966 ) , has been revived three times : in the 1970s as a horror anthology , and in the 1990s and 2010s with characters from Marvel 's Thor mythos . The title was also used in 2019 for a limited series as part of the War of the Realms storyline ."}]}, {'value': 'Aug. 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': "First appearance of Marvel 's Thor ( Thor Odinson / Donald Blake )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)', 'summary': "Thor Odinson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character , which is based on the Norse deity of the same name , is the Asgardian god of thunder who possesses the enchanted hammer , Mjolnir , which grants him the ability to fly and manipulate weather amongst his other superhuman attributes . Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , the character first appeared in Journey into Mystery # 83 ( August 1962 ) and was created by penciller-plotter Jack Kirby , editor-plotter Stan Lee , and scripter Larry Lieber . He has starred in several ongoing series and limited series , and is a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers , appearing in each volume of that series . The character has also appeared in associated Marvel merchandise including animated television series , movies , video games , clothing , toys and trading cards . The character was first portrayed in live action by Eric Allan Kramer in the 1988 television movie The Incredible Hulk Returns . Chris Hemsworth portrays Thor Odinson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor ( 2011 ) , The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) in a cameo , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) and will return in Thor : Love and Thunder ( 2021 ) . Additionally , archival footage of Hemsworth as Thor was used in the 2013 episodes Pilot and The Well of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . Thor placed 14th on IGN 's list of Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time in 2011 , and first in their list of The Top 50 Avengers in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donald_Blake_(Marvel_Comics)', 'summary': "Bakuto is a fictional ninja in Marvel Comics . The character , created by Andy Diggle , Antony Johnston and Marco Checchetto , first appeared in Daredevil # 505 ( April 2010 ) . Bakuto , the head Daimyo of South America , met with the other four Daimyos in Jigoku-Chu Castle in Japan . He showed some doubt in Matt Murdock leading The Hand and especially scoffed at White Tiger 's involvement due to her being a woman . Beforehand , Bakuto had killed his master , Izanagi , to showcase [ his ] strength of will , even going so far as to not allowing him seppuku . In the present , while having dinner , Bakuto 's food is spiked causing him to hallucinate demons . Matt goes to check on him as Daredevil and are both immediately attacked by ninjas that were secretly sent by the other Daimyos . After defeating them , Matt is led to believe that someone is attempting to take Bakuto 's life and ups the security . Despite this Bakuto believes that Matt was the one who sent the ninjas and begins plotting to kill him . He is later confronted by a possessed White Tiger and killed in sword combat ."}]}, {'value': 'Tales to Astonish # 35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sept. 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance of Ant-Man ( Henry Pym )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ant-Man', 'summary': "Ant-Man is the name of several superheroes appearing in books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Stan Lee , Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby , Ant-Man 's first appearance was in Tales to Astonish # 35 ( September 1962 ) . The persona was originally the brilliant scientist Hank Pym 's superhero alias after inventing a substance that can change size , but reformed thieves Scott Lang and Eric O'Grady also took on the mantle after the original changed his superhero identity to various other aliases , such as Giant-Man , Goliath , and Yellowjacket . Ant-Man has appeared in several films based on the Marvel character , such as Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Collectibility', 'section_text': 'The following comics are sought after by collectors due to their historical provenance . A near-mint plus copy of Amazing Fantasy # 15 , the first appearance of Spider-Man , sold for $ 1.1 million to an unnamed collector on March 7 , 2011 . [ 50 ]', 'uid': 'Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books_0', 'intro': "The Silver Age of Comic Books was a period of artistic advancement and widespread commercial success in mainstream American comic books, predominantly those featuring the superhero archetype. Following the Golden Age of Comic Books and an interregnum in the early to mid-1950s, the Silver Age is considered to cover the period from 1956 to circa 1970, and was succeeded by the Bronze and Modern Ages. The popularity and circulation of comic books about superheroes had declined following World War II, and comic books about horror, crime and romance took larger shares of the market. However, controversy arose over alleged links between comic books and juvenile delinquency, focusing in particular on crime, horror, and superheroes turning them into glorified firefighters. In 1954, publishers implemented the Comics Code Authority to regulate comic content. In the wake of these changes, publishers began introducing superhero stories again, a change that began with the introduction of a new version of DC Comics' The Flash in Showcase #4 (October 1956). In response to strong demand, DC began publishing more superhero titles including Justice League of America, which prompted Marvel Comics to follow suit beginning with The Fantastic Four #1. A number of important comics writers and artists contributed to the early part of the era, including writers Stan Lee, Gardner Fox, John Broome, and Robert Kanigher, and artists Curt Swan, Jack Kirby, Gil Kane, Steve Ditko, Mike Sekowsky, Gene Colan, Carmine Infantino, John Buscema, and John Romita, Sr. By the end of the Silver Age, a new generation of talent had entered the field, including writers Denny O'Neil, Gary Friedrich, Roy Thomas, and Archie Goodwin, and artists such as Neal Adams, Herb Trimpe, Jim Steranko, and Barry Windsor-Smith. Silver Age comics have become collectible, with the nicest known copy of Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962), the debut of Spider-Man, selling for $1.1 million in 2011."}
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What is the real name of the character featured in the comic with a cover date of May 1962 ?
Dr. Robert Bruce Banner
06505e7e5c211a28
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy', 'title': 'List of ships of the Royal Australian Navy', 'header': ['Name', 'Type', 'Class', 'Dates', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'HMAS Salamaua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Salamaua_(L_131)', 'summary': 'HMPNGS Salamaua is a Balikpapan-class heavy landing craft operated by the Papua New Guinea Defence Force ( PNGDF ) . Prior to 1974 , the vessel was called HMAS Salamaua ( L 131 ) and was operated by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Landing craft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balikpapan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balikpapan-class_landing_craft_heavy', 'summary': 'The Balikpapan class is a ship class of eight heavy landing craft ( officially Landing Craft , Heavy or LCH ) . All eight were originally laid down by Walkers Limited for the Australian Army in the early 1970s . A reorganisation of watercraft responsibilities in the Australian military meant the landing craft were to be operated by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) , with seven commissioned directly into RAN service during 1973 and 1974 , and lead ship Balikpapan transferred from the army to the navy . During the leadup to the independence of Papua New Guinea in 1975 , two of the vessels ( Salamaua and Buna ) were transferred to the new Papua New Guinea Defence Force ( PNGDF ) . During their careers , the Australian vessels have operated in support of Operation Navy Help Darwin in 1974-75 , Operation Bel Isi from 1997 to 2003 , INTERFET operations in 1999 and 2000 , and RAMSI operations from 2003 . The six remaining RAN vessels were paid off in the 2010s : Balikpapan , Betano , and Wewak in 2012 ; Brunei , Labuan , and Tarakan in 2014 . They are yet to be replaced in RAN service . As of 2013 , the two PNGDF vessels were active , and in 2014 , the former Labuan was transferred to Papua New Guinea as the training ship Lakekamu . Brunei and Tarakan were refitted and donated to the Philippine Navy in 2015 , commissioning as Ivatan and Batak . Three additional units of the class - decommissioned units former HMAS Balikpapan , HMAS Wewak and HMAS Betano - were loaded on a transport ship in March 2016 for transport to the Philippine Navy .'}]}, {'value': '1973-1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'to Papua New Guinea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea', 'summary': "Papua New Guinea ( PNG ; /ˈpæp ( j ) uə . ˈɡɪni , ˈpɑː-/ , also US : /ˈpɑːpwə- , ˈpɑːpjə- , ˈpɑːpə-/ ; Tok Pisin : Papua Niugini ; Hiri Motu : Papua Niu Gini ) , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( Tok Pisin : Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini ; Hiri Motu : Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini ) , is a country in Oceania that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia , a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia . Its capital , located along its southeastern coast , is Port Moresby . The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua . It is the world 's 3rd largest island country with 462,840 km2 ( 178,700 sq mi ) . At the national level , after being ruled by three external powers since 1884 , Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975 . This followed nearly 60 years of Australian administration , which started during World War I . It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Elizabeth II as its queen . It also became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right . Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world . It is also one of the most rural , as only eighteen per cent of its people live in urban centres . There are 851 known languages in the country , of which 11 now have no known speakers ."}]}, {'value': 'HMAS Samarai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Samarai_(P_85)', 'summary': "HMAS Samarai ( P 85 ) , named after the island of Samarai and its former town , was an Attack class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Completed in 1968 , the vessel was one of five assigned to the RAN 's Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Division . The patrol boat was transferred to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force in 1974 as HMPNGS Samarai . She remained in service until 1987 , when she was paid off and used as a parts hulk ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrol boat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attack-class_patrol_boat', 'summary': 'The Attack-class patrol boats were small coastal defence vessels built for the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) and operated between 1967 and at least 1991 . Following their Australian service , twelve ships were transferred to Papua New Guinea and Indonesia .'}]}, {'value': '1968-1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'to Papua New Guinea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea', 'summary': "Papua New Guinea ( PNG ; /ˈpæp ( j ) uə . ˈɡɪni , ˈpɑː-/ , also US : /ˈpɑːpwə- , ˈpɑːpjə- , ˈpɑːpə-/ ; Tok Pisin : Papua Niugini ; Hiri Motu : Papua Niu Gini ) , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( Tok Pisin : Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini ; Hiri Motu : Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini ) , is a country in Oceania that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia , a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia . Its capital , located along its southeastern coast , is Port Moresby . The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua . It is the world 's 3rd largest island country with 462,840 km2 ( 178,700 sq mi ) . At the national level , after being ruled by three external powers since 1884 , Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975 . This followed nearly 60 years of Australian administration , which started during World War I . It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Elizabeth II as its queen . It also became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right . Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world . It is also one of the most rural , as only eighteen per cent of its people live in urban centres . There are 851 known languages in the country , of which 11 now have no known speakers ."}]}, {'value': 'HMAS Samuel Benbow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Samuel_Benbow', 'summary': 'HMAS Samuel Benbow was an auxiliary minesweeper operated by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) during World War II . She was launched in 1918 by Hall , Russell & Company , Aberdeen . She was a Strath class trawler admiralty design . The ship operated in Australian waters from 1929 , and was requisitioned by the RAN and commissioned on 5 September 1940 . She was returned to her owners after the war .'}]}, {'value': 'Auxiliary minesweeper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auxiliary vessel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940-1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'returned to owners', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Sea Mist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Sea_Mist', 'summary': 'HMAS Sea Mist ( Q10 ) was a channel patrol boat operated by the Naval Auxiliary Patrol of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) during World War II . Sea Mist was a 65 ft cruiser built by Lars Halvorsen and Sons in 1939 for motor racing identity Hope Bartlett . She was requisitioned and later commissioned by the RAN as a channel patrol boat . During the attack on Sydney Harbour by the Imperial Japanese Navy on 31 May 1942 , the Sea Mist , together with Steady Hour and Yarroma , spotted the conning tower of midget submarine M-21 in Taylors Bay . The patrol boats had set their depth charge fuses to 15 m ( 49 ft ) , and when Sea Mist passed over the place where the submarine had just submerged and dropped a depth charge , she had only five seconds to clear the area . The blast damaged M-21 , which inverted and rose to the surface before sinking again . Sea Mist then dropped a second depth charge , which damaged one of her two propellers and prevented her from making further attacks . Sea Mist earned one battle honours for her wartime service , Pacific 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Channel patrol boat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Requisitioned civilian vessel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1942-c1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'returned to owners', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Sea Snake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Sea_Snake', 'summary': 'HMAS Sea Snake was an auxiliary Snake-class junk built for the Royal Australian Navy during the Second World War . She was launched in 1945 and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy on 31 March 1945 . She was used by the Services Reconnaissance Department and was paid off on 27 November 1945 , before being handed over to the British Civil Administration in Borneo .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snake-class_junk', 'summary': 'The Snake-class junks were a class of six small vessels operated by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) to support special forces operations in 1944 and 1945 . The ships were lightly armed and were used to infiltrate special forces parties and their supplies into Japanese-held territory .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'transferred to the British Borneo Civil Administration Unit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Seal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Wintringham', 'summary': 'HMS Wintringham ( M2777/IMS77 ) was a Ham-class minesweeper for the Royal Navy . Their names were all chosen from villages ending in -ham . The minesweeper was named after Wintringham . She remained in operational reserve in a land cradle at Rosneath on the Clyde until 1963 . She was transferred to the Royal Australian Navy on 9 June 1966 , arriving in Sydney as deck cargo on the merchant ship Gladstone Star on 29 July 1968 . She was converted into a diving tender by Halvorsens , renamed HMAS Seal ( DTV1001/Y298 ) and entered service in December 1968 . Seal was decommissioned in 1988 , sold into civilian service on 29 November 1989 , and converted into the corporate luxury yacht TSMV Seal . Seal was holed while at sea off the Western Australian coast and was then purposely run aground at Hidden Island , Western Australia on 1 May 2003 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Diving tender', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modified Ham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ham-class_minesweeper', 'summary': 'The Ham class was a class of inshore minesweepers ( IMS ) , known as the Type 1 , of the British Royal Navy . The class was designed to operate in the shallow water of rivers and estuaries . All of the ships in the class are named for British place names that end with -ham . The parent firm that was responsible for supervising construction was Samuel White of Cowes , Isle of Wight . Unlike traditional minesweepers , they were not equipped for sweeping moored or magnetic mines . Their work was to locate individual mines and neutralise them . This was a then-new role , and the class was configured for working in the shallow water of rivers , estuaries and shipping channels . The class consisted of 93 ships , launched between 1954 and 1959 . HMS Inglesham was the first . They were built in three slightly different sub-groups , the first sub-group , the 26-group , is distinguished by pennant numbers 26xx , and the second and third sub-groups , the 27-group , are distinguished by pennant numbers 27xx . The 26-group was of wood and non-ferrous metal composite construction and the 27-group was of all-wood construction . The third sub-group is distinguished by a prominent rubbing strake around the hull and slightly larger dimensions .'}]}, {'value': '1968-1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ex-HMS Wintringham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Shepparton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Shepparton_(J248)', 'summary': 'HMAS Shepparton ( J248/M248 ) , named for the city of Shepparton , Victoria , was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II , and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Commissioned in early 1943 , Shepparton was primarily employed as a survey vessel , tasked with updating Age of Sail-era charts and data for regions of New Guinea . The corvette was placed in reserve in 1946 , and sold for scrap in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Corvette', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bathurst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bathurst-class_corvette', 'summary': "The Bathurst-class corvettes were a class of general purpose vessels produced in Australia during World War II . Originally classified as minesweepers , but widely referred to as corvettes , the Bathurst-class vessels fulfilled a broad anti-submarine , anti-mine , and convoy escort role . Sixty Bathurst-class corvettes were built in eight Australian shipyards to an Australian design . 36 were constructed for the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) , 20 were built on British Admiralty orders but manned and commissioned by the RAN , and 4 served in the Royal Indian Navy . Three more were ordered for construction in India , but were cancelled . Although designed for the anti-submarine and anti-mine role , the Bathursts operated as maids-of-all-work during the war ; serving as troop and supply transports , supporting amphibious landings , providing air defence for convoys and disabled ships , participating in shore bombardments , and undertaking hydrographic surveys . Three ships were lost during the war - one to Japanese air attack and two to collisions with friendly merchant ships - while a fourth struck a friendly mine while sweeping the Great Barrier Reef in 1947 and sank . After the war , the Admiralty ships were sold to the Turkish Navy , Royal Netherlands Navy , and civilian operators , while several RAN-owned vessels were transferred to the Royal New Zealand Navy , temporarily reactivated to facilitate National Service Training , or sold to civilians . Four of the Netherlands Bathursts were sold onward to the Indonesian Navy , one of which was destroyed in 1956 by rebels opposing the 'Guided Democracy ' political system . The rest of the RAN and Admiralty ships were sold for scrap to help fund other projects . Two vessels are preserved as museum ships ."}]}, {'value': '1943-1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Shoalhaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Shoalhaven_(K535)', 'summary': 'HMAS Shoalhaven ( K535/M535/F535 ) , named for the Shoalhaven River in New South Wales , was a River-class frigate laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough , Queensland , on 18 December 1943 , launched on 14 December 1944 by Senator Dorothy Tangney and commissioned at Urangan Pier in Hervey Bay in Queensland on 2 May 1946 . The ship operated during the Korean War , and received the battle honour Korea 1950 . HMAS Shoalhaven paid off to reserve on 19 December 1955 , and was sold to H. C. Sleigh and Company , acting on behalf of Mitsubishi Australia Propriety Limited , in January 1962 .'}]}, {'value': 'Frigate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/River-class_frigate', 'summary': 'The River class was a class of 151 frigates launched between 1941 and 1944 for use as anti-submarine convoy escorts in the North Atlantic . The majority served with the Royal Navy ( RN ) and Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) , with some serving in the other Allied navies : the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) , the Free French Navy ( FFN ) , the Royal Netherlands Navy and , post-war , the South African Navy ( SAN ) . The first orders were placed by the Royal Navy in 1940 , and the vessels were named for rivers in the United Kingdom , giving name to the class . In Canada , they were named for towns and cities , though they kept the same designation . Originally called a twin-screw corvette , the name frigate was suggested by Vice-Admiral Percy Nelles of the Royal Canadian Navy . Canada originally ordered the construction of 33 frigates in October 1941 . The design was too big for the locks on the Lachine Canal so it was not built by the shipyards on the Great Lakes and therefore all the frigates built in Canada were built in dockyards along the West Coast or along the St. Lawrence River below Montreal . In all , Canada ordered the construction of 70 frigates , including ten for the Royal Navy , which transferred two to the United States Navy . Twelve were built in Australia for the RAN ( four to a modified design ) . After World War II , they found employment in many other navies the world over ; several RCN ships were sunk as breakwaters . One , HMCS Stormont , was purchased by Aristotle Onassis and converted into the luxury yacht Christina O .'}]}, {'value': '1945-1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Shoalwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Shoalwater', 'summary': 'HMAS Shoalwater ( M 81 ) , named for Shoalwater Bay in Queensland , was a Bay class minehunter of the Royal Australian Navy . She was built by Carrington Slipways at its Ramsay Fibreglass facility in Tomago , New South Wales , launched on 20 June 1987 and commissioned on 10 October 1987 . Shoalwater was decommissioned on 14 August 2001 . She and sister ship HMAS Rushcutter were sold in 2002 for service in the Persian Gulf .'}]}, {'value': 'Minehunter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay-class_minehunter', 'summary': 'The Bay-class Minehunter Inshores were a class of catamaran-hull mine warfare vessels operating with the Royal Australian Navy from 1986 . Also referred to as the MHCAT ( MineHunter CATamaran ) , the class was an attempt to produce a locally designed inshore mine warfare vessel . Two prototype ships were ordered in 1981 , with the first ship , Rushcutter , commissioned in November 1986 . The two ships experienced delays in construction , and the RAN resorted to acquiring six minesweeper auxiliaries ( MSA ) under the Craft of Opportunity Program to provide an interim mine-warfare capability , while also keeping Ton-class minesweeper HMAS Curlew in service until 1990 , well beyond her intended decommissioning date . The ships did not enter service until 1993 , due to problems with the sonar .'}]}, {'value': '1987-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Shropshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Shropshire_(73)', 'summary': 'HMS Shropshire was a Royal Navy ( RN ) heavy cruiser of the London sub-class of County-class cruisers . She is the only warship to have been named after Shropshire , England . Completed in 1929 , Shropshire served with the RN until 1942 , when she was transferred to the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) following the loss of sister ship HMAS Canberra . Commissioned as HMAS Shropshire , the ship remained in RAN service until 1949 , and was sold for scrap in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': 'Heavy cruiser', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County-class_cruiser', 'summary': 'The County class was a class of heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the years between the First and Second World Wars . They were the first post-war cruisers constructed for the Royal Navy and were designed within the limits of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 . Such ships , with a limit of 10,000 tons , standard displacement and 8-inch calibre main guns may be referred to as treaty cruisers ( the term heavy cruiser was not defined until the London Naval Treaty of 1930 [ page needed ] ) . The thirteen Counties were built in the Kent , London and Norfolk sub-classes . They were the only 10,000-ton 8-inch gun , or A , cruisers that the Royal Navy built . The Counties are remembered for their distinctive three-funnel layout and service in all the major naval theatres of the Second World War . To extract more ships from the treaty limits , the navy planned to construct 8,250-ton B ships , six of which could be built in place of five Counties . The extra ship that this afforded was an attractive proposition for a navy that had the immense peacetime commitments of empire . [ page needed ] Peacetime economies and politics intervened and only two B-type cruisers were built , an 8-inch gun modified County design : the York class . In 1929 , the mean cost of each A ship was estimated to be £2,180,000 , whilst the mean cost of each B ship was estimated to be £1,800,000 .'}]}, {'value': '1943-1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'from Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': 'HMAS Siesta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Siesta', 'summary': 'HMAS Siesta was a channel patrol boat operated by the Naval Auxiliary Patrol of the Royal Australian Navy during World War II . Siesta was destroyed in an explosion and burnt to the waterline at Fremantle , Australia , on 23 September 1942 . Four crew were injured in the explosion .'}]}, {'value': 'Channel patrol boat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Requisitioned civilian vessel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '? -1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'destroyed in explosion in 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Silver Cloud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Silver_Cloud', 'summary': 'HMAS Silver Cloud ( Q52 ) was a channel patrol boat operated by the Naval Auxiliary Patrol of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) during World War II . Silver Cloud was a 40 ft cruiser built in 1933 by Lars Halvorsen and Sons . She was requisitioned and later commissioned by the RAN as a channel patrol boat . Silver Cloud was destroyed by fire and burnt to the waterline at Sydney on 12 July 1943 and scrapped on 22 July 1943 .'}]}, {'value': 'Channel patrol boat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Requisitioned civilian vessel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '? -1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'burnt to the waterline in 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Sirocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Sirocco', 'summary': 'HMAS Sirocco ( Q21 ) was a channel patrol boat operated by the Naval Auxiliary Patrol of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) during World War II . Sirocco was destroyed by fire and burnt to the waterline at Hobart on 26 January 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Channel patrol boat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Requisitioned civilian vessel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '? -1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'burnt to the waterline in 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Sleuth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Sleuth_(1917)', 'summary': "The Steam Yacht Ena is a steam yacht that was built in 1900 for Thomas Dibbs , the commodore of the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron . It was used as his private vessel for entertaining guests on Sydney Harbour and Pittwater until the beginning of World War I . In 1917 the yacht was purchased by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) and used as the auxiliary patrol vessel HMAS Sleuth in the waters around the Torres Strait and Thursday Island , before later being used as a training ship tender based in Sydney . In early 1920 , the RAN disposed of the yacht and it returned to private use until later in the early 1930s when it was sold to Tasmania . Based in Hobart and under different owners SY Ena was used for a number of purposes including transportation of produce and fishing . It was converted to diesel power in the mid-1940s and renamed Aurore . After sinking in the early 1980s , the yacht was refloated and eventually restored as a steam yacht close to its original configuration . SY Ena subsequently circumnavigated Australia , as part of a visit to Western Australia during the 1987 America 's Cup and then served as a private charter vessel . SY Ena is now based in Sydney at the Australian National Maritime Museum where it is part of the National Maritime Collection , and is also listed on the Australian Register of Historic Vessels ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrol vessel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1917-1920 , 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Sleuth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Vigilant', 'summary': 'HMAS Vigilant ( later known as HMAS Sleuth and HMAS Hawk ) was an auxiliary patrol boat serving with the Royal Australian Navy during the Second World War . Notably it was the 120th ship built by the Cockatoo Island Dockyard and the first aluminium ship built in Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Auxiliary patrol boat', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940-1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ex-HMAS Vigilant , renamed HMAS Hawk in 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Snipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Snipe', 'summary': 'HMAS Snipe ( M1102 ) ( formerly HMS Alcaston ) was a Ton-class minesweeper which served in the Royal Navy ( RN ) and Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Minesweeper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ton-class_minesweeper', 'summary': 'The Ton class were coastal minesweepers built in the 1950s for the Royal Navy , but also used by other navies such as the South African Navy and the Royal Australian Navy . They were intended to meet the threat of seabed mines laid in shallow coastal waters , rivers , ports and harbours , a task for which the existing ocean-going minesweepers of the Algerine-class were not suited .'}]}, {'value': '1962-1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ex-HMS Alcaston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Southern Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Southern_Cross', 'summary': 'HMAS Southern Cross was an examination vessel , stores and troop carrier of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) during the Second World War . Built in 1933 for the Melanesian Mission of the Anglican Church , she was requisitioned by the RAN on 29 March 1941 and commissioned on 18 June 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'Examination vesses', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Sprightly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Sprightly', 'summary': 'HMAS Sprightly was a tugboat operated by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) between 1943 and 1953 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tug', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ex USS BAT-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Stalwart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Stalwart_(H14)', 'summary': "HMAS Stalwart ( H14 ) was an Admiralty S class destroyer of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Built for the Royal Navy during World War I , the ship was not completed until 1919 , and spent less than eight months in British service before being transferred to the RAN at the start of 1920 . The destroyer 's career was uneventful , with almost all of it spent operating along the east coast of Australia . Stalwart was decommissioned at the end of 1925 , was sold for ship breaking in 1937 , then was scuttled in 1939 ."}]}, {'value': 'Destroyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S-class_destroyer_(1917)', 'summary': 'The S class ( initially known as the Modified Trenchant class ) was a class of 67 destroyers ordered for the Royal Navy in 1917 . They saw active service in the last months of the First World War and in the Russian and Irish Civil Wars during the early 1920s . Most were relegated to the reserve by the mid-1920s and subsequently scrapped under the terms of the London Naval Treaty . Eleven survivors saw much action during the Second World War .'}]}, {'value': '1920-1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'scuttled off Sydney on 21 July 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMAS Stalwart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Stalwart_(D_215)', 'summary': 'HMAS Stalwart ( A 215/D 215 ) was an Australian-designed and constructed Escort Maintenance ship of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Commissioned on 9 February 1968 and decommissioned on 9 March 1990 , Stalwart served as a destroyer tender , the RAN flagship , and a training vessel during her career . She was sold in 1993 for conversion into a short-range cruise ship , under the names MV Her Majesty M , then MV Tara II . The vessel did not enter civilian service before she was broken up for scrap in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Destroyer tender', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966-1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Past ships -- S', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_ships_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy_20', 'intro': 'Since its foundation in 1913, the Royal Australian Navy has operated a large number of vessels, including various types of warship, support and supply craft, and auxiliary vessels drawn from civilian service when required.'}
null
null
How many crew members were injured in the explosion that destroyed the channel patrol boat ?
Four
0651181e6702b96f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_national_ice_hockey_team_rosters', 'title': 'List of United States national ice hockey team rosters', 'header': ['Name', 'Height ( cm )', 'Weight ( kg )', 'Birthdate', 'Birthplace', '1963-1964 team'], 'data': [{'value': 'David Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Brooks_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'David Alan Dave Brooks ( born December 27 , 1939 in Saint Paul , Minnesota ) is an American retired ice hockey player who competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics . He is the younger brother of Herb Brooks . In 1964 he participated with the American ice hockey team in the Winter Olympics tournament where he set the record for most penalty minutes in a single tournament by an American .'}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 27 , 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '| Saint Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Herb Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herb_Brooks', 'summary': "Herbert Paul Brooks Jr. ( August 5 , 1937 - August 11 , 2003 ) was an American ice hockey player and coach . His most notable achievement came in 1980 as head coach of the gold medal-winning U.S. Olympic hockey team at Lake Placid . At the Games , Brooks ' American team upset the heavily-favored Soviet team in a match that came to be known as the Miracle on Ice . Brooks would go on to coach multiple National Hockey League ( NHL ) teams , as well as the French team at the 1998 Winter Olympics . He ultimately returned to coach the U.S. men 's team to a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . Brooks was killed in a 2003 car accident . At the time of his death , he was the director of player personnel for the NHL 's Pittsburgh Penguins ."}]}, {'value': '186', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 5 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '| Saint Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Christian_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Roger Allen Christian ( December 1 , 1935 - November 9 , 2011 ) was an American professional ice hockey player . Born in Warroad , Minnesota , Christian played for the American 1960 Winter Olympics and 1964 Winter Olympics ice hockey teams , winning a gold medal in 1960 . He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1989 . He was also a co-founder of Christian Brother 's Hockey Sticks , along with his brother Bill Christian and brother-in-law Hal Bakke . He died on November 9 , 2011 in Grand Forks , North Dakota ."}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1 , 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '| Warroad , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warroad,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Warroad is a city in Roseau County , Minnesota , United States , at the southwest corner of Lake of the Woods , 7.5 miles South of the border to Canada . The population was 1,781 at the 2010 census . Warroad had its own newspaper before it was incorporated in 1901 . Minnesota State Highways 11 and 313 are two of the main routes in the community .'}]}, {'value': 'Warroad Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warroad_Lakers', 'summary': 'The Warroad Lakers were an American Senior ice hockey team from Warroad , Minnesota . The Lakers played in various Manitoba AHA and Thunder Bay AHA senior and intermediate leagues and were granted special eligibility for the Allan Cup and Hardy Cup by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association . The Lakers were three-time Allan Cup Canadian National Champions , one-time Allan Cup National Finalists , one-time Hardy Cup Canadian National Champions , and one-time Hardy Cup National Finalists .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Christian', 'summary': 'William David Bill Christian ( born January 29 , 1938 in Warroad , Minnesota ) is a retired American ice hockey player . He led the United States to a gold medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics . He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1984 and the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': '176', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 29 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '| Warroad , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warroad,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Warroad is a city in Roseau County , Minnesota , United States , at the southwest corner of Lake of the Woods , 7.5 miles South of the border to Canada . The population was 1,781 at the 2010 census . Warroad had its own newspaper before it was incorporated in 1901 . Minnesota State Highways 11 and 313 are two of the main routes in the community .'}]}, {'value': 'Warroad Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warroad_Lakers', 'summary': 'The Warroad Lakers were an American Senior ice hockey team from Warroad , Minnesota . The Lakers played in various Manitoba AHA and Thunder Bay AHA senior and intermediate leagues and were granted special eligibility for the Allan Cup and Hardy Cup by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association . The Lakers were three-time Allan Cup Canadian National Champions , one-time Allan Cup National Finalists , one-time Hardy Cup Canadian National Champions , and one-time Hardy Cup National Finalists .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Coppo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Coppo', 'summary': "Paul Racket Coppo ( born November 2 , 1938 ) is a retired ice hockey player . He was a member of the United States 's 1964 Winter Olympics team . He would go on to play with the Green Bay Bobcats of the United States Hockey League . He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '180', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 2 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hancock , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hancock,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Hancock is a city in Houghton County in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is located across the Keweenaw Waterway from the city of Houghton on the Keweenaw Peninsula . The population was 4,634 at the 2010 census . The city has been consistently ranked as the third-snowiest city in the United States by The Weather Channel .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Bobcats ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Bay_Bobcats', 'summary': 'The Green Bay Gamblers are a Tier I junior ice hockey team in the Eastern Conference of the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) . They play in Ashwaubenon , Wisconsin , at the Resch Center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Dilworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Dilworth', 'summary': 'Daniel Joseph Dilworth ( born February 23 , 1942 in International Falls , Minnesota - d. September 27 , 2007 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics . In 1964 he participated with the American ice hockey team in the Winter Olympics tournament .'}]}, {'value': '172', 'urls': []}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 23 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Falls , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Falls,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'International Falls is a city in and the county seat of Koochiching County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 6,424 at the 2010 census . International Falls is located on the Rainy River directly across from Fort Frances , Ontario , Canada . The two cities are connected by the Fort Frances-International Falls International Bridge . Voyageurs National Park is located 11 miles east of International Falls . There is a major U.S. Customs and Border Protection Port of Entry on the International Falls side of the toll bridge and a Canadian Customs entry point on the north side of the bridge . International Falls is nicknamed the Icebox of the Nation , with an average of 109.4 days per year with a high temperature below 32 °F ( 0 °C ) .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Paul Saints ( IHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul_Saints', 'summary': 'The St. Paul Saints are an American professional baseball team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Saints are a member of the North Division of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball , which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball . The Saints played their home games at Midway Stadium starting in 1993 , when the modern-day team started as a member of the Northern League . In 2006 , the team was a founding member of the modern American Association . The team started playing at CHS Field in 2015 . Before the arrival of the Minnesota Twins in 1961 , there was a long history of minor-league baseball teams called the St. Paul Saints , as well as their crosstown rivals the Minneapolis Millers . One incarnation of the Saints participated in the Union Association , a short-lived major league , in 1884 . A second incarnation was active in the Western League from 1894 to 1899 , and became a forerunner of the modern Chicago White Sox . The third and most long-lived incarnation of the Saints was active in the American Association from 1915 to 1960 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945–2001)', 'summary': "The International Hockey League ( IHL ) was a minor professional ice hockey league in the United States and Canada that operated from 1945 to 2001 . The IHL served as the National Hockey League 's alternate farm system to the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . After 56 years of operation , financial instability led to the league 's demise . Six of the surviving seven teams merged into the AHL in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dates Fryberger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dates_Fryberger', 'summary': 'Dayton Featherstone Dates Fryberger ( born May 5 , 1940 ) is an American former ice hockey forward and Olympian . Fryberger played with Team USA at the 1964 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck , Austria . He previously played for the Middlebury College Panthers at Middlebury College in Vermont .'}]}, {'value': '177', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 5 , 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duluth , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Duluth /dəˈluːθ/ ( listen ) is a major port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County . Duluth has a population of 85,884 and is the 4th largest city in Minnesota . It is the 2nd largest city on Lake Superior , after Thunder Bay , Ontario . It has the largest metropolitan area on the lake , with a population of 279,771 in 2010 , the second-largest in the state . Situated on the north shore of Lake Superior at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes , Duluth is accessible to oceangoing vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles ( 3,700 km ) away via the Great Lakes Waterway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior , Wisconsin ; together they are called the Twin Ports . The cities share the Duluth-Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes ' largest port , transporting coal , iron ore ( taconite ) , and grain . A tourist destination for the Midwest , Duluth features the United States ' only all-freshwater aquarium , the Great Lakes Aquarium ; the Aerial Lift Bridge , which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor ; and Minnesota Point ( known locally as Park Point ) , the world 's longest freshwater baymouth bar , spanning 6 miles ( 10 km ) . The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota 's North Shore . The city is named for Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut , the first known European explorer of the area ."}]}, {'value': 'Middlebury College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlebury_College', 'summary': "Middlebury College is a private liberal arts college in Middlebury , Vermont . It was founded in 1800 by Congregationalists . The college currently enrolls 2,526 undergraduates from all 50 states and 74 countries and offers 44 majors in the arts , humanities , literature , foreign languages , social sciences , and natural sciences . The college is the first American institution of higher education to have granted a bachelor 's degree to an African-American , graduating Alexander Twilight in the class of 1823 . Middlebury was also one of the first formerly all-male liberal arts colleges in New England to become a coeducational institution , following the trustees ' decision in 1883 to accept women . In 1886 , May Belle Chellis was the first woman to graduate , and she was the valedictorian ( although she was not allowed to address the graduating class because she was a woman ) . Middlebury was listed as tied for the fifth-best liberal arts college in the U.S. in the 2019 U.S. News & World Report rankings . Middlebury 's 31 varsity teams are known as the Middlebury Panthers and compete in the NCAA Division III 's NESCAC conference . The school is known for its graduate programs that focus on literature , language , political science , and entrepreneurship ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Paul Herbert Johnson ( May 18 , 1935 - July 17 , 2016 ) was an American ice hockey forward . He was a member of the United States hockey team that won the gold medal at Squaw Valley , California during the 1960 Winter Olympics . He scored the pivotal go-ahead goal in the medal round game against Canada . Johnson died on July 17 , 2016 at the age of 81 .'}]}, {'value': '183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 18 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West St. Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_St._Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'West Saint Paul is a city in Dakota County , Minnesota , immediately south of Saint Paul , Minnesota , and immediately west of South Saint Paul , Minnesota , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Waterloo Black Hawks ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterloo_Black_Hawks', 'summary': "The Waterloo Black Hawks are a Tier I junior ice hockey team playing in the Western Conference of the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) under president , general manager , and head coach P.K . O'Handley . The Black Hawks ' home ice is the Young Arena in Waterloo , Iowa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Martin', 'summary': 'Thomas Joseph Red Martin ( July 5 , 1938 - July 27 , 2017 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics . In 1964 he participated with the American ice hockey team in the Winter Olympics tournament . Martin later founded Cramer , a brand experience agency .'}]}, {'value': '183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 5 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim McCoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_McCoy_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Thomas James Jake McCoy ( born January 2 , 1942 ) is an American former ice hockey defenseman and Olympian . McCoy played with Team USA at the 1964 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck , Austria . He later played one year for the Minnesota Nationals in the United States Hockey League before going on to a career as a high school teacher , during which he coached high school hockey teams including that of Richfield High School .'}]}, {'value': '177', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 2 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minneapolis , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa ."}]}, {'value': 'Blind River Hockey Club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne Meredith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Meredith', 'summary': 'Wayne Brent Meredith ( born October 4 , 1939 ) is an American former ice hockey defenseman and Olympian . Meredith played with Team USA at the 1964 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck , Austria . He played for the University of Minnesota and for the St. Paul Saints of the International Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 4 , 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Bend , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana', 'summary': "South Bend is a city in , and the county seat of , St. Joseph County , Indiana , on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend , from which it derives its name . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total of 101,168 residents ; its metropolitan statistical area had a population of 318,586 and its combined statistical area , 721,296 . It is the fourth-largest city in Indiana , serving as the economic and cultural hub of northern Indiana . The University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame . The area was originally settled in the early 19th century by fur traders and was established as a city in 1865 . The St. Joseph River shaped South Bend 's economy through the mid-20th century . River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation , the Oliver Chilled Plow Company , and other large corporations . The population of South Bend declined after 1960 , when it had a peak population of 132,445 . This was chiefly due to migration to suburban areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry . Today , the largest industries in South Bend are health care , education , small business , and tourism . Remaining large corporations include Crowe , Honeywell , and AM General . Recently , the city population has begun to grow for the first time in nearly fifty years ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Paul Saints ( IHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul_Saints', 'summary': 'The St. Paul Saints are an American professional baseball team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Saints are a member of the North Division of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball , which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball . The Saints played their home games at Midway Stadium starting in 1993 , when the modern-day team started as a member of the Northern League . In 2006 , the team was a founding member of the modern American Association . The team started playing at CHS Field in 2015 . Before the arrival of the Minnesota Twins in 1961 , there was a long history of minor-league baseball teams called the St. Paul Saints , as well as their crosstown rivals the Minneapolis Millers . One incarnation of the Saints participated in the Union Association , a short-lived major league , in 1884 . A second incarnation was active in the Western League from 1894 to 1899 , and became a forerunner of the modern Chicago White Sox . The third and most long-lived incarnation of the Saints was active in the American Association from 1915 to 1960 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945–2001)', 'summary': "The International Hockey League ( IHL ) was a minor professional ice hockey league in the United States and Canada that operated from 1945 to 2001 . The IHL served as the National Hockey League 's alternate farm system to the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . After 56 years of operation , financial instability led to the league 's demise . Six of the surviving seven teams merged into the AHL in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'William Reichart', 'urls': []}, {'value': '170', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald Ross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Ross_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Donald Francis Ross ( born October 11 , 1942 ) is an American former ice hockey player . He played from 1961 to 1965 at the University of North Dakota and is a three-time letterwinner and twice All-American . Ross also played at the 1964 Winter Olympics and 1968 Winter Olympics for the United States National Team for the ice hockey tournament , finishing 5th . He is a member of the University of North Dakota Letterwinners Association Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '180', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 11 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roseau , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roseau,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Roseau ( /roʊˈzoʊ/ [ citation needed ] ) is a city and county seat of Roseau County , Minnesota , United States . Its population was 2,633 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'University of North Dakota ( NCAA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota', 'summary': "The University of North Dakota ( also known as UND or North Dakota ) is a public research university in Grand Forks , North Dakota . Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883 , six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota , it is the state 's oldest university . UND was founded with a liberal arts foundation and expanded to include scientific research . The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota . Its best known college is perhaps its John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences , the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operations , and programs in aviation and aerospace . Several national research institutions are on the university 's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center , the School of Medicine and Health Sciences , and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center . North Dakota 's athletic teams compete in the NCAA 's Division I . Most teams compete as members of the Big Sky Conference , with the exceptions of men 's hockey ( National Collegiate Hockey Conference ) , and swimming ( Western Athletic Conference ) . The men 's ice hockey team has won eight national championships and play in the Ralph Engelstad Arena ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Pat Rupp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Rupp', 'summary': 'Patrick Lloyd Rupp ( August 12 , 1942 - February 2 , 2006 ) was best known as a goaltender in the US ice hockey team in the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 12 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'Flin Flon Bombers ( SJHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flin_Flon_Bombers', 'summary': 'The Flin Flon Bombers are a junior ice hockey based in Flin Flon , Manitoba , Canada . They are affiliated with the Canadian Junior Hockey League as a member of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League ( SJHL ) . Their home rink is the Whitney Forum . Radio station CFAR ( 102.9 FM , 590 AM ) live broadcasts a select number of home and away games throughout the year as well as all playoff games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SJHL', 'summary': "The Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League is a Junior A ice hockey league under Hockey Canada , a part of the Canadian Junior Hockey League . Open to North American-born players 20 years of age or younger , the SJHL 's 12 teams play in three divisions : the Olympic Buildings , Sherwood and Viterra Divisions . A major attraction in Saskatchewan , the SJHL draws 400,000 fans each season . The winner of the SJHL playoffs continues on to play in the ANAVET Cup against the champion from the MJHL , for the right to represent the Western region at the Centennial Cup , the national Junior A championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Gary Schmalzbauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Schmalzbauer', 'summary': 'Gary Owen Schmalzbauer ( born January 27 , 1940 ) is an American former ice hockey forward and Olympian . Schmalzbauer played with Team USA at the 1964 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck , Austria . He also played for the Rochester Mustangs in the United States Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 27 , 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'James Westby', 'urls': []}, {'value': '183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 5 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minneapolis , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Frances Canadians', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Yurkovich', 'urls': []}, {'value': '180', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eveleth , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eveleth,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Eveleth is a city in Saint Louis County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 3,718 at the 2010 census . U.S. Highway 53 and State Highway 37 ( MN 37 ) are two of the main routes in Eveleth . The city briefly entered the national news in October 2002 when U.S . Senator Paul Wellstone , along with seven others , died in a plane crash , two miles away from the airport of Eveleth . It was also the site of the conflict that resulted in the court case Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co. , and the film North Country , which was based on it . Eveleth is home of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . Eveleth also is home to the Eveleth-Gilbert Senior High School . Eveleth is part of the Quad Cities of Virginia , Gilbert , and Mountain Iron .'}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}], 'section_title': "Men 's Olympics -- 1964 Winter Olympics", 'section_text': '( finished 5th )', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_national_ice_hockey_team_rosters_8', 'intro': "Below is a list of various national ice hockey team rosters of the United States of America. The men's teams, the women's teams and the junior teams are included."}
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A former Ice hockey player was born in a city that was called by what name by an Indian tribe ?
Imnizaska
06539d91ce346a7e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture', 'title': 'Wikipedia in culture', 'header': ['Date', 'Title', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'March 20 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Simpsons : Mobile Homer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'summary': "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After three seasons , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989-90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 674 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . It is the longest-running American sitcom , and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series , both in terms of seasons and number of episodes . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . Then on October 30 , 2007 , a video game was released . The Simpsons was renewed on February 6 , 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mobile_Homer', 'summary': "Mobile Homer is the thirteenth episode of the sixteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons . It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on March 20 , 2005 . In the episode , Marge saves money for life insurance , worried about Homer after a near-fatal incident and his bad medical history . Angered by his wife 's new measures to cut back financially , Homer spends the savings on a motor home , which he spends most of his time in and causes a rift between them . The episode was written by Tim Long , and was the first to be directed by Raymond S. Persi ."}]}, {'value': 'Lisa finds a reminder from Homer that says Dino is the abbreviation of Dinosaur and he should look for it in Wikipedia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 29 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Colbert Report', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Colbert_Report', 'summary': "The Colbert Report ( /koʊlˈbɛər rɪˌpɔːr/ kohl-BAIR rih-por ) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17 , 2005 , to December 18 , 2014 , for 1,447 episodes . The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert , played by his real-life namesake . The character , described by Colbert as a well-intentioned , poorly informed , high-status idiot , is a caricature of televised political pundits . Furthermore , the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs , particularly Fox News 's The O'Reilly Factor . The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central 's The Daily Show , where Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character . The program was created by Colbert , Jon Stewart , and Ben Karlin . The show 's writing was grounded in improvisation , and often lampooned current events stories . The show 's structure also included a guest interview , in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent 's argument . The show was taped in New York City 's Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood , and the program 's set is hyper-American , epitomizing the character 's ego . The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday , with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks . The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes , leading to various awards , including two Peabody Awards . The show 's cultural influence - which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show 's audience , dubbed the Colbert Nation - extended beyond the program a number of times ."}]}, {'value': 'Colbert did a segment on an attempt by Microsoft to hire writers to skew certain Wikipedia articles in its favor , ending with a call by Colbert to change the Wikipedia article on Reality to the phrase Reality has become a commodity and offering a $ 5 cash reward to the first viewer to do so', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft', 'summary': "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Reality', 'summary': 'Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within a system , as opposed to that which is only imaginary . The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things , indicating their existence . In physical terms , reality is the totality of a system , known and unknown . Philosophical questions about the nature of reality or existence or being are considered under the rubric of ontology , which is a major branch of metaphysics in the Western philosophical tradition . Ontological questions also feature in diverse branches of philosophy , including the philosophy of science , philosophy of religion , philosophy of mathematics , and philosophical logic . These include questions about whether only physical objects are real ( i.e. , Physicalism ) , whether reality is fundamentally immaterial ( e.g. , Idealism ) , whether hypothetical unobservable entities posited by scientific theories exist , whether God exists , whether numbers and other abstract objects exist , and whether possible worlds exist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Commodity', 'summary': 'In economics , a commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility : that is , the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them . The price of a commodity good is typically determined as a function of its market as a whole : well-established physical commodities have actively traded spot and derivative markets . The wide availability of commodities typically leads to smaller profit margins and diminishes the importance of factors ( such as brand name ) other than price . Most commodities are raw materials , basic resources , agricultural , or mining products , such as iron ore , sugar , or grains like rice and wheat . Commodities can also be mass-produced unspecialized products such as chemicals and computer memory .'}]}, {'value': 'October 14 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Simpsons : I Do n't Wan na Know Why the Caged Bird Sings", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'summary': "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After three seasons , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989-90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 674 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . It is the longest-running American sitcom , and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series , both in terms of seasons and number of episodes . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . Then on October 30 , 2007 , a video game was released . The Simpsons was renewed on February 6 , 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season ."}, {'url': "/wiki/I_Don't_Wanna_Know_Why_the_Caged_Bird_Sings", 'summary': "I Do n't Wan na Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is the fourth episode of The Simpsons ' nineteenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 14 , 2007 . For the second time in the series , Marge helps a prison assailant . Marge meets Dwight ( Steve Buscemi ) , a man who attempts to rob the bank the two are in . Marge promises that she would visit him in prison , should he turn himself in , but too frightened to go into the prison , she breaks her promise . It was written by Dana Gould and directed by Bob Anderson . Steve Buscemi makes his second guest appearance on the show , ( originally appearing as himself in Brake My Wife , Please ) though this time he voiced a character , Dwight . Ted Nugent has a voice cameo . Julia Louis-Dreyfus makes a surprise guest return as Snake 's girlfriend Gloria , who originally appeared in A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love . During its first airing , the episode originally garnered 8.8 million viewers , higher than the previous episode ."}]}, {'value': 'Snake tells his girlfriend to kill the man who changed his biography on Wikipedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snake_Jailbird', 'summary': 'The Simpsons includes a large array of supporting/minor characters : co-workers , teachers , family friends , extended relatives , townspeople , local celebrities , fictional characters within the show , and even animals . The writers originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town . A number of them have gained expanded roles and have subsequently starred in their own episodes . According to the creator of The Simpsons , Matt Groening , the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the Canadian sketch comedy show Second City Television .'}]}, {'value': 'November 25 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Simpsons : Funeral for a Fiend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'summary': "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After three seasons , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989-90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 674 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . It is the longest-running American sitcom , and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series , both in terms of seasons and number of episodes . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . Then on October 30 , 2007 , a video game was released . The Simpsons was renewed on February 6 , 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Funeral_for_a_Fiend', 'summary': "Funeral for a Fiend is the eighth episode of The Simpsons ' nineteenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 25 , 2007 . It was written by Michael Price and was directed by Rob Oliver . It features Kelsey Grammer in his tenth appearance as Sideshow Bob , as well as David Hyde Pierce in his second appearance as Cecil Terwilliger . John Mahoney makes his first appearance as Dr. Robert Terwilliger , Sr. , the father of Bob and Cecil . Keith Olbermann also makes a guest appearance as himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Sideshow Bob complains about loading time as he looks up a Shakespeare reference on Wikipedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sideshow_Bob', 'summary': "Robert Underdunk Terwilliger Jr. , PhD , better known as Sideshow Bob , is a recurring character in the animated television series The Simpsons . He is voiced by Kelsey Grammer and first appeared briefly in the episode The Telltale Head . Bob is a self-proclaimed genius who is a graduate of Yale University , a member of the Republican Party , and a champion of high culture . He began his career as a sidekick on Krusty the Clown 's television show , but after enduring constant abuse , Bob attempted to frame his employer for armed robbery in Krusty Gets Busted . The plan was foiled by his arch-enemy , Bart Simpson , and Sideshow Bob was sent to prison . Bob made his second major appearance in season three 's Black Widower ; the writers echoed the premise of the Coyote chasing the Road Runner by having Bob unexpectedly insert himself into Bart 's life , threatening to disrupt - and sometimes end - it . In each appearance thereafter , Bob has assumed the role on The Simpsons of an evil genius . Episodes in which he is a central character typically involve Sideshow Bob being released from prison and executing an elaborate revenge plan , usually foiled by Bart and Lisa . His plans often involve murder and destruction , usually targeted at Bart or , less often , Krusty , though these plans often involve targeting the entire Simpson family . In 2015 , however , during the Treehouse of Horror segment , Wanted : Dead , Then Alive , Bob finally gets his wish of killing Bart , commenting that he spent 24 years trying to kill a ten-year-old child ; however , he becomes bored with Bart dead , so he brings him back to life so that he can repeatedly kill Bart over and over again . Sideshow Bob shares some personality traits of Grammer 's character Frasier Crane from the sitcoms Cheers and Frasier , and has been described as Frasier pickled in arsenic . Several parallels have been explicitly drawn in The Simpsons between Bob and Frasier Crane - Bob 's brother Cecil and his father were played by David Hyde Pierce and John Mahoney respectively , echoing the roles they played in Frasier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shakespeare', 'summary': "William Shakespeare ( bapt . 26 April 1564 - 23 April 1616 ) [ a ] was an English poet , playwright , and actor , widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world 's greatest dramatist . He is often called England 's national poet and the Bard of Avon ( or simply the Bard ) . [ b ] His extant works , including collaborations , consist of some 39 plays , [ c ] 154 sonnets , two long narrative poems , and a few other verses , some of uncertain authorship . His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright . Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire . At the age of 18 , he married Anne Hathaway , with whom he had three children : Susanna and twins Hamnet and Judith . Sometime between 1585 and 1592 , he began a successful career in London as an actor , writer , and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , later known as the King 's Men . At age 49 ( around 1613 ) , he appears to have retired to Stratford , where he died three years later . Few records of Shakespeare 's private life survive ; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance , his sexuality , his religious beliefs , and whether the works attributed to him were written by others . Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613 . [ d ] His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best work produced in these genres ."}]}, {'value': 'April 27 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Simpsons : Apocalypse Cow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'summary': "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After three seasons , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989-90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 674 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . It is the longest-running American sitcom , and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series , both in terms of seasons and number of episodes . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . Then on October 30 , 2007 , a video game was released . The Simpsons was renewed on February 6 , 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Apocalypse_Cow', 'summary': "Apocalypse Cow is the seventeenth episode of The Simpsons ' nineteenth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 27 , 2008 . After joining 4-H , Bart saves a cow named Lou and gives it to a girl named Mary ( guest voice Zooey Deschanel ) , a farm girl . Her father , Cletus , mistakenly believes it as a token for Mary 's hand in marriage , and attempts to get the two married . It was written by Jeff Westbrook and directed by Nancy Kruse . 7.69 million viewers tuned into this episode ."}]}, {'value': 'Bart argues with Homer using Wikipedia ; Homer plans to edit the page ( ... and many more pages )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bart_Simpson', 'summary': "Bartholomew JoJo Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series The Simpsons and part of the Simpson family . He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short Good Night on April 19 , 1987 . Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks ' office . Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip , Life in Hell , but instead decided to create a new set of characters . While the rest of the characters were named after Groening 's family members , Bart 's name is an anagram of the word brat . After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years , the Simpson family received its own series on Fox , which debuted December 17 , 1989 . At ten years old , Bart is the eldest child and only son of Homer and Marge , and the brother of Lisa and Maggie . Bart 's most prominent and popular character traits are his mischievousness , rebelliousness and disrespect for authority . He has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons - including video games , The Simpsons Movie , The Simpsons Ride , commercials , and comic books - and inspired an entire line of merchandise . In casting , Nancy Cartwright originally planned to audition for the role of Lisa , while Yeardley Smith tried out for Bart . Smith 's voice was too high for a boy , so she was given the role of Lisa . Cartwright found that Lisa was not interesting at the time , so instead auditioned for Bart , which she thought was a better role ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Homer_Simpson', 'summary': "Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional character and the protagonist of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons . He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared on television , along with the rest of his family , in The Tracey Ullman Show short Good Night on April 19 , 1987 . Homer was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks ' office . Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip Life in Hell but instead decided to create a new set of characters . He named the character after his father , Homer Groening . After appearing for three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show , the Simpson family got their own series on Fox that debuted December 17 , 1989 . As patriarch of the eponymous family , Homer and his wife Marge have three children : Bart , Lisa and Maggie . As the family 's provider , he works at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant as safety inspector . Homer embodies many American working class stereotypes : he is crude , overweight , incompetent , lazy , clumsy , dim-witted , hot-tempered , childish , and addicted to beer , junk food and watching television . However , he often tries his hardest to be a decent man and is fiercely devoted to his family , especially when they need him the most . Despite the suburban blue-collar routine of his life , he has had a number of remarkable experiences , including going to space , climbing the tallest mountain in Springfield by himself , fighting former President George H. W. Bush and winning a Grammy Award as a member of a barbershop quartet . In the shorts and earlier episodes , Castellaneta voiced Homer with a loose impression of Walter Matthau ; however , during the second and third seasons of the half-hour show , Homer 's voice evolved to become more robust , to allow the expression of a fuller range of emotions ."}]}, {'value': 'February 10 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aqua Teen Hunger Force : Reedickyoulus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force', 'summary': "Aqua Teen Hunger Force ( also known by various alternative titles ) is an American adult animated television series created by Dave Willis and Matt Maiellaro for Cartoon Network 's late night programming block , Adult Swim . It is about the surreal adventures and antics of three anthropomorphic fast food items : Master Shake , Frylock , and Meatwad , who live together as relatives and frequently interact with their human next-door neighbor , Carl Brutananadilewski . It was created as a spin-off series of Space Ghost Coast to Coast . The unannounced pilot episode , Rabbot , aired on Cartoon Network on December 30 , 2000 ; the series later made its official debut on Adult Swim on September 9 , 2001 . Every episode was written and directed by Willis and Maiellaro , who also provided several voices . Seasons 8-11 were each given a different alternative title , accompanied by a different theme music , as a running joke . The series ended on August 30 , 2015 , with a total of 139 episodes over the course of 11 seasons . Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters , a film adaptation of the series , was released in theaters on April 13 , 2007 , the first adaptation of an Adult Swim series into a feature-length film . The series airs in broadcast syndication outside the United States and has been released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media , including video on demand streaming . It was the longest-running Adult Swim series until it was surpassed by The Venture Bros. ( in terms of years ) , Squidbillies ( in terms of seasons ) , and Robot Chicken ( in terms of episodes ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Frylock curses Wikipedia after believing false information pertaining to killing zombies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frylock', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters featured in the Adult Swim animated television series Aqua Teen Hunger Force .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zombies', 'summary': "A zombie ( Haitian French : zombi , Haitian Creole : zonbi ) is a fictional undead being created through the reanimation of a corpse . Zombies are most commonly found in horror and fantasy genre works . The term comes from Haitian folklore , in which a zombie is a dead body reanimated through various methods , most commonly magic . Modern depictions of the reanimation of the dead do not necessarily involve magic but often invoke science fictional methods such as carriers , radiation , mental diseases , vectors , pathogens , parasites , scientific accidents , etc . The English word zombie was first recorded in 1819 , in a history of Brazil by the poet Robert Southey , in the form of zombi . The Oxford English Dictionary gives the word 's origin as West African and compares it to the Kongo words nzambi ( god ) and zumbi ( fetish ) . A Kimbundu-to-Portuguese dictionary from 1903 defines the related word nzumbi as soul , while a later Kimbundu-Portuguese dictionary defines it as being a spirit that is supposed to wander the earth to torment the living . One of the first books to expose Western culture to the concept of the voodoo zombie was The Magic Island ( 1929 ) by W. B. Seabrook . This is the sensationalized account of a narrator who encounters voodoo cults in Haiti and their resurrected thralls . Time commented that the book introduced 'zombi ' into U.S. speech . Zombies have a complex literary heritage , with antecedents ranging from Richard Matheson and H. P. Lovecraft to Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein drawing on European folklore of the undead . Victor Halperin directed White Zombie ( 1932 ) , a horror film starring Bela Lugosi ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cavemen : Pilot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cavemen_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Cavemen is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from October 2 to November 13 , 2007 . The show was created by Joe Lawson and set in San Diego , California . Based on the GEICO Cavemen commercials , which were also written by Lawson , the show was described by the network as a unique buddy comedy that offers a clever twist on stereotypes and turns race relations on its head .'}]}, {'value': 'In the premiere episode of the commercial-turned-sitcom , Andy blames his inability to work on his dissertation on the fact that Wikipedia is under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 4 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Psych : And Down The Stretch Comes Murder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psych', 'summary': "Psych is an American detective comedy-drama television series created by Steve Franks and broadcast on USA Network with syndicated reruns on ION Television . The series stars James Roday as Shawn Spencer , a young crime consultant for the Santa Barbara Police Department whose heightened observational skills and impressive eidetic memory allow him to convince people that he solves cases with psychic abilities . The program also stars Dulé Hill as Shawn 's intelligent best friend and reluctant partner Burton Gus Guster , as well as Corbin Bernsen as Shawn 's father , Henry , a former officer of the Santa Barbara Police Department . Psych debuted on Friday , July 7 , 2006 , immediately following the fifth-season premiere of Monk , and continued to be paired with the series until Monk 's conclusion on December 4 , 2009 . During the second season , an animated segment titled The Big Adventures of Little Shawn and Gus was added to the series . Psych was the highest-rated US basic cable television premiere of 2006 . USA Network renewed the series for an eighth season on December 19 , 2012 , to include eight episodes , and ordered two more episodes on June 25 , 2013 , bringing the episode order to ten . On February 5 , 2014 , USA Network confirmed that the eighth season of Psych would be its last , with the series finale airing on March 26 , 2014 . The show has developed a cult following , especially in the years since going off air , with fans of the show being called PsychOs . Psych : The Movie , a two-hour TV movie , aired on USA Network on December 7 , 2017 . Franks ' hope is to make five more Psych movies , following Psych : The Movie . On February 14 , 2019 , it was announced Psych : The Movie 2 was greenlit and all the main cast would return for the TV movie , which was set to premiere in late 2019 , but the premiere thereof was subsequently delayed to 2020 , with the movie renamed Psych 2 : Lassie Come Home ."}, {'url': '/wiki/And_Down_The_Stretch_Comes_Murder', 'summary': 'The second season of Psych originally aired in the United States on USA Network from July 13 , 2007 to February 15 , 2008 . It consisted of 16 episodes . James Roday , Dulé Hill , Timothy Omundson , Maggie Lawson , and Corbin Bernsen reprised their roles as the main characters , and Kirsten Nelson joined the main cast . James Roday portrayed Shawn Spencer , a fake psychic detective who periodically consults for the Santa Barbara police department . A DVD of the season was released on July 8 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': "In the episode And Down The Stretch Comes Murder , when Shawn is explaining his theory of the crime , Gus weighs in with a factoid about an obscure indigenous tribe . Shawn applauds Gus ' knowledge of the subject with the line , Gus shoots and scores ! ... with an assist from Wikipedia", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/And_Down_The_Stretch_Comes_Murder', 'summary': 'The second season of Psych originally aired in the United States on USA Network from July 13 , 2007 to February 15 , 2008 . It consisted of 16 episodes . James Roday , Dulé Hill , Timothy Omundson , Maggie Lawson , and Corbin Bernsen reprised their roles as the main characters , and Kirsten Nelson joined the main cast . James Roday portrayed Shawn Spencer , a fake psychic detective who periodically consults for the Santa Barbara police department . A DVD of the season was released on July 8 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 4 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Slam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Slam_(US_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Grand Slam is an American game show based on the British series of the same name . Unlike the British series , which was played as a regular quiz show , the American version was conducted as a super-tournament featuring contestants who had appeared on other game shows . Grand Slam aired on GSN for eight episodes from August 4 to September 8 , 2007 . Dennis Miller and Amanda Byram hosted the program and provided commentary between rounds . The questions were asked by Pat Kiernan , who was never seen on camera . The series was produced at Sony Music Studios in New York City by Embassy Row Productions in association with Sony Pictures Television and GSN . The 74-game Jeopardy ! champion Ken Jennings won the Grand Slam tournament , defeating Ogi Ogas in the final round .'}]}, {'value': "Michelle Kitt is asked the question , The Hawaiian word for 'quick ' is prominently featured in the name of which online encyclopedia ? She answers , Wiki ... Wikipedia and is judged incorrect", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 23 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veronica Mars : Show Me the Monkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veronica_Mars', 'summary': "Veronica Mars is an American teen noir mystery drama television series created by screenwriter Rob Thomas . The series is set in the fictional town of Neptune , California and stars Kristen Bell as the eponymous character . The series premiered on September 22 , 2004 , during television network UPN 's final two years , and ended on May 22 , 2007 , after a season on UPN 's successor , The CW , airing for three seasons total . Veronica Mars was produced by Warner Bros. Television , Silver Pictures Television , Stu Segall Productions , and Rob Thomas Productions . Joel Silver and Thomas were executive producers for the entire run of the series , while Diane Ruggiero was promoted in the third season . The character Veronica Mars is a student who progresses from high school to college while moonlighting as a private investigator under the tutelage of her detective father . In each episode , Veronica solves a different stand-alone case while working to solve a more complex mystery . The first two seasons of the series each had a season-long mystery arc , introduced in the first episode of the season and solved in the season finale . The third season took a different format , focusing on smaller mystery arcs that would last the course of several episodes . Thomas initially wrote Veronica Mars as a young adult novel , which featured a male protagonist ; he changed this because he thought a noir piece told from a female point of view would be more interesting and original . Filming began in March 2004 , and the series premiered in September to 2.49 million American viewers . The critically acclaimed first season 's run of 22 episodes garnered an average of 2.5 million viewers per episode in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Show_Me_the_Monkey', 'summary': "Show Me the Monkey is the tenth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the fifty-fourth episode overall . Written by John Enbom and Robert Hull and directed by Nick Marck , the episode premiered on The CW on January 23 , 2007 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , Veronica is hired by researchers in the disappearance of a Capuchin monkey being used for animal testing on non-human primates . However , she has a change of heart after infiltrating an animal rights group as part of the case . Meanwhile , Piz ( Chris Lowell ) becomes increasingly friendly and gives her advice , but after a heartfelt talk about love , Veronica decides to start dating Logan again . In addition , Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) starts investigating Dean O'Dell 's ( Ed Begley , Jr. ) mysterious death . Show Me the Monkey was initially scheduled to have a cameo appearance by Ted Nugent , but when they writers could not schedule him , they changed the name of the character to Ed Argent . The eponymous monkey is played by live animal actor Katie , known for her role on Friends . In its original airing , the episode received 3.23 million viewers and positive reviews from television critics . Rowan Kaiser of The A.V . Club called Show Me the Monkey one of the best of the season , while Eric Goldman of IGN lauded Mac 's new love interest ."}]}, {'value': 'The television show references Wikipedia in the episode when Veronica looks up the origins of the color manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veronica_Mars_(character)', 'summary': "Veronica Mars is the fictional protagonist , occasional narrator ( through voice-overs ) , and Antiheroine of the American television series Veronica Mars , which aired on UPN from 2004 to 2006 and on The CW from 2006 to 2007 . The character was portrayed by Kristen Bell through the duration of the series . Following the show 's cancellation , Bell reprised the role in the 2014 film continuation . The character , created by Rob Thomas , was originally male and the protagonist of his unproduced novel Untitled Rob Thomas Teen Detective Novel , which eventually became the basis of the series . After the work 's transition from novel to television series , Thomas changed the character 's gender from male to female because he believed a noir piece told from a female point of view would be more interesting . Before the show starts , Veronica 's best friend , Lilly Kane , has been murdered , and her father , Keith Mars , has lost his position of sheriff in the fictional town of Neptune , California , but also his reputation , status , and wife . The series begins with Veronica at the bottom of her posh high school 's pecking order , having lost her popular status and popular friends because her father accused her boyfriend 's father of involvement in the murder ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manila_folder', 'summary': 'A Manila folder is a file folder designed to contain documents . It is generally formed by folding a large sheet of stiff card in half . Though traditionally buff , sometimes other colors are used to differentiate categories of files . The Manila envelope is a specific colored envelope designed for transporting documents . It is made of thick , durable Manila paper and sized so that full sheets of paper can fit inside without being folded . As with the Manila folder , it is traditionally buff in color , and often has a mechanism on the closing flap that allows it to be opened without damaging the envelope so that the envelope can be re-used . There are two main methods to achieve this - the first incorporates a metal clasp of two prongs , which are put through a reinforced eyelet in the flap and then bent apart to hold . The other has a cardboard button secured tightly on the flap and a piece of string fastened on the envelope body ( or the reverse arrangement ) is wound around it to form a closure . In a more general sense , envelopes made of brown , unbleached paper , used for cheapness , are described as Manila envelopes . The Manila component of the name comes from Manila hemp or abacá , from which Manila folders were originally made .'}]}, {'value': 'February 1 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Office : Ben Franklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Office_(US_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Office is an American mockumentary sitcom television series that depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . It aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 , to May 16 , 2013 , lasting a total of nine seasons . It is an adaptation of the original BBC series of the same name and was adapted for American television by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It was co-produced by Daniels ' Deedle-Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . To simulate the look of an actual documentary it was filmed in a single-camera setup without a studio audience or a laugh track . The series debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and aired 201 episodes over the course of its run . The Office originally featured Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer , and B. J. Novak as the main cast , however , the series experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run . Notable stars outside the original main cast include Ed Helms , Mindy Kaling , Craig Robinson , James Spader , and Ellie Kemper . The Office was met with mixed reviews during its short first season , but the following seasons , especially those featuring Carell , received considerable acclaim from television critics . These seasons were included on several critics ' year-end top TV series lists , winning several awards such as a Peabody Award in 2006 , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , a Golden Globe Award for Carell 's performance , and four Primetime Emmy Awards , including one for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . Later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , with many seeing Carell 's departure in season seven as a contributing factor ; however , the final season ended the series ' run with a generally positive response ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Franklin_(The_Office_episode)', 'summary': "Ben Franklin is the fifteenth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's forty-third episode overall . Written by Mindy Kaling , who also acts in the show as Kelly Kapoor , and directed by Randall Einhorn , the episode first aired in the United States on February 1 , 2007 , on NBC . Ben Franklin received 5.0/13 in the ages 18-49 demographic of the Nielsen ratings , and was watched by an estimated audience of 10.1 million viewers , and the episode received mixed reviews among critics . In the episode , the employees from the office prepare for Phyllis Lapin 's ( Phyllis Smith ) wedding . Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , acting under advice from Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) , instructs Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) to hire a stripper for the men and delegates Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) to hire one for the women . While Dwight hires a stripper , Jim ends up hiring a Ben Franklin impersonator ( Andy Daly ) instead ."}]}, {'value': "Jim , having heard Michael mention prima nocta , says that he used Wikipedia to confirm his suspicions over the term 's meaning", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Halpert', 'summary': "Jim Halpert was born on October 1 , 1978 , to Gerald and Betsy Halpert . He has two brothers ; Pete , who lives in Boston , and Tom , who lives in New Jersey . They both share Jim 's general love of pranks , but have come across as unpleasant and they somewhat bully their little brother . Jim 's parents presumably live in Scranton , as well as his sister Larissa and best friend Alan Murphy , who are listed as his emergency contacts at Dunder Mifflin . While Pete and Tom have been seen on the show a few times , Larissa has not . He has a niece , Vanessa , and a nephew old enough to play T-ball . In Branch Wars , while he is not specific on which brother he is referring to , he states that his brother 's wife just had another baby . Jim enjoys cycling , and , as he reveals in a deleted scene from Take Your Daughter to Work Day , at times will babysit Toby Flenderson 's daughter , Sasha . He also lists soft-shell crab as his favorite food . Jim has noted that basketball Was kind of [ his ] thing in high school . Although no high school is specifically named by Jim , both Dunmore High School ( as evidenced in a deleted scene from Product Recall where , during a business visit , he asks a high school student about a former teacher ) and West Scranton High School ( as evidenced when , during Email Surveillance , Pam holds up his yearbook displaying their mascot name , Invaders , across the front ) are referenced in separate episodes . In the Episode Dwight 's Speech , Jim tells Dwight that he majored in Public Speaking , however , he later denies this ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Scott_(The_Office)', 'summary': "Michael Gary Scott is a fictional character on NBC 's The Office , portrayed by Steve Carell and based on David Brent from the British version of the program . Michael is the central character of the series , serving as the Regional Manager of the Scranton branch of a paper distribution company , known as Dunder Mifflin Inc. from seasons 1-7 . However , he temporarily leaves Dunder Mifflin to form the Michael Scott Paper Company with Pam Beesly and Ryan Howard toward the end of the 5th season and shares a co-managerial position with Jim Halpert during a 6th season arc from The Meeting to The Manager and the Salesman . In the end of the 7th season , he proposes to HR representative Holly Flax and moves to Colorado to take care of her aging parents , leaving the manager position to Deangelo Vickers in Goodbye , Michael , to Andy Bernard in season 8 , after Vickers becomes brain dead , and ultimately to Dwight Schrute in season 9 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Droit_du_seigneur', 'summary': "The French expression droit du seigneur translates as right of the lord , but native French prefer the terms droit de jambage ( French : [ dʁwa d ( ə ) ʒɑ̃baʒ ] , from jambe , 'leg ' ) or droit de cuissage ( French : [ dʁwa d ( ə ) kɥisaʒ ] , from cuisse , 'thigh ' ) . The term is often used synonymously with jus primae noctis , Latin for right of the first night ."}]}, {'value': 'February 18 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Dad ! : Black Mystery Month', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Dad!', 'summary': "American Dad ! is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane , Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman that originally premiered on Fox . American Dad ! is the first television series to have its inception on the network 's Animation Domination block . The series premiered on February 6 , 2005 , following Super Bowl XXXIX , with the rest of the first season airing three months later beginning May 1 , 2005 . The series is produced by Underdog Productions , Fuzzy Door Productions , and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television . Creative direction of American Dad ! has largely been guided by Barker ( prior to his exit from the show in season 10 ) and Weitzman as opposed to MacFarlane , resulting in a series that is different from its counterparts . Unlike MacFarlane 's other shows , Family Guy and , to a lesser extent , The Cleveland Show , American Dad ! does not lean as heavily on the use of cutaway gags , and is less concerned with conventional setup-punchline jokes , instead deriving its humor mostly from the quirky characters , the relationships between family members , and the relatively relatable plots . While the core issues and resolutions are relatable in most episodes , the show nonetheless weaves in fantastical elements , pitching the tone of the show somewhere between observational comedy and farce . The plots are often absurd , but they are grounded by family stories and real-world issues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_Mystery_Month', 'summary': 'The third season of American Dad ! aired from September 10 , 2006 , to May 20 , 2007 . The season consisted of nineteen episodes . The first half of the season is included in the Volume 2 DVD box set , which was released on May 15 , 2007 ; and the second half is included in the Volume 3 DVD box set , which was released on April 15 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'After uncovering a plot involving peanut butter and the Civil War , Stan Smith says If only there was a place where you could make outrageous claims , without any proof , and millions of people would accept it as fact ... , and the episode cuts to his son Steve editing The Truth about Peanut Butter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stan_Smith_(American_Dad!)', 'summary': "Stanford Leonard Stan Smith ( born November 26 , 1958 ) is the main protagonist of the adult animated sitcom American Dad ! He is voiced by the series ' co-creator and executive producer , Seth MacFarlane . Stan is the patriarch of the Smith family . As the family 's breadwinner , he works for the Central Intelligence Agency . Although he once held the position of a case officer at the CIA , he is now a weapons expert for the agency . Stan often makes the mistake of applying the same extreme measures suited and used for his job in his personal life and with his family . Stan is portrayed as drastic , endangering , rash , insensitive , inconsiderate , dog-eat-dog , and very masculine . In the series he is emphasized as a conservative Republican . Stan 's exaggeratedly large chin has been described satirically as a Jay Leno jaw . He usually wears a blue suit with a lapel pin that is a simplified version of the U.S. flag , consisting of three red and white stripes and a blue square . Stan is married to Francine Smith . He is the father of Hayley and Steve Smith ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Smith_(American_Dad!)', 'summary': "Steven Anita Steve Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad ! , voiced by Scott Grimes . He is Stan and Francine Smith 's 14-year-old son and Hayley 's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series ' six main characters . Steve only has 3 human friends that always stand by his side no matter what crazy scenario is going on . However , he has the biggest bond with his pet alien Roger because they are always going from one crazy adventure to another . They even made a fake detective agency where they came up with their own nicknames . Steve is Wheels and Roger is The Legman . He was born May 13 . Steve 's original design was much geekier and gawky and he was voiced by Ricky Blitt . Halfway through production , Grimes replaced Blitt and Steve 's design was made to be more attractive , so he would be less comparable to Neil Goldman from Family Guy ."}]}, {'value': 'April 5 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Office : The Negotiation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Office_(US_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Office is an American mockumentary sitcom television series that depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . It aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 , to May 16 , 2013 , lasting a total of nine seasons . It is an adaptation of the original BBC series of the same name and was adapted for American television by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It was co-produced by Daniels ' Deedle-Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . To simulate the look of an actual documentary it was filmed in a single-camera setup without a studio audience or a laugh track . The series debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and aired 201 episodes over the course of its run . The Office originally featured Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer , and B. J. Novak as the main cast , however , the series experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run . Notable stars outside the original main cast include Ed Helms , Mindy Kaling , Craig Robinson , James Spader , and Ellie Kemper . The Office was met with mixed reviews during its short first season , but the following seasons , especially those featuring Carell , received considerable acclaim from television critics . These seasons were included on several critics ' year-end top TV series lists , winning several awards such as a Peabody Award in 2006 , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , a Golden Globe Award for Carell 's performance , and four Primetime Emmy Awards , including one for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . Later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , with many seeing Carell 's departure in season seven as a contributing factor ; however , the final season ended the series ' run with a generally positive response ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Negotiation_(The_Office_episode)', 'summary': "The Negotiation ( originally titled Labor Negotiation ) is the nineteenth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's forty-seventh episode overall . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) tries to attack Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) for kissing Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) on Casino Night , only to be pepper-sprayed by Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) . Jim repeatedly tries to thank Dwight for his actions , but each attempt is rejected . Meanwhile , with Roy fired , Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) asks for a raise and is astounded when he learns that this raise would cause him to be paid more than his boss , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) . It first aired on April 5 , 2007 on NBC as a longer , super-sized episode . It was written by Michael Schur and directed by Jeffrey Blitz , and featured the end of Roy 's plot arc to win back Pam , his former fiancée . The episode also included the return of actor Ed Helms , who portrays Andy Bernard . The episode was first screened at Paleyfest in early 2007 . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was viewed by an estimated audience of 6.7 million people and earned a 3.2/10 ratings share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode received generally positive reviews , with television critics in particular praising the Dwight-Angela storyline . Schur received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but lost to fellow Office writer Greg Daniels for his work on Gay Witch Hunt ."}]}, {'value': 'For salary negotiations with Darryl , Michael gets negotiations help from Wikipedia . He then states in an interview that Wikipedia is the best thing ever . Anyone in the world can write anything they want about any subject , so you know you are getting the best possible information . As a result of the episode , Wikipedia had to lock down editing of the Negotiation article', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darryl_Philbin', 'summary': 'Darryl Philbin is a fictional character from the U.S. television series The Office , played by Craig Robinson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Scott_(The_Office)', 'summary': "Michael Gary Scott is a fictional character on NBC 's The Office , portrayed by Steve Carell and based on David Brent from the British version of the program . Michael is the central character of the series , serving as the Regional Manager of the Scranton branch of a paper distribution company , known as Dunder Mifflin Inc. from seasons 1-7 . However , he temporarily leaves Dunder Mifflin to form the Michael Scott Paper Company with Pam Beesly and Ryan Howard toward the end of the 5th season and shares a co-managerial position with Jim Halpert during a 6th season arc from The Meeting to The Manager and the Salesman . In the end of the 7th season , he proposes to HR representative Holly Flax and moves to Colorado to take care of her aging parents , leaving the manager position to Deangelo Vickers in Goodbye , Michael , to Andy Bernard in season 8 , after Vickers becomes brain dead , and ultimately to Dwight Schrute in season 9 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Negotiation', 'summary': 'Negotiation is a dialogue between two or more people or parties intended to reach a beneficial outcome over one or more issues where a conflict exists with respect to at least one of these issues . Negotiation is an interaction and process between entities who compromise to agree on matters of mutual interest , while optimizing their individual utilities . This beneficial outcome can be for all of the parties involved , or just for one or some of them . Negotiators need to understand negotiation process and other negotiators to increase their chances to close deals , avoid conflicts , establishing relationship with other parties and gain profit . It is aimed to resolve points of difference , to gain advantage for an individual or collective , or to craft outcomes to satisfy various interests . It is often conducted by putting forward a position and making concessions to achieve an agreement . The degree to which the negotiating parties trust each other to implement the negotiated solution is a major factor in determining whether negotiations are successful . People negotiate daily , often without considering it a negotiation . [ page needed ] Negotiation occurs in organizations , including businesses , non-profits , and within and between governments as well as in sales and legal proceedings , and in personal situations such as marriage , divorce , parenting , etc . Professional negotiators are often specialized , such as union negotiators , leverage buyout negotiators , peace negotiator , or hostage negotiators . They may also work under other titles , such as diplomats , legislators , or brokers . There is also negotiation conducted by algorithms or machines known as autonomous negotiation .'}]}, {'value': 'May 24 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Colbert Report , episode 265', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Colbert_Report', 'summary': "The Colbert Report ( /koʊlˈbɛər rɪˌpɔːr/ kohl-BAIR rih-por ) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17 , 2005 , to December 18 , 2014 , for 1,447 episodes . The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert , played by his real-life namesake . The character , described by Colbert as a well-intentioned , poorly informed , high-status idiot , is a caricature of televised political pundits . Furthermore , the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs , particularly Fox News 's The O'Reilly Factor . The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central 's The Daily Show , where Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character . The program was created by Colbert , Jon Stewart , and Ben Karlin . The show 's writing was grounded in improvisation , and often lampooned current events stories . The show 's structure also included a guest interview , in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent 's argument . The show was taped in New York City 's Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood , and the program 's set is hyper-American , epitomizing the character 's ego . The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday , with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks . The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes , leading to various awards , including two Peabody Awards . The show 's cultural influence - which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show 's audience , dubbed the Colbert Nation - extended beyond the program a number of times ."}]}, {'value': "Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales appears as a guest on the show hosted by Stephen Colbert on Comedy Central . They discuss Colbert 's vandalism of Wikipedia and his telling of his viewers to vandalize various pages . Several articles , such as oxygen , librarian and Stephen Colbert , were locked to prevent vandalism shortly after the episode aired . On the show , Wales jokes that he may have to lock down the entire Spanish-language Wikipedia for a few days because of Colbert 's comment that perhaps it should learn English", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Wales', 'summary': "Jimmy Donal Jimbo Wales ( born August 7 , 1966 ) is an American-British Internet entrepreneur . He is a co-founder of the online non-profit encyclopedia Wikipedia and the for-profit web hosting company Wikia . Wales was born in Huntsville , Alabama , where he attended Randolph School , a university-preparatory school . He earned bachelor 's and master 's degrees in finance from Auburn University and the University of Alabama respectively . In graduate school , Wales taught at two universities ; however , he departed before completing a PhD to take a job in finance and later worked as the research director of a Chicago futures and options firm . In 1996 , he and two partners founded Bomis , a web portal featuring entertainment and adult content . Bomis provided the initial funding for the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia , Nupedia ( 2000-2003 ) , and its successor , Wikipedia . On January 15 , 2001 , with Larry Sanger and others , Wales launched Wikipedia - a free , open-content encyclopedia that enjoyed rapid growth and popularity . As Wikipedia 's public profile grew , he became its promoter and spokesman . Though he is historically credited as co-founder , he has disputed this , declaring himself the sole founder . Wales serves on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees , the charity that he helped establish to operate Wikipedia , holding its board-appointed community founder seat . For his role in creating Wikipedia , which has become the world 's largest encyclopedia , in 2006 Time named him one of The 100 Most Influential People in the World ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Colbert', 'summary': "Stephen Tyrone Colbert ( /koʊlˈbɛər/ kohl-BAIR ; born May 13 , 1964 ) is an American comedian , writer , producer , actor and television host . He is best known for hosting the satirical Comedy Central program The Colbert Report from 2005 to 2014 and the CBS talk program The Late Show with Stephen Colbert beginning in September 2015 . Colbert originally studied to be a dramatic actor , but became interested in improvisational theater while attending Northwestern University , where he met Second City director Del Close . Colbert first performed professionally as an understudy for Steve Carell at Second City Chicago , where his troupe mates included Paul Dinello and Amy Sedaris , comedians with whom he developed the sketch comedy series Exit 57 . He wrote and performed on the short-lived Dana Carvey Show before collaborating with Sedaris and Dinello again on the cult television series Strangers with Candy . He gained attention for his role on the latter as closeted gay history teacher Chuck Noblet . Colbert 's work as a correspondent on Comedy Central 's news-parody series The Daily Show gained him wide recognition . In 2005 , he left The Daily Show to host The Colbert Report . Following The Daily Show 's news-parody concept , The Colbert Report was a parody of personality-driven political opinion shows including The O'Reilly Factor , in which he portrayed a caricatured version of conservative political pundits . The series became one of Comedy Central 's highest-rated series , earning Colbert an invitation to perform as featured entertainer at the White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner in 2006 . After ending The Colbert Report , he was hired in 2015 to succeed retiring David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS . He hosted the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards in September 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Comedy_Central', 'summary': "Comedy Central is an American pay television channel owned by ViacomCBS through its ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks division 's Entertainment & Youth Group unit , based in Manhattan . The channel is geared for mature audiences and carries comedy programming in the form of both original , licensed , and syndicated series , stand-up comedy specials , and feature films . Since the early 2000s , Comedy Central has expanded globally with localized channels in Europe , India , Southeast Asia , Latin America , New Zealand , Middle East , and Africa . The international channels are operated by Viacom International Media Networks . Comedy Central is available to approximately 86,723,000 households in the United States as of September 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vandalism_of_Wikipedia', 'summary': 'On Wikipedia , vandalism is the act of editing the project in a malicious manner that is intentionally disruptive . Vandalism includes the addition , removal , or modification of the text or other material that is either humorous , nonsensical , a hoax , or that is of an offensive , humiliating , or otherwise degrading nature . Throughout its history , Wikipedia has struggled to maintain a balance between allowing the freedom of open editing and protecting the accuracy of its information when false information can be potentially damaging to its subjects . Vandalism is easy to commit on Wikipedia because anyone can edit the site , with the exception of articles that are currently semi-protected , which means that new and unregistered users can not edit them . Vandalism can be committed by either guest editors or those with registered accounts ; however , a semi-protected or protected page can only be edited by autoconfirmed or confirmed Wikipedia editors , or administrators , respectively . Frequent targets of vandalism include articles on hot and controversial topics , famous celebrities , and current events . In some cases , people have been falsely reported as having died . This has notably happened to United States Senators Ted Kennedy and Robert Byrd ( both of whom are now deceased ) , and American rapper Kanye West ( who is alive ) . The challenge from vandalism on Wikipedia was once characterized by the former Encyclopædia Britannica editor-in-chief Robert McHenry : The user who visits Wikipedia . is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom . It may be obviously dirty so that he knows to exercise great care , or it may seem fairly clean , so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security . What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxygen', 'summary': "Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8 . It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table , a highly reactive nonmetal , and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds . By mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . At standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O2 . Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth 's atmosphere . As compounds including oxides , the element makes up almost half of the Earth 's crust . Dioxygen is used in cellular respiration and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells , teeth , and bone . Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . Oxygen is continuously replenished in Earth 's atmosphere by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide . Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . Another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone ( O3 ) , strongly absorbs ultraviolet UVB radiation and the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation . However , ozone present at the surface is a byproduct of smog and thus a pollutant ."}]}, {'value': 'May 25 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Time with Bill Maher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher', 'summary': "Real Time with Bill Maher is a talk show that airs weekly on HBO , hosted by comedian and political satirist Bill Maher . Much like his previous series Politically Incorrect on Comedy Central and later ABC , Real Time features a panel of guests who discuss current events in politics and the media . Unlike the previous show , guests are usually better versed in the subject matter : more experts such as journalists , professors , and politicians participate in the panel , and fewer actors and celebrities are included . Real Time is a weekly hour-long program with a studio audience , airing live on Friday nights at 10:00 pm ET . It originates from Studio 33 ( The Bob Barker Studio ) at CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In addition , a 10- to 15-minute Overtime segment quickly follows the show on YouTube ( Live Streams ) , which answers questions posted by viewers through HBO 's online website for the show . The show 's seventeenth season premiered on January 18 , 2019 . HBO has renewed Real Time through 2020 ."}]}, {'value': "Maher jokingly claims to have used Wikipedia in researching the misdeeds of past U.S. presidents to find examples that support Jimmy Carter 's assertion that the George W. Bush administration is the worst in history", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Carter', 'summary': "James Earl Carter Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) is an American politician , philanthropist , and former farmer who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 . Since leaving the presidency , Carter has remained active in the private sector ; in 2002 , he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center . Raised in Plains , Georgia , Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and joined the United States Navy , where he served on submarines . After the death of his father in 1953 , Carter left his naval career and returned home to Georgia to take up the reins of his family 's peanut-growing business . Carter inherited comparatively little due to his father 's forgiveness of debts and the division of the estate among the children . Nevertheless , his ambition to expand and grow the Carters ' peanut business was fulfilled . During this period , Carter was motivated to oppose the political climate of racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement . He became an activist within the Democratic Party . From 1963 to 1967 , Carter served in the Georgia State Senate , and in 1970 , he was elected as Governor of Georgia , defeating former Governor Carl Sanders in the Democratic primary on an anti-segregation platform advocating affirmative action for ethnic minorities . Carter remained as governor until 1975 . Despite being a dark-horse candidate who was little known outside of Georgia at the start of the campaign , Carter won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush', 'summary': 'The presidency of George W. Bush began at noon EST on January 20 , 2001 , when George W. Bush was inaugurated as the 43rd president of the United States , and ended on January 20 , 2009 . Bush , a Republican , took office following a very close victory over Democratic incumbent vice president Al Gore in the 2000 presidential election . Four years later , in the 2004 election , he defeated Democrat John Kerry to win re-election . Bush , the 43rd president , is the eldest son of the 41st president , George H. W. Bush . He was succeeded by Democrat Barack Obama , who won the 2008 presidential election . Upon taking office , Bush pushed through a $ 1.3 trillion tax cut program and the No Child Left Behind Act , a major education bill . He also pushed for socially conservative efforts , such as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act and faith-based welfare initiatives . After the terrorist attacks on September 11 , 2001 , Bush declared a global war on terrorism and , in October 2001 , ordered an invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban , destroy the terrorist group al-Qaeda , and capture Osama bin Laden . That same month , he signed into law the controversial Patriot Act in order to authorize surveillance of suspected terrorists . In 2003 , Bush ordered an invasion of Iraq , asserting that Iraq possessed stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction in violation of UN Security Council Resolution 1441 . Later that year , he signed the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , which created Medicare Part D. During his second term , Bush reached multiple free trade agreements and successfully nominated John G. Roberts and Samuel Alito to the Supreme Court . He sought major changes to Social Security and immigration laws , but both efforts failed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_United_States_Presidents', 'summary': 'In political studies , surveys have been conducted in order to construct historical rankings of the success of individuals who have served as the president of the United States . Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion . The rankings focus on the presidential achievements , leadership qualities , failures and faults .'}]}, {'value': 'August 5 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'News Knight with Sir Trevor McDonald , episode 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News_Knight_with_Sir_Trevor_McDonald', 'summary': "News Knight with Sir Trevor McDonald , more commonly referred to as simply News Knight is a British television panel show shown on ITV , at 22:00 on Sunday nights . Fronted by Sir Trevor McDonald and in a similar style to the BBC One programme Have I Got News for You , its format featured three comedians and McDonald satirising the week 's news . Marcus Brigstocke was a permanent member of the news team . News Knight is produced by Hat Trick Productions , the same production company as Have I Got News For You . The programme 's title is a pun on McDonald 's knighthood and on the BBC Two current affairs programme Newsnight . The show is therefore referred to as News Knight with Sir Trevor McDonald to avoid confusion ."}]}, {'value': 'McDonald says that Wikipedia is one of the most trusted websites in the world and that , according to its entry on itself , Wikipedia was founded by Ken Dodd in 1673', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia', 'summary': "Wikipedia ( /ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdiə/ ( listen ) wik-ih-PEE-dee-ə or /ˌwɪkiˈpiːdiə/ ( listen ) wik-ee-PEE-dee-ə ) is a multilingual online encyclopedia created and maintained as an open collaboration project by a community of volunteer editors using a wiki-based editing system . It is the largest and most popular general reference work on the World Wide Web , and is one of the most popular websites ranked by Alexa as of January 2020 . It features exclusively free content and no commercial ads , and is owned and supported by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization funded primarily through donations . Wikipedia was launched on January 15 , 2001 , by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger . Sanger coined its name , as a portmanteau of wiki ( the Hawaiian word for quick ) and encyclopedia . Initially an English-language encyclopedia , versions of Wikipedia in other languages were quickly developed . With at least 6,017,601 articles , [ note 3 ] the English Wikipedia is the largest of the more than 290 Wikipedia encyclopedias . Overall , Wikipedia comprises more than 40 million articles in 301 different languages and by February 2014 it had reached 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors per month . In 2005 , Nature published a peer review comparing 42 hard science articles from Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia and found that Wikipedia 's level of accuracy approached that of Britannica , although critics suggested that it might not have fared so well in a similar study of a random sampling of all articles or one focused on social science or contentious social issues . The following year , Time magazine stated that the open-door policy of allowing anyone to edit had made Wikipedia the biggest and possibly the best encyclopedia in the world , and was a testament to the vision of Jimmy Wales . Wikipedia has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias , for presenting a mixture of truth , half truth , and some falsehoods , and for being subject to manipulation and spin in controversial topics . Wikipedia has been criticized for gender bias , particularly on its English-language site , where the dominant majority of editors are male ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ken_Dodd', 'summary': "Sir Kenneth Arthur Dodd OBE ( 8 November 1927 - 11 March 2018 ) was an English comedian , singer and occasional actor . He was described as the last great music hall entertainer , and was primarily known for his live stand-up performances . A lifelong resident of Knotty Ash in Liverpool , Dodd 's career as an entertainer started in the mid-1950s . His performances included rapid and incessant delivery of often surreal jokes , and would run for several hours , frequently past midnight . His verbal and physical comedy was supplemented by his red , white and blue tickling stick prop , and often introduced by his characteristic upbeat greeting of How tickled I am ! He interspersed the comedy with songs , both serious and humorous , and with his original speciality , ventriloquism . He also had several hit singles primarily as a ballad singer in the 1960s , and occasionally appeared in dramatic roles . He performed on radio and television , and popularised the characters of the Diddy Men . He was knighted in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to entertainment and charity . His stage career lasted for over 60 years , and he continued to perform until the end of 2017 , when his health permitted ; he died on 11 March 2018 , aged 90 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 10 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Daily Show with Jon Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Daily_Show', 'summary': "The Daily Show is an American late-night talk and news satire television program . It airs each Monday through Thursday on Comedy Central . Describing itself as a fake news program , The Daily Show draws its comedy and satire from recent news stories , political figures , media organizations , and often uses self-referential humor as well . The half-hour-long show premiered on July 21 , 1996 , and was first hosted by Craig Kilborn until December 17 , 1998 . Jon Stewart then took over as the host from January 11 , 1999 , until August 6 , 2015 , making the show more strongly focused on political satire and news satire , in contrast with the pop culture focus during Kilborn 's tenure . Stewart was succeeded by Trevor Noah , whose tenure premiered on September 28 , 2015 . Under different hosts , the show has been formally known as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 until 2015 , and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah since 2015 . The Daily Show is the longest-running program on Comedy Central ( counting all three tenures ) , and has won 24 Primetime Emmy Awards . The program is popular among young audiences . The Pew Research Center suggested in 2010 that 74% of regular viewers were between 18 and 49 , and that 10% of the audience watched the show for its news headlines , 2% for in-depth reporting , and 43% for entertainment ; compared with respectively 64% , 10% and 4% who said the same of CNN . Critics chastised Stewart for not conducting sufficiently hard-hitting interviews with his political guests , some of whom he may have lampooned in previous segments . Stewart and other Daily Show writers responded to such criticism by saying that they do not have any journalistic responsibility and that as comedians their only duty is to provide entertainment ."}]}, {'value': "The host Jon Stewart and the night 's guest , Jeff Garlin , joke about Wikipedia 's volatility , and mentions that guest 's article on Wikipedia are being hacked by his family and friends . Jeff Garlin finishes off by saying that Wikipedia should not be taken seriously", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Stewart', 'summary': "Jon Stewart ( born Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz ; November 28 , 1962 ) is an American comedian , writer , producer , director , political commentator , actor , and television host . He hosted The Daily Show , a satirical news program on Comedy Central , from 1999 to 2015 . Stewart started as a stand-up comedian , but branched into television as host of Short Attention Span Theater for Comedy Central . He went on to host The Jon Stewart Show and then You Wrote It , You Watch It , both on MTV . Stewart also has appeared in several films , such as Big Daddy ( 1999 ) and Death to Smoochy ( 2002 ) , but did few cinematic projects after becoming host of The Daily Show in 1999 . He also was a writer and co-executive producer of the show . After Stewart joined , The Daily Show steadily gained popularity and critical acclaim , and during his tenure , it won 22 Primetime Emmy Awards , and also was nominated for news and journalism awards . Stewart hosted the 78th and 80th Academy Awards . He is the co-author of America ( The Book ) : A Citizen 's Guide to Democracy Inaction , which was one of the best-selling books in the U.S. in 2004 , and Earth ( The Book ) : A Visitor 's Guide to the Human Race , released in 2010 . Since leaving The Daily Show , Stewart has for the most part maintained a low profile , with his sustained advocacy for 9/11 first responders being a notable exception ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Garlin', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Todd Garlin ( born June 5 , 1962 ) is an American comedian and actor . He plays Jeff Greene on the HBO show Curb Your Enthusiasm , Mort Meyers on Arrested Development for Fox and Netflix and Murray Goldberg , the patriarch of the eponymous family in the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs . He has also appeared in ParaNorman , Wall-E , Toy Story 3 and Safety Not Guaranteed , among other films and has hosted his own podcast on Earwolf since 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 26 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dancing with the Stars ( US season 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(US_season_5)', 'summary': 'Season five of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 24 , 2007 with a special three-night premiere week , on the ABC network . As with previous seasons , CTV Television Network had aired the series in Canada . On November 27 , 2007 , Indy 500 driver Hélio Castroneves and Julianne Hough were announced the winners , marking the second win for Hough .'}]}, {'value': 'On an episode which aired on September 26 , 2007 , a satirical mini-documentary was featured in the show exploring the history of dance . The fake history of dance was concluded with the phrase , You can look it up - I just made an entry in Wikipedia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 30 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frisky Dingo , episode 19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frisky_Dingo', 'summary': "Frisky Dingo is an American adult animated cartoon series created by Adam Reed and Matt Thompson for Adult Swim . The series revolves around the conflict between a supervillain named Killface and a superhero named Awesome X , alias billionaire Xander Crews , and much of the show 's humor focuses on parodying superhero and action-movie clichés . It debuted on October 16 , 2006 , and its first season ended on January 22 , 2007 . The second season premiered on August 26 , 2007 , and ended on March 23 , 2008 . A third season was in development , but in the absence of a renewal contract from Adult Swim , preproduction ceased . The production company , 70/30 Productions , subsequently went out of business in January 2009 . A spin-off show , The Xtacles , premiered on November 9 , 2008 , but only two episodes were aired prior to the production company 's closure ."}]}, {'value': 'Xander Crews attempts to look up whether or not the Vice President of the United States is VP of both the United States and Canada , on Wikipedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xander_Crews', 'summary': "Frisky Dingo is an American adult animated cartoon series created by Adam Reed and Matt Thompson for Adult Swim . The series revolves around the conflict between a supervillain named Killface and a superhero named Awesome X , alias billionaire Xander Crews , and much of the show 's humor focuses on parodying superhero and action-movie clichés . It debuted on October 16 , 2006 , and its first season ended on January 22 , 2007 . The second season premiered on August 26 , 2007 , and ended on March 23 , 2008 . A third season was in development , but in the absence of a renewal contract from Adult Swim , preproduction ceased . The production company , 70/30 Productions , subsequently went out of business in January 2009 . A spin-off show , The Xtacles , premiered on November 9 , 2008 , but only two episodes were aired prior to the production company 's closure ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damages , episode 10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damages_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Damages is an American legal thriller television series created by writing and production trio Daniel Zelman , Glenn Kessler , and Todd A. Kessler . It premiered on July 24 , 2007 on FX and aired for three seasons before moving to the DirecTV channel Audience Network in 2010 , airing for two further seasons , and concluding in 2012 . The plot revolves around the brilliant , ruthless lawyer Patty Hewes ( Glenn Close ) and her newest protégée , recent law school graduate Ellen Parsons ( Rose Byrne ) . Each season features a major case that Hewes and her firm take on while also examining a chapter of the complex relationship between Ellen and Patty . The first two seasons center on the law firm Hewes & Associates in New York City , while later seasons center more on Patty and Ellen 's relationship , as Ellen attempts to distance herself from Hewes & Associates professionally and personally . The series is known for its depiction of season-long cases , from the point of view of both a law firm and an opponent . It is also noted for the technical merit of its writing , including its effective use of plot twists and non-linear narrative . It has received critical acclaim and various award nominations , with Close and Željko Ivanek winning Primetime Emmy Awards for their performances . Other established actors in the cast include Ted Danson , William Hurt , Marcia Gay Harden , Timothy Olyphant , Martin Short , Lily Tomlin , John Goodman , Ryan Phillippe , Dylan Baker , Janet McTeer , and John Hannah ."}]}, {'value': "Patty Hewes tells Ray Fiske she has a lot of questions for Arthur Frobisher to which Fiske replies That 's what Wikipedia 's for", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'References to Wikipedia -- Other instances', 'section_text': 'See also : Wikipedia : Wikipedia on TV and radio', 'uid': 'Wikipedia_in_culture_3', 'intro': "References to Wikipedia in western culture have increased as more people learn about and use the online encyclopedia project. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with individuals vandalizing or modifying articles in nonconstructive ways. Still, others feature individuals using Wikipedia as a reference work, or positively comparing their intelligence to Wikipedia. In some cases, Wikipedia is not used as an encyclopedia at all, but instead serves more as a character trait or even as a game. Wikipedia has also become culturally significant with many individuals seeing the presence of their own Wikipedia entry as a status symbol."}
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Which aired first ? a legal thriller television show which was created by Daniel Zelman , Glenn Kessler , and Todd A. Kessler , or a show which aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17 , 2005 , to December 18 , 2014 ?
The Colbert Report
06557d96bed2d473
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup_qualification', 'title': 'Rugby World Cup qualification', 'header': ['Tournament', 'Automatically qualified', 'Qualified via competition', 'Eliminated in repechage'], 'data': [{'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Rugby_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1987 Rugby World Cup was the first Rugby World Cup . New Zealand and Australia agreed to co-host the tournament . New Zealand hosted 20 matches - 17 pool stage matches , two quarter-finals and the final - while Australia hosted 12 matches - seven pool matches , two quarter-finals and both semi-finals . The event was won by co-hosts New Zealand , who were the strong favourites and won all their matches comfortably . France were losing finalists , and Wales surprise third-place winners : Australia , having been second favourites , finished fourth after conceding crucial tries in the dying seconds of both the semi-final against France and the third-place play-off against Wales . Sixteen teams competed in the inaugural tournament . Seven of the 16 places were automatically filled by the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) members - New Zealand , Australia , England , Scotland , Ireland , Wales and France . South Africa was unable to compete because of the international sporting boycott due to apartheid . There was no qualification process to fill the remaining nine spots . Instead invitations were sent out to Argentina , Fiji , Italy , Canada , Romania , Tonga , Japan , Zimbabwe and the United States . This left Western Samoa controversially excluded , despite their better playing standard than some of the teams invited . The USSR were to be invited but they declined the invitation on political grounds , allegedly due to the continued IRFB membership of South Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand Fiji Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Asia_and_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'In qualification for the 1991 Rugby World Cup , Asia and Oceania were combined . The qualifying round-robin tournament was played in Japan in April 1990 . The top two teams ( Western Samoa and Japan ) qualified for the finals and were allocated to Pool 3 and Pool 2 , respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia Fiji New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Samoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'For the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa , the Oceania teams from Australia , New Zealand and Western Samoa were granted automatic entry due to reaching the quarter-final stages of the 1991 tournament . Oceania was granted one further qualifying place , which was decided by a simple home and away play-off between Fiji and Tonga in 1993 . Each team lost their home match , but Tonga won the play-off on aggregate score .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia Western Samoa New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'For the 1999 Rugby World Cup qualifiers , the Oceanian Federation was allocated three places in the final tournament and one place in the repechage . Seven teams played in the Oceania qualifiers that were held over three stages from 1996 to 1998 . Australia , Fiji and Western Samoa were the top three sides and secured their places as Oceania 1 , Oceania 2 and Oceania 3 , respectively , for RWC 99 . Tonga qualified for the repechage tournament .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia Fiji Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'In qualification for the 2003 Rugby World Cup , a number of positions were available to Oceania nations . Fiji , Samoa and the Tonga would eventually qualify , joining automatic qualifiers Australia and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Fiji Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'In qualification for the 2007 Rugby World Cup , there were two places available for Oceania teams , and one place in the repechage . In the group rounds , there were three points awarded for a win , two for a draw , and one for a loss . There were no bonus points awarded .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Fiji Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'There was one qualifier for Rugby World Cup 2011 from the Oceania region . The qualifying process began with the 2009 Oceania Nations Cup , with the winner going on to play Samoa . The first stage was the four team Oceania Nations Cup . The Cup was played as a straight knock-out . The winner then advanced to the final qualifier against Samoa , a two legged playoff to decide the Oceania Qualifier who faced South Africa , Wales , Fiji , and the African qualifier ( Namibia ) in Pool D Oceania was the only region not to send a team to the 20th place playoff .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia Fiji New Zealand Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Samoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': 'The Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions ( FORU ) section of the 2015 Rugby World Cup qualification involved five teams competing for one spot in the final tournament in England .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Fiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Oceania_qualification', 'summary': "Qualifying for the 2019 Rugby World Cup for Oceania Rugby began in June 2016 , where across 2 years , 3 teams competed for two direct qualification spots from Oceania . Two places were available to Oceania in a cross-regional play-off series ' to qualify for the World Cup and or advance through the Repechage . Two teams from the Oceania region , New Zealand and Australia , qualified automatically for the 2019 World Cup by finishing in the top 12 in the 2015 World Cup . Fiji and Tonga qualified by finishing first and second ( on aggregate ) in the 2016 and 2017 Pacific Nations Cup competitions . Samoa advanced to the cross regional play-off where they would play a team from Europe for a place in the World Cup ; the loser would move to the Repechage . Tahiti won the 2017 Oceania Rugby Cup to advance to the second cross regional play-off , but were disqualified in March 2018 after a World Rugby investigation found they had fielded two ineligible players in their match against the Cook Islands . The Cook Islands were then declared winner of the Oceania Rugby Cup and will advance to the regional playoff to play a team from Asia for a place in the Repechage ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Fiji Samoa Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Fiji national rugby union team represents Fiji in men 's international rugby union competes every four years at the Rugby World Cup , and their best performances were the 1987 and 2007 tournaments when they defeated Argentina and Wales respectively to reach the quarterfinals . Fiji also regularly plays test matches during the June and November test windows . Fiji also plays in the Pacific Tri-Nations , and has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are approximately 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 950,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their rugby players to play for Fiji as a country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams where the money is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . The cibi ( pronounced [ ˈðimbi ] ) war dance is performed by the Fiji rugby team before each Test match . It has been used on the rugby field since 1939 , though its origins date back to the country 's warring times with its Pacific neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Samoa national rugby union team ( also known as Manu Samoa ) represents Samoa in men 's international rugby union and it 's governed by the Samoa Rugby Union . The name Manu Samoa is in honour of a famous Samoan warrior . They perform a traditional Samoan challenge called the siva tau before each game . Samoa Rugby Union were formerly members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Tonga . They are ranked 15th in the world . Rugby was introduced to Samoa in the early 1920s and a governing body was soon formed . The first international was played as Western Samoa against Fiji in August 1924 . Along with Tonga , these nations would meet regularly and eventually contest competitions such as the Pacific Tri-Nations - with Western Samoa winning the first of these . From 1924 to 1997 Samoa was known as Western Samoa . Samoa have been to every Rugby World Cup since the 1991 tournament . That tournament , along with the 1995 competition , saw them make the quarter-finals . Under their new coach , former New Zealand and Samoan international player Michael Jones , Samoa competed in the 2007 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Cook Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cook_Islands_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Cook Islands is a third tier rugby union playing nation . They began playing international rugby in the early 1971 . Thus far , the Cook Islands have not made an appearance at any of the World Cups .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Qualification by continent -- Oceania', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Rugby_World_Cup_qualification_4', 'intro': 'Rugby World Cup qualification is a process that determines which nations will compete at the Rugby World Cup. Unlike previous tournaments (where eight teams, the quarter-finalists from the preceding World Cup, qualified automatically and twelve places were available through qualification) the 2011 World Cup will be contested by twelve automatic qualifiers / seeds (the teams who finished in the top three of the groups at the 2007 World Cup) and eight qualifiers. The qualification system for the remaining eight places will be region-based with Europe and the Americas allocated two qualifying places, Africa, Asia and Oceania one place each, with the last place determined by a play-off.'}
null
null
In what tournament year was the automatically qualified country one that first played at Sydney in 1899 ?
1987
06564d367ab56592
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_London_Marathon', 'title': '2011 London Marathon', 'header': ['Position', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Keitany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Keitany', 'summary': "Mary Jepkosgei Keitany ( born 18 January 1982 ) is a Kenyan long distance runner . She is the world record holder in a women-only marathon , having won the 2017 London Marathon in a time of 2:17:01 . As of November 2019 , she sits third all-time at both the marathon and half marathon . Her former half marathon best of 1:05:50 ( 2011 ) lived three years as the women 's world record . She also has held the world record at 10 miles ( 50:05 minutes ) , 20 kilometres ( 1:02:36 ) , and 25 kilometres ( 1:19:53 ) , all of which were set in road races . In August 2018 she was honored by the Shoe4Africa foundation who funded and built the Mary Keitany Shoe4Africa school in Torokwonin , Baringo County , Kenya . She and her husband Charles sit on the Shoe4Africa school board ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2:19:19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liliya Shobukhova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liliya_Shobukhova', 'summary': 'Liliya Bulatovna Shobukhova , née Shagbalova , Divorced name Volkova , ( Russian : Лилия Булатoвнa Шoбухова ( Шагбaлова ) ( Волкова ) ; born 13 November 1977 ) is a Russian long-distance runner who competed in marathon races . She previously specialized in the 3000 and 5000 metres track events . She served a doping ban until 23 August 2015 . Shobukhova started her career in middle-distance running in 2001 and reached the final at both the European Indoor Championships and European Athletics Championships in 2002 . She moved on to longer distances and , two years later , she represented Russia at the 2004 Athens Olympics and reached the 5000 m final . She ran at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics , but her first major successes came the following year when she won silver medals at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships and the 2006 European Athletics Championships . Shobukhova began to compete in road races , winning the 2007 Prague Half Marathon , but she still reached the 5000 m final at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . After running in the 10,000 metres at the 2009 World Championships , she focused on road races full-time . The move paid dividends for her as she won at the Chicago Marathon three times straight from 2009 to 2011 , as well as the 2010 London Marathon . Her former personal best time of 2:18:20 hours was the Russian record for the event and made her the second fastest woman ever after Paula Radcliffe until it and all her other race results since 9 October 2009 were annulled following an adverse finding of biological passport abnormalities indicative of drug use . She is a former world indoor record in the 3000 m and is the current European record holder in the 3000 m and 5000 m .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '2:20:15 NR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Russian_records_in_athletics', 'summary': 'The following are the national records in athletics in Russia maintained by All-Russia Athletic Federation ( ARAF ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edna Kiplagat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edna_Kiplagat', 'summary': 'Edna Ngeringwony Kiplagat ( born 15 September 1979 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner . She is the 2011 and 2013 IAAF World Champion in the marathon . She established herself as an elite marathon runner with wins at the Los Angeles and New York City Marathons in 2010 . Her personal best for the distance is 2:19:50 hours , set at the London Marathon in 2012 . At age 37 , Kiplagat won the 2017 Boston Marathon in a time of 2:21:52 hours .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2:20:46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bezunesh Bekele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bezunesh_Bekele', 'summary': 'Bezunesh Bekele ( full name Bezunesh Bekele Sertsu , also written Bizunesh Bekele ; born 29 January 1983 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specializes in cross-country running and marathons .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2:23:42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atsede Baysa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atsede_Baysa', 'summary': 'Atsede Baysa Tesema , also known as Atsede Bayisa ( born 16 April 1987 ) , is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in road running events . She has won the Chicago Marathon , Boston Marathon and Paris Marathon twice . She has also won at the Xiamen International Marathon and the Istanbul Marathon . She represented Ethiopia at the 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships ( taking the team silver ) and at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in the marathon race . She was the half marathon silver medallist at the 2007 All-Africa Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2:23:50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yukiko Akaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yukiko_Akaba', 'summary': 'Yukiko Akaba ( 赤羽 有紀子 , Akaba Yukiko , born 18 October 1979 in Haga , Tochigi ) is a Japanese long-distance runner who specializes in the 10,000 metres , half marathon and marathon events .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '2:24:09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irina Mikitenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irina_Mikitenko', 'summary': 'Irina Mikitenko , née Volynskaya ( Russian : Ирина Волынская ( Микитенко ) ; born 23 August 1972 in Bakanas , Kazakh SSR , Soviet Union ) , is a German long-distance runner who competes in marathons . She won the Berlin Marathon in 2008 and is a two-time winner of the London Marathon . She has competed at the Summer Olympics on four occasions . Mikitenko was a track specialist in the early part of her career , running in distances from 3000 metres to 10,000 metres . She represented Kazakhstan at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics in the 5000 metres but migrated to Germany soon after . Taking up German citizenship , she ran German records in the 3000 m ( 8:30.39 minutes ) and 5000 m ( 14:42.03 minutes ) . She came close to a major 5000 m medal on several occasions : at the World Championships in Athletics she was fourth in 1999 and fifth in 2001 , while at the 2000 Summer Olympics took fifth place . After a seventh-place finish in the event at the 2004 Summer Olympics she took a career break to have a child . Upon her return to competition she began focusing on road running events . The change up to the marathon brought the greatest success of her career . A run of 2:19:19 hours to win the Berlin Marathon made her the fourth fastest woman ever at that point . Her win in London the year after in 2:22:11 hours was the fastest that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:24:24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jéssica Augusto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jéssica_Augusto', 'summary': 'Jéssica de Barros Augusto , ComM ( born 8 November 1981 ) is a Portuguese runner who competes in cross country , road running and in middle-distance and long-distance track events . At club level , she represents Sporting CP . Augusto has enjoyed much success at the European Cross Country Championships . She won the event in 2010 , was the runner-up in 2008 , and shared in the team gold on three occasions . She was the first European-born runner to finish at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , although she was 21st overall . She has represented Portugal in three World Championships in Athletics and at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2012 London Olympics . She has won medals on the track at minor championships , including golds at the 2007 Summer Universiade and 2009 Lusophony Games . In road running , her greatest achievement is a win at the 2009 Great North Run , where she set a half marathon best of 1:09:08 . She has also won at the Cursa Bombers , and finished second at both the São Silvestre de Lisboa and Great South Run .'}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '2:24:33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aberu Kebede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberu_Kebede', 'summary': 'Aberu Kebede Shewaye ( born 12 September 1989 ) is an Ethiopian long distance runner who specializes in road running competitions . Her half marathon best of 1:07:39 is one of the fastest ever by an Ethiopian woman . She gained a bronze at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships with the performance and has won at the Berlin Marathon , Stramilano Half Marathon and the Rotterdam Marathon . She has a marathon best of 2:20:30 hours .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2:24:34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mariya Konovalova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariya_Konovalova', 'summary': 'Mariya Ivanovna Konovalova ( Russian : Мария Ивановна Коновалова ; born Mariya Pantyukhova on 14 August 1974 in Angarsk ) is a Russian long-distance runner . She has represented Russia in both track running and cross country running and was the silver medallist at the 2006 European Cross Country Championships . She has competed at the World Championships in Athletics on four occasions and ran for Russia at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . Konovalova began competing in marathon races in 2010 , making her debut at the 2010 London Marathon and taking third place at the 2010 Chicago Marathon . In 2015 , she was issued a two-year ban for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '2:25:18', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Elite races', 'section_text': "Emmanuel Mutai en route to his course record win Martin Lel sprinted to take second place . Elite Men Position Athlete Nationality Time Emmanuel Mutai Kenya 2:04:40 CR Martin Lel Kenya 2:05:45 Patrick Makau Kenya 2:05:45 4 Marílson Gomes dos Santos Brazil 2:06:34 5 Tsegaye Kebede Ethiopia 2:07:48 6 Jaouad Gharib Morocco 2:08:26 7 Abderrahime Bouramdane Morocco 2:08:42 8 Dmitriy Safronov Russia 2:09:35 9 Serod Bat-Ochir Mongolia 2:11:35 NR 10 Michael Shelley Australia 2:11:38 Mary Keitany won the women 's race and became the fourth-fastest woman ever . Liliya Shobukhova was second in a Russian record time . Elite women", 'uid': '2011_London_Marathon_1', 'intro': "The 2011 London Marathon took place on Sunday, 17 April 2011. The men's elite race saw Emmanuel Mutai win in a course record time to become the fourth-fastest ever over the distance. Runner-up Martin Lel sprinted to the line to beat Patrick Makau, completing a Kenyan sweep of the podium. Mary Keitany became the fourth-fastest woman ever with her winning time, while defending champion Liliya Shobukhova came second with a Russian record time. In the elite wheelchair racing marathon, Briton David Weir beat the defending champion Josh Cassidy to claim his fifth title at the event - the most in the history of the competition. London's 2009 women's wheelchair winner Amanda McGrory won her second title in a course record time of 1:46:31 hours. Around 35,000 people took part in the mass race and 35 Guinness World Records were set at the competition. The majority of the records were for completing the fastest race in a certain costume, but others included the fastest couple and fastest parent-child pairings. German Uli Killian solved 100 Rubik's Cube puzzles whilst completing the race. Steve Chalke, a Christian social activist, improved the record for the most funds raised for charity through a marathon run, raising £2.3 million for his Oasis Trust - beating his own record set at the previous year's race. The largest age group present at the race were men in their 30s, followed by men in their 40s. The joint-youngest runners were Michael Bennett and Helen Nutter, both taking part on their eighteenth birthdays (the minimum allowable age), while the oldest participant was 87-year-old Paul Freedman."}
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What is the capital of the home country of the 6th place finisher in the 2011 London Marathon ?
Tokyo
0656be2f0319c75b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Student-Athlete_of_the_Year', 'title': 'List of ECAC Hockey Student-Athlete of the Year', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Position', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': '2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2006–07_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2006-07 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October , 2006 and ended with the 2007 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 7 , 2007 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis , Missouri . Michigan State won the NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Championship , defeating Boston College 3-1 in the national championship game . This was the 60th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 112th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Olivier Bouchard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing .'}]}, {'value': 'Union', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Union_Dutchmen_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Union Dutchmen ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I men 's college ice hockey program that represents Union College . The Dutchmen are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Frank L. Messa Rink at Achilles Center in Schenectady , New York . The Dutchmen won the 2014 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament by defeating the Minnesota Golden Gophers 7-4 ."}]}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2007–08_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2007-08 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 7 , 2007 and ended with the 2008 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 12 , 2008 at Pepsi Center in Denver , Colorado . Boston College won their third NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Championship , defeating Notre Dame 4-1 in the national championship game . This was the 61st season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 113th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Landis Stankievech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Princeton', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Princeton Tigers men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Princeton University . The Tigers are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Hobey Baker Memorial Rink in Princeton , New Jersey . In 1999 , future NHL player Jeff Halpern scored 22 goals to tie for the most goals in the ECAC and was co-winner of Princeton 's Roper Trophy for athletic and academic achievement . In 2010-11 , Andrew Calof was ECAC Rookie of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008–09_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2008-09 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 10 , 2008 and concluded with the 2009 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 11 , 2009 at the Verizon Center in Washington , D.C. Over the course of the season , five teams achieved the nation 's # 1 ranking , with Boston University finishing the season as the top-ranked team after winning the national championship tournament . This was the 62nd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 114th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Cook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Union', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Union_Dutchmen_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Union Dutchmen ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I men 's college ice hockey program that represents Union College . The Dutchmen are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Frank L. Messa Rink at Achilles Center in Schenectady , New York . The Dutchmen won the 2014 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament by defeating the Minnesota Golden Gophers 7-4 ."}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2009–10_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2009-10 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 8 , 2009 and concluded with the 2010 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 10 , 2010 at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . Denver and Miami entered the season as the nations ' two top ranked teams . This was the 63rd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 115th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Colin Greening', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_Greening', 'summary': 'Colin Peter Greening ( born March 9 , 1986 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger . He played for the Ottawa Senators and the Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was originally drafted by the Senators in the seventh round , 204th overall , in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Left Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Winger , in the game of ice hockey , is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area . They typically work by flanking the centre forward . Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink . Nowadays , there are different types of wingers in the game - out-and-out goal scorers , checkers who disrupt the opponents , and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners . They tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenseman . This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes , i.e . left wing or right wing .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornell', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Cornell Big Red men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Cornell University . Cornell competes in the ECAC Hockey conference and plays its home games at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York . Six of the eight Ivy League schools sponsor men 's hockey and all six teams play in the twelve-team ECAC . The Ivy League crowns a champion based on the results of the games played between its members during the ECAC season . Cornell has won the ECAC Championship a record 12 times and has won the Ivy League Title 23 times , second to Harvard 's 25 . The 1970 Cornell Hockey team , coached by Ned Harkness was the first ( and currently only team ) in NCAA hockey history to win a national title while being undefeated and untied with a perfect 29-0-0 record . The Big Red 's archrival is the Harvard Crimson . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2010–11_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2010-11 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 2 , 2010 and concluded with the 2011 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 9 , 2011 at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota . This was the 64th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 116th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Stéphane Boileau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Union', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Union_Dutchmen_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Union Dutchmen ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I men 's college ice hockey program that represents Union College . The Dutchmen are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Frank L. Messa Rink at Achilles Center in Schenectady , New York . The Dutchmen won the 2014 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament by defeating the Minnesota Golden Gophers 7-4 ."}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2011–12_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2011-12 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 1 , 2011 and concluded with the 2012 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 7 , 2012 at the Tampa Bay Times Forum in Tampa , Florida . This was the 65th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 117th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Keir Ross', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defenceman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornell', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Cornell Big Red men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Cornell University . Cornell competes in the ECAC Hockey conference and plays its home games at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York . Six of the eight Ivy League schools sponsor men 's hockey and all six teams play in the twelve-team ECAC . The Ivy League crowns a champion based on the results of the games played between its members during the ECAC season . Cornell has won the ECAC Championship a record 12 times and has won the Ivy League Title 23 times , second to Harvard 's 25 . The 1970 Cornell Hockey team , coached by Ned Harkness was the first ( and currently only team ) in NCAA hockey history to win a national title while being undefeated and untied with a perfect 29-0-0 record . The Big Red 's archrival is the Harvard Crimson . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012–13_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2012-13 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began on October 6 , 2012 and concluded with the 2013 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 13 , 2013 at the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . This was the 66th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 118th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Zarbo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Clarkson', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Clarkson University . The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 1962 , and play their home games at Cheel Arena in Potsdam , New York . Although it is said [ by whom ? ] that the first Clarkson hockey game was played in 1916 against the Hogansburg Indians , they were established as a hockey club in 1921 , under the tutelage of head coach Gordon Croskery , and led by captain Bill Johnson . The Knights won their opening encounter against Alexandria Bay , 6-4 , and finished the year with a 2-1 record , their first of 72 winning seasons ."}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2013–14_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2013-14 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2013 and ended with the 2014 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game in April 2014 . This was the 67th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and the 119th year overall in which an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Iles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goaltender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornell', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Cornell Big Red men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Cornell University . Cornell competes in the ECAC Hockey conference and plays its home games at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York . Six of the eight Ivy League schools sponsor men 's hockey and all six teams play in the twelve-team ECAC . The Ivy League crowns a champion based on the results of the games played between its members during the ECAC season . Cornell has won the ECAC Championship a record 12 times and has won the Ivy League Title 23 times , second to Harvard 's 25 . The 1970 Cornell Hockey team , coached by Ned Harkness was the first ( and currently only team ) in NCAA hockey history to win a national title while being undefeated and untied with a perfect 29-0-0 record . The Big Red 's archrival is the Harvard Crimson . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014–15_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2014-15 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2014 and ended with the 2015 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game in April 2015 . This was the 68th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and the 120th year overall in which an NCAA school fielded a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Criscuolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Criscuolo', 'summary': 'Kyle Criscuolo ( born May 5 , 1992 ) is an American professional ice hockey forward . He is currently playing for the Lehigh Valley Phantoms in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) while under contract to the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Harvard University . The Crimson are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Bright Hockey Center in Boston , Massachusetts . The Crimson hockey team is one of the oldest college ice hockey teams in the United States , having played their first game on January 19 , 1898 , in a 0-6 loss to Brown . The Crimson 's archrival is the Cornell Big Red . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2015–16_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2015-16 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2015 and ended with the 2016 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 9 , 2016 . This was the 69th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and the 121st year overall in which an NCAA school fielded a team . On January 22 , 2016 Boston College coach Jerry York became the first NCAA hockey coach to win 1,000 games and only the second coach in the professional or amateur level to achieve 1,000 wins the only other coach to achieve this feat was Scotty Bowman ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Criscuolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Criscuolo', 'summary': 'Kyle Criscuolo ( born May 5 , 1992 ) is an American professional ice hockey forward . He is currently playing for the Lehigh Valley Phantoms in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) while under contract to the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'The centre ( or center in the United States ) in ice hockey is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is the middle of the ice , away from the sideboards . Centres have more flexibility in their positioning and are expected to cover more ice surface than any other player . Centres are ideally stronger , faster skaters who can back-check quickly from deep in the opposing zone . Generally , centres are expected to be gifted passers more than goal scorers , although there are exceptions . They are also expected to have exceptional ice vision , intelligence , and creativity . They also generally are the most defensively oriented forwards on the ice . Centres usually play as part of a line of players that are substituted frequently to keep fresh and keep the game moving .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Harvard University . The Crimson are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the Bright Hockey Center in Boston , Massachusetts . The Crimson hockey team is one of the oldest college ice hockey teams in the United States , having played their first game on January 19 , 1898 , in a 0-6 loss to Brown . The Crimson 's archrival is the Cornell Big Red . The teams meet at least twice each season for installments of the historic Cornell-Harvard hockey rivalry ."}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2016–17_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2016-17 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2016 and ended with the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game in April 2017 . This was the 70th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship will be held , and the 122nd year overall in which an NCAA school has iced a team ."}]}, {'value': 'Derek Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defenceman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Quinnipiac', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Quinnipiac Bobcats men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Quinnipiac University . The Bobcats are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the People 's United Center in Hamden , Connecticut ."}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2017–18_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2017-18 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2017 and ended with the Frozen Four in April 2018 . This was the 71st season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and US college hockey 's 123rd year overall ."}]}, {'value': 'Bo Pieper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Quinnipiac', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Quinnipiac Bobcats men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Quinnipiac University . The Bobcats are a member of ECAC Hockey . They play at the People 's United Center in Hamden , Connecticut ."}]}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2018–19_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", 'summary': "The 2018-19 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 2018 and ended with the Frozen Four in April 2019 . This was the 72nd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held , and United States college ice hockey 's 124th year overall ."}]}, {'value': 'Devin Brosseau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Clarkson', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Clarkson University . The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 1962 , and play their home games at Cheel Arena in Potsdam , New York . Although it is said [ by whom ? ] that the first Clarkson hockey game was played in 1916 against the Hogansburg Indians , they were established as a hockey club in 1921 , under the tutelage of head coach Gordon Croskery , and led by captain Bill Johnson . The Knights won their opening encounter against Alexandria Bay , 6-4 , and finished the year with a 2-1 record , their first of 72 winning seasons ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Award winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Student-Athlete_of_the_Year_0', 'intro': 'The ECAC Hockey Student-Athlete of the Year is an annual award given out at the conclusion of the ECAC Hockey regular season to the top scholar-athlete in the conference as voted by the coaches of each ECAC team. Each team nominates a candidate based upon their academic and athletic achievements who then become eligible for the conference award. The Student-Athlete of the Year was first awarded in 2007 and every year thereafter.'}
null
null
When was the athlete that won back to back awards born ?
May 5 , 1992
0656fd595fb334f7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_spaceflight', 'title': '2013 in spaceflight', 'header': ['Site', 'Country', 'Launches', 'Successes', 'Failures', 'Partial failures'], 'data': [{'value': 'Baikonur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome', 'summary': "The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( Kazakh : Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы , romanized : Baıqońyr ǵarysh aılaǵy ; Russian : Космодро́м Байкону́р , romanized : Kosmodrom Baykonur ) is a spaceport located in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia . The Cosmodrome is the world 's first and largest operational space launch facility . The spaceport is located in the desert steppe of Baikonur , about 200 kilometres ( 124 mi ) east of the Aral Sea and north of the river Syr Darya . It is near the Tyuratam railway station and is about 90 metres ( 300 ft ) above sea level . Baikonur cosmodrome and the city of Baikonur celebrated the 63rd anniversary of the foundation on 2 June 2018 . The spaceport is currently leased by the Kazakh Government to Russia until 2050 , and is managed jointly by the Roscosmos State Corporation and the Russian Aerospace Forces . The shape of the area leased is an ellipse , measuring 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) east-west by 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) north-south , with the cosmodrome at the centre . It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program . Under the current Russian space program , Baikonur remains a busy spaceport , with numerous commercial , military , and scientific missions being launched annually . All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur . Both Sputnik 1 , the first artificial satellite , and Vostok 1 , the first human spaceflight , were launched from Baikonur . The launch pad used for both missions was renamed Gagarin 's Start in honor of Russian Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin , pilot of Vostok 1 and first human in space ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cape Canaveral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station', 'summary': "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station ( CCAFS ) ( known as Cape Kennedy Air Force Station from 1963 to 1973 ) is an installation of the United States Space Force 's 45th Space Wing . The facility will be renamed Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in February or March 2020 . CCAFS is headquartered at the nearby Patrick Air Force Base , and located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County , Florida , CCAFS . The station is the primary launch head of America 's Eastern Range with three launch pads currently active ( Space Launch Complexes 37B , 40 , and 41 ) . Popularly known as Cape Kennedy from 1963 to 1973 , and as Cape Canaveral from 1949 to 1963 and from 1973 to the present , the facility is south-southeast of NASA 's Kennedy Space Center on adjacent Merritt Island , with the two linked by bridges and causeways . The Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Skid Strip provides a 10,000-foot ( 3,000 m ) runway close to the launch complexes for military airlift aircraft delivering heavy and outsized payloads to the Cape . A number of American space exploration pioneers were launched from CCAFS , including the first U.S. Earth satellite in 1958 , first U.S. astronaut ( 1961 ) , first U.S. astronaut in orbit ( 1962 ) , first two-man U.S. spacecraft ( 1965 ) , first U.S. unmanned lunar landing ( 1966 ) , and first three-man U.S. spacecraft ( 1968 ) . It was also the launch site for all of the first spacecraft to ( separately ) fly past each of the planets in the Solar System ( 1962-1977 ) , the first spacecraft to orbit Mars ( 1971 ) and roam its surface ( 1996 ) , the first American spacecraft to orbit and land on Venus ( 1978 ) , the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn ( 2004 ) , and to orbit Mercury ( 2011 ) , and the first spacecraft to leave the Solar System ( 1977 ) . Portions of the base have been designated a National Historic Landmark for their association with the early years of the American space program ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dombarovsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)', 'summary': "Dombarovsky ( also given as Dombarovskiy and Tagilom ) is a military airbase 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) northwest of the village of Dombarovsky , near Yasny in Russia 's Orenburg Oblast . Operated by the Soviet Air Forces and later by the Russian Air Force , it hosts fighter interceptor squadrons and an ICBM base ( which has been adapted for commercial satellite launches ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kourou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre', 'summary': 'The Guiana Space Centre ( French : Centre Spatial Guyanais ( CSG ) ) is a French and European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana , a region of France in South America . Operational since 1968 , it is particularly suitable as a location for a spaceport . It fulfills the two major geographical requirements of such a site :'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jiuquan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center', 'summary': "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center ( JSLC ; Chinese : 酒泉卫星发射中心 ; pinyin : Jiǔquán Wèixīng Fāshè Zhōngxīn also known as Shuangchengzi Missile Test Center ; Launch Complex B2 ; formally Northwest Comprehensive Missile Testing Facility ( 西北综合导弹试验基地 ) ; Base 20 ; 63600 Unit ) is a Chinese space vehicle launch facility ( spaceport ) located in the Gobi desert , Inner Mongolia . It is part of the Dongfeng Aerospace City ( Base 10 ) . Although the facility is geographically located within Ejin Banner of Inner Mongolia 's Alxa League , it is named after the nearest city , Jiuquan in Gansu Province ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MARS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport', 'summary': "The Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport ( MARS ) is a commercial space launch facility located at the southern tip of NASA 's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island in Virginia , just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and south of Chincoteague , Virginia , United States ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naro_Space_Center', 'summary': "Naro Space Center is a South Korean spaceport in South Jeolla 's Goheung County , operated by the state-run Korea Aerospace Research Institute . The spaceport is located about 485 km ( 300 mi ) south of Seoul . It includes two launch pads , a control tower , rocket assembly and test facilities , facilities for satellite control testing and assembly , a media center , an electric power station , a space experience hall and a landing field . It supported 4 launches , and will also support the KSLV-II launch in 2021 , and SSLV launches in 2025 ."}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ocean Odyssey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ocean_Odyssey', 'summary': 'LP Odyssey is a self-propelled semi-submersible mobile spacecraft launch platform converted from a mobile drilling rig in 1997 . The vessel was used by Sea Launch for equatorial Pacific Ocean launches . She works in concert with the assembly and control ship Sea Launch Commander . Her home port is the Port of Long Beach in the United States . In her current form , Odyssey is 436 feet ( 133 m ) long and about 220 feet ( 67 m ) wide , with an empty draft displacement of 30,000 short tons ( 27,000 t ) , and a submerged draft displacement of 50,600 short tons ( 45,900 t ) . The vessel has accommodations for 68 crew and launch system personnel , including living , dining , medical and recreation facilities . A large environmentally-controlled hangar stores the rocket during transit , from which the rocket is rolled out and erected prior to fueling and launch . In September 2016 the platform along with other Sea Launch assets was sold to S7 Group , the parent company of S7 Airlines . [ needs update ]'}]}, {'value': 'International waters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plesetsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome', 'summary': "Plesetsk Cosmodrome ( Russian : Космодро́м « Плесе́цк » , tr . Kosmodróm Plesétsk , IPA : [ kəsmɐˈdrom plʲɪˈsʲet͡sk ] ) is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny , Arkhangelsk Oblast , about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk , dates from 1957 . Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile , it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets . Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches , especially the Molniya orbits , so for much of the site 's history it functioned as a secondary location , with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur , in the Kazakh SSR . With the end of the Soviet Union , Baikonur became foreign territory , and Kazakhstan charged $ 115 million usage fees annually . Consequently , Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satish Dhawan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre', 'summary': "Satish Dhawan Space Centre ( SDSC ) or Sriharikota Range ( SHAR ) is a rocket launch centre operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . It is located in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh . Sriharikota Range was renamed in 2002 after ISRO 's former chairman Satish Dhawan . SDSC 's current director is Arumugam Rajarajan . He took over from S. Pandian in July 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanegashima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center', 'summary': 'The Tanegashima Space Center ( 種子島宇宙センター , Tanegashima Uchū Sentā ) ( TNSC ) is the largest rocket-launch complex in Japan with a total area of about 9.7 square kilometers . It is located on the southeast coast of Tanegashima , an island approximately 40 km south of Kyushu . It was established in 1969 when the National Space Development Agency of Japan ( NASDA ) was formed , and is now run by JAXA . The activities that take place at TNSC include assembly , testing , launching , and tracking satellites , as well as rocket engine firing tests .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taiyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center', 'summary': "The Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center ( TSLC ) also known as Base 25 ( Chinese : 二十五基地 ) , is a People 's Republic of China space and defence launch facility ( spaceport ) . It is situated in Kelan County , Xinzhou , Shanxi Province and is the second of four launch sites having been founded in March 1966 and coming into full operation in 1968 . Taiyuan sits at an altitude of 1500 meters and its dry weather makes it an ideal launch site . Confusingly , U.S. intelligence designates TSLC the 'Wuzhai Missile and Space Test Centre , despite the fact that it is outside the borders of Wuzhai County . [ citation needed ] The site is primarily used to launch meteorological satellites , earth resource satellites and scientific satellites on Long March launch vehicles into sun-synchronous orbits . TSLC is also a major launch site for intercontinental ballistic missiles and overland Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile ( SLBM ) tests . The site has a sophisticated Technical Center and Mission Command and Control Center . It is served by two feeder railways that connect with the Ningwu-Kelan railway ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uchinoura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uchinoura_Space_Center', 'summary': "The Uchinoura Space Center ( 内之浦宇宙空間観測所 , Uchinoura Uchū Kūkan Kansokusho ) is a space launch facility in the Japanese town of Kimotsuki , Kagoshima Prefecture . Before the establishment of the JAXA space agency in 2003 , it was simply called the Kagoshima Space Center ( 鹿児島宇宙空間観測所 ) ( KSC ) . All of Japan 's scientific satellites were launched from Uchinoura prior to the M-V launch vehicles being decommissioned in 2006 . It continues to be used for suborbital launches , and has also been used for the Epsilon orbital launch vehicle . Additionally , the center has antennas for communication with interplanetary space probes ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vandenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': "Vandenberg Air Force Base ( IATA : VBG , ICAO : KVBG , FAA LID : VBG ) is a United States Air Force Base located 9.2 miles ( 14.8 km ) northwest of Lompoc , California . The installation falls under the jurisdiction of the 30th Space Wing , United States Space Force ( USSF ) . Vandenberg AFB is a Department of Defense space and missile testing base , with a mission of placing satellites into polar orbit from the West Coast using expendable boosters ( Pegasus , Taurus , Minotaur , Atlas V , and Delta IV ) and reusable boosters ( SpaceX 's Falcon 9 ) . Wing personnel also support the Service 's LGM-30G Minuteman III Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Force Development Evaluation program . In addition to its military mission , the base also leases launch pad facilities to SpaceX ( SLC-4E ) , as well as 100 acres ( 40 ha ) leased to the California Spaceport in 1995 . Established in 1941 , the base is named in honor of former Air Force Chief of Staff General Hoyt Vandenberg ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xichang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center', 'summary': "The Xichang Satellite Launch Center ( XSLC ) , also known as the Xichang Space Center , is a People 's Republic of China space vehicle launch facility ( spaceport ) approximately 64 kilometres ( 40 miles ) northwest of Xichang , Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan . The facility became operational in 1984 and is primarily used to launch powerful thrust rockets and geostationary communications and weather satellites . It is notable as the site of Sino-European space cooperation , with the launch of the first of two Double Star scientific satellites in December 2003 . Chinese officials have indicated interest in conducting additional international satellite launches from XSLC . In 1996 , a fatal accident occurred when the rocket carrying the Intelsat 708 satellite failed on launch from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center . Also , a 2007 test of an anti-satellite missile occurred from the center ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Orbital launch statistics -- By spaceport', 'section_text': '10 20 30 40 China France India Japan South Korea Russia +Kazakhstan United States International waters Jiuquan Taiyuan Xichang Kourou Satish Dhawan Tanegashima Uchinoura Naro Baikonur Dombarovsky Plesetsk Cape Canaveral Kennedy MARS Vandenberg Ocean Odyssey', 'uid': '2013_in_spaceflight_3', 'intro': "In 2013, the maiden spaceflight of the Orbital Sciences' Antares launch vehicle, designated A-ONE, took place on 13 April. Orbital Science also launched its first spacecraft, Cygnus, that docked with the International Space Station in late September 2013."}
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What is the pinyin name for the country that is home to around 1.428 billion people and of the spaceport that first operated in 1984 and has had under five launches but no full or partial failures ?
Zhōngguó
06580337ebed4f3c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Major_League_Baseball_draft', 'title': '1969 Major League Baseball draft', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick', 'Player', 'Team', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Gura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Gura', 'summary': "Lawrence Cyril Gura ( /ˈɡʌrə/ ; born November 26 , 1947 in Joliet , Illinois ) is a left-handed former pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1970 to 1985 . He won a national championship at Arizona State University and spent 16 years in the Major Leagues . He played for the Chicago Cubs ( 1970-1973 , 1985 ) of the National League , and the New York Yankees ( 1974-1975 ) and Kansas City Royals ( 1976-1985 ) , both of the American League . He was inducted into the inaugural Joliet Hall of Fame in Joliet , Illinois . He was elected to the American League All-Star team in 1980 when he had his finest season , finishing with an 18-10 record and a 2.95 ERA . Gura won in double figures for seven consecutive seasons for the Royals ( 1978-1984 ) compiling 99 wins over that span . He particularly pestered his former team , the Yankees , against whom he went 11-6 in the regular season as a Royal . Gura was 3-0 against them in both 1979 and 1980 , with five complete games , and tossed another complete-game victory against the Yankees in the 1980 American League Championship Series . Gura was named Royals pitcher of the year two times . Gura was the Royals ' starting pitcher for Games 2 and 5 of the 1980 World Series . He finished with a 126-97 career record , 24 saves and an earned run average of 3.76 . Gura was also an exceptional fielding pitcher , committing only 7 errors in 483 total chances for a career .986 fielding percentage ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Cubs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bert Blyleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bert_Blyleven', 'summary': 'Bert Blyleven ( born Rik Aalbert Blijleven , April 6 , 1951 ) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1970 to 1992 . A renowned curveball pitcher , Blyleven was a two-time All-Star and World Series champion . He ranks fifth all-time among pitchers in strikeouts , 14th in innings pitched , and 27th in wins . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2011 . Currently , he is the color commentator for the Minnesota Twins on Fox Sports North .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Twins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Twins', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team is named after the Twin Cities area comprising Minneapolis and St. Paul . The franchise was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . The team relocated to Minnesota and was renamed the Minnesota Twins at the start of the 1961 season . The Twins played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009 . The team played its inaugural game at Target Field on April 12 , 2010 . The franchise won the World Series in 1924 as the Senators , and in 1987 and 1991 as the Twins . Through the 2019 season , the team has fielded 19 American League batting champions . The team has hosted five All-Star Games : 1937 and 1956 in Washington , D.C. ; and 1965 , 1985 , and 2014 in Minneapolis-St. Paul .'}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rawly Eastwick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rawly_Eastwick', 'summary': 'Rawlins Jackson Rawly Eastwick ( born October 24 , 1950 ) , is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Cincinnati Reds , St. Louis Cardinals , New York Yankees , Philadelphia Phillies , Kansas City Royals , and Chicago Cubs , from 1975 to 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Reid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Expos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Expos', 'summary': "The Montreal Expos ( French : Les Expos de Montréal ) were a Canadian professional baseball team based in Montreal , Quebec . The Expos were the first Major League Baseball ( MLB ) franchise located outside the United States . They played in the National League ( NL ) East division from 1969 until 2004 . Following the 2004 season , the franchise relocated to Washington , D.C. , and became the Washington Nationals . Immediately after the minor league Triple-A Montreal Royals folded in 1960 , political leaders in Montreal sought an MLB franchise , and when the National League evaluated expansion candidates for the 1969 season , it awarded a team to Montreal . Named after the Expo 67 World 's Fair , the Expos originally played at Jarry Park Stadium before moving to Olympic Stadium in 1977 . The Expos failed to post a winning record in any of their first ten seasons . The team won its only division title in the strike-shortened 1981 season , but lost the 1981 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) to the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team was sold in 1991 by its majority , founding owner , Charles Bronfman , to a consortium headed by Claude Brochu . Felipe Alou was promoted to the team 's field manager in 1992 , becoming MLB 's first Dominican-born manager . He led the team to four winning seasons , including 1994 , where the Expos had the best record in baseball before a players ' strike ended the season . Alou became the Expos leader in games managed ( 1,409 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '107', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dwight Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwight_Evans_(Baseball)', 'summary': 'Dwight Michael Dewey Evans ( born November 3 , 1951 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder and right-handed batter who played with the Boston Red Sox ( 1972-90 ) and Baltimore Orioles ( 1991 ) in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He was a three-time All-Star , won eight Gold Glove Awards , and won two Silver Slugger Awards . Evans played the second-most career games for the Red Sox of any player , surpassed only by Carl Yastrzemski .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Third Baseman-Outfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '124', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Boone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Boone', 'summary': 'Robert Raymond Boone ( born November 19 , 1947 ) is an American former catcher and manager in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) who was a four-time All-Star . Born in San Diego , California , Bob Boone is the son of a Major League player , the late third baseman Ray Boone , and he is the father of two Major Leaguers : former second baseman Bret Boone and former utility infielder Aaron Boone . All four family members were named All-Stars during their careers .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Third Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '127', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Sundberg *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Sundberg', 'summary': 'James Howard Sundberg ( born May 18 , 1951 ) is an American former professional baseball player , television sports analyst and executive . He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1974 to 1989 . A three-time All-Star player , Sundberg established himself as one of the top defensive catchers of his era by winning six consecutive Gold Glove Awards with the Texas Rangers . Later in his career , he won a World Series championship as a member of the Kansas City Royals in 1985 . He also played for the Milwaukee Brewers and the Chicago Cubs . Sundberg was inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Oakland Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Athletics', 'summary': "The Oakland Athletics , often referred to as the A 's , are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team plays its home games at the Oakland Coliseum . They have won nine World Series championships . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the team was founded in Philadelphia in 1901 as the Philadelphia Athletics . They won three World Series championships from 1910 to 1913 and back-to-back titles in 1929 and 1930 . The team 's owner and manager for its first 50 years was Connie Mack and Hall of Fame players included Chief Bender , Frank Home Run Baker , Jimmie Foxx , and Lefty Grove . The team left Philadelphia for Kansas City in 1955 and became the Kansas City Athletics before moving to Oakland in 1968 . They won three consecutive World Championships between 1972 and 1974 , led by players including Vida Blue , Catfish Hunter , Reggie Jackson , ace reliever Rollie Fingers , and colorful owner Charlie O. Finley . After being sold by Finley to Walter A. Haas Jr. , the team won three consecutive pennants and the 1989 World Series behind the Bash Brothers , Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire , as well as Hall of Famers Dennis Eckersley , Rickey Henderson and manager Tony La Russa . From 1901 to 2019 , the Athletics ' overall win-loss record is 9,028-9,452 ( .489 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '173', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Burleson *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Burleson', 'summary': "Richard Paul Rooster Burleson ( born April 29 , 1951 ) is a former Major League Baseball shortstop . Rooster , as Burleson was nicknamed , was a famously intense ballplayer . Former Boston Red Sox teammate Bill Lee once said of Burleson , Some guys did n't like to lose , but Rick got angry if the score was even tied ."}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Twins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Twins', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team is named after the Twin Cities area comprising Minneapolis and St. Paul . The franchise was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . The team relocated to Minnesota and was renamed the Minnesota Twins at the start of the 1961 season . The Twins played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009 . The team played its inaugural game at Target Field on April 12 , 2010 . The franchise won the World Series in 1924 as the Senators , and in 1987 and 1991 as the Twins . Through the 2019 season , the team has fielded 19 American League batting champions . The team has hosted five All-Star Games : 1937 and 1956 in Washington , D.C. ; and 1965 , 1985 , and 2014 in Minneapolis-St. Paul .'}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '210', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bucky Dent *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucky_Dent', 'summary': "Russell Earl Bucky Dent ( born Russell Earl O'Dey ; November 25 , 1951 ) is an American former Major League Baseball player and manager . He earned two World Series rings as the starting shortstop for the New York Yankees in 1977 and 1978 , both over the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games , and he was voted the World Series Most Valuable Player Award in 1978 . Dent is most famous for his home run in a tie-breaker game against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park at the end of the 1978 regular season ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Third Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '258', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Madlock *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Madlock', 'summary': 'Bill Mad Dog Madlock , Jr. ( born January 12 , 1951 ) is an American former professional baseball player and coach . He played in Major League Baseball as a third baseman from 1973 to 1987 . Madlock is notable for being a four-time National League batting champion . His record of four batting titles as a third baseman would be eclipsed in 1988 by Wade Boggs . Since 1970 , only Tony Gwynn has won more National League batting titles ( eight ) . Madlock is also one of only three right-handed hitters to have won multiple National League batting titles since 1960 , Roberto Clemente having also won four and Tommy Davis having won back-to-back titles in 1962 and 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Third Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '278', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_North', 'summary': "William Alex North ( born May 15 , 1948 ) is a former center fielder in Major League Baseball . From 1971 to 1981 , he played for the Chicago Cubs ( 1971-72 ) , Oakland Athletics ( 1973-78 ) , Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1978 ) and San Francisco Giants ( 1979-81 ) . He was a switch hitter and threw right-handed . In an 11-year career , North compiled a career batting average of .261 ( 1016-for-3900 ) with 20 home runs and 230 runs batted in . One of the fastest men in the game , he also recorded 395 stolen bases . In 1969 North was drafted by the Cubs in the 12th round of the amateur draft . The speedy outfielder was traded to the Athletics after the 1972 season and started in center field on Oakland 's 1973 World Series champions . Batting leadoff , he posted career highs in batting average ( .285 ) and runs scored ( 98 ) . However , on September 20 , in a loss to the Minnesota Twins , North tripped over first base ; the resulting ankle sprain not only cost him the American League stolen base title ( his 53 steals placed him second , only one behind Tommy Harper ) , it also sidelined him for the remainder of the season and cost him the chance to play in the post-season . In 1974 North did lead the league in steals , with 54 , on an Athletics team that won its third consecutive World Series title . He was also involved in a not-so-memorable moment on June 5 of that season . He and Reggie Jackson engaged in a clubhouse fight at Detroit 's Tiger Stadium that resulted in Jackson injuring his shoulder ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Cubs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '295', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Stearns *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Stearns', 'summary': "John Hardin Stearns ( born August 21 , 1951 ) , nicknamed Bad Dude , is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) catcher who played for the New York Mets from 1975 to 1984 after playing a single game for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1974 . Stearns was a two-sport star in college , and he entered professional baseball after being selected in both the MLB and National Football League drafts . He struggled with injuries in the latter portion of his career . He served as the catching coordinator for the Seattle Mariners and the interim manager of the minor league Tacoma Rainiers before being named third base coach under Lloyd McClendon for the 2014 season . However , Stearns underwent surgery for a hiatal hernia prior to spring training and his slower-than-expected recovery compelled him to resign on March 7 , 2014 . He remained in the Mariners ' organization , however , as a scout for the 2014 season . After attending a memorial service for his high school baseball coach in 2015 , he said he was not sure how he would be involved with baseball again ."}]}, {'value': 'Oakland Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Athletics', 'summary': "The Oakland Athletics , often referred to as the A 's , are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team plays its home games at the Oakland Coliseum . They have won nine World Series championships . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the team was founded in Philadelphia in 1901 as the Philadelphia Athletics . They won three World Series championships from 1910 to 1913 and back-to-back titles in 1929 and 1930 . The team 's owner and manager for its first 50 years was Connie Mack and Hall of Fame players included Chief Bender , Frank Home Run Baker , Jimmie Foxx , and Lefty Grove . The team left Philadelphia for Kansas City in 1955 and became the Kansas City Athletics before moving to Oakland in 1968 . They won three consecutive World Championships between 1972 and 1974 , led by players including Vida Blue , Catfish Hunter , Reggie Jackson , ace reliever Rollie Fingers , and colorful owner Charlie O. Finley . After being sold by Finley to Walter A. Haas Jr. , the team won three consecutive pennants and the 1989 World Series behind the Bash Brothers , Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire , as well as Hall of Famers Dennis Eckersley , Rickey Henderson and manager Tony La Russa . From 1901 to 2019 , the Athletics ' overall win-loss record is 9,028-9,452 ( .489 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '312', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Easler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Easler', 'summary': 'Michael Anthony Easler ( born November 29 , 1950 ) , nicknamed Hitman , is an American former professional baseball outfielder , designated hitter , and coach , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Houston Astros , California Angels , Pittsburgh Pirates , Boston Red Sox , New York Yankees , and Philadelphia Phillies , from 1973 to 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Astros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': 'Third Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '355', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Slaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Slaton', 'summary': 'James Michael Slaton ( born June 19 , 1950 ) is a former pitcher with a 16-year career from 1971-1986 . He played in the American League with the Milwaukee Brewers from 1971-1977 and 1979-1983 , the Detroit Tigers in 1978 and 1986 , and the California Angels from 1984-1986 . Slaton played high school baseball at Antelope Valley High School and then played college baseball at Antelope Valley College . He is the Brewers all-time leader in Wins ( 117 ) , Innings Pitched ( 2025.3 ) , Games Started ( 268 ) , and Shutouts ( 19 ) , and he is third in Strikeouts , trailing Teddy Higuera and Ben Sheets , and Complete Games , trailing Mike Caldwell . He represented the Brewers and the American League in the 1977 All-Star game and was the winning pitcher for the Brewers in the 4th game of the 1982 World Series against St. Louis . After his playing career ended , he started coaching in the minor leagues . He coached in the Oakland Athletics organization from 1992-1994 and then became the pitching coach for the Class A Daytona Cubs ( 1995-1996 ) , Lancaster JetHawks ( 1997-98 ) and the Tacoma Rainiers ( 1999-2003 ) . In 2004 , he was a special assignment coach for the Seattle Mariners and from 2005-2007 he was the Mariners bullpen coach . Before coaching in the minor or major leagues , Jim coached an all-star team for the Monte Vista Little League , while pitching for the Angels . He was the pitching coach for the Las Vegas 51s in 2008 , also serving briefly as the bullpen coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers when Ken Howell temporarily left the team for medical reasons . After the season , the Dodgers announced that Slaton would be the pitching coach in 2009 for their new Triple-A affiliate , the Albuquerque Isotopes , a position he held through 2010 . In 2011 , he was named the pitching coach at Camelback Ranch .'}]}, {'value': 'Seattle Pilots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Pilots', 'summary': "The Seattle Pilots were an American professional baseball team based in Seattle , Washington during the 1969 Major League Baseball season . During their single-season existence , the Pilots played their home games at Sick 's Stadium and were a member of the West Division of Major League Baseball 's American League . On April 1 , 1970 , the franchise moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin and became the Milwaukee Brewers . The Pilots name originated from the owner 's part-time job as a harbor pilot and the city 's association with the aviation industry . The team colors were royal blue and gold ( with accessory red in the logo : helm and baseball seams ) . Seattle had long been a hotbed for minor league baseball and was home to the Seattle Rainiers , a successful team in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) . At the time , Seattle was the third-biggest metropolitan area on the West Coast . The Cleveland Indians briefly considered a move to Seattle in 1964 but opted to stay in Ohio . In 1967 Charles Finley looked to move his Kansas City Athletics to Seattle , but ended up moving the Athletics to Oakland , California . There was no real competition from other professional teams at the time . While Seattle had landed the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's SuperSonics in 1967 , the NBA was not as popular as baseball was at the time . The NFL would come to the city in 1976 with the addition of the expansion Seahawks ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '373', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buddy Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buddy_Bell', 'summary': 'David Gus Bell ( born August 27 , 1951 ) is an American former third baseman and manager in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) currently serving as vice president and senior advisor to the general manager for the Cincinnati Reds . After an 18-year career with four teams , most notably the Cleveland Indians , the Texas Rangers , and the Cincinnati Reds , he managed the Detroit Tigers , Colorado Rockies and Kansas City Royals for three seasons each and served as Vice President/Assistant General Manager for the Chicago White Sox . He was a five-time MLB All-Star and won six consecutive Rawlings Gold Glove Awards from 1979-84 . He is the son of outfielder Gus Bell and the father of former third basemen Mike and David Bell , making them one of five families to have three generations play in the Major Leagues . When David was named Reds manager in October 2018 , he and Buddy became the fourth father-son pair to serve as major league managers , joining George and Dick Sisler , Bob and Joel Skinner , and Bob and Aaron Boone .'}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Indians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Indians', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}]}, {'value': 'Second Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '430', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doug DeCinces *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_DeCinces', 'summary': 'Douglas Vernon DeCinces ( /dəˈsɪn.seɪ/ də-SIN-say ; born August 29 , 1950 ) is an American former professional baseball player . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a third baseman from 1973 to 1987 for the Baltimore Orioles , California Angels and St. Louis Cardinals . He also played for one season in the Nippon Professional Baseball league for the Yakult Swallows in 1988 . In 1982 , DeCinces won the Silver Slugger Award , which is awarded annually to the best offensive player at each position and , was a member of the 1983 American League All-Star team . In 2006 , he was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'San Diego Padres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Padres', 'summary': 'The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team based in San Diego , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1969 , the Padres have won two NL pennants - in 1984 and 1998 , losing in the World Series both years . As of 2018 , they have had 14 winning seasons in franchise history . The Padres are one of two Major League Baseball teams ( the other being the Los Angeles Angels ) in California to originate from that state ; the Athletics were originally from Philadelphia ( and moved to the state from Kansas City ) , and the Dodgers and Giants are originally from two New York City boroughs - Brooklyn and Manhattan , respectively . The Padres are the only MLB team that does not share its city with another franchise in the four major American professional sports leagues . The Padres are the only major professional sports franchise to be located in San Diego , following the relocation of the Chargers to Los Angeles in 2017 . They are also the only franchise in the MLB not to have a no-hitter , having gone 8,020 games without throwing one , a major league record to begin a franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Third Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '471', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Ruthven *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Ruthven', 'summary': 'Richard David Ruthven ( born March 27 , 1951 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 14 years ( 1973-1986 ) in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , with the National League Philadelphia Phillies , Atlanta Braves , and Chicago Cubs . His career marks include a win-loss record of 123-127 , 4.14 earned run average , and 1145 career strikeouts . While his 1978 Phillies won the National League East title and the 1980 World Series , his Cubs went on to win the 1984 NL East title . He attended Irvington High School , Fremont , and California State University , Fresno . He has three children , Erik , Sean , and Tyler Ruthven . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Orioles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '680', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ken Griffey Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Griffey_Sr.', 'summary': 'George Kenneth Griffey Sr. ( born April 10 , 1950 ) is an American former professional baseball outfielder who played in Major League Baseball for the Cincinnati Reds , New York Yankees , Atlanta Braves , and Seattle Mariners from 1973 through 1991 . Griffey was a member of the famed Big Red Machine , and a three-time All-Star . He is the father of Hall of Fame outfielder Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '730', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ken Reitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Reitz', 'summary': "Kenneth John Reitz ( born June 24 , 1951 ) is a former third baseman in Major League Baseball . A right-handed hitter , Reitz played for the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1972-75 , 1977-80 ) , San Francisco Giants ( 1976 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1981 ) and Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1982 ) . Ken Reitz retired with the highest all-time career fielding percentage for National League third basemen at .970 which still appears to be a record after leading the National League in fielding percentage a record 6 times . He was nicknamed Zamboni for his skill at scooping up ground balls on the artificial turf of Busch Memorial Stadium . Selected in the 31st round in 1969 as the 730th player , Reitz , in his rookie season of 1973 , replaced Joe Torre as the Cardinals ' starting third baseman . In both 1973 and 1974 , he led all National League third basemen in fielding percentage . In 1975 he won a Gold Glove Award at the position , breaking Doug Rader 's streak of five consecutive Gold Gloves . It would be the last Gold Glove by a National League third baseman prior to Mike Schmidt 's nine-year run of the Award . In 1977 he set a National League record by committing only nine errors ; he bettered that record by committing only eight in 1980 . In this latter year , he also made his only All-Star appearance , where he started at third base in place of an injured Schmidt . Reitz holds the record for most career plate appearances ( 5079 ) among non-catchers who finished their careers with fewer walks than times he grounded into a double play . [ citation needed ] In his career , Reitz batted .260 with 68 home runs and 548 RBIs in 1344 games played ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '797', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tippy Martinez *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tippy_Martinez', 'summary': 'Felix Anthony Tippy Martinez ( born May 31 , 1950 ) , is a retired professional baseball pitcher . Martinez , who threw left-handed , pitched fourteen seasons in Major League Baseball between 1974 and 1988 , primarily as a relief pitcher . The majority of his career ( 1976-86 ) was spent as a member of the Baltimore Orioles , where he was a member of the Baltimore team that won the 1983 World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1961–71)', 'summary': "The Texas Rangers are an American professional baseball team based in Arlington , Texas , located in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . In 2020 , they will move to the new Globe Life Field after having played at Globe Life Park in Arlington from 1994 to 2019 . The team 's name is borrowed from the famous law enforcement agency of the same name . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Washington Senators , an expansion team awarded to Washington , D.C. , after the city 's first AL ballclub , the second Washington Senators , moved to Minnesota and became the Twins ( the original Washington Senators played primarily in the National League during the 1890s ) . After the 1971 season , the new Senators moved to Arlington , and debuted as the Rangers the following spring . The Rangers have made eight appearances in the MLB postseason , seven following division championships in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , and 2016 and as a wild card team in 2012 . In 2010 , the Rangers advanced past the Division Series for the first time , defeating the Tampa Bay Rays . The team then brought home their first American League pennant after beating the New York Yankees in six games . In the 2010 World Series , the franchise 's first , the Rangers fell to the San Francisco Giants in five games . They repeated as American League champions the following year , then lost the 2011 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher-Outfielder', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other notable Selections', 'section_text': '= All-Star = Baseball Hall of Famer [ 2 ]', 'uid': '1969_Major_League_Baseball_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1969 Major League Baseball (MLB) draft took place prior to the 1969 MLB season. The draft featured future Hall of Famers Bert Blyleven (pick 55) and Dave Winfield (pick 882).'}
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What is the middle name of the number 62 pick of the 1969 Major League Baseball draft ?
Rawly
0658abc5a4e9b485
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Military Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Douglas MacArthur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur', 'summary': "General of the Army Douglas MacArthur ( 26 January 1880 - 5 April 1964 ) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army . He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign , which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal . He was one of only five to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army , and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army . Raised in a military family in the American Old West , MacArthur was valedictorian at the West Texas Military Academy where he finished high school , and First Captain at the United States Military Academy at West Point , where he graduated top of the class of 1903 . During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz , he conducted a reconnaissance mission , for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor . In 1917 , he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd ( Rainbow ) Division . In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I , he rose to the rank of brigadier general , was again nominated for a Medal of Honor , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross twice and the Silver Star seven times . From 1919 to 1922 , MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , where he attempted a series of reforms . His next assignment was in the Philippines , where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny . In 1925 , he became the Army 's youngest major general . He served on the court-martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam ."}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General of the Army , Field Marshal in the Philippine Army ; United States occupation of Veracruz ; Second Battle of the Marne , Battle of Saint-Mihiel , Meuse-Argonne Offensive during World War I ; commander of the 42nd Infantry Division ; Superintendent of the United States Military Academy ( 1919-1922 ) ; brigade commander in the Philippine Division ; commander of the Philippine Department ; Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( 1930-1935 ) ; recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions during the Battle of Bataan , commander of the South West Pacific Area during World War II ; Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers during the Occupation of Japan ; Korean War ; grandson of Wisconsin Governor Arthur MacArthur Sr. ; son of lieutenant general and Medal of Honor recipient Arthur MacArthur Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)', 'summary': "General of the Army ( abbreviated as GA ) is a five-star general officer and the second highest possible rank in the United States Army . A General of the Army ranks immediately above a general and is equivalent to a fleet admiral and a General of the Air Force . The General of the Army insignia consisted of five 3/8th inch stars in a pentagonal pattern , with points touching . The insignia was paired with the gold and enameled United States Coat of Arms on service coat shoulder loops . The silver colored five-star metal insignia alone would be worn for use as a collar insignia of grade and on the garrison cap . Soft shoulder epaulettes with five 7/16th inch stars in silver thread and gold-threaded United States Coat of Arms on green cloth were worn with shirts and sweaters . The rank of General of the Army has had two incarnations . The rank was introduced in 1866 , the year after the American Civil War . It was reserved for the Commanding General of the United States Army , was a four-star rank , and was held by three different individuals from 1866 to 1888 . The rank was revived as the modern five-star rank during World War II , and may be awarded to more than one serving officer at a time . It was held by five different individuals from 1944 to 1981 . A special rank of General of the Armies , which ranks above General of the Army , exists but has been conferred only twice , to World War I 's John J. Pershing , and posthumously to George Washington , by proclamation 177 years after his death ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Field_Marshal_(Philippines)', 'summary': 'Field Marshal of the Philippines was a rank created in 1936 to be held by Douglas MacArthur .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Army', 'summary': 'The Philippine Army ( PA ; Filipino : Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas ) ( Castellano/Español : Ejército de Filipinas ) is the main , oldest and largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP ) responsible for ground warfare . The Commanding General of the Philippine Army , its professional and overall head , is Lieutenant General Gilbert I. Gapay , who took office on December 6 , 2019 . Its main headquarters is located at Fort Bonifacio , Metro Manila .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz', 'summary': 'The United States occupation of Veracruz began with the Battle of Veracruz and lasted for seven months , as a response to the Tampico Affair of April 9 , 1914 . The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States , and was related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne', 'summary': 'The Second Battle of the Marne ( French : Seconde Bataille de la Marne ) ( 15 July - 6 August 1918 ) was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War . The attack failed when an Allied counterattack , supported by several hundred tanks , overwhelmed the Germans on their right flank , inflicting severe casualties . The German defeat marked the start of the relentless Allied advance which culminated in the Armistice with Germany about 100 days later .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel', 'summary': 'The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a major World War I battle fought from 12-15 September 1918 , involving the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) and 110,000 French troops under the command of General John J. Pershing of the United States against German positions . The U.S. Army Air Service played a significant role in this action . This battle marked the first use of the terms D-Day and H-Hour by the Americans . The attack at the Saint-Mihiel salient was part of a plan by Pershing in which he hoped that the Americans would break through the German lines and capture the fortified city of Metz . It was the first and only offensive launched mainly by the United States Army in World War I , and the attack caught the Germans in the process of retreating . This meant that their artillery was out of place and the American attack , coming up against disorganized German forces , proved more successful than expected . The Saint-Mihiel attack established the stature of the U.S. Army in the eyes of the French and British forces , and again demonstrated the critical role of artillery during World War I and the difficulty of supplying such massive armies while they were on the move . The U.S. attack faltered as artillery and food supplies were left behind on the muddy roads . The attack on Metz was not realized , as the Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch ordered the American troops to march towards Sedan and Mézières , which would lead to the Meuse-Argonne Offensive .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive', 'summary': 'The Meuse-Argonne offensive ( also known as the Meuse River-Argonne Forest offensive , the Battles of the Meuse-Argonne , and the Meuse-Argonne campaign ) was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front . It was fought from September 26 , 1918 , until the Armistice of November 11 , 1918 , a total of 47 days . The Meuse-Argonne offensive was the largest in United States military history , involving 1.2 million American soldiers . It is the second deadliest battle in American history , resulting in over 350,000 casualties including 28,000 German lives , 26,277 American lives and an unknown number of French lives . U.S. losses were worsened by the inexperience of many of the troops , the tactics used during the early phases of the operation and the widespread onset of the global influenza outbreak called the Spanish Flu . Meuse-Argonne was the principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) during World War I . It was one of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive , which brought the war to an end . It was the largest and bloodiest operation of World War I for the AEF even if , given the scale of other battles on the Western Front , its size was limited and the operation itself secondary as it was far from the main offensive axis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/42nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The 42nd Infantry Division ( 42ID ) ( Rainbow ) is a division of the United States Army National Guard . The 42nd Infantry Division has served in World War I , World War II and the Global War on Terrorism ( GWOT ) . The division is currently headquartered at the Glenmore Road Armory in Troy , New York . The division headquarters is a unit of the New York Army National Guard . The division currently includes Army National Guard units from fourteen different states , including Connecticut , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Rhode Island , and Vermont . As of 2007 [ update ] , 67 percent of 42ID soldiers are located in New York and New Jersey .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni_(Superintendents)', 'summary': "The Superintendent of the United States Military Academy is its commanding officer . This position is roughly equivalent to the chancellor or president of an American civilian university . The officer appointed is , by tradition , a graduate of the United States Military Academy , commonly known as West Point . However , this is not an official requirement for the position . The Superintendency had often been a stepping stone to higher prominence in the Army . Four Superintendents became Chief of Staff of the Army : Hugh Lenox Scott , Douglas MacArthur , Maxwell Davenport Taylor , and William Westmoreland . The list of Superintendents includes five Medal of Honor recipients : Oliver Otis Howard , Douglas MacArthur , Albert Leopold Mills , John McAllister Schofield , John Moulder Wilson . Many Superintendents later became Commanding Generals , such as Joseph Gardner Swift . The post is now a terminal assignment in the Army ; as a condition for detail to the position , officers are required by law to acknowledge that they will retire at the end of their appointment . This formulation was meant to secure the independence of Superintendents from unlawful command influence ; however , in practice the resulting lame duck status restricts their power and influence in the Army . There has been discussion about reverting to the previous system or recalling a retired officer to fill the post . The billet carries the rank of lieutenant general , and is not counted against the Army 's statutory limit on the number of active-duty officers above the rank of major general ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Division', 'summary': "Philippine Division , or from 1946-1947 the 12th Infantry Division , was the core U.S. infantry division of the United States Army 's Philippine Department during World War II . On 31 July 1941 , the division consisted of 10,473 troops , mostly enlisted Filipinos , known as the Philippine Scouts who formed the 45th and 57th US Infantry Regiments . All of the division 's enlisted men , with the exception of the 31st Infantry Regiment , and various military police and headquarters troops , were Philippine Scouts . In October 1941 , as part of the U.S. Army Forces Far East , plans were made to triangularize the division . The 34th Infantry was detached from the 8th Infantry Division and moved to a port of embarkation in December 1941 , along with two battalions of 105mm field artillery . The Philippine Division was to have two complete U.S. regimental combat teams in place by January 1942 to provide General Douglas MacArthur with a modern , trained mobile reaction force , while freeing up Philippine Scouts for rounding out other units . The outbreak of war in December 1941 , however , isolated the Philippines and prevented implementation of the plan . It was briefly reconstituted as the 12th Infantry Division in 1944-45 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Department', 'summary': 'The Philippine Department ( Filipino : Kagawaran ng Pilipinas/Hukbong Kagawaran ng Pilipinas ) was a regular United States Army unit whose mission was to defend the Philippine Islands and train the Philippine Army . On 9 April 1942 , during World War II , the unit surrendered to the Japanese . The Department and its sub-units were predominantly under the command of American officers , including an American general , while the majority of the troops were enlisted Filipinos , known as the Philippine Scouts ( PS ) . The primary force of this Department was the Philippine Division . Of the 22,532 troops , 10,473 were members of the Philippine Division itself .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': 'The Chief of Staff of the Army ( CSA ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 3033 ) held by a four-star general in the United States Army . As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army , the CSA is the principal military advisor and a deputy to the Secretary of the Army . In a separate capacity , the CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 10 U.S.C . § 151 ) and , thereby , a military advisor to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President of the United States . The CSA is typically the highest-ranking officer on active-duty in the U.S. Army unless the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers . The Chief of Staff of the Army is an administrative position based in the Pentagon . While the CSA does not have operational command authority over Army forces proper ( which is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the CSA does exercise supervision of army units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Army . The 40th and current Chief of Staff of the Army is General James C. McConville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Medal_of_Honor', 'summary': "The Medal of Honor is the United States of America 's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor . The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress . Because the medal is presented in the name of Congress , it is often referred erroneously as the Congressional Medal of Honor . However , the official name of the current award is Medal of Honor . Within the United States Code the medal is referred to as the Medal of Honor , and less frequently as Congressional Medal of Honor . U.S. awards , including the Medal of Honor , do not have post-nominal titles , and while there is no official abbreviation , the most common abbreviations are MOH and MH . There are three versions of the medal , one each for the Army , Navy and Air Force . Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version while members of the Space Force receive the Air Force version . The Medal of Honor was introduced for the Navy in 1861 , soon followed by an Army version in 1862 . The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States ' armed forces . The President typically presents the Medal at a formal ceremony intended to represent the gratitude of the U.S. people , with posthumous presentations made to the primary next of kin . According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States , there have been 3,525 Medals of Honor awarded to 3,506 individuals since the decoration 's creation , with over 40% awarded for actions during the American Civil War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan', 'summary': "The Battle of Bataan ( Filipino : Labanan sa Bataan ) ( 7 January - 9 April 1942 ) was a battle fought by the United States and the Philippine Commonwealth against Japan during World War II . The battle represented the most intense phase of the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II . In January 1942 , forces of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy invaded Luzon along with several islands in the Philippine Archipelago after the bombing of the American naval base at Pearl Harbor . The commander-in-chief of all U.S. and Filipino forces in the islands , General Douglas MacArthur , consolidated all of his Luzon-based units on the Bataan Peninsula to fight against the Japanese army . By this time , the Japanese controlled nearly all of Southeast Asia . The Bataan Peninsula and the island of Corregidor were the only remaining Allied strongholds in the region . Despite a lack of supplies , American and Filipino forces managed to fight the Japanese for three months , engaging them initially in a fighting retreat southward . As the combined American and Filipino forces made a last stand , the delay cost the Japanese valuable time and prevented immediate victory across the Pacific . The American surrender at Bataan to the Japanese , with 76,000 soldiers surrendering in the Philippines altogether , was the largest in American and Filipino military histories , and was the largest United States surrender since the American Civil War 's Battle of Harper 's Ferry . Soon afterwards , U.S. and Filipino prisoners of war were forced into the Bataan Death March ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)', 'summary': 'South West Pacific Area [ note 1 ] ( SWPA ) was the name given to the Allied supreme military command in the South West Pacific Theatre of World War II . It was one of four major Allied commands in the Pacific War . SWPA included the Philippines , Borneo , the Dutch East Indies ( excluding Sumatra ) , East Timor , Australia , the Territories of Papua and New Guinea , and the western part of the Solomon Islands . It primarily consisted of United States and Australian forces , although Dutch , Filipino , British and other Allied forces also served in the SWPA . General Douglas MacArthur was appointed as the Supreme Commander , Southwest Pacific Area , on its creation on 18 April 1942 . He created five subordinate commands : Allied Land Forces , Allied Air Forces , Allied Naval Forces , United States Army Forces in Australia ( USAFIA ) , and the United States Army Forces in the Philippines . The last command disappeared when Corregidor surrendered on 6 May 1942 , while USAFIA became the United States Army Services of Supply , Southwest Pacific Area ( USASOS SWPA ) . In 1943 United States Army Forces in the Far East was reformed and assumed responsibility for administration , leaving USASOS as a purely logistical agency . Both were swept away in a reorganisation in 1945 . The other three commands , Allied Land Forces , Allied Air Forces and Allied Naval Forces , remained until SWPA was abolished on 2 September 1945 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers', 'summary': "The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers ( SCAP ) ( originally briefly styled Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers ) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Allied occupation of Japan following World War II . It issued SCAP Directive ( alias SCAPIN , SCAP Index Number ) to the Japanese government , aiming to transform it into a non-terrorist nation . In Japan , the position was generally referred to as GHQ ( General Headquarters ) , as SCAP also referred to the offices of the occupation , including a staff of several hundred US civil servants as well as military personnel . Some of these personnel effectively wrote a first draft of the Japanese Constitution , which the National Diet then ratified after a few amendments . Australian , British , Indian , and New Zealand forces under SCAP were organized into a sub-command known as British Commonwealth Occupation Force . These actions led MacArthur to be viewed as the new Imperial force in Japan by many Japanese political and civilian figures , even being considered to be the rebirth of the shōgun-style government:341 which Japan was ruled under until the start of the Meiji Restoration . American biographer William Manchester argues that without MacArthur 's leadership , Japan would not have been able to make the move from an imperial , totalitarian state , to a democracy . At his appointment , MacArthur announced that he sought to restore security , dignity and self-respect to the Japanese people ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan', 'summary': "The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur , the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , with support from the British Commonwealth . Unlike in the occupation of Germany , the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan . This foreign presence marks the only time in Japan 's history that it has been occupied by a foreign power . At MacArthur 's insistence , Emperor Hirohito remained on the imperial throne . The wartime cabinet was replaced with a cabinet acceptable to the Allies and committed to implementing the terms of the Potsdam Declaration , which among other things called for the country to become a parliamentary democracy . Under MacArthur 's guidance , the Japanese government introduced sweeping social reforms and implemented economic reforms that recalled American New Deal priorities of the 1930s under President Roosevelt . The Japanese constitution was comprehensively overhauled and the Emperor 's theoretically-vast powers , which for many centuries had been constrained by conventions that had evolved over time , became strictly limited by law . The occupation , codenamed Operation Blacklist , was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty , signed on September 8 , 1951 , and effective from April 28 , 1952 , after which Japan 's sovereignty - with the exception , until 1972 , of the Ryukyu Islands - was fully restored . According to John Dower , in his book Cultures of War : Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9-11/Iraq , the factors behind the success of the occupation were :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Korean_War', 'summary': 'The Korean War ( in South Korean Korean : 한국전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , Korean War ; in North Korean Korean : 조국해방전쟁 ; Hanja : 祖國解放戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng , Fatherland Liberation War ; 25 June 1950 - 27 July 1953 ) [ b ] was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the support of the United Nations , principally from the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea . At the end of World War II , the Soviet Union and the United States liberated Korea from imperial Japanese colonial control on 15 August 1945 . After the war had ended , Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation , the Soviets administered the northern half and the Americans administered the southern half . With the border set at the 38th parallel in 1948 , two sovereign states were established as a result of geopolitical tensions of the Cold War ( between the Soviet Union and the United States ) . A socialist state was established in the north under the communist leadership of Kim Il-sung and a capitalist state in the south under the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee . Both governments of the two new Korean states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into warfare when North Korean military ( KPA ) forces - supported by the Soviet Union and China - crossed the border and advanced into South Korea on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation of the United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean Army ( ROKA ) and the US forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat . As a result , the ROKA and US troops retreated to a small area behind a defensive line known as the Pusan Perimeter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Sr.', 'summary': 'Arthur MacArthur , Sr. , ( January 26 , 1815 - August 26 , 1896 ) was a Scottish American lawyer and judge . He was the fourth Governor of Wisconsin and was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia . He was the father of General Arthur MacArthur , Jr. , and the grandfather of General Douglas MacArthur .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr.', 'summary': 'Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur , Jr. , ( June 2 , 1845 - September 5 , 1912 ) was a United States Army general . He became the military Governor-General of the American-occupied Philippines in 1900 but his term ended a year later due to clashes with the civilian governor , future-U.S. President William Howard Taft . His son , Douglas MacArthur , was one of only five men promoted to the five-star rank of General of the Army during World War II . In addition to their both being promoted to the rank of general officer , Arthur MacArthur , Jr. , and Douglas MacArthur also share the distinction of having been the first father and son to each be awarded a Medal of Honor .'}]}, {'value': 'Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Mayhew_Wainwright_IV', 'summary': 'Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV ( August 23 , 1883 - September 2 , 1953 ) was a career American army officer and the Commander of Allied forces in the Philippines at the time of their surrender to the Empire of Japan during World War II . Wainwright was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his courageous leadership during the fall of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General ; recipient of the MOH for defense of te Bataan and Corregidor ; also noted for leadership while a prisoner of war ( POW ) ; present on board USS Missouri ( BB-63 ) for the surrender of Japan ; returned to the Philippines to accept surrender of the local Japanese commander ; his father , Robert Powell Page Wainwright , was member of the Academy class of 1875', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_officer', 'summary': "A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army , and in some nations ' air forces or marines . [ a ] The term general is used in two ways : as the generic title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank . It originates in the 16th century , as a shortening of captain general , which rank was taken from Middle French capitaine général . The adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction . Today , the title of general is known in some countries as a four-star rank . However , different countries use different systems of stars or other insignia for senior ranks . It has a NATO code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies , air forces and marine organizations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bataan', 'summary': 'Bataan ( /bɑːtɑːˈɑːn/ ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Bataan IPA : [ bataʔan ] ; Kapampangan : Lalauígan ning Bataan ) is a province situated in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines . Its capital is the City of Balanga . Occupying the entire Bataan Peninsula on Luzon , Bataan is bordered by the provinces of Zambales and Pampanga to the north . The peninsula faces the South China Sea to the west and Subic Bay to the north-west , and encloses Manila Bay to the east . The Battle of Bataan is famous in history as one of the last stands of American and Filipino soldiers before they were overwhelmed by the Japanese forces in World War II . The Bataan Death March was named after the province , where the infamous march started .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Corregidor', 'summary': 'Corregidor Island ( Tagalog : Pulo ng Corregidor [ kɔˈɾɛhidɔr ] ) is an island located at the entrance of Manila Bay in southwestern part of Luzon Island in the Philippines . Due to this location , Corregidor has historically been fortified with coastal artillery to defend the entrance of Manila Bay and Manila from attacks by enemy warships . Located 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) inland , Manila has been the largest city and the most important seaport in the Philippines for centuries , from the colonial rule of Spain , Japan and the United States , to the establishment of the Philippines in 1946 . Corregidor ( Fort Mills ) is the largest of the islands that formed the harbor defenses of Manila Bay , together with El Fraile Island ( Fort Drum ) , Caballo Island ( Fort Hughes ) and Carabao Island ( Fort Frank ) , which were all fortified during the American colonial period . The island was also the site of a small military airfield , as part of the defense . During World War II , Corregidor played an important role during the invasion and liberation of the Philippines from Japanese forces . The island was heavily bombarded during the latter part of the war , and the ruins serve as a military memorial to American , Filipino and Japanese soldiers who served or lost their lives on the battlefield . Corregidor is one of the important historic and tourist sites in the country .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prisoner_of_war', 'summary': 'A prisoner of war ( POW ) is a non-combatant - whether a military member , an irregular military fighter , or a civilian - who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict . The earliest recorded usage of the phrase prisoner of war dates back to 1610 . Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons , such as isolating them from enemy combatants still in the field ( releasing and repatriating them in an orderly manner after hostilities ) , demonstrating military victory , punishing them , prosecuting them for war crimes , exploiting them for their labour , recruiting or even conscripting them as their own combatants , collecting military and political intelligence from them , or indoctrinating them in new political or religious beliefs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)', 'summary': 'USS Missouri ( BB-63 ) ( Mighty Mo or Big Mo ) is an Iowa-class battleship and was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named after the U.S. state of Missouri . Missouri was the last battleship commissioned by the United States and is best remembered as the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan , which ended World War II . Missouri was ordered in 1940 and commissioned in June 1944 . In the Pacific Theater of World War II she fought in the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and shelled the Japanese home islands , and she fought in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 . She was decommissioned in 1955 into the United States Navy reserve fleets ( the Mothball Fleet ) , but reactivated and modernized in 1984 as part of the 600-ship Navy plan , and provided fire support during Operation Desert Storm in January/February 1991 . Missouri received a total of 11 battle stars for service in World War II , Korea , and the Persian Gulf , and was finally decommissioned on 31 March 1992 after serving a total of 17 years of active service , but remained on the Naval Vessel Register until her name was struck in January 1995 . In 1998 , she was donated to the USS Missouri Memorial Association and became a museum ship at Pearl Harbor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'William H. Wilbur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_H._Wilbur', 'summary': "William Hale Wilbur ( September 24 , 1888 - December 27 , 1979 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for actions during the Allied landings in North Africa while attempting to negotiate a cease fire and leading combat actions against hostile forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Operation_Torch', 'summary': 'Operation Torch ( 8-16 November 1942 ) was an Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa during the Second World War . The French colonies in the area were dominated by the Vichy French , formally aligned with Germany but of mixed loyalties . Reports indicated that they might support the Allies . The American General Dwight D. Eisenhower , commanding the operation , planned a three-pronged attack on Casablanca ( Western ) , Oran ( Center ) and Algiers ( Eastern ) , then a rapid move on Tunis . The Western Task Force encountered unexpected resistance and bad weather , but Casablanca , the principal French Atlantic naval base , was captured after a short siege . The Center Task Force suffered some damage to its ships when trying to land in shallow water but the Vichy French ships were sunk or driven off ; Oran surrendered after bombardment by British battleships . The Eastern Task Force met less opposition because the French Resistance had staged a coup in Algiers and the Allies were able to push inland and compel surrender on the first day . The success of Torch caused Admiral François Darlan , commander of the Vichy French forces to order co-operation with the Allies , in return for being retained as High Commissioner , with many other Vichy officials keeping their jobs . Darlan was assassinated soon after and the Free French gradually came to dominate the government . Torch was the first mass involvement of US troops in the European-North African Theatre , and saw the first major airborne assault carried out by the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Junius Wallace Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junius_Wallace_Jones', 'summary': 'Junius Wallace Jones , B. S. , ( 1890-1977 ) was a major general in the United States Air Force . He was the Air Inspector ( a precursor to Inspector General ) for the Air Force when it was formed in 1947 .'}]}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; Air Inspector for the Army Air Forces , and later , the first Inspector General of the Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Inspector_General_of_the_Air_Force', 'summary': "The Office of Inspector General of the Air Force for the United States Air Force is responsible for conducting investigations and inspections as directed by the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force . The position in the Air Force was originally established after World War II as The Air Inspector , which was carried over from the Army Air Forces . The current mission of the Air Force Inspector General is prescribed by Title 10 ( § 8020 ) and Title 32 of the United States Code ( § 105 ) to develop Air Force and Air National Guard policy to assess readiness , discipline and efficiency with a vision to help shape senior leader decisions affecting the readiness of the Air Force to strengthen the nation 's defense . The Office of Inspector General of the Air Force consists of four directorates :"}]}, {'value': 'Demas T. Craw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demas_T._Craw', 'summary': "Demas Thurlow Nick Craw ( April 9 , 1900 - November 8 , 1942 ) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II . Craw and Maj. Pierpont M. Hamilton were the first Army Air Forces recipients of the Medal in the European-Mediterranean theater of World War II and the only AAF members to be awarded that decoration for valor not involving air combat ."}]}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel , United States Army Air Forces ; posthumous recipient of the MOH for ground actions during the Allied landings in North Africa while attempting to negotiate a cease fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Operation_Torch', 'summary': 'Operation Torch ( 8-16 November 1942 ) was an Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa during the Second World War . The French colonies in the area were dominated by the Vichy French , formally aligned with Germany but of mixed loyalties . Reports indicated that they might support the Allies . The American General Dwight D. Eisenhower , commanding the operation , planned a three-pronged attack on Casablanca ( Western ) , Oran ( Center ) and Algiers ( Eastern ) , then a rapid move on Tunis . The Western Task Force encountered unexpected resistance and bad weather , but Casablanca , the principal French Atlantic naval base , was captured after a short siege . The Center Task Force suffered some damage to its ships when trying to land in shallow water but the Vichy French ships were sunk or driven off ; Oran surrendered after bombardment by British battleships . The Eastern Task Force met less opposition because the French Resistance had staged a coup in Algiers and the Allies were able to push inland and compel surrender on the first day . The success of Torch caused Admiral François Darlan , commander of the Vichy French forces to order co-operation with the Allies , in return for being retained as High Commissioner , with many other Vichy officials keeping their jobs . Darlan was assassinated soon after and the Free French gradually came to dominate the government . Torch was the first mass involvement of US troops in the European-North African Theatre , and saw the first major airborne assault carried out by the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Leon William Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leon_W._Johnson', 'summary': "General Leon William Johnson ( 13 September 1904 - 10 November 1997 ) was a United States Air Force general who was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the attack on the Ploesti oil fields during World War II . A graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York , Johnson was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry in 1926 . He joined the United States Army Air Corps in 1929 , and qualified as a pilot . He earned a master of science degree in meteorology from California Institute of Technology in 1936 . During World War II , Johnson was one of the first four flying officers of the Eighth Air Force , and served on it staff during its formative period at Savannah , Georgia . In 1943 , he assumed command of the 44th Bombardment Group , which flew the Consolidated B-24 Liberator . Johnson led the attack on the German naval installations at Kiel in May 1943 and the attack on the Ploesti oil fields in August 1943 , for which the 44th Bombardment Group received Distinguished Unit Citations . He commanded the 14th Combat Bombardment Wing from September 1943 until May 1945 . After the war , Johnson commanded the Strategic Air Command 's Fifteenth Air Force . He returned to England in 1948 to lead the 3rd Air Division , and then the Third Air Force , as it was redesignated in 1951 . Despite his lowly rank of major general , he was able to hold his own in dealings with more senior British officers and officials , and performed his duties with diplomacy and sensitivity . He returned to the United States in 1952 as head of the Continental Air Command ."}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General , United States Army Air Corps and United States Air Force ; recipient of the MOH for actions in aerial combat during the raid on the Ploesti , Romania oilfields', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_officer', 'summary': "A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army , and in some nations ' air forces or marines . [ a ] The term general is used in two ways : as the generic title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank . It originates in the 16th century , as a shortening of captain general , which rank was taken from Middle French capitaine général . The adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction . Today , the title of general is known in some countries as a four-star rank . However , different countries use different systems of stars or other insignia for senior ranks . It has a NATO code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies , air forces and marine organizations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Corps ( USAAC ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army between 1926 and 1941 . After World War I , as early aviation became an increasingly important part of modern warfare , a philosophical rift developed between more traditional ground-based army personnel and those who felt that aircraft were being underutilized and that air operations were being stifled for political reasons unrelated to their effectiveness . The USAAC was renamed from the earlier United States Army Air Service on 2 July 1926 , and was part of the larger United States Army . The Air Corps became the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) on 20 June 1941 , giving it greater autonomy from the Army 's middle-level command structure . During World War II , although not an administrative echelon , the Air Corps ( AC ) remained as one of the combat arms of the Army until 1947 , when it was legally abolished by legislation establishing the Department of the Air Force . The Air Corps was renamed by the United States Congress largely as a compromise between the advocates of a separate air arm and those of the traditionalist Army high command who viewed the aviation arm as an auxiliary branch to support the ground forces . Although its members worked to promote the concept of air power and an autonomous air force in the years between the world wars , its primary purpose by Army policy remained support of ground forces rather than independent operations . On 1 March 1935 , still struggling with the issue of a separate air arm , the Army activated the General Headquarters Air Force for centralized control of aviation combat units within the continental United States , separate from but coordinate with the Air Corps . The separation of the Air Corps from control of its combat units caused problems of unity of command that became more acute as the Air Corps enlarged in preparation for World War II . This was resolved by the creation of the Army Air Forces ( AAF ) , making both organizations subordinate to the new higher echelon . On June 20 , 1941 , the Army Air Corps ' existence as the primary air arm of the U.S. Army changed to that of solely being the training and logistics elements of the then-new United States Army Air Forces , which embraced the formerly-named General Headquarters Air Force under the new Air Force Combat Command organization for front-line combat operations ; this new element , along with the Air Corps , comprised the USAAF . The Air Corps ceased to have an administrative structure after 9 March 1942 , but as the permanent statutory organization of the air arm , and the principal component of the Army Air Forces , the overwhelming majority of personnel assigned to the AAF were members of the Air Corps ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave', 'summary': 'Operation Tidal Wave was an air attack by bombers of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) based in Libya and Southern Italy on nine oil refineries around Ploiești , Romania on 1 August 1943 , during World War II . It was a strategic bombing mission and part of the oil campaign to deny petroleum-based fuel to the Axis . The mission resulted in no curtailment of overall product output . This mission was one of the costliest for the USAAF in the European Theater , with 53 aircraft and 660 air crewmen lost . It was proportionally the most costly major Allied air raid of the war and its date was later referred to as Black Sunday . Five Medals of Honor and 56 Distinguished Service Crosses along with numerous others awards were awarded to Operation Tidal Wave crew members .'}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Walker Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Walker_Castle', 'summary': 'Frederick Walker Castle ( October 14 , 1908-December 24 , 1944 ) was a general officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II , and a recipient of the Medal of Honor . He was killed in action leading the bombing mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor .'}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General , United States Army Air Forces ; posthumous recipient of the MOH for actions in aerial combat while leading a bombing mission over Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert G. Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_G._Cole', 'summary': 'Lieutenant Colonel Robert George Cole ( March 19 , 1915 - September 18 , 1944 ) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the days following the D-Day Normandy invasion of World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant Colonel ; 502nd Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division ; recipient of the MOH for leading his battalion in a bayonet charge at Carentan , France during the Battle of Normandy ; later killed in Best , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service .'}, {'url': '/wiki/502nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The 502nd Infantry Regiment ( 502nd IR ) , previously titled the 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment ( 502nd PIR ) , is an airborne infantry regiment of the United States Army . The regiment was established shortly after the American entry into World War II , and was assigned as a regiment of the 101st Airborne Division , The Screaming Eagles , one of the most decorated formations of the U.S. Army . The regiment saw substantial action in the European Theater of World War II and was inactivated in 1945 , shortly after the end of the war . Reactivating in a new form in 1956 , the 502d Infantry has served in the Vietnam War , the first Gulf War , Operation Iraqi Freedom , Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan , and Operation Inherent Resolve in Iraq . Since 1974 , the regiment has been classified as an Air Assault unit . Currently , its 1st and 2d battalions are active . Both battalions are assigned to the 2d Brigade Combat Team , 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division_(United_States)', 'summary': "The 101st Airborne Division ( Screaming Eagles ) is a specialized modular light infantry division of the US Army trained for air assault operations . The Screaming Eagles has been referred to as the tip of the spear by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and the most potent and tactically mobile of the U.S. Army 's divisions by former Chief of Staff of the Army GEN Edward C. Meyer ( ret ) . The 101st Airborne is able to plan , coordinate , and execute brigade-size air assault operations capable of seizing key terrain in support of operational objectives , and is capable of working in austere environments with limited or degraded infrastructure . These particular operations are conducted by highly mobile teams covering extensive distances and engaging enemy forces behind enemy lines . According to the author of Screaming Eagles : 101st Airborne Division , its unique battlefield mobility and high level of training have kept it in the vanguard of US land combat forces in recent conflicts . More recently , the 101st Airborne has been performing foreign internal defense and counterterrorism operations within Iraq and Afghanistan . The 101st Airborne Division has a history that is nearly a century long . During World War II , it was renowned for its role in Operation Overlord ( the D-Day landings and airborne landings on 6 June 1944 , in Normandy , France ) , Operation Market Garden , the liberation of the Netherlands and its action during the Battle of the Bulge around the city of Bastogne , Belgium . During the Vietnam War , the 101st Airborne Division fought in several major campaigns and battles , including the Battle of Hamburger Hill in May 1969 . In mid-1968 , it was reorganized and redesignated as an airmobile division and then in 1974 as an air assault division . The titles reflect the division 's shift from airplanes to helicopters as the primary method of delivering troops into combat . Many current members of the 101st are graduates of the US Army Air Assault School ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carentan', 'summary': "Carentan ( pronounced [ kaʁɛ̃tɑ̃ ] ) is a small rural town near the north-eastern base of the French Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy in north-western France near the port city of Cherbourg , with a population somewhat over 6,000 . It is a former commune in the Manche department . On 1 January 2016 , it was merged into the new commune of Carentan-les-Marais . The town was a strategic early goal of the World War II landings as capturing the town was necessary to link the lodgements at Utah and Omaha beaches which were divided by the Douve River estuary ( nearby fields were flooded by the Germans up to the town 's outskirts ) . The town was also needed as an intermediate staging position for the capture of the cities of Cherbourg and Octeville , with the critically important port facilities in Cherbourg ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Operation_Overlord', 'summary': "Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy , the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II . The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings ( Operation Neptune , commonly known as D-Day ) . A 1,200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels . Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June , and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August . The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion in 1944 was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943 . General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) , and General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group , which comprised all the land forces involved in the invasion . The coast of Normandy of northwestern France was chosen as the site of the invasion , with the Americans assigned to land at sectors codenamed Utah and Omaha , the British at Sword and Gold , and the Canadians at Juno . To meet the conditions expected on the Normandy beachhead , special technology was developed , including two artificial ports called Mulberry harbours and an array of specialised tanks nicknamed Hobart 's Funnies . In the months leading up to the invasion , the Allies conducted a substantial military deception , Operation Bodyguard , using both electronic and visual misinformation . This misled the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings . Führer Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of developing fortifications all along Hitler 's proclaimed Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion . The Allies failed to accomplish their objectives for the first day , but gained a tenuous foothold that they gradually expanded when they captured the port at Cherbourg on 26 June and the city of Caen on 21 July ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Best,_Netherlands', 'summary': "Best ( Listen ( help·info ) ) is a municipality and a village in the southern Netherlands . It is situated northwest of the city Eindhoven , and is also part of the agglomeration of this city . The headquarters of Europe 's largest meat processor Vion NV are located in Best , as are Philips Healthcare and the Bata Shoe Organization 's Bata Protective operations ( B2B ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Leon Vance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leon_Vance', 'summary': 'Leon Robert Bob Vance Jr. ( August 11 , 1916 - July 26 , 1944 ) was a Medal of Honor recipient who served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant Colonel , United States Army Air Corps ; recipient of the MOH for actions in saving his bomber crew though he was severely wounded ; Vance Air Force Base in his hometown of Enid , Oklahoma , is named in his honor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Corps ( USAAC ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army between 1926 and 1941 . After World War I , as early aviation became an increasingly important part of modern warfare , a philosophical rift developed between more traditional ground-based army personnel and those who felt that aircraft were being underutilized and that air operations were being stifled for political reasons unrelated to their effectiveness . The USAAC was renamed from the earlier United States Army Air Service on 2 July 1926 , and was part of the larger United States Army . The Air Corps became the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) on 20 June 1941 , giving it greater autonomy from the Army 's middle-level command structure . During World War II , although not an administrative echelon , the Air Corps ( AC ) remained as one of the combat arms of the Army until 1947 , when it was legally abolished by legislation establishing the Department of the Air Force . The Air Corps was renamed by the United States Congress largely as a compromise between the advocates of a separate air arm and those of the traditionalist Army high command who viewed the aviation arm as an auxiliary branch to support the ground forces . Although its members worked to promote the concept of air power and an autonomous air force in the years between the world wars , its primary purpose by Army policy remained support of ground forces rather than independent operations . On 1 March 1935 , still struggling with the issue of a separate air arm , the Army activated the General Headquarters Air Force for centralized control of aviation combat units within the continental United States , separate from but coordinate with the Air Corps . The separation of the Air Corps from control of its combat units caused problems of unity of command that became more acute as the Air Corps enlarged in preparation for World War II . This was resolved by the creation of the Army Air Forces ( AAF ) , making both organizations subordinate to the new higher echelon . On June 20 , 1941 , the Army Air Corps ' existence as the primary air arm of the U.S. Army changed to that of solely being the training and logistics elements of the then-new United States Army Air Forces , which embraced the formerly-named General Headquarters Air Force under the new Air Force Combat Command organization for front-line combat operations ; this new element , along with the Air Corps , comprised the USAAF . The Air Corps ceased to have an administrative structure after 9 March 1942 , but as the permanent statutory organization of the air arm , and the principal component of the Army Air Forces , the overwhelming majority of personnel assigned to the AAF were members of the Air Corps ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vance_Air_Force_Base', 'summary': 'Vance Air Force Base ( IATA : END , ICAO : KEND , FAA LID : END ) is a United States Air Force base located in southern Enid , Oklahoma , about 65 mi ( 105 km ) north northwest of Oklahoma City . The base is named after local World War II hero and Medal of Honor recipient , Lt Col Leon Robert Vance Jr . The host unit at Vance is the 71st Flying Training Wing ( 71 FTW ) , which is a part of Air Education and Training Command ( AETC ) . The commander of the 71 FTW is Colonel Corey A. Simmons . The vice-commander is Colonel Lee G. Gentile , Jr. and the command chief is Chief Master Sergeant Jeffrey Wilson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enid,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Enid ( /ˈiːnɪd/ EE-nid ) is the ninth-largest city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . It is the county seat of Garfield County . As of the 2010 census , the population was 49,379 . Enid was founded during the opening of the Cherokee Outlet in the Land Run of 1893 , and is named after Enid , a character in Alfred , Lord Tennyson 's Idylls of the King . In 1991 , the Oklahoma state legislature designated Enid the purple martin capital of Oklahoma . Enid holds the nickname of Queen Wheat City and Wheat Capital of Oklahoma and the United States for its immense grain storage capacity , and has the third-largest grain storage capacity in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexander R. Nininger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_R._Nininger', 'summary': 'Alexander Ramsey Nininger Jr. ( October 20 , 1918 - January 12 , 1942 ) was a Second Lieutenant of the Philippine Scouts who received the Medal of Honor during World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Lieutenant ; recipient of the MOH for actions in Bataan , Philippines while a member of the Philippine Scouts , continued an attack even though wounded three times ; first Army soldier awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II ; First Division of Cadet Barracks at West Point is named in his honor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_lieutenant_(United_States)', 'summary': 'Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bataan', 'summary': 'Bataan ( /bɑːtɑːˈɑːn/ ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Bataan IPA : [ bataʔan ] ; Kapampangan : Lalauígan ning Bataan ) is a province situated in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines . Its capital is the City of Balanga . Occupying the entire Bataan Peninsula on Luzon , Bataan is bordered by the provinces of Zambales and Pampanga to the north . The peninsula faces the South China Sea to the west and Subic Bay to the north-west , and encloses Manila Bay to the east . The Battle of Bataan is famous in history as one of the last stands of American and Filipino soldiers before they were overwhelmed by the Japanese forces in World War II . The Bataan Death March was named after the province , where the infamous march started .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Scouts', 'summary': "The Philippine Scouts ( Filipino : Maghahanap ng Pilipinas or Hukbong Maghahanap ng Pilipinas ) was a military organization of the United States Army from 1901 until after the end of World War II . These troops were generally Filipinos and Filipino-Americans assigned to the United States Army Philippine Department , under the command of white American commissioned officers ( though a handful of Filipino Americans received commissions from the United States Military Academy ) . Philippine Scout units were given the suffix ( PS ) , to distinguish them from other U.S. Army units . The first Scout companies were organized by the US in 1901 to combat the Philippine Revolutionary Army led at that time by General Emilio Aguinaldo . In 1919-1920 , the PS companies were grouped into regiments as part of the US Army and redesignated the 43d , 44th , 45th , and 57th Infantry Regiments , plus the 24th and 25th Field Artillery Regiments , the 26th Cavalry Regiment ( PS ) and the 91st and 92nd Coast Artillery Regiments . Service and support formations were also organized as engineer , medical , quartermaster and military police units . The infantry and field artillery regiments were grouped together with the U.S. 31st Infantry Regiment to form the U.S. Army 's Philippine Division . At this point , the Scouts became the U.S. Army 's front line troops in the Pacific . The Philippine Department assigned the Scouts to subdue the Moro tribes on the island of Mindanao ( see Moro rebellion ) , and to establish tranquility throughout the islands . In the 1930s , Philippine Scouts , along with the 31st Infantry Regiment , saw action at Jolo , Palawan . Philippine Scout regiments became the first United States Army units to be in combat during World War II , until the surrender of USAFFE in May 1942 . Even after that some individual soldiers and units refused to surrender and become beginning elements of the resistance to the Japanese occupation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael J. Daly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_J._Daly', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Daly ( September 15 , 1924 - July 25 , 2008 ) was an Irish-American United States Army infantry officer who received the United States military 's highest decoration for valor - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II . He received the medal for single-handedly eliminating 15 German soldiers including a German patrol , and destroying three machine-gun nests . He resigned from the United States Military Academy after one year to fight in the world war and was sent to Europe , participating in the D-Day landings at Omaha Beach . After the D-Day invasion , he fought on to Germany where he was wounded . He received a battlefield commission to second lieutenant , returned to combat , and participated in the action that earned him the Medal of Honor . After being presented the Medal of Honor in a ceremony at the White House by President Harry S. Truman , he went back to his hometown , started a family , and became a businessman . He died of cancer at his home in 2008 , at the age of 83 ."}]}, {'value': '1945 ex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; dropped out of the Academy after one year to enlist so he could fight in World War II ; received a battlefield commission ; awarded the MOH for assaulting several enemy positions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battlefield_promotion', 'summary': 'A battlefield promotion ( or field promotion ) is an advancement in military rank that occurs while deployed in combat . A standard field promotion is advancement from current rank to the next higher rank ; a jump-step promotion is advancement from current rank to a rank above the next highest .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni_18', 'intro': "The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Army. The Academy was founded in 1802 and is the oldest of the United States' five service academies. It is also referred to as West Point (the name of the military base that the Academy is a part of.) The Academy graduated its first cadet, Joseph Gardner Swift, in October 1802. Sports media refer to the Academy as Army and the students as Cadets; this usage is officially endorsed. The football team is also known as The Black Knights of the Hudson and The Black Knights. A small number of graduates each year choose the option of cross-commissioning into the United States Air Force, United States Navy, or the United States Marine Corps. Before the founding of the United States Air Force Academy in 1955, the Academy was a major source of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors. Most cadets are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes the sciences and engineering fields. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former cadets, current cadets, and faculty of the Military Academy. Notable graduates include 2 American Presidents, 4 additional heads of state, 20 astronauts, 74 Medal of Honor recipients, 70 Rhodes Scholars, and 3 Heisman Trophy winners."}
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When did the person from the earliest class serve as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point until ?
1922
065924b8f1520ca2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_common_surnames_in_Europe', 'title': 'List of most common surnames in Europe', 'header': ['Rank', 'Surname', 'Frequency', 'Meaning'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rossi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rossi_(surname)', 'summary': 'Rossi ( [ ˈrossi ] ) is an Italian surname , said to be the most common surname in Italy . Due to the diaspora , it is also very common in other countries such as Argentina , Australia , Austria , Brazil , Canada , Chile , France , Peru , Switzerland , the United States and Uruguay . Rossi is the plural of Rosso ( meaning red ( haired ) , in Italian ) . It is also a Finnish surname , not connected with the Italian one . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '60.487', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red ( Northern and Central Italy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red', 'summary': 'Red is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light , next to orange and opposite violet . It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625-740 nanometres . It is a primary color in the RGB color model and the CMYK color model , and is the complementary color of cyan . Reds range from the brilliant yellow-tinged scarlet and vermillion to bluish-red crimson , and vary in shade from the pale red pink to the dark red burgundy . The red sky at sunset results from Rayleigh scattering , while the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre , both forms of iron oxide . Iron oxide also gives the red color to the planet Mars . The red color of blood comes from the protein hemoglobin , while ripe strawberries , red apples and reddish autumn leaves are colored by anthocyanins . Red pigment made from ochre was one of the first colors used in prehistoric art . The Ancient Egyptians and Mayans colored their faces red in ceremonies ; Roman generals had their bodies colored red to celebrate victories . It was also an important color in China , where it was used to color early pottery and later the gates and walls of palaces . :60-61 In the Renaissance , the brilliant red costumes for the nobility and wealthy were dyed with kermes and cochineal . The 19th century brought the introduction of the first synthetic red dyes , which replaced the traditional dyes .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russo', 'summary': "Russo ( Italian : [ ˈrusso ] , Sicilian : [ ˈrʊssʊ ] ) is a common Southern Italian and Sicilian surname , meaning red ( haired ) . It 's the southern counterpart of the most common Central-Northern Italian surname Rossi , meaning also red ( haired ) ."}]}, {'value': '42.877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red ( Southern Italy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red', 'summary': 'Red is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light , next to orange and opposite violet . It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625-740 nanometres . It is a primary color in the RGB color model and the CMYK color model , and is the complementary color of cyan . Reds range from the brilliant yellow-tinged scarlet and vermillion to bluish-red crimson , and vary in shade from the pale red pink to the dark red burgundy . The red sky at sunset results from Rayleigh scattering , while the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre , both forms of iron oxide . Iron oxide also gives the red color to the planet Mars . The red color of blood comes from the protein hemoglobin , while ripe strawberries , red apples and reddish autumn leaves are colored by anthocyanins . Red pigment made from ochre was one of the first colors used in prehistoric art . The Ancient Egyptians and Mayans colored their faces red in ceremonies ; Roman generals had their bodies colored red to celebrate victories . It was also an important color in China , where it was used to color early pottery and later the gates and walls of palaces . :60-61 In the Renaissance , the brilliant red costumes for the nobility and wealthy were dyed with kermes and cochineal . The 19th century brought the introduction of the first synthetic red dyes , which replaced the traditional dyes .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferrari_(surname)', 'summary': 'Ferrari is an Italian occupational surname , the plural form of Ferraro , meaning blacksmith . Notable people with this surname include :'}]}, {'value': '33.707', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blacksmith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blacksmith', 'summary': "A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects from wrought iron or steel by forging the metal , using tools to hammer , bend , and cut ( cf . tinsmith ) . Blacksmiths produce objects such as gates , grilles , railings , light fixtures , furniture , sculpture , tools , agricultural implements , decorative and religious items , cooking utensils and weapons . The place where a blacksmith works is called variously a smithy , a forge or a blacksmith 's shop . While there are many people who work with metal such as farriers , wheelwrights , and armorers , the blacksmith had a general knowledge of how to make and repair many things , from the most complex of weapons and armor to simple things like nails or lengths of chain ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esposito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esposito', 'summary': 'Esposito ( Italian pronunciation : [ eˈspɔːzito ] ) is a common Italian surname . It ranks fourth among the most widespread surnames in Italy . Although it is frequent throughout the country , it is especially prevalent in the Campania region and , most specifically , in the Naples area .'}]}, {'value': '31.980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exposed ( abandoned child )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Child_exposure', 'summary': "Child abandonment is the practice of relinquishing interests and claims over one 's offspring in an extralegal way with the intent of never again resuming or reasserting guardianship over them . Typically the phrase is used to describe the physical abandoning of a child , but it can also include severe cases of neglect and emotional abandonment , such as in the case of a parent who fails to offer financial and emotional support for his or her child over a long period of time . An abandoned child is referred to as a foundling ( as opposed to a runaway or an orphan ) . Baby dumping refers to parents leaving a child younger than 12 months in a public or private place with the intent of terminating their care for the child . It is also known as rehoming , in cases where adoptive parents use illegal means , such as the internet , to find a new home for their child . In most cases , child abandonment is classified under a subsection of child abuse statutes and is punishable with a felony . Following felonious charges , one or both guardians give up their parental rights over the child thus severing their relationship with the child . Some states allow for a reinstatement of parental rights , in which case the parent or parents can have a relationship with the child again . However , it is unlikely that the parents can ever regain custody . [ unreliable source ? ] The perpetrator can additionally be charged with reckless abandonment if the victim dies as a result of his or her actions or neglect . [ unreliable source ? ]"}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bianchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bianchi_(surname)', 'summary': 'Bianchi , a plural of bianco ( white in Italian ) , is an Italian surname . Notable people with the surname include :'}]}, {'value': '25.121', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romano_(disambiguation)', 'summary': 'Romano may refer to :'}]}, {'value': '24.062', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombo_(surname)', 'summary': 'Colombo is an Italian surname . Literally meaning dove it was given to orphans .'}]}, {'value': '23.484', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dove ( abandoned child )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dove', 'summary': "Columbidae is a bird family constituted of pigeons and doves . These are stout-bodied birds with short necks , and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres . They primarily feed on seeds , fruits , and plants . The family occurs worldwide , but the greatest variety is in the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones . The animal order Columbiformes is also constituted of pigeons and doves , and includes about 42 genera and 310 species . The distinction between doves and pigeons in English is not consistent , and does not exist in most other languages . In contrast , in scientific and ornithological practice , dove tends to be used for smaller species and pigeon for larger ones , but this is in no way consistently applied . Historically , the common names for these birds involve a great deal of variation between the terms . The bird most commonly referred to as just pigeon is the domestic pigeon , which is common in many cities as the feral pigeon . Pigeon is a French word that derives from the Latin pipio , for a peeping chick , while dove is a Germanic word that refers to the bird 's diving flight . The English dialectal word culver appears to derive from Latin columba . Doves and pigeons build relatively flimsy nests , often using sticks and other debris , which may be placed on trees , ledges , or the ground , depending on species ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_(name)', 'summary': 'Bruno is a male given name . It is derived from the Old High German name Brun meaning Shield or Armor . [ citation needed ] It occurs in continental Europe , United States , Canada , Brazil and Oceania as a given name for men and boys .'}]}, {'value': '20.509', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricci', 'summary': 'Ricci ( pronounced [ ˈrittʃi ] ) is an Italian surname , derived from the adjective riccio meaning curly . Notable people with the surname include :'}]}, {'value': '19.879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curly-hair', 'summary': "Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis . Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals . The human body , apart from areas of glabrous skin , is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair . Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth , hair types , and hair care , but hair is also an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein , notably alpha-keratin . Attitudes towards different forms of hair , such as hairstyles and hair removal , vary widely across different cultures and historical periods , but it is often used to indicate a person 's personal beliefs or social position , such as their age , sex , or religion ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greco_(surname)', 'summary': 'Greco ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈɡrɛːko ] ) is a common Italian surname , ranking 10th among the most widespread surnames in Italy , and it literally means Greek . Historically , its popularity is due to the frequent relationships between Italy and Greece : in particular , it spread within the Griko communities of Southern Italy and the Arbëreshë minority emigrated from the Balkans since the 15th century . Variants of the surname include Del Greco , Della Greca , Greci , Grego , Grieco , La Greca , Lagreca , Lo Greco , Logreco , Logrieco , Greca , Grech , Grecco , etc .'}]}, {'value': '18.225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marino_(name)', 'summary': 'Marino is an Italian surname and a given name of Latin origin meaning of the sea .'}]}, {'value': '17.939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marine , seaman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gallo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gallo_(surname)', 'summary': 'Gallo is a surname .'}]}, {'value': '17.622', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rooster', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'De Luca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luca_(surname)', 'summary': 'De Luca , De Luca and Di Luca are common Italian surnames , derived from Latin name Lucas . De Luca may refer to :'}]}, {'value': '17.438', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Son of luke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conti_(disambiguation)', 'summary': 'Conti is an Italian surname .'}]}, {'value': '17.173', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Count', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Count', 'summary': 'Count ( male ) , or Countess ( female ) , is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries , varying in relative status , generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility . The etymologically related English term , county denoted the land owned by a count . Equivalents of the rank of count exist or have existed in the nobility structures of some non-European countries , such as hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Costa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costa_(surname)', 'summary': 'Costa ( Italian : [ ˈkɔsta ] , Portuguese : [ ˈkɔʃtɐ , ˈkɔstɐ ] , Galician : [ ˈkɔstɐ ] , Spanish : [ ˈkosta ] , Catalan : [ ˈkɔstə , ˈkɔsta ] ) , sometimes Costas , da Costa , Da Costa , or Dalla Costa , is a surname of multiple ethnic origins , most notably Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , French and Greek . The surname spread throughout the world through colonization and immigration . It is also a surname chosen by Jews and other religious groups due to Roman Catholic and other Christian conversions . In Italy , Portugal , France , Greece , Galicia and Catalonia it is derived from the Latin word costa , rib , which has come to mean slope , coast , in Romance languages . In the rest of Spain it comes from Catalonia or from Galicia , being the Spanish equivalent Cuesta .'}]}, {'value': '16.875', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coast', 'summary': "The coast , also known as the coastline or seashore , is the area where land meets the sea or ocean , or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake . A precise line that can be called a coastline can not be determined due to the coastline paradox . The term coastal zone is a region where interaction of the sea and land processes occurs . Both the terms coast and coastal are often used to describe a geographic location or region ( e.g. , New Zealand 's West Coast , or the East and West Coasts of the United States ) . Edinburgh is an example city on the coast of Great Britain . The term pelagic coast refers to a coast that fronts the open ocean , as opposed to a more sheltered coast in a gulf or bay . A shore , on the other hand , can refer to parts of land adjoining any large body of water , including oceans ( seashore ) and lakes ( lake shore ) . Similarly , the somewhat related term stream bed or stream bank refers to the land alongside or sloping down to a river ( riverbank ) or body of water smaller than a lake . Bank is also used in some parts of the world to refer to an artificial ridge of earth intended to retain the water of a river or pond ; in other places this may be called a levee . While many scientific experts might agree on a common definition of the term coast , the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to jurisdiction , with many scientific and government authorities in various countries differing for economic and social policy reasons . According to the UN atlas , 44% of people live within 150 km ( 93 mi ) of the sea ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mancini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mancini', 'summary': 'Mancini ( Italian pronunciation : [ manˈtʃiːni ] ) is a surname of Italian origin which , etymologically , comes from the Italian adjective mancino , which literally means left handed .'}]}, {'value': '16.784', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left handed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_handed', 'summary': 'In human biology , handedness is a better , faster , or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand , known as the dominant hand ; the incapable , less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand . Right-handedness is the most common form , and it is estimated that around 90% of the worlds population is right-handed . Handedness is often defined by which hand one writes with , as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do some tasks with each hand . However , true mixed-handedness is rare , as most people clearly prefer one hand for most purposes . Most of the current research would suggest that left handedness has an epigenetic marker , a combination of genetics , biology and the environment . Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed , many devices are designed for use by a right-handed person , which makes their use by left-handed people more difficult . In many countries across the world , left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hand . However , left-handed people have an advantage in sports that involve aiming at a target , because their opponents will be more accustomed to the right-handed majority . As a result , they are over-represented in baseball , tennis , fencing , cricket , and boxing .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giordano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giordano_(surname)', 'summary': 'Giordano is a surname of Italian origin .'}]}, {'value': '16.636', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rizzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rizzo_(surname)', 'summary': "Rizzo ( Italian pronunciation : [ 'rittso ] ) is a surname of Italian origin , denoting a person with curly hair [ citation needed ] or a variation of the surname Ricci ."}]}, {'value': '16.394', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curly-hair', 'summary': "Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis . Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals . The human body , apart from areas of glabrous skin , is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair . Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth , hair types , and hair care , but hair is also an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein , notably alpha-keratin . Attitudes towards different forms of hair , such as hairstyles and hair removal , vary widely across different cultures and historical periods , but it is often used to indicate a person 's personal beliefs or social position , such as their age , sex , or religion ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lombardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardi_(surname)', 'summary': 'Lombardi is an Italian surname , often held by the descendants of migrants from Lombardy and Northern Italy .'}]}, {'value': '15.220', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lombard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbieri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbieri', 'summary': 'Barbieri is an Italian surname . Notable people with the surname include :'}]}, {'value': '14.304', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barber', 'summary': "A barber is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut , dress , groom , style and shave men 's and boys ' hair and/or beard . A barber 's place of work is known as a barbershop or a barber 's . Barbershops are also places of social interaction and public discourse . In some instances , barbershops are also public forums . They are the locations of open debates , voicing public concerns , and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues . In previous times , barbers ( known as barber surgeons ) also performed surgery and dentistry . With the development of safety razors and the decreasing prevalence of beards , in Anglophonic cultures , most barbers now specialize in cutting men 's scalp hair as opposed to facial hair ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Italy', 'section_text': 'See also : Italian name From Mappa dei Cognomi website . [ 33 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_the_most_common_surnames_in_Europe_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the most common surnames in Europe, sorted by country.'}
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For the surname with the meaning Coast , how many most notably ethnic origins does it has ?
6
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hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_South_America', 'title': 'List of the busiest airports in South America', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country', 'Airport', 'City', 'Passengers'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo-Guarulhos_International_Airport', 'summary': 'São Paulo/Guarulhos-Governador André Franco Montoro International Airport ( IATA : GRU , ICAO : SBGR ) , often referred to as GRU Airport , or simply GRU , is the primary international airport serving São Paulo . It is popularly known locally as either Cumbica Airport , after the district where it is located and the Brazilian Air Force base that still exists at the airport complex , or Guarulhos Airport , after the municipality of Guarulhos , in the São Paulo metropolitan area , where it is located . Since November 28 , 2001 the airport has been named after André Franco Montoro ( 1916-1999 ) , former Governor of São Paulo state . The airport was rebranded as GRU Airport in 2012 . In Brazil the airport was ranked first in terms of transported passengers , aircraft operations , and cargo handled in 2012 , placing it as the second busiest airport in Latin America by passenger traffic ( 36,596,326 in 2016 ) after Mexico City International Airport . Guarulhos has slot restrictions , operating with a maximum of 45 operations/hour and being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil ( the others are São Paulo-Congonhas , Brasília , Belo Horizonte-Pampulha and Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont ) . Since 2012 , the airport has been operated by a consortium composed of Invepar S/A , Airports Company South Africa , and Infraero . Some of its facilities are shared with the São Paulo Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force .'}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '19,678,222', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Congonhas-São Paulo Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Congonhas-São_Paulo_Airport', 'summary': "São Paulo/Congonhas-Deputado Freitas Nobre Airport ( IATA : CGH , ICAO : SBSP ) Portuguese pronunciation : [ kõˈɡõɲɐs ] is one of the four commercial airports serving São Paulo , Brazil . The airport is named after the neighborhood where it is located , formerly called Vila Congonhas , property of the descendants of Lucas Antônio Monteiro de Barros ( 1767-1851 ) , Viscount of Congonhas do Campo , first president of the Province of São Paulo after the independence of Brazil in 1822 , during the Empire . In turn , the Viscount 's domain was named after the plural of a shrub known in Brazil as congonha-do-campo ( Luxemburgia polyandra , of the Ochnaceae family ) . Since June 19 , 2017 it is officially named after Deputy Freitas Nobre . The name Congonhas however remains mostly used . It is owned by the City of São Paulo , but operated by Infraero . Congonhas has slot restrictions operating with a maximum of 30 operations/hour , being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil . The central hall of the passenger terminal is considered one of the most outstanding examples of modern architecture in São Paulo . However , modernizing and enlargement work has been conducted at the terminal from 2003 onwards , while trying to preserve the look of the older , historic section . Today the main terminal has 51,535 m2 ( 554,718 sq.ft ) of space ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '13,672,301', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'El Dorado International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport', 'summary': "El Dorado International Airport ( IATA : BOG , ICAO : SKBO ) is an international airport serving Bogotá , Colombia and its surrounding areas . The airport is located mostly in the Fontibón district of Bogotá , although it partially extends into the Engativá district and the municipality of Funza in the Western Savanna Province of the Cundinamarca Department . In 2018 , it served over 32.7 million passengers and 741,000 metric tons of cargo . This makes El Dorado the third busiest airport in Latin America in terms of passenger traffic , and the busiest in terms of cargo . El Dorado is also by far the busiest and most important airport in Colombia , accounting for just under half ( 49% ) of the country 's air traffic . El Dorado is a hub for the Colombian flag-carrier Avianca , LATAM Colombia , Satena , Wingo , and a number of cargo companies . It is owned by the Government of Colombia and operated by Operadora Aeroportuaria Internacional ( OPAIN ) , a consortium composed of Colombian construction and engineering firms and the Swiss company Flughafen Zürich AG , the company that operates Zurich International Airport . The airport has been named the best airport in South America by World Airport Awards . El Dorado received four-star certification and its staff was rated the best in South America by Skytrax , as well as achieving 42nd place in Skytrax 's World 's Top 100 Airports in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bogotá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogotá', 'summary': "Bogotá ( /ˌboʊɡəˈtɑː/ , also UK : /ˌbɒɡ-/ , US : /ˈboʊɡətɑː/ , Spanish : [ boɣoˈta ] ( listen ) ) , officially Bogotá , Distrito Capital , abbreviated Bogotá , D.C. , and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000 , is the capital and largest city of Colombia , administered as the Capital District , as well as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca . Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order , with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia . It is the political , economic , administrative and industrial center of the country . Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on August 6 , 1538 , by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada after a harsh expedition into the Andes conquering the Muisca . The Muisca were the indigenous inhabitants of the region , and they called the place of the foundation Thybzaca or Old Town . The name of Bogotá corresponds to the Spanish pronunciation of the Muisca Bacatá ( or Mueketá ) which was the name of a neighboring settlement located between the modern towns of Funza and Cota . There are different opinions about the meaning of the word Bacatá , the most accepted being that it means walling of the farmland in the Chibcha language . Another popular translation argues that it means The Lady of the Andes . Further , the word 'Andes ' in the Aymara language means shining mountain , thus rendering the full lexical signification of Bogotá as The Lady of the shining mountain ( notice , however , that the language of the Muisca people was not Aymara but Chibcha ) . Others suggest that Bacatá was the name of the Muisca cacique who governed the land before the Spaniards arrived . Jiménez de Quesada gave the settlement the name of Our Lady of Hope but the Spanish crown gave it the name of Santafé ( Holy Faith ) in 1540 when it was appointed as a city . Santafé became the seat of the government of the Spanish Royal Audiencia of the New Kingdom of Granada ( created in 1550 ) , and then after 1717 it was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ."}]}, {'value': '13,548,420', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro–Galeão_International_Airport', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro-Antonio Carlos Jobim/Galeão International Airport ( IATA : GIG , ICAO : SBGL ) , popularly known by its original name Galeão International Airport , is the main airport serving Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . It is the country 's second-busiest international airport . It is named after Praia do Galeão ( Galleon Beach ) , located in front of the original passenger terminal ( the present passenger terminal of the Brazilian Air Force ) and where in 1663 the galleon Padre Eterno was built ; and since January 5 , 1999 also after the Brazilian musician Antonio Carlos Jobim . Galeão Airport is explicitly mentioned in his composition Samba do avião . It is the largest airport site in terms of area in Brazil . Since August 12 , 2014 it has been operated by the concessionary Rio Galeão , a consortium formed by the Brazilian investor Odebrecht and Changi Airport Group , with a minority participation of the government owned company Infraero , the previous operator . The new concessionary has been using the brand name RIOgaleão - Aeroporto Internacional Tom Jobim . Some of its facilities are shared with the Galeão Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də -/ ; Portuguese : [ ˈhi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈne ( j ) ɾu ] ( listen ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( nearly US $ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations - Petrobras and Vale - and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data ."}]}, {'value': '10,754,689', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Brasília International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brasília_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Brasília-Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport ( IATA : BSB , ICAO : SBBR ) is the only international airport serving Brasília . The airport was named after Juscelino Kubitschek ( 1902-1976 ) , the 21st President of Brazil . It is located in the administrative region of Lago Sul , in the Federal District . Some of its facilities are shared with the Brazilian Air Force . It is operated by Inframerica .'}]}, {'value': 'Brasília', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brasília', 'summary': "Brasília ( /brəˈzɪliə/ , Portuguese : [ bɾaˈziljɐ ] ) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District . The city is located atop the Brazilian highlands in the country 's center-western region . It was founded on April 21 , 1960 , to serve as the new national capital . Brasília is estimated to be Brazil 's third-most populous city . Among major Latin American cities , it has the highest GDP per capita . Brasília was planned and developed by Lúcio Costa , Oscar Niemeyer and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 in a scheme to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location . The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx . The city 's design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities , such as the Hotel Sector , the Banking Sector , and the Embassy Sector . Brasília was chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its modernist architecture and uniquely artistic urban planning . It was named City of Design by UNESCO in October 2017 and has been part of the Creative Cities Network since then . All three branches of Brazil 's federal government are centered in the city : executive , legislative and judiciary . Brasília also hosts 124 foreign embassies ."}]}, {'value': '10,443,393', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': 'Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comodoro_Arturo_Merino_Benítez_International_Airport', 'summary': "Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Internacional Arturo Merino Benítez ) ( IATA : SCL , ICAO : SCEL ) , also known as Santiago International Airport and Nuevo Pudahuel Airport , located in Pudahuel , 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) north-west of downtown Santiago , is Chile 's largest aviation facility and the busiest international airport in the country . Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport has domestic and international services to destinations in Europe , Oceania , Asia and the Americas . In 2011 it was the ninth busiest airport in Latin America and the sixth busiest in South America by passenger traffic . It was the seventh busiest airport in Latin America by aircraft movements , serving 124,799 operations . Its location in Chile 's most populated area , as well as in the central part of the country makes of it an ideal main hub and maintenance center for most local airlines such as LATAM and Sky Airline . LATAM Airlines accounts for approximately 82% of the airport 's total commercial operations . The airport is owned by the Chilean government and has been operated since October 2015 by Nuevo Pudahuel , a consortium of companies formed by Aéroports de Paris ( France ) , Vinci ( France ) and Astaldi ( Italy ) . Air traffic control is handled by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation . Its ICAO category is 4F . The airport functions as a joint civil-military facility . It is the headquarters of the Chilean Air Force 2nd Air Brigade and where its 10th Aviation Group is based . Santiago International is the longest non-stop destination for most European carriers including Iberia , Air France , Alitalia and British Airways from their respective hubs in Madrid-Barajas Airport , Paris-Charles de Gaulle , Rome-Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport and London-Heathrow Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago,_Chile', 'summary': "Santiago ( /ˌsɒntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ /ˌsæntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ sanˈtjaɣo ] , derived from Saint-James ) , also known as Santiago de Chile , is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas . It is the center of Chile 's largest and most densely populated conurbation , the Santiago Metropolitan Region , whose total population is 7 million . The city is entirely located in the country 's central valley . Most of the city lies between 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) and 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) above mean sea level . Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , Santiago has been the capital city of Chile since colonial times . The city has a downtown core of 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets , dotted by art deco , neo-gothic , and other styles . Santiago 's cityscape is shaped by several stand-alone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River , lined by parks such as Parque Forestal . The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city . These mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem , particularly during winter . The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within an hour of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santiago is the cultural , political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations . The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago , but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': '9,017,718', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': 'Simón Bolívar International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simón_Bolívar_International_Airport_(Venezuela)', 'summary': 'Simón Bolívar International Airport or Maiquetía Simón Bolívar International Airport ( IATA : CCS , ICAO : SVMI , Spanish : Aeropuerto Internacional de Maiquetia Simón Bolívar ) is an international airport located in Maiquetía , Vargas , Venezuela about 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from downtown Caracas , the capital of the country . Simply called Maiquetía by the local population , it is the main international air passenger gateway to Venezuela . It handles flights to destinations in the Americas , Europe and the Middle East .'}]}, {'value': 'Maiquetía', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maiquetía', 'summary': 'Maiquetía is a city located in the Central Region of Venezuela , in the state of Vargas . It is at approximately 19 m above sea level on a small shelf between the Caribbean and the mountains behind it . Caracas , the Venezuelan capital , is approximately 37 km to the southeast . Maiquetía is mainly a commercial center . The historic center has many narrow streets lined with stores and a market . The main road in this part of the city is the Avenida Carlos Soublette . The recent geopolitical divisions in Vargas makes Maiquetía no longer include the Simón Bolívar International Airport , the most important one in the country and the commercial airport serving Caracas . Conviasa , the Venezuelan flag carrier airline , is headquartered in the city . Even though the airport is now in the state of Vargas , it has kept the name Maiquetía , which cause some confusion among locals and foreigners alike . The city forms a conurbation with La Guaira with which it is linked via Avenida Soublette . Given its proximity to Caracas and seafront location , it offers an optimal location for some hotels . Maiquetía suffered the devastating effects of torrential rains and mudslides during the 1999 Vargas tragedy .'}]}, {'value': '8,975,897', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jorge Chávez International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport', 'summary': "Jorge Chávez International Airport , ( Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez ) , is Peru 's main international and domestic airport . It is located in Callao , 11 kilometers ( 7 mi ) from Lima , the nation 's capital city and 17 km ( 11 mi ) from Miraflores . During 2017 , the airport served 22,025,704 passengers . Historically , the airport was the hub for Compañía de Aviación Faucett and Aeroperú . Now it serves as a hub for many aviation companies . The airport was named after Peruvian aviator Jorge Chávez ( 1887 - 1910 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': '8,285,688', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Ministro Pistarini International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ministro_Pistarini_International_Airport', 'summary': "Ministro Pistarini International Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Internacional Ministro Pistarini ) ( IATA : EZE , ICAO : SAEZ ) , but better known as Ezeiza International Airport owing to its location in the Ezeiza Partido in Greater Buenos Aires , is an international airport 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) south-southwest of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires , the capital city of Argentina . It is the country 's largest international airport by number of passengers handled - 85% of international traffic - and is a hub for international flights of Aerolíneas Argentinas and LATAM Argentina . Aerolíneas Argentinas and its subsidiary Austral Líneas Aereas do operate limited domestic or cabotaje air service from Pistarini Airport as well . Covering 3,475 hectares ( 13.42 sq mi ; 8,590 acres ) , the airport serves Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area . It has been operated by Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 S.A. since 1998 . It is one of three airports serving Buenos Aires , along with Aeroparque Jorge Newbery and El Palomar Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '8,012,794', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecuador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecuador', 'summary': "Ecuador ( /ˈɛkwədɔːr/ ( listen ) EK-wə-dor ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ekwaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Ikwayur ; Shuar : Ecuador or Ekuatur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( Spanish : República del Ecuador , which literally translates as Republic of the Equator ; Quechua : Ikwadur Ripuwlika ; Shuar : Ekuatur Nunka ) , is a country in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the mainland . The capital city is Quito , which is also its largest city . The territories of modern-day Ecuador were once home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 17.1 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants . Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . It is governed as a democratic presidential republic . One of 18 megadiverse countries in the world , Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . In recognition of its unique ecological heritage , the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . It also has the fifth lowest homicide rate in the Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Mariscal Sucre International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariscal_Sucre_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Mariscal Sucre International Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Internacional Mariscal Sucre ) ( IATA : UIO , ICAO : SEQM ) is the busiest airport in Ecuador and one of the busiest airports in South America . It is located in the Tababela parish , about 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) east of Quito and serves as the largest hub for the Ecuadorian flag-carrier TAME , Avianca Ecuador and LATAM Ecuador . It opened in February 2013 and replaced the old Mariscal Sucre International Airport . The airport is named after independence leader Antonio José de Sucre .'}]}, {'value': 'Quito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quito', 'summary': "Quito ( /ˈkiːtoʊ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkito ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Kitu ; formally San Francisco de Quito ) is the capital of Ecuador , the country 's most populous city , and at an elevation of 2,850 metres ( 9,350 ft ) above sea level , it is the second highest official capital city in the world , after La Paz , and the one which is closest to the equator . It is located in the Guayllabamba river basin , on the eastern slopes of Pichincha , [ verification needed ] an active stratovolcano in the Andes Mountains . In 2008 , the city was designated as the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations . The historic center of Quito is one of the largest , least-altered and best-preserved in the Americas . Quito and Kraków , Poland , were among the first World Cultural Heritage Sites declared by UNESCO , in 1978 . The central square of Quito is located about 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) south of the equator ; the city itself extends to within about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) of zero latitude . A monument and museum marking the general location of the equator is known locally as la mitad del mundo ( the middle of the world ) , to avoid confusion , as the word Ecuador is Spanish for equator ."}]}, {'value': '4,274,922', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2008 South America busiest airports by passenger traffic', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_South_America_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of the busiest airports in South America.'}
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What position in Brazil was served by the namesake of the airport that served 10,443,393 flyers in 2008 ?
21st President
065e1ae44c9cab38
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_family_relations_in_the_NHL', 'title': 'List of family relations in the NHL', 'header': ['Uncle', 'Nephew', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'George Armstrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Armstrong_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "George Edward Chief Armstrong ( born July 6 , 1930 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 21 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Toronto Maple Leafs . He played 1,188 NHL games between 1950 and 1971 , all with Toronto and a franchise record , and was the team 's captain for 13 seasons . Armstrong was a member of four Stanley Cup championship teams and played in seven NHL All-Star Games . He scored the final goal of the NHL 's Original Six era as Toronto won the 1967 Stanley Cup . Armstrong played both junior and senior hockey in the Toronto Marlboros organization and was a member of the 1950 Allan Cup winning team as senior champions of Canada . He returned to the Marlboros following his playing career and coached the junior team to two Memorial Cup championships . He served as a scout for the Quebec Nordiques , as an assistant general manager of the Maple Leafs and for part of the 1988-89 NHL season as Toronto 's head coach . Armstrong was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975 and the Maple Leafs honoured his uniform number 10 in 1998 , and would later officially retire the number , along with ten others , during a pre-game ceremony on October 15 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dale McCourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_McCourt', 'summary': 'Dale Allen McCourt , a native of Falconbridge , Ontario ( born January 26 , 1957 ) , is a former professional ice hockey forward . He was drafted first overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Scott Arniel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Arniel', 'summary': "Scott William Arniel ( born September 17 , 1962 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player and current assistant coach of the National Hockey League 's Washington Capitals . Previously , he was the head coach of the Columbus Blue Jackets and associate coach of the New York Rangers ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamie Arniel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Arniel', 'summary': 'James Gregory Arniel ( born November 16 , 1989 ) is a Canadian ice hockey centre who is currently playing for HC Bolzano of the Austrian Hockey League ( EBEL ) . Arniel was drafted by the Boston Bruins in the fourth round ( 97th overall ) of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft . He is the nephew of Scott Arniel .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bertuzzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bertuzzi', 'summary': 'Todd Bertuzzi ( born February 2 , 1975 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Known as a power forward , he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders , Vancouver Canucks , Florida Panthers , Anaheim Ducks , Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings . Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft , he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) for four seasons . In 1995-96 , he played his rookie season with the Islanders . After two-and-a-half seasons with the Islanders , he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks . Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks - his longest tenured team in the NHL - including NHL First Team All-Star honours in 2003 . During the 2003-04 season , he was suspended for the Todd Bertuzzi-Steve Moore incident . In 2006 , after seven-and-a-half seasons with Vancouver , Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers , with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings . He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there . Internationally , Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships . He is the uncle of Tyler Bertuzzi who currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyler Bertuzzi *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_Bertuzzi', 'summary': 'Tyler Bertuzzi ( born February 24 , 1995 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Bertuzzi was drafted 58th overall by the Red Wings in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Scott Bjugstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Bjugstad', 'summary': 'Barry Scott Bjugstad ( born June 2 , 1961 in Saint Paul , Minnesota and raised in New Brighton , Minnesota ) is an American retired professional ice hockey forward who played 317 games in the National Hockey League between 1984 and 1992 . He played for the Minnesota North Stars , Pittsburgh Penguins , and Los Angeles Kings . He was also a member of the United States national hockey team in the 1984 Winter Olympics before turning professional . During high school , Scott Bjugstad lived in New Brighton , MN where he attended Irondale High School and helped lead the Knights hockey team to playoff victories . After high school , he went on to a successful college career with the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers .'}]}, {'value': 'Nick Bjugstad *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Bjugstad', 'summary': 'Nicholas Jay Bjugstad ( born July 17 , 1992 ) is an American professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was drafted by the Florida Panthers in the first round of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft , 19th overall .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Toe Blake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toe_Blake', 'summary': "Joseph Hector Toe Blake , CM ( August 21 , 1912 - May 17 , 1995 ) was a Canadian ice hockey player and coach in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He is best known for his three-decade association with the Montreal Canadiens , with whom he won the Stanley Cup ten times as a player or coach . In 2017 Blake was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Blake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Blake', 'summary': 'Michael W. Blake ( born April 6 , 1956 ) is a former professional hockey player in the National Hockey League . He was a goaltender for the Los Angeles Kings between the 1981-82 and 1983-84 NHL seasons . However , he would only play in 41 career games , 29 in 1983-84 . Blake was born in Kitchener , Ontario . His uncle Toe Blake was a famous Montreal Canadiens player , playing with Rocket Richard . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Boychuk *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Boychuk', 'summary': "John Paul Boychuk ( born January 19 , 1984 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Drafted 61st overall in 2002 by the Colorado Avalanche , he has previously played for the Avalanche and the Boston Bruins . In 2011 , he was a part of the Bruins ' Stanley Cup Championship team ."}]}, {'value': 'John Quenneville *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Quenneville', 'summary': 'John Quenneville ( born April 16 , 1996 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Rockford IceHogs in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) as a prospect to the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Quenneville was selected by the New Jersey Devils in the first round ( 30th overall ) of the 2014 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Brickley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Brickley', 'summary': "Andrew 'Brick 'Brickley ( born August 9 , 1961 ) is a former American professional hockey player , who spent 14 seasons playing in the National Hockey League , American Hockey League , and the International Hockey League . He currently serves as the color commentator for the Boston Bruins on the New England Sports Network ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Brickley *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Brickley', 'summary': 'Daniel Brickley ( born March 30 , 1995 in Salt Lake City , Utah ) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Ontario Reign in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) as a prospect to the Los Angeles Kings in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Neal , Aaron , Paul Broten', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shane Gersich *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shane_Gersich', 'summary': 'Shane Gersich ( born July 10 , 1996 ) is an American professional ice hockey winger currently playing for the Hershey Bears in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) as a prospect to the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Gersich was selected 134th overall by the Capitals at the 2014 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Bucyk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Bucyk', 'summary': "John Paul Chief Bucyk ( born May 12 , 1935 ) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey left winger and member of the Hockey Hall of Fame . Having played most of his career with the Boston Bruins , he has been associated in one capacity or another with the Bruins ' organization since the late 1950s . In 2017 Bucyk was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history ."}]}, {'value': 'Randy Bucyk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Bucyk', 'summary': "Randy Richard Bucyk ( born November 9 , 1962 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 19 games in the National Hockey League with the Montreal Canadiens and Calgary Flames . He is the nephew of NHL Hall of Famer Johnny Bucyk . In 1985 Bucyk won the Calder Cup as American Hockey League championship with the Sherbrooke Canadiens . He was then called a couple of times during the 1985-86 season to play for Montreal Canadiens and he skated with the Canadiens for 17 regular season games and 2 playoff games during the Canadiens ' Stanley Cup winning season . Although Bucyk was included on the team winning picture and received a Stanley Cup ring from the Canadiens , his name is not engraved on the Stanley Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Billy Carroll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Carroll', 'summary': 'William Allan Carroll ( born January 19 , 1959 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey Centre . Carroll played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New York Islanders , Edmonton Oilers and Detroit Red Wings , winning the Stanley Cup both with Edmonton and New York . Carroll was born in Toronto , Ontario , but grew up in nearby Pickering . Carroll was drafted in the second round ( 38th overall ) by the New York Islanders in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft from the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) . He won three Stanley Cups with New York in 1981 , 1982 , and 1983 . He was claimed off waivers by the Edmonton Oilers on October 9 , 1984 , at the beginning of the 1984-85 NHL season and won his fourth Stanley Cup that season at the age of 26 . Carroll played two more seasons in the NHL with the Detroit Red Wings before retiring from professional hockey in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boone Jenner *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boone_Jenner', 'summary': 'Boone Jenner ( born June 15 , 1993 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player and alternate captain for the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Jenner was selected by Columbus in the second round , 37th overall , of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Chouinard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Chouinard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Chouinard', 'summary': 'Marc Chouinard ( born May 6 , 1977 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre-winger .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Christian', 'summary': 'David William Christian ( born May 12 , 1959 ) is a retired American professional ice hockey forward . He is most famous for having played on the 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal during the 1980 Winter Olympics . Additionally he played for 5 National Hockey League teams over a 15 season career .'}]}, {'value': 'Brock Nelson *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brock_Nelson', 'summary': "Brock Christian Nelson ( born October 15 , 1991 ) is an American professional ice hockey player for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Nelson was drafted 30th overall in the first round of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft by the Islanders . Prior to playing professional hockey , Nelson played at the University of North Dakota . His first experience in professional hockey was at the American Hockey League ( AHL ) level with the Islanders ' affiliate , the Bridgeport Sound Tigers ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Lionel , Charlie , & Roy Conacher', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray_Henderson_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'John Murray Moe Henderson ( September 5 , 1921 - January 4 , 2013 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played 405 games in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins . Born in Toronto , Ontario in 1921 , Henderson played junior hockey with the Toronto Young Rangers . In 1942 he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force and was stationed on the Pacific coast where he flew patrol missions . He was discharged two years later following the death of his father . Henderson played briefly for the Boston Olympics , a farm team of the Boston Bruins , before joining the big club for five games at the end of the 1944-1945 season . In total Henderson played eight seasons with the Bruins and registered 24 goals and 62 assists . Following his NHL career , he spent four seasons as the player-coach of the Hershey Bears . Henderson is the nephew of the Conacher brothers Roy , Lionel and Charlie who were all inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . He is also the cousin of Brian , Pete and Lionel Conacher , Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Marty Dallman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marty_Dallman', 'summary': 'Marty Dallman ( born February 15 , 1963 in Niagara Falls , Ontario ) is an Austria-Canadian former ice hockey player . He played six games for the Toronto Maple Leafs in the late 1980s and played most of his career in the minor leagues and in Europe . He played for Austria at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . He is the uncle of Kevin Dallman , captain of Barys Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Dallman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Dallman', 'summary': 'Kevin Jonathan Dallman ( Kazakh : Кевин Даллмэн ; born February 26 , 1981 ) is a former Canadian-Kazakhstani professional ice hockey defenceman . He most recently played for Barys Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Billy Dea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Dea', 'summary': 'William Fraser Dea ( born April 3 , 1933 ) is a former professional ice hockey centre and head coach in the National Hockey League . A minor league standout , Dea began his NHL career with a brief fourteen game assignment with the New York Rangers during the 1953-54 season . On August 18 , 1955 , the Rangers traded the NHL rights to Dea and Aggie Kukulowicz to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for Bronco Horvath and Dave Creighton . In 1957 , he joined the Red Wings as a starting two-way forward . The next season , he was traded mid-season to the Chicago Black Hawks . For the next nine years , Dea would play exclusively in the American Hockey League , before expansion gave him another crack at the NHL . During the 1968-69 and 1969-70 campaigns , he was a regular on the Pittsburgh Penguins . He then returned to the Red Wings for an additional two years , ending his career with 67 goals and 54 assists in 397 games . In 1975 , Dea became an assistant coach with the Red Wings . In retirement , Dea joined the Detroit front office . During the 1981-82 NHL season , he became the head coach as a mid-season replacement for Wayne Maxner . He currently serves as a scout for the Florida Panthers .'}]}, {'value': 'James Wisniewski *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Wisniewski', 'summary': 'James Joseph Wisniewski ( born February 21 , 1984 ) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman who is currently an unrestricted free agent . He most recently played for the Kassel Huskies of the German DEL2 . He has previously played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Chicago Blackhawks , Anaheim Ducks , New York Islanders , Montreal Canadiens , Columbus Blue Jackets , and Carolina Hurricanes .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Barry Dean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Dean', 'summary': 'Barry James Dean ( born February 26 , 1955 in Maple Creek , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . Dean was drafted second overall in the 1975 NHL Amateur Draft by the Kansas City Scouts . He played 71 World Hockey Association ( WHA ) games for the Phoenix Roadrunners , as well as 165 National Hockey League ( NHL ) games for the Colorado Rockies and the Philadelphia Flyers , and retired in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zack Smith *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zack_Smith', 'summary': 'Zachary Smith ( born April 5 , 1988 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He has previously played for the Ottawa Senators , who drafted him 79th overall in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave Dunn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Dunn', 'summary': 'David George Dunn ( born August 19 , 1948 in Moosomin , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League and the World Hockey Association during the 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Brett Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brett_Clark_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Brett Barry Clark ( born December 23 , 1976 ) is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey defenceman . He previously played in the National Hockey League with the Montreal Canadiens , Atlanta Thrashers , Colorado Avalanche , Tampa Bay Lightning and the Minnesota Wild .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Roy Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Edwards', 'summary': "Allan Roy Edwards ( March 12 , 1937 - August 16 , 1999 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 206 games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings and the Pittsburgh Penguins . In 1958 , at age 21 , Edwards backstopped the Whitby Dunlops , Canada 's representative , to the IIHF World Hockey Championship at Oslo , Norway . He posted a perfect 7-0 record in the eight-team round-robin tournament . In those seven games , Edwards played every minute . He recorded three shutouts and surrendered just six total goals to achieve an impressive 0.86 goals-against average . In 1960 he became property of the Chicago Black Hawks . His name was engraved on the Stanley Cup in 1961 even though he never played a single game for Chicago . ( In fact he did not play his first NHL game until 1967-68 . ) Edwards ' road to the NHL was a long , winding one . In nine years , he played for seven teams in four leagues . On June 6 , 1967 the Pittsburgh Penguins selected him in the expansion draft , but traded him to the Detroit Red Wings the very next day . In 1967-68 , Roger Crozier , the Red Wings ' first-string goaltender , retired due to illness , and Edwards was called upon to take his place ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Edwards_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Donald Laurie Dart Edwards ( born September 28 , 1955 in Hamilton , Ontario ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played ten seasons in the National Hockey League for the Buffalo Sabres , Calgary Flames , and Toronto Maple Leafs .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Randy Exelby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Exelby', 'summary': 'Randy Alan Exelby ( born August 13 , 1965 ) is a retired ice hockey goaltender . He played in two National Hockey League games , one each for the Montreal Canadiens and Edmonton Oilers .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Capobianco *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Capobianco', 'summary': "Kyle Capobianco ( born August 8 , 1997 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for the Tucson Roadrunners in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) as a prospect to the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was the 63rd overall selection of the Coyotes at the 2015 NHL Entry Draft . Capobianco 's grandfather , Clare Exelby , is a former CFL player and uncle , Randy Exelby , is a former NHL player ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Denis Gauthier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Gauthier', 'summary': 'Denis Gauthier , Jr. ( born October 1 , 1976 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman . A first round selection of the Calgary Flames at the 1995 NHL Entry Draft , Gauthier played for the Flames , Phoenix Coyotes , Philadelphia Flyers and Los Angeles Kings during his ten-season National Hockey League ( NHL ) career .'}]}, {'value': 'Julien Gauthier *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julien_Gauthier', 'summary': 'Julien Gauthier ( born October 15 , 1997 ) is a Canadian ice hockey forward currently playing for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Gauthier was drafted 21st overall by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Uncles-nephews', 'section_text': "This category is for such pairings not already listed in the `` Father-Son '' & `` Siblings '' sections above . Jeff Beukeboom , pictured here with the New York Rangers , is the nephew of Ed Kea and cousin of Joe Nieuwendyk .", 'uid': 'List_of_family_relations_in_the_NHL_4', 'intro': "This is a list of family relations in the National Hockey League. Since the creation of the National Hockey League in 1917, family members have been involved in all aspects of the league. Although most connections are among players, there have been family members involved in coaching and managing as well. Since 1917, 47 pairs of brothers have played together on the same team; among them, ten have won the Stanley Cup together. Brothers have also squared off against each other five times in the Stanley Cup finals, most recently in 2003. Twenty-six sons have followed in their fathers' footsteps and played for his team. Only once has a father played with his sons, when Gordie Howe played with Mark and Marty for one season with the Hartford Whalers. The Chicago Blackhawks have seen the most familial connections with 31: twenty sets of brothers, five father-son combinations, three uncle-nephew combinations, and three sets of cousins. The Sutter family has had the largest number of family members - nine - play, coach and manage in the NHL. The original six brothers (Brent, Brian, Darryl, Duane, Rich, and Ron) and three of their sons (cousins Brandon, Brett, and Brody) result in multiple brother/father-son/uncle-nephew/cousin combinations. Below is a list of family relations throughout the NHL as players, head coaches, general managers, and officials. Owners are not included, as inheritance makes these relations more routine."}
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What leadership role does the nephew of Billy Carroll have on the Columbus Blue Jackets ?
alternate captain
065ed611b0687387
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Films', 'title': 'CNN Films', 'header': ['Title', 'Release date', 'Director ( s )', 'Writer ( s )', 'Producer ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Évocateur : The Morton Downey Jr. Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Évocateur:_The_Morton_Downey_Jr._Movie', 'summary': "Évocateur : The Morton Downey Jr. Movie is a 2012 documentary film that chronicles the history of The Morton Downey Jr. Show and Downey 's influence on trash TV . The film also looks at Downey 's relationship with Al Sharpton and other important 1980s figures , as well as Downey 's role as a predecessor for conservative commentators like Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh ."}]}, {'value': 'June 7 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seth Kramer Daniel A. Miller Jeremy Newberger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel A. Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seth Kramer Daniel A. Miller Jeremy Newberger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girl Rising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girl_Rising_(film)', 'summary': "Girl Rising is a 2013 movie produced by Kayce Freed , Tom Yellin and Holly Gordon at The Documentary Group , in partnership with Paul G. Allen and Jody Allen of Vulcan Productions . It was directed by Academy Award nominee Richard E. Robbins and features narration by Anne Hathaway , Cate Blanchett , Selena Gomez , Liam Neeson , Sushmita Sen , Priyanka Chopra , Chloë Grace Moretz , Freida Pinto , Salma Hayek , Meryl Streep , Alicia Keys and Kerry Washington . The movie tells the stories of nine girls from nine countries : ( Sierra Leone , Haiti , Ethiopia , Afghanistan , Peru , Egypt , Nepal , India and Cambodia ) . Each girl had her story written by a writer from her country and voiced by renowned actors . Their stories reflect their struggles to overcome societal or cultural barriers . The writers are Loung Ung ( Cambodia ) , Edwidge Danticat ( Haiti ) , Manjushree Thapa ( Nepal ) , Mona Eltahawy ( Egypt ) , Maaza Mengiste ( Ethiopia ) , Sooni Taraporevala ( India ) , Maria Arana ( Peru ) , Aminatta Forna ( Sierra Leone ) , Zarghuna Kargar ( Afghanistan ) . The girls ' names are Sokha ( Cambodia ) , Wadley ( Haiti ) , Suma ( Nepal ) , Yasmin ( Egypt ) , Azmera ( Ethiopia ) , Ruksana ( India ) , Senna ( Peru ) , Mariama ( Sierra Leone ) and Amina ( Afghanistan ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June 16 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard E. Robbins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_E._Robbins', 'summary': "Richard E. Robbins is an American filmmaker and documentary maker , who has produced and directed several documentaries for ABC and PBS . The most notable is Operation Homecoming : Writing the Wartime Experience , which puts forward the perspective of American troops returning home from service in Iraq . In January 2008 , Robbins received an Academy Award nomination for the film as well as two Emmy nominations , and nominations from the International Documentary Association and the Directors Guild of America . He is also a noted producer , having produced several series for Peter Jennings Reporting , including Peter Jennings Reporting : LAPD and Peter Jennings Reporting : Dark Horizon - India , Pakistan , and the Bomb . He was a producer for the ABC special The Century : America 's Time . He graduated from Harvard College ."}]}, {'value': 'Aminatta Forna Edwidge Danticat Maaza Mengiste Zarghuna Kargar Marie Arana Mona Eltahawy Manjushree Thapa Sooni Taraporevala Loung Ung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aminatta_Forna', 'summary': "Aminatta Forna , OBE ( born 1964 ) is a Scottish and Sierra Leonean writer . She is the author of a memoir , The Devil That Danced on the Water , and four novels : Ancestor Stones ( 2006 ) , The Memory of Love ( 2010 ) , The Hired Man ( 2013 ) and Happiness ( 2018 ) . Her novel The Memory of Love was awarded the Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for Best Book in 2011 , and was also shortlisted for the Orange Prize for Fiction . Forna is Professor of Creative Writing at Bath Spa University and was , until recently , Sterling Brown Distinguished Visiting Professor at Williams College in Massachusetts . She is currently Lannan Visiting Chair of Poetics at Georgetown University in Washington , DC . On 7 March 2014 , Forna was announced as the recipient of the 2014 Windham-Campbell Literature Prize ( Fiction ) . In 2015 Forna was part of the judging panel which awarded the Sunday Times EFG Private Bank Short Story Award to Yiyun Li . The finalists for the 2016 Neustadt International Prize for Literature were announced in May 2015 . The list included Forna and writers , poets and playwrights from around the world . The majority of the finalists were women writers . Forna was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to literature . Forna is a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature , sits on the advisory committee for the Royal Literary Fund and the Caine Prize for African Writing , has been a judge on several high-profile prize panels , including the 2017 Baileys Women 's Prize for Fiction and continues to champion the work of up-and-coming diverse authors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat', 'summary': 'Edwidge Danticat ( Haitian Creole pronunciation : [ ɛdwidʒ dãtika ] ; born January 19 , 1969 ) is a Haitian-American novelist and short story writer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maaza_Mengiste', 'summary': "Maaza Mengiste ( born 1974 ) is an Ethiopian-American writer and author of the novels Beneath the Lion 's Gaze ( 2010 ) and The Shadow King ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marie_Arana', 'summary': 'Marie Arana ( born Lima , Peru ) is an author , editor , journalist , critic , and Literary Director of the Library of Congress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mona_Eltahawy', 'summary': "Mona Eltahawy ( Arabic : منى الطحاوى , IPA : [ ˈmonæ ( ʔe ) t.tˤɑˈħɑːwi ] ; born August 1 , 1967 ) is a freelance Egyptian-American journalist , and social commentator based in New York City . She has written essays and op-eds for publications worldwide on Egypt and the Islamic world , including women 's issues and Muslim political and social affairs . Her work has appeared in The Washington Post , The New York Times , Christian Science Monitor , and the Miami Herald among others . Headscarves and Hymens , Eltahawy 's first book , was published in May 2015 . Eltahawy has also been a guest analyst on U.S. radio and television news shows . She is also acknowledged as one of the people who spearheaded the Mosque Me Too movement through the usage of the hashtag # MosqueMeToo . Eltahawy has also spoken publicly at universities , panel discussions and interfaith gatherings on human rights and reform in the Islamic world , feminism and Egyptian Muslim-Christian relations in addition to her other concerns ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manjushree_Thapa', 'summary': 'Manjushree Thapa ( Nepali : मञ्जुश्री थापा ) , born in Kathmandu , is a Canadian essayist , fiction writer , translator and editor of Nepali descent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sooni_Taraporevala', 'summary': 'Sooni Taraporevala ( born 1957 ) is an Indian screenwriter , photographer and filmmaker who is best known as the screenwriter of Mississippi Masala , The Namesake and Oscar-nominated Salaam Bombay ( 1988 ) , all directed by Mira Nair . She directed her first feature film , based on a screenplay of her own , an ensemble piece set in Bombay , in Spring , 2007 , entitled Little Zizou . This film explores issues facing the Parsi community to which she belongs . She was awarded the Padma Shri by Government of India in 2014 . She is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences . Her photographs are in the permanent collections of the National Gallery of Modern Art , Delhi & the Metropolitan Museum of Art , NY .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Loung_Ung', 'summary': "Loung Ung ( Khmer : អ៊ឹង លឿង Aung Lueng ; born April 17 , 1970 ) is a Cambodian-born American human-rights activist and lecturer . She is the national spokesperson for the Campaign for a Landmine-Free World . Between 1997 and 2003 , she served in the same capacity for the International Campaign to Ban Landmines , which is affiliated with the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation . Ung was born in Phnom Penh , Cambodia , the sixth of seven children and the third of four girls , to Seng Im Ung and Ay Choung Ung . At ten years of age , she escaped from Cambodia as a survivor of what became known as the Killing Fields during the reign of Pol Pot 's Khmer Rouge regime . After emigrating to the United States and adjusting to her new country , she wrote two books which related her life experiences from 1975 through 2003 . Today , Ung is married and lives with her husband in Shaker Heights , a suburb of Cleveland , Ohio , US ."}]}, {'value': 'Martha Adams Richard E. Robbins Tom Yellin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackfish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackfish_(film)', 'summary': 'Blackfish is a 2013 American documentary film directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite . It concerns Tilikum , an orca held by SeaWorld and the controversy over captive killer whales . The film premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2013 , and was picked up by Magnolia Pictures and CNN Films for wider release . It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary .'}]}, {'value': 'January 19 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriela Cowperthwaite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriela_Cowperthwaite', 'summary': 'Gabriela Cowperthwaite ( born 1971 ) is an American filmmaker who also directs , produces , edits , and writes for television and documentary films . She has directed two documentaries and released two feature films . Her films often deal with social , cultural and environmental issues relating to real life events .'}]}, {'value': 'Gabriela Cowperthwaite Eli B. Despres', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manny Oteyza Gabriela Cowperthwaite', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escape Fire : The Fight to Rescue American Healthcare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escape_Fire:_The_Fight_to_Rescue_American_Healthcare', 'summary': 'Escape Fire : The Fight to Rescue American Healthcare is a 2012 feature-length documentary directed by Matthew Heineman and Susan Froemke and released by Roadside Attractions . Escape Fire premiered at the Sundance Film Festival , opened in select theaters on October 5 , 2012 , and was simultaneously released on iTunes and Video-on-Demand . The film was released on DVD in February 2013 and premiered on CNN on March 10 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Heineman Susan Froemke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Heineman', 'summary': "Matthew Heineman is an American filmmaker . The Sundance Film Festival called Heineman one of the most talented and exciting documentary filmmakers working today , while Anne Thompson of Indiewire wrote that Heineman is a respected and gifted filmmaker who combines gonzo fearlessness with empathetic sensitivity . He recently received a nomination for Outstanding Directorial Achievement of a First Time Feature Film Director from the Directors Guild of America for his narrative debut A Private War , making Heineman and Martin Scorsese the only filmmakers ever nominated for both narrative and documentary DGA Awards . A Private War stars Jamie Dornan , Tom Hollander , Stanley Tucci , and Oscar-nominee Rosamund Pike as legendary war reporter Marie Colvin . The film premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival before being released nationwide by Aviron Pictures . It was a New York Times Critics ' Pick and Variety hailed the film as Heineman 's astonishing narrative debut , and an incredibly sophisticated , psychologically immersive film . A Private War also earned two Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress and Best Original Song . Heineman directed and executive produced a five-part television docu-series entitled The Trade that premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival and was recently honored by the International Documentary Association as the Best Episodic Series of 2018 . The critically acclaimed Showtime series chronicles the opioid crisis through the eyes of those most affected -- growers , cartel members , users , and law enforcement . It was described by The Hollywood Reporter as a thriller.like Traffic only current and real , while the New York Times said , Heineman has shown an uncanny ability to gain access to hard-to-reach people and places . His last documentary film City of Ghosts , which follows a group of citizen-journalists exposing the horrors of ISIS , premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival and was distributed worldwide by Amazon Studios before having its broadcast premiere on A & E . Heineman won his second Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentary Award from the DGA for the film -- one of only three directors to win the prestigious honor twice ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Susan_Froemke', 'summary': "Susan Froemke ( born November 5 , 1947 ) is an American film director and producer . Froemke was the associate producer and one of the editors of the influential 1975 documentary film Grey Gardens , which was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2010 . The 2001 documentary LaLee 's Kin : The Legacy of Cotton , which she co-directed with Deborah Dickson , was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Wagner 's Dream is her most recent film . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Heineman Susan Froemke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Heineman Susan Froemke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Flag', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 4 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Tucker Petra Epperlein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Nixon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Our_Nixon', 'summary': 'Our Nixon is an all-archival documentary providing a view of the Nixon presidency through the use of Super-8 format home movies filmed by top Nixon aides H.R . Haldeman , Dwight Chapin and John Ehrlichman , combined with other historical material such as interviews , oral histories and news clips . It was directed by Penny Lane .'}]}, {'value': 'August 1 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penny Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian L. Frye Penny Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Pandora 's Promise", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pandora's_Promise", 'summary': "Pandora 's Promise is a 2013 documentary film about the nuclear power debate , directed by Robert Stone . Its central argument is that nuclear power , which still faces historical opposition from environmentalists , is a relatively safe and clean energy source which can help mitigate the serious problem of anthropogenic global warming . The title is derived from the ancient Greek myth of Pandora , who released numerous evils into the world , yet as the movie 's tagline recalls : At the bottom of the box she found hope ."}]}, {'value': 'November 7 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Stone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Stone_(director)', 'summary': "Robert Stone is a British-American documentary filmmaker . His work has been screened at dozens of film festivals and televised around the world , notably seven of his films have appeared on PBS 's American Experience series and four of his films have premiered at the Sundance Film Festival ( including Closing Night Film in 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Swartz Susan Swartz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An Unreal Dream : The Michael Morton Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 5 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Reinert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Reinert', 'summary': "Al Reinert ( 1947 - December 31 , 2018 ) was an American journalist , film director , screenwriter and producer . He co-wrote the screenplays for the Ron Howard film Apollo 13 and Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within , but is best known for directing and producing For All Mankind , an award-winning documentary about NASA 's Apollo program . He died of lung cancer at his home in Wimberley , Texas on December 31 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sole Survivor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sole_Survivor_(2013_film)', 'summary': 'Sole Survivor is a 2013 CNN Films documentary film by director Ky Dickens .'}]}, {'value': 'January 9 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ky Dickens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ky Dickens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Aurinko Alexis Jaworski Amy McIntyre', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41ON41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 15 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa Lax Nancy Stern Winters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa Lax Nancy Stern Winters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documented', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 29 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose Antonio Vargas Ann Lupo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Antonio_Vargas', 'summary': "Jose Antonio Vargas ( born February 3 , 1981 ) is a journalist , filmmaker , and immigration rights activist . Born in the Philippines and raised in the United States from the age of twelve , he was part of The Washington Post team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting in 2008 for coverage of the Virginia Tech shooting online and in print . Vargas has also worked for the San Francisco Chronicle , the Philadelphia Daily News , and The Huffington Post . He wrote , produced , and directed the autobiographical 2013 film , Documented , which CNN Films broadcast in June 2014 . In a June 2011 essay in The New York Times Magazine , Vargas revealed his status as an undocumented immigrant in an effort to promote dialogue about the immigration system in the U.S. and to advocate for the DREAM Act , which would provide children in similar circumstances with a path to citizenship . A year later , a day after the publication of his Time cover story about his continued uncertainty regarding his immigration status , the Obama administration announced it was halting the deportation of undocumented immigrants age 30 and under , who would be eligible for the DREAM Act . Vargas , who had just turned 31 , did not qualify . Vargas is the founder of Define American , a nonprofit organization intended to open up dialogue about the criteria people use to determine who is an American . He has said : I am an American . I just do n't have the right papers . In September 2018 his memoir , Dear America : Notes of an Undocumented Citizen , was published by Dey Street ."}]}, {'value': 'Jose Antonio Vargas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose Antonio Vargas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lady Valor : The Kristin Beck Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 4 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Herzog Sandrine Orabona', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Herzog Christopher Cowen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitey : United States of America v. James J. Bulger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitey:_United_States_of_America_v._James_J._Bulger', 'summary': 'Whitey : United States of America v. James J. Bulger is a 2014 American biographical documentary film produced and directed by Joe Berlinger . It is produced by CNN Films and Radical Media . Its world premiere was at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 18 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 18 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Berlinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Berlinger', 'summary': "Joseph Berlinger ( born October 30 , 1961 ) is an American filmmaker and producer . Particularly focused on true crime documentaries , Berlinger 's films and docu-series draw attention to social justice issues in the US and abroad in such films as Paradise Lost : The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills , Crude , Whitey : United States of America v. James J. Bulger and Intent To Destroy : Death , Denial and Depiction . A 2017 HuffPost article said Brother 's Keeper ( 1992 ) and the Paradise Lost trilogy ( 1996-2011 ) helped pioneer the style of documentary filmmaking [ seen ] in Netflix 's recent true crime sensation , Making a Murderer - a combination of artful cinematography , a stirring musical soundtrack , and a dramatic narrative structure as compelling as any scripted film . Berlinger spearheaded and directed two 2019 projects centered on the infamous serial killer Ted Bundy : the Netflix docu-series Conversations with a Killer : The Ted Bundy Tapes , and the drama film Extremely Wicked , Shockingly Evil and Vile , starring Zac Efron ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Berlinger Caroline Suh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'More than a Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/More_than_a_Game', 'summary': "More than a Game is a 2008 American documentary film that follows NBA superstar LeBron James and four of his teammates through the trials and tribulations of high school basketball in Akron , Ohio , and James 's journey to fame . The film trailer was released in April featuring the single Stronger by Mary J. Blige , which she released in support of the film . The soundtrack titled Music Inspired by More Than a Game was released September 28 , 2009 . The film had limited theatrical release on October 2 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 24 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristopher Belman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristopher Belman Brad Hogan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristopher Belman Harvey Mason , Jr. Kevin Mann Matthew Perniciaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_Mason,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Harvey Jay Mason Jr. ( born June 3 , 1968 ) is an American record producer , songwriter and movie producer who is currently serving as interim President of The Recording Academy . He has written and produced songs for popular performers in the music industry including Aretha Franklin , Michael Jackson , Justin Timberlake , Britney Spears and Chris Brown . In addition , major motion picture and television studios have called on Harvey to produce music for blockbuster films & television including Beyoncé and Jennifer Hudson in Dreamgirls , Whitney Houston in Sparkle , Hailee Steinfeld and Anna Kendrick in Pitch Perfect , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson and Tori Kelly in Sing , Dr. Dre and Ice Cube in Straight Outta Compton and Mary J. Blige and Neyo in The Wiz Live ! . Harvey was elected to be the chairman of The Recording Academy in June 2019 . On January 16 , 2020 , Mason Jr. took over as interim President and Chief Executive Officer of the Recording Academy .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivory Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivory_Tower_(2014_film)', 'summary': "Ivory Tower is a 2014 American documentary film written , directed and produced by Andrew Rossi . The film premiered in competition category of U.S . Documentary Competition program at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 18 , 2014 . After its premiere at Sundance Film Festival , Participant Media , Paramount Pictures and Samuel Goldwyn Films acquired distribution rights of the film . The film had a theatrical release on 13 June 2014 in United States by Samuel Goldwyn Films . Paramount Pictures will handle the international release of the film , while Participant Media will handle the campaign for film 's theatrical release . The film was first broadcast on CNN on November 20 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 20 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Rossi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Rossi', 'summary': 'Andrew Rossi is an American filmmaker , best known for directing documentaries such as Page One : Inside the New York Times ( 2011 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Rossi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Rossi Kate Novack', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dinosaur 13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dinosaur_13', 'summary': 'Dinosaur 13 is a 2014 American documentary film directed and produced by Todd Douglas Miller . The film premiered in competition category of U.S . Documentary Competition program at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 16 , 2014 . After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival , CNN Films and Lionsgate acquired distribution rights of the film , leading to broadcast on CNN , theatrical release , and DVD packaging . In 2015 Dinosaur 13 won the Emmy for Outstanding Science and Technology Programming at the 36th Annual News and Documentary Emmy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd Douglas Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd Douglas Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Life Itself', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_Itself_(2014_documentary_film)', 'summary': "Life Itself is a 2014 American biographical documentary film about Chicago film critic Roger Ebert , directed by Steve James and produced by Zak Piper , James and Garrett Basch . The film is based on Ebert 's 2011 memoir of the same name . It premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was an official selection at the 67th Cannes Film Festival . The 41st Telluride Film Festival hosted a special screening of the film on August 28 , 2014 . Magnolia Pictures released the film theatrically in the United States and simultaneously via video on demand platforms on July 4 , 2014 . On December 2 , 2014 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that the film was 1 of 15 films shortlisted in the Documentary Feature category for the 87th Academy Awards , but it was not nominated . It was also nominated for two News & Documentary Emmy Awards , winning the award for Outstanding Editing : Documentary & Long-Form ."}]}, {'value': 'January 4 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_James_(producer)', 'summary': 'Steve James ( born March 8 , 1954 ) is an Oscar-nominated American film producer and director of several documentaries , including Hoop Dreams ( 1994 ) , Stevie ( 2002 ) , and Abacus : Small Enough to Jail ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garrett Basch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garrett_Basch', 'summary': 'Garrett Basch is an American film and television producer . He is best known for his work on the HBO limited series The Night Of .'}]}, {'value': "Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Glen_Campbell:_I'll_Be_Me", 'summary': "Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me is a 2014 American documentary film about country music singer Glen Campbell . Campbell and close friend Julian Raymond ( the film 's executive producer ) won a Grammy Award and were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for writing the film 's theme I 'm Not Gon na Miss You ."}]}, {'value': 'June 28 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Keach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Keach', 'summary': 'James Keach ( born December 7 , 1947 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He is the younger brother of actor Stacy Keach Jr. and son of actor Stacy Keach Sr .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Keach Trevor Albert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fresh Dressed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresh_Dressed', 'summary': "Fresh Dressed is a 2015 documentary film directed by Sacha Jenkins which chronicles the history of hip hop fashion . The film is Jenkins ' directorial debut . North American rights to the film were purchased by Samuel Goldwyn Films and StyleHaul following its premiere at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival . The film features Kanye West , Pharrell Williams , Swizz Beats , and other prominent hip hop figures as talking heads . CNN plans to air the film later in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 3 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacha Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacha_Jenkins', 'summary': "Sacha Jenkins ( born 1971 ) is an American television producer , filmmaker , writer , musician , artist , curator , and chronicler of hip-hop , graffiti , punk , and metal cultures . While still in his teens , Jenkins published Graphic Scenes & X-Plicit Language , one of the earliest zines solely dedicated to graffiti art . In 1994 , Jenkins co-founded ego trip magazine . In 2007 , he created the competition reality program ego trip 's The ( White ) Rapper Show , which was carried by VH1 . Currently , Jenkins is the creative director of Mass Appeal magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacha Jenkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nasir Jones Marcus A. Clarke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nas', 'summary': "Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones ( /nɑːˈsɪər/ ; born September 14 , 1973 ) , known professionally as Nas ( /nɑːz/ ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , entrepreneur , and investor . The son of jazz musician Olu Dara , Nas has released eight consecutive platinum and multi-platinum albums and has sold over 30 million records worldwide . He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label ; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records . His musical career began in 1991 , as a featured artist on Main Source 's Live at the Barbeque . His debut album Illmatic ( 1994 ) received universal acclaim from both critics and the hip hop community and is frequently ranked as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time . Nas 's follow-up It Was Written debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , stayed on top for four consecutive weeks , went Double Platinum in two months , and made Nas internationally known . From 2001 to 2005 , Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z , popularized by the diss track Ether . Nas signed to Def Jam in 2006 . In 2010 , he released Distant Relatives , a collaboration album with Damian Marley , donating all royalties to charities active in Africa . His 11th studio album , Life Is Good ( 2012 ) was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards . In 2006 , MTV ranked Nas at # 5 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time . In 2012 , The Source ranked him # 2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'The Hunting Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hunting_Ground', 'summary': "The Hunting Ground is a 2015 documentary film about the incidence of sexual assault on college campuses in the United States and the reported failure of college administrations to deal with it adequately . Written and directed by Kirby Dick and produced by Amy Ziering , it premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival . The film was released on February 27 , 2015 , an edited version aired on CNN on November 22 , 2015 , and was released on DVD the week of December 1 , 2015 . It was released on Netflix in March 2016 . Lady Gaga recorded an original song , Til It Happens to You , for the film , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . The documentary focuses on Annie E. Clark and Andrea Pino , two former University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill students who filed a Title IX complaint against UNC in response to their rapes while enrolled . The use of Title IX in campus sexual assault cases became a model for universities across the country . Critics of the film , including writer Emily Yoffe and a number of Harvard Law School professors , have questioned The Hunting Ground 's accuracy and objectivity . ( Harvard was one of the institutions criticized for minimizing the issue of sexual assault and protecting an alleged perpetrator . ) Among the issues raised by critics are the film 's portrayal of one man as a rapist , while not disclosing that the university and the police had found him not responsible for the alleged sexual assault , and for use of controversial statistics . The filmmakers have actively defended their work , responding to most criticisms ."}]}, {'value': 'November 22 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirby Dick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirby_Dick', 'summary': 'Kirby Bryan Dick ( born August 23 , 1952 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter , and editor . He is best known for directing documentary films . He received Academy Award nominations for Best Documentary Feature for directing Twist of Faith ( 2005 ) and The Invisible War ( 2012 ) . He has also received numerous awards from film festivals , including the Sundance Film Festival and Los Angeles Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirby Dick', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amy Ziering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amy_Ziering', 'summary': 'Amy Ziering ( born 1962 ) is an American film producer and director . In 2013 , she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature for producing The Invisible War .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'CNN_Films_0', 'intro': 'CNN Films is a motion picture division of CNN, originally launched in 2012. Its first film, Girl Rising premiered in spring 2013 in the United States.'}
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From where did the director of the film released on June 16 , 2013 attend college ?
Harvard College
06607db4ec365551
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Manitoba_Legislature', 'title': '5th Manitoba Legislature', 'header': ['Member', 'Electoral district', 'Party'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alexander Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Murray_(Manitoba_politician)', 'summary': "Alexander Murray ( 18 April 1839 - 12 May 1913 ) was a Canadian politician in the province of Manitoba . Born in Kildonan , Manitoba , to James and Elizabeth ( Holmes ) Murray , Murray was educated at St. John 's College , University of Manitoba . In 1861 , he married Letitia , the daughter of the Orkney/Cree missionary George Flett . He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as the Liberal-Conservative candidate in the 1874 general election . He was acclaimed in the 1878 general election . He resigned to serve as Police Magistrate in East Marquette . He was re-elected in 1879 for the electoral district of Assiniboia . He was re-elected in 1883 and 1886 . He resigned in 1888 . From April 17 , 1883 , to December 1886 , he was the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba . In 1887 , he was appointed Minister of Municipal Affairs . From 1887 to 1888 , he was the Municipal Commissioner ."}]}, {'value': 'Assiniboia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assiniboia_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': "Assiniboia is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was first created for the 1879 provincial election , was eliminated in 1888 , and was re-established in 1903 . It is located in the westernmost tip of the City of Winnipeg . Assiniboia is bordered on the east by St. James and Lakeside , to the south by Kirkfield Park , to the north by Lakeside , and to the west by Morris . The riding 's population in 1996 was 20,441 . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 53,881 , and the unemployment rate was 6.50% . Retail trade accounts for 15% of the riding 's industry . Until 1920 , Assiniboia was a marginal riding between the Manitoba Liberal Party and Conservative Party . Between 1920 and 1949 , it was a hotly contested riding between the Conservatives and candidates of the Independent Labour Party and Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) . The riding was dominated by the Liberals from 1949 until 1977 , and then by the Progressive Conservatives from 1977 to 1999 . The New Democratic Party of Manitoba 's ( NDP ) victory in 1999 was completely unexpected , and occurred by a margin of only three votes ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Woodworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Woodworth', 'summary': 'Joseph E. Woodworth ( 1837-1889 ) was a ship builder , merchant , and member of the Woodworth political family .'}]}, {'value': 'Brandon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_City_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Brandon City is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was initially created as Brandon in 1881 , following the westward expansion of Manitoba 's boundaries . It was eliminated through redistribution before the 1886 provincial election , and replaced with Brandon East and Brandon West . The area was further redistributed prior to the 1888 election , and Brandon City was created along with Brandon North and Brandon South . The constituency was renamed Brandon for the 1958 provincial election . It disappeared from the electoral map with the 1969 provincial election , when the city was once again divided into Brandon East and Brandon West ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Leacock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Leacock', 'summary': "Edward Philip EP Leacock ( December 28 , 1853 - 1927 ) was an English-born confidence man , real estate speculator and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Birtle from 1882 to 1886 and Russell from 1886 to 1888 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . He was born on the Isle of Wight and was the uncle of humorist Stephen Leacock . He was the subject of his nephew 's 1942 essay My Remarkable Uncle . Leacock came to Canada in 1878 and arrived in Winnipeg the following year . In 1881 , he married Georgina Eliza Vickers . Leacock ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Manitoba assembly in 1879 and then was elected in an 1882 by-election held after Stephen Clement was named sheriff . He was reelected in 1883 and 1886 . Leacock was defeated when he ran for reelection to the assembly in 1888 . He retired to England in 1894 , where he was known as Colonel Leacock , a retired Northwest Mounted Police colonel ."}]}, {'value': 'Birtle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birtle_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Birtle is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . Birtle was established in 1881 , following the western expansion of the province 's boundaries . It was located in the central western region of the province , near Roblin and Russell . It was eliminated for the 1886 provincial election , but re-established for the 1888 election . For most of its history , Birtle was safe for the Liberal and Liberal-Progressive parties . The constituency was abolished with the 1958 election , with much of its territory going to the new constituency of Birtle-Russell ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Fairbanks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Fairbanks', 'summary': 'Edward Lewis Fairbanks ( 1850 - September 14 , 1924 ) was a merchant and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Baie St. Paul from 1883 to 1886 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . He was born in Belle-Rivière , Quebec and was educated at the Carillon Academy . Fairbanks was postmaster at Baie St. Paul , Manitoba from 1878 to 1883 . He served as warden for the rural municipality of Belcourt ( dissolved in 1890 ) . He was a member of the Board of Agriculture and Statistics for Manitoba . A few years after leaving politics , Fairbanks moved to Ottawa . He died there in 1924 .'}]}, {'value': 'Baie St. Paul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaiah Mawhinney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaiah_Mawhinney', 'summary': 'Isaiah Mawhinney ( 12 December 1830 - 26 January 1913 ) was an Irish-born political figure in Manitoba . He represented Burnside from 1883 to 1886 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . He was born in County Monaghan and was educated there . In 1850 , he married Elizabeth Rutledge . Mawhinney came to Manitoba in 1873 . In 1885 , he was elected Provincial Grand Master for the Orange Order . Mawhinney was defeated by Kenneth McKenzie when he ran for reelection in 1886 . He died at Victoria , British Columbia in 1913 .'}]}, {'value': 'Burnside', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Lecomte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Lecomte', 'summary': 'Joseph Lecomte ( December 27 , 1850 - July 5 , 1938 ) was a notary public and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Cartier from 1883 to 1886 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . He was born in Henryville , Quebec , the son of J.B. Lecomte and Marguerite Fortin , and was educated in Henryville , at St. Hyacinthe College and at the University of St. Joseph in Ottawa . He served as a Papal Zouave . In 1875 , Lecomte married Anna Payment . He was registrar for Iberville , Manitoba from 1873 to 1883 . Lecomte also served as mayor of St. Boniface . He died in St. Boniface and was buried in St. Norbert .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartier_(Manitoba_provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Cartier is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was located in Cartier , Manitoba . The district was first appeared in the 1879 election and lasted until 18923 when the riding was re-distributed into Morris .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'John Andrew Davidson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Andrew_Davidson', 'summary': "John Andrew Davidson ( August 19 , 1852 - November 14 , 1903 ) was a Manitoba politician . He was briefly the leader of Manitoba 's Conservative parliamentary caucus in 1894 , and later served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin . Davidson was born in Thamesford , Canada West ( now Ontario ) . He moved to Manitoba in 1871 , and became a mill owner and general merchant , also serving on the Protestant school board . Manitoba 's boundaries were expanded in 1881 , and Davidson was elected to the provincial legislature in a by-election as the first member for Dauphin . A Liberal , he defeated his sole opponent , P.S . St. Clair McGregor , 148 votes to 17 . Party affiliations were fluid in Manitoba in this period , and by the general election of 1883 Davidson was identifying himself as a Liberal-Conservative , and a supporter of Premier John Norquay . He was re-elected in Dauphin without opposition . Following redistribution , Davidson campaigned in the Beautiful Plains constituency for the provincial election of 1886 . The Liberals saw their support rise in this campaign , and Davidson ( now a Conservative ) lost to Liberal John Crawford by thirty votes . Crawford again defeated Davidson in the 1888 election , this time by twenty-four votes ."}]}, {'value': 'Dauphin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dauphin_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'For the former federal electoral district , see Dauphin'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'David H. Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_H._Wilson_(politician)', 'summary': 'David Henry Wilson ( October 2 , 1855 - December 10 , 1926 ) was a physician and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Dufferin North from 1881 to 1888 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . He was born in Huntley Township , Ontario , the son of Thomas Wilson , and was educated in Pakenham and at Trinity College . Wilson practised medicine in Winnipeg for a few months in 1879 and then moved to Nelson . He was a founding member of the Manitoba Medical College , later the faculty of medicine at the University of Manitoba . He was first elected to the provincial assembly in an 1881 by-election held after Andrew Laughlin was named registrar . Wilson served in the Manitoba cabinet as Provincial Secretary and Minister of Public Works . He married Annie E. Armstrong in 1887 . He served as coroner for Marquette County and was secretary-treasurer for the North Dufferin Agricultural Society . In 1889 , Wilson returned to the practice of medicine in Vancouver , retiring in 1894 . He was the first president of the Vancouver Medical Association and was vice-president of the British Columbia Permanent Loan Company , the Pacific Coast Fire Insurance Company and the Royal Plate Glass Insurance Company . Wilson died in Vancouver at the age of 71 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dufferin North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dufferin_(Manitoba_provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': "Dufferin is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was originally created in 1879 as two divisions , Dufferin North and Dufferin South . Dufferin was consolidated into a single constituency for the 1888 provincial election , but was eliminated with the 1892 election . Dufferin returned to the electoral map for the 1903 election , and was eliminated through redistribution in 1969 . The constituency was represented for many years by Rodmond Roblin , who served as Premier of Manitoba from 1900 to 1915 . Roblin 's grandson , who also served as premier , was named Dufferin ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'William Winram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Winram', 'summary': "William James Winram ( January 8 , 1838 - February 12 , 1891 ) was a Canadian politician in the province of Manitoba . Born in Douglas , Isle of Man , as one of a set of twins , the son of James Winram , a shipbuilder , and Annie Hartley , who lived in Ulverston , England , but often traveled back and forth between Liverpool and the Isle of Man , as they had built the ferry which ran between these two ports . Winram was educated at Liverpool Collegiate Institute . He worked for his father as a mechanical engineer until emigrating to Canada and settling in the County of Simcoe , Ontario . In 1878 , he moved to Manitoba , where he was a farmer in the Pembina Mountain district . He was acclaimed to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as the Liberal candidate for the electoral district of Dufferin South in 1879 and was re-elected in 1883 and 1886 , and then was acclaimed for Manitou in 1888 . From August 28 , 1888 to February 12 , 1891 , he was the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba . Winram was married twice : first to Catherine Ingersoll in 1863 and then to Mary Bannerman in 1863 following his first wife 's death . There still exists a church , St. Mary St. Alban Anglican Church and Cemetery , also known as the Winram Memorial Church , in the Rural District of Pembina , Manitoba , which was erected in memory of him ."}]}, {'value': 'Dufferin South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dufferin_(Manitoba_provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': "Dufferin is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was originally created in 1879 as two divisions , Dufferin North and Dufferin South . Dufferin was consolidated into a single constituency for the 1888 provincial election , but was eliminated with the 1892 election . Dufferin returned to the electoral map for the 1903 election , and was eliminated through redistribution in 1969 . The constituency was represented for many years by Rodmond Roblin , who served as Premier of Manitoba from 1900 to 1915 . Roblin 's grandson , who also served as premier , was named Dufferin ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Ernest Burnham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Ernest_Burnham', 'summary': 'Frederick Ernest Burnham ( December 13 , 1847 - after 1883 ) was a lawyer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Emerson in 1883 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal . He was born in Peterborough , Ontario , the son of Elias Burnham and Ann Whitney . Burnham was called to the Ontario bar in 1868 and practised law in Peterborough . In 1869 , he married Ellen Eliza Cluxton . He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Manitoba assembly in 1879 . By 1881 , he was practising law in Emerson , Manitoba . His election in 1883 was overturned due to bribery and Burnham was defeated by Charles Douglas in the by-election that followed later that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Emerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerson_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Emerson is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It has existed since 1879 , when it was created by redistribution . It is located in the southeastern corner of the province . It is bordered to the north by Carman , Morris , Steinbach and La Verendrye , to the west by Pembina , to the east by the province of Ontario and to the south by the American state of North Dakota . The riding includes the communities/municipalities of Emerson , Altona , Dominion City , Rhineland , Gretna , Woodridge and St. Jean Baptiste . The riding 's population in 2008 was 20,370 . In 2011 , the average family income was $ 61,951 , and the unemployment rate was 2.9% . Agriculture accounts for 24% of the riding 's industry , followed by manufacturing at 16% . Over 27% of Emerson 's residents have less than a Grade Nine education . Emerson is an ethnically diverse riding , with only 51% of its residents listing English as their mother tongue . 26% of the riding 's residents list themselves as either German , French , Ukrainian , Polish or Mennonite , while a further 5% are aboriginal . The riding has generally been safe for the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba since 1969 , although the New Democratic Party of Manitoba ( NDP ) won it in 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'William Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Crawford_(Canadian_politician)', 'summary': 'William Crawford ( August 28 , 1847 - 1897 ) was a land surveyor , farmer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented High Bluff and Poplar Point from 1883 to 1886 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . He was born in South Leeds , Canada West , the son of John Crawford . Crawford came to Manitoba in 1871 as an assistant surveyor . In 1875 , he became a Dominion Lands Surveyor . He was hired in 1877 by the federal government as a valuator of the Canadian Pacific Railway right-of-way . Crawford was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Manitoba assembly in 1879 before being elected in 1883 . He also served as Swamp Lands Commissioner for Manitoba . He later farmed in the Dauphin area . Crawford established a sawmill in partnership with David Howard Harrison . He was a prominent member of the Masons . Crawford died in Dauphin .'}]}, {'value': 'High Bluff and Poplar Point', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Sutherland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Sutherland_(Manitoba_politician)', 'summary': "Alexander MacBeth Sutherland ( December 31 , 1849 - March 7 , 1884 ) was a lawyer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Kildonan from 1879 to 1884 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Conservative . He was born in Point Douglas , Manitoba , the son of John Sutherland and Janet MacBeth , and was educated in Kildonan , at St. John 's College , at Manitoba College and at the University of Toronto . Sutherland served in the provincial cabinet as Attorney General and as Provincial Secretary . He died of typhoid fever at the age of 35 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kildonan and St. Paul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kildonan_(Manitoba_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Kildonan is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . The boundaries for the riding maintained their location through the 2008 redistribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Maxime Goulet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maxime_Goulet', 'summary': "Maxime Goulet ( January 28 , 1855 - January 17 , 1932 ) was a Canadian politician . He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1878 to 1886 and was the Minister of Agriculture under Conservative Premier John Norquay . Goulet was born in Saint Boniface , Manitoba in 1855 . His father was Alexis Goulet , a St. Boniface resident of Métis heritage ; his mother Josephte was the daughter of John Siveright , a Scots factor for the Hudson 's Bay Company . He was elected in the 1878 general election as a member of the French Party for the riding of St. Vital . He then ran in the riding of La Verendrye as an independent conservative , winning in the 1879 and 1883 elections . He served as Minister of Agriculture from 7 January 1880 to 16 November 1881 . He left office as a legislator in 1886 . In 1899 Maxime appeared in the Buffalo Bill Cody Wild West Show at the Exposition Universelle ( Paris World 's Fair ) . He was accompanied at this event by Ambroise Lepine , his brother Maxime Lepine , Michel Dumas and Jules Marion , all Red River Metis . Maxime Goulet was a younger brother of the Métis martyr Elzéar Goulet , who was killed for his part in the rebellion of Louis Riel . He married Elise Genthon , daughter of Joseph Genthon of St. Boniface , on July 1 , 1873 ."}]}, {'value': 'La Verendrye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Verendrye_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "La Verendrye is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was created by redistribution in 1879 , and has existed since that time . La Verendrye is located southeastern region of Manitoba . It is bordered to the west by Dawson Trail , Emerson , Steinbach , and St. Paul , to the north by Lac Du Bonnet , and to the east by the province of Ontario . Communities in the riding include Falcon Lake , Gardenton , Grunthal , Hadashville , Piney , Pointe du Bois , Sprague , Stuartburn , Sundown , and West Hawk Lake . The Whiteshell Provincial Park and Sandilands Provincial Forest are also in the riding . The riding 's population in 1996 was 19,558 . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 49,308 , and the unemployment rate was 5.90% . Manufacturing accounts for 12% of the riding 's industry , followed by the service sector at 11% . Before the electoral boundaries redistricting done prior to the 2011 election , La Verendrye had the second-highest francophone population in Manitoba ( after St. Boniface ) , at 23% of the total population . Nine per cent of the riding 's residents were German , and 7% were aboriginal . La Verendrye was a hotly contested riding between the Liberals and Conservatives in its earliest years ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'David Howard Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Howard_Harrison', 'summary': "David Howard Harrison ( June 1 , 1843 - September 8 , 1905 ) was a politician , farmer and physician . He was born in the township of London , Canada West , and moved to Manitoba in 1882 . He and his family soon established themselves as substantial landowners . Harrison 's political fortunes went through a remarkable rise and fall between 1882 and 1888 . He forged an alliance with Premier John Norquay soon after moving to Manitoba , and in the election of 1883 was elected for the riding of Minnedosa as a Liberal-Conservative , easily defeating his Liberal opponent David Glass . On August 27 , 1886 , Harrison was appointed Minister of Agriculture , Statistics and Health , and was touted as a possible successor to Norquay . He was re-elected for the new riding of Minnedosa West later in the year , this time defeating Liberal J.W . Shanks . Norquay was forced to resign in early December 1887 , after a financial crisis involving railway transfers cost him the support of his ministers . Harrison became Premier on December 26 , 1887 , and attempted to form an administration from the remnants of Norquay 's alliance . Harrison 's ministry never got off the ground . He was unable to win the support of a clear majority of MLAs , and lost a vital by-election on January 12 , 1888 ."}]}, {'value': 'Minnedosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnedosa_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Minnedosa was a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was created in 1881 with the expansion of the province 's western boundary , and has existed continuously since that time . From 1886 to 1888 , it was divided into two ridings , Minnedosa East and Minnedosa West . Minnedosa was located in the southwestern region of Manitoba . It was bordered by Russell to the north , Ste . Rose to the east , Turtle Mountain to the east and south , and Arthur-Virden to the south and west . The constituency also surrounded the City of Brandon , which is divided into the ridings of Brandon East and Brandon West . Minnedosa itself was the largest community in the constituency . Other communities in riding the included Souris , Rivers , Rapid City , Shilo , Basswood , Wawanesa , and Erickson . Minnedosa 's population in 1996 was 18,694 . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 46,627 , and the unemployment rate was 3.50% . Agriculture accounted for 22% of the riding 's industry , followed by government services at 12% and health and social services at 12% ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Tennant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Tennant_(Canadian_politician)', 'summary': "Henry J. Tennant ( July 2 , 1839 - after 1888 ) was a political figure in Manitoba . He represented Morris from 1883 to 1886 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . He was born in Poonamallee , Madras , India and served in the British Army for 25 years . Tennant fought in India and also served at the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War . He retired on a military pension and came to Canada during the 1860s . He was named clerk of the county court in Emerson in 1880 . In 1886 , Tennant was provincial immigration agent at Emerson . He served as mayor of West Lynne in 1888 . Tennant was married twice : first to a Miss Keenan and then , in 1869 , to Nora O'Connell ."}]}, {'value': 'Morris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morris_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Morris is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was created by redistribution in 1879 , and has existed continuously since that time . The constituency is named after Alexander Morris , who served as Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba from 1872 to 1877 . Morris is a rural riding located in the Red River Valley in the south of the province . In is bordered to the south by Emerson , to the north by Lakeside , to the west by Midland and Portage la Prairie , and to the east by Steinbach , Dawson Trail , Assiniboia , Kirkfield Park and Charleswood . The largest communities in the riding are Morris , Niverville and La Salle . Other communities include Elie , Oak Bluff , Sanford , Starbuck , Ste . Agathe , St. Eustache and St. Francois Xavier . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 53,719 , and the unemployment rate was 3.90% . Agriculture accounts for 23% of the riding 's industry , followed by the retail trade at 10% . Eighteen per cent of Morris 's residents are of German background , and a further 17% are French . The riding has the third-highest percentage of francophones in Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Greenway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Greenway', 'summary': "Thomas Greenway ( March 25 , 1838 - October 30 , 1908 ) was a Canadian politician , merchant and farmer . He served as the seventh Premier of Manitoba from 1888 to 1900 . A Liberal , his ministry formally ended Manitoba 's non-partisan government , although a de facto two-party system had existed for some years ."}]}, {'value': 'Mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Mountain is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was created for the 1879 provincial election , and was abolished shortly before the 1958 election . Mountain was located in southwestern Manitoba , near Portage la Prairie . The constituency was mostly rural , and included communities such as Baldur and Argyles . Premier Dufferin Roblin once referred to the division 's name as curious , given that it marked by the gentle landscape of the Pembina escarpment . Several prominent Manitoba politicians represented Mountain , including Charles Cannon , Ivan Schultz and Premier Thomas Greenway . The constituency was shaped like an L in the nineteenth century , and was sometimes called Greenway 's armchair . For most of its history , Mountain was considered safe for the Manitoba Liberal Party and its successor , the Liberal-Progressive Party . In 1955 , Mountain 's population was estimated to be about 50% Anglo-Saxon , 33% French Canadian , and 16.5% Flemish ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Hay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Hay_(politician)', 'summary': 'Charles Hay ( October 28 , 1843 - November 14 , 1924 ) was a Scottish-Canadian merchant and political figure in Manitoba , Canada . He represented Norfolk from 1883 to 1886 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal . He was born on Flotta , Orkney , the son of James Hay , local school principal , and came to Portage la Prairie , Manitoba in 1862 . In 1869 , Hay married Annie Munro Wild . He was postmaster at Portage la Prairie and served on the council for the Rural Municipality of Portage la Prairie . Hay was also a justice of the peace . He was a member of the firm Campbell , Hay and Boddy . Around 1914 , Hay retired to Vancouver , British Columbia , where he died at the age of 81 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norfolk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Martin_(Canadian_politician)', 'summary': 'Joseph Martin ( September 24 , 1852 - March 2 , 1923 ) was a lawyer and politician in Manitoba , British Columbia and the United Kingdom often referred to as Fighting Joe .'}]}, {'value': 'Portage la Prairie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portage_la_Prairie_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': "Portage la Prairie is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It has existed since the province 's creation in 1870 . Portage la Prairie is located in southern Manitoba . It is bordered to the north by Lake Manitoba , to the south by Carman , to the west by Turtle Mountain , and to the east by Lakeside and Morris . Portage la Prairie itself is in the central part of the riding . Other communities in the riding include Oakville , Newton , St. Marks , and Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation . The riding 's population in 1996 was 18,785 . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 45,302 , and the unemployment rate was 7.00% . The health and service sector accounts for 18% of the riding 's industry , followed by agriculture at 13% . Thirteen per cent of Portage la Prairie 's residents are aboriginal , while a further 6% are German . Portage la Prairie has been held since by the Progressive Conservative Party for most of its history , although the New Democratic Party has increased its standing in the riding in recent years ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Jacob Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Jacob_Jackson', 'summary': "Samuel Jacob Jackson ( February 18 , 1848 - May 29 , 1942 ) was a Canadian politician . Born in Stradbally , Queen 's County , Ireland , the son of Samuel Jackson and Elizabeth Sutcliffe , Jackson was educated at Brampton and at Brantford , Ontario . He came west to Manitoba in 1871 . Jackson later became a partner in a mercantile firm in Winnipeg . In 1878 , he married Ida Isabella Clark . Jackson later moved to Stonewall , where he was a merchant and mill owner . He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the electoral district of Rockwood in 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1888 , 1892 and 1896 . He was defeated in 1899 . From 1891 to 1895 , he was the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly . He was first returned to House of Commons of Canada in the general elections of 1904 for the riding of Selkirk . A Liberal , he was defeated in 1908 . He was an Alderman in the Winnipeg City Council in 1877 , 1878 and 1880 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockwood_(electoral_division)', 'summary': "Rockwood was a provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was created with the province 's first redistribution in 1874 , and changed by the 1955 redistribution in advance of the 1958 provincial election - it was merged with what was left of the old Iberville district to form Rockwood-Iberville ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'James Andrews Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Andrews_Miller', 'summary': "James Andrews Miller , QC ( July 29 , 1839 - November 1 , 1886 ) was a lawyer , judge and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Rat Portage from 1883 to 1886 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . His name also appears as James Andrew Miller in some sources . He was born in Galt , Upper Canada , the son of John Miller , and was educated in Galt , in Simcoe , in Toronto and at Trinity College . Miller articled in law in St. Catharines , was called to the Ontario bar in 1863 and practised law in St. Catharines . In 1865 , he married Henrietta Ranney . He ran unsuccessfully for the federal Lincoln seat in an 1877 by-election as a Conservative . In 1880 , he was named Queen 's Counsel and , a few days later , was named to the Court of Queen 's Bench of Manitoba . Unhappy with his salary as judge and that he was not made Chief Justice as promised , Miller resigned from the bench in December 1882 . He was named to the Manitoba bar the following year . Miller ran unsuccessfully in the Rockwood provincial riding in the general election of 1883 . He was elected for Rat Portage later that year ; jurisdiction of part of the area covered by the riding was disputed between Ontario and Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Rat Portage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Members of the Assembly', 'section_text': 'The following members were elected to the assembly in 1883 : [ 1 ]', 'uid': '5th_Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba_0', 'intro': 'The members of the 5th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in January 1883. The legislature sat from May 17, 1883, to November 11, 1886. Premier John Norquay formed a majority government. This is believed to be the first Manitoba provincial election where candidates ran for election purely on party lines. Thomas Greenway was Leader of the Opposition. Alexander Murray served as speaker for the assembly. There were four sessions of the 5th Legislature:'}
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When was the member from the district merged with the old Iberville district born ?
February 18 , 1848
06642410098cb490
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Manitoba_Legislature', 'title': '9th Manitoba Legislature', 'header': ['Member', 'Electoral district', 'Party'], 'data': [{'value': 'Thomas Dickie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Dickie', 'summary': 'Thomas Dickie ( October 24 , 1860 - December 16 , 1935 ) was a journalist , lawyer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Avondale from 1896 to 1899 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal . He was born at Puslinch Lake , Wellington County , Canada West , the son of James Dickie , a native of Scotland , and Elizabeth Stewart . Dickie was educated locally , in Guelph and in St. Catharines . He was a publisher and editor and also served as a justice of the peace . In 1892 , Dickie married Sarah J. Griffiths , a widow . He trained as a lawyer and , after leaving politics , practised law in Winnipeg . Around 1911 , Dickie moved to Vancouver , British Columbia . He died in Vancouver at the age of 75 .'}]}, {'value': 'Avondale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'William Sirett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Sirett', 'summary': 'William Flowers Sirett ( April 8 , 1848 - December 5 , 1923 ) was an English-born farmer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Beautiful Plains from 1896 to 1899 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Patrons of Industry member . He was born in Croughton , Northamptonshire , was educated in England and in Canada and farmed in Ontario for several years . Sirett married Margaret Symington in 1873 . In 1881 , the family moved to Manitoba , settling on a farm near Glendale . Sirett served as postmaster there , also serving on the municipal council and school board . He died in Neepawa at the age of 75 .'}]}, {'value': 'Beautiful Plains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrons of Industry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrons_of_Industry_in_Manitoba', 'summary': "The Patrons of Industry in Manitoba was an extension of a farmers ' organization operating in Ontario ( see Patrons of Industry ) and the United States in the 1880s and 1890s . The Patrons lobbied extensively and became politically active , running provincial and federal candidates . The Manitoba Patrons , as a fraternal organization , was initially focused on coordinating an agrarian cooperative movement on the Prairies . Its first lodges in Manitoba and the North-West Territories began in 1890 , with a grand lodge ( central body ) established in 1891 . At first the group was known as the Patrons of Manitoba and the North-West - its conventions included delegates from Manitoba and the territorial districts of Assiniboia , Saskatchewan and Alberta . The organization 's leader was Charles Braithwaite , who was chosen at a convention held in November 1891 . Through direct bulk buying in competition with established stores , the movement brought down the price of farm supplies ( binder twine ) and other farmers ' needs , and through strong lobbying it helped achieve a cut in tariffs on imported goods important to farmers . The Manitoba group turned to direct political action in 1894 . Following a tour of Manitoba by Braithwaite ( who was a spellbinding orator ) , the Patrons nominated candidates in all but two of the province 's constituencies , in anticipation of the next provincial election . The Patrons were the first third party to emerge in Manitoba after partisan government was formally introduced to the province in 1888 . They opposed both Conservatives and Liberals and were for a time affiliated with Dalton McCarthy , a dissident federal Conservative . On August 23 , 1894 , the Patrons proved they were a significant force in Manitoba politics when their candidate John Forsyth defeated Conservative leader John Andrew Davidson in a two-sided Beautiful Plains by-election ( there was no Liberal candidate in the race ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Mickle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Mickle', 'summary': "Charles Julius Mickle ( July 22 , 1849 in Stratford , Canada West , now Ontario - November 10 , 1919 in Minnedosa , Manitoba ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He was a provincial cabinet minister for three years and on two occasions served as the leader of the Liberal Party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba . Mickle trained as a lawyer and was admitted to the Ontario bar in 1872 . He practiced law in Ontario for ten years before moving to Manitoba . He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature for the constituency of Birtle in the 1888 provincial election , as a supporter of Liberal Premier Thomas Greenway . He was re-elected in the 1892 campaign and won by acclamation in 1896 . In 1889 , he married Mary A. Ross . In November 1896 , Mickle entered Greenway 's cabinet as Provincial Secretary . He held this position until the resignation of the Greenway ministry in January 1900 . The Liberals had narrowly lost the election of 1899 , although Mickle was re-elected in Birtle . Mickle was also one of only nine Liberals to be re-elected in the party 's electoral debacle of 1903 . The party won only nine seats , but Mickle scored a surprisingly easy victory ( 584 votes to 293 ) over Conservative John Leich ."}]}, {'value': 'Birtle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birtle_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Birtle is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . Birtle was established in 1881 , following the western expansion of the province 's boundaries . It was located in the central western region of the province , near Roblin and Russell . It was eliminated for the 1886 provincial election , but re-established for the 1888 election . For most of its history , Birtle was safe for the Liberal and Liberal-Progressive parties . The constituency was abolished with the 1958 election , with much of its territory going to the new constituency of Birtle-Russell ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Adams_(Manitoba_politician)', 'summary': 'Charles Adams ( February 27 , 1858 - April 2 , 1931 ) was a harness maker and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Brandon City from 1893 to 1899 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal . He was born in Norwich township , Canada West , the son of H.J . Adams , and was educated in Oxford County and at Dundas Collegiate Institute . He learned the harness-making trade from his father and began business in Oxford County . Adams married Clara Filey in 1877 . In 1881 , he moved to Manitoba , settling in Brandon . Adams served on Brandon town council and was mayor in 1887 . He was elected to the Manitoba assembly in an 1893 by-election held after the results of the election in 1892 were declared void and then was elected again in an 1894 by-election . Adams was reelected in 1896 and then was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1899 . The Adams Brothers Harness Company later moved its headquarters to Toronto and had branch offices in Winnipeg , Saskatoon , Edmonton and Calgary . Adams served as president and general manager of the company .'}]}, {'value': 'Brandon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_City_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Brandon City is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was initially created as Brandon in 1881 , following the westward expansion of Manitoba 's boundaries . It was eliminated through redistribution before the 1886 provincial election , and replaced with Brandon East and Brandon West . The area was further redistributed prior to the 1888 election , and Brandon City was created along with Brandon North and Brandon South . The constituency was renamed Brandon for the 1958 provincial election . It disappeared from the electoral map with the 1969 provincial election , when the city was once again divided into Brandon East and Brandon West ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Clifford Sifton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifford_Sifton', 'summary': 'Sir Clifford Sifton , PC , KCMG , KC ( March 10 , 1861 - April 17 , 1929 ) , was a Canadian lawyer and a long-time Liberal politician , best known for being Minister of the Interior under Sir Wilfrid Laurier . He was responsible for encouraging the massive amount of immigration in Canada which occurred during the first decade of the 20th century . In 1905 , he broke with Laurier and resigned from cabinet on the issue of publicly funded religious education in the new provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan .'}]}, {'value': 'Brandon North', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Herbert Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Graham', 'summary': 'Herbert Clement Graham ( February 27 , 1856 - 1934 ) was a farmer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Brandon South from 1892 to 1899 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal . He was born in Oxford County , Ontario , the son of Allen E. Graham , and farmed there and in Kent County . In 1877 , Graham came to Manitoba and settled on a farm northwest of Winnipeg . He married Annie Cunningham in 1878 . After four years , he moved to a new farm in the Brandon Hills area , which he operated until he retired to Brandon in 1896 . He also owned a retail lumber and coal business at Carroll and held real estate throughout the province . From 1885 to 1888 , Graham served on the council for the Rural Municipality of Oakland . He retired from politics in 1897 , becoming customs collector for western Manitoba .'}]}, {'value': 'Brandon South', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Marion', 'summary': "Roger Marion ( August 5 , 1846 - April 13 , 1920 ) was a Metis trader , civil servant and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Carillon from 1886 to 1888 and from 1896 to 1899 and St. Boniface from 1888 to 1892 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . He was born in York Factory , the son of Narcisse Marion and Marie Bouchard , and was educated at the Collége de Saint-Boniface . Marion worked at Charles Bottineau 's trading post in Dakota Territory for several years . From 1872 to 1876 , he worked for the Customs Service in Manitoba and then was Manitoba License Commissioner from 1879 to 1885 . In 1873 , Marion married Julienne Carriere . He served on the council for St. Boniface and was mayor from 1887 to 1890 . Marion was elected president of the Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba in 1891 . He was defeated when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1892 before being elected again in 1896 and then was defeated again in 1899 . Marion died in St. Boniface at the age of 73 ."}]}, {'value': 'Carillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carillon_(electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Carillon is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was established for the 1886 provincial election , and eliminated with the 1969 election . The constituency was predominantly francophone . Albert Prefontaine and his son Edmond represented Carillon for almost all of the period between 1903 and 1962 , serving with a variety of parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfred Doig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Doig', 'summary': 'Alfred Doig ( March 15 , 1855 - May 2 , 1939 ) was a merchant and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Cypress from 1892 to 1899 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal .'}]}, {'value': 'Cypress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cypress_(former_Manitoba_provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Cypress is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was located in the south of the province . Cypress was created for the 1886 provincial election , and abolished with the 1969 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Theodore Burrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theodore_Arthur_Burrows', 'summary': "Theodore Arthur Burrows ( August 15 , 1857 - January 18 , 1929 ) was a politician and office-holder in Manitoba , Canada . He served as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of the province from October 6 , 1926 until his death . Burrows was born in Ottawa , Canada West ( now Ontario ) , where his grandfather had been a pioneer settler . He moved to Manitoba in 1875 , and was subsequently educated at Manitoba College . In 1877 , Burrows became the first law student in Winnipeg history , working in the office of one Frederick Mackenzie . He entered the lumber business in 1879 , and subsequently played a major role in developing the industry in Manitoba 's northwest . Burrows entered politics in 1892 , winning election to the provincial legislature in the riding of Dauphin . Although he described himself as a Liberal-Conservative , he was nevertheless a supporter of Liberal Premier Thomas Greenway . Burrows defeated his Conservative opponent Glenlyon Campbell by 317 votes to 308 . Burrows defeated Campbell a second time in 1896 , by 589 votes to 577 . By this time , he was identifying himself as a Liberal . He was also ( like Greenway ) a Methodist , and was a strong supporter of Canada 's growing prohibition movement ."}]}, {'value': 'Dauphin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dauphin_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'For the former federal electoral district , see Dauphin'}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Alexander Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Alexander_Young', 'summary': 'Charles Alexander Young ( December 29 , 1856 - September 28 , 1928 ) was a grain dealer and political figure in Manitoba , Canada . He represented Deloraine from 1896 to 1903 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal .'}]}, {'value': 'Deloraine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Watson Crosby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watson_Crosby', 'summary': "Watson Montgomery Crosby ( June 10 , 1857 - March 19 , 1897 ) served as the reeve of the Rural Municipality of Wallace and as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the constituency of Dennis . Crosby was born at French River , Prince Edward Island , the son of Charles Crosby . His grandfather , Donald Montgomery , served as member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island and represented Prince Edward Island as a member of the Senate of Canada . Crosby moved to Manitoba in 1879 and settled on a farm near Virden . He was elected as a Councillor for the Rural Municipality of Wallace and served as Reeve from 1893 to 1896 . He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba representing the Constituency of Dennis in the Province of Manitoba 's Ninth General Election on January 15 , 1896 . Crosby held his seat in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba until his death . He died in Winnipeg , unmarried , of typhoid fever on March 19 , 1897 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dennis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrons of Industry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrons_of_Industry_in_Manitoba', 'summary': "The Patrons of Industry in Manitoba was an extension of a farmers ' organization operating in Ontario ( see Patrons of Industry ) and the United States in the 1880s and 1890s . The Patrons lobbied extensively and became politically active , running provincial and federal candidates . The Manitoba Patrons , as a fraternal organization , was initially focused on coordinating an agrarian cooperative movement on the Prairies . Its first lodges in Manitoba and the North-West Territories began in 1890 , with a grand lodge ( central body ) established in 1891 . At first the group was known as the Patrons of Manitoba and the North-West - its conventions included delegates from Manitoba and the territorial districts of Assiniboia , Saskatchewan and Alberta . The organization 's leader was Charles Braithwaite , who was chosen at a convention held in November 1891 . Through direct bulk buying in competition with established stores , the movement brought down the price of farm supplies ( binder twine ) and other farmers ' needs , and through strong lobbying it helped achieve a cut in tariffs on imported goods important to farmers . The Manitoba group turned to direct political action in 1894 . Following a tour of Manitoba by Braithwaite ( who was a spellbinding orator ) , the Patrons nominated candidates in all but two of the province 's constituencies , in anticipation of the next provincial election . The Patrons were the first third party to emerge in Manitoba after partisan government was formally introduced to the province in 1888 . They opposed both Conservatives and Liberals and were for a time affiliated with Dalton McCarthy , a dissident federal Conservative . On August 23 , 1894 , the Patrons proved they were a significant force in Manitoba politics when their candidate John Forsyth defeated Conservative leader John Andrew Davidson in a two-sided Beautiful Plains by-election ( there was no Liberal candidate in the race ) ."}]}, {'value': 'David Henry McFadden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Henry_McFadden', 'summary': 'David Henry McFadden ( February 17 , 1856 - 1935 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1892 to 1907 , and again from 1910 to 1915 . McFadden was a Conservative , and served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin . McFadden was born in Peterborough , Canada West ( now Ontario ) , and educated in Bruce , Ontario . He received certification from the Ontario Veterinary College and practised as a veterinary surgeon . He also served as manager of the Alexandra Realty Co. in Emerson , Manitoba , and was active in municipal politics . In religion , McFadden was a Methodist . He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1892 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent James Thomson by fourteen votes in the Emerson constituency . The Liberals won a majority government in this election , and McFadden served as an opposition member . He was one of only six Conservatives returned in the 1896 election , defeating candidates of the Liberals and the Patrons of Industry . McFadden was returned again for Emerson by an increased majority in the 1899 election . At the provincial level , the Conservatives won a majority government under the leadership of Hugh John Macdonald .'}]}, {'value': 'Emerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerson_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Emerson is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It has existed since 1879 , when it was created by redistribution . It is located in the southeastern corner of the province . It is bordered to the north by Carman , Morris , Steinbach and La Verendrye , to the west by Pembina , to the east by the province of Ontario and to the south by the American state of North Dakota . The riding includes the communities/municipalities of Emerson , Altona , Dominion City , Rhineland , Gretna , Woodridge and St. Jean Baptiste . The riding 's population in 2008 was 20,370 . In 2011 , the average family income was $ 61,951 , and the unemployment rate was 2.9% . Agriculture accounts for 24% of the riding 's industry , followed by manufacturing at 16% . Over 27% of Emerson 's residents have less than a Grade Nine education . Emerson is an ethnically diverse riding , with only 51% of its residents listing English as their mother tongue . 26% of the riding 's residents list themselves as either German , French , Ukrainian , Polish or Mennonite , while a further 5% are aboriginal . The riding has generally been safe for the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba since 1969 , although the New Democratic Party of Manitoba ( NDP ) won it in 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Hector Sutherland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hector_Sutherland_(politician)', 'summary': 'Hector Sutherland ( 1852 - April 8 , 1927 ) was a farmer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Kildonan from 1896 to 1899 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative .'}]}, {'value': 'Kildonan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kildonan_(Manitoba_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Kildonan is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . The boundaries for the riding maintained their location through the 2008 redistribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Finlay Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finlay_McNaughton_Young', 'summary': 'Finlay McNaughton Young ( 2 April 1852 - 15 February 1916 ) was a Canadian senator . Born in St. Chrysostome , Canada East , the son of Duncan Young , he was educated at St. Chrysostome and Montreal . In 1879 , he moved to Manitoba . A farmer , he was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the electoral division of Turtle Mountain in 1883 and re-elected at all the subsequent elections up to 1899 . In 1899 , he was defeated . He was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1895 to 1899 . A Liberal , he was appointed to the Senate of Canada on 30 January 1900 on the recommendation of Sir Wilfrid Laurier . He represented the Senate division of Killarney , Manitoba , until his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Killarney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killarney_(electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Killarney is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was created for the 1888 provincial election , and abolished with the 1958 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Rutherford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gunion_Rutherford', 'summary': 'John Gunion Rutherford CMG ( December 25 , 1857 - July 24 , 1923 ) was a Canadian veterinarian , civil servant , and politician . Born in Mountain Cross , Newlands Parish , Peeblesshire , Scotland , the son of Rev . Robert Rutherford , Rutherford was educated at the High School in Glasgow and by private tuition . He emigrated to Canada in 1875 and took a course at the Ontario Agricultural College and afterwards attended the Ontario Veterinary College , graduating in 1879 with the rank of Gold Medalist . Settling in Portage la Prairie , Manitoba , he was President of the Manitoba Liberal Printing Company and the owner of a large veterinary infirmary . During the North-West Rebellion in 1885 , Rutherford served with the Winnipeg Field Battery as a Veterinary Surgeon , and was present at the engagements of Fish Creek and Batoche , for which he received the medal and clasp . In 1892 , he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the electoral district of Lakeside . A Manitoba Liberal , he served until 1896 . He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in an 1897 by-election for the electoral district of Macdonald . A Liberal , he was defeated in 1900 . He was appointed Dominion Veterinary Director-General in 1902 and Dominion Livestock Commissioner in 1906 . In 1912 , he was appointed Superintendent of Agriculture and Animal Industry for the Canadian Pacific Railway .'}]}, {'value': 'Lakeside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeside_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Lakeside is a provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It is located to the immediate northwest of the city of Winnipeg . Traditionally a rural riding , Lakeside has become more urban in recent years ( as a result of both electoral redistribution and changes in demography ) . All the same , agriculture accounted for 17% of the riding 's industry in 1999 . The riding is bordered to the north by Interlake , to the west by Portage la Prairie , to the south by Morris and to the east by Gimli . It also borders the city of Winnipeg to the southeast . There are no major urban centres in the riding . Communities include Argyle , Balmoral , Rosser , Gunton , Stonewall , Stony Mountain , Teulon , Warren , Woodlands and Inwood . Lakeside 's population in 1996 was 19473 . The average family income in 1999 was C $ 49,774 , with an unemployment rate of 6.10% . Eight per cent of the population is of a German background , and 8% are aboriginal . Lakeside was created by provincial redistribution in 1886 ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tobias Norris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobias_Norris', 'summary': 'Tobias Crawford Norris ( September 5 , 1861 - October 29 , 1936 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served as the tenth Premier of Manitoba from 1915 to 1922 . Norris was a member of the Liberal Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Lansdowne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lansdowne_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Lansdowne is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It was created for the 1888 provincial election , and eliminated with the 1958 election . Lansdowne was a rural constituency in the province 's southwestern corner . For almost its entire history , it was considered safe for the Liberal Party and its successor , the Liberal-Progressive Party . Only two non-Liberals were ever elected for the division , and both were defeated after a single term . Tobias Norris , who served as Premier of Manitoba from 1915 to 1922 , represented Lansdowne in the provincial legislature for twenty-one years . After its elimination , parts of Lansdowne were included in the new constituency of Souris-Lansdowne ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Théophile Paré', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Théophile_Paré', 'summary': 'Théophile Paré ( 1850 - November 17 , 1926 ) was a farmer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented La Verendrye from 1892 to 1899 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative . He was born in Lachine , Quebec , the son of Louis Paré , and was educated at the Séminaire de Sainte-Thérèse . Paré was registrar for La Verendrye County from 1882 to 1890 and was secretary-treasurer for the rural Municipalities of Ste . Anne and La Broquerie . Hé was defeated when he ran for reelection to the Manitoba assembly in 1899 . Paré was married to Angelique Nolan . After her death in 1904 , he moved to St. Boniface , Manitoba and entered the priesthood in 1906 . Paré died in St. Boniface at the age of 74 .'}]}, {'value': 'La Verendrye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Verendrye_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "La Verendrye is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was created by redistribution in 1879 , and has existed since that time . La Verendrye is located southeastern region of Manitoba . It is bordered to the west by Dawson Trail , Emerson , Steinbach , and St. Paul , to the north by Lac Du Bonnet , and to the east by the province of Ontario . Communities in the riding include Falcon Lake , Gardenton , Grunthal , Hadashville , Piney , Pointe du Bois , Sprague , Stuartburn , Sundown , and West Hawk Lake . The Whiteshell Provincial Park and Sandilands Provincial Forest are also in the riding . The riding 's population in 1996 was 19,558 . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 49,308 , and the unemployment rate was 5.90% . Manufacturing accounts for 12% of the riding 's industry , followed by the service sector at 11% . Before the electoral boundaries redistricting done prior to the 2011 election , La Verendrye had the second-highest francophone population in Manitoba ( after St. Boniface ) , at 23% of the total population . Nine per cent of the riding 's residents were German , and 7% were aboriginal . La Verendrye was a hotly contested riding between the Liberals and Conservatives in its earliest years ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'James Riddell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Riddell_(politician)', 'summary': "James Riddell ( May 1850 - September 19 , 1926 ) was a Scottish-Canadian farmer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Lorne from 1896 to 1903 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal . He was born in Jedburgh and was educated there and at St. Andrew 's University . Riddell married a Miss Sharp in Galt , Ontario . He came to Carman , Manitoba in 1880 . He was president of the Dufferin Agricultural Society . Riddell was defeated when he ran for the Dufferin seat in the Manitoba assembly in 1903 . In 1904 , he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Macdonald seat in the Canadian House of Commons . Riddell later was president of the Caledonia Box and Manufacturing Company in Winnipeg . He died at home in Winnipeg at the age of 76 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lorne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Donald McIntosh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Donald_McIntosh', 'summary': 'John Donald McIntosh ( July 19 , 1850 - after 1899 ) was a miller , farmer and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Manitou from 1896 to 1899 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal .'}]}, {'value': 'Manitou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Hill_Myers', 'summary': 'Robert Hill Myers ( March 30 , 1856 - November 16 , 1921 ) was a lawyer , judge and political figure in Manitoba . He represented Minnedosa from 1892 to 1903 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal . He was born in Oxford County , Canada West , the son of Robert Myers , a native of England , and Margaret Hill , a native of Scotland . Myers was educated at the Collegiate Institute in Stratford and at Osgoode Hall . He was called to the Ontario bar in 1880 , then moved to Manitoba in 1882 and was called to the Manitoba bar the following year . In 1885 , Myers married Annie McLeod . He practised law briefly in Winnipeg and Brandon before settling in Minnedosa , where he was in practice for 21 years . In January 1903 , he was named county court judge for Winnipeg . Myers died in Winnipeg at the age of 65 . His former home in Minnedosa was designated a Manitoba Municipal Heritage site in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnedosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnedosa_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Minnedosa was a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was created in 1881 with the expansion of the province 's western boundary , and has existed continuously since that time . From 1886 to 1888 , it was divided into two ridings , Minnedosa East and Minnedosa West . Minnedosa was located in the southwestern region of Manitoba . It was bordered by Russell to the north , Ste . Rose to the east , Turtle Mountain to the east and south , and Arthur-Virden to the south and west . The constituency also surrounded the City of Brandon , which is divided into the ridings of Brandon East and Brandon West . Minnedosa itself was the largest community in the constituency . Other communities in riding the included Souris , Rivers , Rapid City , Shilo , Basswood , Wawanesa , and Erickson . Minnedosa 's population in 1996 was 18,694 . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 46,627 , and the unemployment rate was 3.50% . Agriculture accounted for 22% of the riding 's industry , followed by government services at 12% and health and social services at 12% ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Members of the Assembly', 'section_text': 'The following members were elected to the assembly in 1896 : [ 1 ]', 'uid': '9th_Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba_0', 'intro': 'The members of the 9th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in January 1896. The legislature sat from February 6, 1896, to November 16, 1899. The Liberals led by Thomas Greenway formed the government. Rodmond Roblin served as Leader of the Opposition. Finlay McNaughton Young served as speaker for the assembly. There were four sessions of the 9th Legislature:'}
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What electoral district is that man who went to college at the Collége de Saint-Boniface ?
Carillon
06645ea11699ca06
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia', 'title': 'List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia', 'header': ['Name', 'State', 'Appointment', 'Presentation', 'Termination'], 'data': [{'value': 'Thomas R. Pickering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_R._Pickering', 'summary': 'Thomas Reeve Tom Pickering ( born November 5 , 1931 ) is a retired United States ambassador . Among his many diplomatic appointments , he served as U.S . Ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 12 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 21 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Franklin Collins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Franklin_Collins', 'summary': 'James Franklin Collins ( born June 4 , 1939 ) is a former United States Ambassador to Russia . A career Foreign Service Officer in the State Department , he is a Russian specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'August 1 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 26 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 10 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Vershbow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Vershbow', 'summary': "Alexander Russell Sandy Vershbow ( born July 3 , 1952 ) is an American diplomat and former Deputy Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization . From October , 2005 to October , 2008 , he was the United States Ambassador to South Korea . Before that post he had been the ambassador to the Russian Federation from 2001 to 2005 and the ambassador to NATO from 1997 to 2001 . For his work with NATO he was awarded the State Department 's Distinguished Service Award . In March , 2009 , President Barack Obama nominated Vershbow as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs , a position that holds responsibility for U.S. policy toward NATO , coordination of U.S. security and defense policies relating to the nations and international organizations of Europe , the Middle East and Africa . He was confirmed in April , 2009 . After almost three years with the U.S. Department of Defense , in February 2012 , Vershbow moved back to Brussels where he took the position of Deputy Secretary General of NATO , becoming the first American to hold the position ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 17 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 22 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Joseph Burns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Joseph_Burns', 'summary': 'William Joseph Burns ( born April 11 , 1956 ) is a former career Foreign Service Officer , and President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace since February 2015 . Previously , he was Ambassador of the United States to the Russian Federation from 2005 until 2008 , Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 2008 to 2011 , and United States Deputy Secretary of State from 2011 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'District of Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/District_of_Columbia', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'August 10 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 8 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 12 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Beyrle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Beyrle', 'summary': "John Ross Beyrle ( born February 11 , 1954 ) is an American diplomat . A career Foreign Service Officer and specialist in Russian and Eastern European affairs , he served as Ambassador of the United States to the Russian Federation from July 3 , 2008 until January 10 , 2012 , and as Ambassador to Bulgaria from 2005 to 2008 . Beyrle was Ambassador in Moscow during the reset of Russian-American relationship , which saw the signing of the New START arms control treaty , agreement on peaceful uses of nuclear energy , Russia 's accession to the World Trade Organization , and liberalized visa formalities for American and Russian travelers . He retired from the State Department in July 2012 with the rank of Career Minister , the diplomatic equivalent of a three-star general . He serves on the Board of Directors of several non-profit foundations , including as Chairman of the U.S. Russia Foundation , and as an adviser and business consultant on Central and Eastern Europe , Russia , and other countries of the former Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'May 13 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 18 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 4 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael McFaul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_McFaul', 'summary': "Michael Anthony McFaul ( born October 1 , 1963 ) is an American academic and professor of political science who served as the United States Ambassador to Russia from 2012 to 2014 . Prior to his nomination to the ambassadorial position , McFaul worked for the U.S. National Security Council as Special Assistant to the President and senior director of Russian and Eurasian affairs . In that capacity he was the architect of U.S. President Barack Obama 's Russian reset policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'January 10 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 22 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 26 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Francis Tefft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_F._Tefft', 'summary': "John F. Tefft ( born August 16 , 1949 ) is a career U.S. Foreign Service Officer since 1972 . He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31 , 2014 . He has previously served as the United States ' ambassador to Ukraine , Georgia , and Lithuania , as well as chargé d'affaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow ."}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'July 31 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 28 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr.', 'summary': 'Jon Meade Huntsman Jr. ( born March 26 , 1960 ) is an American businessman , diplomat , politician , and the former Ambassador of the United States to Russia , serving from October 2017 to October 3 , 2019 . Huntsman was the U.S . Ambassador to Singapore from 1992 to 1993 , the 16th Governor of Utah from 2005 to 2009 , and the U.S . Ambassador to China from 2009 until 2011 . He has served in the administrations of five Presidents and was a candidate for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination . In January 2014 , Huntsman was named chair of the Washington-based foreign policy think-tank the Atlantic Council . Huntsman has served in every presidential administration since the presidency of Ronald Reagan . He began his career as a White House staff assistant for Ronald Reagan , and was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce and United States Ambassador to Singapore by George H. W. Bush . Later as Deputy U.S. Trade Representative under George W. Bush , he launched global trade negotiations in Doha in 2001 and guided the accession of China into the World Trade Organization . He also served as CEO of his family-owned Huntsman Corporation and chair of the Huntsman Cancer Foundation . He has served as U.S . Ambassador to China , Russia , and Singapore ; he is the only American ambassador to have served in both Russia and China .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': 'September 28 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 3 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 3 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John J. Sullivan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_J._Sullivan_(diplomat)', 'summary': "John Joseph Sullivan ( born November 20 , 1959 ) is an American lawyer and government official serving as the United States Ambassador to Russia , and who previously served as the 19th United States Deputy Secretary of State from 2017 to 2019 . A member of the Republican Party , Sullivan served as Acting United States Secretary of State from April 1 , 2018 , to April 26 , 2018 , following President Donald Trump 's dismissal of Secretary of State Rex Tillerson on March 13 , 2018 , until Tillerson 's official successor , Mike Pompeo , was sworn in . Tillerson did not officially leave office until March 31 , 2018 . Sullivan , however , was delegated all responsibilities of the Secretary of State beginning March 13 . On October 11 , 2019 , President Trump nominated Sullivan to be the United States Ambassador to Russia . On December 12 , 2019 , the United States Senate confirmed his nomination by a 70-22 vote ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': 'December 12 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 16 , 2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of ambassadors -- Russian Federation ( 1992–present )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia_2', 'intro': 'The Ambassador of the United States of America to the Russian Federation is the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary from the United States of America to the Russian Federation. Jon Huntsman Jr. held the position from October 2017 until October 3, 2019. On December 12, 2019, the United States Senate confirmed John J. Sullivan as the next ambassador.'}
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Who served as Ambassador to Bulgaria from 2005 to 2008 from the state with the 11th most extensive total area ?
John Beyrle
0665132e67b71477
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_traded_on_the_JSE', 'title': 'List of companies traded on the JSE', 'header': ['Stock symbol', 'Company', 'Notes', 'External link'], 'data': [{'value': 'JSC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jasco Electronics Holdings Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'electronics manufacture including telecom towers and ancillary equipment ; electrical cables and security equipment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electronics', 'summary': 'Electronics comprises the physics , engineering , technology and applications that deal with the emission , flow and control of electrons in vacuum and matter . Electronics is widely used in information processing , telecommunication , and signal processing . The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information-processing possible . Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards , electronics packaging technology , and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed electronic components into a regular working system , called an electronic system ; examples are computers or control systems . An electronic system may be a component of another engineered system or a standalone device . As of 2019 [ update ] most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control . The identification of the electron in 1897 , along with the invention of the vacuum tube , which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals , inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age . Commonly , electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements ; such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit . Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes , transistors , diodes , integrated circuits , optoelectronics , and sensors , associated passive electrical components , and interconnection technologies . The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible . Electrical and electromechanical science and technology deals with the generation , distribution , switching , storage , and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms ( using wires , motors , generators , batteries , switches , relays , transformers , resistors , and other passive components ) . This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode , which made electrical amplification of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Telecommunication', 'summary': 'Telecommunication is the transmission of signs , signals , messages , words , writings , images and sounds or information of any nature by wire , radio , optical or other electromagnetic systems . Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology . It is transmitted through a transmission medium , such as over physical media , for example , over electrical cable , or via electromagnetic radiation through space such as radio or light . Such transmission paths are often divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing . Since the Latin term communicatio is considered the social process of information exchange , the term telecommunications is often used in its plural form because it involves many different technologies . Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals , such as beacons , smoke signals , semaphore telegraphs , signal flags and optical heliographs . Other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats , lung-blown horns , and loud whistles . 20th- and 21st-century technologies for long-distance communication usually involve electrical and electromagnetic technologies , such as telegraph , telephone , and teleprinter , networks , radio , microwave transmission , optical fiber , and communications satellites . A revolution in wireless communication began in the first decade of the 20th century with the pioneering developments in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi , who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 , and other notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications . These included Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse ( inventors of the telegraph ) , Alexander Graham Bell ( inventor of the telephone ) , Edwin Armstrong and Lee de Forest ( inventors of radio ) , as well as Vladimir K. Zworykin , John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth ( some of the inventors of television ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Electrical_cable', 'summary': 'An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side by side or bundled , which is used to carry electric current . A cable assembly is the composition of one or more electrical cables and their corresponding connectors . A cable assembly is not necessarily suitable for connecting two devices but can be a partial product ( e.g . to be soldered onto a printed circuit board with a connector mounted to the housing ) . Cable assemblies can also take the form of a cable tree or cable harness , used to connect many terminals together .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Security', 'summary': 'Security is freedom from , or resilience against , potential harm ( or other unwanted coercive change ) caused by others . Beneficiaries ( technically referents ) of security may be of persons and social groups , objects and institutions , ecosystems or any other entity or phenomenon vulnerable to unwanted change .'}]}, {'value': 'jasco.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JCD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JCI Limited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JCI_Limited', 'summary': "JCI or Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Co. Ltd. was founded in 1889 by the British entrepreneur Barney Barnato . JCI was a major force in South African mining for over 100 years . Using his investments in the Kimberley diamond fields , particularly his 25% share in De Beers , Barnato foresaw the value of and invested in the potential of the Witwatersrand gold mines . At first he bought small but rich mines near Germiston - the New Primrose , named after his daughter , and others in the same region . In 1913 JCI bought the Randfontein Estates Gold Mining Company , which was a fabulously rich mine , from Sir J.B. Robinson . At the peak of its production Randfontein was equipped with 600 stamp mills , the roar of which could be heard in Johannesburg . Randfontein Estates was an extraordinarily rich mining property , and in the 1950s was a pioneer of uranium production . During the 1930s Randfontein was the largest gold producer in South Africa , if not the world . JCI was also involved with numerous mining ventures - New State Mines at Brakpan , Modder Deep Mines at Benoni , Van Dyk Mines at Benoni . In the 1960s Randfontein was virtually closed down , and mining was developed at Western Areas on the other side of the shallow valley , but in the 1970s new deposits were discovered to the south of Randfontein and the Cooke Section was opened up in 1976 . Cooke produced gold and uranium , the uranium being destined for the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station fuel . In addition to the gold mines , 25% of De Beers and a controlling interest in Rustenburg Platinum Holdings , the world 's largest platinum producer , JCI owned large industrial and property holdings , including the Houghton Estate in northern Johannesburg , and substantial shareholdings in South African Breweries , Toyota South Africa , Lennings Industrial , etc. , and was long a target of developers who lusted after the property holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'financial services ; company is involved in restructuring and relisting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Financial_services', 'summary': 'Financial services are the economic services provided by the finance industry , which encompasses a broad range of businesses that manage money , including credit unions , banks , credit-card companies , insurance companies , accountancy companies , consumer-finance companies , stock brokerages , investment funds , individual managers and some government-sponsored enterprises . Financial services companies are present in all economically developed geographic locations and tend to cluster in local , national , regional and international financial centers such as London , New York City , and Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JDG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JD Group Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'financial services for the mass market', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Financial_services', 'summary': 'Financial services are the economic services provided by the finance industry , which encompasses a broad range of businesses that manage money , including credit unions , banks , credit-card companies , insurance companies , accountancy companies , consumer-finance companies , stock brokerages , investment funds , individual managers and some government-sponsored enterprises . Financial services companies are present in all economically developed geographic locations and tend to cluster in local , national , regional and international financial centers such as London , New York City , and Tokyo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mass_market', 'summary': 'The term mass market refers to a market for goods produced on a large scale for a significant number of end consumers . The mass market differs from the niche market in that the former focuses on consumers with a wide variety of backgrounds with no identifiable preferences and expectations in a large market segment . Traditionally , businesses reach out to the mass market with advertising messages through a variety of media including radio , TV , newspapers and the Web .'}]}, {'value': 'jdgroup.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JDH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Daniel Holdings Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'high tech , biotechnology , stem cell technology , containers and infrastructure for the trucking industry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_tech', 'summary': 'High technology , or high tech ( sometimes also called frontier technology or frontier tech ) , is technology that is at the cutting edge : the most advanced technology available . The opposite of high tech is low technology , referring to simple , often traditional or mechanical technology ; for example , a slide rule is a low-tech calculating device . The phrase was used in a 1958 The New York Times story advocating atomic energy for Europe : . Western Europe , with its dense population and its high technology . Robert Metz used the term in a financial column in 1969 : Arthur H. Collins of Collins Radio ] controls a score of high technology patents in a variety of fields . and in a 1971 article used the abbreviated form , high tech . A widely used classification of high-technological manufacturing industries is provided by the OECD . It is based on the intensity of research and development activities used in these industries within OECD countries , resulting in four distinct categories . Startups working on high technologies ( or developing new high technologies ) are sometimes referred to as deep tech .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biotechnology', 'summary': 'Biotechnology is the broad area of biology , involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products , or any technological application that uses biological systems , living organisms , or derivatives thereof , to make or modify products or processes for specific use ( UN Convention on Biological Diversity , Art . 2 ) . Depending on the tools and applications , it often overlaps with the ( related ) fields of molecular biology , bio-engineering , biomedical engineering , biomanufacturing , molecular engineering , etc . Biotechnology does not involve DNA editing as it is part of the new branch CRISPR which was recently found by Osaka University researcher Yoshizumi Ishino and his colleagues in 1987 . For thousands of years , humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture , food production , environment and medicine . The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics , recombinant gene techniques , applied immunology , and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stem_cell', 'summary': 'Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of cells , and can also divide in self-renewal to produce more of the same type of stem cells . Telomerase is active in normal stem cells . In mammals , there are two broad types of stem cells : embryonic stem cells , which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts in early embryonic development , and adult stem cells , which are found in various tissues of fully developed mammals . In adult organisms , stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body , replenishing adult tissues . In a developing embryo , stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells - ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm ( see induced pluripotent stem cells ) - but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs , such as blood , skin , or intestinal tissues . There are three known accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans : bone marrow , adipose tissue , and blood . Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth . Of all stem cell therapy types , autologous harvesting involves the least risk . Adult stem cells are frequently used in various medical therapies ( e.g. , bone marrow transplantation ) . Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed ( differentiated ) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves . Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through somatic cell nuclear transfer or dedifferentiation have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies . Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport', 'summary': 'Intermodal freight transport involves the transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle , using multiple modes of transportation ( e.g. , rail , ship , and truck ) , without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes . The method reduces cargo handling , and so improves security , reduces damage and loss , and allows freight to be transported faster . Reduced costs over road trucking is the key benefit for inter-continental use . This may be offset by reduced timings for road transport over shorter distances .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Infrastructure', 'summary': 'Infrastructure is the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country , city , or other area , including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function . Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical improvements such as roads , railways , bridges , tunnels , water supply , sewers , electrical grids , and telecommunications ( including Internet connectivity and broadband speeds ) . In general , it has also been defined as the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable , sustain , or enhance societal living conditions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Truck_driver', 'summary': 'A truck driver ( commonly referred to as a trucker , teamster or driver in the United States and Canada ; a truckie in Australia and New Zealand ; a lorry driver , or driver in Ireland , the United Kingdom , India , Nepal and Pakistan ) is a person who earns a living as the driver of a truck ( usually a semi truck , box truck or dump truck ) .'}]}, {'value': 'jd-h.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JCM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnnic Communications Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'name changed to Avusa ; newspapers , magazines , television broadcasting , internet media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avusa', 'summary': 'Tiso Blackstar Group is a media company in South Africa , formerly known as Johnnic Communications , Avusa and Times Media Group . Avusa means to rouse feelings , to revive and evoke action . The name was changed in 2007 in order to avoid confusion between Johnnic Communications and Johnnic Holdings . The name was changed again ( to Tiso Blackstar ) in 2017 . In 2012 , Avusa was acquired by a unit of Mvelaphanda Group and renamed Times Media Group , which was then relisted on the JSE . In 2013 , Times Media Group acquired the remaining 50% of BDFM from Pearson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Newspaper', 'summary': 'A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background . Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics , business , sports and art , and often include materials such as opinion columns , weather forecasts , reviews of local services , obituaries , birth notices , crosswords , editorial cartoons , comic strips , and advice columns . Most newspapers are businesses , and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue , newsstand sales , and advertising revenue . The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers . Newspapers have traditionally been published in print ( usually on cheap , low-grade paper called newsprint ) . However , today most newspapers are also published on websites as online newspapers , and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely . Newspapers developed in the 17th century , as information sheets for merchants . By the early 19th century , many cities in Europe , as well as North and South America , published newspapers . Some newspapers with high editorial independence , high journalism quality , and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Magazine', 'summary': 'A magazine is a publication , usually a periodical publication , which is printed or electronically published ( sometimes referred to as an online magazine ) . Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content . They are generally financed by advertising , by a purchase price , by prepaid subscriptions , or a combination of the three .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Television_broadcasting', 'summary': 'The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to television broadcasting : Television broadcasting : form of broadcasting in which a television signal is transmitted by radio waves from a terrestrial ( Earth based ) transmitter of a television station to TV receivers having an antenna .'}]}, {'value': 'avusa.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JNC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnnic Holdings Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'name changed to Avusa ; media and entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avusa', 'summary': 'Tiso Blackstar Group is a media company in South Africa , formerly known as Johnnic Communications , Avusa and Times Media Group . Avusa means to rouse feelings , to revive and evoke action . The name was changed in 2007 in order to avoid confusion between Johnnic Communications and Johnnic Holdings . The name was changed again ( to Tiso Blackstar ) in 2017 . In 2012 , Avusa was acquired by a unit of Mvelaphanda Group and renamed Times Media Group , which was then relisted on the JSE . In 2013 , Times Media Group acquired the remaining 50% of BDFM from Pearson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mass_media', 'summary': 'Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication . The technologies through which this communication takes place include a variety of outlets . Broadcast media transmit information electronically via media such as films , radio , recorded music , or television . Digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication . Internet media comprise such services as email , social media sites , websites , and Internet-based radio and television . Many other mass media outlets have an additional presence on the web , by such means as linking to or running TV ads online , or distributing QR Codes in outdoor or print media to direct mobile users to a website . In this way , they can use the easy accessibility and outreach capabilities the Internet affords , as thereby easily broadcast information throughout many different regions of the world simultaneously and cost-efficiently . Outdoor media transmit information via such media as AR advertising ; billboards ; blimps ; flying billboards ( signs in tow of airplanes ) ; placards or kiosks placed inside and outside buses , commercial buildings , shops , sports stadiums , subway cars , or trains ; signs ; or skywriting . Print media transmit information via physical objects , such as books , comics , magazines , newspapers , or pamphlets . Event organizing and public speaking can also be considered forms of mass media . The organizations that control these technologies , such as movie studios , publishing companies , and radio and television stations , are also known as the mass media . [ need quotation to verify ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Entertainment', 'summary': "Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight . It can be an idea or a task , but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience 's attention . Although people 's attention is held by different things , because individuals have different preferences in entertainment , most forms are recognisable and familiar . Storytelling , music , drama , dance , and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures , were supported in royal courts , developed into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens . The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products . Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale , ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products ; to a banquet adapted for two ; to any size or type of party , with appropriate music and dance ; to performances intended for thousands ; and even for a global audience . The experience of being entertained has come to be strongly associated with amusement , so that one common understanding of the idea is fun and laughter , although many entertainments have a serious purpose . This may be the case in the various forms of ceremony , celebration , religious festival , or satire for example . Hence , there is the possibility that what appears as entertainment may also be a means of achieving insight or intellectual growth . An important aspect of entertainment is the audience , which turns a private recreation or leisure activity into entertainment . The audience may have a passive role , as in the case of persons watching a play , opera , television show , or film ; or the audience role may be active , as in the case of games , where the participant/audience roles may be routinely reversed . Entertainment can be public or private , involving formal , scripted performance , as in the case of theatre or concerts ; or unscripted and spontaneous , as in the case of children 's games ."}]}, {'value': 'avusa.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JSE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JSE Limited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JSE_Limited', 'summary': 'JSE Limited ( previously the JSE Securities Exchange and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange ) is the oldest existing and largest stock exchange in Africa . It is located in Sandton , Johannesburg , South Africa , after it moved from downtown Johannesburg in 2000 . In 2003 the JSE had an estimated 473 listed companies and a market capitalisation of US $ 182.6 billion ( €158 billion ) , as well as an average monthly traded value of US $ 6.399 billion ( €5.5 billion ) . As of 31 December 2013 , the market capitalisation of the JSE was at US $ 1,007 billion .'}]}, {'value': 'the Johannesburg Stock Exchange itself', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange', 'summary': 'JSE Limited ( previously the JSE Securities Exchange and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange ) is the oldest existing and largest stock exchange in Africa . It is located in Sandton , Johannesburg , South Africa , after it moved from downtown Johannesburg in 2000 . In 2003 the JSE had an estimated 473 listed companies and a market capitalisation of US $ 182.6 billion ( €158 billion ) , as well as an average monthly traded value of US $ 6.399 billion ( €5.5 billion ) . As of 31 December 2013 , the market capitalisation of the JSE was at US $ 1,007 billion .'}]}, {'value': 'jse.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JNC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jubilee Platinum plc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'platinum , nickel , copper exploration and mining', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Platinum', 'summary': "Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78 . It is a dense , malleable , ductile , highly unreactive , precious , silverish-white transition metal . Its name is derived from the Spanish term platino , meaning little silver . Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of elements . It has six naturally occurring isotopes . It is one of the rarer elements in Earth 's crust , with an average abundance of approximately 5 μg/kg . It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits , mostly in South Africa , which accounts for 80% of the world production . Because of its scarcity in Earth 's crust , only a few hundred tonnes are produced annually , and given its important uses , it is highly valuable and is a major precious metal commodity . Platinum is one of the least reactive metals . It has remarkable resistance to corrosion , even at high temperatures , and is therefore considered a noble metal . Consequently , platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum . Because it occurs naturally in the alluvial sands of various rivers , it was first used by pre-Columbian South American natives to produce artifacts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nickel', 'summary': "Nickel is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28 . It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge . Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile . Pure nickel , powdered to maximize the reactive surface area , shows a significant chemical activity , but larger pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further corrosion ( passivation ) . Even so , pure native nickel is found in Earth 's crust only in tiny amounts , usually in ultramafic rocks , and in the interiors of larger nickel-iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth 's atmosphere . Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron , a reflection of the origin of those elements as major end products of supernova nucleosynthesis . An iron-nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth 's outer and inner cores . Use of nickel ( as a natural meteoric nickel-iron alloy ) has been traced as far back as 3500 BCE . Nickel was first isolated and classified as a chemical element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt , who initially mistook the ore for a copper mineral , in the cobalt mines of Los , Hälsingland , Sweden . The element 's name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology , Nickel ( similar to Old Nick ) , who personified the fact that copper-nickel ores resisted refinement into copper . An economically important source of nickel is the iron ore limonite , which often contains 1-2% nickel . Nickel 's other important ore minerals include pentlandite and a mixture of Ni-rich natural silicates known as garnierite ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copper', 'summary': 'Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu ( from Latin : cuprum ) and atomic number 29 . It is a soft , malleable , and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity . A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color . Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity , as a building material , and as a constituent of various metal alloys , such as sterling silver used in jewelry , cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins , and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement . Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form ( native metals ) . This led to very early human use in several regions , from c. 8000 BC . Thousands of years later , it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores , c. 5000 BC , the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold , c. 4000 BC and the first metal to be purposefully alloyed with another metal , tin , to create bronze , c. 3500 BC . In the Roman era , copper was principally mined on Cyprus , the origin of the name of the metal , from aes сyprium ( metal of Cyprus ) , later corrupted to сuprum ( Latin ) , whence coper ( Old English ) and copper , first used around 1530 . Commonly encountered compounds are copper ( II ) salts , which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as azurite , malachite , and turquoise , and have been used widely and historically as pigments . Copper used in buildings , usually for roofing , oxidizes to form a green verdigris ( or patina ) . Copper is sometimes used in decorative art , both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments . Copper compounds are used as bacteriostatic agents , fungicides , and wood preservatives .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mining', 'summary': "Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth , usually from an ore body , lode , vein , seam , reef or placer deposit . These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner . Ores recovered by mining include metals , coal , oil shale , gemstones , limestone , chalk , dimension stone , rock salt , potash , gravel , and clay . Mining is required to obtain any material that can not be grown through agricultural processes , or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory . Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum , natural gas , or even water . Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times . Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies , analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine , extraction of the desired materials , and final reclamation of the land after the mine is closed . Mining operations usually create a negative environmental impact , both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed . Hence , most of the world 's nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact . Work safety has long been a concern as well , and modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines . Levels of metal recycling are generally low . Unless future end-of-life recycling rates are stepped up , some rare metals may become unavailable for use in a variety of consumer products ."}]}, {'value': 'jubileeplatinum.com', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'J', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_companies_traded_on_the_JSE_9', 'intro': 'This is a list of companies traded on the JSE. The original compilation of the list was done in February 2006. It is in the process of being updated.'}
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What is the external link or the company that was acquired by a unit of Mvelaphanda Group and renamed Times Media Group ?
avusa.co.za
066545048c035c3b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Torneo_Descentralizado', 'title': '2012 Torneo Descentralizado', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alianza Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Lima', 'summary': "Club Alianza Lima ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ a.ˈljãn.sa ˈli.ma ] ) is a Peruvian professional sports club based in La Victoria District of Lima , Peru . It is widely known for having one of the most historical and successful professional football teams of Peru : they have won a total of twenty-three league titles of the Peruvian First Division and are currently the oldest team playing in this competition , since the club was founded in 1901 . Alianza 's home stadium is the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , named after Alejandro Villanueva , one of the most important players the club had in their history . The stadium is also popularly known as Matute , name of the neighbourhood in which it is located . It is the most popular side in Peru , having the highest number of fans and followers . Alianza enjoyed success throughout the first decades of their professional era . In 1987 , a tragedy struck Alianza when the entire squad and coaching staff died in an airplane crash as the team was returning from an away fixture . Alianza Lima has had a huge , long-standing rivalry with Universitario de Deportes , another popular football team of Lima , Peru . They play the Peruvian Clásico ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Villanueva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alejandro_Villanueva', 'summary': 'The Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , formerly Estadio Alianza Lima , is a football stadium located in the neighborhood of Matute in La Victoria District in Lima , Peru . The stadium is the home of Alianza Lima . The stadium has a capacity of 33,938 people . It is named after former Alianza Lima player Alejandro Villanueva .'}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cienciano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cienciano', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Cienciano is a professional football club based in Cusco , Peru . The club was founded in 1901 and was originally the team of the students of the Ciencias y Artes School ( Ciencias meaning science in Spanish ) , from which it takes its name . It gained worldwide recognition after defeating River Plate from Argentina in the finals of the 2003 Copa Sudamericana and Boca Juniors in the 2004 Recopa Sudamericana .'}]}, {'value': 'Cusco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cusco', 'summary': 'Cusco ( Spanish : Cuzco , Cusco [ ˈkusko ] ; Quechua : Qusqu , Qosqo [ ˈqʊsqʊ ] , [ ˈqɔsqɔ ] ) , often spelled Cuzco , is a city in southeastern Peru , near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range . It is the capital of the Cusco Region and of the Cusco Province . The city is the seventh most populous in Peru and , in 2017 it had a population of 428,450 . Located on the eastern end of the Knot of Cuzco , its elevation is around 3,400 m ( 11,200 ft ) . The city was the historic capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th century until the 16th-century Spanish conquest . In 1983 , Cusco was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO with the title City of Cuzco . It has become a major tourist destination , hosting nearly 2 million visitors a year . The Constitution of Peru designates it as the Historical Capital of Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Garcilaso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Garcilaso', 'summary': "Estadio Inca Garcilaso de la Vega , commonly known as Estadio Garcilaso , is Cusco 's principal stadium and the home venue of the local football team Cienciano . The stadium was named after the Peruvian mestizo Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and inaugurated in 1960 , with an initial capacity of 30,000 . It is owned by the Instituto Peruano del Deporte ( Peruvian Institute of Sport ) . The increase in spectator capacity came after CONMEBOL chose Peru to host the Copa América 2004 , prompting the Peruvian government to invest in a five-million dollar renovation program for its stadia , including the Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega . Its renovation cost approximately $ 1,720,000 , which helped boost its official spectator capacity to 42,056 . The stadium ended up hosting the third place game of the Copa América 2004 . Thanks to the event , the city of Cusco received even more tourists than it already receives as Peru 's top tourist destination . The Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega is also recognized as one of the most beautiful stadiums in all of South America . This recognition is due to its well-maintained grass and its resistance to the sometimes aggressive and highly variable climate of the city of Cuzco . The awe is the stadium 's perpetual beauty even after these climates . It is this resistive beauty that inspires soccer commentators and visitors alike . The stadium is currently home to three football clubs ."}]}, {'value': '40,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cobresol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cobresol', 'summary': 'Cobresol FBC was a Peruvian football club based in the city of Moquegua , Peru . The club was the biggest of Moquegua city , and one of the biggest in Moquegua Province . The club was founded in 2008 and played in the Torneo Descentralizado , having gained promotion from the Segunda División Peruana at the end of the 2010 season where it played for two seasons before been relegated back to the Segunda Division where it played the 2013 Season . Due to financial problems , the club disappeared during the 2013 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Moquegua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moquegua', 'summary': 'Moquegua ( Spanish pronunciation : [ moˈkeɣwa ] , founded by the Spanish colonists as Villa de Santa Catalina de Guadalcázar del Valle de Moquegua ) is a city in southern Peru , located in the Department of Moquegua , of which it is the capital . It is also capital of Mariscal Nieto Province and Moquegua District . It is located 1144 kilometers south of the capital city of Lima .'}]}, {'value': '25 de Noviembre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_25_de_Noviembre', 'summary': 'Estadio 25 de Noviembre is a multi-purpose stadium in Moquegua , Peru . It is currently used by football team San Simón de Moquegua . The stadium holds 21,000 people and was built in 2009 . This will be one of the six venues in five cities for the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inti Gas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inti_Gas_Deportes', 'summary': 'Ayacucho Fútbol Club is a Peruvian football club located in Ayacucho , Peru . Some of its former names are Aurora Miraflores , Olímpico San Luis , Olímpico Somos Peru , Olímpico Aurora Miraflores , Loreto and Inti Gas . As Olímpico Somos Peru , the club won a Second Division title in 2006 , and as Inti Gas , the club finished as runner-up in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayacucho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayacucho', 'summary': "Ayacucho ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aʝaˈkutʃo ] ( listen ) , Quechua : Ayakuchu ) is the capital city of Ayacucho Region and of Huamanga Province , Ayacucho Region , Peru . During the Inca Empire and Viceroyalty of Peru periods the city was known by the name of Huamanga ( Quechua : Wamanga ) , and it continues to be the alternative name of the city . The city 's name was officially changed to Ayacucho after a major victory of the revolutionary army led by Bolívar 's lieutenants against the royalists . Simón Bolívar issued the decree on February 15 , 1825 , changing the name from Huamanga to Ayacucho , referring to a major battle for independence that established once and for all the total independence of the nascent Peruvian Republic , as stated by Bolivar 's decree , Obtained the victory in . Huamanga , its name must be changed , in a way that perennially reminds those inhabitants the origin of their freedom . The name Ayacucho is derived from the Quechua words aya ( death or soul ) and kuchu ( corner ) in honor of the battle 's casualties . Ayacucho is famous for its 33 churches , which represent one for each year of Jesus ' life . Ayacucho has large religious celebrations , especially during the Holy Week of Easter . These celebrations include horse races featuring Peruvian Caballos de Paso and the traditional running of the bulls , known locally as the jalatoro or pascuatoro . The jalatoro is similar to the Spanish encierro , except that the bulls are led by horses of the Morochucos ."}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad de Cumaná', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Ciudad_de_Cumaná', 'summary': 'Estadio Ciudad de Cumaná is a multi-purpose stadium in Ayacucho , Huamanga , Peru . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Ayacucho FC of the Peruvian Primera División and Deportivo Municipal de Huamanga of the Copa Perú league . The stadium holds 12,000 spectators . It was built to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho by the government of Venezuela under the leadership of Carlos Andrés Pérez . It is named after the city of Cumaná which is the birthplace of Antonio José de Sucre who was the commander of the United Liberation Army during the Battle of Ayacucho . It is part of the larger Complejo Deportivo Venezuela or Venezuela Sports Complex which includes other sporting facilities built by the Venezuelan government .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Gálvez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Gálvez_FBC', 'summary': 'José Gálvez FBC is a Peruvian football club based in Chimbote , Ancash . The club was founded in 1951 under the name Manuel Rivera after the famous Chimbote born footballer Manuel Rivera . The club was forced to change its name because the FPF did not allow clubs to be named after living people . Then on 11 November 1963 the club decided the new name would be José Gálvez FBC . More recently the club played in the Peruvian Second Division and finished as champions in 2011 . Thus they were promoted back to the Torneo Descentralizado in the 2012 season only to be relegated on the 2013 and become the Peruvian team with the most relegations from the Peruvian First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Chimbote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chimbote', 'summary': 'Chimbote [ tʃimˈbote ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Chimputi ) is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru , and the capital of both Santa Province and Chimbote District . The city is located on the coast in Ferrol Bay , 130 km south of Trujillo and 420 kilometers ( 260 mi ) north of Lima on the North Pan-American highway . It is the start of a chain of important cities on the Peruvian north coast like Trujillo , Chiclayo and Piura . The advantages of this geographic location made Chimbote into a transshipment junction for the Santa River valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Rivera Sánchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Manuel_Rivera_Sanchez', 'summary': 'Estadio Municipal Centenario Manuel Rivera Sánchez is a multi-purpose stadium in Chimbote , Peru . It was inaugurated on June 30 , 2007 with a friendly game between the Peru U-17 national football team and the Colombia U-17 national football team . Peru lost 4-2 . It hosts the home games of José Gálvez FBC . The stadium has a capacity of 25,000 people . It replaced Estadio Manuel Gómez Arellano .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Aurich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Aurich', 'summary': "Club Juan Aurich S. A. , commonly known as Juan Aurich , is a professional football club based in Chiclayo , Peru . The original Juan Aurich club was founded in 1922 , this incarnation however was founded in 2005 ; they play in the Torneo Descentralizado where they have been playing since attaining promotion when they won the 2007 Copa Perú . They play their home games at the Estadio Elías Aguirre . Although the current Juan Aurich has played for only a few years in the top-flight , three other football clubs named Juan Aurich have played in the Torneo Descentralizado . The first Juan Aurich was founded in 1922 and played in the first division between 1967 and 1983 and again between 1988 and 1991 . Between 1994 and 1996 the merged football club Aurich-Cañaña had a brief spell in the Primera División after they achieved promotion through the 1993 Copa Perú . Finally , a third Juan Aurich football club achieved promotion in 1997 by winning the 1997 Copa Perú . This spell in the first division lasted from 1998 to 2002 . The club 's first major success was won in 2007 with the promotion to the Primera División via the Copa Perú . Four years later they conquered their second major success after winning the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado , defeating Alianza Lima in the third leg of the finals in a penalty shootout ."}]}, {'value': 'Chiclayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiclayo', 'summary': "Chiclayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tʃiˈklaʝo ] ; Quechua : Chiklayu ) is the principal city of the Lambayeque region in northern Peru . It is located 13 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast and 770 kilometers from the nation 's capital , Lima . Founded by Spanish explorers as Santa María de los Valles de Chiclayo in the 16th century , it was declared a city on 15 April 1835 by president Felipe Santiago Salaverry . He named Chiclayo the Heroic City to recognize the courage of its citizens in the fight for independence , a title it still holds . Other nicknames for Chiclayo include The Capital of Friendship and the Pearl of the North . Chiclayo is Peru 's fourth-largest city , after Lima , Arequipa , and Trujillo , with a population of 738,000 as of 2011 . The Lambayeque region is the fourth most populous metropolitan area of Peru , with a population of 972,713 in 2009 . The city was founded near an important prehistoric archaeological site , the Northern Wari ruins , which constitute the remains of a city from the 7th to 12th century of the Wari Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Elías Aguirre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Elías_Aguirre', 'summary': 'Estadio Capitán Remigio Elías Aguirre Romero is a multi-purpose stadium administrated by the governmental Instituto Peruano del Deporte in Chiclayo , Peru . It was built in 1970 named after the 19th century Peruvian sailor Elías Aguirre Romero . Its current spectator capacity is 23,000 ( can be limited to 20,000 for safety reasons ) after the renovations performed for the 2004 Copa América , and had artificial turf installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The most recognized club to play at this stadium is Juan Aurich .'}]}, {'value': '24,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'León de Huánuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/León_de_Huánuco', 'summary': 'Club Social Deportivo León de Huánuco is a professional Peruvian football club based in the city of Huánuco . It is the biggest football club of Huánuco city . The club was founded in 1946 and play in the Primera División Peruana ( Peruvian First Division ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Huánuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huánuco', 'summary': 'Huánuco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈwanuko ] ; Quechua : Wanuku ) is a city in central Peru . It had a population of 196,627 as of 2017 and in 2015 it had a population of 175,068 . It is the capital of the Huánuco Region and the Huánuco District . It is the seat of the diocese of Huánuco . The metropolitan city of Huanuco is 170,000 hab ( 2011 , urban pop , INEI ) . It has three districts , Huanuco ( head ) , Amarilis , and Pillco Marca . In this city , the Higueras river meets the Huallaga river , one of the largest rivers in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Heraclio Tapia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Heraclio_Tapia', 'summary': 'Estadio Heraclio Tapia is a multi-purpose stadium in Huánuco , Peru . It is used by football team León de Huánuco . The stadium holds 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBC_Melgar', 'summary': "Foot Ball Club Melgar , known simply as FBC Melgar or Melgar , is a Peruvian football club based in Arequipa , Peru . It is one of Peru 's oldest football teams , founded on March 25 , 1915 by a group of football enthusiasts from Arequipa . The team first participated in the Peruvian football league in 1919 in Lima and later was invited to the first true National football league , the Torneo Descentralizado , in 1966 , when four teams from the provinces were invited to join the league . Joining them were Atlético Grau from Piura , Club Octavio Espinoza from Ica and Alfonso Ugarte ( Ch ) from Trujillo . Previously , only teams from Lima and Callao had been allowed to compete for the national championship . Due to a low finish the first year , Melgar was dropped from the league after the first year . After winning the Copa Perú they returned to the First Division where they have remained to this day . Melgar won the Torneo Descentralizado for the first time in 1981 . In the 1983 season the club finished first in the First Stage and at the end the top six teams played a play-off tournament to determine the year 's champion , which Melgar finished in second . FBC Melgar plays its home games at the Estadio Mariano Melgar , but since the Estadio de la UNSA was built in 1990 with a capacity of 40,000 , it has used both ."}]}, {'value': 'Arequipa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arequipa', 'summary': 'Arequipa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aɾeˈkipa ] ; Aymara & Quechua : Ariqipa ) is a city located in the province and the eponymous department of Peru . It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed legal capital of Peru . It is the second most populated city in Peru , after Lima , with an urban population of 1,008,290 inhabitants according to the 2017 national census . Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts , including the foundational central area , which it is the seat of the city government . The city has a Nominal GDP of 9,445 million ( USD ) and a nominal GDP per capita of 10,277 USD , which represents a GDP per capita PPP of 18,610 USD in the period 2015 , being the second city with the highest economic activity in Peru . Arequipa is also an important industrial and commercial center of Peru , and is considered as the second industrial city of the country . Within its industrial activity the manufactured products and the textile production of wool of camelids . The town maintains close commercial links with Chile , Bolivia , and Brazil and with the cities connected the South trainway , as well as with the port of Matarani . The city was founded on August 15 , 1540 , under the name of Beautiful Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption in the name of Marquis Francisco Pizarro . The September 22 of 1541 , the monarch Carlos V orders that it should be called « City of Arequipa. » In the viceregal period , it acquired importance for its outstanding economic role , and is characterized by the fidelismo towards the Spanish Crown , receiving titles such as Very Noble and Very Loyal and Very Loyal by the crown . In the Republican history of Peru , the city has been the focus of popular , civic and democratic rebellions , it has also been the cradle of outstanding intellectual , political and religious figures of the country . In the Republican era , it is awarded the title of Heroic city of the freedom people of Arequipa .'}]}, {'value': 'Virgen de Chapi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_Virgen_de_Chapi', 'summary': "Estadio de la UNSA ( official name ) is a multi-purpose stadium located in Arequipa , Peru . The stadium was built by the University of San Agustín in the early 1990s and named after the Virgin Chapi . Due to its size , the term Monumental is added to its name . The stadium was largely financed by a lottery fund-raiser held by the university itself . The stadium has hosted large events such as the Bolivarian Games and the Copa América in addition to a Copa Sudamericana final in 2003 involving Cienciano and River Plate . The stadium 's allowed spectator capacity is currently 60,000 ."}]}, {'value': '40,217', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Garcilaso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Garcilaso', 'summary': 'Cusco FC ( known as Real Garcilaso until 2019 ) is a Peruvian football club based in the city of Cusco .'}]}, {'value': 'Cusco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cusco', 'summary': 'Cusco ( Spanish : Cuzco , Cusco [ ˈkusko ] ; Quechua : Qusqu , Qosqo [ ˈqʊsqʊ ] , [ ˈqɔsqɔ ] ) , often spelled Cuzco , is a city in southeastern Peru , near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range . It is the capital of the Cusco Region and of the Cusco Province . The city is the seventh most populous in Peru and , in 2017 it had a population of 428,450 . Located on the eastern end of the Knot of Cuzco , its elevation is around 3,400 m ( 11,200 ft ) . The city was the historic capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th century until the 16th-century Spanish conquest . In 1983 , Cusco was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO with the title City of Cuzco . It has become a major tourist destination , hosting nearly 2 million visitors a year . The Constitution of Peru designates it as the Historical Capital of Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Garcilaso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Garcilaso', 'summary': "Estadio Inca Garcilaso de la Vega , commonly known as Estadio Garcilaso , is Cusco 's principal stadium and the home venue of the local football team Cienciano . The stadium was named after the Peruvian mestizo Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and inaugurated in 1960 , with an initial capacity of 30,000 . It is owned by the Instituto Peruano del Deporte ( Peruvian Institute of Sport ) . The increase in spectator capacity came after CONMEBOL chose Peru to host the Copa América 2004 , prompting the Peruvian government to invest in a five-million dollar renovation program for its stadia , including the Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega . Its renovation cost approximately $ 1,720,000 , which helped boost its official spectator capacity to 42,056 . The stadium ended up hosting the third place game of the Copa América 2004 . Thanks to the event , the city of Cusco received even more tourists than it already receives as Peru 's top tourist destination . The Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega is also recognized as one of the most beautiful stadiums in all of South America . This recognition is due to its well-maintained grass and its resistance to the sometimes aggressive and highly variable climate of the city of Cuzco . The awe is the stadium 's perpetual beauty even after these climates . It is this resistive beauty that inspires soccer commentators and visitors alike . The stadium is currently home to three football clubs ."}]}, {'value': '40,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Boys', 'summary': "Sport Boys Association , commonly referred to as Sport Boys or simply Boys , is a Peruvian football club based in the port city of Callao . It was founded on Peru 's independence day , July 28 , 1927 . Its classic and historic rival is the Atlético Chalaco against whom dispute the Clasico Porteño derby of Callao . It is considered the fourth most important club in the history of Peruvian football as they have won 6 national titles and have the largest number of international appearances after Universitario , Sporting Cristal and Alianza Lima , teams of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Callao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callao', 'summary': "Callao ( /kɑːˈjɑːoʊ/ ; [ kaˈʎa.o , -ˈʝa- ] ) is a seaside city on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area . Callao is Peru 's chief seaport and home to its main airport , Jorge Chávez International Airport . Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region , which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao . Founded in 1537 by the Spanish , the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific , as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era . Central Callao is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) west of the Historic Centre of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Grau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Grau_(Callao)', 'summary': "Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in the Bellavista District of Callao , Peru . The stadium is part of the Sport Village of Callao ( Villa Deportiva del Callao ) or Yahuar Huaca , which is owned by the Callao Regional Government since 2011 . Its use is available to several football teams in the region including Sport Boys , Universidad de San Martín and Academia Cantolao who play their home matches here for the Torneo Descentralizado . The stadium 's maximum capacity is 17,000 and was inaugurated on 16 June 1996 with a match between Sport Boys and Deportivo Pesquero for the 1996 Torneo Descentralizado . The match was a 3-1 win for Sport Boys . Floodlight towers were installed in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '17,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Huancayo', 'summary': 'Club Sport Huancayo is a Peruvian football club located in the city of Huancayo , Junín . The club was founded on February 7 , 2007 under the name Huancaína Sport Club . After winning the 2008 Copa Perú , they were promoted to the top tier of Peruvian football for the 2009 Torneo Descentralizado season .'}]}, {'value': 'Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huancayo', 'summary': "Huancayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ waŋˈkaʝo ] ; in Wanka Quechua : Wankayuq [ wɐŋˈkæjuː ] , ' ( place ) with a ( sacred ) rock ' ) is the capital of Junín Region , in the central highlands of Peru ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Huancayo', 'summary': 'Estadio Huancayo is a multi-use stadium in Huancayo , Peru . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home of Sport Huancayo and Deportivo Junín . Other teams that previously used the stadium are Deportivo Wanka and Meteor Junin . The stadium holds 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Cristal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Cristal', 'summary': 'Club Sporting Cristal is a Peruvian football team . Based in the Rímac District , in the department of Lima , it plays in the professional league known as the Peruvian First Division . Sporting Cristal has won the league title 19 times , and it is the Peruvian team with the third most National titles . All its titles have been won in the professional era . It is one of the most popular football teams in Peru , along with Universitario and Alianza Lima ; it is the youngest of the three . In 1997 , it became the second Peruvian football club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , an international competition . Sporting Cristal plays its home games at the Estadio Alberto Gallardo . They also play at the Estadio Nacional for international competitions such as Copa Libertadores or Copa Sudamericana . The Estadio Nacional is also the venue for matches against Universitario and Alianza Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Gallardo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alberto_Gallardo', 'summary': 'Estadio Alberto Gallardo is a football stadium in the Rimac District of Lima , Peru , named after Alberto Gallardo , a former Peruvian football player and manager who played several years for Sporting Cristal . It is the home of football club Sporting Cristal . The stadium was built in the 1960s along the Rímac River for local football use and originally named Estadio San Martín de Porres . Many clubs playing in the Primera División , Segunda División , and district leagues of San Martín de Porres were among the many tenants the stadium had . In 1995 , Sporting Cristal - one of the regular first division tenants of the stadium - decided to lease the venue from the Instituto Peruano del Deporte . The club recently signed a new lease contract for 10 years and will expire in 2022 . The stadium itself has hosted few high-risk matches due to the limited access to the stadium and the low capacity of 20,000 .'}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unión Comercio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_Comercio', 'summary': 'Unión Comercio is a Peruvian football club based in the city of Nueva Cajamarca , San Martín , Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Nueva Cajamarca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nueva_Cajamarca_District', 'summary': 'Nueva Cajamarca District is one of nine districts of the province Rioja in Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'IPD de Moyobamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_IPD_de_Moyobamba', 'summary': 'Estadio IPD de Moyobamba is a multi-use stadium in Moyobamba , Peru . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Unión Comercio of the Peruvian Primera División . The stadium holds 8,000 spectators . Renovations are expected to start on the stadium which would expand it to hold 20,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universidad César Vallejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_César_Vallejo', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo is a Peruvian football club located in Trujillo . The club was founded on January 6 , 1996 and was promoted in 2003 , through the Copa Perú , to the Peruvian First Division and relegated in 2005 . In 2007 , they were Segunda División champions and were promoted to the first division again .'}]}, {'value': 'Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru', 'summary': "Trujillo ( /truːˈhiːjoʊ/ troo-HEE-yoh , Spanish : [ tɾuˈxiʝo ] ; Quechua : Truhillu ) is a city in coastal northwestern Peru and the capital of the Department of La Libertad . It is the third most populous city and center of the third most populous metropolitan area of Peru . It is located on the banks of the Moche River , near its mouth at the Pacific Ocean , in the Moche Valley . This was a site of the great prehistoric Moche and Chimu cultures before the Inca conquest and subsequent expansion . The Independence of Trujillo from Spain was proclaimed in the Historic Centre of Trujillo on December 29 , 1820 , and the city was honored in 1822 by the Congress of the Republic of Peru with the title Meritorious City and Faithful to the Fatherland , for its role in the fight for Peruvian independence . Trujillo is the birthplace of Peru 's judiciary , and it was twice designated as the capital of the country . It was the scene of the Revolution of Trujillo in 1932 . Trujillo is considered the cradle of liberty and cradle of the judiciary in Peru . Trujillo is also known as the City of Everlasting Spring , is considered the Capital of the Marinera , a traditional dance in Peru , Cradle of the Peruvian Paso horse , as well as the Capital of Culture of Peru . It has sponsored numerous national and international cultural events , and has a lively arts community . Current festivals include the National Marinera Festival , the Trujillo Spring Festival and the International Book Festival , which is one of the most important cultural events in the country . Trujillo is close to two major archeological sites of pre-Columbian monuments : Chan Chan , the largest adobe city in the ancient world , designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 ; and the temples of the Sun and Moon ( the largest adobe pyramid in Peru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mansiche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mansiche', 'summary': 'Estadio Mansiche is the biggest stadium of the city of Trujillo and the home of the most important football clubs in the city , Carlos A. Mannucci and Universidad César Vallejo . The stadium also has a running track for track and field sports . The stadium is part of the greater Mansiche Sports Complex which includes the Coliseo Gran Chimu , a swimming pool , and other facilities . It has hosted matched of the Copa Sudamericana in three occasions , and of the Copa Libertadores once . It hosted Group B matches during the 1995 South American Under-17 Football Championship . It hast also hosted matches at the 2004 Copa America and 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Most recently , it hosted the ceremonies of the 2013 Bolivarian Games .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universidad San Martín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_de_San_Martín_de_Porres', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Universidad San Martín de Porres , commonly known as USMP , is a Peruvian football club based in the city of Lima . The club was founded in 2004 as a joint stock company , the first in Peru . In just their first season , the club began playing in the Peruvian top-flight , the Torneo Descentralizado , after they bought the promotional place of the 2003 Segunda División winners , Sport Coopsol . The team obtained their first Descentralizado title in 2007 , the second in 2008 and their third in 2010 . The name comes from the Universidad de San Martín de Porres , a university in Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Gallardo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alberto_Gallardo', 'summary': 'Estadio Alberto Gallardo is a football stadium in the Rimac District of Lima , Peru , named after Alberto Gallardo , a former Peruvian football player and manager who played several years for Sporting Cristal . It is the home of football club Sporting Cristal . The stadium was built in the 1960s along the Rímac River for local football use and originally named Estadio San Martín de Porres . Many clubs playing in the Primera División , Segunda División , and district leagues of San Martín de Porres were among the many tenants the stadium had . In 1995 , Sporting Cristal - one of the regular first division tenants of the stadium - decided to lease the venue from the Instituto Peruano del Deporte . The club recently signed a new lease contract for 10 years and will expire in 2022 . The stadium itself has hosted few high-risk matches due to the limited access to the stadium and the low capacity of 20,000 .'}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes', 'summary': "Club Universitario de Deportes , also popularly known as Universitario and La U , is a Peruvian football club located in Lima . The club was founded in 1924 under the name Federación Universitaria by students of the National University of San Marcos but was forced to rename in 1931 . Since 1928 , the club competes in the top tier of Peruvian football , the Torneo Descentralizado . In 2000 , they opened the 80,000-capacity stadium Estadio Monumental , currently the largest stadium in Peru and South America , retiring their smaller Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Universitario and Alianza Lima are involved in the derby el Clásico , which has its roots in the club 's first participation in the Primera División in 1928 . It also has rivalries with Sporting Cristal , Deportivo Municipal , and Sport Boys . Universitario has won twenty-six first division titles , it was the first Peruvian club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores . The club won its first Peruvian title in 1929 , one year after its debut in the first division . The club won its first double in the seasons of 1945 and 1946 and won its only treble after conquering the 2000 season . Universitario is one of the two most popular teams in Peru . Universitario 's youth team is U América FC which currently participates in the Copa Perú . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , an international organization recognized by FIFA , Universitario was the best Peruvian club of the 20th century and the 28th most successful in South America ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Monumental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_"U"', 'summary': "The Estadio Monumental ( Monumental Stadium ) is a football stadium in the district of Ate in Lima , Peru . It is the home of Club Universitario de Deportes , and it was opened in 2000 to replace the Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Designed by Progreso International and Gremco S.A. , Uruguayan architect Walter Lavalleja Sarriés led the construction of the stadium . It is Perus largest stadium and also the largest in South America . It has a spectator-capacity of 85,000 : 65,000 seated in the four stands , 20,000 in luxury box suites known as palcos , and 600 VIP . The stadium was built in accordance with FIFAs manual of technical specifications for World Cup finals . The stadium has hosted some of the Peru national football team 's international matches including FIFA World Cup Qualifiers . It also hosted the final stages of the 2008 Copa Perú . However , the Monumental was absent from the organization of the 2004 Copa América because of conflicts between the club and the organizers . In addition , between its opening in 2000 until 2007 , only one edition of the Peruvian Clásico was played due to security concerns ; however , in late 2008 , the derby returned to the stadium . On November 5th , 2019 , the Estadio Monumental was selected by CONMEBOL to host the 2019 Copa Libertadores Final , after the outbreak of 2019 Chilean protests raised security concerns about the development of the match in Santiago , city initially chosen as host ."}]}, {'value': '80,093', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': "On 20 February 2012 , Universidad San Martín , in protest of the ongoing players ' strike , announced its definitive withdrawal from the tournament , the ADFP , and professional football . It also announced it would be closing its football club . [ 1 ] On 14 March 2012 , Universidad San Martín returned to the tournament and professional football . CobresolMelgarUnión ComercioJuan AurichCiencianoReal GarcilasoInti GasJosé GálvezLeón de HuánucoSport HuancayoU . César VallejoAlianza LimaSport BoysSporting CristalUniversitarioU . San Martín Locations of the 2012 Primera División teams", 'uid': '2012_Torneo_Descentralizado_0', 'intro': 'The 2012 Torneo Descentralizado de Fútbol Profesional (known as the 2012 Copa Movistar for sponsorship reasons) is the ninety-sixth season of Peruvian football. A total of 16 teams are competing in the tournament, with Juan Aurich as the defending champion. The Torneo Descentralizado began on February 19 and is scheduled to end on December 9, 2012.'}
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Who is the stadium where the club founded in 1901 plays named after ?
Peruvian mestizo Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
06659e0b9714611c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Michigan', 'title': 'List of power stations in Michigan', 'header': ['Plant', 'Location', 'Power ( MW )'], 'data': [{'value': 'A.J . Mihm Generating Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'Anse", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Anse,_Michigan", 'summary': "L'Anse ( /ˈlɑːns/ LAHNSS ) is a village in northwest Michigan , United States , and the county seat of Baraga County . The population was 2,011 at the 2010 census . The village is located within L'Anse Township . This area was long occupied by people of the Lake Superior Band of Ojibwa ( Chippewa ) . Much Later , French colonists had established a fur trading post here as a part of New France and a Jesuit mission , naming it L'Anse . In French , L'Anse translates as the cove or the bay , a reference to its location in on the southern portion of L'Anse Bay , a portion of the larger Keweenaw Bay , at the base of the Keweenaw Peninsula . The modern-day village then grew up around this French trading post . Following treaties with the United States in the 19th century , the Ojibwa/Chippewa ceded extensive amounts of land in Michigan . The L'Anse Indian Reservation was established by the US here as the largest and the oldest in Michigan . In 1896 , the village was completely burned to the ground by a deadly fire which left many homeless ."}]}, {'value': '54.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpine Generating Facility', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elmira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elmira,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Elmira Township is a civil township of Otsego County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,598 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '440', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48th Street Generation Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holland,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Holland is a city in the western region of the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan . It is situated near the eastern shore of Lake Michigan on Lake Macatawa , which is fed by the Macatawa River ( formerly known locally as the Black River ) . The city spans the Ottawa/Allegan county line , with 9.08 square miles ( 23.52 km2 ) in Ottawa and the remaining 8.13 square miles ( 21.06 km2 ) in Allegan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 33,051 , with an Urbanized Area population of 113,164 , Holland , MI Urbanized Area as of 2015 [ update ] , ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : Holland is the largest city in Ottawa County , and as of 2013 [ update ] part of the Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Muskegon Metropolitan Statistical Area . Holland was founded by Dutch Americans , and is in an area that has a large percentage of citizens of Dutch American heritage . It is home to Hope College and Western Theological Seminary , institutions of the Reformed Church in America . In February 1996 the Holland City Council approved a sister city relationship between Santiago de Querétaro , Querétaro , Mexico and the City of Holland , Michigan , USA .'}]}, {'value': '142', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belle River Power Plant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belle_River_Power_Plant', 'summary': "Belle River Power Plant is a major coal- and natural gas-fired power plant owned by Detroit Edison , a subsidiary of DTE Energy . It is located in St. Clair County , Michigan , on the peninsula formed by the St. Clair and Belle rivers . The plant was built across M-29 from the St. Clair Power Plant in East China , Michigan , and shares the coal delivery terminal with it . The Belle River plant shares cooling water from the St. Clair River with its sister plant . Five oil-fueled internal combustion generators ( named IC1 , IC2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 ) were built in 1981 , with the total output 13.75 megawatt . Coal-fired unit 1 of the Belle River plant was completed in 1984 , followed by a similar unit 2 in 1985 . Each unit has a nameplate capacity of 697.5 MWe , however the coal-fired plant as a whole generates 1260 MWe all year around . In 1999 , three peaker natural-gas fired turbines ( named 12-1 , 12-2 , and 13-1 ) were added , with the total name-plate capacity of 256 MWe . Belle River is Detroit Edison 's third largest producer of electricity . The power plant has a significant impact on the local economy , employing many residents . The Lansing Board of Water and Light owns a small portion of the power plant and buys electricity from DTE during peak demand periods ."}]}, {'value': 'East China Township , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_China_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'East China Township is a charter township of St. Clair County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 3,788 at the 2010 Census .'}]}, {'value': '256', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conners Creek Power Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': '240', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dearborn Industrial Generation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dearborn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan', 'summary': "Dearborn is a city in the State of Michigan . It is located in Wayne County and is part of the Detroit metropolitan area . Dearborn is the eighth largest city in the State of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , it had a population of 98,153 and is home to the largest Muslim population in the United States . First settled in the late 18th century by ethnic French farmers in a series of ribbon farms along the Rouge River and the Sauk Trail , the community grew in the 19th century with the establishment of the Detroit Arsenal on the Chicago Road linking Detroit and Chicago . In the 20th century , it developed as a major manufacturing hub for the automotive industry . Henry Ford was born on a farm here and later established an estate in Dearborn , as well as his River Rouge Complex , the largest factory of his Ford empire . He developed mass production of automobiles , and based the world headquarters of the Ford Motor Company here . The city has a campus of the University of Michigan as well as Henry Ford College . The Henry Ford , the United States ' largest indoor-outdoor historic museum complex and Metro Detroit 's leading tourist attraction , is located here . Dearborn residents are Americans primarily of European or Middle Eastern ancestry , many descendants of 19th and 20th-century immigrants . Because of new waves of immigration from the Middle East in the late 20th century , the largest ethnic grouping is now composed of descendants of various nationalities of that area : Christians from Lebanon and Palestine , as well as Muslim immigrants from Syria , Iraq , and Yemen ."}]}, {'value': '710', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delray Peaking Facility', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': []}, {'value': '127', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean Peaking Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East China Township , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_China_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'East China Township is a charter township of St. Clair County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 3,788 at the 2010 Census .'}]}, {'value': '336', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F.D . Kuester Generating Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Negaunee Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Negaunee_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Negaunee Township is a civil township of Marquette County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 2,707 at the 2000 census . The City of Negaunee is located at the southwest corner of the township , but is administratively autonomous .'}]}, {'value': '128.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hancock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commerce Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commerce_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': "Commerce Township , officially the Charter Township of Commerce , is a charter township of Oakland County , and suburb of Detroit , located in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 40,186 at the 2010 census . The terrain is rolling hills with large expanses of flat farmland and suburban development . The Huron River runs mostly north-south through the township . Commerce was formerly a weekend and summer resort for Detroiters because of the area 's small inland lakes and peaceful seclusion , but due to recent development the cottages are now all permanent homes . There has been a sharp increase in population in the last few years , mostly on or near the several lakes and golf courses . Much of Proud Lake State Recreation Area is within the township . The northern terminus of M-5 is in Commerce . The busy highway would have continued north to Interstate 75 , but because of the area 's high property value and the many lakes that dot the landscape such a project would have been far too costly . In 1994 , David Hahn , a 17-year-old Eagle Scout , constructed a makeshift nuclear reactor in his backyard in Commerce Township , exposing himself and his neighbors - and maybe even as many as 40,000 people in the area - to radioactive materials , and drawing the attention of the EPA . The event became a short-lived media sensation , and a book by Ken Silverstein called The Radioactive Boy Scout was written about the incident and published in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '141', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holland Energy Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holland,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Holland is a city in the western region of the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan . It is situated near the eastern shore of Lake Michigan on Lake Macatawa , which is fed by the Macatawa River ( formerly known locally as the Black River ) . The city spans the Ottawa/Allegan county line , with 9.08 square miles ( 23.52 km2 ) in Ottawa and the remaining 8.13 square miles ( 21.06 km2 ) in Allegan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 33,051 , with an Urbanized Area population of 113,164 , Holland , MI Urbanized Area as of 2015 [ update ] , ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : Holland is the largest city in Ottawa County , and as of 2013 [ update ] part of the Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Muskegon Metropolitan Statistical Area . Holland was founded by Dutch Americans , and is in an area that has a large percentage of citizens of Dutch American heritage . It is home to Hope College and Western Theological Seminary , institutions of the Reformed Church in America . In February 1996 the Holland City Council approved a sister city relationship between Santiago de Querétaro , Querétaro , Mexico and the City of Holland , Michigan , USA .'}]}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalamazoo River Generating Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comstock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comstock,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Comstock Charter Township is a charter township of Kalamazoo County in the U.S. state of Michigan , located east of the city of Kalamazoo and is part of the Kalamazoo-Portage Metropolitan Area . The 2010 census recorded the population within the township at 14,854 .'}]}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kinder Morgan Power', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Jackson is a city in the south central area of the U.S. state of Michigan , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Ann Arbor and 35 miles ( 56 km ) south of Lansing . It is the county seat of Jackson County . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 33,534 , down from 36,316 at the 2000 census . Served by Interstate 94 , it is the principal city of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Jackson County and has a population of 160,248 . Founded in 1829 , it was named after President Andrew Jackson . By the late 19th century , it had developed as a railroad hub and was known as the crossroads of Michigan . By 1910 it had strong manufacturing of a variety of automobiles and parts and was also a center of corset manufacturing into the 1920s . As an industrial city , it attracted numerous migrants from the American South , both white and black , and European immigrants who were seeking better economic opportunity . The first state prison was built here . By 1882 it had developed as the largest walled prison in the world , containing both factory facilities and farmland . A new prison was built in 1934 north of the city limits .'}]}, {'value': '564', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Livingston Generating Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaylord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Gaylord is a city in and the county seat of Otsego County , Michigan , United States . The population was 3,645 at the 2010 census . The city is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord , the smallest settlement by far serving as the location of an active Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States . Gaylord styles itself as an alpine village and the city center features many buildings with Tyrolean traverse style motifs . Receiving abundant snowfall and experiencing mild summer temperatures , the area around Gaylord has long been known for its many skiing and golf resorts , one of the largest such concentrations in the Midwest .'}]}, {'value': '156', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marquette Energy Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marquette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan', 'summary': "Marquette is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Marquette County . The population was 21,355 at the 2010 census , making it the largest city of the state 's Upper Peninsula . Marquette is a major port on Lake Superior , known primarily for shipping iron ore , and is the home of Northern Michigan University . In 2012 , Marquette was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the United States by CBS MoneyWatch ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan Power', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ludington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ludington,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ludington /ˈlʌdɪŋtən/ is a city in the state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 8,076 . It is the county seat of Mason County . Ludington is a harbor town located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River . Many people come to Ludington year round for recreation , including boating and swimming on Lake Michigan , Hamlin Lake , and other smaller inland lakes , as well as hunting , fishing , and camping . Nearby are Ludington State Park ( which includes the Big Sable Point Light ) , Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness , and Manistee National Forest . Ludington is also the home port of the SS Badger , a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc , Wisconsin . Watching the Badger come into port in the evening from the end of the north breakwall by the Ludington lighthouse is a favorite local pastime . Ludington has multiple golf and disc golf courses , attracting numerous players . In summer , the city hosts quite a few large events . Examples are one of the largest Gus Macker basketball tournaments ( with 35,500 spectators ) , the Ludington Area Jaycees Freedom Festival ( July 4 ) , the Lakestride Half Marathon in June , and the West Shore Art League 's Art Fair . As a result of its many attractions ( based on AAA 's 2005 TripTik requests ) , Ludington is the fifth-most-popular tourist city in Michigan , behind Mackinaw City , Traverse City , Muskegon , and Sault Ste ."}]}, {'value': '123', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midland Cogeneration Venture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midland_Cogeneration_Venture', 'summary': 'The Midland Cogeneration Venture ( MCV ) is a natural gas-fired electrical and steam co-generation plant in Midland , Michigan owned by Midland Cogeneration Venture Limited Partnership . When it began operation in 1991 , it was the largest gas-fired steam recovery power plant in the world . Originally designed as the Midland Nuclear Power Plant , the initial design called for two Babcock & Wilcox pressurized water reactors . Reactor one was designed with a 460 MWe rating , and reactor two with an 808 MWe rating . The design called for once-through steam generators ( OTSGs ) similar to those at Oconee . Consumers Power abandoned the project , which was 85% complete , in 1984 citing numerous construction problems , most notably a sinking foundation . These problems included sinking and cracking of some buildings on the site due to poor soil compaction prior to construction , as well as shifting regulatory requirements following the 1979 accident at Three Mile Island . The poor soil preparation was then exacerbated when the 880 acre cooling pond was filled to its approximate average depth of 15 feet . This in turn , seemed to raise the water table in and around the site . Construction was also opposed by environmentalists , led by Midland resident , Mary P. Sinclair . By then , 17 years and US $ 4.3 billion had been invested in the project . Consumers Power , nearly bankrupted by the project , formed a holding company , CMS Energy for it to be a subsidiary of and eventually changed its name to Consumers Energy .'}]}, {'value': 'Midland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midland,_Michigan', 'summary': "Midland is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan in the Tri-Cities region of Central Michigan . It is the county seat of Midland County . The city 's population was 41,800 as of the 2018 census estimate . It is the principal city of the Midland Micropolitan Statistical Area , part of the larger Saginaw-Midland-Bay City Combined Statistical Area . In 2010 , Midland was named the no . 4 Best Small City to raise a family in by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': '1560', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mistersky Gas Power Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': []}, {'value': '154', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Covert Generating Facility', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Covert , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Covert,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Covert Township is a civil township of Van Buren County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township population was 2,888 .'}]}, {'value': '1159', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'REO Town Cogeneration Plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lansing , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan', 'summary': "Lansing /ˈlænsɪŋ/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Michigan . It is mostly in Ingham County , although portions of the city extend west into Eaton County and north into Clinton County . The 2010 Census placed the city 's population at 114,297 , making it the fifth largest city in Michigan . The population of its Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) was 464,036 , while the even larger Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) population , which includes Shiawassee County , was 534,684 . It was named the new state capital of Michigan in 1847 , ten years after Michigan became a state . The Lansing metropolitan area , colloquially referred to as Mid-Michigan , is an important center for educational , cultural , governmental , commercial , and industrial functions . Neighboring East Lansing is home to Michigan State University , a public research university with an enrollment of more than 50,000 . The area features two medical schools , one veterinary school , two nursing schools , and two law schools . It is the site of the Michigan State Capitol , the state Supreme Court , the Court of Appeals , a federal court , the Library of Michigan and Historical Center , and headquarters of four national insurance companies . Lansing is the only U.S. state capital ( among the 47 located in counties ) that is not also a county seat . The seat of government of Ingham County is Mason , but the county maintains some offices in Lansing ."}]}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Natural gas power stations', 'section_text': 'Michigan has some of its own natural gas production and is a leading state for natural gas transport and storage . Declining prices for natural gas in the early 21st century led to an increase in the number of natural gas power plants . Consumers Power announced a new 700 MW plant to be built near Flint beginning about 2015 [ 12 ] while the city of Holland replaced its coal plant with a 114 MW natural gas plant [ 13 ] In April 2018 , DTE received permission for a 1,100 MW natural gas plant to replace a coal plant in St . Clair . [ 14 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_power_stations_in_Michigan_4', 'intro': "This is a list of electricity-generating power stations in Michigan, sorted by type and name. In 2010, Michigan had a total summer capacity of 29,831 MW through all of its power plants. Michigan's energy mix in 2009 was 66% coal, 22% nuclear, 8% natural gas and 3% renewables but coal use has rapidly decreased with natural gas and renewables increasing. The leading source of renewable energy was wind power. Michigan imports all of its coal and nuclear fuel and 82% of its natural gas. A requirement to produce 10% of its electricity from in-state renewables by 2015 has led to the construction of new solar, wind and landfill gas plants. Major electric companies in Michigan are Detroit Edison (11,000 MW) and Consumers Power (9,000 MW). In 2014 Michigan produced 50% of its electricity from coal."}
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Which river provides water for cooling of the power plant in St. Clair County ?
St. Clair River
0665ce4bbeb454bc
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Miss_Basketball', 'title': 'Alabama Miss Basketball', 'header': ['Year', 'Player', 'High School', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Annie Hughes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pisgah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Auburn Tigers women 's basketball team represents Auburn University in women 's basketball . The school competes in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) of the NCAA Division I . The Tigers play home basketball games at Auburn Arena in Auburn , Alabama ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zipporah Broughton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_High_School_(Montgomery,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'Robert E. Lee High School is a public secondary school in Montgomery , Alabama , United States , serving grades 9-12 . The school is part of the Montgomery Public Schools system .'}]}, {'value': 'Rutgers', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Rutgers Scarlet Knights women 's basketball team is the intercollegiate women 's basketball program representing Rutgers University-New Brunswick . The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The Scarlet Knights play home basketball games at the Louis Brown Athletic Center on the university campus in Piscataway , New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bianca Jackson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brewbaker Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brewbaker_Technology_Magnet_High_School', 'summary': "Brewbaker Technology Magnet High School is an American high school that was honored by the Blue Ribbon Schools Program in 2009 . Brewbaker serves students in grades 9 through 12 . Brewbaker Technology Magnet High School opened in August 2000 as a product of a partnership between Montgomery County Public Schools , the Montgomery City Council , and the Montgomery Area Chamber of Commerce with funding from a series of federal and local grants . The school was also ranked # 8 in Alabama as a top high school and # 108 in the nation for the 2011-2012 school year . Brewtech also constantly wins Vex Robotics competitions and has many robots qualifying for state and worlds competitions each year . Sports In Spring 2011 , the Varsity Girls Basketball team won the 4A AHSAA State Championship in the Birmingham-Jefferson Convention Complex Arena . The Boys ' Basketball consistently make it to the playoffs . The school 's biggest rival is Hazel Green in the Robotics program and LAMP in other competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks women 's basketball team represents the University of South Carolina and competes in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The program enjoyed success under head coach Nancy Wilson during the 1980s in the Metro Conference , when it won five regular season conference championships and three conference tournament championships . Under current head coach Dawn Staley , the Gamecocks have been one of the top programs in the country , winning the National Championship in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jasmine Walker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_High_School_(Montgomery,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'Jefferson Davis High School is a public high school with grades 9 through 12 located in Montgomery , Alabama , United States . The principal is Bobby Abrams . The school is part of the Montgomery Public Schools system .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles women 's basketball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the intercollegiate sport of basketball . The Seminoles compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Florida State has made eighteen NCAA Tournament appearances , advancing to the Round of 32 on sixteen occasions , the Sweet Sixteen on five occasions , and the Elite Eight on three occasions . Florida State has also made one appearance in the National Women 's Invitation Tournament and two appearances in the Women 's National Invitation Tournament . The Seminoles have won the regular season conference title three times , including two ACC titles , and the conference tournament title once . Florida State has had seventeen All-Americans and five players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and several players have gone on to play in the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . The Seminoles play their home games in the Donald L. Tucker Center on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida , campus . The head women 's basketball coach is Sue Semrau , who is also a coach for USA Basketball ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shaquera Wade', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huntsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huntsville_High_School_(Alabama)', 'summary': 'Huntsville High School is a public high school in Huntsville , Alabama , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide women 's basketball program represents the University of Alabama in the sport of women 's basketball . The team competes in the Southeastern Conference and National Collegiate Athletic Association . They are coached by sixth-year head coach Kristy Curry ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakayla Thomas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylacauga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles women 's basketball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the intercollegiate sport of basketball . The Seminoles compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Florida State has made eighteen NCAA Tournament appearances , advancing to the Round of 32 on sixteen occasions , the Sweet Sixteen on five occasions , and the Elite Eight on three occasions . Florida State has also made one appearance in the National Women 's Invitation Tournament and two appearances in the Women 's National Invitation Tournament . The Seminoles have won the regular season conference title three times , including two ACC titles , and the conference tournament title once . Florida State has had seventeen All-Americans and five players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and several players have gone on to play in the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . The Seminoles play their home games in the Donald L. Tucker Center on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida , campus . The head women 's basketball coach is Sue Semrau , who is also a coach for USA Basketball ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Marqu'es Webb", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoover_High_School_(Alabama)', 'summary': 'Hoover High School is a four-year public high school in the Birmingham , Alabama suburb of Hoover . Hoover replaced the former W.A . Berry High School . It is one of two high schools in the Hoover City School System and one of three International Baccalaureate schools in the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area . The school colors are orange , black , and white , and the athletic teams are called the Buccaneers . Hoover competes in AHSAA Class 7A athletics . Hoover is the largest high school in the state of Alabama , with an enrollment of 2,770 students . It is known for being featured in 2006 in the MTV reality television series , Two-A-Days .'}]}, {'value': 'Vanderbilt', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Vanderbilt Commodores women 's basketball team represents Vanderbilt University in the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The Commodores have never won the SEC championship , although they have won six SEC tournament titles ( 1993 , 1995 , 2002 , 2004 , 2007 and 2009 ) ; the SEC has awarded its official championship based solely on regular-season record since the 1985-86 season . The current head coach is Stephanie White , who was head coach of the Indiana Fever when she was hired in 2016 , and finished the 2016 WNBA season with the Fever . White replaced Melanie Balcomb , who resigned after the 2015-16 season ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jasmine Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Jones_High_School', 'summary': 'Bob Jones High School is a public high school in Madison , Alabama , United States . The school is a part of Madison City Schools . Despite its name , it is not affiliated with Bob Jones University of Greenville , South Carolina ; rather , it is named after Robert E. Jones , Jr. , who served the area in the United States House of Representatives from 1947 until 1977 . In 2007 Bob Jones High School was ranked by Newsweek in the top 5% of American High Schools . The school was ranked 1044 among the top 1200 high schools in the nation based on the number of Advanced Placement , Cambridge tests , and/or International Baccalaureate tests taken by all students at a school and then dividing by the number of graduating seniors . These students are nationally known for their scholastic aptitude , with eleven students having been selected as Presidential Scholars Program candidates in the last three years alone .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Lady_Volunteers_basketball', 'summary': "The Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball team represents the University of Tennessee in Knoxville , Tennessee in NCAA women 's basketball competition . The team has been a contender for national titles for over thirty years , having made every NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship tournament since the NCAA began sanctioning women 's sports in the 1981-82 season . The team is more frequently referred to as the Lady Vols ; the formal Volunteers nickname is regularly shortened by many fans of both men 's and women 's teams to Vols , and sports media in the U.S. more commonly refer to Tennessee women 's teams by the shortened version . The university considers either Lady Volunteers or Lady Vols acceptable . The Lady Vols have won at least a share of the SEC regular season championship 17 times ( with the most recent occurrence being in 2015 ) , won 17 SEC tournament championships ( with the most recent occurrence being in 2014 ) , made 18 Final Four appearances ( with the most recent occurrence being in 2008 ) , and won 8 national championships ( with the most recent being in 2008 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hayden Hamby', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Morgan_High_School', 'summary': 'West Morgan High School is a public high school located at 261 South Greenway Drive in Trinity , Alabama and is part of the Morgan County Schools . It has 375 students in grades 9-12 . Built in 1961 , the school is the home to the Rebels . The team colors are maroon and gray . 6 Every Thursday chicken nuggets are served in the cafeteria . Coach Harris is very proud of West Morgan , - Principal Harris .'}]}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Purdue_Boilermakers_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Purdue Boilermakers women 's basketball team is a college basketball program that competes in NCAA Division I and the Big Ten Conference . Purdue is rich in tradition and history , holding the record for Big Ten Championships , along with annually ranking in the top 10 nationally in home attendance . The Boilermakers have appeared in the NCAA Final Four three times , and won the NCAA National Championship in 1999 . The Boilermakers share a classic rivalry with the Indiana Hoosiers , of which Purdue owns a 52-27 series lead ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaneisha Horn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramsay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramsay_High_School_(Birmingham,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'Ramsay High School is a four-year magnet high school in Birmingham , Alabama . It is one of seven high schools in the Birmingham City School System and one of three International Baccalaureate schools in the Birmingham metropolitan area . Originally called Southside High School , it was later renamed in honor of industrialist Erskine Ramsay . School colors are royal blue and white , and the athletic teams are called the Rams . Ramsay competes in AHSAA Class 6A athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide women 's basketball program represents the University of Alabama in the sport of women 's basketball . The team competes in the Southeastern Conference and National Collegiate Athletic Association . They are coached by sixth-year head coach Kristy Curry ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jala Harris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Jones_High_School', 'summary': 'Bob Jones High School is a public high school in Madison , Alabama , United States . The school is a part of Madison City Schools . Despite its name , it is not affiliated with Bob Jones University of Greenville , South Carolina ; rather , it is named after Robert E. Jones , Jr. , who served the area in the United States House of Representatives from 1947 until 1977 . In 2007 Bob Jones High School was ranked by Newsweek in the top 5% of American High Schools . The school was ranked 1044 among the top 1200 high schools in the nation based on the number of Advanced Placement , Cambridge tests , and/or International Baccalaureate tests taken by all students at a school and then dividing by the number of graduating seniors . These students are nationally known for their scholastic aptitude , with eleven students having been selected as Presidential Scholars Program candidates in the last three years alone .'}]}, {'value': 'UAB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UAB_Blazers', 'summary': "The UAB Blazers are the varsity intercollegiate athletic programs that represent the University of Alabama at Birmingham ( UAB ) . The school is one of the fourteen member institutions of Conference USA ( C-USA ) and participates in Division I of the NCAA . The school 's men 's basketball team plays in 8,508-seat Bartow Arena . The Blazers ' colors are forest green and old gold . The men 's basketball program has a long history of success spanning several decades ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courtney Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LSU_Lady_Tigers_basketball', 'summary': "The LSU Lady Tigers basketball team represents Louisiana State University in NCAA Division I women 's college basketball . The team has been led by head coach Nikki Fargas since the 2011-2012 season . The team plays its home games in the Pete Maravich Assembly Center located on the LSU campus in Baton Rouge , Louisiana ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katherine Graham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramsay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanavia Dowdell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calera_High_School', 'summary': 'Calera High School is a high school located in Calera , Alabama . The principal of the school is Brandon Vincent . The assistant-principal is Jennifer McCaleb . The athletic teams compete in the 6A division of Alabama High School Athletic Association competition .'}]}, {'value': 'LA Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_Lady_Techsters_basketball', 'summary': "The Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters basketball team represents Louisiana Tech University in Ruston , Louisiana . The team currently competes in Conference USA . The current head coach of the Lady Techsters is Brooke Stoehr . Louisiana Tech has won 3 National Championships and has competed in 13 Final Fours , 23 Sweet Sixteens , and 27 NCAA tournaments . The Lady Techsters basketball program boasts 3 Wade Trophy winners , 5 olympic medalists , 8 members of the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame , 16 All-Americans , and 21 WNBA players . The Lady Techsters have an all-time record of 1043-264 with a .798 winning percentage , the third-best all-time winning percentage of any NCAA Division I program . Louisiana Tech , Connecticut , Tennessee , and Texas are the only women 's basketball programs to win at least 1,000 games . The Lady Techsters have made 27 appearances in the NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament , which is the fourth most NCAA appearances in the nation ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitney Boddie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Boddie', 'summary': "Whitney Boddie ( born January 23 , 1987 ) is a professional women 's basketball player who most recently played for the Sacramento Monarchs . Graduated in 2005 from Florence High School of Florence , Alabama , Boddie was named 2005 Alabama Miss Basketball . Boddie was drafted by the Sacramento Monarchs in the 2009 WNBA Draft but she was waived before the season began . When Monarchs guard Chelsea Newton had surgery in August 2009 , the Monarchs signed Boddie to a seven-day contract ."}]}, {'value': 'Florence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence_High_School_(Alabama)', 'summary': 'Florence City Schools is the public school district of the city of Florence , Alabama . As of the 2004-2005 school year it has some 4,188 students and 235 full-time teachers . Florence City Schools offers 14 Advanced Placement courses , 52 career/tech courses , 14 competitive sports with 61 teams , and education from the cradle to career . According to 2012 U.S. News Best High Schools , Florence City Schools was ranked # 17 out of a total of 370 high schools in the state of Alabama placing them in the top 5% of Alabama schools .'}]}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_Tigers', 'summary': 'The Auburn Tigers are the athletic teams representing Auburn University , a public four-year coeducational university located in Auburn , Alabama , United States . The Auburn Tigers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Starr Orr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MTSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders', 'summary': "The Blue Raiders are the men 's and women 's athletic teams at Middle Tennessee State University , in Murfreesboro , Tennessee . MT athletic teams participate in NCAA Division I ( Bowl Subdivision in football ) in Conference USA . MT competed in the Ohio Valley Conference until 2000 , and the Sun Belt Conference until 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sidney Spencer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidney_Spencer', 'summary': "Sidney Spencer ( born March 7 , 1985 ) is an American professional basketball who most recently played for the Phoenix Mercury of the WNBA . Born in Hoover , Alabama , Spencer attended the University of Tennessee , and in April 2007 led the team to the national championship . That same month , she was selected in the 2nd round of the WNBA draft by the Los Angeles Sparks . She got off to an exceptional start in her rookie season , and as a fan favorite quickly worked her way into the team 's starting line-up ."}]}, {'value': 'Hoover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoover_High_School_(Alabama)', 'summary': 'Hoover High School is a four-year public high school in the Birmingham , Alabama suburb of Hoover . Hoover replaced the former W.A . Berry High School . It is one of two high schools in the Hoover City School System and one of three International Baccalaureate schools in the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area . The school colors are orange , black , and white , and the athletic teams are called the Buccaneers . Hoover competes in AHSAA Class 7A athletics . Hoover is the largest high school in the state of Alabama , with an enrollment of 2,770 students . It is known for being featured in 2006 in the MTV reality television series , Two-A-Days .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball team represents the University of Tennessee in Knoxville , Tennessee in NCAA women 's basketball competition . The team has been a contender for national titles for over thirty years , having made every NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship tournament since the NCAA began sanctioning women 's sports in the 1981-82 season . The team is more frequently referred to as the Lady Vols ; the formal Volunteers nickname is regularly shortened by many fans of both men 's and women 's teams to Vols , and sports media in the U.S. more commonly refer to Tennessee women 's teams by the shortened version . The university considers either Lady Volunteers or Lady Vols acceptable . The Lady Vols have won at least a share of the SEC regular season championship 17 times ( with the most recent occurrence being in 2015 ) , won 17 SEC tournament championships ( with the most recent occurrence being in 2014 ) , made 18 Final Four appearances ( with the most recent occurrence being in 2008 ) , and won 8 national championships ( with the most recent being in 2008 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kate Mastin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boaz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide women 's basketball program represents the University of Alabama in the sport of women 's basketball . The team competes in the Southeastern Conference and National Collegiate Athletic Association . They are coached by sixth-year head coach Kristy Curry ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donyel Wheeler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huffman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huffman_High_School', 'summary': 'Huffman High School ( HHS ) is a four-year public high school in Birmingham , Alabama . It is the largest of seven high schools in the Birmingham City School System and is a magnet school open to students from across the district . School colors are green and orange , and the mascot is the Viking . HHS competes in AHSAA Class 7A athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women's_basketball", 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide women 's basketball program represents the University of Alabama in the sport of women 's basketball . The team competes in the Southeastern Conference and National Collegiate Athletic Association . They are coached by sixth-year head coach Kristy Curry ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natasha Thomas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawrence County', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UAB', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Award winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Alabama_Miss_Basketball_0', 'intro': 'Each year the Alabama Miss Basketball award is given to the person chosen as the best high school girls basketball player in the U.S. state of Alabama. The award winner is selected by members of the Alabama Sports Writers Association.'}
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Of the colleges the players chose between 2001 and 2003 , which college is the furthest north ?
Tennessee
06661411a2ca6ffa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebertfest', 'title': 'Ebertfest', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Year', 'Starring', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'My Fair Lady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)', 'summary': "My Fair Lady is a 1964 American musical comedy-drama film adapted from the 1956 Lerner and Loewe stage musical based on George Bernard Shaw 's 1913 stage play , Pygmalion . With a screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner and directed by George Cukor , the film depicts a poor Cockney flower seller named Eliza Doolittle who overhears an arrogant phonetics professor , Henry Higgins , as he casually wagers that he could teach her to speak proper English , thereby making her presentable in the high society of Edwardian London . The film stars Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle and Rex Harrison as Henry Higgins , with Stanley Holloway , Gladys Cooper and Wilfrid Hyde-White in supporting roles . A critical and commercial success , it won eight Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor , and Best Director . In 1998 , the American Film Institute named it the 91st greatest American film of all time . In 2006 it was ranked eighth in the AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals list . In 2018 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}]}, {'value': 'George Cukor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Cukor', 'summary': "George Dewey Cukor ( /ˈkjuːkɔːr/ ; July 7 , 1899 - January 24 , 1983 ) was an American film director . He mainly concentrated on comedies and literary adaptations . His career flourished at RKO when David O. Selznick , the studio 's Head of Production , assigned Cukor to direct several of RKO 's major films , including What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) , A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) , Our Betters ( 1933 ) , and Little Women ( 1933 ) . When Selznick moved to MGM in 1933 , Cukor followed and directed Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) and David Copperfield ( 1935 ) for Selznick and Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) and Camille ( 1936 ) for Irving Thalberg . He was replaced as the director of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , but he went on to direct The Philadelphia Story ( 1940 ) , Gaslight ( 1944 ) , Adam 's Rib ( 1949 ) , Born Yesterday ( 1950 ) , A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) , Bhowani Junction ( 1956 ) , and won the Academy Award for Best Director for My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) . He continued to work into the 1980s ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Audrey Hepburn , Rex Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn', 'summary': "Audrey Hepburn ( born Audrey Kathleen Ruston ; 4 May 1929 - 20 January 1993 ) was a British [ a ] actress and humanitarian . Recognised as a film and fashion icon , she was ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend in Golden Age Hollywood , and was inducted into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame . Born in Ixelles , Brussels , Hepburn spent parts of her childhood in Belgium , England , and the Netherlands . She studied ballet with Sonia Gaskell in Amsterdam beginning in 1945 and with Marie Rambert in London starting in 1948 . She began performing as a chorus girl in West End musical theatre productions and then had minor appearances in several films . Hepburn starred in the 1951 Broadway play Gigi after being spotted by French novelist Colette , on whose work the play was based . She rose to stardom in the romantic comedy Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) , alongside Gregory Peck , for which she was the first actress to win an Oscar , a Golden Globe Award , and a BAFTA Award for a single performance . That same year , Hepburn won a Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Play for her performance in Ondine . She went on to star in a number of successful films , such as : Sabrina ( 1954 ) , in which Humphrey Bogart and William Holden compete for her affection ; Funny Face ( 1957 ) a musical in which she sang her own song parts ; the drama The Nun 's Story ( 1959 ) ; the romantic comedy Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) ; the thriller-romance Charade ( 1963 ) , opposite Cary Grant ; and the musical My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) , which won the Academy Award and BAFTA for Best Picture . In 1967 she starred in the thriller Wait Until Dark receiving Academy Award , Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations . After that she only occasionally appeared in films , one being Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) with Sean Connery , and her last recorded performances were the 1990 documentary television series Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn . She won three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rex_Harrison', 'summary': 'Sir Reginald Carey Harrison ( 5 March 1908 - 2 June 1990 ) , known as Rex Harrison , was an English actor of stage and screen . Harrison began his career on the stage in 1924 . He won his first Tony Award for his performance as Henry VIII in the play Anne of the Thousand Days in 1949 . He won his second Tony for the role of Professor Henry Higgins in the stage production of My Fair Lady in 1957 . He reprised the role for the 1964 film version , which earned him both a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for Best Actor . In addition to his stage career , Harrison also appeared in numerous films , including Anna and the King of Siam ( 1946 ) , The Ghost and Mrs. Muir ( 1947 ) , Cleopatra ( 1963 ) , and played the title role of the English doctor who talks to animals , Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) . In July 1989 , Harrison was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II . In 1975 , Harrison released his first autobiography . His second , A Damned Serious Business : My Life in Comedy , was published posthumously in 1991 . Harrison was married six times and had two sons : Noel and Carey Harrison . He continued working in stage productions until shortly before his death from pancreatic cancer in June 1990 at the age of 82 .'}]}, {'value': '1994 restoration . Post-film Q & A included Marni Nixon ( singing voice ) , Robert A. Harris ( film restorer ) , Jim Katz ( restorer/producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marni_Nixon', 'summary': "Margaret Nixon McEathron ( February 22 , 1930 - July 24 , 2016 ) , known professionally as Marni Nixon , was an American soprano and ghost singer for featured actresses in movie musicals . She is now recognized as the singing voice of leading actresses on the soundtracks of several musicals , including Deborah Kerr in The King and I , Natalie Wood in West Side Story , and Audrey Hepburn in My Fair Lady , although her roles were concealed from audiences when the films were released . Besides her voice work in films , Nixon 's career included roles of her own in film , television , opera and musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States , performances in concerts with major symphony orchestras , and recordings ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_A._Harris', 'summary': "Robert A. Harris ( date of birth unknown ) is an American film historian , archivist , film preservationist , and owner of New York-based The Film Preserve Ltd , a company specializing in film restoration . In a decade-long collaboration with James C. Katz at the end of the 20th century , [ third-party source needed ] Harris restored several films , including Lawrence of Arabia from 1962 , Spartacus from 1960 , My Fair Lady from 1964 , Vertigo from 1958 , and Rear Window from 1954 . In the 2000s he completed oversight on the restoration of Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will from 1935 , [ not verified in body ] and Francis Ford Coppola 's early 1970 's films , The Godfather and The Godfather Part II . Harris received the Nikola Tesla Award for Visionary Achievement in Filmmaking Technology by the International Press Academy in 2010 . The Robert A. Harris Collection of selections of film , video tape , and audio related to his restoration work is held and managed by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_C._Katz', 'summary': "James C. Katz is an American film historian and preservationist who has restored and reconstructed a number of classic films . Though he began his career as a film producer , he concentrated his attention on preserving existing films . His film preservation projects include : Spartacus , My Fair Lady , and Alfred Hitchcock 's Vertigo and Rear Window . He frequently collaborates with Bob O´Neil and Robert A. Harris , with whom he shared the King Vidor Award for Excellence in Filmmaking at the 2000 San Luis Obispo International Film Festival . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Man Push Cart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Man_Push_Cart', 'summary': 'Man Push Cart is a 2005 American independent film by Ramin Bahrani that tells the story of a former Pakistani rock star who sells coffee and bagels from his pushcart on the streets of Manhattan .'}]}, {'value': 'Ramin Bahrani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramin_Bahrani', 'summary': "Ramin Bahrani ( Persian : رامین بحرانی ; born March 20 , 1975 ) is an Iranian-American director and screenwriter . Film critic Roger Ebert listed Bahrani 's film Chop Shop as the sixth-best film of the 2000s and hailed Bahrani as the new director of the decade . Bahrani was the recipient of the prestigious 2009 Guggenheim Fellowship . Bahrani is also a professor of film directing at the Columbia University School of the Arts , his alma mater ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmad Razvi , Leticia Dolera , Charles Daniel Sandoval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leticia_Dolera', 'summary': 'Leticia Dolera ( born 23 October 1981 ) is a Spanish actress . She was born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . She is best known for her roles as Clara in the Spanish horror film REC 3 : Genesis , Teresa in the 2003 film Imagining Argentina , and as Carmen in the UK television series Mad Dogs .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Bahrani and Razvi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duane Hopwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duane_Hopwood', 'summary': "Duane Hopwood is a 2005 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Matt Mulhern , and starring David Schwimmer , Janeane Garofalo , Judah Friedlander , John Krasinski and Steve Schirripa . After being featured in the Sundance Film Festival in January 2005 , it later had a limited theatrical release in November 2005 . The film 's plot centers on the title character ( Schwimmer ) , an alcoholic whose life is spiraling downward rapidly after his divorce from Linda ( Garofalo ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Mulhern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Mulhern', 'summary': "Matt Mulhern ( born July 21 , 1960 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American actor who has starred in such films as One Crazy Summer and Biloxi Blues , and such television series such as Major Dad , JAG , and Rescue Me ( playing Lt. John Stackhouse ) . Mulhern attended Pascack Hills High School in Montvale , New Jersey . He received a BFA in Acting in 1982 from Mason Gross School of the Arts , Rutgers University . After a 35 year career he left acting , writing , and directing in 2015 , and received a Masters in History from City College-CUNY in 2019 . He is currenty pursuing a PhD . in History . Mulhern was trained as an actor by William Esper at Mason Gross School of the Arts , where he received a BFA in Acting . He was first cast as Joseph Wykowski in Neil Simon 's Tony Award winning Biloxi Blues . From there , he went on to a film , TV , and theater career as an actor , appearing in films such as One Crazy Summer , Extreme Prejudice , Biloxi Blues , Junior , Walking to the Waterline , Infinity , Sunchaser , and others . New York theater includes : The One-Armed Man at Ensemble Studio Theater , Surviving Grace at the Union Square Theater , The Night Hank Williams Died at the Orpheum Theater , Wasted at the WPA . Regional appearances at La Jolla Playhouse in The Glass Menagerie , The Habitation of Dragons , at Pittsburgh Public Theater , the National Tour of Death of a Salesman as Biff opposite Hal Holbrook , and The Orphans Home Cycle at Hartford Stage . On TV , Mulhern played the Lieutenant on the top ten CBS hit Major Dad ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Schwimmer , Janeane Garofalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Schwimmer', 'summary': "David Lawrence Schwimmer ( born November 2 , 1966 ) is an American actor and director . In Schwimmer 's career he has starred inFriends alongside Courtney Cox , Jennifer Aniston , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry . Schwimmer began his acting career performing in school plays at Beverly Hills High School . In 1988 , he graduated from Northwestern University with a Bachelor of Arts in theater and speech . After graduation , Schwimmer co-founded the Lookingglass Theatre Company . For much of the late 1980s , he lived in Los Angeles as a struggling , unemployed actor , until he starred in the television movie A Deadly Silence in 1989 and appeared in a number of television roles in the early 1990s , including L.A. Law , The Wonder Years , NYPD Blue , and Monty . Schwimmer gained worldwide recognition for playing Ross Geller in the sitcom Friends , for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1995 . While still acting in Friends , his first leading film role was in The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) , followed by roles in Kissing a Fool , Six Days , Seven Nights , Apt Pupil ( all 1998 ) , and Picking Up the Pieces ( 2000 ) . He was then cast in the miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) as Herbert Sobel . After the series finale of Friends in 2004 , Schwimmer branched out into a variety of new acting formats beyond television . He was cast as the title character in the 2005 drama film Duane Hopwood , and voiced Melman the Giraffe in the computer-animated Madagascar film franchise , acted in the dark comedy Big Nothing ( 2006 ) , and the thriller Nothing But the Truth ( 2008 ) . Schwimmer made his West End stage debut in the leading role in 2005 's Some Girl ( s ) , in 2006 , he made his Broadway debut in The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial , his feature film directorial debut followed in 2007 with the comedy Run Fatboy Run , and the following year , he made his Off-Broadway directorial debut in Fault Lines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo', 'summary': "Janeane Marie Garofalo ( /dʒəˈniːn ɡəˈrɒfəloʊ/ ; born September 28 , 1964 ) is an American actress , voice artist , stand-up comedian , and writer . Garofalo began her career as a stand-up comedian and became a cast member on The Ben Stiller Show , The Larry Sanders Show , and Saturday Night Live , then appeared in more than 50 movies , with leading or major roles in The Truth About Cats and Dogs , Wet Hot American Summer , The Matchmaker , Reality Bites , Steal This Movie ! , Clay Pigeons , Sweethearts , Mystery Men , and The Independent , among numerous others . She has been a series regular on television programs such as Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp , 24 , and Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce . Garofalo is an outspoken progressive activist . From March 2004 to July 2006 , she hosted Air America Radio 's The Majority Report with Sam Seder ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Mulhern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spartan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spartan_(film)', 'summary': "Spartan is a 2004 American action thriller film written and directed by David Mamet and starring Val Kilmer , Derek Luke , Tia Texada , Ed O'Neill , William H. Macy , and Kristen Bell . It was released in the United States and Canada on March 12 , 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'David Mamet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Mamet', 'summary': "David Alan Mamet ( /ˈmæmɪt/ ; born November 30 , 1947 ) is an American playwright , film director , screenwriter and author . He won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for his plays Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) and Speed-the-Plow ( 1988 ) . He first gained critical acclaim for a trio of off-Broadway 1970s plays : The Duck Variations , Sexual Perversity in Chicago , and American Buffalo . His plays Race and The Penitent , respectively , opened on Broadway in 2009 and previewed off-Broadway in 2017 . Feature films that Mamet both wrote and directed include House of Games ( 1987 ) , Homicide ( 1991 ) , The Spanish Prisoner ( 1997 ) and his biggest commercial success Heist ( 2001 ) . His screenwriting credits include The Postman Always Rings Twice ( 1981 ) , The Verdict ( 1982 ) , The Untouchables ( 1987 ) , Hoffa ( 1992 ) , Wag the Dog ( 1997 ) , and Hannibal ( 2001 ) . Mamet himself wrote the screenplay for the 1992 adaptation of Glengarry Glen Ross , and wrote and directed the 1994 adaptation of his play Oleanna ( 1992 ) . He was the executive producer and frequent writer for the TV show The Unit ( 2006-2009 ) . Mamet 's books include : On Directing Film ( 1991 ) , a commentary and dialogue about film-making ; The Old Religion ( 1997 ) , a novel about the lynching of Leo Frank ; Five Cities of Refuge : Weekly Reflections on Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers and Deuteronomy ( 2004 ) , a Torah commentary with Rabbi Lawrence Kushner ; The Wicked Son ( 2006 ) , a study of Jewish self-hatred and antisemitism ; Bambi vs. Godzilla , a commentary on the movie business ; The Secret Knowledge : On the Dismantling of American Culture ( 2011 ) , a commentary on cultural and political issues ; and Three War Stories ( 2013 ) , a trio of novellas about the physical and psychological effects of war ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Val Kilmer , Derek Luke , William H. Macy , Kristen Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Val_Kilmer', 'summary': 'Val Edward Kilmer ( born December 31 , 1959 ) is an American actor , musician and artist . Originally a stage actor , Kilmer became popular in the mid-1980s after a string of appearances in comedy films , starting with Top Secret ! ( 1984 ) and Real Genius ( 1985 ) , as well as the military action film Top Gun ( 1986 ) , the fantasy film Willow ( 1988 ) , and the western Tombstone ( 1993 ) . Some of his other notable film roles include Jim Morrison in The Doors ( 1991 ) , an apparition of Elvis Presley in True Romance ( 1993 ) , Chris Shiherlis in Heat ( 1995 ) , Bruce Wayne / Batman in Batman Forever ( 1995 ) , Simon Templar in The Saint ( 1997 ) , Moses in The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) , Gay Perry in Kiss Kiss Bang Bang ( 2005 ) and Dieter Von Cunth in MacGruber ( 2010 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Derek_Luke_(actor)', 'summary': 'Derek Nathanial Luke ( born April 24 , 1974 ) is an American actor . He won the Independent Spirit Award for his big-screen debut performance in the 2002 film Antwone Fisher , directed and produced by Denzel Washington . Luke played Gabe Jones in Captain America : The First Avenger . He currently stars as a main character Kevin Porter in the Netflix original series 13 Reasons Why .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_H._Macy', 'summary': 'William Hall Macy Jr. ( born March 13 , 1950 ) is an American actor and director . His film career has been built on appearances in small , independent films , though he has also appeared in summer action films . Macy has described himself as sort of a Middle American , WASPy , Lutheran kind of guy . Everyman . Macy has won two Emmy Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards , as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for Fargo . Since 2011 , he has played Frank Gallagher , a main character in the Showtime adaptation of the British television series Shameless . Macy married actress Felicity Huffman in 1997 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kristen_Bell', 'summary': "Kristen Anne Bell ( born July 18 , 1980 ) is an American actress and singer . She began her professional acting career by starring in stage productions while attending the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University . In 2001 , she made her Broadway debut as Becky Thatcher in the comedy musical The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and starred in the Broadway revival of The Crucible the following year . In 2004 , she appeared in the action thriller film Spartan and received critical praise for her performance in the television drama film Gracie 's Choice . Bell garnered critical acclaim for her first major role as the title character in the teen noir drama television series Veronica Mars ( 2004-2007 ) . For her performance , she was awarded a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television . She reprised the eponymous role in the 2014 film continuation and the 2019 revival series . During her time on Veronica Mars , Bell starred as Mary Lane in the musical film Reefer Madness : The Movie Musical ( 2005 ) , a reprise of the role she had played in the New York musical upon which the film was based . From 2007 to 2008 , Bell starred as Elle Bishop in the science fiction drama series Heroes . From 2007 to 2012 , she voiced the titular narrator in the teen drama series Gossip Girl . In 2008 , she had her breakout film role as the title character in Forgetting Sarah Marshall . She has since appeared in a number of comedy films , including Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) , When in Rome ( 2010 ) , You Again ( 2010 ) , The Boss ( 2016 ) , Bad Moms ( 2016 ) , and A Bad Moms Christmas ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included David Bordwell ( film scholar )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bordwell', 'summary': 'David Jay Bordwell ( /ˈbɔːrdwɛl/ ; born July 23 , 1947 ) is an American film theorist and film historian . Since receiving his PhD from the University of Iowa in 1974 , he has written more than fifteen volumes on the subject of cinema including Narration in the Fiction Film ( 1985 ) , Ozu and the Poetics of Cinema ( 1988 ) , Making Meaning ( 1989 ) , and On the History of Film Style ( 1997 ) . With his wife Kristin Thompson , Bordwell wrote the introductory textbooks Film Art ( 1979 ) and Film History ( 1994 ) . With aesthetic philosopher Noël Carroll , Bordwell edited the anthology Post-Theory : Reconstructing Film Studies ( 1996 ) , a polemic on the state of contemporary film theory . His largest work to date remains The Classical Hollywood Cinema : Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960 ( 1985 ) , written in collaboration with Thompson and Janet Staiger . Several of his more influential articles on theory , narrative , and style were collected in Poetics of Cinema ( 2007 ) , named in homage after the famous anthology of Russian formalist film theory Poetika Kino , edited by Boris Eikhenbaum in 1927 . Bordwell spent nearly the entirety of his career as a professor of film at the University of Wisconsin-Madison , where he is currently the Jacques Ledoux Professor of Film Studies , Emeritus in the Department of Communication Arts . Notable film theorists who wrote their dissertations under his advisement include Edward Branigan , Murray Smith , and Carl Plantinga . He and Thompson maintain the blog Observations on film art for their recent ruminations on cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Somebodies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hadjii', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaira Whitehead , Tyler Craig , Patt Brown , Nard Holston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Hadjii , Whitehead , Nate Kohn ( co-producer ) , Pam Kohn ( co-producer )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Eagle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Eagle_(1925_film)', 'summary': 'The Eagle is a 1925 American silent film directed by Clarence Brown and starring Rudolph Valentino , Vilma Bánky , and Louise Dresser . Based on the novel Dubrovsky by Alexander Pushkin , the film is about a lieutenant in the Russian army who catches the eye of Czarina Catherine II . After he rejects her advances and flees , she puts out a warrant for his arrest , dead or alive . When he learns that his father has been persecuted and killed , he dons a black mask and becomes an outlaw . Prints currently exist in the film holdings of EmGee Film Library and in private film collections . Black Eagle does not exist in the novel and was inspired by the performance of Douglas Fairbanks as Zorro in The Mark of Zorro .'}]}, {'value': 'Clarence Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Brown', 'summary': 'Clarence Leon Brown ( May 10 , 1890 - August 17 , 1987 ) was an American film director .'}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudolph Valentino , Vilma Bánky , Louise Dresser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino', 'summary': "Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Pierre Filiberto Guglielmi di Valentina D'Antoguella ( May 6 , 1895 - August 23 , 1926 ) , known professionally as Rudolph Valentino , was an Italian actor based in the United States who starred in several well-known silent films including The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , The Sheik , Blood and Sand , The Eagle , and The Son of the Sheik . He was an early pop icon , and a sex symbol of the 1920s , who was known in Hollywood as the Latin Lover ( a title invented for him by Hollywood moguls ) , The Great Lover , or simply Valentino . His premature death at the age of 31 caused mass hysteria among his fans and further propelled his status as a cultural film icon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vilma_Bánky', 'summary': 'Vilma Bánky ( born Vilma Koncsics ; 9 January 1901 - 18 March 1991 ) was a Hungarian-American silent film actress , although the early part of her acting career began in Budapest , spreading to France , Austria , and Germany . Bánky was best known for her roles in The Eagle and The Son of the Sheik with Rudolph Valentino and several romantic teamings with Ronald Colman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louise_Dresser', 'summary': 'Louise Dresser ( born Louise Josephine Kerlin ; October 5 , 1878 - April 24 , 1965 ) was an American actress . She is perhaps best known for her roles in the many films in which she played the wife of Will Rogers , including State Fair and David Harum .'}]}, {'value': 'Alloy Orchestra played live accompaniment . Post-film Q & A included a panel of film professors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alloy_Orchestra', 'summary': "Alloy Orchestra is a musical ensemble based in Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States , that performs its own accompaniments to silent films of the classic movie era . Percussionists Terry Donahue and Ken Winokur and keyboardist Caleb Sampson founded the group in 1990 . After Sampson 's death in 1998 , the band was joined by keyboardist Roger Miller , better known as the guitarist of post-punk band Mission of Burma . They have released four collections of film music and have toured both North America and Europe in support of cinematic shows ."}]}, {'value': "Ripley 's Game", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ripley's_Game", 'summary': "Ripley 's Game ( 1974 ) is a psychological thriller by Patricia Highsmith , the third in her series about the con artist and murderer Tom Ripley ."}]}, {'value': 'Liliana Cavani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liliana_Cavani', 'summary': 'Liliana Cavani ( born 12 January 1933 , Carpi , Italy ) is an Italian film director and screenwriter . She belongs to a generation of Italian filmmakers from Emilia-Romagna that came into prominence in the 1970s , including Bernardo Bertolucci , Pier Paolo Pasolini and Marco Bellocchio . Cavani became internationally known after the success of her 1974 feature film Il portiere di notte ( The Night Porter ) . Her films are intellectual and have historical concerns . In addition to feature films and documentaries , she has also directed opera .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Malkovich , Dougray Scott , Ray Winstone , Lena Headey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Malkovich', 'summary': "John Gavin Malkovich ( born December 9 , 1953 ) is an American actor , producer , and fashion designer . He received Academy Award nominations for his performances in Places in the Heart ( 1984 ) and In the Line of Fire ( 1993 ) . He has appeared in more than 70 films , including The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) , Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) , Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) , Of Mice and Men ( 1992 ) , Mulholland Falls ( 1996 ) , Con Air ( 1997 ) , Rounders ( 1998 ) , Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) , Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) , Ripley 's Game ( 2002 ) , Johnny English ( 2003 ) , Burn After Reading ( 2008 ) , Red ( 2010 ) , Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) , Bird Box ( 2018 ) , and Velvet Buzzsaw ( 2019 ) , as well as producing films such as Ghost World ( 2001 ) , Juno ( 2007 ) , and The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) . As of early 2020 , Malkovich is starring as the title character in the HBO series , The New Pope , alongside Jude Law ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dougray_Scott', 'summary': 'Stephen Dougray Scott ( born 26 November 1965 ) is a Scottish actor . He is best known for his roles in the films Ever After ( 1998 ) , Mission : Impossible 2 ( 2000 ) , Hitman ( 2007 ) , and My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ray_Winstone', 'summary': 'Raymond Andrew Winstone ( /ˈwɪnstən/ ; born 19 February 1957 ) [ citation needed ] is an English film and television actor . He is mostly known for his hard man roles beginning with his role as Carlin in the 1979 film Scum . He also played Kevin , an ex-army soldier , in Quadrophenia as well as Will Scarlet in the television series Robin of Sherwood . He has also become well known as a voice over actor , and has [ when ? ] branched out into film production . His career includes roles in the films Sexy Beast , Cold Mountain , King Arthur , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Magic Roundabout , The Departed , Beowulf , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Edge of Darkness , The Sweeney and Noah . In 2006 , American critic Roger Ebert described Winstone as one of the best actors now at work in movies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lena_Headey', 'summary': "Lena Kathren Headey ( /ˈliːnə ˈhiːdi/ LEE-nə HEE-dee ; born 3 October 1973 ) is an English actress . She is best known for her acclaimed portrayal of Cersei Lannister on the HBO fantasy drama series Game of Thrones ( 2011-2019 ) , for which she has received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations and a Golden Globe Award nomination . Headey made her film debut in the mystery drama Waterland ( 1992 ) . She continued to work steadily in British and American films and on television , before gaining further recognition with her lead performances in the films The Brothers Grimm ( 2005 ) and 300 ( 2007 ) . Her other film credits include The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) , Mrs Dalloway ( 1997 ) , Ripley 's Game ( 2002 ) , Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) , Dredd ( 2012 ) , The Purge ( 2013 ) , 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) , Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) , and Fighting with My Family ( 2019 ) . Outside of film , Headey starred as Sarah Connor in the science fiction television series Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( 2008-2009 ) . She provided voices for the role-playing video game Risen ( 2009 ) and the video game tie-in film Kingsglaive : Final Fantasy XV ( 2016 ) , as well as the animated series Danger Mouse ( 2015-2017 ) and Trollhunters ( 2017-2018 ) , and puppet-animated series The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Malkovich and Russell Smith ( executive producer )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millions_(2004_film)', 'summary': "Millions is a 2004 British comedy-drama film directed by Danny Boyle , and starring Alex Etel , Lewis Owen McGibbon , and James Nesbitt . The film 's screenwriter Frank Cottrell Boyce adapted his novel while the film was in the process of being made . The novel was subsequently awarded the Carnegie Medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Danny Boyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Boyle', 'summary': "Daniel Francis Boyle ( born 20 October 1956 ) is an English director of film and stage , producer , and screenwriter . He is known for his work on films including Shallow Grave , Trainspotting and its sequel T2 Trainspotting , The Beach , 28 Days Later , Sunshine , Slumdog Millionaire , 127 Hours , Steve Jobs and Yesterday . His debut film Shallow Grave won the BAFTA Award for Best British Film . The British Film Institute ranked Trainspotting the 10th greatest British film of the 20th century . Boyle 's 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire , the most successful British film of the decade , was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won eight , including the Academy Award for Best Director . He also won the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Director . Boyle was presented with the Extraordinary Contribution to Filmmaking Award at the 2008 Austin Film Festival , where he also introduced that year 's AFF Audience Award Winner Slumdog Millionaire . In 2012 , Boyle was the artistic director for Isles of Wonder , the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics . He was subsequently offered a knighthood as part of the New Year Honours , but declined . In 2014 , it was announced that Boyle would become a patron of HOME in Manchester . In February 2017 , Boyle announced his bid to help launch a £30 million film and media school in Manchester , stating : This is just what Manchester needs and I am delighted to be part of the International Screen School Manchester ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Etel , Lewis McGibbon , James Nesbitt , Daisy Donovan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Etel', 'summary': 'Alexander Nathan Etel ( born 19 September 1994 ) is an English actor most known for his lead role in the 2007 film The Water Horse : Legend of the Deep .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Nesbitt', 'summary': "William James Nesbitt , OBE ( born 15 January 1945 ) is a Northern Irish actor and presenter . From 1987 , Nesbitt spent seven years performing in plays that varied from the musical Up on the Roof ( 1987 , 1989 ) to the political drama Paddywack ( 1994 ) . He made his feature film debut playing talent agent Fintan O'Donnell in Hear My Song ( 1991 ) . He got his breakthrough television role playing Adam Williams in the romantic comedy-drama series Cold Feet ( 1997-2003 , 2016-present ) , which won him a British Comedy Award , a Television and Radio Industries Club Award , and a National Television Award . Nesbitt 's first significant film role came when he appeared as pig farmer Pig Finn in Waking Ned ( 1998 ) . With the rest of the starring cast , he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award . In Lucky Break ( 2001 ) , he made his debut as a film lead , playing prisoner Jimmy Hands . The next year , he played Ivan Cooper in the television film Bloody Sunday , about the 1972 shootings in Derry . A departure from his previous cheeky chappie roles , the film was a turning point in his career . He won a British Independent Film Award and was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor . Nesbitt has also starred in Murphy 's Law ( 2001-2007 ) as undercover detective Tommy Murphy , a role that was created for him by writer Colin Bateman . The role twice gained Nesbitt Best Actor nominations at the Irish Film & Television Awards ( IFTA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daisy_Donovan', 'summary': 'Daisy Constance Donovan ( born 23 July 1973 ) is an English television presenter , actress and writer .'}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included a panel of local children', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claire Dolan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claire_Dolan', 'summary': 'Claire Dolan is a 1998 American-French drama film directed by Lodge Kerrigan . It was entered into the 1998 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Lodge Kerrigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lodge_Kerrigan', 'summary': "Lodge Hunt Kerrigan ( born March 23 , 1964 ) is an American motion picture screenwriter and director . His 2010 film Rebecca H. ( Return to the Dogs ) entered into the Un Certain Regard section of the 2010 Cannes Film Festival . Along with Amy Seimetz , Kerrigan is the creator/director of Starz ' TV adaptation of Steven Soderbergh 's The Girlfriend Experience ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katrin Cartlidge , Vincent DOnofrio , Colm Meaney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katrin_Cartlidge', 'summary': "Katrin Juliet Cartlidge ( 15 May 1961 - 7 September 2002 ) was an English actress . She first appeared on screen as Lucy Collins in the Channel 4 soap opera Brookside ( 1982-83 ) , before going on to win the 1997 Evening Standard Film Award for Best Actress for the Mike Leigh film Career Girls . Her other film appearances included Leigh 's Naked ( 1993 ) , Before the Rain ( 1994 ) , Breaking the Waves ( 1996 ) and From Hell ( 2001 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vincent_D’Onofrio', 'summary': "Vincent Philip D'Onofrio ( /dəˈnɒfrioʊ/ ; born June 30 , 1959 ) is an American actor , producer , director , and singer . He is known for his supporting and starring roles in both film and television . He has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Saturn Awards , winning one for his supporting role in Men in Black . His roles include Private Leonard Gomer Pyle Lawrence in Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) , Wilson Fisk / Kingpin in Daredevil ( 2015-2018 ) , NYPD Detective Robert Goren in Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Edgar the Bug in Men in Black ( 1997 ) , and Vic Hoskins in Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Among other honors , D'Onofrio is a Saturn Award winner , an Emmy Award nominee and a Jay Award 2018 winner ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colm_Meaney', 'summary': "Colm J. Meaney ( /ˈkɒləm/ ; Irish : Colm Ó Maonaigh ; born 30 May 1953 ) is an Irish actor known for playing Miles O'Brien in Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1987-1994 ) and Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( 1993-1999 ) . He has guest-starred on many TV shows including Law & Order and The Simpsons , and starred as Thomas Durant on Hell on Wheels . He has also had a significant career in motion pictures , and appeared in the film Layer Cake , The Damned United , all three film adaptations of Roddy Doyle 's The Barrytown Trilogy , and in Get Him to the Greek , as well as Alan Partridge : Alpha Papa . In 2017 , Meaney won the Best Actor IFTA for his portrayal of Irish politician Martin McGuinness in the film The Journey ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Kerrigan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junebug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junebug_(film)', 'summary': 'Junebug is a 2005 American comedy-drama film directed by Phil Morrison . It was released on August 3 , 2005 , and stars Embeth Davidtz , Amy Adams , Ben McKenzie , and Scott Wilson . It was filmed in the North Carolina towns of Pfafftown , McLeansville , and Winston-Salem . Adams received an Academy Award nomination for her supporting role in the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Phil Morrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Morrison_(director)', 'summary': 'Phil Morrison is an American film director best known for the Academy Award-nominated feature film , Junebug ( 2005 ) , which was also his debut . In 2006 , Morrison directed the Get a Mac advertising campaign for Apple Inc . In 2011 , he directed an episode of Enlightened . His second film , in 2013 , was All Is Bright .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embeth Davidtz , Amy Adams , Benjamin McKenzie , Scott Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Embeth_Davidtz', 'summary': "Embeth Jean Davidtz ( born August 11 , 1965 ) is a South African-American actress . Her screen roles include movies such as Army of Darkness , Schindler 's List , Matilda , Junebug , Mansfield Park , Bicentennial Man , and Fracture , and the television series Californication and Mad Men ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amy_Adams', 'summary': "Amy Lou Adams ( born August 20 , 1974 ) is an American actress . Known for both her comedic and dramatic performances , she has placed three times in annual rankings of the highest-paid actresses in the world . Her accolades include two Golden Globes , and nominations for six Academy Awards and seven British Academy Film Awards . Born in Vicenza , Italy , and raised in Castle Rock , Colorado , Adams is the fourth of seven siblings . She trained to be a ballerina , but at age 18 , she found musical theater a better fit , and from 1994 to 1998 , she worked in dinner theater . She made her feature film debut with a supporting part in the 1999 satire Drop Dead Gorgeous . After moving to Los Angeles , she made guest appearances in television and took on mean girl parts in small-scale features . Her first major role came in Steven Spielberg 's 2002 biopic Catch Me If You Can , opposite Leonardo DiCaprio , but she was unemployed for a year afterward . Her breakthrough came in the part of a loquacious pregnant woman in the 2005 independent film Junebug . The 2007 musical Enchanted , in which Adams played a cheerful princess , was her first major success as a leading lady . She followed it by playing naïve , optimistic women in a series of films such as the 2008 drama Doubt . She subsequently played stronger parts to positive reviews in the sports film The Fighter ( 2010 ) and the psychological drama The Master ( 2012 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_McKenzie', 'summary': "Benjamin McKenzie Schenkkan ( born September 12 , 1978 ) , is an American actor , writer , and director . He shot to fame in 2003 , starring as Ryan Atwood in the television series The O.C . and subsequently starred as Ben Sherman in Southland . From 2014 to 2019 , he starred as James Gordon in the television series Gotham , for which he also wrote and directed episodes . McKenzie 's first starring role in a feature film was in the 2008 film adaptation of Dalton Trumbo 's Johnny Got His Gun . He also appeared in the films Junebug and 88 Minutes , and voiced Batman in Batman : Year One . In January 2020 , McKenzie made his Broadway debut in the Bess Wohl play Grand Horizons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_Wilson_(actor)', 'summary': "Scott Wilson ( born William Delano Wilson ; March 29 , 1942 - October 6 , 2018 ) was an American actor . He had more than 50 film credits , including In the Heat of the Night , In Cold Blood , The Great Gatsby , Dead Man Walking , Pearl Harbor , and Junebug . In 1980 , Wilson received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture for his role in William Peter Blatty 's The Ninth Configuration . He played veterinarian Hershel Greene on the AMC television series The Walking Dead ( 2011-2014 ; 2018 ) . He also had a recurring role on CSI : Crime Scene Investigation as casino mogul Sam Braun , as well as a lead role on the Netflix series The OA as Abel Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Morrison , Wilson , and Michael Barker ( distributor )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bad Santa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bad_Santa', 'summary': "Bad Santa is a 2003 American Christmas black comedy film directed by Terry Zwigoff and written by Glenn Ficarra and John Requa . It stars Billy Bob Thornton , Tony Cox , Lauren Graham , Brett Kelly , Lauren Tom , John Ritter , and Bernie Mac . It was Ritter 's last live-action film appearance before his death on September 11 , 2003 ( his remaining final films , Clifford 's Really Big Movie and Stanley 's Dinosaur Round-Up , were animated films ) ; the film was dedicated to his memory . The Coen brothers are credited as executive producers . The film was released in the United States on November 26 , 2003 , and was screened out of competition at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival . It received generally positive reviews and was a commercial success . An unrated version was released on DVD on March 5 , 2004 and on Blu-ray Disc on November 20 , 2007 as Bad ( der ) Santa . A director 's cut DVD was released in November 2006 ; it features Zwigoff 's cut of the film ( including an audio commentary with him and the film 's editor ) , which is three minutes shorter than the theatrical cut and ten minutes shorter than the unrated version . A sequel , Bad Santa 2 , was released on November 23 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Terry Zwigoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Zwigoff', 'summary': 'Terry Zwigoff ( born May 18 , 1949 ) [ citation needed ] is an American filmmaker whose work often deals with misfits , antiheroes , and themes of alienation .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billy Bob Thornton , Bernie Mac , Lauren Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton', 'summary': "Billy Bob Thornton ( born August 4 , 1955 ) is an American actor , writer , director and musician . Thornton had his first break when he co-wrote and starred in the 1992 thriller One False Move , and received international attention after writing , directing , and starring in the independent drama film Sling Blade ( 1996 ) , for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . He appeared in several major film roles in the 1990s following Sling Blade , including Oliver Stone 's neo-noir U Turn ( 1997 ) , political drama Primary Colors ( 1998 ) , science fiction disaster film Armageddon ( 1998 ) , the highest-grossing film of that year , and the crime drama A Simple Plan ( 1998 ) , which earned him his third Oscar nomination . In the 2000s , Thornton achieved further success in starring dramas Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) , The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) , and Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) ; comedies Bandits ( 2001 ) , Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) , and Bad Santa ( 2003 ) ; and action films Eagle Eye ( 2008 ) and Faster ( 2010 ) . In 2014 , Thornton starred as Lorne Malvo in the first season of the anthology series Fargo , earning a nomination for the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie at the Emmy Awards and won Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . In 2016 , he starred in an Amazon original series , Goliath , which earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama . Thornton has been vocal about his distaste for celebrity culture , choosing to keep his life out of the public eye . However , the attention of the media has proven unavoidable in certain cases , his marriage to Angelina Jolie being a notable example . Thornton has written a variety of films , usually set in the Southern United States and mainly co-written with Tom Epperson , including A Family Thing ( 1996 ) and The Gift ( 2000 ) . After Sling Blade , he directed several other films , including Daddy and Them ( 2001 ) , All the Pretty Horses ( 2000 ) , and Jayne Mansfield 's Car ( 2012 ) . Thornton has received the President 's Award from the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films , a Special Achievement Award from the National Board of Review , and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He has also been nominated for an Emmy Award , four Golden Globes , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bernie_Mac', 'summary': "Bernard Jeffrey McCullough ( October 5 , 1957 - August 9 , 2008 ) , better known by his stage name Bernie Mac , was an American comedian , actor , and voice actor . Born and raised on Chicago 's South Side , Mac gained popularity as a stand-up comedian . He joined fellow comedians Steve Harvey , Cedric the Entertainer , and D. L. Hughley in the film The Original Kings of Comedy . After briefly hosting the HBO show Midnight Mac , Mac appeared in several films in smaller roles . His most noted film role was as Frank Catton in the remake Ocean 's Eleven and the title character of Mr. 3000 . He was the big star of his eponymous show , which ran from 2001 through 2006 , earning him two Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . Mac 's other films included starring roles in Booty Call , Friday , B*A*P*S , The Players Club , Head of State , Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle , Bad Santa , Guess Who , Pride , Soul Men , Transformers , Old Dogs , and Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lauren_Graham', 'summary': "Lauren Helen Graham ( born March 16 , 1967 ) is an American actress and author . She is best known for her roles as Lorelai Gilmore on the television series Gilmore Girls ( 2000-2007 and 2016 ) , for which she received nominations for Screen Actors Guild , Golden Globe and Satellite Awards , and as Sarah Braverman on the NBC television drama Parenthood ( 2010-2015 ) . Graham 's film work includes roles in Sweet November ( 2001 ) , Bad Santa ( 2003 ) , The Pacifier ( 2005 ) , Because I Said So ( 2007 ) , and Evan Almighty ( 2007 ) . She published her debut novel with Ballantine Books in 2013 , Someday , Someday , Maybe . In 2016 , Graham reprised her role as Lorelai Gilmore on Netflix 's reunion miniseries Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life and published a memoir , Talking as Fast as I Can ."}]}, {'value': 'Directors personal print of the film that included unreleased material . Post-film Q & A included Zwigoff', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-Carmen eKhayelitsha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U-Carmen_eKhayelitsha', 'summary': 'U-Carmen eKhayelitsha is a 2005 South African operatic film directed and produced by Mark Dornford-May .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Dornford-May', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Dornford-May', 'summary': 'Mark Dornford-May ( born 29 September 1955 ) is an English theatre and film director , now based in South Africa . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pauline Malefane , Andile Tshoni , Lungelwa Blou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Post-film Q & A included Dornford-May and Malefane', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Films -- 2006', 'section_text': 'Festival schedule [ 67 ]', 'uid': "Ebertfest:_Roger_Ebert's_Film_Festival_11", 'intro': "Ebertfest is an annual film festival held every April in Champaign, Illinois, United States, organized by the College of Media at the University of Illinois. Roger Ebert, the TV and Chicago Sun-Times film critic, was a native of the adjoining town of Urbana, Illinois and is an alumnus of the University. Founded in 1999 as Roger Ebert's Overlooked Film Festival, this event is the only long-running film festival created by a critic. Despite Eberts death in 2013, the festival continues to operate based on Eberts notes and vision for the kinds of films he championed."}
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When was the Christmas black comedy film released ?
2003
0666eaf4ab91c633
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_of_1981', 'title': 'List of LGBT-related films of 1981', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Country', 'Genre', 'Cast', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Caligula et Messaline', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruno Mattei , Antonio Passalia , Jean-Jacques Renon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Mattei', 'summary': "Bruno Mattei ( 30 July 1931 - 21 May 2007 ) was an Italian film director , screenwriter and editor who directed exploitation films in many genres , including women in prison , nunsploitation , zombie , cannibal and Nazisploitation films . Mattei 's films were often following the popular genre trends of the era . Mattei continued work as a director until his death in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'France Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Action', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Brajovic , Betty Roland , Françoise Blanchard , Raul Cabrera , Gino Turini ( credited as John Turner ) , Angelo Arquilla , Piotr Stanislas , Vincent Lo Monaco , Fanny Magier , Laurence Lovall , Antonio Passalia ( credited as Anthony Pass ) , Dominique Irissou , Marie-Noëlle Arnoult , Silvie Dezabauneix and Kathy Sadik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Françoise_Blanchard', 'summary': 'Françoise Blanchard ( 6 June 1954 - 29 May 2013 ) was a French actress and voice dubbing artist . Her most notable work is that of her role in the 1982 French film La morte vivante , directed by Jean Rollin . Blanchard had collaborated with Rollin on several occasions in films Les trottoirs de Bangkok ( 1984 ) , À la poursuite de Barbara ( 1991 ) and La nuit des horloges ( 2007 ) . She had worked frequently with directors Richard Balducci and Jesús Franco . She was also known for her work as a voice artist , having dubbed several animated television series including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Totally Spies !'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chanel Solitaire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chanel_Solitaire', 'summary': "Chanel Solitaire is a 1981 British-French historical drama film directed by George Kaczender and starring Marie-France Pisier , Timothy Dalton , Rutger Hauer , Brigitte Fossey , Karen Black , Lambert Wilson . The film 's subject was Coco Chanel . Its budget was around $ 7 million ."}]}, {'value': 'George Kaczender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Kaczender', 'summary': 'George Kaczender ( 19 April 1933 - 24 August 2016 ) was a Hungarian-born Canadian film director . He directed 26 films between 1963 and 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marie-France Pisier , Timothy Dalton , Rutger Hauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie-France_Pisier', 'summary': 'Marie-France Pisier ( 10 May 1944 - 24 April 2011 ) was a French actress , screenwriter , and director . She appeared in numerous films of the French New Wave and twice earned the national César Award for Best Supporting Actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Dalton', 'summary': 'Timothy Dalton ( /ˈdɔːltən/ ; born Timothy Leonard Dalton Leggett ; 21 March 1946 ) is a British actor . He is best known for portraying James Bond in The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) and Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) , as well as Mr. Rochester in Jane Eyre ( 1983 ) , Rhett Butler in the television miniseries Scarlett ( 1994 ) , and Simon Skinner in Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) . As of February 2019 he appears as Niles Caulder / The Chief in the DC Universe action series Doom Patrol ( 2019- ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rutger_Hauer', 'summary': "Rutger Oelsen Hauer ( Dutch : [ ˈrʏtxər ˈulsə ( n ) ˈɦʌuər ] ; 23 January 1944 - 19 July 2019 ) was a Dutch actor . In 1999 , he was named by the Dutch public as the Best Dutch Actor of the Century . Hauer 's career began in 1969 with the title role in the Dutch television series Floris and surged with his leading role in Turkish Delight ( 1973 ) , which in 1999 was named the Best Dutch Film of the Century . After gaining international recognition with Soldier of Orange ( 1977 ) and Spetters ( 1980 ) , he moved into American films such as Nighthawks ( 1981 ) and Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , starring in the latter as self-aware android Roy Batty . His performance in Blade Runner led to roles in films such as The Osterman Weekend ( 1983 ) , Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) , The Hitcher ( 1986 ) , Escape from Sobibor ( 1987 ) , The Legend of the Holy Drinker ( 1988 ) , and Blind Fury ( 1989 ) . From the 1990s on , Hauer moved into low-budget films , and supporting roles in major films such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1992 ) , Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ( 2002 ) , and The Rite ( 2011 ) . Hauer also became well known for his work in commercials . Towards the end of his career , he made a return to Dutch cinema , and won the 2012 Rembrandt Award for Best Actor for his lead role in The Heineken Kidnapping . Outside of acting , he supported environmentalist causes and founded the Rutger Hauer Starfish Association , an AIDS awareness organization . He was made a knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Biographical film about Coco Chanel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coco_Chanel', 'summary': "Gabrielle Bonheur Coco Chanel ( 19 August 1883 - 10 January 1971 ) was a French fashion designer and businesswoman . The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand , she was credited in the post-World War I era with liberating women from the constraints of the corseted silhouette and popularizing a sporty , casual chic as the feminine standard of style . A prolific fashion creator , Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing , realizing her design aesthetic in jewellery , handbags , and fragrance . Her signature scent , Chanel No . 5 , has become an iconic product . She is the only fashion designer listed on Time magazine 's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century . Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram , which has been in use since the 1920s . :211 Chanel 's social connections encouraged a conservative personal outlook . Rumors arose about Chanel 's activities during the German occupation of France during World War II , and she was criticized for being too close to the German occupiers . This boosted her professional career : One of Chanel 's liaisons was with a German diplomat , Baron ( Freiherr ) Hans Günther von Dincklage . After the war , Chanel was interrogated about her relationship with von Dincklage , but she was not charged as a collaborator due to intervention by Churchill . After several post-war years in Switzerland , she returned to Paris and revived her fashion house ."}]}, {'value': 'Christiane F. - We Children from Bahnhof Zoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christiane_F._–_We_Children_from_Bahnhof_Zoo', 'summary': 'Christiane F. ( German : Christiane F. - Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo ) is a 1981 German biographical drama film directed by Uli Edel that portrays the drug scene in West Berlin in the 1970s , based on the 1978 non-fiction book Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo ( We Children from Zoo Station ) , transcribed and edited from tape recordings by Kai Hermann and Horst Rieck . The film immediately acquired cult status and features David Bowie as both himself and the soundtrack composer .'}]}, {'value': 'Uli Edel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uli_Edel', 'summary': 'Uli Edel ( born 11 April 1947 ) is a German film and television director , best known for his work on films such as Last Exit to Brooklyn and Body of Evidence .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biography , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natja Brunckhorst , Rainer Wölk , Jan Georg Effler , Christiane Reichelt , Daniela Jaeger , Kerstin Richter , David Bowie and Christiane Lechle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natja_Brunckhorst', 'summary': "Natja Brunckhorst ( born 26 September 1966 ) is a German actress , screenwriter , and director . Brunckhorst was 13 years old when she was selected by director Uli Edel for the leading role as Christiane F. in the critically acclaimed 1981 dramatisation of the biographical work Christiane F. - Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo on Christiane Vera Felscherinow written following tape recordings of teenage girl Christiane F. The film immediately acquired cult status ( which it still retains today ) and features David Bowie as both himself and the soundtrack composer , which gave the film a commercial boost . A year later Brunckhorst appeared in Rainer Werner Fassbinder 's Querelle ( 1982 ) . After the unexpected success of Christiane F. - Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo , in order to avoid public attention she retreated from public life and went to school in England . After a short time in Paris she returned to Germany in 1987 to study at the Schauspielschule Bochum . Since then she has acted on film and television , for example in The Princess and the Warrior , as well as the German TV series Dr. Sommerfeld - Neues vom Bülowbogen . Following a recovery from cancer which caused a break in her acting career , in 1998 , Brunckhorst began working as a scriptwriter , first for the television series Einsatz Hamburg Süd . Her biographical film Wie Feuer und Flamme was awarded the Lola for the best script in 2001 . In the same year her first work as a director was published , La Mer , a playful-romantic short film . In addition , she still appears in movies , such as her part in 2000 alongside Franka Potente and Benno Fürmann in the movie The Princess and the Warrior . In Totem , the only German contribution to the Venice Film Festival in 2011 , she embodied a woman in desperation for the speechlessness of her family . Brunckhorst has one daughter : Emma ( born 1991 ) , from a relationship with German actor Dominic Raacke that lasted from 1988 to 1993 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Bowie', 'summary': "David Robert Jones ( 8 January 1947 - 10 January 2016 ) , known professionally as David Bowie ( /ˈboʊi/ BOH-ee ) , was an English singer-songwriter and actor . He was a leading figure in the music industry and is considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century , acclaimed by critics and musicians , particularly for his innovative work during the 1970s . His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation , with his music and stagecraft having a significant impact on popular music . During his lifetime , his record sales , estimated at over 100 million records worldwide , made him one of the world 's best-selling music artists . In the UK , he was awarded ten platinum album certifications , eleven gold and eight silver , and released eleven number-one albums . In the US , he received five platinum and nine gold certifications . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 . Born in Brixton , South London , Bowie developed an interest in music as a child , eventually studying art , music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963 . Space Oddity became his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969 . After a period of experimentation , he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust . The character was spearheaded by the success of his single Starman and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars , which won him widespread popularity . In 1975 , Bowie 's style shifted radically towards a sound he characterised as plastic soul , initially alienating many of his UK devotees but garnering him his first major US crossover success with the number-one single Fame and the album Young Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'Based on the autobiographical book Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo ( We Children from Bahnhof Zoo ) by Christiane F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christiane_F.', 'summary': 'Christiane Vera Felscherinow ( born 20 May 1962 ) is a German actress and musician who is best known for her contribution to the 1978 autobiographical book Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo ( We Children of Bahnhof Zoo ) , and the film based on the book , in which her teenage drug use is documented .'}]}, {'value': 'Culo e camicia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culo_e_camicia', 'summary': 'Culo e camicia is a 1981 Italian comedy film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile , consisting in two segments , respectively starred by Enrico Montesano and Renato Pozzetto .'}]}, {'value': 'Pasquale Festa Campanile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasquale_Festa_Campanile', 'summary': "Pasquale Festa Campanile ( 28 July 1927 - 25 February 1986 ) was an Italian screenwriter , film director and novelist , mostly known as a prominent exponent of the commedia all'italiana genre ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrico Montesano , Daniela Poggi , Gianni Agus , Gino Pernice , Umberto Zuanelli , Ennio Antonelli , Renato Pozzetto , Leopoldo Mastelloni , Maria Rosaria Omaggio , Carlo Bagno and Carla Monti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrico_Montesano', 'summary': 'Enrico Montesano ( born 7 June 1945 in Rome , Italy ) , is a popular actor for theater and cinema in Italy , as well as a showman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniela_Poggi', 'summary': 'Daniela Poggi ( born October 17 , 1954 ) is an Italian film and stage actress and television presenter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gianni_Agus', 'summary': 'Gianni Agus ( 17 August 1917 - 4 March 1994 ) was an Italian actor with a career in film , television , and theatre since 1938 . He appeared in 64 films between 1938 and 1991 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gino_Pernice', 'summary': 'Gino Pernice ( 6 May 1927 - 25 April 1997 ) was an Italian stage , television and film actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ennio_Antonelli', 'summary': 'Ennio Antonelli ( born 18 November 1936 ) is an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and retired President of the Pontifical Council for the Family .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Renato_Pozzetto', 'summary': 'Renato Pozzetto ( born 14 July 1940 ) is an Italian actor , director , comedian , and singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leopoldo_Mastelloni', 'summary': 'Leopoldo Mastelloni ( born 12 July 1945 ) is an Italian actor , comedian and singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maria_Rosaria_Omaggio', 'summary': 'Maria Rosaria Omaggio ( born 11 January 1957 ) is an Italian actress and writer . Born in Rome , Maria Rosaria Omaggio debuted in 1973 in the Italian show Canzonissima . In 1976 she made her film debut with two poliziotteschi alongside Tomas Milian , Rome Armed to the Teeth and The Cop in Blue Jeans , and later starred in numerous films and TV series . She is also active on stage , and in 2011 celebrated her 25th year in theater with the recital Omaggio a voi . Her latest film is Walesa . Man of Hope ( 2013 ) , directed by Andrzej Wajda , where she stars as Oriana Fallaci . She is a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carlo_Bagno', 'summary': 'Carlo Bagno ( 21 March 1920 - 19 January 1990 ) was an Italian actor .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'End of the Fame', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orhan Aksoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orhan_Aksoy', 'summary': 'Orhan Aksoy ( January 10 , 1930 - January 22 , 2008 ) was a Turkish director and screenwriter . Aksoy directed over 90 films and was screenwriter to over 50 .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bülent Bilgiç , Ekrem Bora , Bülent Ersoy , Semsi Inkaya , Yusuf Sezgin and Serpil Çakmakli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekrem_Bora', 'summary': 'Ekrem Bora ( born Ekrem Şerif Uçak ; 7 March 1934 - 1 April 2012 ) was a Turkish film actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bülent_Ersoy', 'summary': 'Bülent Ersoy ( Turkish pronunciation : [ byˈlænt ˈæɾsoj ] ; born 9 June 1952 ) is a Turkish singer and actress . She is known as one of the most popular singers of Turkish music , nicknamed Diva by her fans . Ersoy has many famous hits such as Geceler ( Nights ) , Beddua ( Curse ) , Maazallah ( God Forbid ! ) , Biz Ayrılamayız ( We Can not Break Up ) , Sefam Olsun ( I Enjoy Myself ) , Bir Tanrıyı Bir de Beni Sakın Unutma ( Never Ever Forget God and Me ) . Ersoy has published more than thirty albums so far and has made a name for herself in Turkish music history .'}]}, {'value': 'a.k.a . Söhretin Sonu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gay Club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramón Fernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramón_Fernández', 'summary': "Ramón S. Fernández ( born October 3 , 1953 ) is a Filipino former basketball player and current commissioner of the Philippine Sports Commission . Fernandez won four PBA Most Valuable Player awards and a record 19 PBA conference cups . Fernandez stood at 6 ' 4 barefoot during his prime but due to mild gigantism grew to 6 ' 5 during his final seasons . He scored 18,996 points to finish as the PBA 's all-time scoring leader . He is also the PBA 's all-time leader in rebounds , blocked shots , free throws made , playing minutes and second all-time in assists , games played and steals . He played for five teams in his entire PBA career starting with the Toyota Tamaraws , Manila Beer , Tanduay , Purefoods , and with San Miguel . Fernandez played in many overseas tournaments as a member of the Philippine basketball team . He is often regarded by older analysts as the greatest player to have ever played in the Philippine Basketball Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel Alexandre , Francisco Algora , Rafael Alonso , Amel Amor , Marciano Buendía , José María Caffarel , Fernando Calonje , José Manuel Cervino , Florinda Chico , Fernando Chinarro , José Luis Chinchilla , Luis Ciges , Rafael Conesa , Felix De Utrera and Paco España', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Alexandre', 'summary': 'Manuel Alexandre Abarca OAXS MML ( 11 November 1917 - 12 October 2010 ) was a Spanish film and television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Algora', 'summary': 'Francisco Javier Jiménez Algora ( 7 December 1948 - 30 March 2016 ) was a Spanish actor . He has appeared in 105 films and television shows between 1972 and 2012 . He starred in the 1973 film Habla , mudita , which was entered into the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival . He died on 30 March 2016 from a lung cancer at the age of 67 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Alonso', 'summary': 'Rafael Alonso Ochoa ( 5 July 1920 - 24 October 1998 ) was a Spanish actor . He appeared in more than 120 films and television shows between 1951 and 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/José_María_Caffarel', 'summary': 'José María Caffarel Fábregas ( 10 November 1919 - 6 November 1999 ) was a Spanish film actor . He appeared in more than 170 films between 1957 and 1998 . He was born in Barcelona and died in Madrid , Spain'}, {'url': '/wiki/Florinda_Chico', 'summary': 'Florinda Chico Martín Mora MML ( 24 April 1926 - 19 February 2011 ) was a Spanish actress of film , theater and television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luis_Ciges', 'summary': 'Luis Ciges Martínez ( 10 May 1921 - 11 December 2002 ) was a Spanish film actor . He appeared in 140 films between 1958 and 2002 . His father was Manuel Ciges .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nessuno è perfetto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nessuno_è_perfetto', 'summary': "Nessuno è perfetto ( Nobody 's Perfect ) is a 1981 Italian comedy film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile . The film was a great commercial success , grossing over 10 billion lire at the Italian box office . For her performance Ornella Muti won the Globo d'oro for best actress ."}]}, {'value': 'Pasquale Festa Campanile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasquale_Festa_Campanile', 'summary': "Pasquale Festa Campanile ( 28 July 1927 - 25 February 1986 ) was an Italian screenwriter , film director and novelist , mostly known as a prominent exponent of the commedia all'italiana genre ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renato Pozzetto , Ornella Muti , Lina Volonghi , Felice Andreasi , Massimo Boldi and Gabriele Tinti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renato_Pozzetto', 'summary': 'Renato Pozzetto ( born 14 July 1940 ) is an Italian actor , director , comedian , and singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ornella_Muti', 'summary': 'Ornella Muti ( born Francesca Romana Rivelli ; 9 March 1955 ) is an Italian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lina_Volonghi', 'summary': 'Lina Volonghi ( 4 September 1914 - 24 February 1991 ) was an Italian stage , television and film actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Felice_Andreasi', 'summary': "Felice Andreasi ( 8 January 1928 , in Turin - 25 December 2005 , in Cortazzone ) was an Italian film , television , and stage actor . He appeared in over 50 films in Italy between 1972 and 2005 . He was considered one of the leading stage actors in comic and satirical theatre in Milan . Andreasi won a Nastro d'Argento Best supporting Actor award for his role in Bread and Tulips ( 1999 ) . He died of Parkinson 's disease in 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Massimo_Boldi', 'summary': 'Massimo Antonio Boldi ( born July 23 , 1945 ) is an Italian stand-up comedian and actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabriele_Tinti_(actor)', 'summary': 'Gabriele Tinti ( 22 August 1932 - 12 November 1991 ) was an Italian actor . He was married to Laura Gemser from 1976 until his death in 1991 , aged 59 . Tinti was born in Molinella , Emilia-Romagna and died in Rome , Lazio .'}]}, {'value': 'a.k.a . Nobody is perfect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pixote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pixote', 'summary': "Pixote : a Lei do Mais Fraco ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ piˈʃɔtʃi a ˈlej du ˈmajʃ ˈfɾaku ] , lit . Pixote ( small child ) : The Law of the Weakest ) is a 1980 Brazilian drama film directed by Héctor Babenco . The screenplay was written by Babenco and Jorge Durán , based on the book A Infância dos Mortos ( The Childhood of the Dead Ones ) by José Louzeiro . It is the chilling , documentary-like account of Brazil 's delinquent youth and how they are used by corrupt police and other crime organizations to commit crimes . The film features Fernando Ramos da Silva ( who was killed at the age of 19 by Brazilian police in São Paulo ) as Pixote and Marília Pêra as Sueli . The plot revolves around Pixote , a young boy who is used as a child criminal in muggings and drug transport ."}]}, {'value': 'Hector Babenco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hector_Babenco', 'summary': "Héctor Eduardo Babenco ( February 7 , 1946 - July 13 , 2016 ) was an Argentine-Brazilian film director , screenwriter , producer and actor who worked in worked in several countries including Brazil , Argentina , and the United States . He was one of the first Brazilian filmmakers to gain international critical acclaim , through his films which often dealt with social outcasts on the fringes of society . His best-known works include Pixote ( 1980 ) , Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1985 ) , Ironweed ( 1987 ) , At Play in the Fields of the Lord ( 1990 ) and Carandiru ( 2003 ) . Barbenco 's films brought him several accolades . He was nominated three times for the Palme d'Or of the Cannes Film Festival , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for Kiss of the Spider Woman . He won the Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro twice , and the Prêmio ACIE de Cinema once ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Action , crime , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Ramos da Silva , Jorge Julião , Gilberto Moura , Edilson Lino , Zenildo Oliveira Santos , Claudio Bernardo , Israel Feres David , Jose Nilson Martin dos Stos , Marília Pêra , Jardel Filho , Rubens de Falco , Elke Maravilha , Tony Tornado , Beatriz Segall and João José Pompeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Ramos_da_Silva', 'summary': "Fernando Ramos da Silva ( 29 November 1967 - 25 August 1987 ) was a Brazilian actor who became renowned for his role as Pixote , the eleven-year-old title character in Hector Babenco 's 1981 film Pixote : A Lei do Mais Fraco , a documentary-style account of the street children of Brazil . Da Silva became a controversial figure after the film 's release and found it hard to separate himself from his depiction as the street assailant Pixote . On 25 August 1987 , da Silva was fatally wounded in an alleged shootout with police . Police reports claim that da Silva was resisting arrest , but there are conflicting reports from eyewitnesses who claim da Silva was unarmed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marília_Pêra', 'summary': "Marília Pêra ( 22 January 1943 - 5 December 2015 ) was a Brazilian actress . Hailed as one of the decade 's [ 1980s ] ten best actresses by Pauline Kael , Pêra won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress in 1982 for her role in Hector Babenco 's acclaimed Pixote , and received Best Actress awards at the Gramado Film Festival ( Triple Award Winner ) and at the Cartegena Film Festival for Carlos Diegues ' Better Days Ahead . Other films include Bar Esperança , Angels of the Night and Diegues ' Tieta do Agreste ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jardel_Filho', 'summary': 'Jardel Filho ( 24 July 1928 - 19 February 1983 ) was a Brazilian film actor . He appeared in 45 films between 1949 and 1982 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rubens_de_Falco', 'summary': 'Rubens de Falco da Costa ( 19 October 1931 - 22 February 2008 ) was a Brazilian actor best known for his work in telenovelas , specifically his portrayal as a slave owner in the 1976 telenovela , Escrava Isaura ( The Slave Isaura ) and the 1986 telenovela Sinhá Moça ( Little Missy ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tony_Tornado', 'summary': 'Antonio Viana Gomes , better known as Tony Tornado or Toni Tornado ( Mirante do Paranapanema , May 26 , 1930 ) , is a Brazilian actor and singer . In 1970 he won the Brazilian stage of the V International Song Festival with the soul song BR-3 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beatriz_Segall', 'summary': 'Beatriz de Toledo Segall ( 25 July 1926 - 5 September 2018 ) was a Brazilian actress . One of her most notable works is the role of Odete Roitman on the telenovela Vale Tudo ( 1988 ) . She is the mother of filmmaker Sérgio Toledo .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel A Infância dos Mortos ( The Childhood of the Dead Ones ) by José Louzeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Louzeiro', 'summary': "José de Jesus Louzeiro ( September 19 , 1932 - December 29 , 2017 ) was a Brazilian novelist , screenwriter and reporter . Louzeiro was born in São Luís . He started working in 1948 as an intern at the newspaper O Imparcial . In 1953 , when he was 21 years old , he moved to Rio de Janeiro where he worked on the magazine A Revista da Semana and O Jornal . Louzeiro also wrote for the newspapers Diário Carioca , Última Hora , Correio da Manhã , Folha and Diário do Grande ABC , as well for the magazine Manchete . Louzeiro first foray in literature was in 1958 with the short story Depois da Luta . His experience as a police reporter marked his literary production ; Louzeiro 's writing about real-life crime stories in a novelized way was compared to Truman Capote 's nonfiction novels . Another books by Louzeiro are Lúcio Flávio , o passageiro da agonia ( 1975 ) , Araceli , meu amor ( 1976 ) and Infância dos mortos ( 1977 ) . He also wrote children 's books . Louzeiro collaborated with film director Héctor Babenco , writing the screenplay for Lúcio Flávio , 1977 film adaptation of Lúcio Flávio , o passageiro da agonia . Infância dos mortos was also adapted to the movies , as the 1981 film Pixote ."}]}, {'value': 'The Running Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Running_Man_(1981_film)', 'summary': 'For the Record is a Canadian television drama anthology series that aired on CBC Television from 1976 to 1986 . The series aired docudrama television films on contemporary social issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald Brittain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Brittain', 'summary': "Donald Brittain , OC ( June 10 , 1928 - July 21 , 1989 ) was a film director and producer with the National Film Board of Canada . Fields of Sacrifice ( 1964 ) is considered Brittain 's first major film as director . His other notable directorial credits include the 1964 feature documentary Bethune , 1965 documentaries Ladies and Gentlemen . Mr. Leonard Cohen and Memorandum and the Genie Award-winning 1979 documentary Paperland : The Bureaucrat Observed . He also directed the first-ever IMAX film , Tiger Child for Expo '70 , and Earthwatch , a 70mm film for Expo 86 . He wrote the 1975 Oscar-nominated short documentary Whistling Smith . He co-directed the 1976 feature documentary Volcano : An Inquiry Into the Life and Death of Malcolm Lowry which garnered 6 Canadian Film Awards and an Academy Award nomination . Brittain also directed the three-part CBC-coproduced series The Champions , chronicling the lives and battles of Canadian political titans René Lévesque and Pierre Elliott Trudeau . His most ambitious project was The King Chronicle , a three-part 1987-88 television series about the remarkable career of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King . He won the Gemini Award for best screenplay and direction for the 1985 drama Canada 's Sweetheart : The Saga of Hal C. Banks . As NFB producer , Brittain 's credits included Arthur Lipsett 's A Trip Down Memory Lane . Often a narrator of his own documentaries , Brittain also lent his voice to the animated mockumentary What on Earth !"}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuck Shamata , Barbara Gordon , Colm Feore , Kate Trotter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Shamata', 'summary': "Charles ( Chuck ) Shamata ( born 1942 ) is a Canadian actor . Born and raised in Toronto , he worked at Honest Ed 's , and studied acting at the Ryerson Theatre School . He had stage roles and bit parts in film and television , before his breakthrough role in the 1969 television film Dulcima , as the love interest of Jackie Burroughs ' title character . His later roles included the films Between Friends ( 1973 ) , Death Weekend ( 1976 ) , Welcome to Blood City ( 1977 ) , Power Play ( 1978 ) , I Miss You , Hugs and Kisses ( 1978 ) , Stone Cold Dead ( 1979 ) and Running ( 1979 ) , and guest appearances in the television series The Mod Squad , Police Surgeon , Baretta and The Littlest Hobo . In 1980 he appeared alongside Earl Pennington and Marcel Sabourin in The Mounties , Stuart Gillard 's pilot for a proposed comedy series about the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , but the show was not picked up to series . In 1981 he played the lead role in The Running Man , an episode of the CBC Television anthology series For the Record which was one of the first LGBT-themed television films ever to air in Canada . He won the Genie Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actor ( Non-Feature ) at the 2nd Genie Awards for his performance . Through the 1980s , he continued to appear in films such as The Devil and Max Devlin ( 1981 ) , The Terry Fox Story ( 1983 ) , Hyper Sapien : People from Another Star ( 1986 ) , Nowhere to Hide ( 1987 ) , Night Friend ( 1987 ) and Martha , Ruth and Edie ( 1988 ) , and in television series such as Seeing Things , Joshua Then and Now , Sylvanian Families , Katts and Dog , Street Legal and Night Heat . In the 1990s , he appeared in films such as Princes in Exile ( 1990 ) , Death Wish V : The Face of Death ( 1994 ) and Virus ( 1996 ) , and on television in Bordertown , E.N.G. , Due South , Traders and Wind at My Back . In 2005 , Shamata appeared as Det . Henry Messina in the short-lived Ving Rhames revival of Kojak . His most recent roles have included a regular voice role as Uncle Cheech in Fugget About It , the films The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) , The Sentinel ( 2006 ) , Flash of Genius ( 2008 ) , One Week ( 2008 ) , Still Mine ( 2012 ) , Clown ( 2014 ) and Miss Sloane ( 2016 ) , and guest appearances in the television series Cracked , Beauty and the Beast and The Art of More ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colm_Feore', 'summary': 'Colm Feore OC ( /ˈkɒləm ˈfjɔːr/ ; born August 22 , 1958 ) , is an American-born Canadian stage , film and television actor . A 13-year veteran of the Stratford Festival , he is best known for his Gemini-winning turn as Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the television miniseries Trudeau , as well as roles such as Detective Martin Ward in Bon Cop , Bad Cop , Lord Marshal Zhylaw in The Chronicles of Riddick , Pope Julius II on The Borgias , First Gentleman Henry Taylor on 24 , General Ted Brockhart on House of Cards , and Declan Gallard on 21 Thunder . He is a Prix Iris and Screen Actors Guild Award winner and a Genie Award nominee .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kate_Trotter', 'summary': 'Kate Trotter ( born February 5 , 1953 ) is a Canadian film , television and stage actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Episode of CBC Television anthology series For the Record', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Television', 'summary': "CBC Television ( also known as CBC TV ) is a Canadian English-language broadcast television network that is owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , the national public broadcaster . The network began operations on September 6 , 1952 . Its French-language counterpart is Ici Radio-Canada Télé . Headquartered at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto , CBC Television is available throughout Canada on over-the-air television stations in urban centres and as a must-carry station on cable and satellite television . Almost all of the CBC 's programming is produced in Canada . Although CBC Television is supported by public funding , commercial advertising revenue supplements the network , in contrast to CBC Radio and public broadcasters from several other countries , which are commercial-free ."}, {'url': '/wiki/For_the_Record_(Canadian_TV_series)', 'summary': 'For the Record is a Canadian television drama anthology series that aired on CBC Television from 1976 to 1986 . The series aired docudrama television films on contemporary social issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Taxi zum Klo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taxi_zum_Klo', 'summary': 'Taxi zum Klo is a 1981 film written by , directed by , and starring Frank Ripploh . The film is a dark comedy of manners that wryly explores the life of a Berlin school teacher and the contrasts between his public and private lives . It was sexually explicit for general audiences of the day and for some time afterwards . So , for example , the film was not passed uncut by the British Board of Film Classification until 2011 , though it was widely shown in club cinemas . Taxi zum Klo was considered groundbreaking for its subject matter and achieved a cult status among audiences of the time . Shot on location with many characters appearing as themselves , the film documents gay culture in West Berlin in the brief moment post gay liberation and before the onset of AIDS , around 1980 . Ripploh has stated that much of the film was autobiographical . The name literally means Taxi to the Toilet ( or Cab to the Cottage , etc . ) , that being a place for casual gay sex .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Ripploh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Ripploh', 'summary': 'Frank Ripploh ( September 2 , 1949 - June 24 , 2002 ) was a German actor , film director , and author . He is best remembered for his semi-autobiographical 1980 film Taxi zum Klo . The film , produced on a shoestring budget of 100,000 DM , explored the day-to-day life of a Berlin schoolteacher who also led a very active gay sex life . Extremely explicit for its day , and for some time afterward ( to the point where the film was not passed uncut by the British Board of Film Classification until 2011 ) , Taxi zum Klo was considered groundbreaking for the subject matter it portrayed , and achieved something of a cult status among gay audiences of the time . In 1987 , Ripploh directed a sequel entitled Taxi nach Kairo , but the film was not considered as successful as its predecessor , and it was not released outside Germany . Ripploh also participated in the creation of a small number of other art house films during the 1980s , and had a role in the 1982 movie Querelle directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder . Ripploh died of cancer in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Ripploh , Bernd Broaderup , Orpha Termin , Peter Fahrni , Hans-Gerd Mehrtens , Dieter Godde , Klaus Schnee , Bernd Kroger , Markus Voigtlander , Irmgard Lademacher , Gregor Becker , Marguerite Dupont , Eberhard Freudenthal , Beate Springer , Millie Büttner , Gitta Lederer and Toller Cranston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Ripploh', 'summary': 'Frank Ripploh ( September 2 , 1949 - June 24 , 2002 ) was a German actor , film director , and author . He is best remembered for his semi-autobiographical 1980 film Taxi zum Klo . The film , produced on a shoestring budget of 100,000 DM , explored the day-to-day life of a Berlin schoolteacher who also led a very active gay sex life . Extremely explicit for its day , and for some time afterward ( to the point where the film was not passed uncut by the British Board of Film Classification until 2011 ) , Taxi zum Klo was considered groundbreaking for the subject matter it portrayed , and achieved something of a cult status among gay audiences of the time . In 1987 , Ripploh directed a sequel entitled Taxi nach Kairo , but the film was not considered as successful as its predecessor , and it was not released outside Germany . Ripploh also participated in the creation of a small number of other art house films during the 1980s , and had a role in the 1982 movie Querelle directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder . Ripploh died of cancer in 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toller_Cranston', 'summary': "Toller Shalitoe Montague Cranston , CM ( April 20 , 1949 - January 24 , 2015 ) was a Canadian figure skater and painter . He won the 1971-1976 Canadian national championships , the 1974 World bronze medal and the 1976 Olympic bronze medal . Despite never winning at the World Figure Skating Championships due to his poor compulsory figures , he won the small medal for free skating at the 1972 and 1974 championships . Cranston is credited by many with having brought a new level of artistry to men 's figure skating ."}]}, {'value': 'a.k.a . Taxi to the Toilet', 'urls': []}, {'value': "El vicari d'Olot", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ventura Pons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ventura_Pons', 'summary': "Ventura Pons Sala ( Catalan pronunciation : [ bənˈtuɾə ˈpɔns ] ; born 25 July 1945 , in Barcelona , Spain ) is a Spanish movie director . He mainly directs films in Catalan but also in Spanish and English . Pons has directed 32 feature films and is one of the best-known Catalan film directors . His films are continuously programmed in the most prestigious International Festivals , almost 810 up to now , and distributed in many countries around the world . He has been vice-president of the Spanish Film Academy and the subject of more than 34 international homages and retrospectives : London 's ICA ( Institute of Contemporary Arts ) , New York 's Lincoln Center and in the world 's foremost Cinematheques : Los Angeles , Mexico , Buenos Aires , Santiago , Caracas , Belgrade , Istanbul , Warsaw , Tel-Aviv , Jerusalem , Haifa , Mexico among many others . Pons has also received international lifetime achievement awards in Chicago , Galway , Piestany , Lima , Torino , and Montpellier . In Spain he has received the Catalan National Film Award , the Spain Fine Arts Gold Medal , the Catalan Sant Jordi Cross , the Catalan Film Academy Gaudi Honour Award , the Ondas Award , the City of Huesca Award , the Count Jaume dUrgell 2018 Award , the Jordi Dauder Award , among many others . In 2012 the University of Colorado at Denver ( USA ) held an academic Conference on his cinema . Vervuert has published a book about this conference : Ventura Pons : An exceptional gaze from the Catalan cinema . He has published a book of memoirs Mine ( and the others ) ( 2011 ) , and finished in 2017 another one I have tasted the fruits of the tree of life and also a World Tour diary , 54 days and a bit more ( 2012 ) . In September 2014 he recovered in Barcelona the old Texas Cinemes , to normalize the exhibition of international cinema always subtitled in Catalan . Europa Cinemas awarded it as the best cinema on the move in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enric Majó , Enric Cusí , Maria Aurèlia Capmany , Marina Rossell , Núria Feliu , Carla Cristi , Marta May , Carmen Pérez ( as Carme Pérez ) , Jordi Brau , Rosa Morata , Montserrat Carulla , Carles Lloret , Fernando Guillén , Antonio Rovira ( as Antoni Rovira ) and Mary Santpere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Aurèlia_Capmany', 'summary': 'Maria Aurelia Capmany i Farnés ( Barcelona , 3 August 1918 - 2 October 1991 ) was a Catalan novelist , playwright and essayist of Catalan descent . She was also a prominent feminist cultural and anti-Franco activist . Along with the writers Manuel de Pedrolo , Jordi Sarsanedas , Joan Perucho , and Josep Maria Espinàs , Capmany co-authored , Cita de narradors ( Rendezvous of Narrators ) ( 1958 ) , which was awarded the Josep Yxart Essay Prize .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marina_Rossell', 'summary': "Marina Rossell i Figueras ( born January 17 , 1954 in Castellet i la Gornal , ) is a Spanish singer in Catalan and Spanish . She 's one of the most important singers in the modern Catalan language . She has sung traditional and revolutionary classical Catalan songs , habaneras and her own compositions . Rossell has collaborated with such diverse artists as : Georges Moustaki , Montserrat Caballé , Luis Eduardo Aute , Carlos Cano [ es ] , Pedro Guerra or the flamenco guitarist Tomatito . She has made numerous tours by Europe , Latin America , northern Africa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montserrat_Carulla', 'summary': "Montserrat Carulla i Ventura ( born 1930 ) is a Catalan actress . Coming from the amateur theatre , she completed her training with courses at the Institut del Teatre de Barcelona ( Barcelona Theatre Institute ) at the end of the 1940s . However , it was not until 1960 that she began to work in the professional theatre with Soparem a casa ( We 'll Dine at Home ) , by Josep Maria de Sagarra . After two seasons in Madrid , she returned to Barcelona in 1964 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Guillén_(actor)', 'summary': 'Fernando Guillén Gallego ( 29 November 1932 - 17 January 2013 ) was a Spanish actor with a long and distinguished career spanning more than five decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mary_Santpere', 'summary': 'Mary Santpere ( 1913-1992 ) was a Spanish film actress .'}]}, {'value': 'a.k.a . The Victor of Olot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zorro , The Gay Blade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zorro,_The_Gay_Blade', 'summary': "Zorro , The Gay Blade is a 1981 swashbuckling comedy film from 20th Century Fox , produced by C.O . Erickson and George Hamilton , directed by Peter Medak , that stars Hamilton , Lauren Hutton , Ron Leibman , and Brenda Vaccaro . Via its dedication to director Rouben Mamoulian and opening prologue , the film establishes that it is a tongue-in-cheek sequel to 20th Century Fox 's swashbuckling adventure film The Mark of Zorro ( 1940 ) . Hamilton was nominated for a Golden Globe award for playing the dual role of Don Diego de la Vega ( Zorro ) and his gay twin brother Bunny Wigglesworth , Ramón de la Vega ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Medak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Medak', 'summary': 'Peter Medak ( born Medák Péter , 23 December 1937 ) is a Hungarian-born film director and television director of British and American productions .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Hamilton , Lauren Hutton , Brenda Vaccaro , Ron Leibman , Donovan Scott , James Booth , Helen Burns , Clive Revill , Carolyn Seymour , Eduardo Noriega , Pilar Pellicer , Jorge Russek , Eduardo Alcaraz , Carlos Bravo y Fernández , Roberto Dumont , Jorge Bolio and Frank Welker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)', 'summary': "George Stevens Hamilton ( born August 12 , 1939 ) is an American film and television actor . His notable films include Home from the Hill ( 1960 ) , By Love Possessed ( 1961 ) , Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) , Your Cheatin ' Heart ( 1964 ) , Once Is Not Enough ( 1975 ) , Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) , Zorro , The Gay Blade ( 1981 ) , The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) , Doc Hollywood ( 1991 ) , 8 Heads in a Duffel Bag ( 1997 ) , Hollywood Ending ( 2002 ) and The Congressman ( 2016 ) . For his debut performance in Crime and Punishment U.S.A. ( 1959 ) , Hamilton won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for a BAFTA Award . He has received one additional BAFTA nomination and two additional Golden Globe nominations . Hamilton began his film career in 1958 and although he has a substantial body of work in film and television he is , perhaps , most famous for his debonair style and his perfect and perpetual suntan . Bo Derek writes in her autobiography that there was an ongoing contest between John [ Derek ] and George Hamilton as to who was tanner ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lauren_Hutton', 'summary': "Mary Laurence Lauren Hutton ( born November 17 , 1943 ) is an American model and actress . Born and raised in the southern United States , Hutton relocated to New York City in her early adulthood to begin a modeling career . Though she was initially dismissed by agents for a signature gap in her teeth , Hutton signed a modeling contract with Revlon in 1973 , which at the time was the biggest contract in the history of the modeling industry . Over her career , Hutton has worked both as a model and an actress , making her film debut in the sports drama Paper Lion in 1968 , opposite Alan Alda . She also played central roles in The Gambler ( 1974 ) and American Gigolo ( 1980 ) , and later appeared on television in the network series Paper Dolls and Nip/Tuck . Hutton has continued to model into her seventies , appearing in numerous advertising campaigns for H & M , Lord and Taylor , and Alexander Wang , and performed on the runway for Tom Ford 's spring 2012 collection , as well as for Bottega Veneta at the 2016 New York Fashion Week ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brenda_Vaccaro', 'summary': 'Brenda Buell Vaccaro ( born November 18 , 1939 ) is an American stage , television , and film actress . In a career spanning over half a century , she received one Academy Award nomination , three Golden Globe Award nominations ( winning one ) , four Primetime Emmy Award nominations ( winning one ) , and three Tony Award nominations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ron_Leibman', 'summary': "Ron Leibman ( October 11 , 1937 - December 6 , 2019 ) was an American actor . He won both the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play in 1993 for his performance as Roy Cohn in Angels in America . Leibman also won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1979 for his role as Martin 'Kaz ' Kazinsky in his short-lived crime drama series Kaz . Leibman also acted in films such as Where 's Poppa ? ( 1970 ) , The Hot Rock ( 1972 ) , Norma Rae ( 1979 ) , and Zorro , The Gay Blade ( 1982 ) . Later in his career , he became widely known for providing the voice of Ron Cadillac in Archer ( 2013 - 2016 ) and for playing Dr. Leonard Green , Rachel 's rich , short-tempered father , on the sitcom Friends ( 1996 - 2004 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donovan_Scott', 'summary': 'Donovan Scott ( born September 29 , 1946 ) is an American character actor best known for his role as cadet Leslie Barbara in the 1984 film Police Academy , in which he was part of an ensemble cast led by Steve Guttenberg .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Booth', 'summary': 'James Booth ( born David Geeves ) ; ( 19 December 1927 - 11 August 2005 ) was an English film , stage and television actor and screenwriter . Though considered handsome enough to play leading roles , and versatile enough to play a wide variety of character parts , Booth naturally projected a shifty , wolfish , or unpredictable quality that led inevitably to villainous roles and comedy , usually with a cockney flavour . He is probably best known for his role as Private Henry Hook in Zulu .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helen_Burns', 'summary': "Helen Burns ( 22 December 1916 - 23 July 2018 ) was a British actress mostly known for playing comedic roles . Burns is known for her performance in the 1993 production of The Last Yankee at the Duke of York 's Theatre , for which she won a Laurence Olivier Award , and for her role in the British television series And That 's the News , Goodnight . Burns was born in December 1916 in London . She appeared in several films including : The Changeling ( 1980 ) , Zorro , the Gay Blade ( 1981 ) , If You Could See What I Hear ( 1982 ) , and Utilities ( 1983 ) . She also appeared in the television movies Scarlett and Life After Life and made guest appearances on several television series including Dr. Finlay 's Casebook , Pulaski , The Big One , and Mr. Bean . Burns ' Broadway stage credits include The Inspector General , There 's One in Every Marriage ( 1957 ) , The First Gentleman , at the Belasco Theatre in New York City , and Catsplay , for the latter of which , she received a Drama Desk Award nomination . On 8 July 1948 , Burns was married to theatre director Michael Langham , the former head of both the Stratford Festival and the Juilliard School , and is the mother of actor/writer Chris Langham . She died on 23 July 2018 at the age of 101 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clive_Revill', 'summary': 'Clive Selsby Revill ( born 18 April 1930 ) is a New Zealand singer , character actor , and voice artist best known for his performances in musical theatre and on the London stage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carolyn_Seymour', 'summary': 'Carolyn Seymour is an English actress , best known for portraying the role of Abby Grant in the BBC series Survivors ( 1975 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eduardo_Noriega_(Mexican_actor)', 'summary': 'Eduardo Noriega ( September 25 , 1916 - August 14 , 2007 ) was a Mexican film actor who appeared in over 100 films , mainly Mexican . His best-known English-language role was as Don Francisco from San Jose in Zorro , The Gay Blade ( 1981 ) . Other film roles included Cameahwait in The Far Horizons ( 1955 ) , Señor Dominguez in Of Love and Desire ( 1963 ) , and Inspector Talmadge in Tarzan and the Valley of Gold ( 1966 ) . Noriega also appeared in several television productions , such as La esposa virgen and Entre el amor y el odio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pilar_Pellicer', 'summary': 'Pilar Pellicer ( born Pilar Pellicer López de Llergo on February 2 , 1938 in Mexico City , México ) is a Mexican film actress . At the 17th Ariel Awards , Pellicer won the Ariel Award for Best Actress for La Choca .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frank_Welker', 'summary': "Franklin Wendell Welker ( born March 12 , 1946 ) is an American actor and voice actor . He is best known for voicing Fred Jones and Scooby-Doo from the Scooby-Doo franchise ( the former since the franchise 's inception in 1969 and the latter since 2002 ) , Megatron and Soundwave in the Transformers franchise , and Nibbler on Futurama , as well as numerous animal vocal effects in many works . In 2016 , Welker was honored with an Emmy Award for his lifetime achievement ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films_of_1981_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films released in 1981. It contains theatrically released films that deal with important gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender characters or issues and may have same-sex romance or relationships as a plot device.'}
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What is the setting of the 1981 film directed by Uli Edel ?
West Berlin in the 1970s
06676c1b4f777684
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Pompeo', 'title': 'Ellen Pompeo', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1996 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order', 'summary': "Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series created by Dick Wolf , launching the Law & Order franchise . Airing its entire run on NBC , Law & Order premiered on September 13 , 1990 and completed its twentieth and final season on May 24 , 2010 . Set and filmed in New York City , the series follows a two-part approach : the first half-hour is the investigation of a crime ( usually murder ) and apprehension of a suspect by New York City Police Department detectives ; the second half is the prosecution of the defendant by the Manhattan District Attorney 's Office . Plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines , although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different . The show has had a revolving cast over the years . Among the longest-running main cast members were Steven Hill as District Attorney Adam Schiff ( seasons 1-10 ) , Jerry Orbach as Detective Lennie Briscoe ( seasons 3-14 ) , S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren ( seasons 4-20 ) , Sam Waterston as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy ( seasons 5-20 ; later District Attorney ) and Jesse L. Martin as Detective Ed Green ( seasons 10-18 ) . Law & Order 's twenty seasons are second only to its spin-off Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) for the longest-running live-action scripted American primetime series . The success of the series has led to the creation of additional shows , making Law & Order a franchise , with also a television film , several video games , and international adaptations of the series . It has won and has been nominated for numerous awards over the years , including a number of Emmy Awards . On May 14 , 2010 , NBC announced that it had canceled Law & Order and would air its final episode on May 24 , 2010 . Immediately following the show 's cancellation , Wolf attempted to find a new home for the series . Those attempts failed , and in July 2010 , Wolf declared that the series had now moved to the history books ."}]}, {'value': 'Jenna Weber / Laura Kendrick', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episodes : Savior and Fools for Love', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strangers with Candy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strangers_with_Candy', 'summary': "Strangers with Candy is an American comedy television series produced by Comedy Central . It first aired on April 7 , 1999 , and concluded its third and final season on October 2 , 2000 . Its timeslot was Sundays at 10:00 p.m. ( ET ) . In 2007 , Strangers with Candy was ranked # 30 on TV Guide 's Top Cult Shows Ever . A prequel film of the same name was released in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lizzie Abrams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Feather in the Storm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Get Real', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Get_Real_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': 'Get Real is an American comedy-drama series that aired on the Fox Network and ran from September 1999 to April 2000 . It follows the fictional Green family in San Francisco . It stars Eric Christian Olsen , Jesse Eisenberg and Anne Hathaway in early roles . Hathaway and Olsen portrayed the older siblings to the central character .'}]}, {'value': 'Nina Adler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : History Lessons', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Job', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Job_(2001_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Job is an American single-camera sitcom that aired on ABC between March 14 , 2001 and April 24 , 2002 . Many of the principal actors went on to either star or guest star in the FX network 's Denis Leary-produced Rescue Me . In Rescue Me , the lead character ( played by Leary ) is very similar to Mike McNeil , but is a fireman rather than a police officer ."}]}, {'value': 'Sue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Anger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strong Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strong_Medicine', 'summary': 'Strong Medicine is a medical drama with a focus on feminist politics , health issues , and class conflict , that aired on the Lifetime network from 2000 to 2006 . The series was created and produced in part by Whoopi Goldberg , who made cameos on the series , and Tammy Ader . The series starred Rosa Blasi , Janine Turner , and Patricia Richardson . Strong Medicine was the highest-rated original drama on basic cable in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Quincy Dunne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Wednesday Night Fever', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friends', 'summary': 'Friends is an American sitcom television series , created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , which aired on NBC from September 22 , 1994 , to May 6 , 2004 , lasting ten seasons . With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer , the show revolved around six friends in their 20s and 30s who lived in Manhattan , New York City . The series was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , in association with Warner Bros. Television . The original executive producers were Kevin S. Bright , Kauffman , and Crane . Kauffman and Crane began developing Friends under the title Insomnia Cafe between November and December 1993 . They presented the idea to Bright , and together they pitched a seven-page treatment of the show to NBC . After several script rewrites and changes , including title changes to Six of One and Friends Like Us , the series was finally named Friends . Filming of the show took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . All ten seasons of Friends ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings ; it ultimately reached the number-one spot in its eighth season . The series finale aired on May 6 , 2004 , and was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers , making it the fifth most-watched series finale in television history , and the most-watched television episode of the 2000s decade . Friends received acclaim throughout its run , becoming one of the most popular television shows of all time . The series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning the Outstanding Comedy Series award in 2002 for its eighth season .'}]}, {'value': 'Missy Goldberg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The One Where the Stripper Cries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_One_Where_the_Stripper_Cries', 'summary': 'The tenth and final season of Friends , an American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , premiered on NBC on September 25 , 2003 . Friends was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , in association with Warner Bros. Television . The season contains 17 episodes ( with the last two made into one long episode ) and concluded airing on May 6 , 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2005-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Grey 's Anatomy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Grey's_Anatomy", 'summary': "Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27 , 2005 , on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement . The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns , residents , and attending doctors , as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is an allusion to Gray 's Anatomy , a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray . Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series ; she is also one of the executive producers , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the series is set in Seattle ( at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , later renamed ) , it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles , California . The series is designed to be racially diverse and uses color-blind casting . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo , first featured as an intern . The original cast consisted of nine star-billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T. R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the series ' run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its fifteenth season , the show has a large ensemble of fourteen actors , including three characters from the original cast ( Meredith Grey , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber ) . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a sixteenth season which premiered on September 26 , 2019 . The series ' success catapulted such long-running cast members as Pompeo , Dempsey , Chambers , Capshaw and Oh to worldwide recognition ; they were among the top five highest-earning television actors in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Meredith Grey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meredith_Grey', 'summary': "Meredith Grey , M.D . is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by actress Ellen Pompeo . Meredith is the series ' protagonist and title character , and was introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital ( later Seattle Grace-Mercy West Hospital , and afterwards Grey+Sloan Memorial ) , eventually obtaining the position of a surgical resident , and later the position of an attending , and in 2015 , attaining the Chief of General Surgery position . As the daughter of world-renowned surgeon Ellis Grey , Meredith struggles with the everyday life of being in a competitive profession , maintaining the relationship with her one-night stand and eventual husband Derek Shepherd , her motherhood , and her friendships with her colleagues . Meredith is the narrator of the show and serves as the focal point for most episodes . Pompeo 's connection with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) is acclaimed as a high point of the series . Rhimes has characterized Meredith as not believing in good or bad , but instead doing what she thinks is right . Grey has been positively received by television critics , with Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times referring to her as the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy . News of Pompeo leaving arose when it was made clear that her contract ended after the eighth season , and whether or not she would return to the series after her contract expires was the centre of media speculation . In 2016 , Pompeo re-negotiated her contract and signed up for the thirteenth season of the show . Pompeo has now signed a contract for a fifteenth and sixteenth season ."}]}, {'value': '352 episodes Lead role', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Repeat After Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Repeat_After_Me_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Repeat After Me is an American hidden camera television series on ABC based on one of the segments from The Ellen DeGeneres Show . The series premiered on February 17 , 2015 . The series is executive produced by talk show host Ellen DeGeneres .'}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doc McStuffins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doc_McStuffins', 'summary': "Doc McStuffins ( also known as Doc McStuffins : Toy Hospital for the fourth season and Doc McStuffins : Pet Rescue for the fifth season ) is an American-Irish animated children 's television series produced by Brown Bag Films . It was created and executive produced by Chris Nee and premiered on March 23 , 2012 , on Disney Channel and Disney Junior . The series is about a girl who can fix toys , with help from her toy friends . It features songs written and composed by Kay Hanley and Michelle Lewis . The series received positive reviews due to the series ' concept and the main character , as well as its portrayal of African Americans ( Nee stated in 2013 that Doc is African American , proposed by Disney during her initial pitch , Nee initially only knowing she wanted a girl doctor ) in a Disney series . Chris Nee describes the series as Cheers for Preschoolers . On November 16 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth season by Disney Junior . On April 4 , 2018 , Lara Jill Miller , the voice of Lambie , said that the final episode of the final season has been recorded . The series will end after five seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Willow ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Episode : Toy Hospital : Camille Gets Over the Hump/Willow 's Wonky Whiskers", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Station 19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Station_19', 'summary': "Station 19 is an American action-drama television series created by Stacy McKee for ABC that premiered on March 22 , 2018 . It is the second spin-off to Grey 's Anatomy ( after Private Practice ) . Set in Seattle , the series focuses on the lives of the men and women at Seattle Fire Station 19 . It stars Jaina Lee Ortiz , Jason George , Grey Damon , Barrett Doss , Alberto Frezza , Jay Hayden , Okieriete Onaodowan , Danielle Savre , and Miguel Sandoval . McKee , Shonda Rhimes , Betsy Beers , and Paris Barclay serve as executive producers on the series . It is produced by Shondaland and ABC Studios , with McKee serving as showrunner . McKee stepped down as show runner but the show has been renewed for a third season . In May 2017 , the spin-off received a series order from ABC . Ortiz was cast in July 2017 , and the cast was filled out by October . Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles . In May 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on October 4 , 2018 . In May 2019 , the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on January 23 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Meredith Grey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Stuck', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': "RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/RuPaul's_Drag_Race:_All_Stars", 'summary': "RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars is an American reality competition television series all-star and spin-off produced by World of Wonder for Logo TV , where host and mentor RuPaul invites past contestants of RuPaul 's Drag Race to compete for a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guest Judge ( season 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/RuPaul's_Drag_Race_All_Stars_(season_4)", 'summary': "The fourth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was announced by VH1 on August 22 , 2018 . Prior to the official announcement , RuPaul confirmed in an episode of his podcast What 's the Tee ? , that filming for the fourth season was underway . Season 3 winner Trixie Mattel , with special guests Katya Zamolodchikova and Detox , hosted a special , Trixie 's Playhouse , to announce the cast for the fourth season . It was originally scheduled to air on November 8 , 2018 , but was postponed to the following day due to the Thousand Oaks shooting . The winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars receives a one year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills Cosmetics , a coveted spot in the drag race hall of fame next to former hall of famers Chad Michaels , Alaska and Trixie Mattel , and a cash prize of $ 100,000 . The winners of the fourth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars were Monét X Change and Trinity the Tuck , making the first season in the show 's history to crown two winners ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ellen_Pompeo_1', 'intro': "Ellen Kathleen Pompeo (born November 10, 1969) is an American actress, director, and producer. One of the world's highest paid actors since 2017, she has made multiple appearances on the Forbes' year-end lists. Pompeo is also the recipient of such accolades as a Screen Award, a Special Achievement in Entertaining by the National Italian American Foundation, and a nomination for a Golden Globe Award. Born in Everett, Massachusetts, Pompeo moved to Miami then to New York City, where she was discovered by a casting director who signed her for an advertisement campaign for L'Oreal. She made her screen debut with NBC's legal drama Law & Order and then guest-starred in other television shows, including the comedy Strangers with Candy, the medical drama Strong Medicine and Friends. Pompeo made her feature film debut in 1999 with the romantic comedy Coming Soon, and went on to play minor roles in films like In the Weeds and Mambo Café but found little success initially. A turning point came in her career in 2002, when she gained wide recognition for her starring role in Brad Silberling's drama Moonlight Mile. Pompeo was then cast in ABC's popular medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and gained worldwide recognition for her portrayal of the title character Dr. Meredith Grey. The role on the long running series earned her a Golden Globe nomination and a Screen Actors Guild Award. The character became widely popular, making Pompeo one of the most renowned television actresses. In 2016, Pompeo was ranked fourth in the list of highest paid TV actresses by Forbes, with earnings of $14.9 million; she became the third highest paid female and the fifth highest paid actor overall in 2018 with earnings of $23.6 million. She was also the highest ranked actor from a drama series on the list."}
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When did Ellen Pompeo appear on the show produced by Ellen DeGeneres ?
2015
066808d79c7a5450
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans', 'title': 'List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans', 'header': ['Name', 'Titles', 'Maiden Name', 'Origin', 'Death', 'Son ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Malhun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malhun_Hatun', 'summary': 'Malhun Hatun ( died November 1323 , other names Mal Hatun , Mala Hatun , Kameriye Sultana ) was the first wife of Osman I , the leader of the Ottoman Turks and the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman Empire . She was the mother of the next and second ruler of the Ottoman State , Orhan .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turk . Born in Anatolia . Daughter of Sheikh Edebali or Ömer Bey , Anatolian Turkish Bey or Ömer Abdülaziz Bey , Seljuk Vizier of Anatolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oghuz_Turk', 'summary': "The Oghuz , Oguz or Ghuzz Turks ( Middle Turkic : ٱغُز Oγuz , Old Turkic : 𐰆𐰍𐰔 , romanized : Oγuz ) were western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz languages from the Common branch of the Turkic language family . In the 8th century , they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in central Asia . The name Oghuz is a Common Turkic word for tribe . Byzantine sources call the Oghuz the Uzes ( Οὐ̑ζοι , Ouzoi ) . By the 10th century , Islamic sources were calling them Muslim Turkmens , as opposed to shamanist or Buddhist . By the 12th century this term had passed into Byzantine usage and the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim . The term 'Oghuz ' was gradually supplanted among the Turks themselves by Turkmen and Turcoman , ( Ottoman Turkish : تركمنلر , romanized : Türkmen or Türkmân ) from the mid 900 's on , a process which was completed by the beginning of the 1200s . Mahmud al-Kashgari says that Turkmen has a broader meaning by saying that Karluks are also Turkmens but differ from Oghuz . The Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the Jeti-su area after a conflict with the Karluk allies of the Uyghurs . Today , a percentage of the residents of Turkey , Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are descendants of Oghuz Turks and their language belongs to the Oghuz group of the Turkic languages family . In the 9th century , the Oghuzes from the Aral steppes drove Bechens from the Emba and Ural River region toward the west . In the 10th century , they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su , Turgai , and Emba to the north of Lake Balkhash of modern-day Kazakhstan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anatolia', 'summary': "Anatolia ( from Greek : Ἀνατολή , Anatolḗ , east or [ sun ] rise ; Turkish : Anadolu ) , also known as Asia Minor ( Medieval and Modern Greek : Μικρά Ἀσία , Mikrá Asía , small Asia ; Turkish : Küçük Asya ) , Asian Turkey , the Anatolian peninsula or the Anatolian plateau , is a large peninsula in West Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent . It makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey . The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , the Armenian Highlands to the east and the Aegean Sea to the west . The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the Balkan peninsula of Europe . The eastern border of Anatolia is traditionally held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea , bounded by the Armenian Highland to the east and Mesopotamia to the southeast . Thus , traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey . Today , Anatolia is also often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey , which comprises almost the entire country ; its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be Turkey 's eastern border . By some definitions , the Armenian Highlands lies beyond the boundary of the Anatolian plateau . The official name of this inland region is the Eastern Anatolia Region . The ancient inhabitants of Anatolia spoke the now-extinct Anatolian languages , which were largely replaced by the Greek language starting from classical antiquity and during the Hellenistic , Roman and Byzantine periods . Major Anatolian languages included Hittite , Luwian , and Lydian , among other more poorly attested relatives . The Turkification of Anatolia began under the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century and continued under the Ottoman Empire between the late 13th and early 20th centuries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sheikh_Edebali', 'summary': 'Sheikh Edebali ( 1206 - 1326 ) , also referred as Balışeyh , was a highly influential Turkish Sunni Sheikh , who helped shape and develop the policies of the growing Ottoman State .'}]}, {'value': '21 November 1323', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orhan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orhan', 'summary': "Orhan Gazi ( Ottoman Turkish : اورخان غازی، اورخان بن عثمان بن ارطغرل ; Turkish : Orhan Gazi ) ( c. 1281 - March 1362 ) was the second bey of the nascent Ottoman Sultanate ( then known as the Ottoman Beylik or Emirate ) from 1323/4 to 1362 . He was born in Söğüt , as the son of Osman Gazi and Malhun Hatun . His grandfather was Ertuğrul . In the early stages of his reign , Orhan focused his energies on conquering most of northwestern Anatolia . The majority of these areas were under Byzantine rule and he won his first battle at Pelekanon against the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos . Orhan also occupied the lands of the Karasids of Balıkesir and the Ahis of Ankara . A series of civil wars surrounding the ascension of the nine-year-old Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos greatly benefited Orhan . [ citation needed ] In the Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 , the regent John VI Kantakouzenos married his daughter Theodora to Orhan and employed Ottoman warriors against the rival forces of the empress dowager , allowing them to loot Thrace . In the Byzantine civil war of 1352-1357 , Kantakouzenos used Ottoman forces against John V , granting them the use of a European fortress at Çimpe around 1352 . A major earthquake devastated Gallipoli ( modern Gelibolu ) two years later , after which Orhan 's son , Süleyman Pasha , occupied the town , giving the Ottomans a strong bridgehead into mainland Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Nilüfer نیلوفر', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nilüfer_Hatun', 'summary': "Nilüfer Hatun ( Ottoman Turkish : نیلوفر خاتون , birth name Holifere ( Holophira ) / Olivera , other names Bayalun , Beylun , Beyalun , Bilun , Suyun , Suylun ) was a Valide Hatun ; the wife of Orhan , the second Ottoman Sultan . She was mother of the next sultan , Murad I . Her other son was Kasım ( died 1346 ) . Some older sources also claim she was mother of Orhan 's first son , Süleyman Pasha , which is disputed ."}]}, {'value': 'Valide Hātûn ( 1362 - 1383 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valide_Hatun', 'summary': 'Hatun ( Persian : خاتون khātūn ) is a Persian name ( Originally from Eastern Iranian language , Sogdian ) and used as an honorific for women during the Ottoman period .'}]}, {'value': 'Holofira', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Byzantine Greek . Born in Bilecik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks', 'summary': "The Byzantine Greeks were the Greek-speaking Christian Romans of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages . They were the main inhabitants of the lands of the Byzantine Empire ( Eastern Roman Empire ) , of Constantinople and Asia Minor ( modern Turkey ) , the Greek islands , Cyprus , and portions of the southern Balkans , and formed large minorities , or pluralities , in the coastal urban centres of the Levant and northern Egypt . Throughout their history , the Byzantine Greeks self-identified as Romans ( Greek : Ῥωμαῖοι , romanized : Rhōmaîoi ) , but are referred to as Byzantine Greeks in modern historiography . The social structure of the Byzantine Greeks was primarily supported by a rural , agrarian base that consisted of the peasantry , and a small fraction of the poor . These peasants lived within three kinds of settlements : the chorion or village , the agridion or hamlet , and the proasteion or estate . Many civil disturbances that occurred during the time of the Byzantine Empire were attributed to political factions within the Empire rather than to this large popular base . Soldiers among the Byzantine Greeks were at first conscripted amongst the rural peasants and trained on an annual basis . As the Byzantine Empire entered the 11th century , more of the soldiers within the army were either professional men-at-arms or mercenaries . Until the twelfth century , education within the Byzantine Greek population was more advanced than in the West , particularly at primary school level , resulting in comparatively high literacy rates . Success came easily to Byzantine Greek merchants , who enjoyed a very strong position in international trade . Despite the challenges posed by rival Italian merchants , they held their own throughout the latter half of the Byzantine Empire 's existence . The clergy also held a special place , not only having more freedom than their Western counterparts , but also maintaining a patriarch in Constantinople who was considered the equal of the pope ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bilecik', 'summary': "Bilecik is the provincial capital of Turkey 's Bilecik Province . The population of the town is 221,693 ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . The mayor is Selim Yağcı ( AKP ) . The town is famous for its numerous restored Turkish houses . It is increasingly becoming more attractive to tourists . With its rich architectural heritage , Bilecik is a member of the European Association of Historic Towns and Regions . 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) southeast from Bilecik is Söğüt , a small town , where the Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 ."}]}, {'value': '1383', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murad I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murad_I', 'summary': 'Murad I ( Ottoman Turkish : مراد اول ; Turkish : I. Murad , Murad-ı Hüdavendigâr ( nicknamed Hüdavendigâr , from Persian : خداوندگار , Khodāvandgār , the devotee of God - but meaning sovereign in this context ) ; 29 June 1326 - 15 June 1389 ) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1362 to 1389 . He was a son of Orhan Gazi and Nilüfer Hatun . Murad I conquered Adrianople , renamed it to Edirne , and in 1363 made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate . Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in Southeast Europe by bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule , and forced the princes of northern Serbia and Bulgaria as well as the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos to pay him tribute . Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of Anatolia ( Asia Minor ) and Rumelia ( the Balkans ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Devlet دولت', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devlet_Hatun', 'summary': 'Devlet Hatun ( died 23 January 1414 ) was the wife of Sultan Bayezid I , and the mother of Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire .'}]}, {'value': 'Valide Hātûn ( 5 July 1413-1414 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valide_Hatun', 'summary': 'Hatun ( Persian : خاتون khātūn ) is a Persian name ( Originally from Eastern Iranian language , Sogdian ) and used as an honorific for women during the Ottoman period .'}]}, {'value': 'Sultan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oghuz Turkic of the Germiyan tribe . Born in Kütahya . Daughter of Süleyman Şah Çelebi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oghuz_Turks', 'summary': "The Oghuz , Oguz or Ghuzz Turks ( Middle Turkic : ٱغُز Oγuz , Old Turkic : 𐰆𐰍𐰔 , romanized : Oγuz ) were western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz languages from the Common branch of the Turkic language family . In the 8th century , they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in central Asia . The name Oghuz is a Common Turkic word for tribe . Byzantine sources call the Oghuz the Uzes ( Οὐ̑ζοι , Ouzoi ) . By the 10th century , Islamic sources were calling them Muslim Turkmens , as opposed to shamanist or Buddhist . By the 12th century this term had passed into Byzantine usage and the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim . The term 'Oghuz ' was gradually supplanted among the Turks themselves by Turkmen and Turcoman , ( Ottoman Turkish : تركمنلر , romanized : Türkmen or Türkmân ) from the mid 900 's on , a process which was completed by the beginning of the 1200s . Mahmud al-Kashgari says that Turkmen has a broader meaning by saying that Karluks are also Turkmens but differ from Oghuz . The Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the Jeti-su area after a conflict with the Karluk allies of the Uyghurs . Today , a percentage of the residents of Turkey , Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are descendants of Oghuz Turks and their language belongs to the Oghuz group of the Turkic languages family . In the 9th century , the Oghuzes from the Aral steppes drove Bechens from the Emba and Ural River region toward the west . In the 10th century , they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su , Turgai , and Emba to the north of Lake Balkhash of modern-day Kazakhstan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germiyanids', 'summary': 'The Anatolian beylik of Germiyan with its capital in Kütahya was one of the prominent frontier principalities established by the Kurds and Turks after the decline of Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm . According to Agoston and Masters Germiyanoğulları were Turkomans who had immigrated to the west because of Mongol pressure in the second half of the 13th century . For a brief period in the second half of the 14th century , Germiyan Dynasty was second only to Karamanid Dynasty in its rising power . But they were later taken over by the neighboring Osmanoğlu dynasty , who were to found the Ottoman Empire later . Germiyans played a crucial role in settling Turkish populations along the coastal regions of the Aegean Sea , the founders of the Beyliks of Aydin , Sarukhan , İnançoğlu and Menteşe having started out as Germiyan commanders . Because of various factors arising from the Mongol invasion , their branch of the clan had left the regions of Fars and Kirman , and headed west into Anatolia , having remained for a time around Malatya , and then moving to the Kütahya area , where their beylik was formed rather rapidly . They rebelled against the central power in 1283 , upon the execution of the sultan Kaykhusraw III by the Mongols , and placing of Mesud II on the Seljuq throne . The struggle between combined Mongol-Seljuq forces based in Konya and the rebel forces of Germiyan continued until 1290 . An agreement could only be reached in 1299 , upon which the Germiyan Dynasty also entered into possession of Ankara . When the Ilkhanid governor Emir Çoban took over Anatolia in 1314 , they declared allegiance and concentrated on raids towards the regions to their west . Their western offshoots that were the Beyliks of Menteşe , Aydin , Ladik , Sarukhan and Karasi were all subject to the Germiyan in the early periods of their foundation , while the Beyliks of Sâhib Ata and Hamidids to the south had to rely on them for protection against attacks from the Karamanids . As for the northern regions of Anatolia , Byzantine sources record Umur Bey , a commander and son-in-law to the Germiyan family , to be the possessor of Paphlagonia , where Jandarid dynasty was to rule only after Germiyan power weakened .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kütahya', 'summary': "Kütahya ( Turkish pronunciation : [ cyˈtahja ] ) is a city in western Turkey with 237,804 inhabitants ( 2011 estimate ) , lying on the Porsuk river , at 969 metres above sea level . It is the capital of Kütahya Province , inhabited by some 564,294 people ( 2011 estimate ) . The region of Kütahya has large areas of gentle slopes with agricultural land culminating in high mountain ridges to the north and west . The city 's Greek name was Kotyaion [ pronunciation ? ] , Latinized in Roman times as Cotyaeum [ pronunciation ? ] ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Süleyman_of_Germiyan', 'summary': 'Süleyman of Germiyan ( died in 1388 ) , also known as Şah Çelebi , was the ruler of Germiyan an Anatolian beylik between 1363 and 1388 . ( Anatolia is the Asiatic part of Turkey )'}]}, {'value': 'January 1414', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehmed I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehmed_I', 'summary': "Mehmed I ( 1379 - 26 May 1421 ) , also known as Mehmed Çelebi ( Ottoman Turkish : چلبی محمد , the noble-born ) or Kirişçi ( from Greek Kyritzes , lord 's son ) , was the Ottoman Sultan from 1413 to 1421 . The fourth son of Sultan Bayezid I and Devlet Hatun , he fought with his brothers over control of the Ottoman realm in the Ottoman Interregnum ( 1402-1413 ) . Starting from the province of Rûm he managed to bring first Anatolia and then the European territories ( Rumelia ) under his control , reuniting the Ottoman state by 1413 , and ruling it until his death in 1421 ."}]}, {'value': 'Emine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emine_Hatun', 'summary': 'Emine Hatun ( Ottoman Turkish : امینہ خاتون c. 1389 - 20 March 1449 ) was the principal consort of Sultan Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire . She was the mother of Sultan Murad II , and the grandmother of Sultan Mehmed II .'}]}, {'value': 'Valide Hātûn ( 1421 - 1449 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valide_Hatun', 'summary': 'Hatun ( Persian : خاتون khātūn ) is a Persian name ( Originally from Eastern Iranian language , Sogdian ) and used as an honorific for women during the Ottoman period .'}]}, {'value': 'Emine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oghuz Turkic . Born in Elbistan , Beylik of Dulkadir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oghuz_Turks', 'summary': "The Oghuz , Oguz or Ghuzz Turks ( Middle Turkic : ٱغُز Oγuz , Old Turkic : 𐰆𐰍𐰔 , romanized : Oγuz ) were western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz languages from the Common branch of the Turkic language family . In the 8th century , they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in central Asia . The name Oghuz is a Common Turkic word for tribe . Byzantine sources call the Oghuz the Uzes ( Οὐ̑ζοι , Ouzoi ) . By the 10th century , Islamic sources were calling them Muslim Turkmens , as opposed to shamanist or Buddhist . By the 12th century this term had passed into Byzantine usage and the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim . The term 'Oghuz ' was gradually supplanted among the Turks themselves by Turkmen and Turcoman , ( Ottoman Turkish : تركمنلر , romanized : Türkmen or Türkmân ) from the mid 900 's on , a process which was completed by the beginning of the 1200s . Mahmud al-Kashgari says that Turkmen has a broader meaning by saying that Karluks are also Turkmens but differ from Oghuz . The Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the Jeti-su area after a conflict with the Karluk allies of the Uyghurs . Today , a percentage of the residents of Turkey , Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are descendants of Oghuz Turks and their language belongs to the Oghuz group of the Turkic languages family . In the 9th century , the Oghuzes from the Aral steppes drove Bechens from the Emba and Ural River region toward the west . In the 10th century , they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su , Turgai , and Emba to the north of Lake Balkhash of modern-day Kazakhstan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elbistan', 'summary': 'Elbistan is a district in Kahramanmaraş Province in southern Turkey . Its population is 95,037 , [ citation needed ] and it is the most populous district of Kahramanmaraş province . It is also the largest district of the province by area and it has the fourth largest plain in the country . The climate is very dry , but irrigation is provided by the Ceyhan river , one of the biggest rivers in Turkey . The city used to be the capital city of the Dulkadirids after capturing from Eretnids in 1337 . In 1277 the Mamluks led by Sultan Baibars defeated a Mongol army in the Battle of Elbistan . The region was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire shortly before the campaign against the Mameluks of Egypt in 1512 , although some local chiefdoms were given varying degrees of autonomy , notably around the localities of Haticepınar and Kasanlı .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beylik_of_Dulkadir', 'summary': 'The Anatolian beylik of Dulkadir ( Modern Turkish : Dulkadiroğulları Beyliği ) , was one of the frontier principalities established by the Oghuz , Turcoman clans Bayat , Afshar and Begdili after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm .'}]}, {'value': '1449', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murad II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murad_II', 'summary': "Murad II ( 16 June 1404- 3 February 1451 ) ( Ottoman Turkish : مراد ثانى Murād-ı sānī , Turkish : II . Murat ) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and again from 1446 to 1451 . Murad II 's reign was marked by the long war he fought against the Christian feudal lords of the Balkans and the Turkish beyliks in Anatolia , a conflict that lasted 25 years . He was brought up in Amasya , and ascended the throne on the death of his father Mehmed I . His mother was Valide Sultan Emine Hatun ( daughter of Suleyman Bey , ruler of Dulkadirids ) , his father 's third consort . Their marriage served as an alliance between the Ottomans and this buffer state ."}]}, {'value': 'Hüma هما', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hüma_Hatun', 'summary': 'Hüma Hatun ( Ottoman Turkish : هما خاتون , c. 1410 - September 1449 ) was the fourth wife of Ottoman Sultan Murad II and mother of Mehmed II and the grandmother of Bayezid II .'}]}, {'value': 'Valide Hātûn ( 1444 - 1446 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valide_Hatun', 'summary': 'Hatun ( Persian : خاتون khātūn ) is a Persian name ( Originally from Eastern Iranian language , Sogdian ) and used as an honorific for women during the Ottoman period .'}]}, {'value': 'Hatice Âlime', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undetermined ( Serb or Italian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbs', 'summary': 'The Serbs ( Serbian : Срби , romanized : Srbi , pronounced [ sr̩̂bi ] ) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group that formed in the Balkans . The majority of Serbs inhabit the nation state of Serbia , as well as the disputed territory of Kosovo , [ a ] and the neighboring countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Montenegro . They form significant minorities in North Macedonia and Slovenia . There is a large Serb diaspora in Western Europe , and outside Europe and there are significant communities in North America and Australia . The Serbs share many cultural traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe . They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion . The Serbian language is official in Serbia , co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina , and is spoken by the plurality in Montenegro .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italians', 'summary': "Italians ( Italian : italiani [ itaˈljaːni ] ) are a Romance ethnic group and nation native to the Italian geographical region and its neighbouring insular territories . Italians share a common culture , history , ancestry and language . All Italian nationals are citizens of Italy , regardless of ancestry or nation of residence ( in effect , however , Italian nationality is largely based on jus sanguinis ) and may be distinguished from ethnic Italians in general or people of Italian descent without Italian citizenship and from ethnic Italians living in territories adjacent to the Italian peninsula without Italian citizenship . The majority of Italian nationals are native speakers of the country 's official language , Italian , or a regional variety thereof . However , many of them also speak a regional or minority language native to Italy , the existence of which predates the national language ; although there is disagreement on the total number , according to UNESCO there are approximately 30 languages native to Italy , although many are often misleadingly referred to as Italian dialects . In 2017 , in addition to about 55 million Italians in Italy ( 91% of the Italian national population ) , Italian-speaking autonomous groups are found in neighbouring nations : almost a quarter million are in Switzerland , a large population is in France , the entire population of San Marino , and there are smaller groups in Slovenia and Croatia , primarily in Istria ( Istrian Italians ) and Dalmatia ( Dalmatian Italians ) . Because of the wide-ranging diaspora , about 5 million Italian citizens and nearly 80 million people of full or partial Italian ancestry live outside their own homeland , which includes 62.5% of Argentina 's population ( Italian Argentines ) , 1/3 of Uruguayans ( Italian Uruguayans ) , 15% of Brazilians ( Italian Brazilians , the largest Italian community outside Italy ) , and people in other parts of Europe , the Americas ( such as Italian Americans , Italian Canadians , Italian Mexicans and Italo-Venezuelans , among others ) , Australasia ( Italian Australians and Italian New Zealanders ) , and to a lesser extent in the Middle East ( see Italian diaspora ) . Italians have influenced and contributed to fields like arts and music , science , technology , fashion , cinema , cuisine , sports , jurisprudence , banking and business . Furthermore , Italian people are generally known for their attachment to their locale , expressed in the form of either regionalism or municipalism ."}]}, {'value': 'September 1449', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehmed II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehmed_II', 'summary': "Mehmed II ( Ottoman Turkish : محمد ثانى , romanized : Meḥmed-i sānī ; Modern Turkish : II . Mehmet Turkish pronunciation : [ ˈikindʒi mehmet ] ; 30 March 1432 - 3 May 1481 ) , commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( Turkish : Fatih Sultan Mehmet ) , was an Ottoman Sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446 , and then later from February 1451 to May 1481 . In Mehmed II 's first reign , he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce Peace of Szeged . When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople . At the age of 21 , he conquered Constantinople ( modern-day Istanbul ) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire . After the conquest Mehmed claimed the title Caesar of the Roman Empire ( Qayser-i Rûm ) , based on the assertion that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the Roman Empire . The claim was only recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church . Mehmed continued his conquests in Anatolia with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as Bosnia . At home he made many political and social reforms , encouraged the arts and sciences , and by the end of his reign , his rebuilding program had changed the city into a thriving imperial capital . He is considered a hero in modern-day Turkey and parts of the wider Muslim world . Among other things , Istanbul 's Fatih district , Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge and Fatih Mosque are named after him ."}]}, {'value': 'Emine Gülbahar Hatun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emine_Gülbahar_Hatun', 'summary': 'Gülbahar Hatun ( c. 1432 - 1492 ) was the consort of Sultan Mehmed II , and mother of Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire and the grandmother of Selim I .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albanian . Born in Albania ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albanians', 'summary': 'The Albanians ( /ælˈbɛɪniənz/ ; Albanian : Shqiptarët , pronounced [ ʃcipˈta : ɾət ] ) are an ethnic group native to the Balkan Peninsula and are identified by a common Albanian ancestry , culture , history and language . They primarily live in Albania , Kosovo [ d ] , North Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia as well as in Croatia , Greece and Italy . They also constitute a diaspora with several communities established in the Americas , Europe and Oceania . The ethnogenesis of the Albanians and their language is a matter of controversy among historians and ethnologists . They were mentioned for the first time in historical records from the 11th century as a tribe of people living across the mountainous region of the Mat and Drin . The Shkumbin more southerly splits the Albanians into the Ghegs and Tosks nevertheless both groups identify with a shared ethnic culture , history and traditions . The history of the Albanian diaspora is centuries old and has its roots in migration from the Middle Ages initially established in Southern Europe and subsequently on across other parts of Europe and the New World . Between the 13th and 18th centuries , sizeable numbers of Albanians migrated to escape either various social , economic or political difficulties . [ e ] One population , the Arvanites , settled Southern Greece between the 13th and 16th centuries assimilating into and now self-identifying as Greeks . [ f ] Another population who emerged as the Arbëreshë settled Sicily and Southern Italy . Smaller populations such as the Arbanasi whose migration dates back to the 18th century are located in Southern Croatia and scattered across Southern Ukraine . The Great Schism of 1054 formalised the break of communion between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic Church and was instantly reflected in Albania through the emergence of a Catholic north and Orthodox south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Albania', 'summary': 'Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə , ɔːl-/ ( listen ) a ( w ) l-BAY-nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë , pronounced [ ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo [ a ] to the northeast , North Macedonia to the east , Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece , Montenegro and Italy to the west . Geographically , the country displays varied climatic , geological , hydrological and morphological conditions , defined in an area of 28,748 km2 ( 11,100 sq mi ) . It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea . Historically , the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians , Thracians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Venetians and Ottomans . The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century . The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries . Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century , the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe . Between the 18th and 19th centuries , Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance . After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars , the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912 . In the 20th century , the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany . Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation .'}]}, {'value': 'April 1467', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayezid II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayezid_II', 'summary': 'Bayezid II ( 3 December 1447 - 26 May 1512 ) ( Ottoman Turkish : بايزيد ثانى Bāyezīd-i s̱ānī , Turkish : II . Bayezid or II . Beyazıt ) was the eldest son and successor of Mehmed II , ruling as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512 . During his reign , Bayezid II consolidated the Ottoman Empire and thwarted a Safavid rebellion soon before abdicating his throne to his son , Selim I . He is most notable for evacuating Sephardi Jews from Spain after the proclamation of the Alhambra Decree and resettling them throughout the Ottoman Empire .'}]}, {'value': 'Gülbahar گل بهار', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gülbahar_Hatun', 'summary': 'Gülbahar is a Turkish given name for females and may refer to :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayşe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oghuz Turkic . Born in Elbistan , Beylik of Dulkadir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oghuz_Turks', 'summary': "The Oghuz , Oguz or Ghuzz Turks ( Middle Turkic : ٱغُز Oγuz , Old Turkic : 𐰆𐰍𐰔 , romanized : Oγuz ) were western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz languages from the Common branch of the Turkic language family . In the 8th century , they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in central Asia . The name Oghuz is a Common Turkic word for tribe . Byzantine sources call the Oghuz the Uzes ( Οὐ̑ζοι , Ouzoi ) . By the 10th century , Islamic sources were calling them Muslim Turkmens , as opposed to shamanist or Buddhist . By the 12th century this term had passed into Byzantine usage and the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim . The term 'Oghuz ' was gradually supplanted among the Turks themselves by Turkmen and Turcoman , ( Ottoman Turkish : تركمنلر , romanized : Türkmen or Türkmân ) from the mid 900 's on , a process which was completed by the beginning of the 1200s . Mahmud al-Kashgari says that Turkmen has a broader meaning by saying that Karluks are also Turkmens but differ from Oghuz . The Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the Jeti-su area after a conflict with the Karluk allies of the Uyghurs . Today , a percentage of the residents of Turkey , Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are descendants of Oghuz Turks and their language belongs to the Oghuz group of the Turkic languages family . In the 9th century , the Oghuzes from the Aral steppes drove Bechens from the Emba and Ural River region toward the west . In the 10th century , they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su , Turgai , and Emba to the north of Lake Balkhash of modern-day Kazakhstan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elbistan', 'summary': 'Elbistan is a district in Kahramanmaraş Province in southern Turkey . Its population is 95,037 , [ citation needed ] and it is the most populous district of Kahramanmaraş province . It is also the largest district of the province by area and it has the fourth largest plain in the country . The climate is very dry , but irrigation is provided by the Ceyhan river , one of the biggest rivers in Turkey . The city used to be the capital city of the Dulkadirids after capturing from Eretnids in 1337 . In 1277 the Mamluks led by Sultan Baibars defeated a Mongol army in the Battle of Elbistan . The region was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire shortly before the campaign against the Mameluks of Egypt in 1512 , although some local chiefdoms were given varying degrees of autonomy , notably around the localities of Haticepınar and Kasanlı .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beylik_of_Dulkadir', 'summary': 'The Anatolian beylik of Dulkadir ( Modern Turkish : Dulkadiroğulları Beyliği ) , was one of the frontier principalities established by the Oghuz , Turcoman clans Bayat , Afshar and Begdili after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm .'}]}, {'value': '19 November 1505', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selim I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selim_I', 'summary': "Selim I ( Ottoman Turkish : سليم اول , Turkish : Birinci Selim ; 10 October 1470 - 22 September 1520 ) , known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute ( Turkish : Yavuz Sultan Selim ) , was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520 . His reign is notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire , particularly his conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt , which included all of the Levant , Hejaz , Tihamah , and Egypt itself . On the eve of his death in 1520 , the Ottoman Empire spanned about 576,900 sq mi ( 1,494,000 km2 ) , having grown by seventy percent during Selim 's reign . Selim 's conquest of the Middle Eastern heartlands of the Muslim world , and particularly his assumption of the role of guardian of the pilgrimage routes to Mecca and Medina , established the Ottoman Empire as the most prestigious of all Sunni Muslim states . His conquests dramatically shifted the empire 's geographical and cultural center of gravity away from the Balkans and toward the Middle East . By the eighteenth century , Selim 's conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate had come to be romanticized as the moment when the Ottomans seized leadership over the rest of the Muslim world , and consequently Selim is popularly remembered as the first legitimate Ottoman Caliph , although stories of an official transfer of the caliphal office from the Abbasid Dynasty of Cairo to the Ottomans were a later invention ."}]}, {'value': 'Hafsa حفصه', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hafsa_Sultan_(wife_of_Selim_I)', 'summary': "Hafsa Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : حفصه سلطان ; died March 1534 ) was the wife of Selim I and the first valide sultan of the Ottoman Empire as the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent . During the period between her son 's enthronement in 1520 and her death in 1534 , she was one of the most influential persons in the Ottoman Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Valide Sultân ( 1520 - 19 Mar 1534 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valide_Sultan', 'summary': "Valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان , lit . mother sultan ) was the title held by the legal mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan ( died 1534 ) , consort of Selim I ( r. 1512-1520 ) and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520-1566 ) , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ( cradle of the great ) . Normally , the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title . Those mothers who died before their sons ' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of Valide Sultan . In special cases , grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title Valide Sultan ."}]}, {'value': 'Ayşe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 March 1534', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suleiman I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent', 'summary': "Suleiman I ( Ottoman Turkish : سلطان سليمان اول Sultan Süleyman-ı Evvel ; Turkish : Birinci Süleyman , Kanunî Sultan Süleyman or Muhteşem Süleyman ; 6 November 1494 - 6 September 1566 ) , commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Kanunî Sultan Süleyman ( Ottoman Turkish : قانونى سلطان سليمان ; Suleiman the Lawgiver ) in his realm , was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566 . Under his administration , the Ottoman state ruled over at least 25 million people . Suleiman succeeded his father as sultan in September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in central Europe and the Mediterranean . Belgrade fell to him in 1521 and Rhodes , long under the rule of the Knights of St. John , in 1522-23 . At Mohács , in August 1526 , Suleiman broke the military strength of Hungary , with the Hungarian king Louis II losing his life in the battle . Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe , presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire 's economic , military and political power . Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529 . He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria . Under his rule , the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf . At the helm of an expanding empire , Suleiman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society , education , taxation and criminal law . His reforms , carried out in conjunction with the empire 's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi , harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law : sultanic ( Kanun ) and religious ( Sharia ) . He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith ; he also became a great patron of culture , overseeing the Golden age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic , literary and architectural development ."}]}, {'value': 'Hürrem خُرَّم', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roxelana', 'summary': "Hurrem Sultan ( Turkish pronunciation : [ hyɾˈɾæm suɫˈtan ] , Ottoman Turkish : خرم سلطان , romanized : Ḫurrem Sulṭān , Modern Turkish : Hürrem Sultan ; c. 1502 - 15 April 1558 ) , also known as Roxelana ( lit . the Ruthenian one ) , was the chief consort and legal wife of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . She became one of the most powerful and influential women in Ottoman history and a prominent and controversial figure during the era known as the Sultanate of Women . Born in Ruthenia , which was then occupied by the Kingdom of Poland , Hurrem was captured by the Crimean Tatars during a slave raid and eventually taken to Istanbul , the Ottoman capital . She entered the Imperial Harem , rising through the ranks to become the favourite of Sultan Suleiman . Breaking with Ottoman tradition , Suleiman married Hurrem , making her his legal wife . She was also the first imperial consort to receive the title Haseki Sultan . Hurrem remained in the Sultan 's court for the rest of her life and had six children with him , including the future Sultan Selim II . She was the grandmother of Murad III . Hurrem achieved power and influenced the politics of the Ottoman Empire through her husband and played an active role in the affairs of the Empire . She acted as the Sultan 's chief advisor , corresponded on state matters with King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland , and patronized major public works ( which included the Haseki Sultan Complex and the Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse ) . She died in 1558 in Istanbul and was buried in a mausoleum within the Süleymaniye Mosque complex ."}]}, {'value': 'Haseki Sultân ( 1533 - 15 Apr 1558 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haseki_sultan', 'summary': 'Haseki Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : خاصکى سلطان , Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān ; Turkish pronunciation : [ haseˈci suɫˈtaːn ] ) was the imperial title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman Sultan . Haseki sultan meant chief consort or single favorite of the sultan . In later years , the meaning of the title changed to imperial consort . Hürrem Sultan , principal consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , was the first holder of this title . The title haseki sultan was only used until the 17th century . After that , Kadınefendi became the highest ranking title for imperial consorts .'}]}, {'value': 'Aleksandra or Anastazja Lisowska', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruthenian . Born in Kingdom of Poland . Daughter of Havyrlo Lisowski , Orthodox Christian priest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruthenians', 'summary': "Ruthenians and Ruthenes are Latin exonyms formerly used in Western Europe for the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples , especially the Rus ' people with an Eastern Orthodox or Ruthenian Greek Catholic religious background . Along with Lithuanians and Samogitians , Ruthenians constituted the main population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , which at its fullest extent was called the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Ruthenia and Samogitia ( Ruthenian : Великое князство Литовское , Руское , Жомойтское и иных ) . From the 9th century , the land of the Rus ' , known later as Kievan Rus ' , was known in Western Europe by a variety of names derived from Rus ' . In its broadest usage , Ruthenians or Ruthenes referred to peoples which were ancestors of the modern Belarusians , Russians , Rusyns and Ukrainians ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland', 'summary': 'Kingdom of Poland ( Polish : Królestwo Polskie , Latin : Regnum Poloniae ) was the name of Poland under a series of former monarchial governments , from c. 1000/1025 to 1795 :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orthodox_Christian', 'summary': 'Orthodoxy ( from Greek ὀρθοδοξία orthodoxía righteous/correct opinion ) is adherence to correct or accepted creeds , especially in religion . In the Christian sense the term means conforming to the Christian faith as represented in the creeds of the early Church . The first seven ecumenical councils were held between the years of 325 and 787 with the aim of formalizing accepted doctrines . In some English-speaking countries , Jews who adhere to all the traditions and commandments as legislated in the Talmud are often called Orthodox Jews , although the term orthodox historically first described Christian beliefs .'}]}, {'value': '15 April 1558', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selim II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selim_II', 'summary': 'Selim II ( Ottoman Turkish : سليم ثانى Selīm-i sānī , Turkish : II.Selim ; 30 May 1524 - 15 December 1574 ) , also known as Sarı Selim ( Selim the Blond ) or Sarhoş Selim ( Selim the Drunk ) , was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death in 1574 . He was a son of Suleiman the Magnificent and his wife Hurrem Sultan . Selim had been an unlikely candidate for the throne until his brother Mehmed died of smallpox , his half-brother Mustafa was strangled to death by the order of his father , his brother Cihangir died of grief at the news of this latter execution , and his brother Bayezid was killed on the order of his father after a rebellion . Selim died on 15 December 1574 and was buried in Hagia Sophia .'}]}, {'value': 'Nurbanu نور بانو', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurbanu_Sultan', 'summary': 'Nurbanu Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : نور بانو سلطان ; c. 1525 - 7 December 1583 ) was Haseki Sultan of the Ottoman Empire as the principal consort of Sultan Selim II ( reign 1566-1574 ) , as well as Valide Sultan as the mother of Sultan Murad III ( reign 1574-1595 ) . She was one of the most prominent figures during the time of the Sultanate of Women . Conflicting theories ascribe her a Venetian , Jewish or Greek origin . Her birth name may have been Cecilia Venier-Baffo , Rachel or Kalē Kartanou .'}]}, {'value': 'Haseki Sultân ( 7 Sep 1566 - 15 Dec 1574 ) Valide Sultân ( 15 Dec 1574 - 7 Dec 1583 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haseki_sultan', 'summary': 'Haseki Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : خاصکى سلطان , Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān ; Turkish pronunciation : [ haseˈci suɫˈtaːn ] ) was the imperial title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman Sultan . Haseki sultan meant chief consort or single favorite of the sultan . In later years , the meaning of the title changed to imperial consort . Hürrem Sultan , principal consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , was the first holder of this title . The title haseki sultan was only used until the 17th century . After that , Kadınefendi became the highest ranking title for imperial consorts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valide_Sultan', 'summary': "Valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان , lit . mother sultan ) was the title held by the legal mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan ( died 1534 ) , consort of Selim I ( r. 1512-1520 ) and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520-1566 ) , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ( cradle of the great ) . Normally , the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title . Those mothers who died before their sons ' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of Valide Sultan . In special cases , grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title Valide Sultan ."}]}, {'value': 'Cecilia Venier-Baffo or Rachel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undetermined ( born in Páros , Republic of Venice or Jew )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paros', 'summary': 'Paros ( /ˈpɛərɒs/ ; Greek : Πάρος ; Venetian : Paro ) is a Greek island in the central Aegean Sea . One of the Cyclades island group , it lies to the west of Naxos , from which it is separated by a channel about 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) wide . It lies approximately 150 km ( 93 miles ) south-east of Piraeus . The Municipality of Paros includes numerous uninhabited offshore islets totaling 196.308 square kilometres ( 75.795 sq mi ) of land . Its nearest neighbor is the municipality of Antiparos , which lies to its southwest . In ancient Greece , the city-state of Paros was located on the island . Historically , Paros was known for its fine white marble , which gave rise to the term Parian to describe marble or china of similar qualities . Today , abandoned marble quarries and mines can be found on the island , but Paros is primarily known as a popular tourist spot .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Venice', 'summary': "The Republic of Venice ( Italian : Repubblica di Venezia ; Venetian : Repùblica de Venèsia ) or Venetian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Veneta ; Venetian : Repùblica Vèneta ) , traditionally known as La Serenissima ( English : Most Serene Republic of Venice ; Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia ; Venetian : Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta ) , was a sovereign state and maritime republic in what is now northeastern Italy . It lasted from 697 AD until 1797 AD . Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice , the republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position in the Renaissance . Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language , although publishing in ( Florentine ) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance . The Venetian city state was founded as a safe haven for the people escaping persecution in mainland Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire . [ citation needed ] In its early years , it prospered on the salt trade . In subsequent centuries , the city state established a thalassocracy . It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea , including commerce between Europe and North Africa , as well as Asia . The Venetian navy was used in the Crusades , most notably in the Fourth Crusade . However , Venice perceived Rome as an enemy and maintained high levels of religious and ideological independence personified by the Patriarch of Venice and a highly-developed independent publishing industry that served as a haven from Roman Catholic censorship for many centuries . Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea . Venice became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class , who patronized renowned art and architecture along the city 's lagoons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jew', 'summary': "Jews or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation , originating from the Israelites and Hebrews of historical Israel and Judah . Jewish ethnicity , nationhood , and religion are strongly interrelated , as Judaism is the ethnic religion of the Jewish people , while its observance varies from strict observance to complete nonobservance . Jews originated as an ethnic and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE , in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel . The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE ( Late Bronze Age ) . The Israelites , as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population , consolidated their hold with the emergence of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah . Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as 'Hebrews ' . Though few sources mention the exilic periods in detail , the experience of diaspora life , from the Ancient Egyptian rule over the Levant , to Assyrian captivity and exile , to Babylonian captivity and exile , to Seleucid Imperial rule , to the Roman occupation and exile , and the historical relations between Jews and their homeland thereafter , became a major feature of Jewish history , identity and memory . Prior to World War II , the worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million , representing around 0.7% of the world population at that time . Approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust . Since then the population has slowly risen again , and as of 2018 [ update ] was estimated at 14.6-17.8 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank , less than 0.2% of the total world population . [ note 1 ] The modern State of Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population . It defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state in the Basic Laws , Human Dignity and Liberty in particular , which is based on the Declaration of Independence ."}]}, {'value': '7 December 1583', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murad III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murad_III', 'summary': 'Murad III ( Ottoman Turkish : مراد ثالث Murād-i sālis , Turkish : III.Murat ) ( 4 July 1546 - 16 January 1595 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595 .'}]}, {'value': 'Safiye صفیه', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safiye_Sultan', 'summary': 'Safiye Sultan may refer to :'}]}, {'value': 'Haseki Sultân ( 7 Dec 1583 - 15 Jan 1595 ) Valide Sultân ( 15 Jan 1595 - 22 Dec 1603 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haseki_sultan', 'summary': 'Haseki Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : خاصکى سلطان , Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān ; Turkish pronunciation : [ haseˈci suɫˈtaːn ] ) was the imperial title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman Sultan . Haseki sultan meant chief consort or single favorite of the sultan . In later years , the meaning of the title changed to imperial consort . Hürrem Sultan , principal consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , was the first holder of this title . The title haseki sultan was only used until the 17th century . After that , Kadınefendi became the highest ranking title for imperial consorts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valide_Sultan', 'summary': "Valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان , lit . mother sultan ) was the title held by the legal mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan ( died 1534 ) , consort of Selim I ( r. 1512-1520 ) and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520-1566 ) , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ( cradle of the great ) . Normally , the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title . Those mothers who died before their sons ' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of Valide Sultan . In special cases , grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title Valide Sultan ."}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albanian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albanians', 'summary': 'The Albanians ( /ælˈbɛɪniənz/ ; Albanian : Shqiptarët , pronounced [ ʃcipˈta : ɾət ] ) are an ethnic group native to the Balkan Peninsula and are identified by a common Albanian ancestry , culture , history and language . They primarily live in Albania , Kosovo [ d ] , North Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia as well as in Croatia , Greece and Italy . They also constitute a diaspora with several communities established in the Americas , Europe and Oceania . The ethnogenesis of the Albanians and their language is a matter of controversy among historians and ethnologists . They were mentioned for the first time in historical records from the 11th century as a tribe of people living across the mountainous region of the Mat and Drin . The Shkumbin more southerly splits the Albanians into the Ghegs and Tosks nevertheless both groups identify with a shared ethnic culture , history and traditions . The history of the Albanian diaspora is centuries old and has its roots in migration from the Middle Ages initially established in Southern Europe and subsequently on across other parts of Europe and the New World . Between the 13th and 18th centuries , sizeable numbers of Albanians migrated to escape either various social , economic or political difficulties . [ e ] One population , the Arvanites , settled Southern Greece between the 13th and 16th centuries assimilating into and now self-identifying as Greeks . [ f ] Another population who emerged as the Arbëreshë settled Sicily and Southern Italy . Smaller populations such as the Arbanasi whose migration dates back to the 18th century are located in Southern Croatia and scattered across Southern Ukraine . The Great Schism of 1054 formalised the break of communion between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic Church and was instantly reflected in Albania through the emergence of a Catholic north and Orthodox south .'}]}, {'value': '10 November 1618', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehmed III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehmed_III', 'summary': 'Mehmed III ( Ottoman Turkish : محمد ثالث , Meḥmed-i sālis ; Turkish : III . Mehmet ; 26 May 1566- 22 December 1603 ) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death in 1603 .'}]}, {'value': 'Handan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handan_Sultan', 'summary': 'Handan Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : خندان سلطان meaning smiling in Persian ; died 9 November 1605 ) was the consort of Sultan Mehmed III , and Valide Sultan to their son Sultan Ahmed I .'}]}, {'value': 'Valide Sultân ( 22 Dec 1603 - 26 Nov 1605 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valide_Sultan', 'summary': "Valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان , lit . mother sultan ) was the title held by the legal mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan ( died 1534 ) , consort of Selim I ( r. 1512-1520 ) and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520-1566 ) , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ( cradle of the great ) . Normally , the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title . Those mothers who died before their sons ' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of Valide Sultan . In special cases , grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title Valide Sultan ."}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 November 1605', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_I', 'summary': "Ahmed I ( Ottoman Turkish : احمد اول Aḥmed-i evvel ; Turkish : I. Ahmed ; 18/19 April 1590 - 22 November 1617 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617 . Ahmed 's reign is noteworthy for marking the end of the Ottoman tradition of royal fratricide ; henceforth Ottoman rulers would no longer execute their brothers upon accession to the throne . He is also well known for his construction of the Blue Mosque , one of the most famous mosques in Turkey ."}]}, {'value': 'Halime', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halime_Sultan', 'summary': 'Halime Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : حلیمه سلطان ) was a consort of Sultan Mehmed III , and the mother of Sultan Mustafa I and the Valide Sultan as well as a regent of the Ottoman empire . She had four children with Mehmed : Şehzade Mahmud , Mustafa I , and two daughters . She was de facto co-ruler as Valide Sultan from 22 November 1617 to 26 February 1618 and from 19 May 1622 to 10 September 1623 . Halime was also one of the prominent figures during the era known as the Sultanate of Women . Halime lived in the Ottoman empire as a courtier during the reign of five Sultans : Murad III , Mehmed III , Ahmed I , Mustafa I , and Osman II .'}]}, {'value': 'Valide Sultân ( 22 Nov 1617 - 26 Feb 1618 ) and ( 19 May 1622 - 10 Sep 1623 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valide_Sultan', 'summary': "Valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان , lit . mother sultan ) was the title held by the legal mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan ( died 1534 ) , consort of Selim I ( r. 1512-1520 ) and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520-1566 ) , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ( cradle of the great ) . Normally , the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title . Those mothers who died before their sons ' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of Valide Sultan . In special cases , grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title Valide Sultan ."}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abkhaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abkhaz_people', 'summary': 'Abkhazians , or Abkhaz ( Abkhaz : Аԥсуаа , Aṕswaа ) , are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group , mainly living in Abkhazia , a disputed region on the Black Sea coast . A large Abkhaz diaspora population resides in Turkey , the origins of which lie in the population movements from the Caucasus in the late 19th century . Many Abkhaz also live in other parts of the former Soviet Union , particularly in Russia and Ukraine .'}]}, {'value': '1623', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mustafa I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mustafa_I', 'summary': 'Mustafa I ( /ˈmʊstəfə/ ; Ottoman Turkish : مصطفى اول ; c. 1591 - 20 January 1639 ) , called Mustafa the Saint ( Veli Mustafa ) during his second reign and often called Mustafa the Mad ( Deli Mustafa ) by modern historians , was the son of Mehmed III and was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mahfiruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahfiruz_Hatun', 'summary': 'Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan/ Hatun ( from Persian ماه فيروز Mâh-i firūz Glorious moon [ a ] , c. 1590 - 1620 ) was a concubine of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I ( r. 1603-17 ) and mother of Sultan Osman II ( r. 1618-22 ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 October 1620', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Osman II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osman_II', 'summary': 'Osman II ( Ottoman Turkish : عثمان ثانى Osmān-i sānī ; 3 November 1604 - 20 May 1622 ) , commonly known in Turkey as Genç Osman ( Osman the Young in English ) , was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1618 until his regicide on 20 May 1622 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mahpeyker Kösem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kösem_Sultan', 'summary': "Kösem Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : كوسم سلطان , IPA : [ cœˈsæm suɫˈtan ] ) ( c. 1589 - 2 September 1651 ) - also known as Mahpeyker Sultan ( Turkish pronunciation : [ mahpejˈkæɾ suɫˈtan ] ; from the Persian compound ماه پيكر Māh-peyker meaning moon framed ) - was one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history . Kösem Sultan achieved power and influenced the politics of the Ottoman Empire when she became haseki sultan as favourite consort and later second legal wife of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I ( r. 1603-1617 ) ( after Mahfiruze Hatice Sultan , who was the Sultan 's first legal wife ) and valide sultan as mother of Murad IV ( r. 1623-1640 ) and Ibrahim ( r. 1640-1648 ) , and grandmother of Mehmed IV ( r. 1648-1687 ) . Kösem lived in the Ottoman Empire as a courtier during the reign of six sultans : Ahmed I , Mustafa I , Osman II , Murad IV , Ibrahim , and Mehmed IV . After her death , she was known by the names Valide-i Muazzama ( magnificent mother ) , Vālide-i Maḳtūle ( murdered mother ) , and Vālide-i Şehīde ( martyred mother ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Haseki Sultân ( 26 Nov 1605 - 22 Nov 1617 ) Valide Sultân ( 10 Sep 1623 - 3 Sep 1651 ) Naib-i-Sultanat ( 10 Sep 1623 - 1632 ) and ( 8 Aug 1648 - 3 Sep 1651 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haseki_sultan', 'summary': 'Haseki Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : خاصکى سلطان , Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān ; Turkish pronunciation : [ haseˈci suɫˈtaːn ] ) was the imperial title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman Sultan . Haseki sultan meant chief consort or single favorite of the sultan . In later years , the meaning of the title changed to imperial consort . Hürrem Sultan , principal consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , was the first holder of this title . The title haseki sultan was only used until the 17th century . After that , Kadınefendi became the highest ranking title for imperial consorts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valide_Sultan', 'summary': "Valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان , lit . mother sultan ) was the title held by the legal mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan ( died 1534 ) , consort of Selim I ( r. 1512-1520 ) and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520-1566 ) , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ( cradle of the great ) . Normally , the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title . Those mothers who died before their sons ' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of Valide Sultan . In special cases , grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title Valide Sultan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Regent', 'summary': "A regent ( from the Latin regens : ruling , governing ) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor , is absent , or is incapacitated . The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency . A regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule . Regent is sometimes a formal title . If the regent is holding his position due to his position in the line of succession , the compound term prince regent is often used ; if the regent of a minor is his mother , she is often referred to as queen regent . If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or can not serve on a temporary basis , a regent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap . In a monarchy , a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons , but may also be elected to rule during the interregnum when the royal line has died out . This was the case in the Kingdom of Finland and the Kingdom of Hungary , where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I . In Iceland , the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944 . In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1569-1795 ) , kings were elective , which often led to a fairly long interregnum . In the interim , it was the Roman Catholic primate ( the archbishop of Gniezno ) who served as the regent , termed the interrex ( Latin : ruler 'between kings ' as in ancient Rome ) . In the small republic of San Marino , the two Captains Regent , or Capitani Reggenti , are elected semi-annually ( they serve a six-month term ) as joint heads of state and of government ."}]}, {'value': 'Anastasia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greek . Born on Tinos , Republic of Venice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greeks', 'summary': 'The Greeks or Hellenes ( /ˈhɛliːnz/ ; Greek : Έλληνες , Éllines [ ˈelines ] ) are an ethnic group native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania , Italy , Turkey , Egypt and , to a lesser extent , other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea . They also form a significant diaspora , with Greek communities established around the world . Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea , but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas , where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age . Until the early 20th century , Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula , the western coast of Asia Minor , the Black Sea coast , Cappadocia in central Anatolia , Egypt , the Balkans , Cyprus , and Constantinople . Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization . The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens , Thessalonica , Alexandria , Smyrna , and Constantinople at various periods . In recent times , most ethnic Greeks live within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus . The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor . Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries . Today , most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church . Throughout history , Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture , visual arts , exploration , theatre , literature , philosophy , politics , architecture , music , mathematics , medicine , science , technology , commerce , cuisine and sports .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tinos', 'summary': 'Tinos ( Greek : Τήνος [ ˈtinos ] ) is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea . It is located in the Cyclades archipelago . In antiquity , Tinos was also known as Ophiussa ( from ophis , Greek for snake ) and Hydroessa ( from hydor , Greek for water ) . The closest islands are Andros , Delos , and Mykonos . It has a land area of 194.464 square kilometres ( 75.083 sq mi ) and a 2011 census population of 8,636 inhabitants . Tinos is famous amongst Greeks for the Church of Panagia Evangelistria , its 80 or so windmills , about 1000 artistic dovecotes , 50 active villages and its Venetian fortifications at the mountain , Exomvourgo . On Tinos , both Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic populations co-exist , and the island is also well known for its famous sculptors and painters , such as Nikolaos Gysis , Yannoulis Chalepas and Nikiforos Lytras . The island is located near the geographical center of the Cyclades island complex , and because of the Panagia Evangelistria church , with its reputedly miraculous icon of Virgin Mary that it holds , Tinos is also the center of a yearly pilgrimage that takes place on the date of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary ( 15 August , Dekapentavgoustos in Greek ) . This is perhaps the most notable and still active yearly pilgrimage in the region of the eastern Mediterranean . Many pilgrims make their way the 800 metres ( 2,600 feet ) from the ferry wharf to the church on their hands and knees as sign of devotion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Venice', 'summary': "The Republic of Venice ( Italian : Repubblica di Venezia ; Venetian : Repùblica de Venèsia ) or Venetian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Veneta ; Venetian : Repùblica Vèneta ) , traditionally known as La Serenissima ( English : Most Serene Republic of Venice ; Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia ; Venetian : Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta ) , was a sovereign state and maritime republic in what is now northeastern Italy . It lasted from 697 AD until 1797 AD . Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice , the republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position in the Renaissance . Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language , although publishing in ( Florentine ) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance . The Venetian city state was founded as a safe haven for the people escaping persecution in mainland Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire . [ citation needed ] In its early years , it prospered on the salt trade . In subsequent centuries , the city state established a thalassocracy . It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea , including commerce between Europe and North Africa , as well as Asia . The Venetian navy was used in the Crusades , most notably in the Fourth Crusade . However , Venice perceived Rome as an enemy and maintained high levels of religious and ideological independence personified by the Patriarch of Venice and a highly-developed independent publishing industry that served as a haven from Roman Catholic censorship for many centuries . Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea . Venice became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class , who patronized renowned art and architecture along the city 's lagoons ."}]}, {'value': '2 September 1651', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murad IV Ibrahim I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murad_IV', 'summary': 'Murad IV ( Ottoman Turkish : مراد رابع , Murād-ı Rābiʿ ; 27 July 1612 - 8 February 1640 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640 , known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods . Murad IV was born in Constantinople , the son of Sultan Ahmed I ( r. 1603-17 ) and Kösem Sultan . He was brought to power by a palace conspiracy in 1623 , and he succeeded his uncle Mustafa I ( r. 1617-18 , 1622-23 ) . He was only 11 when he ascended the throne . His reign is most notable for the Ottoman-Safavid War ( 1623-39 ) , of which the outcome would permanently part the Caucasus between the two Imperial powers for around two centuries , while it also roughly laid the foundation for the current Turkey-Iran-Iraq borders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire', 'summary': 'Ibrahim ( /ˌɪbrəˈhiːm/ ; Ottoman Turkish : ابراهيم ; Turkish : İbrahim ; 5 November 1615 - 18 August 1648 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until 1648 . He was born in Istanbul the son of Ahmed I by Valide Kösem Sultan , an ethnic Greek originally named Anastasia . He was later called Ibrahim the Mad by 20th-century historians due to his reputed mental condition .'}]}, {'value': 'Turhan Hatice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turhan_Hatice', 'summary': 'Turhan Sultan ( c. 1627 - 4 August 1683 ; Turhan meaning of Mercy ) , was Haseki Sultan of the Ottoman Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640-48 ) and Valide Sultan as the mother of Mehmed IV ( reign 1648-87 ) . Turhan was prominent for the regency of her young son and her building patronage . She and her mother-in-law , Kösem Sultan , are the only two women in Ottoman history to be regarded as official regents and had supreme control over the Ottoman Empire . Turhan herself was the only one in Ottoman history to equally share the power of running the entire empire with Ottoman Sultan legally , although in fact she transferred her political power to the grand vizier . As a result , Turhan became one of the prominent figures during the era known as Sultanate of Women .'}]}, {'value': 'Haseki Sultân ( 2 Jan 1642 - 12 Aug 1648 ) Valide Sultân ( 3 Sep 1651 - 4 Aug 1683 ) Naib-i-Sultanat ( 3 Sep 1651 - 1656 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haseki_sultan', 'summary': 'Haseki Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : خاصکى سلطان , Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān ; Turkish pronunciation : [ haseˈci suɫˈtaːn ] ) was the imperial title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman Sultan . Haseki sultan meant chief consort or single favorite of the sultan . In later years , the meaning of the title changed to imperial consort . Hürrem Sultan , principal consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , was the first holder of this title . The title haseki sultan was only used until the 17th century . After that , Kadınefendi became the highest ranking title for imperial consorts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valide_Sultan', 'summary': "Valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان , lit . mother sultan ) was the title held by the legal mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan ( died 1534 ) , consort of Selim I ( r. 1512-1520 ) and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520-1566 ) , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ( cradle of the great ) . Normally , the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title . Those mothers who died before their sons ' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of Valide Sultan . In special cases , grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title Valide Sultan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Regent', 'summary': "A regent ( from the Latin regens : ruling , governing ) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor , is absent , or is incapacitated . The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency . A regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule . Regent is sometimes a formal title . If the regent is holding his position due to his position in the line of succession , the compound term prince regent is often used ; if the regent of a minor is his mother , she is often referred to as queen regent . If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or can not serve on a temporary basis , a regent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap . In a monarchy , a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons , but may also be elected to rule during the interregnum when the royal line has died out . This was the case in the Kingdom of Finland and the Kingdom of Hungary , where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I . In Iceland , the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944 . In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1569-1795 ) , kings were elective , which often led to a fairly long interregnum . In the interim , it was the Roman Catholic primate ( the archbishop of Gniezno ) who served as the regent , termed the interrex ( Latin : ruler 'between kings ' as in ancient Rome ) . In the small republic of San Marino , the two Captains Regent , or Capitani Reggenti , are elected semi-annually ( they serve a six-month term ) as joint heads of state and of government ."}]}, {'value': 'Nadia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russians', 'summary': "Russians ( Russian : русские , tr . russkiye , IPA : ˈruskʲɪje ) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to European Russia and other parts of Eastern Europe ( some territories of the former Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire ) ; they are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe . The majority of ethnic Russians live in the Russian Federation , but notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus , Kazakhstan , Moldova , Ukraine and the Baltic states . A large Russian diaspora ( sometimes including Russophones , i.e . Russian-speaking non-Russians ) has developed all over the world , with notable numbers in the United States , Germany , Brazil , and Canada . The culture of the ethnic Russian people has a long tradition and it is a foundation for the modern culture of the whole of Russia . The Russian language originally was the language of ethnic Russians . They are historically Orthodox Christians by religion . The ethnic Russians formed from East Slavic tribes and their cultural ancestry is based in Kievan Rus ' . The Russian word for ethnic Russians is derived from the people of Rus ' and the territory of Rus ' . The Russians share many historical and cultural traits with other European peoples , and especially with other East Slavic ethnic groups , specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians . Many ethnic groups had a common history within the former Soviet Union and Russian Empire , which was influential in the spreading of Russian culture and language ."}]}, {'value': '4 August 1683', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehmed IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehmed_IV', 'summary': "Mehmed IV ( Ottoman Turkish : محمد رابع Meḥmed-i rābiʿ ; Modern Turkish : IV . Mehmet ; also known as Avcı Mehmet , Mehmed the Hunter ; 2 January 1642 - 6 January 1693 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687 . He came to the throne at the age of six after his father was overthrown in a coup . Mehmed went on to become the second longest reigning sultan in Ottoman history after Suleiman the Magnificent . While the first and last years of his reign were characterized by military defeat and political instability , during his middle years he oversaw the revival of the empire 's fortunes associated with the Köprülü era . Mehmed IV was known by contemporaries as a particularly pious ruler , and was referred to as gazi , or holy warrior for his role in the many conquests carried out during his long reign . Under his reign the empire reached the height of its territorial expansion in Europe . From a young age he developed a keen interest in hunting , for which he is known as avcı ( translated as the Hunter ) . In 1687 Mehmed was overthrown by soldiers disenchanted by the course of the ongoing War of the Holy League . He subsequently retired to Edirne , where he resided until his natural death in 1693 ."}]}, {'value': 'Aşub', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aşub_Sultan', 'summary': 'Aşub Sultan [ a ] ( Ottoman Turkish : اشوب سلطان ; died 3 January 1690 ) was a consort of Ottoman Sultan Ibrahim I and Valide Sultan to their son Suleiman II .'}]}, {'value': 'Haseki Sultân ( until 12 Aug 1648 ) Valide Sultân ( 8 Nov 1687 - 4 Dec 1689 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haseki_sultan', 'summary': 'Haseki Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : خاصکى سلطان , Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān ; Turkish pronunciation : [ haseˈci suɫˈtaːn ] ) was the imperial title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman Sultan . Haseki sultan meant chief consort or single favorite of the sultan . In later years , the meaning of the title changed to imperial consort . Hürrem Sultan , principal consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , was the first holder of this title . The title haseki sultan was only used until the 17th century . After that , Kadınefendi became the highest ranking title for imperial consorts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valide_Sultan', 'summary': "Valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان , lit . mother sultan ) was the title held by the legal mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan ( died 1534 ) , consort of Selim I ( r. 1512-1520 ) and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520-1566 ) , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ( cradle of the great ) . Normally , the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title . Those mothers who died before their sons ' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of Valide Sultan . In special cases , grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title Valide Sultan ."}]}, {'value': 'Katarina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 December 1689', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Süleyman II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suleiman_II', 'summary': 'Suleiman II ( 15 April 1642 - 22 June 1691 ) ( Ottoman Turkish : سليمان ثانى Süleymān-i sānī ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691 . After being brought to the throne by an armed mutiny , Suleiman and his grand vizier Fazıl Mustafa Pasha were successfully able to turn the tide of the War of the Holy League , reconquering Belgrade in 1690 , as well as carrying out significant fiscal and military reforms .'}]}, {'value': 'Muazzez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muazzez_Sultan', 'summary': 'Muazzez Sultan [ a ] ( Ottoman Turkish : معزز سلطان ; died 12 September 1687 ) was the third consort of Sultan Ibrahim and the mother of Sultan Ahmed II .'}]}, {'value': 'Haseki Sultân ( until 12 Aug 1648 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haseki_sultan', 'summary': 'Haseki Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : خاصکى سلطان , Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān ; Turkish pronunciation : [ haseˈci suɫˈtaːn ] ) was the imperial title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman Sultan . Haseki sultan meant chief consort or single favorite of the sultan . In later years , the meaning of the title changed to imperial consort . Hürrem Sultan , principal consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , was the first holder of this title . The title haseki sultan was only used until the 17th century . After that , Kadınefendi became the highest ranking title for imperial consorts .'}]}, {'value': 'Eva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown / Polish Jew . Born in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polish_Jews', 'summary': "The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years . For centuries , Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish community in the world . Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture , thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy which ended with the Partitions of Poland in the 18th century . During World War II there was a nearly complete genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators , during the 1939-1945 German occupation of Poland and the ensuing Holocaust . Since the fall of communism in Poland , there has been a renewed interest in Jewish culture , featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival , new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities , and Warsaw 's Museum of the History of Polish Jews . From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through to the early years of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569 , Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe . Historians have used the label paradisus iudaeorum ( Latin for Paradise of the Jews ) . The country became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities and the home to the world 's largest Jewish community of the time . According to some sources , about three-quarters of the world 's Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century . With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife ( due to the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation ) , Poland 's traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century onward . After the Partitions of Poland in 1795 and the destruction of Poland as a sovereign state , Polish Jews were subject to the laws of the partitioning powers , the increasingly antisemitic Russian Empire , as well as Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Prussia ( later a part of the German Empire ) . Still , as Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I , it was the center of the European Jewish world with one of the world 's largest Jewish communities of over 3 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth', 'summary': "The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - formally , the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and , after 1791 , the Commonwealth of Poland - was a dual state , a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch , who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania . It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- to 17th-century Europe . At its largest territorial extent , in the early 17th century , the Commonwealth covered almost 400,000 square miles ( 1,000,000 km2 ) and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million . Polish and Latin were the two co-official languages . The Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in July 1569 , but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been in a de facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania 's Grand Duke Jogaila , who was crowned King jure uxoris Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland . The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the state 's size and the Commonwealth collapsed as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 . The Union possessed many features unique among contemporary states . Its political system was characterized by strict checks upon monarchical power . These checks were enacted by a legislature ( sejm ) controlled by the nobility ( szlachta ) . This idiosyncratic system was a precursor to modern concepts of democracy , constitutional monarchy , and federation . Although the two component states of the Commonwealth were formally equal , Poland was the dominant partner in the union . The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was marked by high levels of ethnic diversity and by relative religious tolerance , guaranteed by the Warsaw Confederation Act 1573 ; [ a ] however , the degree of religious freedom varied over time ."}]}, {'value': '1687', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmet II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmet_II', 'summary': 'Ahmed II ( Ottoman Turkish : احمد ثانى Aḥmed-i sānī ) ( 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642 - 6 February 1695 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rabia Gülnuş', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emetullah_Rabia_Gülnuş_Sultan', 'summary': 'Gülnuş Sultan [ b ] ( Ottoman Turkish : کلنوش سلطان ; 1642 - 6 November 1715 ) was Haseki Sultan of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and Valide Sultan to their sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III .'}]}, {'value': 'Haseki Sultân ( 4 Aug 1683 - 8 Nov 1687 ) Valide Sultân ( 6 Feb 1695 - 6 Nov 1715 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haseki_sultan', 'summary': 'Haseki Sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : خاصکى سلطان , Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān ; Turkish pronunciation : [ haseˈci suɫˈtaːn ] ) was the imperial title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman Sultan . Haseki sultan meant chief consort or single favorite of the sultan . In later years , the meaning of the title changed to imperial consort . Hürrem Sultan , principal consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , was the first holder of this title . The title haseki sultan was only used until the 17th century . After that , Kadınefendi became the highest ranking title for imperial consorts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valide_Sultan', 'summary': "Valide sultan ( Ottoman Turkish : والده سلطان , lit . mother sultan ) was the title held by the legal mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire . The title was first used in the 16th century for Hafsa Sultan ( died 1534 ) , consort of Selim I ( r. 1512-1520 ) and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent ( r. 1520-1566 ) , superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ( cradle of the great ) . Normally , the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title . Those mothers who died before their sons ' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of Valide Sultan . In special cases , grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title Valide Sultan ."}]}, {'value': 'Evmania Voria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cretan Greek . Born in Rethymno , Republic of Venice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greeks', 'summary': 'The Greeks or Hellenes ( /ˈhɛliːnz/ ; Greek : Έλληνες , Éllines [ ˈelines ] ) are an ethnic group native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania , Italy , Turkey , Egypt and , to a lesser extent , other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea . They also form a significant diaspora , with Greek communities established around the world . Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea , but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas , where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age . Until the early 20th century , Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula , the western coast of Asia Minor , the Black Sea coast , Cappadocia in central Anatolia , Egypt , the Balkans , Cyprus , and Constantinople . Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization . The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens , Thessalonica , Alexandria , Smyrna , and Constantinople at various periods . In recent times , most ethnic Greeks live within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus . The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor . Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries . Today , most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church . Throughout history , Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture , visual arts , exploration , theatre , literature , philosophy , politics , architecture , music , mathematics , medicine , science , technology , commerce , cuisine and sports .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rethymno', 'summary': 'Rethymno ( Greek : Ρέθυμνο , [ ˈreθimno ] , also Rethimno , Rethymnon , Réthymnon , and Rhíthymnos ) is a city of approximately 40,000 people in Greece , the capital of Rethymno regional unit on the island of Crete , a former Latin Catholic bishopric as Retimo ( -Ario ) and former Latin titular see . Rethymno was originally built during the Minoan civilization ( ancient Rhithymna and Arsinoe ) . The city was prominent enough to mint its own coins and maintain urban growth . One of these coins is today depicted as the crest of the town : two dolphins in a circle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Venice', 'summary': "The Republic of Venice ( Italian : Repubblica di Venezia ; Venetian : Repùblica de Venèsia ) or Venetian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Veneta ; Venetian : Repùblica Vèneta ) , traditionally known as La Serenissima ( English : Most Serene Republic of Venice ; Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia ; Venetian : Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta ) , was a sovereign state and maritime republic in what is now northeastern Italy . It lasted from 697 AD until 1797 AD . Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice , the republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position in the Renaissance . Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language , although publishing in ( Florentine ) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance . The Venetian city state was founded as a safe haven for the people escaping persecution in mainland Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire . [ citation needed ] In its early years , it prospered on the salt trade . In subsequent centuries , the city state established a thalassocracy . It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea , including commerce between Europe and North Africa , as well as Asia . The Venetian navy was used in the Crusades , most notably in the Fourth Crusade . However , Venice perceived Rome as an enemy and maintained high levels of religious and ideological independence personified by the Patriarch of Venice and a highly-developed independent publishing industry that served as a haven from Roman Catholic censorship for many centuries . Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea . Venice became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class , who patronized renowned art and architecture along the city 's lagoons ."}]}, {'value': '6 November 1715', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mustafa II Ahmed III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mustafa_II', 'summary': 'Mustafa II ( /ˈmʊstəfə/ ; Ottoman Turkish : مصطفى ثانى Muṣṭafā-yi sānī ; 6 February 1664 - 29 December 1703 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1695 to 1703 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_III', 'summary': "Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish : احمد ثالث , Aḥmed-i sālis ) ( 30 December 1673 - 1 July 1736 ) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV ( r. 1648-87 ) . His mother was Gülnuş Sultan , originally named Evmenia Voria , who was an ethnic Greek . He was born at Hacıoğlu Pazarcık , in Dobruja . He succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdication of his brother Mustafa II ( 1695-1703 ) . Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha and the Sultan 's daughter , Fatma Sultan ( wife of the former ) directed the government from 1718 to 1730 , a period referred to as the Tulip Era . The first days of Ahmed III 's reign passed with efforts to appease the janissaries who were completely disciplined . However , he was not effective against the janissaries who made him sultan . Çorlulu Ali Pasha , who Ahmed brought to the Grand Vizier , tried to help him in administrative matters , made new arrangements for the treasury and Sultan III . He supported Ahmed in his fight with his rivals ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Mothers of the Ottoman Sultans -- The detailed list of the mothers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_the_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_Sultans_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the biological mothers of Ottoman sultans. There were thirty-six sultans of the Ottoman Empire in twenty-one generations. (During early days the title Bey was used instead of Sultan) Throughout 623-years history the sultans were the members of the same house, namely the House of Ottoman (Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı).'}
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What is the meaning of the name of the mother of Ottoman sultan Ahmed I ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Houston', 'title': 'Sports in Houston', 'header': ['Club', 'League', 'Sport', 'Venue', 'Founded', 'Titles'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bayou Warriors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The Universal Basketball Association ( UBA ) is a semi-professional men 's basketball minor league in the United States that began play in 2009 . The league typically play a Spring season schedule . Teams are split into geographical divisions , from Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , North Carolina , Ohio and Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Aces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Aces', 'summary': "The Houston Aces are a North American women 's soccer team founded in 2012 . The Aces participate in the UWS Southwest Conference of the UWS ( a national league with teams playing in regional conferences ) , the second tier of women 's soccer in the United States and Canada , underneath the National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) . The Aces play at Houston Amateur Sports Park , and also field several academy and youth teams . They joined the United Women 's Soccer league in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'UWS', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/United_Women's_Soccer", 'summary': "United Women 's Soccer ( UWS , also commonly abbreviated UWoSo ) is a second-division pro-am women 's soccer league in the United States . The league was founded in 2015 as a response to the dual problems of disorganization in the WPSL and of the folding of the USL W-League . The league began play in May 2016 with eleven teams in two conferences . The league currently has 23 teams in 4 conferences ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's soccer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_association_football", 'summary': "Women 's association football , usually known as women 's football or women 's soccer , is a team sport , similar to associated football , played by women only . It is played at the professional level in numerous countries throughout the world and 176 national teams participate internationally . The history of women 's football has seen major competitions being launched at both the national and international levels . Women 's football has faced many struggles throughout its history . Although its first golden age occurred in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s , with matches attracting large crowds ( one match achieved over 50,000 spectators ) , The Football Association initiated a ban in 1921 that disallowed women 's football games from taking place on the grounds used by its member clubs . This ban remained in effect until July 1971 . The inaugural FIFA Women 's World Cup was held in China in 1991 . Since then , the sport has gained in popularity . The 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final in Canada was the most watched soccer game in United States history and over 1.12 billion people worldwide watched the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup in France ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Baptist University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Baptist_University', 'summary': 'Houston Baptist University ( HBU ) is a private Baptist university in Sharpstown , Houston , Texas . The university was founded in 1960 . Its Cultural Arts Center houses three museums : the Dunham Bible Museum , the Museum of American Architecture and Decorative Arts , and the Museum of Southern History .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2018 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Bounty Hunters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NDL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Dodgeball_League', 'summary': 'The National Dodgeball League ( NDL ) is a professional dodgeball league in the United States . The league was founded in 2004 and is currently headed by Commissioner Edward Prentiss out of Hopkins , MN . The league is composed of 24 professional teams , which are divided into the National and the American Dodgeball Conferences . In addition to professional dodgeball , the NDL hosts the annual amateur Dodgeball World Championship ( DWC ) in Las Vegas , Nevada . The DWC draws dodgeball players from across the globe to compete in a tournament to determine the best amateur dodgeball team in the world . Prior DWC tournaments have included teams from Canada , Denmark , United Kingdom , Japan , New Zealand , and Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Dodgeball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dodgeball', 'summary': 'Dodgeball is a team sport in which players on two teams try to throw balls and hit opponents , while avoiding being hit themselves . The objective of each team is to eliminate all members of the opposing team by hitting them with thrown balls , catching a ball thrown by an opponent , or inducing an opponent to commit a violation , such as stepping outside the court . The sport is played informally ( in schools and pick-up games ) under varying rules ; and formally as an international sport , under rules that vary among international governing bodies , such as the World Dodgeball Federation ( WDBF ) and the World Dodgeball Association ( WDA ) . USA Dodgeball is the governing entity for dodgeball in the United States , with member leagues and clubs across the nation . International dodgeball day is April 27 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Dutch Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Dutch_Lions', 'summary': 'Dutch Lions FC is an American soccer club based in Conroe , Texas . Founded in 2011 , it formerly competed in the National Premier Soccer League , the fourth tier of the American soccer pyramid , before relocating its NPSL side to the Miami , Florida area . It now focuses solely on its youth teams . The club is owned by Martin Kroeze .'}]}, {'value': 'NPSL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League', 'summary': "The National Premier Soccer League ( NPSL ) is an American soccer league commonly recognized as being a fourth-tier league , although it has been given no official designation by U.S. Soccer . Although the league is officially affiliated to the United States Adult Soccer Association ( USASA ) and qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup through USASA channels , it is generally considered to be the level of competition behind Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the USL Championship , USL League One , and roughly equal with USL League Two . It is the successor of the Men 's Premier Soccer League , a regional league originally based in the Western United States , which has now expanded nationwide to encompass teams from 29 states . The league 's motto is A National League with a Regional Focus ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soccer', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Woodforest Bank Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodforest_Bank_Stadium', 'summary': "The Woodforest Bank Stadium is an outdoor Football stadium and natatorium located in Shenandoah , Texas . The stadium is the home to the Oak Ridge High School War Eagles , The Woodlands High School Highlanders , Houston Dutch Lions , The Woodlands College Park High School Cavaliers , and The Woodlands Wildcats . Woodforest National Bank ( based in the nearby development of The Woodlands , Texas ) bought the rights to the name for $ 1 million from Conroe Independent School District , the stadium 's owner . In 2018 and 2019 , Woodforest Bank Stadium will be the site of the NCAA Division III Football Championship . The University of Mary Hardin-Baylor will be the host institution ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Energy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Energy', 'summary': "The Houston Energy are a football team in the Independent Women 's Football League . They play just south of Houston , Texas at Pearland Stadium , the football stadium on the campus of Pearland High School in nearby Pearland ."}]}, {'value': 'IWFL', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Independent_Women's_Football_League", 'summary': "The Independent Women 's Football League ( IWFL ) was a full-contact Women 's American football league that was founded in 2000 , began play in 2001 , and played its last season in 2018 . Laurie Frederick , Deborah DelToro , and K Disney were the league 's founders . The players were n't paid to play ; on the contrary , players had to contribute funds to cover part of their expenses ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's football", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_American_football", 'summary': "Women 's gridiron football , more commonly known as women 's American football , women 's Canadian football , or simply women 's football , is a form of gridiron football ( American or Canadian ) played by women . Most leagues play by the same rules as their male counterparts , with one exception : women 's leagues use a slightly smaller football . Women primarily play on a semi-professional or amateur level in the United States . Very few high schools or colleges offer the sport solely for women and girls . However , on occasion , it is permissible for a female player to join the otherwise male team . The first evidence of women playing organized football was in 1926 . It was then that an NFL team called the Frankford Yellow Jackets ( the predecessors to the modern Philadelphia Eagles ) employed a women 's team for halftime entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'The Rig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rig', 'summary': "Pearland Stadium ( nicknamed The Rig ) is an American multi-use stadium in Pearland , Texas ( near Houston ) . The 12,000-capacity stadium is on the campus of Pearland High School and serves as home to the school 's football , soccer , and track and field teams . In addition , it is home to the Houston Energy , a team in the Independent Women 's Football League , who used to play at Houston 's Astrodome stadium . The stadium is nicknamed The Rig after oil rigs as oil is a large part of the Texas economy ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2018 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_FC', 'summary': 'Houston FC is an American soccer club currently competing in the USL League Two.It started play in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'PDL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_Development_League', 'summary': 'USL League Two ( USL2 ) , formerly the Premier Development League ( PDL ) , is a development soccer league sponsored by United Soccer Leagues in the United States and Canada , forming part of the United States soccer league system . The league featured 72 teams in 2019 , split into eleven regional divisions within four conferences . Unofficially , it is considered to be the fourth tier of competition , behind Major League Soccer , USL Championship , and USL League One . USL League Two is headquartered in Tampa , Florida . Flint City Bucks are the current champions having defeated Reading United AC 1-0 in extra time in the 2019 USL League Two Championship game on August 3 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soccer', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'San Jacinto College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jacinto_College', 'summary': 'San Jacinto College is a public community college in the Greater Houston with its campuses in Pasadena and Houston , Texas . Established in 1961 , San Jacinto College originally consisted of the independent school districts ( ISD ) of Channelview , Deer Park , Galena Park , La Porte , and Pasadena . The college now also serves Sheldon , and portions of Clear Creek ISD and Humble ISD . San Jacinto College headquarters are located in Pasadena , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Guardians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guardians_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps', 'summary': 'The Guardians Drum and Bugle Corps is an Open Class competitive junior drum and bugle corps . Based in Seguin , Texas , the Guardians perform in Drum Corps International ( DCI ) competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'DCI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drum_Corps_International', 'summary': 'Drum Corps International ( DCI ) is a governing body for junior drum and bugle corps based in Indianapolis , Indiana . DCI is responsible for developing and enforcing rules of competition , and for providing standardized adjudication , at sanctioned competitions throughout the United States and Canada . The competitive season traditionally begins in late-June and ends with the annual World Championship the second week of August . The next World Championships is scheduled for August 6 - August 8 , 2020 at the Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The previous Open Class Championships were hosted on August 5 - August 6 , 2019 , at Indiana Wesleyan University , in Marion , Indiana . DCI is not affiliated with the similarly named Drum Corps Associates ( DCA ) or Drum Corps Europe ( DCE ) , governing bodies for all-age or senior drum and bugle corps in the United States and Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Drum and Bugle Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_(modern)', 'summary': 'A modern drum and bugle corps is a musical marching unit of 150+ members , consisting of brass instruments , percussion instruments , synthesizers , color guard , and choreographic movements . Typically operating as independent non-profit organizations , drum corps perform in competitions , parades , festivals , and other civic functions . Participants of all ages are represented within the band activity , but the majority are between the ages of 13 and 22 and are members of corps within Drum Corps International or Drum Corps Associates . Competitive summer marching bands participate in summer touring circuits , such as Drum Corps International ( DCI ) and Drum Corps Associates ( DCA ) . Corps prepare a new show each year , approximately 8-12 minutes in length , and refine it throughout the summer tour . Shows are performed on football fields and are judged in various musical and visual categories , or captions . Musical repertoires vary widely among corps and include symphonic , jazz , big band , contemporary , rock , wind band , vocal , rap , Broadway , and Latin music , among other genres . Competitive junior corps usually spend between 10 and 15 weeks on tour over the summer , practicing and performing full-time .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Hornets', 'summary': 'The USA Rugby League ( USARL ) is the official governing body for rugby league , a code of rugby football , in the USA . The USA Rugby League LLC ( Domestic Competition ) runs the national competition for rugby league in the US as an amateur rugby league football competition in the United States . The league consists of eleven teams located in east coast states , with a development conference in the Mid-West states consisting of three teams . The regular season is played in June and July . The league was founded in 2011 by clubs that had broken with the established American National Rugby League ( AMNRL ) , plus expansion franchises . The USARL began its inaugural season in 2011 with eight teams . The USARL was granted affiliate membership in November 2014 of the RLIF and RLEF , replacing the AMNRL which is now defunct .'}]}, {'value': 'USARL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USA_Rugby_League', 'summary': 'The USA Rugby League ( USARL ) is the official governing body for rugby league , a code of rugby football , in the USA . The USA Rugby League LLC ( Domestic Competition ) runs the national competition for rugby league in the US as an amateur rugby league football competition in the United States . The league consists of eleven teams located in east coast states , with a development conference in the Mid-West states consisting of three teams . The regular season is played in June and July . The league was founded in 2011 by clubs that had broken with the established American National Rugby League ( AMNRL ) , plus expansion franchises . The USARL began its inaugural season in 2011 with eight teams . The USARL was granted affiliate membership in November 2014 of the RLIF and RLEF , replacing the AMNRL which is now defunct .'}]}, {'value': 'Rugby league', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_league', 'summary': "Rugby league is a full-contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field measuring 68 m wide and 112-122 m long . One of the two codes of rugby football , it originated in Northern England in 1895 as a split from the Rugby Football Union over the issue of payments to players . Its rules progressively changed with the aim of producing a faster , more entertaining game for spectators . In rugby league , points are scored by carrying the ball and touching it to the ground beyond the opposing team 's goal line ; this is called a try , and is the primary method of scoring . The opposing team attempts to stop the attacking side scoring points by tackling the player carrying the ball . In addition to tries , points can be scored by kicking goals . Field goals can be attempted at any time , and following a successful try , the scoring team gains a free kick to try at goal with a conversion for further points . Kicks at goal may also be awarded for penalties . The Super League and the National Rugby League ( NRL ) are the premier club competitions . Rugby league is played internationally , predominantly by European , Australasian and Pacific Island countries , and is governed by the International Rugby League ( IRL ) . Rugby league is the national sport of Papua New Guinea , and is a popular sport in Northern England , Australia , North Island in New Zealand , France , Tonga , Fiji , Samoa and Lebanon . The first Rugby League World Cup was held in France in 1954 ; the current holders are Australia ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Hotshots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Hotshots', 'summary': 'The Houston Hotshots are a professional indoor soccer team in Houston , Texas . They play in the Premier Arena Soccer League ( PASL ) From 1994 to 1997 and 2000-2001 , the Houston Hotshots were a full professional indoor soccer team in Houston , Texas . They played in the Continental Indoor Soccer League ( CISL ) from 1994 to 1997 , and moved to the World Indoor Soccer League in 1999 after the CISL folded . The Hotshots folded in early 2001 after failing to attract new investors . On June 28 , 2015 , William Alsobrook filed the necessary paperwork to revive the club and announced his intention to field a team in the upcoming Premier Arena Soccer League season .'}]}, {'value': 'PASL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_Arena_Soccer_League', 'summary': "The Premier Arena Soccer League ( PASL ) is an indoor soccer league with mostly semi-professional teams . PASL currently has four divisions across North America . The PASL was previously known as the Federation of Sports Arenas ( FSA ) . Teams play in regional competition to keep travel costs to a minimum . The champion of each region then compete in a playoff tournament to decide the league champion . PASL currently runs a men 's winter and summer league as well as women 's summer league . The winter league starts in December and ends in March . The summer league runs from May through early August . PASL is an affiliated member of the Confederación Panamericana de Minifutbol ."}]}, {'value': 'Indoor soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indoor_soccer', 'summary': 'Indoor soccer or arena soccer ( known internationally as indoor football , minifootball , fast football , floorball or showball ) , is a game derived from association football adapted for play in a walled indoor arena . Indoor soccer , as it is most often known in the United States and Canada , was originally developed in these two countries as a way to play soccer during the winter months , when snow would make outdoor play difficult . In those countries , gymnasiums are adapted for indoor soccer play . In other countries the game is played in either indoor or outdoor arenas surrounded by walls , and is referred to by different names ( such as fast football ( futbol rapido ) in Mexico , showbol in South America , and indoor football ( futbol indoor ) in Spain ) . Indoor soccer has different regulations from other versions of association football designed for indoor play , such as futsal and five-a-side football . Unlike futsal , which is played on wooden or ceramic surfaces , indoor soccer is played on synthetic turf ( or , in the case of the British Masters Football variety , synthetic carpet ) . Indoor soccer courts are either delimited by walls or lines , and there are no player throw-ins . FIFA , the international body that oversees international association football competitions , does not sanction the synthetic turf version of indoor soccer , having developed its own code of indoor football ( which they refer to as futsal ) . Indoor soccer is most popular in the United States , Canada , and Mexico , with several amateur , collegiate and professional leagues functioning . While internationally less popular than futsal , indoor soccer is also played at the league level in many countries outside North America . The World Minifootball Federation ( WMF ) is the governing body of indoor soccer at the international level , having replaced the International Fast Football Federation ( FIFRA ) . The term minifootball , which was originally coined in Europe , has been adopted by the WMF as a standard international name for the sport .'}]}, {'value': 'Northwest Indoor Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Hurricanes FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Hurricanes_FC', 'summary': "Celtic FC America is an American soccer club based in Houston , Texas . Originally known as Houston Hurricanes FC , the club was established in December 1992 when owner Brendan Keyes announced he was moving his Galveston Pirate SC franchise to Houston . In 2019 Keyes decided to go back to his roots and use his academy team name Celtic FC America for his first team . The Celts ' regular kit colors are green and white horizontally striped shirts with white shorts and socks which derive from the iconic Celtic F.C . uniform . CFCA play home games at Clear Springs Stadium in League City , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'TPSL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Premier_Soccer_League', 'summary': "The Texas Premier Soccer League ( TPSL ) is a men 's outdoor soccer league that was formed in 2013 consisting of amateur soccer club sides across the state . The TPSL is sanctioned by US Club Soccer , an affiliate member of the United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) . Each team is individually owned and operated and are responsible for maintaining the league 's minimum standards and for raising their own operating revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soccer', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Lutheran South Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lutheran_South_Academy', 'summary': 'Lutheran South Academy is a private pre-kindergarten through 12th grade Christian school affiliated with the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod located in Houston , Texas , United States . It is a member of the Houston Area Independent Schools , a group of roughly 50 private , parochial and independent institutions in the Greater Houston area .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Inferno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Inferno', 'summary': "The Bikini Basketball Association ( BBA ) was an American women 's basketball league , created by Cedric Mitchell and A. J. McArthur in 2012 . The announcement received wide press coverage with pundits finding it variously funny , offensive , and smart business . Contrary to the name , the players wear sports bras and boy shorts , not bikinis , during games . The league launched its 2013 season on June 22 with five teams but only three teams completed the abbreviated regular season on August 17 . The undefeated Miami Spice claimed the regular season title but fell in the September 21 championship game to the Illinois Heart . The 2014 season began on June 21 with four teams , including the expansion Atlanta Storm , but the Miami Spice forfeited their first game then folded . The remaining three teams completed their abbreviated season on August 23 , 2014 , with Illinois going undefeated , Houston at 2-2 , and Atlanta remaining winless . Illinois defeated Houston in the September 27 championship final to repeat as BBA champs . The league did not play a schedule in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'BBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bikini_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The Bikini Basketball Association ( BBA ) was an American women 's basketball league , created by Cedric Mitchell and A. J. McArthur in 2012 . The announcement received wide press coverage with pundits finding it variously funny , offensive , and smart business . Contrary to the name , the players wear sports bras and boy shorts , not bikinis , during games . The league launched its 2013 season on June 22 with five teams but only three teams completed the abbreviated regular season on August 17 . The undefeated Miami Spice claimed the regular season title but fell in the September 21 championship game to the Illinois Heart . The 2014 season began on June 21 with four teams , including the expansion Atlanta Storm , but the Miami Spice forfeited their first game then folded . The remaining three teams completed their abbreviated season on August 23 , 2014 , with Illinois going undefeated , Houston at 2-2 , and Atlanta remaining winless . Illinois defeated Houston in the September 27 championship final to repeat as BBA champs . The league did not play a schedule in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's basketball", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_basketball", 'summary': "Women 's basketball was developed in the late 1800s in tandem with its men 's counterpart . It became popular , spreading from the east coast of the United States to the west coast , in large part via women 's colleges . From 1895 until 1970 , the term women 's basketball was also used to refer to netball , which evolved in parallel with modern women 's basketball . It is mostly popular in America . The FIBA Women 's Basketball World Cup and Women 's Olympic Basketball Tournament feature top national teams from continental championships . The main North American league is the WNBA ( NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship is also popular ) , whereas strongest European clubs participate in the EuroLeague Women ."}]}, {'value': 'Delmar Fieldhouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delmar_Fieldhouse', 'summary': 'The James M. Delmar Fieldhouse is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena located in Houston , Texas . It is one of several Houston Independent School Districts athletics facilities . The $ 35.2 million facility hosts basketball and volleyball games and tournaments , as well as graduation ceremonies and other special events . The maple court floor is removable and expandable , providing use for both the 84 feet required for high school games and the 94 feet required for NCAA play . The court flooring features a star representing the HISD logo and an image of the Houston skyline . Lower level seating is retractable , allowing for additional floor space , if needed . The entrance to the arena also showcases a portion of the center court floor from the original fieldhouse The entire area including the fieldhouse , stadium , softball and baseball fields are referred to as the Delmar-Tusa Sports Complex .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Lady Oilers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WAFL', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_Arena_Football_League", 'summary': "The Women 's Arena Football League ( WAFL ) was an 8-on-8 full contact professional American football league based out of Houston , Texas . Founded in 2011 , games were played in the spring and summer months in arenas around the United States . The league is somewhat similar to the male-based Arena Football League and Indoor Football League , but with slightly different rules as well as no goalposts or rebound nets . It began play in 2012 with six teams . The founder and league president is Ivan Tompkins , Dwayne Ware Coach and former AFL player with the Houston Thunderbears and head coach of the charter Houston Lady Oilers . Their championship game is known as the Diva Bowl . The WAFL was created as a more family-friendly alternative to the rival Legends Football League . As opposed to the lingerie ( later bikini wear ) worn by the players in the LFL , the WAFL 's players wore more traditional women 's athletic gear . Following their inaugural season in 2013 , the WAFL went dormant in preparations for a future return ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's American football", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_American_football", 'summary': "Women 's gridiron football , more commonly known as women 's American football , women 's Canadian football , or simply women 's football , is a form of gridiron football ( American or Canadian ) played by women . Most leagues play by the same rules as their male counterparts , with one exception : women 's leagues use a slightly smaller football . Women primarily play on a semi-professional or amateur level in the United States . Very few high schools or colleges offer the sport solely for women and girls . However , on occasion , it is permissible for a female player to join the otherwise male team . The first evidence of women playing organized football was in 1926 . It was then that an NFL team called the Frankford Yellow Jackets ( the predecessors to the modern Philadelphia Eagles ) employed a women 's team for halftime entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Lonestars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Lonestars', 'summary': 'The Houston Lonestars is a United States Australian Football League team , based in Houston , United States . It was founded in 2010 . They play in the USAFL .'}]}, {'value': 'USAFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Australian_Football_League', 'summary': "The United States Australian Football League ( USAFL ) is the governing body for Australian rules football in the United States . It was conceived in 1996 and organized in 1997 . It is based in Sun Prairie , Wisconsin . As of 2011 , there were over 1,000 registered USAFL players . There are 43 member clubs , of which 42 have men 's teams ( all except North Star Blue Ox ) and 22 have women 's teams . Most of the football clubs in the United States have a traditional 18-a-side team for representative purposes and multiple 9-a-side teams running in a local league ."}]}, {'value': 'Australian rules football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_rules_football', 'summary': "Australian rules football , officially known as Australian football , or simply called Aussie rules , football or footy , is a contact sport played between two teams of eighteen players on an oval-shaped field , often a modified cricket ground . Points are scored by kicking the oval-shaped ball between the middle goal posts ( worth six points ) or between a goal and behind post ( worth one point ) . During general play , players may position themselves anywhere on the field and use any part of their bodies to move the ball . The primary methods are kicking , handballing and running with the ball . There are rules on how the ball can be handled : for example , players running with the ball must intermittently bounce or touch it on the ground . Throwing the ball is not allowed and players must not get caught holding the ball . A distinctive feature of the game is the mark , where players anywhere on the field who catch the ball from a kick ( with specific conditions ) are awarded possession . Possession of the ball is in dispute at all times except when a free kick or mark is paid . Players can tackle using their hands or use their whole body to obstruct opponents . Dangerous physical contact ( such as pushing an opponent in the back ) , interference when marking and deliberately slowing the play are discouraged with free kicks , distance penalties or suspension for a certain number of matches , depending on the seriousness of the infringement . The game features frequent physical contests , spectacular marking , fast movement of both players and the ball and high scoring . The sport 's origins can be traced to football matches played in Melbourne , Victoria in 1858 , inspired by English public school football games ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Mud Turtles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USAU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USA_Ultimate', 'summary': 'USA Ultimate is a not-for-profit organization that serves as the governing body of the sport of Ultimate ( also known as ultimate frisbee ) in the United States . It was founded in 1979 as the Ultimate Players Association , but rebranded itself as USA Ultimate on May 25 , 2010 . The United States Olympic Committee , empowered to govern amateur sport in the USA per the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act of 1978 , officially recognized USA Ultimate as a Recognized Sport Organization on June 10 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ultimate Frisbee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultimate_Frisbee', 'summary': 'Ultimate , also and originally known as ultimate frisbee , is a non-contact team sport played with a flying disc ( frisbee ) . Ultimate was developed in 1968 by a group of students at Columbia High School in Maplewood , New Jersey . Although Ultimate resembles many traditional sports in its athletic requirements , it is unlike most sports due to its focus on self-officiating , even at the highest levels of competition . The term frisbee , often used to generically describe all flying discs , is a registered trademark of the Wham-O toy company , and thus the sport is not formally called Ultimate frisbee , though this name is still in common casual use . Points are scored by passing the disc to a teammate in the opposing end zone . Other basic rules are that players must not take steps while holding the disc , and interceptions , incomplete passes , and passes out of bounds are turnovers . Rain , wind , or occasionally other adversities can make for a testing match with rapid turnovers , heightening the pressure of play . From its beginnings in the American counterculture of the late 1960s , ultimate has resisted empowering any referee with rule enforcement . Instead it relies on the sportsmanship of players and invokes Spirit of the Game to maintain fair play . Players call their own fouls , and dispute a foul only when they genuinely believe it did not occur . Playing without referees is the norm for league play but has been supplanted in club competition by the use of observers or game advisors to help in disputes , and the professional league employs empowered referees . In 2012 , there were 5.1 million Ultimate players in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Outlaws', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Outlaws', 'summary': "The Houston Outlaws are an American professional Overwatch esports team based in Houston , Texas . The Outlaws compete in the Overwatch League ( OWL ) as a member of the league 's Atlantic South Division . Founded in 2017 , Houston Outlaws is one of the league 's twelve founding members and is one of two professional Overwatch teams based in Texas ( the other , Dallas Fuel ) . Originally , the Outlaws were established by Infinite Esports . The Immortals Gaming Club ( IGC ) acquired Infinite Esports in 2019 , marking the first change of ownership of an OWL franchise . However , IGC already had ownership of Los Angeles Valiant , and while the League allowed IGC to operate both teams , had set strict standards to keep the teams independent . Subsequently , IGC sold the Outlaws to the Beasley Media Group in November 2019 . The team will play its home matches at the Revention Music Center in Houston 's downtown Theater District . Kim TaiRong Tae-yeong was the team 's first head coach and led the team to two stage playoff appearances , but no season playoff appearances , throughout his tenure ; after failing to qualify for the season playoffs in his first two seasons , he was released from the team ."}]}, {'value': 'OWL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Overwatch_League', 'summary': 'The Overwatch League ( OWL ) is a professional esports league for the video game Overwatch , produced by its developer Blizzard Entertainment . The Overwatch League follows the model of other traditional North American professional sporting leagues by using a set of permanent , city-based teams backed by separate ownership groups . In addition , the league plays in the regular season and playoffs format rather than the use of promotion and relegation used commonly in other esports and non-North American leagues , with players on the roster being assured a minimum annual salary , benefits , and a portion of winnings and revenue-sharing based on how that team performs . The League was announced in 2016 with its inaugural season taking place in 2018 , with a total prize pool of US $ 3.5 million given to teams that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Overwatch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Overwatch_(video_game)', 'summary': "Overwatch is a team-based multiplayer first-person shooter developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment . Described as a hero shooter , Overwatch assigns players into two teams of six , with each player selecting from a roster of over 30 characters , known as heroes , each with a unique style of play that is divided into three general roles that fit their purpose . Players on a team work together to secure and defend control points on a map or escort a payload across the map in a limited amount of time . Players gain cosmetic rewards that do not affect gameplay , such as character skins and victory poses , as they play the game . The game was initially launched with only casual play , but a competitive ranked mode , various 'arcade ' game modes , and a player-customizable server browser were added after release . Additionally , Blizzard has added new characters , maps , and game modes post-release , all free of charge , with the only additional cost to players being optional loot boxes to earn cosmetic items . It was released for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Windows in May 2016 , and Nintendo Switch in October 2019 . Overwatch is Blizzard 's fourth major franchise and came about following the 2014 cancellation of the ambitious massively multiplayer online role-playing game Titan . A portion of the Titan team came up with the concept of Overwatch , based on the success of team-based first-person shooters like Team Fortress 2 and the popularity of multiplayer online battle arena games , creating a hero-based shooter that emphasized teamwork . Some elements of Overwatch borrow assets and concepts from the canceled Titan project . After establishing the narrative of an optimistic near-future Earth setting after a global crisis , the developers aimed to create a diverse cast of heroes that spanned genders and ethnicities as part of this setting . Significant time is spent adjusting the balance of the characters , making sure that new players would still be able to have fun while skilled players would present each other with a challenge ."}]}, {'value': 'Blizzard Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blizzard_Arena', 'summary': "Blizzard Entertainment , Inc. is an American video game developer and publisher based in Irvine , California , and is a subsidiary of Activision Blizzard . The company was founded on February 8 , 1991 , under the name Silicon & Synapse , Inc. by three graduates of the University of California , Los Angeles : Michael Morhaime , Frank Pearce and Allen Adham . The company originally concentrated on the creation of game ports for other studios ' games before beginning development of their own software in 1993 with games like Rock n ' Roll Racing and The Lost Vikings . In 1994 , the company became Chaos Studios , Inc. , then Blizzard Entertainment after being acquired by distributor Davidson & Associates . Shortly thereafter , Blizzard released Warcraft : Orcs & Humans . Blizzard created several other video games , including Warcraft sequels , the Diablo series , the StarCraft series , and in 2004 , the massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft . Their most recent projects include the first expansion for Diablo III , Reaper of Souls , the online collectible card game Hearthstone , the seventh expansion for World of Warcraft , Battle for Azeroth , the multiplayer online battle arena Heroes of the Storm , the third and final expansion for StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty , Legacy of the Void , and the multiplayer first-person hero shooter Overwatch . On July 9 , 2008 , Activision merged with Vivendi Games , culminating in the inclusion of the Blizzard brand name in the title of the resulting holding company . On July 25 , 2013 , Activision Blizzard announced the purchase of 429 million shares from majority owner Vivendi . As a result , Activision Blizzard became a completely independent company . Blizzard Entertainment hosts conventions for fans to meet and to promote their games : the BlizzCon in California , United States , and the Blizzard Worldwide Invitational in other countries , including South Korea and France ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Power', 'summary': "The Houston Power is a womens football which started in 2010 . They are a member of the Women 's Football Alliance . Based in Houston , Texas , the Power play their home games at Pioneer Stadium on the campus of Lutheran Academy South in Houston , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'WFA', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_Football_Alliance", 'summary': "The Women 's Football Alliance ( WFA ) is a full-contact Women 's American football league that began play in 2009 . It is the largest , 11-on-11 , football league for women . The league is owned and operated by Jeff and Lisa King of Exeter , California ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's football", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_American_football", 'summary': "Women 's gridiron football , more commonly known as women 's American football , women 's Canadian football , or simply women 's football , is a form of gridiron football ( American or Canadian ) played by women . Most leagues play by the same rules as their male counterparts , with one exception : women 's leagues use a slightly smaller football . Women primarily play on a semi-professional or amateur level in the United States . Very few high schools or colleges offer the sport solely for women and girls . However , on occasion , it is permissible for a female player to join the otherwise male team . The first evidence of women playing organized football was in 1926 . It was then that an NFL team called the Frankford Yellow Jackets ( the predecessors to the modern Philadelphia Eagles ) employed a women 's team for halftime entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy K. Traylor Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Roller Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Roller_Derby', 'summary': "Houston Roller Derby ( HRD ) is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Houston , Texas . HRD was founded in early 2005 , and is a founding member league of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'WFTDA', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_Flat_Track_Derby_Association", 'summary': "The Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) is the international governing body for the sport of women 's flat track roller derby , and association of leagues around the world . The organization was founded in April 2004 as the United Leagues Coalition ( ULC ) , but was renamed in November 2005 . It is registered in Raleigh , North Carolina as a 501 ( c ) ( 6 ) business league organization , a type of nonprofit organization . According to its mission statement , the WFTDA promotes and fosters the sport of women 's flat track roller derby by facilitating the development of athletic ability , sportsmanship , and goodwill among member leagues , and its governing philosophy is by the skaters , for the skaters - the primary owners , managers , and operators of each member league and of the association are women skaters , although this does not preclude any particular business structure ( leagues do n't have to be legally incorporated or internally egalitarian ) . The mission statement also says WFTDA sets standards for rules , seasons , and safety , and determining guidelines for the national and international athletic competitions of member leagues , and says all member leagues have a voice in the decision-making process , and agree to comply with WFTDA policies ."}]}, {'value': 'Roller derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roller_derby', 'summary': 'Roller derby is a contact sport played by two teams of five members roller skating counter-clockwise around a track . Roller derby is played by approximately 1,250 amateur leagues worldwide , mostly inside the United States . Game play consists of a series of short scrimmages ( jams ) in which both teams designate a jammer ( who wears a unique designation on the helmet ; currently a star ) . The jammer scores points by lapping members of the opposing team . The teams attempt to hinder the opposing jammer while assisting their own jammer - in effect , playing both offense and defense simultaneously .'}]}, {'value': 'Bayou Music Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayou_Music_Center', 'summary': 'The Revention Music Center ( originally known as the Aerial Theater ) is an indoor theater owned by Live Nation and located in Houston , Texas , United States . The theater is located at the Bayou Place entertainment complex in Downtown Houston . On August 11 , 2015 , it was announced that venue would be renamed as the Revention Music Center , after the naming rights were sold to Houston-based point-of-sale technology company Revention .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Roughnecks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Roughnecks', 'summary': "The Houston Roughnecks are a professional American football team based in Houston , Texas . The team is an owned-and-operated member of the new XFL founded by Vince McMahon 's Alpha Entertainment and plays its home games at TDECU Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'XFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/XFL_(2020)', 'summary': "The XFL is a professional American football league owned by Vince McMahon 's Alpha Entertainment , and is headquartered in Stamford , Connecticut . It is the successor to the original XFL , which was controlled by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) and NBC , and ran for a single season in 2001 . The league follows a similar structure as the original XFL did in 2001 , with eight teams , centrally owned and operated by the league ( as opposed to the franchise model , with each team having different ownership groups ) and spread across the United States in markets currently or recently represented by a National Football League ( NFL ) franchise , competing in a ten-game season and a two-week postseason in the winter and spring months , after the Super Bowl . In announcing the reformed XFL , McMahon stated that while it would share its name and trademark with the previous incarnation , it would not rely on professional wrestling-inspired features and entertainment elements as its predecessor did , instead aiming to create a league with fewer off-field controversies and faster , simpler play compared to the NFL ."}]}, {'value': 'American football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'TDECU Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TDECU_Stadium', 'summary': "John O'Quinn Field at TDECU Stadium is an American football stadium on the campus of the University of Houston . The stadium serves as the home of the Houston Cougars football team , which represents the University of Houston in collegiate football and the Houston Roughnecks of the XFL . On April 26th , 2020 , the stadium will host the XFL championship . TDECU Stadium was built on the former site of Robertson Stadium , which was the intermittent home of the school 's football program since 1946 . Its official name is derived from Texas Dow Employees Credit Union ( TDECU ) , the largest credit union in Houston , which purchased its naming rights in what was then the largest-ever naming rights deal for a college football stadium . Plans for a new or renovated football venue were developed by the university 's athletics department and their contractors as early as 2010 . Demolition of Robertson Stadium began on December 3 , 2012 , and the official groundbreaking for the new stadium was celebrated on February 8 , 2013 . TDECU Stadium cost US $ 128 million to build . The University of Houston opened the new stadium on Friday , August 29 , 2014 in a contest with UT-San Antonio ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston SaberCats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_SaberCats', 'summary': 'The Houston SaberCats are an American professional rugby union team based in Houston , Texas . The team was founded in 2017 and competes in Major League Rugby , the top-level rugby competition in the United States that played its first season in 2018 . The SaberCats organization was born from one of the founding amateur rugby clubs that pooled resources to emerge professionally , and were the first of in MLR membership to build a rugby-specific stadium intended for MLR competition .'}]}, {'value': 'MLR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Rugby', 'summary': 'Major League Rugby ( MLR or USMLR ) is a professional rugby union competition and the top-level championship for clubs in North America . In the 2020 season it will be contested by twelve teams : eleven from the United States and one from Canada . Officially sanctioned by USA Rugby , which is a member union of Rugby Americas North ( RAN ) , and consequently part of World Rugby , the league was founded in 2017 , and is headquartered in Salt Lake City , Utah . With its initial beginnings as part of established amateur rugby clubs in major North American urban areas , MLR began its first season in 2018 as an initiative of the American rugby community in partnership with private investors . Three further American clubs , Atlanta , Boston and Washington D.C. , will begin play in 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rugby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union', 'summary': 'Rugby union , widely known simply as rugby , is a contact team sport that originated in England in the first half of the 19th century . One of the two codes of rugby football , it is based on running with the ball in hand . In its most common form , a game is played between two teams of 15 players using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts at either end . Rugby union is a popular sport around the world , played by male and female players of all ages . In 2014 , there were more than 6 million people playing worldwide , of whom 2.36 million were registered players . World Rugby , previously called the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) and the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) , has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886 , and currently has 101 countries as full members and 18 associate members . In 1845 , the first football laws were written by pupils at Rugby School ; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by Blackheath F.C . to leave the Football Association in 1863 and , in 1895 , the acrimonious split between the then amateur rugby union and the professional rugby league . Historically rugby union was an amateur sport , but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed , making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time . Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland and was embraced by many of the countries associated with the British Empire . Early exponents of the sport included Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and France . Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji , Georgia , Madagascar , New Zealand , Samoa , and Tonga .'}]}, {'value': 'Aveva Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aveva_Stadium', 'summary': 'Aveva Stadium is a rugby union stadium in Houston , Texas , United States as part of Houston Sports Park and is the home of the Houston SaberCats of Major League Rugby . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on July 24 , 2018 . Naming rights for the stadium were purchased by British information technology company Aveva , and was opened on April 13 , 2019 . Aveva Stadium is the first stadium in the league built specifically for use by Major League Rugby , and the second rugby-specific stadium primarily for professional competition in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Major_League_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2018 Major League Rugby season was the inaugural season of Major League Rugby , an annual rugby union competition sanctioned by USA Rugby . The seven inaugural teams were based in the United States . The competition began the weekend of April 21-22 with three matches , with New Orleans defeating Houston 35-26 to open the season . Glendale and Seattle were the best two teams at the end of the regular season and won their respective semi-final matches to advance to the championship game at Torero Stadium in San Diego . Seattle became Major League Rugby 's first champion team with a surprise come-from-behind 23-19 win in the final over Glendale , who had only lost once previously during the season ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston South Select', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_South_Select', 'summary': "South Select is an American womens soccer team , founded in 2007 . The team is a member of the Women 's Premier Soccer League , the third tier of womens soccer in the United States and Canada . The team plays in the South Division of the Big Sky Conference . The team plays its home games in the stadium on the South Campus of San Jacinto College in Houston , Texas . The club 's colors are white ."}]}, {'value': 'WPSL', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_Premier_Soccer_League", 'summary': "The Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) is a national women 's soccer league in the United States , Canada , and Puerto Rico , and is on the second level of women 's soccer in the United States soccer pyramid , below National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) and roughly equal with United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) . The WPSL is the largest women 's soccer league in the world ( in terms of number of clubs ) . The WPSL started as the Western Division of the W-League , before breaking away to form its own league in 1997 . The league is sanctioned by the United States Adult Soccer Association , an affiliate of the United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) . When Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) suspended play in 2012 , WPSL moved forward with its ambitions toward professionalism and created the WPSL Elite League . The Elite League was a pro-am league , with at least four fully professional teams , including three former WPS teams . The Elite league operated for just the 2012 season , disbanding in 2013 with the formation of the NWSL , which the three former WPS teams joined ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's soccer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_soccer", 'summary': "Women 's association football , usually known as women 's football or women 's soccer , is a team sport , similar to associated football , played by women only . It is played at the professional level in numerous countries throughout the world and 176 national teams participate internationally . The history of women 's football has seen major competitions being launched at both the national and international levels . Women 's football has faced many struggles throughout its history . Although its first golden age occurred in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s , with matches attracting large crowds ( one match achieved over 50,000 spectators ) , The Football Association initiated a ban in 1921 that disallowed women 's football games from taking place on the grounds used by its member clubs . This ban remained in effect until July 1971 . The inaugural FIFA Women 's World Cup was held in China in 1991 . Since then , the sport has gained in popularity . The 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final in Canada was the most watched soccer game in United States history and over 1.12 billion people worldwide watched the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup in France ."}]}, {'value': 'San Jacinto College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jacinto_College', 'summary': 'San Jacinto College is a public community college in the Greater Houston with its campuses in Pasadena and Houston , Texas . Established in 1961 , San Jacinto College originally consisted of the independent school districts ( ISD ) of Channelview , Deer Park , Galena Park , La Porte , and Pasadena . The college now also serves Sheldon , and portions of Clear Creek ISD and Humble ISD . San Jacinto College headquarters are located in Pasadena , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Minor league and semi-pro sports', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sports_in_Houston_0', 'intro': 'The city of Houston and the Houston metropolitan area has a rich sporting culture and the area residents are active in many spectator and participant sports. Spectators attend events including teams from four major professional sports teams and collegiate sports. Participants enjoy activities from running in Memorial Park to sailing on Galveston Bay and Clear Lake. A number of other sports are also available, including nearly a dozen fencing clubs, ranging from recreational clubs to elite competitive organizations.'}
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In what league does the team with the most titles play their games ?
Independent Women 's Football League
0668558a584980b8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_triples_records', 'title': 'List of Major League Baseball triples records', 'header': ['Player', 'Years', 'Seasons & Teams'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sam Crawford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1900-02 Cincinnati ; 1903-16 Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ty Cobb', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907-19 Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Tiernan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Tiernan', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Tiernan ( January 21 , 1867 - November 7 , 1918 ) , nicknamed Silent Mike , was an American professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) exclusively for the New York Giants from 1887 to 1899 . Born in Trenton , New Jersey , his debut game was on April 30 , 1887 . His final game was played on July 31 , 1899 . Tiernan led the National League in home runs in 1890 and 1891 , and compiled a .311 lifetime batting average . He is the Giants ' all-time franchise leader in triples and stolen bases . One of the great home run hitters of the 19th century , he hit 106 of them , which ties him with Hall of Famer Dan Brouthers for fourth most among 19th century ball players ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889-98 New York ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City as the New York Gothams in 1883 and were known as the New York Giants from 1885 until the team relocated to San Francisco after the 1957 season . During most of their 75 seasons in New York City , the Giants played home games at various incarnations of the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . Numerous inductees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York played for the New York Giants , including John McGraw , Mel Ott , Bill Terry , Willie Mays , Monte Irvin , and Travis Jackson . During the club 's tenure in New York , it won five of the franchise 's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 23 National League pennants . Famous moments in the Giants ' New York history include the 1922 World Series , in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games , Bobby Thomson 's 1951 home run known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World , and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as the Catch . The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers , facing the Yankees in six World Series and playing the league rival Dodgers multiple times per season . Games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series . The Dodgers-Giants rivalry continues , as both teams moved to the West Coast in California after the 1957 season , with the Dodgers relocating to Los Angeles . The New York Giants of the National Football League are named after the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Elmer Flick', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1898-1901 Philadelphia ( NL ) ; 02 Philadelphia ( AL ) - Cleveland ; 1903-07 Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Indians', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Clarke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1900-09 Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Veach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Veach', 'summary': "Robert Hayes Bobby Veach ( June 29 , 1888 - August 7 , 1945 ) was an American baseball player from 1910 to 1930 including 14 seasons in the major leagues . He was the starting left fielder for the Detroit Tigers from 1912 to 1923 and also played for the Boston Red Sox ( 1924-1925 ) , New York Yankees ( 1925 ) and Washington Senators ( 1925 ) . Veach hit for both power and average . He compiled a .310 career batting average and finished second to Ty Cobb for the 1919 American League batting title with a .355 average . He also led the American League in runs batted in ( RBIs ) three times ( 1915 , 1917 , and 1918 ) and was among the league leaders 10 times . Nobody in baseball had as many RBIs or extra base hits as Veach from 1915 to 1922 . Veach was also among the best defensive outfielders of his era , regularly ranking among the league leaders in putouts , range factor , and fielding percentage . Despite being one of the most productive hitters in baseball during his years in Detroit , Veach played in the shadows of three Detroit outfielders who won 16 batting titles and were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame : Cobb in center field and Sam Crawford followed by Harry Heilmann in right field . Detroit 's 1915 outfield consisting of Veach , Cobb , and Crawford has been ranked by baseball historian and statistician Bill James as the greatest outfield in history ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1913-22 Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Rice', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921-30 Washington ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Waner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926-35 Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Collins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1909-14 Philadelphia ( AL ) ; 1915-17 Chicago ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': 'Earle Combs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925-33 New York ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Connor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1885-91 New York ( NL ) ; 1892 Philadelphia ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City as the New York Gothams in 1883 and were known as the New York Giants from 1885 until the team relocated to San Francisco after the 1957 season . During most of their 75 seasons in New York City , the Giants played home games at various incarnations of the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . Numerous inductees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York played for the New York Giants , including John McGraw , Mel Ott , Bill Terry , Willie Mays , Monte Irvin , and Travis Jackson . During the club 's tenure in New York , it won five of the franchise 's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 23 National League pennants . Famous moments in the Giants ' New York history include the 1922 World Series , in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games , Bobby Thomson 's 1951 home run known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World , and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as the Catch . The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers , facing the Yankees in six World Series and playing the league rival Dodgers multiple times per season . Games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series . The Dodgers-Giants rivalry continues , as both teams moved to the West Coast in California after the 1957 season , with the Dodgers relocating to Los Angeles . The New York Giants of the National Football League are named after the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Ed McKean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_McKean', 'summary': "Edwin John McKean ( June 6 , 1864 - August 16 , 1919 ) was an American professional baseball shortstop . He played 13 seasons in Major League Baseball , primarily for the National League 's Cleveland Spiders . Born in Grafton , Ohio , McKean began his career in 1884 with the Youngstown , Ohio club in the minor league Iron & Oil Association . After two more seasons in the minors , he was signed by the Cleveland Blues of the American Association , and became the club 's starting shortstop in their first year as a major league team . He remained in that position for the franchise ( which was renamed the Spiders in 1889 ) for nearly its entire existence . Prior to the 1899 season , the Spiders transferred most of their best players to the St. Louis Perfectos , including McKean . This was legal at the time , as both teams were owned by the same ownership group led by the Robison brothers . However , he did not perform up to expectations and was let go in July . The following season , the Spiders folded , and such shenanigans were outlawed . After not playing professionally for two years , McKean returned to play in the minor leagues in 1902 as player-manager of the Rochester Bronchos . After several more years in the minors , he retired following the 1908 season . All told , McKean racked up a grand total of 2,084 hits and 1,124 RBI during his major league career ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1890-97 Cleveland ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Spiders', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Spiders were a Major League Baseball team that played between 1887 and 1899 in Cleveland , Ohio . The team played at National League Park from 1889 to 1890 and at League Park from 1891 to 1899 , when they were disbanded , along with three other teams , after a travesty of a season with a horrific record of 20-134 .'}]}, {'value': 'Heinie Manush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinie_Manush', 'summary': 'Henry Emmett Manush ( July 20 , 1901 - May 12 , 1971 ) , nicknamed Heinie , was an American baseball outfielder . He played professional baseball for 20 years from 1920 to 1939 , including 17 years in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers ( 1923-1927 ) , St. Louis Browns ( 1928-1930 ) , Washington Senators ( 1930-1935 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1936 ) , Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1937-1938 ) , and Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1938-1939 ) . After retiring as a player , Manush was a minor league manager from 1940 to 1945 , a scout for the Boston Braves in the late 1940s and a coach for the Senators from 1953 to 1954 . He also scouted for the expansion Senators in the early 1960s . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964 . A native of Tuscumbia , Alabama , Manush was one of the best batters in baseball in the 1920s and 1930s . He compiled a .330 career batting average , won the American League batting championship in 1926 with a .378 batting average , finished one point short of a second batting championship in 1928 , finished among the top four batters in the American League six times ( 1926 , 1928-1929 , and 1932-1934 ) and totaled more than 200 hits four times ( 1928-1929 , 1932-1933 ) . In 1928 , he finished second in the voting for the American League Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award after leading the American League with 241 hits and 47 doubles , while also hitting 20 triples and compiling 367 total bases . He also finished third in the MVP voting in 1932 and 1933 and was the leading batter on the 1933 Washington Senators team that won the American League pennant and lost the 1933 World Series to the New York Giants . Manush was also a solid defensive outfielder , appearing in 2,008 major league games , 1,381 as a left fielder , 312 as a center fielder , and 153 as a right fielder . He led the American League with 356 putouts and a .992 fielding percentage in left field in 1928 , and five double plays turned by a left fielder in 1935 . His 2,855 putouts in left field rank 21st in major league history .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927 Detroit ; 1928-29 St. Louis ( AL ) ; 1930 St. Louis ( AL ) -Washington ( AL ) ; 1931-34 Washington ( AL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}]}], 'section_title': '25 triples in one season -- Eight or more consecutive seasons with 10 triples', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Major_League_Baseball_triples_records_9', 'intro': 'There are various Major League Baseball records for triples.'}
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When was the national league team that Sam Crawford is affiliated with founded ?
1882
066873093207f026
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians', 'title': 'South Asian Canadians', 'header': ['City', 'Province', 'South Asians', 'Percentage'], 'data': [{'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario,_Canada', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '973,225', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'British Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Columbia', 'summary': "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ."}]}, {'value': '291,005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': '122,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton', 'summary': "Edmonton ( /ˈɛdməntən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta . Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , which is surrounded by Alberta 's central region . The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016 , making it Alberta 's second-largest city and Canada 's fifth-largest municipality . Also in 2016 , Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426 , making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada . Edmonton is North America 's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million . A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian . Edmonton 's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ( Strathcona , North Edmonton , West Edmonton , Beverly and Jasper Place ) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982 , and the annexation of 8,260 ha ( 82.6 km2 ) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1 , 2019 . Known as the Gateway to the North , the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories . Edmonton is a cultural , governmental and educational centre . It hosts a year-round slate of festivals , reflected in the nickname Canada 's Festival City . It is home to North America 's largest mall , West Edmonton Mall ( the world 's largest mall from 1981 until 2004 ) , and Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91,415', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '85,925', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottawa - Gatineau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa', 'summary': 'Ottawa ( /ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɒtəwɑː/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔtawa ] ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada . In June 2019 , the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning to trade . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gatineau', 'summary': "Gatineau ( /ˈɡætɪnoʊ/ ; French : [ ɡatino ] ) is a city in western Quebec , Canada . It is the fourth-largest city in the province after Montreal , Quebec City , and Laval . It is located on the northern bank of the Ottawa River , immediately across from Ottawa , Ontario , together with which it forms Canada 's National Capital Region . As of 2016 , Gatineau had a population of 276,245 , and a metropolitan population of 332,057 . The Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area had a population of 1,323,783 . Gatineau is coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of the same name , whose geographical code is 81 . It is the seat of the judicial district of Hull ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario-Quebec', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39,980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbotsford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Abbotsford is a city located in British Columbia , adjacent to the Canada-United States border , Greater Vancouver and the Fraser River . With an estimated population of 141,397 people it is the largest municipality in the province outside Metro Vancouver . Abbotsford-Mission has the third highest proportion of visible minorities among census metropolitan areas in Canada , after the Greater Toronto Area and the Greater Vancouver CMA . It is home to Tradex , the University of the Fraser Valley , and Abbotsford International Airport . As of the 2016 census , it is the largest municipality of the Fraser Valley Regional District and the fifth-largest municipality of British Columbia . The Abbotsford-Mission metropolitan area of around 180,518 inhabitants as of the 2016 census is the 23rd largest census metropolitan area in Canada . It has also been named by Statistics Canada as Canada 's most generous city in terms of charitable donations for nine straight years . The community of 375.55 square kilometres ( 145.00 sq mi ) is the largest city by area in British Columbia . The municipality 's southern boundary is the Canada-United States border . In Canada , it is bordered by the Township of Langley to the west , the District of Mission to the north , and the City of Chilliwack to the east . Abbotsford borders the town of Blaine , Washington to the south . Much of Abbotsford has views of Mount Baker ( to the southeast , in Washington ) and the Coast Mountains ( to the north ) ."}]}, {'value': 'British Columbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': '38,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario . An industrialized city in the Golden Horseshoe at the west end of Lake Ontario , Hamilton has a population of 536,917 , and its census metropolitan area , which includes Burlington and Grimsby , has a population of 747,545 . The city is 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) southwest of Toronto , with which the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) is formed . On January 1 , 2001 , the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the amalgamation of the original city with other municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth . Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians . Since 1981 , the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario . Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens , the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum , the Bruce Trail , McMaster University , Redeemer University College and Mohawk College . McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 77th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2018-19 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31,155', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitchener - Cambridge - Waterloo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Kitchener is a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo , Ontario . Located approximately 100 km ( 62 mi ) west of Toronto , Kitchener is the regional seat . Kitchener was called Berlin until 1916 , designated the Town of Berlin from 1854 until 1912 and the City of Berlin from 1912 until 1916 . The City of Kitchener covers an area of 136.86 square kilometres and had a population of 233,222 at the time of the 2016 Census . The Kitchener metropolitan area , which includes the smaller , neighbouring cities of Waterloo to the north and Cambridge to the south , has 523,894 people , making it the tenth largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Canada and the fourth largest CMA in Ontario . Kitchener and Waterloo are considered twin cities which are often referred to jointly as Kitchener-Waterloo ( K-W ) , although they have separate municipal governments . Including Cambridge , the three cities are known as the Tri-Cities . All are part of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo , which was created in 1973 , when it replaced Waterloo County , which had been created in 1853 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Cambridge ( 2016 population 129,920 ) is a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo , Ontario , Canada . It is located at the confluence of the Grand and Speed rivers . Cambridge was formed in 1973 by the amalgamation of Galt , Preston , Hespeler , the settlement of Blair and a small portion of surrounding townships . The former Galt covers the largest portion of Cambridge , making up the southern half of the city . The former Preston and Blair are located on the western side of the city , while the former Hespeler is in the most northeasterly section of Cambridge . There was considerable resistance among the local population to the amalgamation arranged by the provincial government , and a rivalry had always governed relations among the three communities . Each unique centre has its own history that is well documented in the Cambridge City Archives . The Macdonald-Cartier Freeway Highway 401 runs through the northern portions of the city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Waterloo is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is the smallest of three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo ( and previously in Waterloo County , Ontario ) , and is adjacent to the city of Kitchener . Kitchener and Waterloo are often jointly referred to as Kitchener-Waterloo , KW , or the Twin Cities ( when the reference includes the nearby city of Cambridge , Ontario , the term Tri-Cities or the Tri-City are used ) . While there were several unsuccessful attempts to combine the municipalities of Kitchener and Waterloo , following the 1973 establishment of the Region of Waterloo there was less motivation to do so . At the time of the 2016 census , the population of Waterloo was 104,986 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,635', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.2%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Demography -- Population', 'section_text': "The first confirmed reports on the Canadians from India were in 1908 which put the East-Indian Canadian population at 5,209 . The overwhelming majority of whom were Sikh , male , and settled in British Columbia . However , as a result of laws which restricted the immigration the community had declined to only 1,300 by the mid 1920s . By 1961 , right before racial restriction were respectfully removed from Canada 's immigration policy , Canadians from South Asian countries rose to 6,774 . With racial quotas being removed ( invitations extended ) during the 1960s the number of Canadians from South Asia created the diverse population we see into the present day . Brampton , Ontario is home to the highest percentage of Canadians from South Asia with 261,705 or 44.3% of the population . Surrey , British Columbia is home to the second-highest percentage of South Asian Canadians with 168,040 or 32.4% of the population . According to the 2016 National Household Survey 1,963,330 Canadians had South Asian origins and 1,924,635 other Canadians were classified as belonging to the visible minority group , generally termed , South Asian . The growth of the population is attributed to sustained invitations of immigration from South Asian nations . According to a 2011 study conducted by Statistics Canada Canadians from South Asia will grow to between 3.2 and 4.1 million by 2036 or 8.7% to 9.1% of the Canadian population overall . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Ontario and British Columbia have the largest population of Canadians from South Asia with Alberta and Quebec being home to significant communities as well . Metropolitan areas with large communities include the Toronto ( 973,225 ) , Vancouver ( 291,005 ) , Calgary ( 122,900 ) , Edmonton ( 91,420 ) , Montréal ( 85,925 ) , Ottawa ( 39,980 ) and Winnipeg ( 38,100 ) . Municipalities with large communities include Brampton , Ontario ( 44.3% ) , Surrey , British Columbia ( 32.8% ) , Abbotsford , British Columbia ( 25.5% ) , Mississauga , Ontario ( 23.2% ) , Milton , Ontario ( 21.0% ) , Ajax , Ontario ( 20.9% ) and Delta , British Columbia ( 20.3% ) . From 2001 to 2006 Milton , Ontario saw the greatest increase in its population growing by 1378.6% with many other towns seeing their population double or triple . Canadian provinces and territories by their ethnic South Asian population in 2011 and 2016 : Province South Asians 2011% 2011 South Asians 2016% 2016 Ontario 1,003,180 7.9% 1,150,415 8.7% British Columbia 311,265 7.2% 365,705 8.0% Alberta 159,055 4.4% 230,930 5.8% Quebec 91,400 1.2% 90,335 1.1% Manitoba 26,220 2.2% 42,060 3.4% Saskatchewan 12,620 1.3% 29,960 2.8% Nova Scotia 5,935 0.7% 7,910 0.9% New Brunswick 3,090 0.4% 2,535 0.3% Newfoundland and Labrador 2,005 0.4% 2,645 0.5% Prince Edward Island 500 0.4% 920 0.7% Yukon 340 1.0% 500 1.4% Northwest Territories 200 0.5% 300 1.5% Nunavut 115 0.4% 115 0.3% Canada 1,615,145 4.9% 1,924,635 5.6% Canadian metropolitan areas with large populations of Canadians from South Asia :", 'uid': 'South_Asian_Canadian_1', 'intro': "South Asian Canadians are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to South Asia, which includes nations such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal and the Maldives. The term South Asian Canadian is a subgroup of Asian Canadian and, according to Statistics Canada, can further be divided by nationality, such as Indian Canadian, Bangladeshi Canadian and Pakistani Canadian. South Asians are the second largest pan-ethnic group in Canada after European-Canadians. As of 2016, 1,963,330 Canadians had South Asian geographical origins, constituting 5.6% of the Canadian population and 32% of Canada's Asian Canadian population. This makes them the largest visible minority group in Canada comprising 25.6% of the visible minority population, followed by East Asian and Black Canadians respectively. The largest communities from South Asia are found in Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta. Metropolitan areas with large communities from South Asia include Toronto (995,125), Vancouver (291,005), Calgary (122,515), Montréal (90,815) and Edmonton (91,595). 67% percent of South Asian-Canadians in Canada live in Metro Vancouver and Greater Toronto as of 2016; together they make up nearly 30% of the combined populations of the cities."}
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What is the population of the city that has the lowest percentage of the Alberta province ?
932,546
0668a535be730592
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_crocodiles_and_alligators', 'title': 'List of fictional crocodiles and alligators', 'header': ['Name', 'Animation', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Al', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Guns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Guns', 'summary': "Miami Guns ( Japanese : マイアミ☆ガンズ , Hepburn : Maiami Ganzu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Takeaki Momose . The story takes place in Miami City , which is similar to Miami , Florida , except for several locale changes . It 's mainly about the life of two female Miami City police officers having to stop crimes before they get worse . The setting thus has some similarities to that of the popular TV show Miami Vice ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Can_You_Teach_My_Alligator_Manners?', 'summary': "Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? is an American/Canadian/British interactive children 's television show that previously aired on Playhouse Disney . The series premiered on June 21 , 2008 , then aired on Disney Junior in the USA , Canada and Great Britain and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aldo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sitting Ducks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sitting_Ducks_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Sitting Ducks is an American children 's animated television series based on the 1970s Sitting Ducks lithograph and the 1998 children 's book of the same name , created by the poster artist Michael Bedard . Sitting Ducks first appeared in 2001 in Europe , later debuting in United States on Cartoon Network , in Australia on ABC , in Canada on YTV , in the United Kingdom on CITV , Disney XD and in the Japanese version of Cartoon Network . The show lasted for two seasons each comprising thirteen episodes , with the last episode shown on December 5 , 2004 . Reruns of the show were aired on Qubo in 2007 , and was later aired as part of its block Qubo Night Owl , until June 30 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'An alligator who befriended main character Bill the Duck and is trying to blend into DuckTown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfy Gator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yakky Doodle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakky_Doodle', 'summary': "Yakky Doodle is a cartoon duck created by Hanna-Barbera Productions . Yakky 's name is a parody of Yankee Doodle ."}]}, {'value': 'A blue alligator who tries to capture Yakky because his gourmet guidebook recommends roast duck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alligator Master', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Destruction : Sekai Bokumetsu no Rokunin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Destruction:_Sekai_Bokumetsu_no_Rokunin', 'summary': 'Sands of Destruction ( ワールド・デストラクション～導かれし意思～ , Wārudo Desutorakushon ~Michibikareshi Ishi~ , World Destruction : Guided Wills ) is a role-playing video game developed by imageepoch and published by Sega for the Nintendo DS . It was released in Japan in 2008 , and in North America in 2010 . The story revolves around a young man , Kyrie , who possesses the power to destroy the world , though he does not know why . The female lead is Morte , a member of a group that is trying to destroy the world .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Axl and Bull Gator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taz-Mania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taz-Mania', 'summary': "Taz-Mania is an American cartoon sitcom produced by Warner Bros . Animation from 1991 to 1995 , broadcast in the United States on Fox . The show follows the adventures of the Looney Tunes character Taz ( The Tasmanian Devil ) in the fictional land of Tazmania ( based on Tasmania ) . Similar to other Warner Brothers cartoons of its time , such as Animaniacs and Tiny Toon Adventures , Taz-Mania frequently broke the fourth wall , and often made jokes showing that Taz could actually speak perfectly normally when he wanted to . The intro indicates that , in this rendering of Tasmania , the sky 's always yellow , rain or shine . The title song is performed by Jess Harnell and Jim Cummings ."}]}, {'value': 'These alligators are always trying to catch Taz and sell him to a zoo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Ali Gator', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/List_of_Disney's_Fantasia_characters", 'summary': "The following are fictional characters from Disney 's 1940 film Fantasia , its 1999 sequel Fantasia 2000 and the video game Fantasia : Music Evolved . Characters in this list are sorted by the film and segment in which they appear ."}]}, {'value': 'Fantasia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)', 'summary': "Fantasia is a 1940 American animated film produced by Walt Disney and released by Walt Disney Productions . With story direction by Joe Grant and Dick Huemer , and production supervision by Ben Sharpsteen , it is the third Disney animated feature film . The film consists of eight animated segments set to pieces of classical music conducted by Leopold Stokowski , seven of which are performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra . Music critic and composer Deems Taylor acts as the film 's Master of Ceremonies , providing a live-action introduction to each animated segment . Disney settled on the film 's concept as work neared completion on The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , an elaborate Silly Symphonies short designed as a comeback role for Mickey Mouse , who had declined in popularity . As production costs grew higher than what it could earn , Disney decided to include the short in a feature-length film with other segments set to classical pieces . The soundtrack was recorded using multiple audio channels and reproduced with Fantasound , a pioneering sound reproduction system that made Fantasia the first commercial film shown in stereophonic sound . Fantasia was first released as a theatrical roadshow held in thirteen U.S. cities from November 13 , 1940 . While acclaimed by critics , it was unable to make a profit due to World War II cutting off distribution to the European market , the film 's high production costs , and the expense of leasing theatres and installing the Fantasound equipment for the roadshow presentations . The film was subsequently reissued multiple times with its original footage and audio being deleted , modified , or restored in each version . Fantasia is the 23rd highest-grossing film of all time in the U.S. when adjusted for inflation . The Fantasia franchise has grown to include video games , Disneyland attractions , and a live concert ."}]}, {'value': 'The prince of the Alligators , who falls in love with Hyachinth Hippo', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/List_of_Disney's_Fantasia_characters", 'summary': "The following are fictional characters from Disney 's 1940 film Fantasia , its 1999 sequel Fantasia 2000 and the video game Fantasia : Music Evolved . Characters in this list are sorted by the film and segment in which they appear ."}]}, {'value': 'Bog', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Outback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Outback_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Koala Kid ( also known as Outback or The Outback ) is a 2012 South Korean-American computer-animated action comedy film directed by Kyung Ho Lee . It was released in South Korea on January 12 , 2012 . The movie takes place in Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Antagonistic crocodile who wants to control the Australian billabong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brutus & Nero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Rescuers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rescuers', 'summary': "The Rescuers is a 1977 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution . The 23rd Disney animated feature film , the film is about the Rescue Aid Society , an international mouse organization headquartered in New York City and shadowing the United Nations , dedicated to helping abduction victims around the world at large . Two of these mice , jittery janitor Bernard ( Bob Newhart ) and his co-agent , the elegant Miss Bianca ( Eva Gabor ) , set out to rescue Penny ( Michelle Stacy ) , an orphan girl being held prisoner in the Devil 's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa ( Geraldine Page ) . The film is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp , most notably The Rescuers and Miss Bianca . The Rescuers entered development in 1962 , but was shelved due to Walt Disney 's dislike of the project 's political overtones . During the 1970s , the film was revived as a project for the younger animators , but it was taken over by the senior animation staff following the release of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) . The Rescuers was released on June 22 , 1977 , to positive critical reception and became a box office success . The film was also successful throughout the world , including France and West Germany . Due to the film 's success , a sequel titled The Rescuers Down Under was released in 1990 , which made this film the first Disney animated film to have a sequel ."}]}, {'value': "The two crocodiles under Madame Medusa 's command", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madame_Medusa', 'summary': "The Rescuers is a 1977 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution . The 23rd Disney animated feature film , the film is about the Rescue Aid Society , an international mouse organization headquartered in New York City and shadowing the United Nations , dedicated to helping abduction victims around the world at large . Two of these mice , jittery janitor Bernard ( Bob Newhart ) and his co-agent , the elegant Miss Bianca ( Eva Gabor ) , set out to rescue Penny ( Michelle Stacy ) , an orphan girl being held prisoner in the Devil 's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa ( Geraldine Page ) . The film is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp , most notably The Rescuers and Miss Bianca . The Rescuers entered development in 1962 , but was shelved due to Walt Disney 's dislike of the project 's political overtones . During the 1970s , the film was revived as a project for the younger animators , but it was taken over by the senior animation staff following the release of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) . The Rescuers was released on June 22 , 1977 , to positive critical reception and became a box office success . The film was also successful throughout the world , including France and West Germany . Due to the film 's success , a sequel titled The Rescuers Down Under was released in 1990 , which made this film the first Disney animated film to have a sequel ."}]}, {'value': 'Carmine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Wild', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catchum Crocodile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Get Along Gang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Get_Along_Gang', 'summary': "The Get Along Gang are characters created in 1983 by American Greetings ' toy design and licensing division , Those Characters from Cleveland ( now American Greetings Properties ) , for a series of greeting cards . The Get Along Gang are a group of 12 ( later 14 ) pre-adolescent anthropomorphic animal characters in the fictional town of Green Meadow , who form a club that meets in an abandoned caboose and who have various adventures whose upbeat stories intended to show the importance of teamwork and friendship . The success of the greeting card line led to a Saturday morning television series , which aired on CBS for 13 episodes in the 1984-1985 season , with reruns showing from January until June 1986 ."}]}, {'value': "The show 's main antagonist", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Crocodile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Crocodile', 'summary': "Christopher Crocodile is a British children 's cartoon TV series . It was produced by Direct Entertainment Ltd , and aired from 18 September 1992 to 11 December 1992 in the United Kingdom on CBBC and on the Cartoon Network in the United States from 28 March 1993 to 20 June 1993 . It was produced by Mike Joyce , with the idea created by Graham Purcell . The music score was composed by Kick Production using E-mu Proteus 1 Pop/Rock and E-mu Proteus 2 Orchestral audio samplers . The protagonist of the series is Christopher Crocodile , who , according to the plot , left his native Mudagascar ( a clear parallel of Madagascar ) to devote his energy and inventive mind to helping the people of Muddytown , where most of the programmes are set . Muddy Town receives a lot of rain , which makes it a very muddy place ; this makes Mayor Muggins and the townsfolk unhappy but it makes the crocodile very happy because he like to wallow in the muddy pools around town . Christopher proves to be an asset to Muddy Town , because he invents new gadgets , almost all of which are highly improbable in real life ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crocco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Re-Animated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Re-Animated', 'summary': "Re-Animated is a live-action/animated television film that aired on Cartoon Network on December 8 , 2006 . It was the first original production on the genre for the network . The movie was released on DVD September 11 , 2007 and serves as pilot for the follow-up series Out of Jimmy 's Head , which premiered on September 14 , 2007 . The films animation was produced by Renegade Animation , which previously produced Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi for Cartoon Network ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crocodile Gentleman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Witch Craft Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Witch_Craft_Works', 'summary': 'Witchcraft Works ( ウィッチクラフトワークス , Witchikurafuto Wākusu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ryū Mizunagi . The manga has been serialized in Kodanshas good ! Afternoon magazine since March 2010 and the chapters collected into 14 tankōbon volumes . An anime television series adaptation animated by J.C.Staff aired in Japan from January to March 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crocubot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick and Morty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_and_Morty', 'summary': "Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network 's late-night programming block Adult Swim . The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his good-hearted but fretful grandson Morty Smith , who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures . Roiland voices the eponymous characters , with Chris Parnell , Spencer Grammer and Sarah Chalke voicing the rest of the family . The series originated from an animated short parody film of Back to the Future , created by Roiland for Channel 101 , a short film festival co-founded by Harmon . The series has been acclaimed by critics for its originality , creativity and humor . The series has been picked up for an additional seventy episodes over an unspecified number of seasons , beginning with season 4 . The fourth season premiered on November 10 , 2019 and will consist of ten episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'Half robot , half crocodile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derick', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Secret Life of Pets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Pets', 'summary': "The Secret Life of Pets is a 2016 3D American computer-animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It is directed by Chris Renaud , co-directed by Yarrow Cheney , written by Brian Lynch , Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio and is the first film of the franchise of the same name . The voice cast stars Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet , Kevin Hart , Steve Coogan , Ellie Kemper , Bobby Moynihan , Lake Bell , Dana Carvey , Hannibal Buress , Jenny Slate , and Albert Brooks . The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16 , 2016 , and was released in theaters in the United States on July 8 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $ 875 million worldwide , becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2016 , and was the year 's most profitable release . A sequel , The Secret Life of Pets 2 , was released on June 7 , 2019 with Patton Oswalt taking the role of Max from Louis C.K ."}]}, {'value': 'A crocodile who is one of the Flushed Pets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_IV:_Journey_Through_the_Mists', 'summary': 'The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists is a 1996 American direct-to-video animated adventure musical film produced by Universal Animation Studios ( formerly known as Universal Cartoon Studios ) and directed by Roy Allen Smith . This is the fourth installment and third Land Before Time sequel directed by Smith , as well as the last to feature any of the original voice cast . The film was nominated for two Annie Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'A nearsighted Deinosuchus along with Ichy who tried to eat Littlefoot and the gang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floyd and Jolene', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kissyfur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kissyfur', 'summary': "Kissyfur is an American animated children 's television series which aired on NBC in the 1980s . It was produced by Jean Chalopin and Andy Heyward and created by Phil Mendez for DIC Animation City . The series was based on a half-hour NBC special called Kissyfur : Bear Roots and was followed by three more specials until its Saturday morning debut . The show ran for two seasons . It also aired on the BBC ( as part of its But First This lineup becoming the only cartoon made for the BBC during that block ) , TCC and Nickelodeon in the UK , ATV World in Hong Kong , SABC1 and SABC2 in South Africa , TVP in Poland , TV3 in New Zealand , Sirasa TV in Sri Lanka , SBT in Brazil , MediaCorp Channel 5 in Singapore , JBC , SSTV and Television Jamaica in Jamaica , RTB in Brunei , Namibian Broadcasting Corporation in Namibia , GMA Network in the Philippines , Armed Forces Network in Germany , Canal+ in France , Israeli Educational Television in Israel , NCRV in the Netherlands and Seven Network in Australia . The show follows the adventures of Gus and Kissyfur , a father and son bear duo who had joined the circus . One day on a circus trip , the train they are riding in derails and the bears escape to a new life in the swamps of Paddlecab County . There , they protect the local swamp 's inhabitants from the local bumbling alligators Floyd and Jolene . Kissyfur and his father use the skills they have acquired from the human world to create a boat tour business transporting other animals and their products down the river ."}]}, {'value': 'The antagonist alligators', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T.U.F.F . Puppy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T.U.F.F._Puppy', 'summary': "T.U.F.F . Puppy is an American action animated comedy television series created by Butch Hartman for Nickelodeon . It premiered on October 2 , 2010 at 11:00 a.m. , on Nickelodeon along with Planet Sheen , which premiered an hour earlier . T.U.F.F . Puppy is Butch Hartman 's third animated series for Nickelodeon , after The Fairly OddParents and Danny Phantom . The series was cancelled after its 3rd season and aired its final episode on April 4 , 2015 . In early 2011 , the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on May 13 , 2012 . The first two seasons consist of 26 episodes each , and the third season consisted of eight episodes , for a total of 60 episodes ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabby Gator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabby_Gator', 'summary': 'Gabby Gator is an animated cartoon character , an anthropomorphic alligator who appeared in several cartoons produced by Walter Lantz and distributed by Universal Pictures . Gabby lives in the Okiedokie Swamp , which is a play on Lake Okeechobee and is near Cape Canaveral . Unfortunately for him , this place does not have many food options , and Gabby is forced to attract the food ( usually Woody Woodpecker ) to his home and attempt to capture him with anything he might have at hand , including highly advanced technology . Though Gabbie Gator is intelligent and crafty , Woody always escapes , usually leaving Gabby with his home destroyed . The strangest thing about Gabby Gator is that he seems to have a vast supply of carrots , which are useless for a carnivorous reptile .'}]}, {'value': 'Woody Woodpecker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woody_Woodpecker', 'summary': "Woody Woodpecker is a cartoon anthropomorphic woodpecker appeared in theatrical short films produced by the Walter Lantz Studio and distributed by Universal Studios . Woody was created in 1940 by Lantz and storyboard artist Ben Bugs Hardaway , who had previously laid the groundwork for two other screwball characters , Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck , at the Warner Bros. cartoon studio in the late 1930s . Woody 's character and design evolved over the years , from an insane bird with an unusually garish design to a more refined looking and acting character in the vein of the later Chuck Jones version of Bugs Bunny . Woody was originally voiced by prolific voice actor Mel Blanc , who was succeeded by Danny Webb , Kent Rogers , Ben Hardaway and finally Grace Stafford ( wife of Walter Lantz ) . Lantz produced theatrical cartoons longer than most of his contemporaries , and Woody Woodpecker remained a staple of Universal 's release schedule until 1972 , when Lantz finally closed down his studio . The character has been revived since then for special productions and occasions as well as for The New Woody Woodpecker Show , a late 1990s/early 2000s Fox Network Saturday-morning cartoon television series that featured prolific voice actor Billy West as Woody . Woody Woodpecker cartoons were first broadcast on television in 1957 under the title The Woody Woodpecker Show , which featured Lantz cartoons bookended by new footage of Woody and live-action footage of Lantz . Woody has a motion picture star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 7000 Hollywood Boulevard . He also made a cameo appearance alongside many other famous cartoon characters in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Like Mickey Mouse of The Walt Disney Company and Bugs Bunny of Warner Bros. , Woody Woodpecker is the official mascot of Universal Studios . Woody and his friends are also icons at the Universal Studios Theme Parks worldwide , as well as the PortAventura Park in the PortAventura World , Salou , Spain ( they were originally brought to the park by Universal Studios , and remain there today despite Universal no longer having a financial stake in the park ) ."}]}, {'value': 'An antagonizing alligator to the wacky woodpecker', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Animation', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_crocodiles_and_alligators_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of fictional crocodiles and alligators from literature, folklore and myth, mascots and emblems of teams and organizations, comics, films, animations and video games. This list is subsidiary to the list of fictional animals. It is restricted to notable crocodilian characters from notable works of fiction. Characters that appear in multiple media may have separate listings for each appearance, while in instances where a character has appeared in several separate works in a single medium, only the earliest will be recorded here.'}
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What is the name of a character from animation that is following adventures of a mad scientist and his grandson ?
Crocubot
0668b770197c9910
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_films', 'title': 'List of sports films', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Fair Co-Ed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fair_Co-Ed', 'summary': 'The Fair Co-Ed , also known as The Varsity Girl , is a 1927 American silent film comedy starring Marion Davies and released through MGM . The film was produced by William Randolph Hearst , through Cosmopolitan Productions and directed by Sam Wood . The film is based on a 1909 play/musical comedy The Fair Co-Ed by George Ade which starred a young Elsie Janis , and opened on Broadway on February 1 , 1909 . The film survives today , supposedly in the MGM/UA archives , now controlled by Warner Brothers .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silent film about a college girl ( Marion Davies ) who plays basketball to hook the coach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_Davies', 'summary': "Marion Cecilia Davies ( born Marion Cecilia Elizabeth Brooklyn Douras ; January 3 , 1897 - September 22 , 1961 ) was an American film actress , producer , screenwriter , and philanthropist . Davies appeared in several Broadway musicals and one film , Runaway Romany ( 1917 ) and then became the mistress of newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst . He then took over management of her career . Hearst financed Davies ' pictures and promoted her heavily through his newspapers and Hearst Newsreels . He founded Cosmopolitan Pictures to produce her films . Hearst preferred to see her in historical dramas , but her real talent was in comedy . Today Davies is remembered mainly as Hearst 's mistress until his death , and as the hostess of many lavish events for the Hollywood elite . In particular , her name is linked with the 1924 scandal aboard Hearst 's yacht when one of his guests , film producer Thomas Ince , died . In the film Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , the title character 's second wife - an untalented singer whom he tries to promote - was widely assumed to be based on Davies . But many commentators , including Citizen Kane writer/director Orson Welles himself , have defended Davies ' record as a gifted actress , to whom Hearst 's patronage did more harm than good . She retired from the screen in 1937 , choosing to devote herself to Hearst and charitable work . In Hearst 's declining years , Davies provided financial as well as emotional support until his death in 1951 ."}]}, {'value': 'Campus Confessions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campus_Confessions', 'summary': 'Campus Confessions is a 1938 American film directed by George Archainbaud , featuring Betty Grable in her first starring role , and American basketball player Hank Luisetti in his only film appearance .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A college president 's son inspires a bad team and attracts a reporter ( Betty Grable )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betty_Grable', 'summary': "Elizabeth Ruth Grable ( December 18 , 1916 - July 2 , 1973 ) was an American actress , pin-up girl , dancer , model , and singer . Her 42 films during the 1930s and 1940s grossed more than $ 100 million , and she set a record of 12 consecutive years in the top 10 of box office stars . The U.S. Treasury Department in 1946 and 1947 listed her as the highest-salaried American woman ; she earned more than $ 3 million during her career . Grable began her film career in 1929 at age 12 , after which she was fired from a contract when it was learned she signed up under false identification . She had contracts with RKO and Paramount Pictures during the 1930s , and appeared in a string of B movies , mostly portraying college students . Grable came to prominence in the Broadway musical DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1939 ) , which brought her to the attention of 20th Century-Fox . She replaced Alice Faye in Down Argentine Way ( 1940 ) , her first major Hollywood film , and became Fox 's biggest film star throughout the remaining decade . Fox cast Grable in a succession of Technicolor musicals during the decade that were immensely popular , co-starring with such leading men as Victor Mature , Don Ameche , John Payne , and Tyrone Power . In 1943 , she was the number-one box-office draw in the world and , in 1947 , she was the highest-paid entertainer in the United States . Two of her biggest film successes were the musical Mother Wore Tights ( 1947 ) and the comedy How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1953 ) , one of her last films . Grable retired from screen acting in 1955 after she withdrew from her Fox contract , although she continued to perform on the stage and on television . Throughout her career , Grable was a celebrated sex symbol ."}]}, {'value': 'The Big Fix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Big_Fix_(1947_film)', 'summary': 'The Big Fix is a 1947 film , directed by James Flood . It stars Sheila Ryan , Noreen Nash , James Brown and Regis Toomey . The story concerns the efforts of a crooked gambling ring to fix college basketball games . This film was the final production of Producers Releasing Corporation .'}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Army vet Ken Williams , a basketball hero , is threatened to fix his school 's games", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Town Scandal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Town_Scandal', 'summary': 'Big Town Scandal is a 1948 American crime film directed by William C. Thomas and written by Milton Raison . The film stars Phillip Reed , Hillary Brooke , Stanley Clements , Darryl Hickman , Carl Switzer and Roland Dupree . The film was released on May 27 , 1948 , by Paramount Pictures .'}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A newspaper editor agrees to coach a team made up of juvenile delinquents', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Basketball Fix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Basketball_Fix', 'summary': 'The Basketball Fix is a 1951 film noir sports drama film directed by Felix E. Feist and starring John Ireland , Marshall Thompson and Vanessa Brown . The film is also known by the alternative title The Big Decision in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A college player in need of money agrees to shave points for a gambler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_shaving', 'summary': "In organized sports , point shaving is a type of match fixing where the perpetrators try to prevent a team from covering a published point spread . Unlike other forms of sports betting , spread betting invariably motivates point shaving . A point shaving scheme generally involves a sports gambler and one or more players of the team favored to win the game . In exchange for a bribe , the player or players agree to ensure that their team will not cover the point spread ( the bribed player 's team may still win but not by as big a margin as that predicted by bookmakers ) . The gambler then wagers against the bribed team . Alternatively , an official ( referee ) of the game may be bribed , or even bet on his own behalf , so that one or more close calls will be called in favor of the underdog rather than the team favored to win ."}]}, {'value': 'The Harlem Globetrotters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Harlem_Globetrotters_(film)', 'summary': 'The Harlem Globetrotters is a 1951 Sport/Drama film about the famous African American basketball team The Harlem Globetrotters released by Columbia Pictures . The film stars Thomas Gomez , Bill Walker , Dorothy Dandridge , Angela Clarke , and Peter M. Thompson .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A new kind of basketball team dazzles audiences with its skills', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Go Man Go', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go_Man_Go_(film)', 'summary': "Go , Man , Go ! is a 1954 sports film directed by James Wong Howe , starring Dane Clark , Sidney Poitier , Ruby Dee , Patricia Breslin , The Harlem Globetrotters and Slim Gaillard . Clark plays Abe Saperstein , the organizer of the Globetrotters . Poitier 's character is Inman Jackson , the team 's showboating center . Breslin plays Sylvia Saperstein , the love interest , and Abe 's daughter . Gaillard plays himself . The film tracks the Globetrotters from humble beginnings through a triumph over a major-league basketball team , as they struggle to overcome racial discrimination . Actual Harlem Globetrotter players portray the team in basketball action throughout the picture . The friendship between Saperstein and Jackson , and their wives , is an important storyline ."}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biographical', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Origin of the Harlem Globetrotters , featuring Sidney Poitier as a player', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters', 'summary': "The Harlem Globetrotters are an American exhibition basketball team . They combine athleticism , theater , and comedy in their style of play . Over the years , they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 124 countries and territories . The team 's signature song is Brother Bones ' whistled version of Sweet Georgia Brown . Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie . The team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year . The team is currently owned by Herschend Family Entertainment . The executive offices for the team are located in the Atlanta suburb of Peachtree Corners ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sidney_Poitier', 'summary': "Sidney Poitier , KBE ( /ˈpwɑːtieɪ/ ; born February 20 , 1927 ) is a Bahamian-American actor and film director . He won an Academy Award for Best Actor , the first black actor to win that award , and was nominated a second time . In addition , he was nominated six times for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award ( BAFTA ) for Best Foreign Actor , winning each once . From 1997 to 2007 , he served as the Bahamian Ambassador to Japan . His family lived in the Bahamas , but Poitier was born in Miami while they were visiting , thereby acquiring American citizenship . He grew up in the Bahamas , moving to New York when he was 16 . He joined the North American Negro Theatre , landing his breakthrough film role as an incorrigible high school student in the 1955 film Blackboard Jungle . In 1958 , Poitier starred with Tony Curtis in the critically acclaimed The Defiant Ones as chained-together convicts who escape and must cooperate . Each received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor , with Poitier 's being the first for a black actor , as well as nominations for the BAFTAs , which Poitier won . In 1964 , he won the Academy Award for Best Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor [ a ] for his role in Lilies of the Field ( 1963 ) in which he played a handyman who stays with and helps a group of German-speaking nuns build a chapel . Poitier also received critical acclaim for A Raisin in the Sun ( 1961 ) and A Patch of Blue ( 1965 ) . He continued to break ground in three successful 1967 films , each dealing with issues of race and race relations : To Sir , with Love ; Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner , and In the Heat of the Night , making him the top box-office star of that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Tall Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tall_Story', 'summary': "Tall Story is a 1960 American romantic comedy film made by Warner Bros. , directed by Joshua Logan and starring Anthony Perkins with Jane Fonda , in her first screen role . It is based on the 1957 novel The Homecoming Game by Howard Nemerov , which was the basis of a successful 1959 Broadway play titled Tall Story , by the writing team of Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . The film was a considerable departure from Logan 's previous two projects , the drama Sayonara , which won multiple Academy Awards , and the blockbuster South Pacific . It was Robert Redford 's first film - he played a basketball player in an uncredited role . The film is a farcical social satire of American campus life , making fun of the way college life can become a marriage market for some students . Fonda portrays a character who is the complete opposite of the independent liberated woman she later personified ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A co-ed ( Jane Fonda ) tries to win the heart of the team 's star ( Anthony Perkins )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_Fonda', 'summary': "Jane Seymour Fonda ( born December 21 , 1937 ) is an American actress , political activist , and former fashion model . She is the recipient of various accolades including two Academy Awards , two BAFTA Awards , seven Golden Globe Awards , a Primetime Emmy Award , the AFI Life Achievement Award , and the Honorary Golden Lion . Born to actor Henry Fonda and socialite Frances Ford Seymour , Fonda made her acting debut with the 1960 Broadway play There Was a Little Girl , for which she received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play , and made her screen debut later the same year with the romantic comedy Tall Story . She rose to prominence in the 1960s with such films as Period of Adjustment ( 1962 ) , Sunday in New York ( 1963 ) , Cat Ballou ( 1965 ) , Barefoot in the Park ( 1967 ) , and Barbarella ( 1968 ) . Her first husband was Barbarella director Roger Vadim . A seven-time Academy Award nominee , she received her first nomination for They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( 1969 ) , and went on to win the Academy Award for Best Actress twice in the 1970s for Klute ( 1971 ) and Coming Home ( 1978 ) . Her other nominations were for Julia ( 1977 ) , The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) , On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) , and The Morning After ( 1986 ) . Consecutive hits Fun with Dick and Jane ( 1977 ) , California Suite ( 1978 ) , The Electric Horseman ( 1979 ) , and 9 to 5 ( 1980 ) sustained Fonda 's box-office drawing power , and she won a Primetime Emmy Award for her performance in the TV film The Dollmaker ( 1984 ) . In 1982 , she released her first exercise video , Jane Fonda 's Workout , which became the highest-selling VHS of all time . It would be the first of 22 such videos over the next 13 years , which would collectively sell over 17 million copies . Divorced from her second husband Tom Hayden , she married billionaire media mogul Ted Turner in 1991 and retired from acting , following a row of commercially unsuccessful films concluded by Stanley & Iris ( 1990 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Perkins', 'summary': "Anthony Perkins ( April 4 , 1932 - September 12 , 1992 ) was an American actor and singer . He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his second film , Friendly Persuasion ( 1956 ) , but is best remembered for playing Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho ( 1960 ) and its three sequels . His other films include Fear Strikes Out ( 1957 ) , The Matchmaker ( 1958 ) , On the Beach ( 1959 ) , Tall Story ( 1960 ) , The Trial ( 1962 ) , Phaedra ( 1962 ) , Five Miles to Midnight ( 1962 ) , Pretty Poison ( 1968 ) , Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) , Mahogany ( 1975 ) , North Sea Hijack ( 1979 ) , The Black Hole ( 1979 ) , and Crimes of Passion ( 1984 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'The Absent-Minded Professor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Absent-Minded_Professor', 'summary': "The Absent-Minded Professor is a 1961 American comic science fiction family film produced by Walt Disney Productions based on the short story A Situation of Gravity by Samuel W. Taylor originally published in the May 22 , 1943 issue of Liberty magazine . The title character was based in part on Hubert Alyea , a professor emeritus of chemistry at Princeton University , who was known as Dr. Boom for his explosive demonstrations . Directed by Robert Stevenson , the film stars Fred MacMurray as Professor Ned Brainard . The film was a huge success at the box office , and two years later became the first Disney film to have a sequel , 1963 's Son of Flubber . The original 1961 film was one of the first Disney films to be colorized ( for the 1986 video release ) , and , along with 1959 's The Shaggy Dog and 1963 's Son of Flubber , it is one of Disney 's few black-and-white films to be produced after 1941 ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Miracle substance called Flubber invented by a college professor ( Fred MacMurray ) enables school 's basketball players to bounce sky-high", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_MacMurray', 'summary': "Frederick Martin MacMurray ( August 30 , 1908 - November 5 , 1991 ) was an American actor and singer who appeared in more than 100 films and a successful television series during a career that spanned nearly a half-century , from 1930 to the 1970s . His career as a major movie leading man began in 1935 but MacMurray is best known for his role in the 1944 film noir Double Indemnity directed by Billy Wilder , in which he starred with Barbara Stanwyck and Edward G. Robinson . As he grew older , he performed in numerous Disney films , including The Absent-Minded Professor , The Happiest Millionaire , and The Shaggy Dog . In 1960 , MacMurray turned to television in the role of Steve Douglas , the widowed patriarch on My Three Sons , which ran on ABC from 1960 to 1965 and then on CBS from 1965 to 1972 , a twelve-year span during which MacMurray 's scenes were filmed together for three months every season so that he could take the rest of the year off ."}]}, {'value': 'Drive , He Said', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drive,_He_Said', 'summary': "Drive , He Said is a 1971 American motion picture released by Columbia Pictures . It is one of the lesser-known works in the influential group of New Hollywood films of the late 1960s and early 1970s made by independent production house Raybert Productions ( The Monkees , Easy Rider ) and its successor , BBS Productions . Based upon the 1964 novel of the same title by Jeremy Larner , the film , which stars William Tepper , is notable as the directorial debut of Jack Nicholson ( who also wrote the screenplay ) following his breakthrough as an actor in Easy Rider ( 1969 ) and Five Easy Pieces ( 1970 ) . Although it was coolly received at the time , and has subsequently faded into obscurity , the production brought together many significant Hollywood names . Director of photography Bill Butler gained renown for his later work on classic films such as Steven Spielberg 's Jaws , Francis Ford Coppola 's The Conversation , and One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . Original music was composed by David Shire ( then married to Coppola 's sister , Talia ) and the screenplay included uncredited contributions from future director Terence Malick . It starred several of Nicholson 's friends and frequent screen collaborators in leading roles - Karen Black , Bruce Dern , Robert Towne and Henry Jaglom ( although Towne and Jaglom became better known as screenwriter and director , respectively ) . Several younger actors who became familiar TV faces in later years were also featured in small supporting roles , including David Ogden Stiers ( M*A*S*H ) , Cindy Williams ( Laverne & Shirley ) and Michael Warren ( Hill Street Blues ) , who ( like Tepper ) was also a former collegiate basketball player . It was filmed on the campus of the University of Oregon and other locations in Eugene , Oregon . The film is also notable for its then-controversial use of profanity , its depictions of sex and drug use , and for several scenes of male frontal nudity , including a locker-room shower scene , and the mental breakdown scene in which Gabriel ( Margotta ) is shown frontally nude , which led to an attempt by the censor to give the film an X rating . The title comes from the poem I Know A Man by Robert Creeley , which a character recites in the opening scene . It also serves as a cryptic reference to basketball , the movie 's dominant milieu ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Jack Nicholson , story of a college player who becomes a campus activist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Nicholson', 'summary': "John Joseph Nicholson ( born April 22 , 1937 ) is an American actor and filmmaker whose career has spanned more than 60 years . He is known for playing a wide range of starring or supporting roles , including comedy , romance , and darkly comic portrayals of anti-heroes and villainous characters . In many of his films , he played the eternal outsider , the sardonic drifter , someone who rebels against the social structure . His most known and celebrated films include the road drama Easy Rider ( 1969 ) ; the dramas Five Easy Pieces ( 1970 ) and One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) ; the comedy-dramas Carnal Knowledge ( 1971 ) , The Last Detail ( 1973 ) , Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) , Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) , As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) , and About Schmidt ( 2002 ) ; the neo-noir mystery Chinatown ( 1974 ) ; the horror film The Shining ( 1980 ) ; the biopic Reds ( 1981 ) ; the fantasy comedy The Witches of Eastwick ( 1987 ) ; the superhero film Batman ( 1989 ) ; the legal drama A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) ; the romantic horror film Wolf ( 1994 ) ; the science fiction comedy Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) ; the comedy Anger Management ( 2003 ) ; the romantic comedy Something 's Got ta Give ( 2003 ) ; and the crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) . He has also directed three films , including The Two Jakes ( 1990 ) , the sequel to Chinatown . Nicholson 's 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy 's history . He has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice : one for the drama One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) and the other for the romantic comedy As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) . He also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) . He is one of only three male actors to win three Academy Awards , and one of only two actors ( alongside Michael Caine ) to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s . He has won six Golden Globe Awards and received the Kennedy Center Honor in 2001 . In 1994 , at 57 , he became one of the youngest actors to be awarded the American Film Institute 's Life Achievement Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Maurie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurie_(film)', 'summary': 'Maurie ( also known as Big Mo ) is a 1973 American biographical film directed by Daniel Mann . Distributed by National General Pictures , the film covers the lives and relationship of two NBA Hall of fame basketball players , the forward Jack Twyman , and his teammate the forward Maurice Stokes .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biographical', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Life-changing injury 's impact on NBA teammates Maurice Stokes and Jack Twyman", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurice_Stokes', 'summary': "Maurice Stokes ( June 17 , 1933 - April 6 , 1970 ) was an American professional basketball player in the 1950s for the Cincinnati/Rochester Royals of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) until his career - and later his life - was cut short by a debilitating injury . Stokes is a namesake of the NBA 's Twyman-Stokes Teammate of the Year Award . Stokes was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jack_Twyman', 'summary': "John Kennedy Twyman ( May 21 , 1934 - May 30 , 2012 ) was an American professional basketball player and sports broadcaster . Twyman is a namesake of the NBA 's Twyman-Stokes Teammate of the Year Award . Twyman was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mixed Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mixed_Company', 'summary': 'Mixed Company is a 1974 American comedy-drama film directed by Melville Shavelson and written by Shavelson and Mort Lachman . It stars Barbara Harris , Joseph Bologna , Tom Bosley , Lisa Gerritsen , Dorothy Shay , Ruth McDevitt and Haywood Nelson .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Phoenix Suns coach and his wife adopt children of various ethnic backgrounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_Suns', 'summary': "The Phoenix Suns are an American professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . The Suns compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division , and are the only team in their division not based in California . The Suns play their home games at the Talking Stick Resort Arena . The franchise began play in 1968 as an expansion team , and their early years were shrouded in mediocrity , but their fortunes changed in the 1970s , where , after partnering long-term guard Dick Van Arsdale and center Alvan Adams with Paul Westphal , the Suns reached the 1976 NBA Finals , in what is considered to be one of the biggest upsets in NBA history . However , after failing to capture a championship , the Suns would rebuild around Walter Davis for a majority of the 1980s , until the acquisition of Kevin Johnson in 1988 . Under Johnson , and after trading for perennial NBA All-Star Charles Barkley , and combined with the output of Tom Chambers and Dan Majerle , the Suns reached the playoffs for a franchise-record thirteen consecutive appearances and remained a regular title contender throughout the 1990s , and reached the 1993 NBA Finals . However , the team would again fail to win a championship , and entered into another period of mediocrity until the early part of the 2000s . In 2004 , the Suns reacquired Steve Nash , and immediately returned into playoff contention . With Nash , Shawn Marion , and Amar ' e Stoudemire , and under head coach Mike D'Antoni , the Suns became renowned worldwide for their quick , dynamic offense , which led them to tie a franchise record in wins in the 2004-05 season . Two more top two Conference placements followed , but the Suns again failed to attain an NBA championship , and were forced into another rebuild . The Suns own the NBA 's seventh-best all-time winning percentage , and have the second highest winning percentage of any teams to have never won an NBA championship . 10 Hall of Famers have played for Phoenix , while two Suns , Barkley and Nash , have won the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award while playing for the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornbread , Earl and Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornbread,_Earl_and_Me', 'summary': 'Cornbread , Earl and Me is a 1975 American blaxploitation drama film that stars Tierre Turner , Laurence Fishburne ( in his film debut ) , and Jamaal Wilkes and directed and co-produced by Joseph Manduke , the film is loosely based on the 1966 Ronald Fair novel Hog Butcher .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teen about to get basketball scholarship ( Jamaal Wilkes ) is mistaken for thief and shot by police', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaal_Wilkes', 'summary': 'Jamaal Abdul-Lateef ( born Jackson Keith Wilkes ; May 2 , 1953 ) , better known as Jamaal Wilkes , nicknamed Silk , is an American former basketball player who played the small forward position and won four NBA championships with the Golden State Warriors and Los Angeles Lakers . He was a three-time NBA All-Star and the 1975 NBA Rookie of the Year . In college , Wilkes was a key player on two NCAA championship teams under coach John Wooden for the UCLA Bruins . He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , and his jersey No . 52 was retired by both the Lakers and the Bruins . Wilkes converted to Islam and legally changed his name to Jamaal Abdul-Lateef in 1975 , but he continued to use his birth surname only for purposes of public recognition .'}]}, {'value': 'One on One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_on_One_(1977_film)', 'summary': "One on One is a 1977 sports drama film starring Robby Benson and Annette O'Toole . It was written by Benson and his father Jerry Segal , directed by Lamont Johnson , and features a soundtrack performed by Seals and Crofts ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A highly recruited college freshman ( Robby Benson ) runs afoul of a demanding coach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robby_Benson', 'summary': 'Robby Benson ( born Robin David Segal ; January 21 , 1956 ) , is an American actor , voice actor , singer , musician , educator , director , producer , writer and composer . He rose to prominence as a teen idol in the late 1970s , appearing in the sports films One on One ( 1977 ) and Ice Castles ( 1978 ) . He subsequently garnered fame for portraying the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) and its numerous sequels and spin-offs . He later forged a career in directing television , including six episodes of the sitcom Friends . In addition to acting and directing , Benson is an activist in the field of heart research , having undergone four open-heart surgeries since age 28 to correct congenital aortic valve defects and related damage . In 2012 , he published a memoir recounting his medical journey and numerous surgeries .'}]}, {'value': 'Coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A basketball coach ( Cathy Lee Crosby ) hired by mistake is harassed by her superior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathy_Lee_Crosby', 'summary': "Cathy Lee Crosby ( born December 2 , 1944 ) sometimes referred to as just Cathy Crosby is an American actress and former professional tennis player . She achieved TV and film success in the 1980s and was a co-host of the television series That 's Incredible !"}]}, {'value': 'Fast Break', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fast_Break_(film)', 'summary': "Fast Break is a 1979 American comedy film directed by Jack Smight and produced by Stephen Friedman . The film stars Gabe Kaplan as David Greene , Harold Sylvester as D.C. and Bernard King as Hustler . The film was Kaplan 's big-screen debut , although he had made earlier appearances on television sitcoms and movies , and was one of the first film appearances of Laurence Fishburne . This film also featured the hit song With You I 'm Born Again by Billy Preston and Syreeta , which was released in November 1979 and peaked at # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The duo also recorded the film 's theme song , Go for It , released as a single in April of the same year . The film 's soundtrack was released by Motown Records . Smight called it a very funny and profitable film ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabe Kaplan as a New Yorker who dreams of being a coach and finally gets a shot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabe_Kaplan', 'summary': 'Gabriel Weston Kaplan ( born March 31 , 1945 ) is an American comedian , actor and professional poker player . He played the named teacher in the 1970s sitcom Welcome Back , Kotter . He later became a professional poker player , and commentator for the series High Stakes Poker on GSN .'}]}, {'value': 'The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fish_That_Saved_Pittsburgh', 'summary': "The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh is an American sports/fantasy comedy film that was released in 1979 . The movie was directed by Gilbert Moses and co-produced by David Dashev and Gary Stromberg . It was produced by Lorimar and distributed by United Artists . It was filmed on location in Pittsburgh and at Pittsburgh 's Civic Arena as well as suburban Moon Township , Pennsylvania . The movie has attracted a cult following , most notably for its disco-inspired setting and soundtrack , as well as the appearances of many NBA stars ( including lead actor Julius Erving ) and early roles for Debbie Allen , Stockard Channing and Harry Shearer . The film also has a cameo by longtime Pittsburgh Mayor Richard Caliguiri as himself , hosting the fictional team at a rally and shaking hands with Erving ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A laughing-stock basketball squad transforms itself as the Pittsburgh Pisces', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Great Santini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Great_Santini', 'summary': "The Great Santini is a 1979 American drama film written and directed by Lewis John Carlino , based on the 1976 novel of the same name by Pat Conroy . The film stars Robert Duvall , Blythe Danner , and Michael O'Keefe , and tells the story of a U.S. Marine Corps officer whose success as an F-4 Phantom military aviator contrasts with his shortcomings as a husband and father . Set in 1962 , before widespread American involvement in the Vietnam War , the plot explores the high price of heroism and self-sacrifice ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A high school star 's life is complicated by his father ( Robert Duvall ) , a mean Marine", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Duvall', 'summary': "Robert Selden Duvall ( /duːˈvɔːl/ ; born January 5 , 1931 ) is an American actor and filmmaker whose career spans more than six decades . He has been nominated for seven Academy Awards ( winning for his performance in Tender Mercies ) and seven Golden Globe Awards ( winning four ) , and has won a BAFTA , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and an Emmy Award . He received the National Medal of Arts in 2005 . Duvall has starred in numerous films and television series , including To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , The Twilight Zone ( 1963 ) , The Outer Limits ( 1964 ) , Bullitt ( 1968 ) , True Grit ( 1969 ) , MASH ( 1970 ) , THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , The Conversation ( 1974 ) , Network ( 1976 ) , Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , The Great Santini ( 1979 ) , The Natural ( 1984 ) , Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) , Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) , Rambling Rose ( 1991 ) , and Falling Down ( 1993 ) . Duvall began appearing in theater during the late 1950s , moving into television and film roles during the early 1960s , playing Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) and appearing in Captain Newman , M.D . ( 1963 ) . ( 1970 ) and the lead role in THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , as well as Horton Foote 's adaptation of William Faulkner 's Tomorrow ( 1972 ) , which was developed at The Actors Studio and is Duvall 's personal favorite . This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films . Duvall has continued to act in both film and television with such productions as Tender Mercies ( 1983 ) , The Natural ( 1984 ) , Colors ( 1988 ) , the television miniseries Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) , Stalin ( 1992 ) , Newsies ( 1992 ) , The Man Who Captured Eichmann ( 1996 ) , Phenomenon ( 1996 ) , A Family Thing ( 1996 ) , The Apostle ( 1997 ) , A Civil Action ( 1998 ) , Deep Impact ( 1998 ) , Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) , Open Range ( 2003 ) , Gods and Generals ( 2003 ) , Secondhand Lions ( 2003 ) , Broken Trail ( 2006 ) , Get Low ( 2010 ) , Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) , A Night in Old Mexico ( 2014 ) , The Judge ( 2014 ) , and Wild Horses ( 2015 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Inside Moves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inside_Moves', 'summary': 'Inside Moves is a 1980 American drama film directed by Richard Donner . The film is based on the book of the same name by Todd Walton , with a script by then writing duo Valerie Curtin and Barry Levinson .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "When a bartender 's injury heals , he becomes a player for the Golden State Warriors", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors', 'summary': "The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in San Francisco . The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . Founded in 1946 in Philadelphia , the Warriors moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1962 and took the city 's name , before changing its geographic moniker to Golden State in 1971 . [ b ] They play their home games at the Chase Center . The Warriors won the inaugural Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) championship in 1947 , [ c ] and won again in 1956 , led by Hall of Fame trio Paul Arizin , Tom Gola , and Neil Johnston . After a brief rebuilding period after the trade of star Wilt Chamberlain , the team moved to San Francisco . In 1975 , star players Jamaal Wilkes and Rick Barry powered the Warriors to their third championship , largely considered one of the biggest upsets in NBA history . The team struggled in the 1980s , then became playoff regulars at the turn of the decade with stars Tim Hardaway , Mitch Richmond , and Chris Mullin , nicknamed Run TMC . The team returned to championship glory in 2015 , led by Stephen Curry , Klay Thompson , and Draymond Green ; they won again in 2017 and 2018 , with the help of former MVP Kevin Durant . Nicknamed the Dubs as a shortening of W 's , the Warriors hold several NBA records : best regular season , most wins in a season ( regular season and postseason combined ) , and best postseason run . Curry and Thompson are among the greatest backcourts of all time . Only the Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics have more NBA championships ."}]}, {'value': 'That Championship Season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/That_Championship_Season_(1982_film)', 'summary': "That Championship Season is Jason Miller 's 1982 film version of his 1973 Pulitzer Prize winning Broadway play of the same name . It stars Robert Mitchum , Martin Sheen , Bruce Dern , Stacy Keach and Paul Sorvino and was filmed on location in Scranton , Pennsylvania where it is set . In 1999 , Sorvino directed an adaptation of the play for Showtime in which he played Mitchum 's role as the coach . This version co-starred Vincent D'Onofrio , Gary Sinise , Tony Shalhoub and Terry Kinney ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A reunion of a Pennsylvania state championship team turns into an angry confrontation , starring Robert Mitchum and Bruce Dern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Mitchum', 'summary': "Robert Charles Durman Mitchum ( August 6 , 1917 - July 1 , 1997 ) was an American actor , director , author , poet , composer , and singer . Mitchum rose to prominence for starring roles in several classic film noirs , and his acting is generally considered a forerunner of the antiheroes prevalent in film during the 1950s and 1960s . His best-known films include Out of the Past ( 1947 ) , The Night of the Hunter ( 1955 ) , Cape Fear ( 1962 ) , and El Dorado ( 1966 ) . Mitchum was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Story of G.I . Joe ( 1945 ) . He is also known for his television role as U.S. Navy Captain Victor Pug Henry in the epic two-part miniseries The Winds of War ( 1983 ) and sequel War and Remembrance ( 1988 ) . Mitchum is rated number 23 on the American Film Institute 's list of the greatest male stars of Classic American Cinema ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Dern', 'summary': 'Bruce MacLeish Dern ( born June 4 , 1936 ) is an American actor , often playing supporting villainous characters of unstable nature . He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Coming Home ( 1978 ) and the Academy Award for Best Actor for Nebraska ( 2013 ) . His other major film appearances include The Cowboys ( 1972 ) , Posse ( 1975 ) , Family Plot ( 1976 ) , Black Sunday ( 1977 ) , Tattoo ( 1981 ) , Monster ( 2003 ) , The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) , and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood ( 2019 ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Basketball', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sports_films_7', 'intro': 'This compilation of films covers all sports activities. Sports films have been made since the era of silent films, such as the 1915 film The Champion starring Charlie Chaplin. Films in this genre can range from serious (Raging Bull) to silly (Horse Feathers). A classic theme for sports films is the triumph of an individual or team who prevail despite the difficulties, standard elements of melodrama.'}
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Who was the director of the 1961 sports comedy featuring Fred MacMurray ?
Robert Stevenson
0668d99db6ce61c8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Badgley', 'title': 'Penn Badgley', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fluffer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fluffer', 'summary': 'The Fluffer , a 2001 American independent film , is a triangular story of obsessive love set against the backdrop of the adult video industry . The film was written by Wash West and co-directed by West and his husband Richard Glatzer . The Fluffer features cameos from a number of figures in the adult entertainment industry , including Ron Jeremy , director Chi Chi LaRue , Karen Dior , Zach Richards , Derek Cameron , Chad Donovan , Thomas Lloyd , Jim Steel , Chris Green and Cole Tucker . The Fluffer was an official selection of and premiered in 2001 at the 51st Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin ( Berlin International Film Festival ) . It was also selected for the Toronto International Film Festival that year , where it made its North American debut .'}]}, {'value': 'Young Sean', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catch Me If You Can', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contestant # 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Debating Robert Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debating_Robert_Lee', 'summary': 'Debating Robert Lee is a 2004 independent film , directed by Dan Polier and written by Dan Polier and Matthew Klein . It is centered on a group of jaded , high school teenagers in idyllic , upscale Palos Verdes , California . Most students on the team are taking debate as an elective needed to graduate , but Robert Lee ( played by Dale Midkiff ) , one of the best debate teachers in the country , believes that they can aspire to more . The movie also stars Kaley Cuoco , Beau Bridges , Melinda Dillon , Danielle Harris , Edwin Hodge , Billy Kay , Brian Kerwin , Daniel Letterle , Leonardo Nam , and Rachel Nichols .'}]}, {'value': 'Debator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Tucker Must Die', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Tucker_Must_Die', 'summary': 'John Tucker Must Die is a 2006 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Betty Thomas . The film is about a trio of girls who plot to break the heart of manipulative basketball star John Tucker after they learn he has been secretly dating all three and pledging each is the one . They recruit cute wallflower Kate in their scheme to publicly humiliate the main male lead . Released in North America on July 28 , 2006 , the film made $ 68 million worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott Tucker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drive-Thru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drive-Thru_(film)', 'summary': "Drive-Thru is a 2007 American horror black comedy film , directed by Brendan Cowles and Shane Kuhn , starring Leighton Meester and Nicholas D'Agosto . It is set in Orange County , California and involves an evil clown as a serial killer . The film was released direct-to-video on May 29 , 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Van', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forever Strong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forever_Strong', 'summary': 'Forever Strong is a sports film directed by Ryan Little and written by David Pliler and released on September 26 , 2008 . The film stars Sean Faris , Gary Cole , Neal McDonough , Sean Astin , Penn Badgley and Arielle Kebbel . The film is about a troubled rugby union player who must play against the team his father coaches at the national championships . Forever Strong is based on a compilation of individual true stories .'}]}, {'value': 'Lars', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Stepfather', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Stepfather_(2009_film)', 'summary': 'The Stepfather is a 2009 American slasher film and a remake of the 1987 horror film of the same title . The film was directed by Nelson McCormick and stars Dylan Walsh , Sela Ward , Penn Badgley , Amber Heard and Jon Tenney . The original was directed by Joseph Ruben and shot from a script by Donald Westlake . The films are loosely based on the crimes of mass murderer John List .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Harding', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Easy A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Easy_A', 'summary': "Easy A ( stylized as easy A ) is a 2010 American teen comedy film directed by Will Gluck , written by Bert V. Royal and starring Emma Stone , Stanley Tucci , Patricia Clarkson , Thomas Haden Church , Dan Byrd , Amanda Bynes ( in her last film before acting hiatus ) , Penn Badgley , Cam Gigandet , Lisa Kudrow , and Aly Michalka . The screenplay was partially inspired by the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne . Shot at Screen Gems studios and in Ojai , California , the film was released on September 17 , 2010 , received positive reviews with praise for Stone 's performance , and was a major financial success grossing $ 75 million worldwide , against an $ 8 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Woodchuck Todd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margin Call', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margin_Call', 'summary': "Margin Call is a 2011 American drama film written and directed by J. C. Chandor in his feature directorial debut . The principal story takes place over a 24-hour period at a large Wall Street investment bank during the initial stages of the financial crisis of 2007-08 . In focus are the actions taken by a group of employees during the subsequent financial collapse . The ensemble cast features Kevin Spacey , Paul Bettany , Jeremy Irons , Zachary Quinto , Penn Badgley , Simon Baker , Demi Moore , and Stanley Tucci . The film was produced by the production companies Before the Door Pictures ( first to sign on , and owned by Zachary Quinto ) , Benaroya Pictures , as well as Washington Square Films . Theatrically , it was commercially distributed by Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions . Margin Call explores capitalism , greed , and investment fraud . The director and screenwriter , J. C. Chandor , is himself the son of an investment banker ; the screenplay was partially informed by Chandor 's own foray into real estate investments in New York City soon before the financial crash . Following its wide release in theaters , the film garnered award nominations from the Detroit Film Critics Society , along with several separate nominations for its screenplay and direction from recognized award organizations , including a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . The score was orchestrated by musician Nathan Larson . The film made its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25 , 2011 , and opened in theaters nationwide in the United States on October 21 , 2011 , grossing $ 5,354,039 in domestic ticket receipts . It was screened at 199 theaters during its widest release in cinemas ."}]}, {'value': 'Seth Bregman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greetings from Tim Buckley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greetings_from_Tim_Buckley', 'summary': "Greetings from Tim Buckley is a 2012 American film directed by Daniel Algrant starring Penn Badgley and Imogen Poots . The film follows the journey Jeff Buckley took in grappling with the legacy of his late musician father , Tim , leading up to and culminating with his legendary 1991 performance of his father 's songs . The film premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 9 , 2012 to generally positive reviews . The film was released on May 3 , 2013 , in a limited release ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Buckley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Buckley', 'summary': "Jeffrey Scott Buckley ( November 17 , 1966 - May 29 , 1997 ) , raised as Scott Moorhead , was an American singer , songwriter and guitarist . After a decade as a session guitarist in Los Angeles , Buckley amassed a following in the early 1990s by playing cover songs at venues in Manhattan 's East Village such as Sin-é , gradually focusing more on his own material . After rebuffing much interest from record labels and his father 's manager , Herb Cohen , he signed with Columbia , recruited a band , and recorded what would be his only studio album , Grace , in 1994 . Over the following three years , the band toured extensively to promote the album , including concerts in the U.S. , Europe , Japan , and Australia . In 1996 , they stopped touring and made sporadic attempts to record Buckley 's second album in New York City with Tom Verlaine as producer . In 1997 , Buckley moved to Memphis , Tennessee , to resume work on the album , to be titled My Sweetheart the Drunk , recording many four-track demos while also playing weekly solo shows at a local venue . On May 29 , 1997 , while awaiting the arrival of his band from New York , he drowned during a spontaneous evening swim , fully clothed , in the Mississippi River when he was caught in the wake of a passing boat ; his body was found on June 4 . Since his death , there have been many posthumous releases of his material , including a collection of four-track demos and studio recordings for his unfinished second album My Sweetheart the Drunk , expansions of Grace , and the Live at Sin-é EP . Chart success also came posthumously : with his cover of Leonard Cohen 's song Hallelujah he attained his first number one on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs in March 2008 and reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart that December . Buckley and his work remain popular and are regularly featured in greatest lists in the music press ; in 2004 , Rolling Stone listed him at number 39 on their list of greatest singers of all time ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parts per Billion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parts_per_Billion', 'summary': 'Parts per Billion is a 2014 romantic drama written and directed by Brian Horiuchi . It stars an ensemble cast comprising Frank Langella , Gena Rowlands , Rosario Dawson , Penn Badgley , Teresa Palmer , and Josh Hartnett as three loosely connected couples who must deal with a looming biological attack .'}]}, {'value': 'Erik', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cymbeline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cymbeline_(film)', 'summary': 'Cymbeline ( also known as Anarchy ) is a 2014 American film version of the play Cymbeline by William Shakespeare . The film is directed by Michael Almereyda and stars Ethan Hawke , Ed Harris , Dakota Johnson , Milla Jovovich and John Leguizamo .'}]}, {'value': 'Posthumus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Paper Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Paper_Store', 'summary': "The Paper Store is a 2016 drama film directed by Nicholas Gray , and written by Gray and Katharine Clark Gray , adapted from the latter 's play 516 . The film is produced by Jonathan Gray , John Grossman ( NYPS ) , and casting director Bonnie Timmermann and stars Stef Dawson , Penn Badgley , and Richard Kind ."}]}, {'value': 'Sigurd Rossdale', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Adam Green 's Aladdin", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Adam_Green's_Aladdin", 'summary': "Adam Green 's Aladdin is an independent film written , directed by , and starring Adam Green . It presents a modern take on the Arabian Nights classic tale . The film stars Alia Shawkat , Natasha Lyonne , Jack Dishel , Macaulay Culkin , and Nicole LaLiberte . The film explores themes of technology , government repression , greed , and true love . The film was partially funded through the crowdfunding website Kickstarter , and filmed over the summer of 2014 . The film was released on April 15 , 2016 , through video on demand ."}]}, {'value': 'Prince of Monaco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Here Today', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Here_Today_(film)', 'summary': 'Here Today is an upcoming American comedy film , directed and produced by Billy Crystal , from a screenplay by himself and Alan Zweibel . It stars Crystal , Tiffany Haddish , Louisa Krause , Penn Badgley , Laura Benanti , Alex Brightman , Anna Deavere Smith , Max Gordon Moore and Nyambi Nyambi .'}]}, {'value': 'Rex', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Penn_Badgley_0', 'intro': 'Penn Dayton Badgley (born November 1, 1986) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his role as Dan Humphrey in The CW teen drama series Gossip Girl (2007-12) and as Joe Goldberg in the Netflix thriller series You (2018-present). Badgley has appeared in a number of films, including\nJohn Tucker Must Die (2006), The Stepfather (2009), Easy A (2010), Margin Call (2011), and Greetings from Tim Buckley (2012). He is also the lead singer for Brooklyn-based indie band MOTHXR. Their studio album Centerfold was released in 2016.'}
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What state do the events of the 2007 movie in which Penn Badgley played Van occur in ?
California
0669186678c749a4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Series', 'title': 'Dixie Series', 'header': ['Year', 'Winning League', 'Winner', 'Score', 'Finalist'], 'data': [{'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Panthers', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Cats ( originally the Fort Worth Panthers ) were a minor league baseball team that mostly played in the Texas League from 1888 through 1964 . They were affiliated with the Indianapolis Indians in 1933 , the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1956 , and the Chicago Cubs from 1957 to 1958 . The team joined the American Association in 1959 and then merged with the Dallas Rangers in 1959 to become the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers . The teams separated again in 1964 when the Cats rejoined the Texas League , but they merged again the following year and became the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs . The 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , and 1925 Panthers teams were selected as among the top 100 minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '4-2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Rock Travelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Rock_Travelers', 'summary': "The Little Rock Travelers were an American minor league baseball team located in Little Rock , Arkansas , and members ( 1902-1910 , 1915-1958 , 1960-1961 ) of the Southern Association , which as a Class A , A1 or Double-A circuit was typically two rungs below Major League Baseball . When farm systems came into being in the 1930s , the Travelers were at different times affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates , Boston Red Sox , Boston Braves , Detroit Tigers , Kansas City Athletics , and Baltimore Orioles . After attracting fewer than 68,000 paying customers over a 77-game home schedule in 1958 , the Travelers moved to Shreveport , Louisiana , in 1959 as the Shreveport Sports . In 1959 , however , the New Orleans Pelicans moved to Little Rock and took the Travelers name . But the Southern Association was in its death throes , and the Travelers went down with the entire league after the 1961 season . Little Rock did not field a team in 1962 . In 1963 , organized baseball returned to Little Rock with the Arkansas Travelers of the Triple-A International League . In both 1964 and 1965 , the franchise played in the Triple-A Pacific Coast League before settling in the Double-A Texas League , where the Travelers have played since 1966 . Currently , the Arkansas Travelers are the AA affiliate of the Seattle Mariners . The team 's name derives from the old folk song , The Arkansas Traveler . The team played at Travelers Field starting in 1932 , a facility that would long outlast its original tenant . Previously the team had played at Kavanaugh Field ."}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Panthers', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Cats ( originally the Fort Worth Panthers ) were a minor league baseball team that mostly played in the Texas League from 1888 through 1964 . They were affiliated with the Indianapolis Indians in 1933 , the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1956 , and the Chicago Cubs from 1957 to 1958 . The team joined the American Association in 1959 and then merged with the Dallas Rangers in 1959 to become the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers . The teams separated again in 1964 when the Cats rejoined the Texas League , but they merged again the following year and became the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs . The 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , and 1925 Panthers teams were selected as among the top 100 minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '4-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memphis Chicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memphis_Chicks', 'summary': 'The Memphis Chicks ( originally short for Chickasaws ) were an American Minor League Baseball team based in Memphis , Tennessee . The Chicks were charter members of the Southern Association ( Class B , 1901 ; Class A , 1902-35 ; Class A1 , 1936-45 ; Class AA , 1946-61 ) from 1901 until November 18 , 1960 , when the club folded and was transferred to Macon , Georgia , for 1961 . The 1921 and 1924 Chicks were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Association', 'summary': "The Southern Association was a higher-level minor league in American organized baseball from 1901 through 1961 . For most of its existence , the Southern Association was two steps below the Major Leagues ; it was graded Class A ( 1902-1935 ) , Class A1 ( 1936-1945 ) and Class AA ( 1946-1961 ) . Although the SA was known as the Southern League through 1919 , today 's Double-A Southern League is not descended from the Southern Association ; the modern SL came into existence in 1964 as the successor to the original South Atlantic ( Sally ) League . A stable , eight-team loop , the Southern Association 's member teams typically included the Atlanta Crackers , Birmingham Barons , Chattanooga Lookouts , Little Rock Travelers , Memphis Chicks , Nashville Vols , and New Orleans Pelicans . Either the Knoxville Smokies , Mobile Bears , or Shreveport Sports typically comprised the eighth club . The association was formed from the remnants of the 1885-1899 Southern League by Abner Powell , Newt Fisher , and Charley Frank ."}]}, {'value': 'Mobile Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobile_Bears', 'summary': 'The Mobile Bears were an American minor league baseball team based in Mobile , Alabama . The franchise was a member of the old Southern Association , a high-level circuit that folded after the 1961 season . Mobile joined the SA in 1908 as the Sea Gulls , but changed its name to the Bears in 1918 , and the nickname stuck . The club played in the Association until July 1931 , when it moved to Knoxville , Tennessee . Almost exactly 13 years later , in July 1944 , the Bears returned to Mobile when the Knoxville Smokies franchise shifted back from Tennessee . ( A club known as the Mobile Shippers competed in the Class B Southeastern League from 1937-42 . ) The Bears then continued in the SA ( classified as a Double-A league in 1946 ) through its final season . During the 1940s and 1950s , the club was a longtime farm system affiliate of the Brooklyn Dodgers , then the Cleveland Indians . The Bears played in 5,000-seat Hartwell Field located on Virginia Street in midtown . The nickname Bears lives on in modified form with the modern Mobile BayBears of the Double-A Southern League , a farm team of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim .'}]}, {'value': '4-2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Panthers', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Cats ( originally the Fort Worth Panthers ) were a minor league baseball team that mostly played in the Texas League from 1888 through 1964 . They were affiliated with the Indianapolis Indians in 1933 , the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1956 , and the Chicago Cubs from 1957 to 1958 . The team joined the American Association in 1959 and then merged with the Dallas Rangers in 1959 to become the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers . The teams separated again in 1964 when the Cats rejoined the Texas League , but they merged again the following year and became the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs . The 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , and 1925 Panthers teams were selected as among the top 100 minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Panthers', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Cats ( originally the Fort Worth Panthers ) were a minor league baseball team that mostly played in the Texas League from 1888 through 1964 . They were affiliated with the Indianapolis Indians in 1933 , the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1956 , and the Chicago Cubs from 1957 to 1958 . The team joined the American Association in 1959 and then merged with the Dallas Rangers in 1959 to become the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers . The teams separated again in 1964 when the Cats rejoined the Texas League , but they merged again the following year and became the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs . The 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , and 1925 Panthers teams were selected as among the top 100 minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '4-2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans Pelicans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The New Orleans Pelicans or Pels were a minor league professional baseball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Panthers', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Cats ( originally the Fort Worth Panthers ) were a minor league baseball team that mostly played in the Texas League from 1888 through 1964 . They were affiliated with the Indianapolis Indians in 1933 , the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1956 , and the Chicago Cubs from 1957 to 1958 . The team joined the American Association in 1959 and then merged with the Dallas Rangers in 1959 to become the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers . The teams separated again in 1964 when the Cats rejoined the Texas League , but they merged again the following year and became the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs . The 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , and 1925 Panthers teams were selected as among the top 100 minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '4-3-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memphis Chicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memphis_Chicks', 'summary': 'The Memphis Chicks ( originally short for Chickasaws ) were an American Minor League Baseball team based in Memphis , Tennessee . The Chicks were charter members of the Southern Association ( Class B , 1901 ; Class A , 1902-35 ; Class A1 , 1936-45 ; Class AA , 1946-61 ) from 1901 until November 18 , 1960 , when the club folded and was transferred to Macon , Georgia , for 1961 . The 1921 and 1924 Chicks were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Panthers', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Cats ( originally the Fort Worth Panthers ) were a minor league baseball team that mostly played in the Texas League from 1888 through 1964 . They were affiliated with the Indianapolis Indians in 1933 , the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1956 , and the Chicago Cubs from 1957 to 1958 . The team joined the American Association in 1959 and then merged with the Dallas Rangers in 1959 to become the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers . The teams separated again in 1964 when the Cats rejoined the Texas League , but they merged again the following year and became the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs . The 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , and 1925 Panthers teams were selected as among the top 100 minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '4-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Crackers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Crackers', 'summary': "The Atlanta Crackers were Minor League Baseball teams based in Atlanta , Georgia , between 1901 and 1965 . The Crackers were Atlanta 's home team until the Atlanta Braves moved from Milwaukee , Wisconsin , in 1966 ."}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Steers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Steers', 'summary': 'The Dallas Rangers were a high-level minor league baseball team located in Dallas , Texas from 1958 to 1964 . The team was known by the Dallas Rangers name in 1958 , 1959 , and 1964 and as the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers from 1960 to 1963 . It played in the Double-A Texas League in 1958 , the Triple-A American Association from 1959 to 1962 and the Triple-A Pacific Coast League in 1963 and 1964 . Its home stadium was Burnett Field .'}]}, {'value': '4-2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans Pelicans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The New Orleans Pelicans or Pels were a minor league professional baseball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Wichita Falls Spudders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wichita_Falls_Spudders', 'summary': 'The Wichita Falls Spudders were a minor league baseball team that formed in 1920 and played its last game in 1957 . They were based in Wichita Falls , Texas . The first Spudders team ran from 1920-1932 and played in the Texas League as an affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates , Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Browns . That team moved to Longview , Texas in 1932 and became the Longview Cannibals . They moved to the Dixie League in 1933 and then the West Dixie League from 1934-1935 and the East Texas League from 1936-1939 . They were affiliated with the Chicago White Sox from 1934-1939 . The team disbanded after the 1939 season . A second team , also called the Spudders operated from 1941-1942 in the West Texas-New Mexico League as an affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds . The Third Spudders team operated from 1947-1954 as part of the Big State League ( 1937-1953 ) and Longhorn League ( 1954 ) . This team was affiliated with the St. Louis Browns ( 1948-1951 ) , Boston Braves/Milwaukee Braves ( 1952-1953 ) and Washington Senators ( 1954 ) . They moved away and became the Sweetwater Spudders for the 1955 season . The final Spudders team operated from 1956-1957 in the Big State League as an affiliate of the Brooklyn Dodgers .'}]}, {'value': '4-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans Pelicans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The New Orleans Pelicans or Pels were a minor league professional baseball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Buffaloes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Buffaloes', 'summary': "The Houston Buffaloes , Houston Buffalos , or Buffs were an American minor league baseball team , and were the first minor league team to be affiliated with a Major League franchise , which was the St. Louis Cardinals . The club was founded in 1888 , and played in the Texas League at various levels throughout the majority of its existence . Most recently , from 1959 through 1961 , the team played in the American Association at the Triple-A level of high minor league baseball as an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs . The Buffaloes derived their nickname from Buffalo Bayou , the principal waterway through Houston to the Houston Ship Channel , outlet to the Gulf of Mexico . The team 's last home was Buffalo Stadium , built in 1928 . Before that , they played at West End Park from 1905-1928 , and at Herald Park prior to that . The Houston Buffaloes were purchased by the Houston Sports Association in 1961 to obtain the Houston metropolitan-area territorial rights for the new expansion team in Major League baseball and the National League , Houston Colt .45s ( known since 1965 as the Houston Astros named after their futuristic enclosed indoor domed stadium , the Astrodome - the first of its kind in America ) . Several of those associated with the Buffaloes continued with the Colt .45s major league team including manager Harry Craft . The Buffaloes organization then ended their relationship with the Cubs , and became a Triple-A affiliate of the Colt . 45s . For the following 1962 season , they were reorganized and later moved north to become the Oklahoma City 89ers , which are known today as the Oklahoma City Dodgers . The 1931 and 1941 Buffaloes teams were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time ."}]}, {'value': '4-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham Barons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_Barons', 'summary': 'The Birmingham Barons are a Minor League Baseball team based in Birmingham , Alabama . The team , which plays in the Southern League , is the Double-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox and plays at Regions Field in downtown Birmingham . The current edition of the Barons was previously located in Montgomery , Alabama , and known as the Montgomery Rebels .'}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Association', 'summary': "The Southern Association was a higher-level minor league in American organized baseball from 1901 through 1961 . For most of its existence , the Southern Association was two steps below the Major Leagues ; it was graded Class A ( 1902-1935 ) , Class A1 ( 1936-1945 ) and Class AA ( 1946-1961 ) . Although the SA was known as the Southern League through 1919 , today 's Double-A Southern League is not descended from the Southern Association ; the modern SL came into existence in 1964 as the successor to the original South Atlantic ( Sally ) League . A stable , eight-team loop , the Southern Association 's member teams typically included the Atlanta Crackers , Birmingham Barons , Chattanooga Lookouts , Little Rock Travelers , Memphis Chicks , Nashville Vols , and New Orleans Pelicans . Either the Knoxville Smokies , Mobile Bears , or Shreveport Sports typically comprised the eighth club . The association was formed from the remnants of the 1885-1899 Southern League by Abner Powell , Newt Fisher , and Charley Frank ."}]}, {'value': 'Birmingham Barons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_Barons', 'summary': 'The Birmingham Barons are a Minor League Baseball team based in Birmingham , Alabama . The team , which plays in the Southern League , is the Double-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox and plays at Regions Field in downtown Birmingham . The current edition of the Barons was previously located in Montgomery , Alabama , and known as the Montgomery Rebels .'}]}, {'value': '4-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Steers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Steers', 'summary': 'The Dallas Rangers were a high-level minor league baseball team located in Dallas , Texas from 1958 to 1964 . The team was known by the Dallas Rangers name in 1958 , 1959 , and 1964 and as the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers from 1960 to 1963 . It played in the Double-A Texas League in 1958 , the Triple-A American Association from 1959 to 1962 and the Triple-A Pacific Coast League in 1963 and 1964 . Its home stadium was Burnett Field .'}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Panthers', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Cats ( originally the Fort Worth Panthers ) were a minor league baseball team that mostly played in the Texas League from 1888 through 1964 . They were affiliated with the Indianapolis Indians in 1933 , the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1956 , and the Chicago Cubs from 1957 to 1958 . The team joined the American Association in 1959 and then merged with the Dallas Rangers in 1959 to become the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers . The teams separated again in 1964 when the Cats rejoined the Texas League , but they merged again the following year and became the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs . The 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , and 1925 Panthers teams were selected as among the top 100 minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '4-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memphis Chicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memphis_Chicks', 'summary': 'The Memphis Chicks ( originally short for Chickasaws ) were an American Minor League Baseball team based in Memphis , Tennessee . The Chicks were charter members of the Southern Association ( Class B , 1901 ; Class A , 1902-35 ; Class A1 , 1936-45 ; Class AA , 1946-61 ) from 1901 until November 18 , 1960 , when the club folded and was transferred to Macon , Georgia , for 1961 . The 1921 and 1924 Chicks were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Association', 'summary': "The Southern Association was a higher-level minor league in American organized baseball from 1901 through 1961 . For most of its existence , the Southern Association was two steps below the Major Leagues ; it was graded Class A ( 1902-1935 ) , Class A1 ( 1936-1945 ) and Class AA ( 1946-1961 ) . Although the SA was known as the Southern League through 1919 , today 's Double-A Southern League is not descended from the Southern Association ; the modern SL came into existence in 1964 as the successor to the original South Atlantic ( Sally ) League . A stable , eight-team loop , the Southern Association 's member teams typically included the Atlanta Crackers , Birmingham Barons , Chattanooga Lookouts , Little Rock Travelers , Memphis Chicks , Nashville Vols , and New Orleans Pelicans . Either the Knoxville Smokies , Mobile Bears , or Shreveport Sports typically comprised the eighth club . The association was formed from the remnants of the 1885-1899 Southern League by Abner Powell , Newt Fisher , and Charley Frank ."}]}, {'value': 'Birmingham Barons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_Barons', 'summary': 'The Birmingham Barons are a Minor League Baseball team based in Birmingham , Alabama . The team , which plays in the Southern League , is the Double-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox and plays at Regions Field in downtown Birmingham . The current edition of the Barons was previously located in Montgomery , Alabama , and known as the Montgomery Rebels .'}]}, {'value': '4-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Buffaloes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Buffaloes', 'summary': "The Houston Buffaloes , Houston Buffalos , or Buffs were an American minor league baseball team , and were the first minor league team to be affiliated with a Major League franchise , which was the St. Louis Cardinals . The club was founded in 1888 , and played in the Texas League at various levels throughout the majority of its existence . Most recently , from 1959 through 1961 , the team played in the American Association at the Triple-A level of high minor league baseball as an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs . The Buffaloes derived their nickname from Buffalo Bayou , the principal waterway through Houston to the Houston Ship Channel , outlet to the Gulf of Mexico . The team 's last home was Buffalo Stadium , built in 1928 . Before that , they played at West End Park from 1905-1928 , and at Herald Park prior to that . The Houston Buffaloes were purchased by the Houston Sports Association in 1961 to obtain the Houston metropolitan-area territorial rights for the new expansion team in Major League baseball and the National League , Houston Colt .45s ( known since 1965 as the Houston Astros named after their futuristic enclosed indoor domed stadium , the Astrodome - the first of its kind in America ) . Several of those associated with the Buffaloes continued with the Colt .45s major league team including manager Harry Craft . The Buffaloes organization then ended their relationship with the Cubs , and became a Triple-A affiliate of the Colt . 45s . For the following 1962 season , they were reorganized and later moved north to become the Oklahoma City 89ers , which are known today as the Oklahoma City Dodgers . The 1931 and 1941 Buffaloes teams were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time ."}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Association', 'summary': "The Southern Association was a higher-level minor league in American organized baseball from 1901 through 1961 . For most of its existence , the Southern Association was two steps below the Major Leagues ; it was graded Class A ( 1902-1935 ) , Class A1 ( 1936-1945 ) and Class AA ( 1946-1961 ) . Although the SA was known as the Southern League through 1919 , today 's Double-A Southern League is not descended from the Southern Association ; the modern SL came into existence in 1964 as the successor to the original South Atlantic ( Sally ) League . A stable , eight-team loop , the Southern Association 's member teams typically included the Atlanta Crackers , Birmingham Barons , Chattanooga Lookouts , Little Rock Travelers , Memphis Chicks , Nashville Vols , and New Orleans Pelicans . Either the Knoxville Smokies , Mobile Bears , or Shreveport Sports typically comprised the eighth club . The association was formed from the remnants of the 1885-1899 Southern League by Abner Powell , Newt Fisher , and Charley Frank ."}]}, {'value': 'Chattanooga Lookouts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts', 'summary': "The Chattanooga Lookouts are a Minor League Baseball team of the Southern League and the Double-A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds . They are located in Chattanooga , Tennessee , and are named for nearby Lookout Mountain . The team plays its home games at AT & T Field which opened in 2000 and seats 6,340 fans . They previously played at Engel Stadium from 1930 through 1999 , with a one-year break in Montgomery , Alabama 's Cramton Bowl in 1943 ."}]}, {'value': '4-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beaumont Exporters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaumont_Exporters', 'summary': "The Beaumont Exporters was the predominant name of a minor league baseball team located in Beaumont , Texas that played between 1920 and 1957 in the Texas League and the Big State League . Beaumont rejoined the Class AA Texas League ( 1983-1986 ) and evolved into today 's Northwest Arkansas Naturals . Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Hank Greenberg ( 1931-1932 ) , Whitey Herzog ( 1952 ) , Carl Hubbell ( 1928 ) , and Hal Newhouser ( 1939 ) played for the Exporters and Rogers Hornsby was the Manager in 1950 ."}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Association', 'summary': "The Southern Association was a higher-level minor league in American organized baseball from 1901 through 1961 . For most of its existence , the Southern Association was two steps below the Major Leagues ; it was graded Class A ( 1902-1935 ) , Class A1 ( 1936-1945 ) and Class AA ( 1946-1961 ) . Although the SA was known as the Southern League through 1919 , today 's Double-A Southern League is not descended from the Southern Association ; the modern SL came into existence in 1964 as the successor to the original South Atlantic ( Sally ) League . A stable , eight-team loop , the Southern Association 's member teams typically included the Atlanta Crackers , Birmingham Barons , Chattanooga Lookouts , Little Rock Travelers , Memphis Chicks , Nashville Vols , and New Orleans Pelicans . Either the Knoxville Smokies , Mobile Bears , or Shreveport Sports typically comprised the eighth club . The association was formed from the remnants of the 1885-1899 Southern League by Abner Powell , Newt Fisher , and Charley Frank ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Pelicans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The New Orleans Pelicans or Pels were a minor league professional baseball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': '4-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Antonio Missions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions', 'summary': 'The San Antonio Missions are a Minor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League and the Triple-A affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers . They are located in San Antonio , Texas , and are named for The Alamo , originally a Spanish mission located in San Antonio . The Missions play their home games at Nelson W. Wolff Municipal Stadium , which opened in 1994 and seats over 6,200 people with a total capacity of over 9,000 .'}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Association', 'summary': "The Southern Association was a higher-level minor league in American organized baseball from 1901 through 1961 . For most of its existence , the Southern Association was two steps below the Major Leagues ; it was graded Class A ( 1902-1935 ) , Class A1 ( 1936-1945 ) and Class AA ( 1946-1961 ) . Although the SA was known as the Southern League through 1919 , today 's Double-A Southern League is not descended from the Southern Association ; the modern SL came into existence in 1964 as the successor to the original South Atlantic ( Sally ) League . A stable , eight-team loop , the Southern Association 's member teams typically included the Atlanta Crackers , Birmingham Barons , Chattanooga Lookouts , Little Rock Travelers , Memphis Chicks , Nashville Vols , and New Orleans Pelicans . Either the Knoxville Smokies , Mobile Bears , or Shreveport Sports typically comprised the eighth club . The association was formed from the remnants of the 1885-1899 Southern League by Abner Powell , Newt Fisher , and Charley Frank ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Pelicans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The New Orleans Pelicans or Pels were a minor league professional baseball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': '4-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galveston Buccaneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galveston_Buccaneers', 'summary': 'The Galveston Buccaneers were a Minor League Baseball team that existed from 1931 to 1937 . Based in Galveston , Texas , United States , they played in the Texas League . Their home ballpark was Moody Stadium . Notable players include Del Pratt , Beau Bell , Wally Moses and Harry Brecheen . In 1934 , they were the league champions . From 1933 to 1935 , the Buccaneers were in the playoffs for the Texas League title . In 1933 , they were the runners-up in the Championship Series to the San Antonio Missions . In 1934 , Galveston captured only its third Texas League crown ; the other titles were in 1890 and 1899 . In 1935 , the Buccaneers finished third with an 86-75 record but were defeated in the first round of the playoffs . The Galveston Buccaneers were the subject of a 2015 book , The Galveston Buccaneers by Kris Rutherford , Arcadia Publishing , ISBN No . 162619873 . Galveston was also home to the Galveston White Caps ( 1950-1955 ) , Galveston Sand Crabs ( 1889-1890 , 1892 , 1897-99 , 1907-1911 , 1922-1924 ) , Galveston Pirates ( 1912-17 , 1919-1921 ) and Galveston Giants ( 1888 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma City Indians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Indians', 'summary': "The Oklahoma City Indians were an American minor league baseball franchise representing Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , that played in the Texas League in 1909-11 , 1933-42 and 1946-57 , the Western League from 1918-32 , the Western Association from 1914-17 , and the Oklahoma State League in 1912 . They played at Western League Park , Holland Field and Texas League Park . Minor league classifications varied somewhat during the Indians ' lifetime , but the Western and Texas leagues of the post-World War I era - rated Class A , A1 or Double-A - were high-level circuits that usually ranked two notches below Major League Baseball calibre . The Indians won the 1935 Texas League championship and two years later captured 101 regular-season victories , but generally struggled in the TL standings . In the club 's last three seasons , 1955-57 , it lost 90 , 106 and 88 games . The team spent the post-World War II period as the Double-A affiliate of the Cleveland Indians , but the Oklahoma City Indians ' nickname long preceded that relationship . The Indians team spent many years as an unaffiliated franchise , and in its last two seasons was a farm club of the Boston Red Sox . Baseball Hall of Fame player Rogers Hornsby managed the Indians for part of the 1940 season , and future Hall of Fame broadcaster Curt Gowdy launched his baseball announcing career with the postwar Indians ; when he left in early 1949 , Gowdy 's replacement was another future Hall of Fame broadcaster , Bob Murphy . The Oklahoma City Indians folded when the Texas League reorganized following the 1957 season . Five years later , the Oklahoma City 89ers , Triple-A affiliate of the Houston Colt .45s , then an expansion team and now known as the Astros , debuted in the American Association . The Triple-A franchise has played continuously since 1962 , and is now the Oklahoma City Dodgers . Oklahoma City also fielded a Texas League team called the Mets or Metropolitans in 1910-1911 ."}]}, {'value': '4-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Crackers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Crackers', 'summary': "The Atlanta Crackers were Minor League Baseball teams based in Atlanta , Georgia , between 1901 and 1965 . The Crackers were Atlanta 's home team until the Atlanta Braves moved from Milwaukee , Wisconsin , in 1966 ."}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulsa Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulsa_Oilers_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The Tulsa Oilers , located in Tulsa , Oklahoma , were a minor league baseball team that existed on-and-off in multiple leagues from 1905 to 1976 . For most of their history , they played at Oiler Park , which opened on July 11 , 1934 , and was located on the Tulsa County Fairgrounds at 15th Street and Sandusky Avenue .'}]}, {'value': '4-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham Barons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_Barons', 'summary': 'The Birmingham Barons are a Minor League Baseball team based in Birmingham , Alabama . The team , which plays in the Southern League , is the Double-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox and plays at Regions Field in downtown Birmingham . The current edition of the Barons was previously located in Montgomery , Alabama , and known as the Montgomery Rebels .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Cats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Cats_(Texas_League)', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Cats ( originally the Fort Worth Panthers ) were a minor league baseball team that mostly played in the Texas League from 1888 through 1964 . They were affiliated with the Indianapolis Indians in 1933 , the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1956 , and the Chicago Cubs from 1957 to 1958 . The team joined the American Association in 1959 and then merged with the Dallas Rangers in 1959 to become the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers . The teams separated again in 1964 when the Cats rejoined the Texas League , but they merged again the following year and became the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs . The 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , and 1925 Panthers teams were selected as among the top 100 minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '4-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Rock Travelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Rock_Travelers', 'summary': "The Little Rock Travelers were an American minor league baseball team located in Little Rock , Arkansas , and members ( 1902-1910 , 1915-1958 , 1960-1961 ) of the Southern Association , which as a Class A , A1 or Double-A circuit was typically two rungs below Major League Baseball . When farm systems came into being in the 1930s , the Travelers were at different times affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates , Boston Red Sox , Boston Braves , Detroit Tigers , Kansas City Athletics , and Baltimore Orioles . After attracting fewer than 68,000 paying customers over a 77-game home schedule in 1958 , the Travelers moved to Shreveport , Louisiana , in 1959 as the Shreveport Sports . In 1959 , however , the New Orleans Pelicans moved to Little Rock and took the Travelers name . But the Southern Association was in its death throes , and the Travelers went down with the entire league after the 1961 season . Little Rock did not field a team in 1962 . In 1963 , organized baseball returned to Little Rock with the Arkansas Travelers of the Triple-A International League . In both 1964 and 1965 , the franchise played in the Triple-A Pacific Coast League before settling in the Double-A Texas League , where the Travelers have played since 1966 . Currently , the Arkansas Travelers are the AA affiliate of the Seattle Mariners . The team 's name derives from the old folk song , The Arkansas Traveler . The team played at Travelers Field starting in 1932 , a facility that would long outlast its original tenant . Previously the team had played at Kavanaugh Field ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Association', 'summary': "The Southern Association was a higher-level minor league in American organized baseball from 1901 through 1961 . For most of its existence , the Southern Association was two steps below the Major Leagues ; it was graded Class A ( 1902-1935 ) , Class A1 ( 1936-1945 ) and Class AA ( 1946-1961 ) . Although the SA was known as the Southern League through 1919 , today 's Double-A Southern League is not descended from the Southern Association ; the modern SL came into existence in 1964 as the successor to the original South Atlantic ( Sally ) League . A stable , eight-team loop , the Southern Association 's member teams typically included the Atlanta Crackers , Birmingham Barons , Chattanooga Lookouts , Little Rock Travelers , Memphis Chicks , Nashville Vols , and New Orleans Pelicans . Either the Knoxville Smokies , Mobile Bears , or Shreveport Sports typically comprised the eighth club . The association was formed from the remnants of the 1885-1899 Southern League by Abner Powell , Newt Fisher , and Charley Frank ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Crackers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Crackers', 'summary': "The Atlanta Crackers were Minor League Baseball teams based in Atlanta , Georgia , between 1901 and 1965 . The Crackers were Atlanta 's home team until the Atlanta Braves moved from Milwaukee , Wisconsin , in 1966 ."}]}, {'value': '4-0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beaumont Exporters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaumont_Exporters', 'summary': "The Beaumont Exporters was the predominant name of a minor league baseball team located in Beaumont , Texas that played between 1920 and 1957 in the Texas League and the Big State League . Beaumont rejoined the Class AA Texas League ( 1983-1986 ) and evolved into today 's Northwest Arkansas Naturals . Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Hank Greenberg ( 1931-1932 ) , Whitey Herzog ( 1952 ) , Carl Hubbell ( 1928 ) , and Hal Newhouser ( 1939 ) played for the Exporters and Rogers Hornsby was the Manager in 1950 ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_League', 'summary': "The Texas League is a Minor League Baseball league which operates in the South Central United States . It is classified as a Double-A league . Despite the league 's name , only its four South Division teams are actually based in Texas ; the four North Division teams are located in surrounding states of Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Missouri . The league maintains its headquarters in Fort Worth . The league was founded in 1888 and ran through 1892 . It was called the Texas Association in 1895 , the Texas-Southern League in 1896 and again as the Texas League from 1897-1899 . It was revived as a Class D league in 1902 , moved to Class C in 1904 where it played through 1910 ( except for 1906 as Class D again ) , played at Class B until 1920 , and finally moved up to Class A in 1921 . The Texas League , like many others , shut down during World War II . From 1959 to 1961 , the Texas League and the Mexican League formed the Pan American Association . The two leagues played a limited interlocking schedule and post-season championship . By 1971 , the Texas League and the Southern League had both decreased to seven teams . They played an interlocking schedule with the Southern League known as the Dixie Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth Cats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth_Cats_(Texas_League)', 'summary': 'The Fort Worth Cats ( originally the Fort Worth Panthers ) were a minor league baseball team that mostly played in the Texas League from 1888 through 1964 . They were affiliated with the Indianapolis Indians in 1933 , the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1956 , and the Chicago Cubs from 1957 to 1958 . The team joined the American Association in 1959 and then merged with the Dallas Rangers in 1959 to become the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers . The teams separated again in 1964 when the Cats rejoined the Texas League , but they merged again the following year and became the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs . The 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , and 1925 Panthers teams were selected as among the top 100 minor league teams of all time .'}]}, {'value': '4-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashville Vols', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville_Vols', 'summary': "The Nashville Vols were a minor league baseball team that played in Nashville , Tennessee , from 1901 to 1963 . Known only as the Nashville Baseball Club during their first seven seasons , they were officially named the Nashville Volunteers ( often shortened to Vols ) in 1908 for the state 's nickname , The Volunteer State . The Vols played their home games at Sulphur Dell , originally known as Athletic Park . The Volunteers played as charter members of the Southern Association through 1961 and in the South Atlantic League in 1963 . They were classified as Class B ( 1961 ) , Class A ( 1902-1935 ) , Class A1 ( 1936-1945 ) , and Double-A ( 1946-1961 and 1963 ) . During their 62-year existence , the Vols won eight Southern Association pennants and nine playoff championships , won four Dixie Series championships , and were affiliated with eight different major league teams . The 1940 Vols were recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Results', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Dixie_Series_0', 'intro': 'The Dixie Series was an Interleague Minor League Postseason Series pitting the playoff champions of the Southern Association and the Texas League in a best-of-seven matchup from 1920 to 1958. The series was not held from 1943 to 1945 due to World War II. It was revived for one year in 1967, pitting the Southern League champion against the Texas League champion.'}
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What is the year of the winner whose venue opened on July 11 , 1934 ?
1936
066bbafe84bafac0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Okinawa)', 'title': 'List of Cultural Properties of Japan - paintings (Okinawa)', 'header': ['Property', 'Date', 'Municipality', 'Ownership', 'Comments'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hakutaku , by Ji Ryō 自了筆白沢之図 Ji Ryō hitsu Hakutaku-no-zu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bai_Ze', 'summary': 'Baí Zé ( simplified Chinese : 白泽 ; traditional Chinese : 白澤 ; Wade-Giles : Pai Tse ) , or hakutaku ( 白澤 ) in Japanese , is a fantastic beast from Chinese legend . Its name literally means white marsh . The Baí Zé was encountered by the Yellow Emperor or Huáng Dì while he was on patrol in the east . Thereafter the creature dictated to Huáng Dì a guide to the forms and habits of all 11,520 types of supernatural creatures in the world , and how to overcome their hauntings and attacks . The emperor had this information written down in a book called the Bái Zé Tú ( 白泽图/白澤圖 ) . This book no longer exists , but many fragments of it survive in other texts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gusukuma_Seihō', 'summary': "Gusukuma Seihō ( 城間 清豊 , 19 November 1614 - 16 November 1644 ) was an official court painter at the royal court of the Ryūkyū Kingdom . He was also known as Ji Ryō ( 自了 ) and by the Chinese-style name Qin Kesheng ( 欽可聖 , J : Kin Kasei ) . Gusukuma was born to an aristocratic family in Shuri . His father was a musician , but Gusukuma was born deaf and he focused his energies in a different direction , teaching himself to paint . He sought out Chinese paintings , and was heavily influenced by them . Hearing of the young painter , King Shō Hō called him to his court , and bestowed upon him the name Ji Ryō . It is said that the Chinese investiture envoys who witnessed his painting compared him to some of the top painters in China , and that Kanō Yasunobu , court painter for the Tokugawa shogunate , similarly praised the artist when one of Gusukuma 's works was brought to Edo by the 1634 Ryukyuan envoy . Most of Gusukuma 's works were destroyed in the 1945 battle of Okinawa . There is only one extant work which bears a Seal ( rakan ) confirming it to have been painted by Gusukuma . It is held by the Okinawa Prefectural Museum , has been designated an Okinawa Prefectural Important Cultural Property , and depicts a fantastic creature known as bai ze in Chinese and hakutaku in Japanese ."}]}, {'value': '1630s/40s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'institutional ( kept at the Shuri Castle Park Management Centre ( 首里城公園管理センター ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shuri_Castle', 'summary': 'Shuri Castle ( 首里城 , Shuri-jō , Okinawan : Sui Gushiku ) is a Ryukyuan gusuku castle in Shuri , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . Between 1429 and 1879 , it was the palace of the Ryukyu Kingdom , before becoming largely neglected . In 1945 , during the Battle of Okinawa , it was almost completely destroyed . After the war , the castle was re-purposed as a university campus . Beginning in 1992 , the central citadel and walls were largely reconstructed on the original site based on historical records , photographs , and memory . On the morning of 31 October 2019 , the main courtyard structures of the castle were again destroyed in a fire .'}]}, {'value': 'Ji Ryō is the art name of Gusukuma Seihō ( 1614-1644 ) , son of a Shuri pechin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_name', 'summary': 'A pseudonym or pen name , also known by its native names hao ( in China ) ( Chinese : 号 ) , gō ( in Japan ) , and ho ( in Korea ) , is a professional name used by East Asian artists . The word and the concept originated in China , then became popular in other East Asian countries ( especially in China , Japan , Korea , and the former Kingdom of Ryukyu ) . In some cases , artists adopted different pseudonyms at different stages of their career , usually to mark significant changes in their life . Extreme practitioners of this tendency were Tang Yin of the Ming dynasty , who had more than ten hao , and Hokusai of Japan , who in the period 1798 to 1806 alone used no fewer than six .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gusukuma_Seihō', 'summary': "Gusukuma Seihō ( 城間 清豊 , 19 November 1614 - 16 November 1644 ) was an official court painter at the royal court of the Ryūkyū Kingdom . He was also known as Ji Ryō ( 自了 ) and by the Chinese-style name Qin Kesheng ( 欽可聖 , J : Kin Kasei ) . Gusukuma was born to an aristocratic family in Shuri . His father was a musician , but Gusukuma was born deaf and he focused his energies in a different direction , teaching himself to paint . He sought out Chinese paintings , and was heavily influenced by them . Hearing of the young painter , King Shō Hō called him to his court , and bestowed upon him the name Ji Ryō . It is said that the Chinese investiture envoys who witnessed his painting compared him to some of the top painters in China , and that Kanō Yasunobu , court painter for the Tokugawa shogunate , similarly praised the artist when one of Gusukuma 's works was brought to Edo by the 1634 Ryukyuan envoy . Most of Gusukuma 's works were destroyed in the 1945 battle of Okinawa . There is only one extant work which bears a Seal ( rakan ) confirming it to have been painted by Gusukuma . It is held by the Okinawa Prefectural Museum , has been designated an Okinawa Prefectural Important Cultural Property , and depicts a fantastic creature known as bai ze in Chinese and hakutaku in Japanese ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shuri,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Shuri ( 首里 , Okinawan : スイ Sui or Shui , Northern Ryukyuan : しより Shiyori ) is a district of the city of Naha , Okinawa . It was formerly a separate city in and of itself , and the royal capital of the Ryūkyū Kingdom . A number of famous historical sites are located in Shuri , including Shuri Castle , the Shureimon gate , Sunuhyan-utaki ( a sacred space of the native Ryukyuan religion ) , and royal mausoleum Tamaudun , all of which are designated World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . Originally established as a castle town surrounding the royal palace , Shuri ceased to be the capital when the kingdom was abolished and incorporated into Japan as Okinawa prefecture . In 1896 , Shuri was made a ward ( 区 , ku ) of the new prefectural capital , Naha , though it was made a separate city again in 1921 . In 1954 , it was merged again into Naha .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pechin', 'summary': 'Pechin ( 親雲上 , Peechin ) , or Pekumi ( 親雲上 , Peekumi ) , was a rank among the Yukatchu class of the former Ryukyu Kingdom ( modern-day Okinawa , Japan ) , above the rank of Satunushi and below the rank of Ueekata . As scholar-officials , they often served in administrative positions in the Ryukyuan government . Placed in the upper class , the Pechin would often travel with a servant at their side . There were three ranks of Pechin : Chikudun Pechin ( 筑登之親雲上 ) , Satunushi Pechin ( 里之子親雲上 ) , and Pekumi or Pechin .'}]}, {'value': 'Flowers and birds , colour on silk , by Sonoku 絹本着色花鳥図孫億筆 kinuhon chakushoku kachō zu Sonoku hitsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'early Qing dynasty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qing_dynasty', 'summary': 'The Qing dynasty , officially the Great Qing ( [ tɕʰíŋ ] ) , was the last imperial dynasty of China . It was established in 1636 , and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1911 . It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China . The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China . It was the fifth largest empire in world history . The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria . In the late sixteenth century , Nurhaci , originally a Ming vassal , began organizing Banners , military-social units that included Manchu , Han , and Mongol elements . Nurhaci united Manchu clans and officially proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 . His son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of the Liaodong Peninsula and declared a new dynasty , the Qing , in 1636 . As Ming control disintegrated , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the capital , Beijing , in 1644 . Ming general Wu Sangui refused to serve them , but opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized the capital . Dorgon served as Prince Regent under the Shunzhi Emperor and implemented policies of rule .'}]}, {'value': 'Kumejima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumejima,_Okinawa', 'summary': "Kumejima ( 久米島町 , Kumejima-chō , Okinawan : Kumishima ) is a town located in Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The town consists of the islands of Kume , Ōjima , Ōhajima , Torishima , and Iōtorishima . Among the islands , only Kumejima and Ōjima are populated . Kumejima is located approximately 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) west of Naha . The town can be accessed by the New Kumejima Ferry , Japan Transocean Air , or Ryukyu Air Commuter . Kumejima Airport serves the island . As of 2016 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,647 and a population density of 120 persons per km² . The total area is 63.50 km² . Kume Island is often said to be one of the most beautiful of the Okinawa Islands . It is well known for its textiles , called Kumejima-tsumugi which are designated an Important Intangible Cultural Property . The town is also known for its Kumesen Awamori ( Okinawan sake ) and deep sea water . Kumejima 's main industries are sugar cane ( sato-kibi ) , tourism , and deep seawater products ."}]}, {'value': 'private ( kept at the Kumejima Museum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumejima_Museum', 'summary': 'Kumejima Museum ( 久米島博物館 , Kumejima hakubutsukan ) , formerly the Kumejima Centre for Nature and Culture ( 久米島自然文化センター ) , opened in 2000 in Kumejima , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . It displays exhibits relating to the natural and cultural history of Kume Island .'}]}, {'value': "Chinese painter Sonoku , active in Fuzhou in the second half of the seventeenth century , exerted considerable influence on Ryūkyūan painting after local painters Ishimine Denbaku ( 石嶺伝莫 ) and Uehara Shinshira ( 上原真知ら ) crossed to China and received instruction from him in 1683 ; Sonoku 's painting of flowers and birds was presented in thanks to the Kikumura family after the shipwreck of the Imperial Chinese mission off Kumejima in 1756", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuzhou', 'summary': "Fuzhou , alternately romanized as Foochow , is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province , China . Along with the many counties of Ningde , those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong ( lit . Eastern Fujian ) linguistic and cultural area . Fuzhou lies on the north ( left ) bank of the estuary of Fujian 's largest river , the Min River . All along its northern border lies Ningde , and Ningde 's Gutian County lies upriver . Its population was 7,115,370 inhabitants as of the 2010 census , of whom 4,408,076 inhabitants are urban representing around 61.95% , while rural population is at 2,707,294 representing around 38.05% . In 2015 , Fuzhou was ranked as the 10th fastest growing metropolitan area in the world by Brookings Institution . Fuzhou is listed as No . 20 in China Integrated City Index 2016 's total ranking , a study conducted by National Development and Reform Commission ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_missions_to_Ryukyu_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom were diplomatic missions which were intermittently sent by the Yuan , Ming and Qing emperors to Shuri , Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands . These diplomatic contacts were within the Sinocentric system of bilateral and multinational relationships in East Asia . Some missions were sent to perform investiture ceremonies for the King of Ryukyu , formally acknowledging him as King on behalf of the Chinese Imperial Court , and as a tributary subordinate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kume_Island', 'summary': 'Kume Island ( 久米島 , Kumejima , Okinawan : クミジマ Kumijima ) is an island , part of the Okinawa Islands and administratively part of the town of Kumejima , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . It has an area of 59.11 square kilometres ( 636,300,000 sq ft ) . The island had a population of 8,713 ( 2010 ) . Kume Island is a volcanic island . Its principal economic activities are the production of sugarcane and tourism .'}]}, {'value': 'Flowers and birds , colour on silk , by In Genryō 絹本着色花鳥図 殷元良 筆 kinuhon chakushoku kachō-zu In Genryō hitsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Prefecture ( kept at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture', 'summary': "Okinawa Prefecture ( Japanese : 沖縄県 , Hepburn : Okinawa-ken , Okinawan : ウチナー Uchinaa , Kunigami : フチナー Fuchinaa ) is the southernmost prefecture of Japan . It encompasses two thirds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) long . The Ryukyu Islands extend southwest from Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyushu ( the southwesternmost of Japan 's four main islands ) to Taiwan . Naha , Okinawa 's capital , is located in the southern part of Okinawa Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefectural_Museum', 'summary': "The Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum ( 沖縄県立博物館・美術館 , Okinawa Kenritsu Hakubutsukan Bijutsukan ) is a museum in the most southern prefecture of Japan . The museum complex in the Omoro-machi area of Naha , the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture . It opened in November 2007 , and includes art , history , and natural history museums focusing specifically on Okinawan topics . The museum building , constructed largely of local Okinawan limestone , was designed with the imagery of Okinawa 's gusuku ( castles ) in mind . It contains roughly 24,000 square meters of floor space on its four above-ground levels and one basement level . The art museum and history/natural history museum are located on opposite sides of a common lobby , and visitors can buy admission to one or the other , or a combination ticket ."}]}, {'value': 'In Genryō ( 1718-1767 ) was born in Shuri and summoned to the Ryūkyū court on account of his talent in painting aged 12 ; from 1752 he spent two years in China ; after the death of Yamaguchi Sōki ( 山口宗季 ) , In Genryō was the leading court painter ; most of his works are now lost ; the shape of the branches of the plum and the distribution of its flowers , combining vigour with delicacy , are characteristic of the Southern School and thence of Nanga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shuri,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Shuri ( 首里 , Okinawan : スイ Sui or Shui , Northern Ryukyuan : しより Shiyori ) is a district of the city of Naha , Okinawa . It was formerly a separate city in and of itself , and the royal capital of the Ryūkyū Kingdom . A number of famous historical sites are located in Shuri , including Shuri Castle , the Shureimon gate , Sunuhyan-utaki ( a sacred space of the native Ryukyuan religion ) , and royal mausoleum Tamaudun , all of which are designated World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . Originally established as a castle town surrounding the royal palace , Shuri ceased to be the capital when the kingdom was abolished and incorporated into Japan as Okinawa prefecture . In 1896 , Shuri was made a ward ( 区 , ku ) of the new prefectural capital , Naha , though it was made a separate city again in 1921 . In 1954 , it was merged again into Naha .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom', 'summary': 'The Ryukyu Kingdom ( Okinawan : 琉球國 Ruuchuu-kuku ; Japanese : 琉球王国 Ryūkyū Ōkoku ; Middle Chinese : Ljuw-gjuw kwok ; historical English name : Lewchew , Luchu , and Loochoo ) was an independent kingdom that ruled most of the Ryukyu Islands from the 15th to the 19th century . [ note 1 ] The kings of Ryukyu unified Okinawa Island and extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands in modern-day Kagoshima Prefecture , and the Sakishima Islands near Taiwan . Despite its small size , the kingdom played a central role in the maritime trade networks of medieval East and Southeast Asia , especially the Malacca Sultanate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Southern_School', 'summary': "The Southern School ( 南宗画 , pinyin : nanzhonghua ) of Chinese painting , often called literati painting ( 文人画 , wenrenhua ) , is a term used to denote art and artists which stand in opposition to the formal Northern School of painting . The distinction is not geographic , but relates to the style and contents of the works , and to some extent to the position of the artist . Typically , where professional , formal painters were classified as Northern School , scholar-bureaucrats who had either retired from the professional world or who were never a part of it constituted the Southern School . According to William Watson , while the Northern School contains the painters who favour clear , emphatic structure in their compositions , with the use of explicit perspective devices , the Southern School cultivate a more intimate style of landscape bathed in cloud and mist , in which pleasing calligraphic forms tend to take the place of conventions established for the representation of rocks , trees , etc . The painter of the Southern School was interested in distant effects , but his colleague of the Northern School paid more attention to the devices of composition which achieve the illusion of recession , and at the same time more attentive to close realism of detail . . some artists hover between the two . A more philosophical distinction is that the Southern School painters were thought to have sought the inner realities and expressed their own lofty natures while the Northern painted only the outward appearance of things , the worldly and decorative . Never a formal school of art in the sense of artists training under a single master in a single studio , the Southern School is more of an umbrella term spanning a great breadth across both geography and chronology . The literati lifestyle and attitude , and the associated style of painting , can be said to go back quite far to early periods of Chinese history . However , classification of the Southern School as such , that is , the coining of the term , is said to have been made by the scholar-artist Dong Qichang ( 1555-1636 ) , who borrowed the concept from Ch'an ( Zen ) Buddhism , which also has Northern and Southern Schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nanga_(Japanese_painting)', 'summary': 'Nanga ( 南画 , Southern painting ) , also known as Bunjinga ( 文人画 , literati painting ) , was a school of Japanese painting which flourished in the late Edo period among artists who considered themselves literati , or intellectuals . While each of these artists was , almost by definition , unique and independent , they all shared an admiration for traditional Chinese culture . Their paintings , usually in monochrome black ink , sometimes with light color , and nearly always depicting Chinese landscapes or similar subjects , were patterned after Chinese literati painting , called wenrenhua ( 文人画 ) in Chinese .'}]}, {'value': 'Pheasant in the snow , colour on paper , by In Genryō 紙本着色雪中雉子の図 殷元良 筆 shihon chakushoku setchū kiji no zu In Genryō hitsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Prefecture ( kept at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture', 'summary': "Okinawa Prefecture ( Japanese : 沖縄県 , Hepburn : Okinawa-ken , Okinawan : ウチナー Uchinaa , Kunigami : フチナー Fuchinaa ) is the southernmost prefecture of Japan . It encompasses two thirds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) long . The Ryukyu Islands extend southwest from Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyushu ( the southwesternmost of Japan 's four main islands ) to Taiwan . Naha , Okinawa 's capital , is located in the southern part of Okinawa Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefectural_Museum', 'summary': "The Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum ( 沖縄県立博物館・美術館 , Okinawa Kenritsu Hakubutsukan Bijutsukan ) is a museum in the most southern prefecture of Japan . The museum complex in the Omoro-machi area of Naha , the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture . It opened in November 2007 , and includes art , history , and natural history museums focusing specifically on Okinawan topics . The museum building , constructed largely of local Okinawan limestone , was designed with the imagery of Okinawa 's gusuku ( castles ) in mind . It contains roughly 24,000 square meters of floor space on its four above-ground levels and one basement level . The art museum and history/natural history museum are located on opposite sides of a common lobby , and visitors can buy admission to one or the other , or a combination ticket ."}]}, {'value': 'there is no snowfall in Okinawa , but in the shoin of Shuri Castle In Genryō studied Chinese exemplars of the subject of flowers and birds in the snow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoin', 'summary': 'Shoin ( 書院 , drawing room or study ) is a type of audience hall in Japanese architecture that was developed during the Muromachi period . The term originally meant a study and a place for lectures on the sūtra within a temple , but later it came to mean just a drawing room or study . From this room takes its name the shoin-zukuri style . In a shoin-zukuri building , the shoin is the zashiki , a tatami-room dedicated to the reception of guests . The emerging architecture of the Muromachi period was subsequently influenced by the increasing use and appearance of shoin . One of the most noticeable changes in architecture to arise from the shoin came from the practice of lining their floors with tatami mats . Since tatami mats have a standardized size the floor plans for shoin rooms had to be developed around the proportions of the tatami mat ; this in turn affected the proportions of doors , the height of rooms , and other aspects of the structure . Before the shoin popularized the practice of lining floors with tatami mats it had been standard to only bring out a single tatami mat for the highest-ranking person in the room to sit on . The architecture surrounding and influenced by the shoin quickly developed many other distinguishing features . Since the guests sat on the floor instead of on furniture , they were positioned at a lower vantage point than their Chinese counterparts who were accustomed to using furniture . This lower vantage point generated such developments as the suspended ceilings which functioned to make the room feel less expansive , and also resulted in the ceilings rafters being no longer visible as they were in China . The new suspended ceilings also allowed for more elaborate decoration , resulting in many highly ornate suspended ceilings in addition to the much simpler ones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shuri_Castle', 'summary': 'Shuri Castle ( 首里城 , Shuri-jō , Okinawan : Sui Gushiku ) is a Ryukyuan gusuku castle in Shuri , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . Between 1429 and 1879 , it was the palace of the Ryukyu Kingdom , before becoming largely neglected . In 1945 , during the Battle of Okinawa , it was almost completely destroyed . After the war , the castle was re-purposed as a university campus . Beginning in 1992 , the central citadel and walls were largely reconstructed on the original site based on historical records , photographs , and memory . On the morning of 31 October 2019 , the main courtyard structures of the castle were again destroyed in a fire .'}]}, {'value': 'Bamboo , ink on paper , by In Genryō 紙本墨画竹の図 殷元良 筆 shihon bokuga take no zu In Genryō hitsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1763', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Prefecture ( kept at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture', 'summary': "Okinawa Prefecture ( Japanese : 沖縄県 , Hepburn : Okinawa-ken , Okinawan : ウチナー Uchinaa , Kunigami : フチナー Fuchinaa ) is the southernmost prefecture of Japan . It encompasses two thirds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) long . The Ryukyu Islands extend southwest from Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyushu ( the southwesternmost of Japan 's four main islands ) to Taiwan . Naha , Okinawa 's capital , is located in the southern part of Okinawa Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefectural_Museum', 'summary': "The Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum ( 沖縄県立博物館・美術館 , Okinawa Kenritsu Hakubutsukan Bijutsukan ) is a museum in the most southern prefecture of Japan . The museum complex in the Omoro-machi area of Naha , the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture . It opened in November 2007 , and includes art , history , and natural history museums focusing specifically on Okinawan topics . The museum building , constructed largely of local Okinawan limestone , was designed with the imagery of Okinawa 's gusuku ( castles ) in mind . It contains roughly 24,000 square meters of floor space on its four above-ground levels and one basement level . The art museum and history/natural history museum are located on opposite sides of a common lobby , and visitors can buy admission to one or the other , or a combination ticket ."}]}, {'value': 'ink wash paintings on the subject of bamboo provided suitable decoration for the tokonoma of the warrior family residences of Shuri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ink_wash_painting', 'summary': 'Ink wash painting ( Chinese : 水墨畫 ; pinyin : shuǐmòhuà ; Japanese : 水墨画 , romanized : suiboku-ga ; Korean : 수묵화 , romanized : sumukhwa ) , or sumi-e ( Japanese : 墨絵 ) , is a type of East Asian brush painting that uses black ink - as used in East Asian calligraphy - in different concentrations . Emerging in Tang dynasty China ( 618-907 ) , it , and associated stylistic features , overturned earlier , more realistic techniques . These associated features include a preference for shades of black over variations in colour , and an emphasis on brushwork and the perceived spirit or essence of a subject over direct imitation . It flourished in the Song dynasty ( 960-1279 ) , as well as Japan after it was introduced by Zen Buddhist monks in the 14th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bamboo_painting', 'summary': "Works of bamboo painting , usually in ink , are a recognized motif or subgenre of East Asian painting . In a work of bamboo painting in ink , a skilled artist and calligrapher will paint a bamboo stalk or group of stalks with leaves . The contrast between the foreground and background , and between the varying textures represented by the stalks and the leaves , gave scope to the painter to demonstrate his or her mastery with an inkpot and a brush . The bamboo painter often inscribes a poem that accompanies the painting and further elucidates the motif . The poem is often an integral part of the work as a whole . A viewer of the work can compare the calligraphy of the poem with the calligraphy of the painting , as both are typically inscribed with the same brush and reflect a similar mood and state of awareness . A standard primer on classical East Asian bamboo painting is Hu Zhengyan 's Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Painting and Calligraphy ( 1633 ) . Because of the volume of bamboo works painted over time , the production of a work of ink bamboo became one of the standard subjects to which an East Asian student could be set in a competitive examination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokonoma', 'summary': 'A tokonoma ( 床の間 , toko-no-ma ) , or simply toko ( 床 ) , is a recessed space in a Japanese-style reception room , in which items for artistic appreciation are displayed . In English , a tokonoma could be called an alcove .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shizoku', 'summary': 'The Shizoku ( 士族 , warrior families ) was a social class in Japan composed of former samurai after the Meiji Restoration from 1869 to 1947 . Shizoku was a distinct class between the kazoku ( a merger the former kuge and daimyō classes ) and heimin ( commoners ) with no special class privileges , and the title was solely on the register . The Shizoku were abolished in the revised civil code in 1947 after Japanese defeat in World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shuri,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Shuri ( 首里 , Okinawan : スイ Sui or Shui , Northern Ryukyuan : しより Shiyori ) is a district of the city of Naha , Okinawa . It was formerly a separate city in and of itself , and the royal capital of the Ryūkyū Kingdom . A number of famous historical sites are located in Shuri , including Shuri Castle , the Shureimon gate , Sunuhyan-utaki ( a sacred space of the native Ryukyuan religion ) , and royal mausoleum Tamaudun , all of which are designated World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . Originally established as a castle town surrounding the royal palace , Shuri ceased to be the capital when the kingdom was abolished and incorporated into Japan as Okinawa prefecture . In 1896 , Shuri was made a ward ( 区 , ku ) of the new prefectural capital , Naha , though it was made a separate city again in 1921 . In 1954 , it was merged again into Naha .'}]}, {'value': 'Mission to the Ryūkyūs , colour on paper 紙本着色奉使琉球図 shihon chakushoku hōshi Ryūkyū zu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edo period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Prefecture ( kept at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture', 'summary': "Okinawa Prefecture ( Japanese : 沖縄県 , Hepburn : Okinawa-ken , Okinawan : ウチナー Uchinaa , Kunigami : フチナー Fuchinaa ) is the southernmost prefecture of Japan . It encompasses two thirds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) long . The Ryukyu Islands extend southwest from Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyushu ( the southwesternmost of Japan 's four main islands ) to Taiwan . Naha , Okinawa 's capital , is located in the southern part of Okinawa Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefectural_Museum', 'summary': "The Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum ( 沖縄県立博物館・美術館 , Okinawa Kenritsu Hakubutsukan Bijutsukan ) is a museum in the most southern prefecture of Japan . The museum complex in the Omoro-machi area of Naha , the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture . It opened in November 2007 , and includes art , history , and natural history museums focusing specifically on Okinawan topics . The museum building , constructed largely of local Okinawan limestone , was designed with the imagery of Okinawa 's gusuku ( castles ) in mind . It contains roughly 24,000 square meters of floor space on its four above-ground levels and one basement level . The art museum and history/natural history museum are located on opposite sides of a common lobby , and visitors can buy admission to one or the other , or a combination ticket ."}]}, {'value': 'emakimono with twenty views of one of the Imperial Chinese missions on its journey from the port of Fuzhou to that of Naha and back again', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emakimono', 'summary': "Emakimono ( 絵巻物 , emaki-mono , literally 'picture scroll ' ) or emaki ( 絵巻 ) are Japanese illustrated handscrolls that have been produced since the 10th century . Emakimono combine both text and image in telling a narrative . They can be an almost cinematic experience as the viewer scrolls through a narrative from right to left , rolling out one segment with his left land as he re-rolls the right hand portion . They depict a variety of stories including battles , romance , religion , folk tales , and stories of the supernatural world . They are intended to provide cultural information and teach moral values ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_missions_to_Ryukyu_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom were diplomatic missions which were intermittently sent by the Yuan , Ming and Qing emperors to Shuri , Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands . These diplomatic contacts were within the Sinocentric system of bilateral and multinational relationships in East Asia . Some missions were sent to perform investiture ceremonies for the King of Ryukyu , formally acknowledging him as King on behalf of the Chinese Imperial Court , and as a tributary subordinate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fuzhou', 'summary': "Fuzhou , alternately romanized as Foochow , is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province , China . Along with the many counties of Ningde , those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong ( lit . Eastern Fujian ) linguistic and cultural area . Fuzhou lies on the north ( left ) bank of the estuary of Fujian 's largest river , the Min River . All along its northern border lies Ningde , and Ningde 's Gutian County lies upriver . Its population was 7,115,370 inhabitants as of the 2010 census , of whom 4,408,076 inhabitants are urban representing around 61.95% , while rural population is at 2,707,294 representing around 38.05% . In 2015 , Fuzhou was ranked as the 10th fastest growing metropolitan area in the world by Brookings Institution . Fuzhou is listed as No . 20 in China Integrated City Index 2016 's total ranking , a study conducted by National Development and Reform Commission ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Procession on a Mission to the Ryūkyūs , colour on paper 紙本着色冊封使行列図 shihon chakushoku sakuhōshi gyōretsu zu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edo period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Okinawa Prefecture ( kept at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture', 'summary': "Okinawa Prefecture ( Japanese : 沖縄県 , Hepburn : Okinawa-ken , Okinawan : ウチナー Uchinaa , Kunigami : フチナー Fuchinaa ) is the southernmost prefecture of Japan . It encompasses two thirds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) long . The Ryukyu Islands extend southwest from Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyushu ( the southwesternmost of Japan 's four main islands ) to Taiwan . Naha , Okinawa 's capital , is located in the southern part of Okinawa Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Okinawa_Prefectural_Museum', 'summary': "The Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum ( 沖縄県立博物館・美術館 , Okinawa Kenritsu Hakubutsukan Bijutsukan ) is a museum in the most southern prefecture of Japan . The museum complex in the Omoro-machi area of Naha , the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture . It opened in November 2007 , and includes art , history , and natural history museums focusing specifically on Okinawan topics . The museum building , constructed largely of local Okinawan limestone , was designed with the imagery of Okinawa 's gusuku ( castles ) in mind . It contains roughly 24,000 square meters of floor space on its four above-ground levels and one basement level . The art museum and history/natural history museum are located on opposite sides of a common lobby , and visitors can buy admission to one or the other , or a combination ticket ."}]}, {'value': 'emakimono depicting some 600 figures , 380 Ryukyuans and 220 envoys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emakimono', 'summary': "Emakimono ( 絵巻物 , emaki-mono , literally 'picture scroll ' ) or emaki ( 絵巻 ) are Japanese illustrated handscrolls that have been produced since the 10th century . Emakimono combine both text and image in telling a narrative . They can be an almost cinematic experience as the viewer scrolls through a narrative from right to left , rolling out one segment with his left land as he re-rolls the right hand portion . They depict a variety of stories including battles , romance , religion , folk tales , and stories of the supernatural world . They are intended to provide cultural information and teach moral values ."}]}, {'value': 'Divine cat , by Yamaguchi Sōki 神猫図 山口宗季 筆 shinbyō zu Yamaguchi Sōki hitsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1725', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Naha City ( kept at the Naha City Museum of History )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Naha ( 那覇市 , Naha-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜha ] , Okinawan : Nāfa or Nafa ) is the capital city of the Okinawa Prefecture , the southernmost prefecture of Japan . As of 1 June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 317,405 and a population density of 7,939 persons per km² . The total area is 39.98 km² . Naha is a city on the East China Sea coast of the southern part of Okinawa Island , the largest of Okinawa Prefecture . The modern city was officially founded on May 20 , 1921 . Before that , Naha had been for centuries one of the most important and populous sites in Okinawa . Naha is the political , economic and education center of Okinawa Prefecture . In the medieval and early modern periods , it was the commercial center of the Ryūkyū Kingdom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Naha_City_Museum_of_History', 'summary': 'Naha City Museum of History ( 那覇市歴史博物館 , Naha-shi Rekishi Hakubutsukan ) opened in Naha , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan , in 2006 . The collection includes the National Treasure Materials relating to the Shō Family of Ryūkyū Kings . The digital museum was launched in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'the reputation of Yamaguchi Sōki ( 1672-1743 ) was such that he received commissions for paintings of flowers and birds from the Shimazu clan in Satsuma and Konoe family in Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimazu_clan', 'summary': 'The Shimazu clan ( 島津氏 , Shimazu-shi ) were the daimyō of the Satsuma han , which spread over Satsuma , Ōsumi and Hyūga provinces in Japan . The Shimazu were identified as one of the tozama or outsider daimyō families in contrast with the fudai or insider clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Satsuma_Province', 'summary': 'Satsuma Province ( 薩摩国 , Satsuma-no Kuni ) was an old province of Japan that is now the western half of Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū . Its abbreviation is Sasshū ( 薩州 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konoe_family', 'summary': 'Konoe family ( 近衛家 , Konoe-ke ) is a Japanese aristocratic kin group . The family is a branch of Hokke and , by extension , a main branch of the Fujiwara clan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'Portrait of Tōnin Taku , colour on paper 紙本着色東任鐸 ( 知念里之子親雲上政行 ) 画像附一、教訓十箇条ー、掛物入箱 shihon chakushoku Tōnin Taku ( Chinen sato-nushi-peeichin Seigyō ) gazō tsuketari ichi , kyōkun jūkajō ichi , kakemono iribako', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ishigaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishigaki,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Ishigaki ( 石垣市 , Ishigaki-shi , Yaeyama : Isïgaksï , Ishanagzï ) is a city in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . It includes Ishigaki island and the disputed Senkaku Islands territory . The city is the political , cultural , and economic center of the Yaeyama Islands . New Ishigaki Airport serves the city . As of December 2012 , the city has an estimated population of 48,816 and a population density of 213 persons per km2 . The total area is 229.00 km2 . It is also the location of the past-disputed Senkaku Islands ( see below in the Geography section ) .'}]}, {'value': 'private ( kept at the Ishigaki City Yaeyama Museum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishigaki_City_Yaeyama_Museum', 'summary': 'Ishigaki City Yaeyama Museum ( 石垣市立八重山博物館 , Ishigaki shiritsu Yaeyama hakubutsukan ) opened in 1972 in Ishigaki , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The collection covers the archaeology , history , art , and folk traditions of Ishigaki and the Yaeyama Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'accompanied by a scroll with ten precepts and a storage case ; portrait of Tōnin Taku ( 1778-1861 ) , village pechin , aged 61', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pechin', 'summary': 'Pechin ( 親雲上 , Peechin ) , or Pekumi ( 親雲上 , Peekumi ) , was a rank among the Yukatchu class of the former Ryukyu Kingdom ( modern-day Okinawa , Japan ) , above the rank of Satunushi and below the rank of Ueekata . As scholar-officials , they often served in administrative positions in the Ryukyuan government . Placed in the upper class , the Pechin would often travel with a servant at their side . There were three ranks of Pechin : Chikudun Pechin ( 筑登之親雲上 ) , Satunushi Pechin ( 里之子親雲上 ) , and Pekumi or Pechin .'}]}, {'value': 'Portrait of Miyahira Chōen , colour on paper 紙本着色宮平長延画像 shihon chakushoku Miyahira Chōen gazō', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ishigaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishigaki,_Okinawa', 'summary': 'Ishigaki ( 石垣市 , Ishigaki-shi , Yaeyama : Isïgaksï , Ishanagzï ) is a city in Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . It includes Ishigaki island and the disputed Senkaku Islands territory . The city is the political , cultural , and economic center of the Yaeyama Islands . New Ishigaki Airport serves the city . As of December 2012 , the city has an estimated population of 48,816 and a population density of 213 persons per km2 . The total area is 229.00 km2 . It is also the location of the past-disputed Senkaku Islands ( see below in the Geography section ) .'}]}, {'value': 'private ( kept at the Ishigaki City Yaeyama Museum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishigaki_City_Yaeyama_Museum', 'summary': 'Ishigaki City Yaeyama Museum ( 石垣市立八重山博物館 , Ishigaki shiritsu Yaeyama hakubutsukan ) opened in 1972 in Ishigaki , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The collection covers the archaeology , history , art , and folk traditions of Ishigaki and the Yaeyama Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'portrait of Miyahira Chōen ( 1674-1749 ) aged 71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portrait of Kikumura Kiyoshi Satoshi , colour on paper 紙本着色喜久村絜聡 ( 片目地頭代 ) 像 shihon chakushoku Kikumura Kiyoshi Satoshi ( Katami Jitōde ) zō', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1759', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kumejima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumejima,_Okinawa', 'summary': "Kumejima ( 久米島町 , Kumejima-chō , Okinawan : Kumishima ) is a town located in Shimajiri District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The town consists of the islands of Kume , Ōjima , Ōhajima , Torishima , and Iōtorishima . Among the islands , only Kumejima and Ōjima are populated . Kumejima is located approximately 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) west of Naha . The town can be accessed by the New Kumejima Ferry , Japan Transocean Air , or Ryukyu Air Commuter . Kumejima Airport serves the island . As of 2016 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,647 and a population density of 120 persons per km² . The total area is 63.50 km² . Kume Island is often said to be one of the most beautiful of the Okinawa Islands . It is well known for its textiles , called Kumejima-tsumugi which are designated an Important Intangible Cultural Property . The town is also known for its Kumesen Awamori ( Okinawan sake ) and deep sea water . Kumejima 's main industries are sugar cane ( sato-kibi ) , tourism , and deep seawater products ."}]}, {'value': 'private ( kept at the Kumejima Museum )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kumejima_Museum', 'summary': 'Kumejima Museum ( 久米島博物館 , Kumejima hakubutsukan ) , formerly the Kumejima Centre for Nature and Culture ( 久米島自然文化センター ) , opened in 2000 in Kumejima , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . It displays exhibits relating to the natural and cultural history of Kume Island .'}]}, {'value': 'thought to have been painted when the sitter was 47 ; the Kikumura family served as local officials on Kumejima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kume_Island', 'summary': 'Kume Island ( 久米島 , Kumejima , Okinawan : クミジマ Kumijima ) is an island , part of the Okinawa Islands and administratively part of the town of Kumejima , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . It has an area of 59.11 square kilometres ( 636,300,000 sq ft ) . The island had a population of 8,713 ( 2010 ) . Kume Island is a volcanic island . Its principal economic activities are the production of sugarcane and tourism .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Prefectural Cultural Properties', 'section_text': 'As of 1 May 2018 , eleven properties have been designated at a prefectural level . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Okinawa)_0', 'intro': 'This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of paintings (絵画, kaiga) for the Prefecture of Okinawa.'}
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What is the 2012 population of Portrait of Miyahira Chōen , colour on paper 's municipality ?
48,816
066cd9626da1560f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematicians,_physicians,_and_scientists_educated_at_Jesus_College,_Oxford', 'title': 'List of mathematicians, physicians, and scientists educated at Jesus College, Oxford', 'header': ['Name', 'M', 'G', 'Degree', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Roger Ainsworth ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Ainsworth', 'summary': "Roger William Ainsworth ( 17 November 1951 - 23 February 2019 ) was Master of St Catherine 's College , Oxford and Professor of Engineering Science at the University of Oxford , England ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Engineering Science ( 1st ) , DPhil', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Professor of Engineering Science at Oxford ( 1998-2019 ) and Master of St Catherine 's College , Oxford ( 2002-2019 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Catherine's_College,_Oxford", 'summary': "St Catherine 's College ( also known as Catz ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in Oxford , England and is the youngest college to teach both undergraduate and graduate students . Tracing its roots back to 1868 ( although the college itself was opened in 1962 ) , it has 502 undergraduate and 442 graduate students as of December 2017 , making it the largest undergraduate college by membership in the University of Oxford ( Kellogg College has 1139 students compared to St. Catherine 's 992 , though it is a graduate-only college ) . The college developed out of the university 's Delegacy for Unattached Students , and was founded in 1962 by the historian Alan Bullock , who went on to become the first master of the college , and later vice-chancellor of the university ."}]}, {'value': 'Sir Cyril Burt ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyril_Burt', 'summary': 'Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt , FBA ( 3 March 1883 - 10 October 1971 ) was an English educational psychologist and geneticist who also made contributions to statistics . He is known for his studies on the heritability of IQ . Shortly after he died , his studies of inheritance and intelligence were discredited after evidence emerged indicating he had falsified research data , inventing correlations in separated twins which did not exist .'}]}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores ( 2nd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': 'Educational psychologist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basset Jhones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basset_Jhones', 'summary': 'Basset Jhones ( sometimes recorded as Basset Jones ) ( born 1613 or 1614 , date of death unknown ) was a Welsh alchemist , medical doctor and grammarian .'}]}, {'value': '1634', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh alchemist , doctor and grammarian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alchemy', 'summary': "Alchemy ( from Arabic : al-kīmiyā ) was an ancient branch of natural philosophy , a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practised throughout Europe , Africa , and Asia , originating in Greco-Roman Egypt in the first few centuries . Alchemists attempted to purify , mature , and perfect certain materials . [ n 1 ] Common aims were chrysopoeia , the transmutation of base metals ( e.g. , lead ) into noble metals ( particularly gold ) ; the creation of an elixir of immortality ; the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease ; and the development of an alkahest , a universal solvent . The perfection of the human body and soul was thought to permit or result from the alchemical magnum opus and , in the Hellenistic and Western mystery tradition , the achievement of gnosis . In Europe , the creation of a philosopher 's stone was variously connected with all of these projects . In English , the term is often limited to descriptions of European alchemy , but similar practices existed in the Far East , the Indian subcontinent , and the Muslim world . In Europe , following the 12th-century Renaissance produced by the translation of Medieval Islamic works on science and the rediscovery of Aristotelian philosophy , alchemists played a significant role in early modern science ( particularly chemistry and medicine ) . Islamic and European alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques , theory , terminology , and experimental method , some of which are still in use today . However , they continued antiquity 's belief in four elements and guarded their work in secrecy including cyphers and cryptic symbolism . Their work was guided by Hermetic principles related to magic , mythology , and religion . Modern discussions of alchemy are generally split into an examination of its exoteric practical applications and its esoteric spiritual aspects , despite the arguments of scholars like Holmyard and von Franz that they should be understood as complementary . The former is pursued by historians of the physical sciences who examine the subject in terms of early chemistry , medicine , and charlatanism , and the philosophical and religious contexts in which these events occurred ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philologist', 'summary': "Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources ; it is the intersection of textual criticism , literary criticism , history , and linguistics . [ page needed ] Philology is more commonly defined as the study of literary texts as well as oral and written records , the establishment of their authenticity and their original form , and the determination of their meaning . A person who pursues this kind of study is known as a philologist . In older usage , especially British , philology is more general , covering comparative and historical linguistics . Classical philology studies classical languages . Classical philology principally originated from the Library of Pergamum and the Library of Alexandria around the fourth century BCE , continued by Greeks and Romans throughout the Roman/Byzantine Empire . It was preserved and promoted during the Islamic Golden Age , and eventually resumed by European scholars of the Renaissance , where it was soon joined by philologies of other non-Asian ( European ) ( Germanic , Celtic ) , Eurasian ( Slavistics , etc . ) , Asian ( Arabic , Persian , Sanskrit , Chinese , etc . ) , and African ( Egyptian , Nubian , etc . ) languages . Indo-European studies involves the comparative philology of all Indo-European languages . Philology , with its focus on historical development ( diachronic analysis ) , is contrasted with linguistics due to Ferdinand de Saussure 's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis ."}]}, {'value': 'William Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Lewis_(mineralogist)', 'summary': 'William James Lewis F.R.S . ( 10 January 1847 - 16 April 1926 ) was a Welsh mineralogist .'}]}, {'value': '1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 1st , 1868 ) , BA Natural Science ( 1st , 1869 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of Mineralogy , Cambridge University ( 1881-1926 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professor_of_Mineralogy,_Cambridge_University', 'summary': 'The Professorship of Mineralogy was a professorship at the University of Cambridge . It was founded in 1808 and discontinued when its final holder retired in 1931 . It was replaced by the Professorship of Mineralogy and Petrology .'}]}, {'value': 'George Cadogan Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Cadogan_Morgan', 'summary': 'George Cadogan Morgan ( 1754 - 17 November 1798 ) was a British dissenting minister and scientist .'}]}, {'value': '1771', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNG', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dissenting minister and scientist , whose Lectures in Electricity were published in 1794', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emlyn Rhoderick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emlyn_Rhoderick', 'summary': 'Emlyn Huw Rhoderick ( 29 September 1920 - 24 March 2007 ) was a Welsh physicist and academic , who spent 33 years as professor of solid-state electronics at the Manchester College of Science and Technology ( later known as UMIST ) .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Natural Science ( 1st )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of solid-state electronics at the Manchester College of Science and Technology ( later UMIST ) , and leading researcher in the field of semiconductors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solid-state_electronics', 'summary': 'Solid-state electronics means semiconductor electronics ; electronic equipment using semiconductor devices such as transistors , diodes and integrated circuits ( ICs ) . The term is also used for devices in which semiconductor electronics which have no moving parts replace devices with moving parts , such as the solid-state relay in which transistor switches are used in place of a moving-arm electromechanical relay , or the solid-state drive ( SSD ) a type of semiconductor memory used in computers to replace hard disk drives , which store data on a rotating disk . The term solid state became popular in the beginning of the semiconductor era in the 1960s to distinguish this new technology based on the transistor , in which the electronic action of devices occurred in a solid state , from previous electronic equipment that used vacuum tubes , in which the electronic action occurred in a gaseous state . A semiconductor device works by controlling an electric current consisting of electrons or holes moving within a solid crystalline piece of semiconducting material such as silicon , while the thermionic vacuum tubes it replaced worked by controlling current conducted by a gas of particles , electrons or ions , moving in a vacuum within a sealed tube .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manchester_College_of_Science_and_Technology', 'summary': 'The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology ( UMIST ) was a university based in the centre of the city of Manchester in England . It specialised in technical and scientific subjects and was a major centre for research . On 1 October 2004 , it amalgamated with the Victoria University of Manchester ( commonly called the University of Manchester ) to produce a new entity called the University of Manchester . UMIST gained its royal charter in 1956 and became a fully autonomous university in 1994 . Previously its degrees were awarded by the Victoria University of Manchester . The UMIST motto was Scientia et Labore ( By Knowledge and Work ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Semiconductors', 'summary': 'A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor , such as metallic copper , and an insulator , such as glass . Its resistance falls as its temperature rises ; metals are the opposite . Its conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities ( doping ) into the crystal structure . Where two differently-doped regions exist in the same crystal , a semiconductor junction is created . The behavior of charge carriers which include electrons , ions and electron holes at these junctions is the basis of diodes , transistors and all modern electronics . Some examples of semiconductors are silicon , germanium , gallium arsenide , and elements near the so-called metalloid staircase on the periodic table . After silicon , gallium arsenide is the second most common semiconductor [ citation needed ] and is used in laser diodes , solar cells , microwave-frequency integrated circuits and others . Silicon is a critical element for fabricating most electronic circuits . Semiconductor devices can display a range of useful properties such as passing current more easily in one direction than the other , showing variable resistance , and sensitivity to light or heat . Because the electrical properties of a semiconductor material can be modified by doping , or by the application of electrical fields or light , devices made from semiconductors can be used for amplification , switching , and energy conversion . The conductivity of silicon is increased by adding a small amount ( of the order of 1 in 108 ) of pentavalent ( antimony , phosphorus , or arsenic ) or trivalent ( boron , gallium , indium ) atoms . This process is known as doping and resulting semiconductors are known as doped or extrinsic semiconductors .'}]}, {'value': 'Gavin Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gavin_Schmidt', 'summary': 'Gavin A. Schmidt is a climatologist , climate modeler and Director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ( GISS ) in New York , and co-founder of the award-winning climate science blog RealClimate .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Climatologist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Climatologist', 'summary': 'Climatology ( from Greek κλίμα , klima , place , zone ; and -λογία , -logia ) or climate science is the scientific study of climate , scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time . This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography , which is one of the Earth sciences . Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry . The main methods employed by climatologists are the analysis of observations and modelling the physical laws that determine the climate . The main topics of research are the study of climate variability , mechanisms of climate changes and modern climate change . Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting , for instance about climatic cycles such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) , the Madden-Julian oscillation ( MJO ) , the North Atlantic oscillation ( NAO ) , the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) , the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation ( IPO ) . Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate . Weather is known as the condition of the atmosphere over a period of time , while climate has to do with the atmospheric condition over an extended to indefinite period of time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies', 'summary': "The Goddard Institute for Space Studies ( GISS ) is a laboratory in the Earth Sciences Division of NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center affiliated with the Columbia University Earth Institute . The institute is located at Columbia University in New York City . Research at the GISS emphasizes a broad study of global change , the natural and anthropogenic changes in our environment that affect the habitability of our planet . These effects may occur on greatly differing time scales , from one-time forcings such as volcanic explosions , to seasonal/annual effects such as El Niño , and on up to the millennia of ice ages . The institute 's research combines analysis of comprehensive global datasets , ( derived from surface stations combined with satellite data for SSTs ) , with global models of atmospheric , land surface , and oceanic processes . Study of past climate change on Earth and of other planetary atmospheres provides an additional tool in assessing our general understanding of the atmosphere and its evolution . GISS was established in May 1961 by Robert Jastrow to do basic research in space sciences in support of Goddard programs . Formally the institute was the New York City office of the GSFC Theoretical Division but was known as the Goddard Space Flight Center Institute for Space Studies or in some publications as simply the Institute for Space Studies . But even before it opened , the institute had been referred to in the press as the Goddard Institute for Space Studies . It was separated from the Theoretical Division in July 1962 . Its offices were originally located in The Interchurch Center , and the institute moved into Columbia 's Armstrong Hall ( formerly the Ostend apartments and then the Oxford Residence Hotel ) in April 1966 . From 1981 to 2013 , GISS was directed by James E. Hansen ."}]}, {'value': 'Edwin Stevens ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Edwin_Stevens', 'summary': "( Arthur ) Edwin Stevens CBE ( 17 October 1905 - 29 January 1995 ) was a Welsh inventor who designed the world 's first wearable electronic hearing aid . He was also a philanthropist , becoming a major benefactor to the Royal Society of Medicine , and to Jesus College , Oxford , at which he had studied between 1927 and 1929 ."}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Natural Science ( Physics , 2nd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Inventor of the world 's first wearable hearing aid and a major benefactor to the college , which named its flats in north Oxford Stevens Close in his honour", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir Graham Sutton ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graham_Sutton', 'summary': 'Sir Oliver Graham Sutton CBE FRS ( 4 February 1903 - 26 May 1977 ) was a Welsh mathematician and meteorologist , notable particularly for theoretical work on atmospheric diffusion , boundary layer turbulence , and for his direction of the UK Meteorological Office .'}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BSc Mathematics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Director-General of the Meteorological Office ( 1953-1965 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meteorological_Office', 'summary': "The Meteorological Office , abbreviated as the Met Office is the United Kingdom 's national weather service . It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy led by CEO Penelope Endersby , who took on the role as Chief Executive in December 2018 , the first woman to do so . The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Alumni -- Other scientists', 'section_text': 'The main building of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology , where Emlyn Rhoderick was a professor', 'uid': 'List_of_mathematicians,_physicians,_and_scientists_educated_at_Jesus_College,_Oxford_5', 'intro': "Jesus College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I at the request of Hugh Price, a Welsh clergyman, who was Treasurer of St David's Cathedral in Pembrokeshire. The college still has strong links with Wales, and about 15% of students are Welsh. There are 340 undergraduates and 190 students carrying out postgraduate studies. Women have been admitted since 1974, when the college was one of the first five men's colleges to become co-educational. Old members of Jesus College are sometimes known as Jesubites. Mathematicians who have studied at Jesus College include Nigel Hitchin (Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford 1997-2016), Jonathan Borwein (a former Rhodes Scholar who has held professorial appointments in Canada and Australia), and Jim Mauldon (who taught at Oxford before moving to the United States to teach at Amherst College in Massachusetts). David E. Evans is Professor of Mathematics at Cardiff University, and H. W. Lloyd Tanner was Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at one of its predecessor institutions, the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire. Several noted individuals from biology, botany and zoology were educated at the college, including the Welsh clergyman Hugh Davies (whose Welsh Botanology of 1813 was the first publication to cross-reference the Welsh-language and the scientific names of plants), Edward Bagnall Poulton (Professor of Zoology at Oxford) and James Brontë Gatenby (Professor of Zoology at Trinity College, Dublin). Frank Greenaway was Keeper of the Department of Chemistry at the Science Museum in London for over 20 years, and the physicist Chris Rapley was director of the museum 2007-2010. Other physicists who are Old Members of the college include Michael Woolfson (a former Professor of Physics at the University of York) and Edward Hinds (whose work on ultra-cold matter won him the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society in 2008). Edwin Stevens, who studied Natural Science at the college, designed the world's first wearable hearing aid, and Sir Graham Sutton became director-general of the Meteorological Office ('Met Office')."}
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What is the name of the blog co-founded by the Jesus College alumni who is Director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and achieved a BA Mathematics degree ?
RealClimate
066e323367983aff
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(residences)', 'title': 'List of National Treasures of Japan (residences)', 'header': ['Name', 'Compound', 'Remarks', 'Date', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jo-an ( 如庵 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jo-an', 'summary': 'Jo-an ( 如庵 ) is a seventeenth-century teahouse ( chashitsu ) . Said to be one of the three finest teahouses in the country , it was designated a National Treasure in 1951 .'}]}, {'value': 'Urakuen ( 有楽苑 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese teahouse , single-storied , irimoya style with shake roof , chashitsu with 2.5 + 3/4 mat and a three mat mizuya , built by Oda Uraku , a disciple of Sen no Rikyū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japanese_teahouse', 'summary': 'Chashitsu ( 茶室 , tea room ) in Japanese tradition is an architectural space designed to be used for tea ceremony ( chanoyu ) gatherings The architectural style that developed for chashitsu is referred to as the sukiya style ( sukiya-zukuri ) , and the term sukiya ( 数奇屋 ) may be used as a synonym for chashitsu . Related Japanese terms are chaseki ( 茶席 ) , broadly meaning place for tea , and implying any sort of space where people are seated to participate in tea ceremony , and chabana , tea flowers , the style of flower arrangement associated with the tea ceremony . Typical features of chashitsu are shōji windows and sliding doors made of wooden lattice covered in a translucent Japanese paper ; tatami mat floors ; a tokonoma alcove ; and simple , subdued colours and style . The ideal floor size of a chashitsu is 4.5 tatami mats .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irimoya-zukuri', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shake_(shingle)', 'summary': 'Wood shingles are thin , tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of buildings to protect them from the weather . Historically shingles were split from straight grained , knot free bolts of wood . Today shingles are mostly made by being cut which distinguishes them from shakes which are made by being split out of a bolt . Wooden shingle roofs were prevalent in the North American colonies ( for example in the Cape-Cod-style house ) , while in central and southern Europe at the same time , thatch , slate and tile were the prevalent roofing materials . In rural Scandinavia , wood shingle roofs were a common roofing material until the 1950s . [ disputed - discuss ] Wood shingles are susceptible to fire and cost more than other types of shingle so they are not as common today as in the past . Distinctive shingle patterns exist in various regions created by the size , shape , and application method . Special treatments such as swept valleys , combed ridges , decorative butt ends , and decorative patterns impart a special character to each building . Wood shingles can also be shaped by steam bending to create a thatch-like appearance , with unique roof details and contours .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chashitsu', 'summary': 'Chashitsu ( 茶室 , tea room ) in Japanese tradition is an architectural space designed to be used for tea ceremony ( chanoyu ) gatherings The architectural style that developed for chashitsu is referred to as the sukiya style ( sukiya-zukuri ) , and the term sukiya ( 数奇屋 ) may be used as a synonym for chashitsu . Related Japanese terms are chaseki ( 茶席 ) , broadly meaning place for tea , and implying any sort of space where people are seated to participate in tea ceremony , and chabana , tea flowers , the style of flower arrangement associated with the tea ceremony . Typical features of chashitsu are shōji windows and sliding doors made of wooden lattice covered in a translucent Japanese paper ; tatami mat floors ; a tokonoma alcove ; and simple , subdued colours and style . The ideal floor size of a chashitsu is 4.5 tatami mats .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tatami', 'summary': 'A tatami ( 畳 ) is a type of mat used as a flooring material in traditional Japanese-style rooms . Tatami are made in standard sizes , twice as long as wide , about 0.9 m by 1.8 m depending on the region . In martial arts , tatami are the floor used for training in a dojo and for competition . [ citation needed ] Tatami are covered with woven soft rush ( 藺草 , igusa ) straw . The core is traditionally made from rice straw , but contemporary tatami sometimes have compressed wood chip boards or polystyrene foam cores . The long sides are usually edged ( 縁 ( heri ) ) with brocade or plain cloth , although some tatami have no edging .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tatami', 'summary': 'A tatami ( 畳 ) is a type of mat used as a flooring material in traditional Japanese-style rooms . Tatami are made in standard sizes , twice as long as wide , about 0.9 m by 1.8 m depending on the region . In martial arts , tatami are the floor used for training in a dojo and for competition . [ citation needed ] Tatami are covered with woven soft rush ( 藺草 , igusa ) straw . The core is traditionally made from rice straw , but contemporary tatami sometimes have compressed wood chip boards or polystyrene foam cores . The long sides are usually edged ( 縁 ( heri ) ) with brocade or plain cloth , although some tatami have no edging .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mizuya', 'summary': 'Mizuya ( 水屋 , water room ) is the term for the preparation area in a Japanese tea house ( chashitsu ) or attached to any venue used for the Japanese tea ceremony . For instance , the area used for preparation during outdoor tea ceremonies is also called the mizuya . The term mizuya can also refer to purificatory fonts at shrines and temples , as well as to storage cupboards for use in kitchens . This article , however , focuses on the tea ceremony mizuya .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sen_no_Rikyū', 'summary': 'Sen no Rikyū ( 千利休 , 1522 - April 21 , 1591 ) , also known simply as Rikyū , is considered the historical figure with the most profound influence on chanoyu , the Japanese Way of Tea , particularly the tradition of wabi-cha . He was also the first to emphasize several key aspects of the ceremony , including rustic simplicity , directness of approach and honesty of self . Originating from the Sengoku period and the Azuchi-Momoyama period , these aspects of the tea ceremony persist . Rikyū is known by many names ; for consistency , he will be referred to as Rikyū in this article . There are three iemoto ( sōke ) , or head houses , of the Japanese Way of Tea , that are directly descended from Rikyū : the Omotesenke , Urasenke , and Mushakōjisenke , all three of which are dedicated to passing forward the teachings of their mutual family founder , Rikyū .'}]}, {'value': 'early Edo period , c. 1618', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Aichi Inuyama Inuyama , Aichi 35°23′16.66″N 136°56′31.35″E / 35.3879611°N 136.9420417°E / 35.3879611 ; 136.9420417 ( Jo-an , Urakuen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inuyama,_Aichi', 'summary': 'Inuyama ( 犬山市 , Inuyama-shi ) is a city in Aichi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 October 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 73,420 in 31,276 households , and a population density of 980 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 74.90 square kilometres ( 28.92 sq mi ) . The name of the city literally transliterates to Dog Mountain . The name appears in historical records from 1336 AD , but its origin is unknown .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture', 'summary': "Aichi Prefecture ( 愛知県 , Aichi-ken , Japanese pronunciation : [ aitɕi̥ꜜkeɴ ] ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū . Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 ( 1 October 2019 ) and a geographic area of 5,172.92 km² ( 1,997.28 sq mi ) with a population density of 1,460 persons per km² . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west , Gifu Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the north , and Shizuoka Prefecture to the east . Nagoya is the capital and largest city of Aichi Prefecture , and the fourth-largest city in Japan , with other major cities including Toyota , Okazaki , and Ichinomiya . Aichi Prefecture and Nagoya form the core of the Chūkyō metropolitan area , the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world . Aichi Prefecture is located on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast and forms part of the Tōkai region , a subregion of the Chūbu region and Kansai region . Aichi Prefecture is home to the Toyota Motor Corporation , the world 's largest automotive manufacturer , the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization , and sixth-largest company in the world by revenue , with its headquarters in the city of Toyota . Aichi Prefecture features the Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens , Chubu Centrair International Airport , and Legoland Japan Resort ."}]}, {'value': 'Kangakuin Guest Hall ( 勧学院客殿 , kangakuin kyakuden )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mii-dera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mii-dera', 'summary': "Mii-dera ( 三井寺 , 御井寺 ) , formally called Onjō-ji ( 園城寺 ) , is a Buddhist temple in Japan located at the foot of Mount Hiei , in the city of Ōtsu in Shiga Prefecture . It is only a short distance from both Kyoto , and Lake Biwa , Japan 's largest lake . The head temple of the Jimon sect of Tendai , it is something of a sister temple to Enryaku-ji , at the top of the mountain , and is one of the four largest temples in Japan . Altogether , there are 40 named buildings in the Mii-dera complex . Mii-dera is temple 14 in the Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage ."}]}, {'value': '7 × 7 , irimoya style , tsumairi style entrance , nokikarahafu gable on the front ; chūmon ( 中門 ) gate : 1 × 1 ken , kirizuma style Both structures are single-storied with shake shingles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tsumairi', 'summary': 'Tsumairi or Tsumairi-zukuri ( 妻入・妻入造 ) is a Japanese traditional architectural structure where the building has its main entrance on one or both of the gabled sides ( 妻 , tsuma ) . The kasuga-zukuri , taisha-zukuri , and sumiyoshi-zukuri Shinto architectural styles all belong to this type .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karahafu', 'summary': 'The karahafu ( kara-hafu ) ( 唐破風 ) is a type of gable with a style peculiar to Japan . The characteristic shape is the undulating curve at the top . This gable is common in traditional architecture , including Japanese castles , Buddhist temples , and Shinto shrines . Roofing materials such as tile and bark may be used as coverings . The face beneath the gable may be flush with the wall below , or it may terminate on a lower roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shake_(shingle)', 'summary': 'Wood shingles are thin , tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of buildings to protect them from the weather . Historically shingles were split from straight grained , knot free bolts of wood . Today shingles are mostly made by being cut which distinguishes them from shakes which are made by being split out of a bolt . Wooden shingle roofs were prevalent in the North American colonies ( for example in the Cape-Cod-style house ) , while in central and southern Europe at the same time , thatch , slate and tile were the prevalent roofing materials . In rural Scandinavia , wood shingle roofs were a common roofing material until the 1950s . [ disputed - discuss ] Wood shingles are susceptible to fire and cost more than other types of shingle so they are not as common today as in the past . Distinctive shingle patterns exist in various regions created by the size , shape , and application method . Special treatments such as swept valleys , combed ridges , decorative butt ends , and decorative patterns impart a special character to each building . Wood shingles can also be shaped by steam bending to create a thatch-like appearance , with unique roof details and contours .'}]}, {'value': 'Momoyama period , 1600', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Momoyama_period', 'summary': "The Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 安土桃山時代 , Azuchi-Momoyama jidai ) is the final phase of the Sengoku period ( 戦国時代 , Sengoku jidai ) in Japan . These years of political unification led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate . It spans the years from c. 1573 to 1600 , during which time Oda Nobunaga and his successor , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , imposed order upon the chaos that had pervaded since the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate . Although a start date of 1573 is often given , this period in broader terms begins with Nobunaga 's entry into Kyoto in 1568 , when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th - and ultimately final - shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate . The era lasts until the coming to power of Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . During this short period , Japanese society and culture underwent the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period . The name of this period is taken from two castles : Nobunaga 's Azuchi Castle ( in Azuchi , Shiga ) and Hideyoshi 's Momoyama Castle ( also known as Fushimi Castle , in Kyoto ) . Shokuhō period ( 織豊時代 , Shokuhō jidai ) , a term used in some Japanese-only texts , is abridged from the surnames of the period 's two leaders ( in the on-reading ) : Shoku ( 織 ) for Oda ( 織田 ) plus Hō ( 豊 ) for Toyotomi ( 豊臣 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Shiga Otsu Ōtsu , Shiga 35°0′42.4″N 135°51′8.62″E / 35.011778°N 135.8523944°E / 35.011778 ; 135.8523944 ( Kangakuin Guest Hall , Mii-dera )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōtsu,_Shiga', 'summary': 'Ōtsu ( 大津市 , Ōtsu-shi ) is the capital city of Shiga Prefecture , Japan . Ōtsu is known as the main port of Lake Biwa , the largest lake in Japan . It briefly served as the capital of Japan from 667 to 672 AD during the Asuka period ( 538 - 710 ) . The city is home to numerous sites of historical importance , notably the temples of Mii-dera , Ishiyama-dera , and Enryaku-ji and the Hiyoshi Taisha shrine . Enryaku-ji is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto ( Kyoto , Uji and Otsu Cities ) . Ōtsu was incorporated as a town on April 1 , 1889 . In October 1 , 1898 , Ōtsu-town was officially changed to Ōtsu-city . As of October 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 341,187 and a population density of 730 persons per km2 . The total area is 464.51 km2 ( 179 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture', 'summary': "Shiga Prefecture ( 滋賀県 , Shiga-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,017 km² ( 1,551 sq mi ) . Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north , Gifu Prefecture to the northeast , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , and Kyoto Prefecture to the west . Ōtsu is the capital and largest city of Shiga Prefecture , with other major cities including Kusatsu , Nagahama , and Higashiōmi . Shiga Prefecture encircles Lake Biwa , the largest freshwater lake in Japan , and 37% of the total land area is designated as Natural Parks , the highest of any prefecture . Shiga Prefecture 's southern half is located adjacent to the former capital city of Kyoto and forms part of Greater Kyoto , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Japan . Shiga Prefecture is home to Ōmi beef , the Eight Views of Ōmi , and Hikone Castle , one of four national treasure castles in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Kōjōin Guest Hall ( 光浄院客殿 , kōjōin kyakuden )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mii-dera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mii-dera', 'summary': "Mii-dera ( 三井寺 , 御井寺 ) , formally called Onjō-ji ( 園城寺 ) , is a Buddhist temple in Japan located at the foot of Mount Hiei , in the city of Ōtsu in Shiga Prefecture . It is only a short distance from both Kyoto , and Lake Biwa , Japan 's largest lake . The head temple of the Jimon sect of Tendai , it is something of a sister temple to Enryaku-ji , at the top of the mountain , and is one of the four largest temples in Japan . Altogether , there are 40 named buildings in the Mii-dera complex . Mii-dera is temple 14 in the Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage ."}]}, {'value': '7 × 6 , irimoya style , tsumairi style entrance , facade with a karahafu gable ; chūmon ( 中門 ) gate : 1 × 1 , kirizuma style Both structures are single-storied with shake shingles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karahafu', 'summary': 'The karahafu ( kara-hafu ) ( 唐破風 ) is a type of gable with a style peculiar to Japan . The characteristic shape is the undulating curve at the top . This gable is common in traditional architecture , including Japanese castles , Buddhist temples , and Shinto shrines . Roofing materials such as tile and bark may be used as coverings . The face beneath the gable may be flush with the wall below , or it may terminate on a lower roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirizuma_zukuri', 'summary': 'A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shake_(shingle)', 'summary': 'Wood shingles are thin , tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of buildings to protect them from the weather . Historically shingles were split from straight grained , knot free bolts of wood . Today shingles are mostly made by being cut which distinguishes them from shakes which are made by being split out of a bolt . Wooden shingle roofs were prevalent in the North American colonies ( for example in the Cape-Cod-style house ) , while in central and southern Europe at the same time , thatch , slate and tile were the prevalent roofing materials . In rural Scandinavia , wood shingle roofs were a common roofing material until the 1950s . [ disputed - discuss ] Wood shingles are susceptible to fire and cost more than other types of shingle so they are not as common today as in the past . Distinctive shingle patterns exist in various regions created by the size , shape , and application method . Special treatments such as swept valleys , combed ridges , decorative butt ends , and decorative patterns impart a special character to each building . Wood shingles can also be shaped by steam bending to create a thatch-like appearance , with unique roof details and contours .'}]}, {'value': 'Momoyama period , 1601', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Momoyama_period', 'summary': "The Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 安土桃山時代 , Azuchi-Momoyama jidai ) is the final phase of the Sengoku period ( 戦国時代 , Sengoku jidai ) in Japan . These years of political unification led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate . It spans the years from c. 1573 to 1600 , during which time Oda Nobunaga and his successor , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , imposed order upon the chaos that had pervaded since the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate . Although a start date of 1573 is often given , this period in broader terms begins with Nobunaga 's entry into Kyoto in 1568 , when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th - and ultimately final - shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate . The era lasts until the coming to power of Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . During this short period , Japanese society and culture underwent the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period . The name of this period is taken from two castles : Nobunaga 's Azuchi Castle ( in Azuchi , Shiga ) and Hideyoshi 's Momoyama Castle ( also known as Fushimi Castle , in Kyoto ) . Shokuhō period ( 織豊時代 , Shokuhō jidai ) , a term used in some Japanese-only texts , is abridged from the surnames of the period 's two leaders ( in the on-reading ) : Shoku ( 織 ) for Oda ( 織田 ) plus Hō ( 豊 ) for Toyotomi ( 豊臣 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Shiga Otsu Ōtsu , Shiga 35°0′52.2″N 135°51′9.31″E / 35.014500°N 135.8525861°E / 35.014500 ; 135.8525861 ( Kōjōin Guest Hall , Mii-dera )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōtsu,_Shiga', 'summary': 'Ōtsu ( 大津市 , Ōtsu-shi ) is the capital city of Shiga Prefecture , Japan . Ōtsu is known as the main port of Lake Biwa , the largest lake in Japan . It briefly served as the capital of Japan from 667 to 672 AD during the Asuka period ( 538 - 710 ) . The city is home to numerous sites of historical importance , notably the temples of Mii-dera , Ishiyama-dera , and Enryaku-ji and the Hiyoshi Taisha shrine . Enryaku-ji is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto ( Kyoto , Uji and Otsu Cities ) . Ōtsu was incorporated as a town on April 1 , 1889 . In October 1 , 1898 , Ōtsu-town was officially changed to Ōtsu-city . As of October 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 341,187 and a population density of 730 persons per km2 . The total area is 464.51 km2 ( 179 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture', 'summary': "Shiga Prefecture ( 滋賀県 , Shiga-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,017 km² ( 1,551 sq mi ) . Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north , Gifu Prefecture to the northeast , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , and Kyoto Prefecture to the west . Ōtsu is the capital and largest city of Shiga Prefecture , with other major cities including Kusatsu , Nagahama , and Higashiōmi . Shiga Prefecture encircles Lake Biwa , the largest freshwater lake in Japan , and 37% of the total land area is designated as Natural Parks , the highest of any prefecture . Shiga Prefecture 's southern half is located adjacent to the former capital city of Kyoto and forms part of Greater Kyoto , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Japan . Shiga Prefecture is home to Ōmi beef , the Eight Views of Ōmi , and Hikone Castle , one of four national treasure castles in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Kanchiin Guest Hall ( 観智院客殿 , kanchiin kyakuden )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tō-ji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tō-ji', 'summary': 'Tō-ji ( 東寺 , Tō-ji ) is a Shingon Buddhist temple in the Minami-ku ward of Kyoto , Japan . Founded in 796 , it was one of the only three Buddhist temples allowed in the city at the time it became the capital of Japan . As such it has a long history , housing treasures and documents from the early Heian period and the Tang dynasty , and with buildings in its complex covering the Kamakura , Muromachi , Momoyama , and Edo periods . Five of these buildings have been designated National Treasures in two different categories : the Lotus Flower Gate ( rengemon ) , the Miei Hall ( mieidō ) , the Golden Hall ( kondō ) and the five-storied Pagoda ( gojūnotō ) ( temple buildings ) and the Kanchiin Guest Hall ( kanchiin kyakuden ) ( residences ) . Tō-ji was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 , as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto .'}]}, {'value': '12.7 m × 13.7 m ( 42 ft × 45 ft ) , tsumairi style entrance , nokikarahafu gable on front ; chūmon ( 中門 ) gate : 1 × 1 , kirizuma style Both structures are single-storied and covered by copper sheeting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karahafu', 'summary': 'The karahafu ( kara-hafu ) ( 唐破風 ) is a type of gable with a style peculiar to Japan . The characteristic shape is the undulating curve at the top . This gable is common in traditional architecture , including Japanese castles , Buddhist temples , and Shinto shrines . Roofing materials such as tile and bark may be used as coverings . The face beneath the gable may be flush with the wall below , or it may terminate on a lower roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirizuma_zukuri', 'summary': 'A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .'}]}, {'value': 'Momoyama period , 1605', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Momoyama_period', 'summary': "The Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 安土桃山時代 , Azuchi-Momoyama jidai ) is the final phase of the Sengoku period ( 戦国時代 , Sengoku jidai ) in Japan . These years of political unification led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate . It spans the years from c. 1573 to 1600 , during which time Oda Nobunaga and his successor , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , imposed order upon the chaos that had pervaded since the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate . Although a start date of 1573 is often given , this period in broader terms begins with Nobunaga 's entry into Kyoto in 1568 , when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th - and ultimately final - shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate . The era lasts until the coming to power of Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . During this short period , Japanese society and culture underwent the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period . The name of this period is taken from two castles : Nobunaga 's Azuchi Castle ( in Azuchi , Shiga ) and Hideyoshi 's Momoyama Castle ( also known as Fushimi Castle , in Kyoto ) . Shokuhō period ( 織豊時代 , Shokuhō jidai ) , a term used in some Japanese-only texts , is abridged from the surnames of the period 's two leaders ( in the on-reading ) : Shoku ( 織 ) for Oda ( 織田 ) plus Hō ( 豊 ) for Toyotomi ( 豊臣 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 34°58′57.48″N 135°44′52.43″E / 34.9826333°N 135.7478972°E / 34.9826333 ; 135.7478972 ( Kanchiin Guest Hall , Tō-ji )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Main drawing room ( 表書院 , omote shoin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanbō-in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanbō-in', 'summary': 'Sanbō-in ( 三宝院 , Sanbō-in ) is a Buddhist temple in southern Kyoto , Japan , known today primarily for the quality of its garden .'}]}, {'value': 'Consists of lower , middle and upper rooms ; The lower ( gedan ) room could be used as a Noh stage with the audience seated in the middle and upper rooms . Upper room 15 mat ( alcove and shelves ) , 18 mat , antechamber 27 mat , entrance from all four sides , single-storied , irimoya style , spring pavilion ( 泉殿 , izumidono ) in kirizuma style , sangawarabuki tile roof , entrance porch on west side with a karahafu gable and covered with hinoki cypress bark ; The veranda and detached room in the southwest show the adoption of shinden-zukuri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noh', 'summary': "Noh ( 能 , Nō , derived from the Sino-Japanese word for skill or talent ) , is a major form of classical Japanese dance-drama that has been performed since the 14th century . Developed by Kan'ami and his son Zeami , it is the oldest major theatre art that is still regularly performed today . Although the terms Noh and nōgaku are sometimes used interchangeably , nōgaku encompasses both Noh and kyōgen . Traditionally , a full nōgaku program includes five Noh plays with comedic kyōgen plays in between ; an abbreviated program of two Noh plays with one kyōgen piece has become common today . Optionally , an okina play may be presented in the very beginning of nōgaku presentation . Noh is often based on tales from traditional literature with a supernatural being transformed into human form as a hero narrating a story . Noh integrates masks , costumes and various props in a dance-based performance , requiring highly trained actors and musicians . Emotions are primarily conveyed by stylized conventional gestures while the iconic masks represent the roles such as ghosts , women , children , and the elderly . Written in late middle Japanese , the text vividly describes the ordinary people of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries . [ attribution needed ] Having a strong emphasis on tradition rather than innovation , Noh is extremely codified and regulated by the iemoto system ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirizuma_zukuri', 'summary': 'A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karahafu', 'summary': 'The karahafu ( kara-hafu ) ( 唐破風 ) is a type of gable with a style peculiar to Japan . The characteristic shape is the undulating curve at the top . This gable is common in traditional architecture , including Japanese castles , Buddhist temples , and Shinto shrines . Roofing materials such as tile and bark may be used as coverings . The face beneath the gable may be flush with the wall below , or it may terminate on a lower roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa', 'summary': 'Chamaecyparis obtusa ( Japanese cypress , hinoki cypress or hinoki ; Japanese : 檜 or 桧 hinoki ) is a species of cypress native to central Japan , and widely cultivated in the temperate northern hemisphere for its high quality timber and ornamental qualities , with many cultivars commercially available .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shinden-zukuri', 'summary': "Shinden-zukuri ( 寝殿造 ) refers to the style of domestic architecture developed for palatial or aristocratic mansions built in Heian-kyō ( 平安京 , today 's Kyoto ) in the Heian period ( 794-1185 ) , especially in 10th century Japan . Shinden-zukuri developed into shoin-zukuri and sukiya-zukuri ( detached teahouse type architecture ) . During the Kamakura period , it developed into buke-zukuri ( 武家造 housing for a military family ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Momoyama period , 1598', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Momoyama_period', 'summary': "The Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 安土桃山時代 , Azuchi-Momoyama jidai ) is the final phase of the Sengoku period ( 戦国時代 , Sengoku jidai ) in Japan . These years of political unification led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate . It spans the years from c. 1573 to 1600 , during which time Oda Nobunaga and his successor , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , imposed order upon the chaos that had pervaded since the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate . Although a start date of 1573 is often given , this period in broader terms begins with Nobunaga 's entry into Kyoto in 1568 , when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th - and ultimately final - shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate . The era lasts until the coming to power of Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . During this short period , Japanese society and culture underwent the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period . The name of this period is taken from two castles : Nobunaga 's Azuchi Castle ( in Azuchi , Shiga ) and Hideyoshi 's Momoyama Castle ( also known as Fushimi Castle , in Kyoto ) . Shokuhō period ( 織豊時代 , Shokuhō jidai ) , a term used in some Japanese-only texts , is abridged from the surnames of the period 's two leaders ( in the on-reading ) : Shoku ( 織 ) for Oda ( 織田 ) plus Hō ( 豊 ) for Toyotomi ( 豊臣 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 34°57′7.46″N 135°49′10.43″E / 34.9520722°N 135.8195639°E / 34.9520722 ; 135.8195639 ( Main drawing room , Sanbō-in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Karamon ( 唐門 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karamon', 'summary': 'The karamon or karakado ( 唐門 , Chinese gate ) is a type of gate seen in Japanese architecture . It is characterized by the usage of karahafu , an undulating bargeboard peculiar to Japan . Karamon are often used at the entrances of Japanese castles , Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines , and have historically been a symbol of authority .'}]}, {'value': 'Sanbō-in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanbō-in', 'summary': 'Sanbō-in ( 三宝院 , Sanbō-in ) is a Buddhist temple in southern Kyoto , Japan , known today primarily for the quality of its garden .'}]}, {'value': '3 × 2 gate with entrance through the central ken ( 6.27 m × 2.60 m ( 20.6 ft × 8.5 ft ) ) and karahafu gables ; Also called Chokushimon ( gate for imperial messengers ) , was entirely black-lacquered with four large chrysanthemum and paulownia motifs , covered with hinoki cypress bark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_(architecture)', 'summary': 'The ken ( 間 ) is a traditional Japanese unit of length , equal to six Japanese feet ( shaku ) . The exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a little shorter than 2 meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) . It is now standardized as \u200b1 9⁄11 meter . Although mostly supplanted by the metric system , this unit is a common measurement in Japanese architecture , where it is used as a proportion for the intervals between the pillars of traditional-style buildings . In this context , it is commonly translated as bay . The length also appears in other contexts , such as the standard length of the bō staff in Japanese martial arts and the standard dimensions of the tatami mats . As these are used to cover the floors of most Japanese houses , floor surfaces are still commonly measured not in square meters but in tatami which are equivalent to half of a square ken .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karahafu', 'summary': 'The karahafu ( kara-hafu ) ( 唐破風 ) is a type of gable with a style peculiar to Japan . The characteristic shape is the undulating curve at the top . This gable is common in traditional architecture , including Japanese castles , Buddhist temples , and Shinto shrines . Roofing materials such as tile and bark may be used as coverings . The face beneath the gable may be flush with the wall below , or it may terminate on a lower roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paulownia', 'summary': 'Paulownia ( /pɔːˈloʊniə/ paw-LOH-nee-ə ) is a genus of seven to 17 species ( depending on taxonomic authority ) of flowering plants in the family Paulowniaceae , in the order Lamiales . They are present in much of China , south to northern Laos and Vietnam and are long cultivated elsewhere in eastern Asia , notably in Japan and Korea where they are native . It was introduced to North America in 1844 from Europe and Asia where it was originally sought after as an exotic ornamental tree . Its fruits ( botanically capsules ) were also used as packaging material for goods shipped from East Asia to North America , leading to Paulownia groves where they were dumped near major ports . The tree has not persisted prominently in US gardens , in part due to its overwintering brown fruits that some consider ugly . In some areas it has escaped cultivation and is found in disturbed plots . Some US authorities consider the genus an invasive species , but in Europe , where it is also grown in gardens , it is not regarded as invasive .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa', 'summary': 'Chamaecyparis obtusa ( Japanese cypress , hinoki cypress or hinoki ; Japanese : 檜 or 桧 hinoki ) is a species of cypress native to central Japan , and widely cultivated in the temperate northern hemisphere for its high quality timber and ornamental qualities , with many cultivars commercially available .'}]}, {'value': 'Momoyama period , 1598', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Momoyama_period', 'summary': "The Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 安土桃山時代 , Azuchi-Momoyama jidai ) is the final phase of the Sengoku period ( 戦国時代 , Sengoku jidai ) in Japan . These years of political unification led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate . It spans the years from c. 1573 to 1600 , during which time Oda Nobunaga and his successor , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , imposed order upon the chaos that had pervaded since the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate . Although a start date of 1573 is often given , this period in broader terms begins with Nobunaga 's entry into Kyoto in 1568 , when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th - and ultimately final - shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate . The era lasts until the coming to power of Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . During this short period , Japanese society and culture underwent the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period . The name of this period is taken from two castles : Nobunaga 's Azuchi Castle ( in Azuchi , Shiga ) and Hideyoshi 's Momoyama Castle ( also known as Fushimi Castle , in Kyoto ) . Shokuhō period ( 織豊時代 , Shokuhō jidai ) , a term used in some Japanese-only texts , is abridged from the surnames of the period 's two leaders ( in the on-reading ) : Shoku ( 織 ) for Oda ( 織田 ) plus Hō ( 豊 ) for Toyotomi ( 豊臣 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 34°57′6.3″N 135°49′8.95″E / 34.951750°N 135.8191528°E / 34.951750 ; 135.8191528 ( Karamon , Sanbō-in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver Pavilion ( 銀閣 , ginkaku )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ginkaku-ji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ginkaku-ji', 'summary': 'Ginkaku-ji ( 銀閣寺 , lit . Temple of the Silver Pavilion ) , officially named Jishō-ji ( 慈照寺 , lit . Temple of Shining Mercy ) , is a Zen temple in the Sakyo ward of Kyoto , Japan . It is one of the constructions that represents the Higashiyama Culture of the Muromachi period .'}]}, {'value': 'East and west : 8.2 m ( 27 ft ) , north : 7.0 m ( 23.0 ft ) , south : 5.9 m ( 19 ft ) , two-storied : first floor in shoin-zukuri style , second floor in Chinese temple style with a window with an ogee-type pointed top with a series of S-like curves on either side of the peak ( katōmado ) and a Chinese sliding door ; Roof in hōgyō style with shake shingles , bronze phoenix on the roof facing east , building originally called Kannonden ( 観音殿 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoin-zukuri', 'summary': "Shoin-zukuri ( 書院造 ) is a style of Japanese residential architecture used in the mansions of the military , temple guest halls , and Zen abbot 's quarters of the Azuchi-Momoyama ( 1568-1600 ) and Edo periods ( 1600-1868 ) . It forms the basis of today 's traditional-style Japanese house . Characteristics of the shoin-zukuri development were the incorporation of square posts and floors completely covered with tatami . The style takes its name from the shoin , a term that originally meant a study and a place for lectures on the sūtra within a temple , but which later came to mean just a drawing room or study ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Katōmado', 'summary': "Katōmado ( 火灯窓 , lit . fire light window ) , also written as ( 花頭窓・華頭窓 , lit . flower top window ) , is a style of pointed arch or bell-shaped window found in Japanese architecture . [ note 1 ] It first arrived in Japan from China together with Zen Buddhism , as an element of Zen style architecture , but from the end of the 16th century it started to be used in temples of other Buddhist sects , Shinto shrines , castles , and samurai residences as well . the window initially was not flared , but its design and shape changed over time : the two vertical frames were widened and curves were added at the bottom . The kanji characters used for its name have also changed through the centuries , from the original fire window to flower head window . The oldest extant example of katōmado can be found in Engaku-ji 's Shariden ( Relic Hall ) [ note 2 ] in Kamakura , which is thought to closely follow the original style as it was introduced to Japan , with the vertical frames touching the bottom in straight lines . Another well-known example can be found in the room called Genji-no-ma ( 源氏の間 ) in the Main Hall at Ishiyama-dera , Shiga prefecture . For this reason , katōmado are also known as genjimado ( 源氏窓 , Genji window ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shake_(shingle)', 'summary': 'Wood shingles are thin , tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of buildings to protect them from the weather . Historically shingles were split from straight grained , knot free bolts of wood . Today shingles are mostly made by being cut which distinguishes them from shakes which are made by being split out of a bolt . Wooden shingle roofs were prevalent in the North American colonies ( for example in the Cape-Cod-style house ) , while in central and southern Europe at the same time , thatch , slate and tile were the prevalent roofing materials . In rural Scandinavia , wood shingle roofs were a common roofing material until the 1950s . [ disputed - discuss ] Wood shingles are susceptible to fire and cost more than other types of shingle so they are not as common today as in the past . Distinctive shingle patterns exist in various regions created by the size , shape , and application method . Special treatments such as swept valleys , combed ridges , decorative butt ends , and decorative patterns impart a special character to each building . Wood shingles can also be shaped by steam bending to create a thatch-like appearance , with unique roof details and contours .'}]}, {'value': 'Muromachi period , 1489', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muromachi_period', 'summary': 'The Muromachi period ( 室町時代 , Muromachi jidai , also known as the Muromachi era , the Ashikaga era , or the Ashikaga period ) is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573 . The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate ( Muromachi bakufu or Ashikaga bakufu ) , which was officially established in 1338 by the first Muromachi shōgun , Ashikaga Takauji , two years after the brief Kenmu Restoration ( 1333-1336 ) of imperial rule was brought to a close . The period ended in 1573 when the 15th and last shogun of this line , Ashikaga Yoshiaki , was driven out of the capital in Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga . From a cultural perspective , the period can be divided into the Kitayama and Higashiyama periods ( later 15th - early 16th centuries ) . The early years from 1336 to 1392 of the Muromachi period are known as the Nanboku-chō or Northern and Southern Court period . This period is marked by the continued resistance of the supporters of Emperor Go-Daigo , the emperor behind the Kenmu Restoration . The years from 1465 to the end of the Muromachi period are also known as the Sengoku period or Warring States period .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 35°1′35.54″N 135°47′52.94″E / 35.0265389°N 135.7980389°E / 35.0265389 ; 135.7980389 ( Silver Pavilion , Ginkaku-ji )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Tōgu-dō ( 東求堂 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ginkaku-ji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ginkaku-ji', 'summary': 'Ginkaku-ji ( 銀閣寺 , lit . Temple of the Silver Pavilion ) , officially named Jishō-ji ( 慈照寺 , lit . Temple of Shining Mercy ) , is a Zen temple in the Sakyo ward of Kyoto , Japan . It is one of the constructions that represents the Higashiyama Culture of the Muromachi period .'}]}, {'value': '6.9 m × 6.9 m ( 23 ft × 23 ft ) , single-storied , irimoya style , covered with hinoki cypress bark , Buddhist hall of Ashikaga Yoshimasa with two Buddhist altar rooms and two other rooms ; oldest extant shoin-zukuri style building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa', 'summary': 'Chamaecyparis obtusa ( Japanese cypress , hinoki cypress or hinoki ; Japanese : 檜 or 桧 hinoki ) is a species of cypress native to central Japan , and widely cultivated in the temperate northern hemisphere for its high quality timber and ornamental qualities , with many cultivars commercially available .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimasa', 'summary': 'Ashikaga Yoshimasa ( 足利 義政 , January 20 , 1436 - January 27 , 1490 ) was the 8th shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1449 to 1473 during the Muromachi period of Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shoin-zukuri', 'summary': "Shoin-zukuri ( 書院造 ) is a style of Japanese residential architecture used in the mansions of the military , temple guest halls , and Zen abbot 's quarters of the Azuchi-Momoyama ( 1568-1600 ) and Edo periods ( 1600-1868 ) . It forms the basis of today 's traditional-style Japanese house . Characteristics of the shoin-zukuri development were the incorporation of square posts and floors completely covered with tatami . The style takes its name from the shoin , a term that originally meant a study and a place for lectures on the sūtra within a temple , but which later came to mean just a drawing room or study ."}]}, {'value': 'Muromachi period , 1485', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muromachi_period', 'summary': 'The Muromachi period ( 室町時代 , Muromachi jidai , also known as the Muromachi era , the Ashikaga era , or the Ashikaga period ) is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573 . The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate ( Muromachi bakufu or Ashikaga bakufu ) , which was officially established in 1338 by the first Muromachi shōgun , Ashikaga Takauji , two years after the brief Kenmu Restoration ( 1333-1336 ) of imperial rule was brought to a close . The period ended in 1573 when the 15th and last shogun of this line , Ashikaga Yoshiaki , was driven out of the capital in Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga . From a cultural perspective , the period can be divided into the Kitayama and Higashiyama periods ( later 15th - early 16th centuries ) . The early years from 1336 to 1392 of the Muromachi period are known as the Nanboku-chō or Northern and Southern Court period . This period is marked by the continued resistance of the supporters of Emperor Go-Daigo , the emperor behind the Kenmu Restoration . The years from 1465 to the end of the Muromachi period are also known as the Sengoku period or Warring States period .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 35°1′36.79″N 135°47′54.43″E / 35.0268861°N 135.7984528°E / 35.0268861 ; 135.7984528 ( Tōgu-dō , Ginkaku-ji )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': "Retainers ' room ( 遠侍 , tōzamurai ) and Entrance Hall ( 車寄 , kurumayose )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninomaru Palace ( Nijō Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nijō_Castle', 'summary': 'Nijō Castle ( 二条城 , Nijō-jō ) is a flatland castle in Kyoto , Japan . The castle consists of two concentric rings ( Kuruwa ) of fortifications , the Ninomaru Palace , the ruins of the Honmaru Palace , various support buildings and several gardens . The surface area of the castle is 275,000 square metres ( 27.5 ha ; 68 acres ) , of which 8,000 square metres ( 86,000 sq ft ) is occupied by buildings . It is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': "Entrance Hall : 5 × 3 , hinoki cypress bark roofing Retainers ' room : 8 × 8 , hongawarabuki roofing Both structures are single-storied , irimoya style", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa', 'summary': 'Chamaecyparis obtusa ( Japanese cypress , hinoki cypress or hinoki ; Japanese : 檜 or 桧 hinoki ) is a species of cypress native to central Japan , and widely cultivated in the temperate northern hemisphere for its high quality timber and ornamental qualities , with many cultivars commercially available .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'early Edo period , 1626', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': "Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 35°0′47.7″N 135°45′0.75″E / 35.013250°N 135.7502083°E / 35.013250 ; 135.7502083 ( Retainer 's room , Ninomaru Palace )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Reception Room ( 式台 , shikidai )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninomaru Palace ( Nijō Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nijō_Castle', 'summary': 'Nijō Castle ( 二条城 , Nijō-jō ) is a flatland castle in Kyoto , Japan . The castle consists of two concentric rings ( Kuruwa ) of fortifications , the Ninomaru Palace , the ruins of the Honmaru Palace , various support buildings and several gardens . The surface area of the castle is 275,000 square metres ( 27.5 ha ; 68 acres ) , of which 8,000 square metres ( 86,000 sq ft ) is occupied by buildings . It is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Dimensions : 3 ( front ) , 5 ( back ) , 4 ( right ) , 6 ( left ) ken , single-storied , irimoya style with hongawarabuki roofing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_(architecture)', 'summary': 'The ken ( 間 ) is a traditional Japanese unit of length , equal to six Japanese feet ( shaku ) . The exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a little shorter than 2 meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) . It is now standardized as \u200b1 9⁄11 meter . Although mostly supplanted by the metric system , this unit is a common measurement in Japanese architecture , where it is used as a proportion for the intervals between the pillars of traditional-style buildings . In this context , it is commonly translated as bay . The length also appears in other contexts , such as the standard length of the bō staff in Japanese martial arts and the standard dimensions of the tatami mats . As these are used to cover the floors of most Japanese houses , floor surfaces are still commonly measured not in square meters but in tatami which are equivalent to half of a square ken .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'early Edo period , 1626', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 35°0′48.09″N 135°44′59.78″E / 35.0133583°N 135.7499389°E / 35.0133583 ; 135.7499389 ( Reception Room , Ninomaru Palace )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Hall ( 大広間 , ōhiroma )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninomaru Palace ( Nijō Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nijō_Castle', 'summary': 'Nijō Castle ( 二条城 , Nijō-jō ) is a flatland castle in Kyoto , Japan . The castle consists of two concentric rings ( Kuruwa ) of fortifications , the Ninomaru Palace , the ruins of the Honmaru Palace , various support buildings and several gardens . The surface area of the castle is 275,000 square metres ( 27.5 ha ; 68 acres ) , of which 8,000 square metres ( 86,000 sq ft ) is occupied by buildings . It is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Dimensions : 7 ( front ) , 5 ( back ) , 8 ( right ) , 7 ( left ) ken , single-storied , irimoya style with hongawarabuki roofing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_(architecture)', 'summary': 'The ken ( 間 ) is a traditional Japanese unit of length , equal to six Japanese feet ( shaku ) . The exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a little shorter than 2 meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) . It is now standardized as \u200b1 9⁄11 meter . Although mostly supplanted by the metric system , this unit is a common measurement in Japanese architecture , where it is used as a proportion for the intervals between the pillars of traditional-style buildings . In this context , it is commonly translated as bay . The length also appears in other contexts , such as the standard length of the bō staff in Japanese martial arts and the standard dimensions of the tatami mats . As these are used to cover the floors of most Japanese houses , floor surfaces are still commonly measured not in square meters but in tatami which are equivalent to half of a square ken .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'early Edo period , 1626', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 35°0′48.68″N 135°44′58.84″E / 35.0135222°N 135.7496778°E / 35.0135222 ; 135.7496778 ( Great Hall , Ninomaru Palace )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Japanese fern-palm chamber ( 蘇鉄之間 , sotetsu-no-ma )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninomaru Palace ( Nijō Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nijō_Castle', 'summary': 'Nijō Castle ( 二条城 , Nijō-jō ) is a flatland castle in Kyoto , Japan . The castle consists of two concentric rings ( Kuruwa ) of fortifications , the Ninomaru Palace , the ruins of the Honmaru Palace , various support buildings and several gardens . The surface area of the castle is 275,000 square metres ( 27.5 ha ; 68 acres ) , of which 8,000 square metres ( 86,000 sq ft ) is occupied by buildings . It is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Dimensions : 1 ( front ) , 3 ( back ) , 8 ( right ) , 9 ( left ) ken , single-storied , irimoya style with hongawarabuki roofing , connecting the kuroshoin with the ōhiroma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_(architecture)', 'summary': 'The ken ( 間 ) is a traditional Japanese unit of length , equal to six Japanese feet ( shaku ) . The exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a little shorter than 2 meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) . It is now standardized as \u200b1 9⁄11 meter . Although mostly supplanted by the metric system , this unit is a common measurement in Japanese architecture , where it is used as a proportion for the intervals between the pillars of traditional-style buildings . In this context , it is commonly translated as bay . The length also appears in other contexts , such as the standard length of the bō staff in Japanese martial arts and the standard dimensions of the tatami mats . As these are used to cover the floors of most Japanese houses , floor surfaces are still commonly measured not in square meters but in tatami which are equivalent to half of a square ken .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'early Edo period , 1626', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 35°0′49.44″N 135°44′58.55″E / 35.0137333°N 135.7495972°E / 35.0137333 ; 135.7495972 ( Japanese fern-palm chamber , Ninomaru Palace )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Black study room ( 黒書院 , kuroshoin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninomaru Palace ( Nijō Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nijō_Castle', 'summary': 'Nijō Castle ( 二条城 , Nijō-jō ) is a flatland castle in Kyoto , Japan . The castle consists of two concentric rings ( Kuruwa ) of fortifications , the Ninomaru Palace , the ruins of the Honmaru Palace , various support buildings and several gardens . The surface area of the castle is 275,000 square metres ( 27.5 ha ; 68 acres ) , of which 8,000 square metres ( 86,000 sq ft ) is occupied by buildings . It is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Dimensions : 7 ( front ) , 8 ( back ) , 6 ( right ) , 8 ( left ) ken , single-storied , irimoya style with hongawarabuki roofing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_(architecture)', 'summary': 'The ken ( 間 ) is a traditional Japanese unit of length , equal to six Japanese feet ( shaku ) . The exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a little shorter than 2 meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) . It is now standardized as \u200b1 9⁄11 meter . Although mostly supplanted by the metric system , this unit is a common measurement in Japanese architecture , where it is used as a proportion for the intervals between the pillars of traditional-style buildings . In this context , it is commonly translated as bay . The length also appears in other contexts , such as the standard length of the bō staff in Japanese martial arts and the standard dimensions of the tatami mats . As these are used to cover the floors of most Japanese houses , floor surfaces are still commonly measured not in square meters but in tatami which are equivalent to half of a square ken .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'early Edo period , 1626', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 35°0′49.91″N 135°44′57.85″E / 35.0138639°N 135.7494028°E / 35.0138639 ; 135.7494028 ( Black study room , Ninomaru Palace )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'White study room ( 白書院 , shiroshoin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninomaru Palace ( Nijō Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nijō_Castle', 'summary': 'Nijō Castle ( 二条城 , Nijō-jō ) is a flatland castle in Kyoto , Japan . The castle consists of two concentric rings ( Kuruwa ) of fortifications , the Ninomaru Palace , the ruins of the Honmaru Palace , various support buildings and several gardens . The surface area of the castle is 275,000 square metres ( 27.5 ha ; 68 acres ) , of which 8,000 square metres ( 86,000 sq ft ) is occupied by buildings . It is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': '6 × 6 , single-storied , irimoya style with hongawarabuki roofing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'early Edo period , 1626', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 35°0′51.07″N 135°44′57.76″E / 35.0141861°N 135.7493778°E / 35.0141861 ; 135.7493778 ( White study room , Ninomaru Palace )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Black study hall ( 黒書院 , kuroshoin ) and Denrō gallery ( 伝廊 , denrō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nishi Honganji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nishi_Honganji', 'summary': 'Nishi Hongan-ji ( 西本願寺 ) is a Jōdo Shinshū Buddhist temple in the Shimogyō ward of Kyoto , Japan . It is one of two Jōdo Shinshū temple complexes in Kyoto , the other being Higashi Hongan-ji . Jōdo Shinshū is a school of Pure Land Buddhism , and today Nishi Hongan-ji serves as the head temple of the organization . Established in its current location in 1591 , the origin of the temple goes back to the 14th century . Many of its building have survived from the Azuchi-Momoyama and early Edo period , making it a great example of the Japanese architecture from the 17th and 18th centuries . A total of seven Nishi Hongan-ji structures have been designated National Treasures in three different categories : the karamon , Goei-dō and Amida hall ( temple buildings ) , the Flying Cloud Pavilion , shoin and the Black study hall , including the Denrō gallery ( residences ) and the north Noh stage ( miscellaneous structure ) . Nishi Hongan-ji was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 , as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto .'}]}, {'value': 'Black study hall : length 6 ken ( front side ) , 7 ken ( back side ) , width 4 ken ( left side ) , 6 ken ( right side ) , two-storied , yosemune style with shake shingles Denrō gallery : 4 × 2 , single-storied , ryōsage style with shake shingles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_(architecture)', 'summary': 'The ken ( 間 ) is a traditional Japanese unit of length , equal to six Japanese feet ( shaku ) . The exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a little shorter than 2 meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) . It is now standardized as \u200b1 9⁄11 meter . Although mostly supplanted by the metric system , this unit is a common measurement in Japanese architecture , where it is used as a proportion for the intervals between the pillars of traditional-style buildings . In this context , it is commonly translated as bay . The length also appears in other contexts , such as the standard length of the bō staff in Japanese martial arts and the standard dimensions of the tatami mats . As these are used to cover the floors of most Japanese houses , floor surfaces are still commonly measured not in square meters but in tatami which are equivalent to half of a square ken .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shake_(shingle)', 'summary': 'Wood shingles are thin , tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of buildings to protect them from the weather . Historically shingles were split from straight grained , knot free bolts of wood . Today shingles are mostly made by being cut which distinguishes them from shakes which are made by being split out of a bolt . Wooden shingle roofs were prevalent in the North American colonies ( for example in the Cape-Cod-style house ) , while in central and southern Europe at the same time , thatch , slate and tile were the prevalent roofing materials . In rural Scandinavia , wood shingle roofs were a common roofing material until the 1950s . [ disputed - discuss ] Wood shingles are susceptible to fire and cost more than other types of shingle so they are not as common today as in the past . Distinctive shingle patterns exist in various regions created by the size , shape , and application method . Special treatments such as swept valleys , combed ridges , decorative butt ends , and decorative patterns impart a special character to each building . Wood shingles can also be shaped by steam bending to create a thatch-like appearance , with unique roof details and contours .'}]}, {'value': 'early Edo period , 1657', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Shoin ( 書院 ) : Meeting room ( 対面所 , taimenjo ) and White study room ( 白書院 , shiroshoin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoin', 'summary': 'Shoin ( 書院 , drawing room or study ) is a type of audience hall in Japanese architecture that was developed during the Muromachi period . The term originally meant a study and a place for lectures on the sūtra within a temple , but later it came to mean just a drawing room or study . From this room takes its name the shoin-zukuri style . In a shoin-zukuri building , the shoin is the zashiki , a tatami-room dedicated to the reception of guests . The emerging architecture of the Muromachi period was subsequently influenced by the increasing use and appearance of shoin . One of the most noticeable changes in architecture to arise from the shoin came from the practice of lining their floors with tatami mats . Since tatami mats have a standardized size the floor plans for shoin rooms had to be developed around the proportions of the tatami mat ; this in turn affected the proportions of doors , the height of rooms , and other aspects of the structure . Before the shoin popularized the practice of lining floors with tatami mats it had been standard to only bring out a single tatami mat for the highest-ranking person in the room to sit on . The architecture surrounding and influenced by the shoin quickly developed many other distinguishing features . Since the guests sat on the floor instead of on furniture , they were positioned at a lower vantage point than their Chinese counterparts who were accustomed to using furniture . This lower vantage point generated such developments as the suspended ceilings which functioned to make the room feel less expansive , and also resulted in the ceilings rafters being no longer visible as they were in China . The new suspended ceilings also allowed for more elaborate decoration , resulting in many highly ornate suspended ceilings in addition to the much simpler ones .'}]}, {'value': 'Nishi Honganji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nishi_Honganji', 'summary': 'Nishi Hongan-ji ( 西本願寺 ) is a Jōdo Shinshū Buddhist temple in the Shimogyō ward of Kyoto , Japan . It is one of two Jōdo Shinshū temple complexes in Kyoto , the other being Higashi Hongan-ji . Jōdo Shinshū is a school of Pure Land Buddhism , and today Nishi Hongan-ji serves as the head temple of the organization . Established in its current location in 1591 , the origin of the temple goes back to the 14th century . Many of its building have survived from the Azuchi-Momoyama and early Edo period , making it a great example of the Japanese architecture from the 17th and 18th centuries . A total of seven Nishi Hongan-ji structures have been designated National Treasures in three different categories : the karamon , Goei-dō and Amida hall ( temple buildings ) , the Flying Cloud Pavilion , shoin and the Black study hall , including the Denrō gallery ( residences ) and the north Noh stage ( miscellaneous structure ) . Nishi Hongan-ji was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 , as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto .'}]}, {'value': '38.5 m × 29.5 m ( 126 ft × 97 ft ) , single-storied , irimoya style , tsumairi style entrance ; wet veranda , hongawarabuki roof', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'early Edo period , 1618', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 34°59′27.24″N 135°45′3.51″E / 34.9909000°N 135.7509750°E / 34.9909000 ; 135.7509750 ( Shoin , Nishi Hongan-ji )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Flying Cloud Pavilion ( 飛雲閣 , hiunkaku )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nishi Honganji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nishi_Honganji', 'summary': 'Nishi Hongan-ji ( 西本願寺 ) is a Jōdo Shinshū Buddhist temple in the Shimogyō ward of Kyoto , Japan . It is one of two Jōdo Shinshū temple complexes in Kyoto , the other being Higashi Hongan-ji . Jōdo Shinshū is a school of Pure Land Buddhism , and today Nishi Hongan-ji serves as the head temple of the organization . Established in its current location in 1591 , the origin of the temple goes back to the 14th century . Many of its building have survived from the Azuchi-Momoyama and early Edo period , making it a great example of the Japanese architecture from the 17th and 18th centuries . A total of seven Nishi Hongan-ji structures have been designated National Treasures in three different categories : the karamon , Goei-dō and Amida hall ( temple buildings ) , the Flying Cloud Pavilion , shoin and the Black study hall , including the Denrō gallery ( residences ) and the north Noh stage ( miscellaneous structure ) . Nishi Hongan-ji was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 , as part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto .'}]}, {'value': 'South and north side : 25.8 m ( 85 ft ) , east side : 11.8 m ( 39 ft ) , west side : 12.5 m ( 41 ft ) , three-storied with shake shingles ; 1st floor : shoin-zukuri , study room ( 招賢殿 , shōkenden ) , room of eight scenes ( 八景之間 , hakkei no ma ) , veranda and tea ceremony room ( ikujaku ( 憶昔 ) ) ; karahafu gable on one side and irimoya style roof on opposite side ; 2nd floor : room of great poets ( 歌仙之間 , kasen no ma ) ( with paintings of 36 great poets on the wooden doors and walls ) , mezzanine floor , lightly railed veranda ; convex hip and gable roof with undulating bargeboards on three sides ; 3rd floor : 8 mat , with ogee shaped windows ; hōgyō style roof', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shake_(shingle)', 'summary': 'Wood shingles are thin , tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of buildings to protect them from the weather . Historically shingles were split from straight grained , knot free bolts of wood . Today shingles are mostly made by being cut which distinguishes them from shakes which are made by being split out of a bolt . Wooden shingle roofs were prevalent in the North American colonies ( for example in the Cape-Cod-style house ) , while in central and southern Europe at the same time , thatch , slate and tile were the prevalent roofing materials . In rural Scandinavia , wood shingle roofs were a common roofing material until the 1950s . [ disputed - discuss ] Wood shingles are susceptible to fire and cost more than other types of shingle so they are not as common today as in the past . Distinctive shingle patterns exist in various regions created by the size , shape , and application method . Special treatments such as swept valleys , combed ridges , decorative butt ends , and decorative patterns impart a special character to each building . Wood shingles can also be shaped by steam bending to create a thatch-like appearance , with unique roof details and contours .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karahafu', 'summary': 'The karahafu ( kara-hafu ) ( 唐破風 ) is a type of gable with a style peculiar to Japan . The characteristic shape is the undulating curve at the top . This gable is common in traditional architecture , including Japanese castles , Buddhist temples , and Shinto shrines . Roofing materials such as tile and bark may be used as coverings . The face beneath the gable may be flush with the wall below , or it may terminate on a lower roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irimoya', 'summary': 'In East Asian architecture , the hip-and-gable roof consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides . It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively , while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section . The style is thought to be Chinese in origin , and has spread across much of Asia . The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Mongolia , Tibet , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Kalmykia . It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mezzanine_(architecture)', 'summary': 'A mezzanine ( /ˌmɛzəˈniːn/ ; or in French , an entresol ) is , strictly speaking , an intermediate floor in a building which is partly open to the double-height ceilinged floor below , or which does not extend over the whole floorspace of the building . However , the term is often used loosely for the floor above the ground floor , especially where a very high original ground floor has been split horizontally into two floors . Mezzanines may serve a wide variety of functions . Industrial mezzanines , such as those used in warehouses , may be temporary or semi-permanent structures . In French architecture , entresol also means a room created by partitioning that does not go up all the way to the ceiling ; these were historically common in France , for example in the apartments for the nobility at the Palace of Versailles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hip_roof', 'summary': 'A hip roof , hip-roof or hipped roof , is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls , usually with a fairly gentle slope ( although a tented roof by definition is a hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak ) . Thus , a hipped roof house has no gables or other vertical sides to the roof . A square hip roof is shaped like a pyramid . Hip roofs on houses could have two triangular sides and two trapezoidal ones . A hip roof on a rectangular plan has four faces . They are almost always at the same pitch or slope , which makes them symmetrical about the centerlines . Hip roofs often have a consistent level fascia , meaning that a gutter can be fitted all around . Hip roofs often have dormer slanted sides .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabled_roof', 'summary': 'A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bargeboard', 'summary': 'Bargeboard ( probably from Medieval Latin bargus , or barcus , a scaffold , and not from the now obsolete synonym vergeboard ) is a board fastened to the projecting gables of a roof to give them strength , protection , and to conceal the otherwise exposed end of the horizontal timbers or purlins of the roof to which they were attached . Bargeboards are sometimes moulded only or carved , but as a rule the lower edges were cusped and had tracery in the spandrels besides being otherwise elaborated . An example in Britain was one at Ockwells in Berkshire ( built 1446-1465 ) , which was moulded and carved as if it were intended for internal work . In New Orleans , bargeboard is the wood from which many of the creole cottages were constructed in the early to mid-1800s . Barges were constructed up-river to carry goods to New Orleans , and upon arrival dismantled and used for construction of houses . The planks are generally 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) thick and of varying lengths and widths , although 10 inches ( 25 cm ) width is common . It is hard , solid wood that has lasted between 150 and 200 years in a wet , humid climate . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Momoyama period , 1587-1614', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Momoyama_period', 'summary': "The Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 安土桃山時代 , Azuchi-Momoyama jidai ) is the final phase of the Sengoku period ( 戦国時代 , Sengoku jidai ) in Japan . These years of political unification led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate . It spans the years from c. 1573 to 1600 , during which time Oda Nobunaga and his successor , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , imposed order upon the chaos that had pervaded since the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate . Although a start date of 1573 is often given , this period in broader terms begins with Nobunaga 's entry into Kyoto in 1568 , when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th - and ultimately final - shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate . The era lasts until the coming to power of Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . During this short period , Japanese society and culture underwent the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period . The name of this period is taken from two castles : Nobunaga 's Azuchi Castle ( in Azuchi , Shiga ) and Hideyoshi 's Momoyama Castle ( also known as Fushimi Castle , in Kyoto ) . Shokuhō period ( 織豊時代 , Shokuhō jidai ) , a term used in some Japanese-only texts , is abridged from the surnames of the period 's two leaders ( in the on-reading ) : Shoku ( 織 ) for Oda ( 織田 ) plus Hō ( 豊 ) for Toyotomi ( 豊臣 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto 34°59′26.01″N 135°45′8.78″E / 34.9905583°N 135.7524389°E / 34.9905583 ; 135.7524389 ( Flying Cloud Pavilion , Nishi Hongan-ji )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Tai-an ( 待庵 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tai-an', 'summary': "Tai-an ( 待庵 ) is a Momoyama period chashitsu ( Japanese tea house ) located at Myōki-an temple in Yamazaki , Kyoto . Tai-an was designed by the great tea master Sen no Rikyū in 1582 . Sen no Rikyū was named the tea master of Toyotomi Hideyoshi that same year , following Oda Nobunaga 's death , and as Hideyoshi was battling around the area at the time , they often held tea ceremonies there . In fact it is often said that it was built for exactly this purpose . An example of the smallest type of chashitsu , its main layout consists of one tatami mat for the host and another one for the guest . On the north side , where the tea house connects with another building , there is a tokonoma . The entrance , on the south side , is said to have been designed larger than usual in order to allow Hideyoshi to enter with his armor on . On the west side there is another one mat area with a shelf for tea utensils , and a tablet with the name of the teahouse hanging near the ceiling . Tai-an is the only teahouse definitely attributed to Sen no Rikyū , and as such it is designated a National Treasure . It can be visited with advanced reservations with an entrance fee ."}]}, {'value': 'Myōki-an ( 妙喜庵 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "3 m × 3.3 m ( 9.8 ft × 10.8 ft ) , 2 mat chashitsu , 1 mat anteroom ( 次の間 , tsugi-no-ma ) with an itadatami ( 板畳 ) board , hearth cut into the host 's mat ; single-storied , kirizuma style with shake shingles , attached pent roof over hardpacked earthen floor above the entrance ; oldest extant teahouse in Japan , designed by Sen no Rikyū", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tatami', 'summary': 'A tatami ( 畳 ) is a type of mat used as a flooring material in traditional Japanese-style rooms . Tatami are made in standard sizes , twice as long as wide , about 0.9 m by 1.8 m depending on the region . In martial arts , tatami are the floor used for training in a dojo and for competition . [ citation needed ] Tatami are covered with woven soft rush ( 藺草 , igusa ) straw . The core is traditionally made from rice straw , but contemporary tatami sometimes have compressed wood chip boards or polystyrene foam cores . The long sides are usually edged ( 縁 ( heri ) ) with brocade or plain cloth , although some tatami have no edging .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chashitsu', 'summary': 'Chashitsu ( 茶室 , tea room ) in Japanese tradition is an architectural space designed to be used for tea ceremony ( chanoyu ) gatherings The architectural style that developed for chashitsu is referred to as the sukiya style ( sukiya-zukuri ) , and the term sukiya ( 数奇屋 ) may be used as a synonym for chashitsu . Related Japanese terms are chaseki ( 茶席 ) , broadly meaning place for tea , and implying any sort of space where people are seated to participate in tea ceremony , and chabana , tea flowers , the style of flower arrangement associated with the tea ceremony . Typical features of chashitsu are shōji windows and sliding doors made of wooden lattice covered in a translucent Japanese paper ; tatami mat floors ; a tokonoma alcove ; and simple , subdued colours and style . The ideal floor size of a chashitsu is 4.5 tatami mats .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirizuma_zukuri', 'summary': 'A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shake_(shingle)', 'summary': 'Wood shingles are thin , tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of buildings to protect them from the weather . Historically shingles were split from straight grained , knot free bolts of wood . Today shingles are mostly made by being cut which distinguishes them from shakes which are made by being split out of a bolt . Wooden shingle roofs were prevalent in the North American colonies ( for example in the Cape-Cod-style house ) , while in central and southern Europe at the same time , thatch , slate and tile were the prevalent roofing materials . In rural Scandinavia , wood shingle roofs were a common roofing material until the 1950s . [ disputed - discuss ] Wood shingles are susceptible to fire and cost more than other types of shingle so they are not as common today as in the past . Distinctive shingle patterns exist in various regions created by the size , shape , and application method . Special treatments such as swept valleys , combed ridges , decorative butt ends , and decorative patterns impart a special character to each building . Wood shingles can also be shaped by steam bending to create a thatch-like appearance , with unique roof details and contours .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japanese_teahouse', 'summary': 'Chashitsu ( 茶室 , tea room ) in Japanese tradition is an architectural space designed to be used for tea ceremony ( chanoyu ) gatherings The architectural style that developed for chashitsu is referred to as the sukiya style ( sukiya-zukuri ) , and the term sukiya ( 数奇屋 ) may be used as a synonym for chashitsu . Related Japanese terms are chaseki ( 茶席 ) , broadly meaning place for tea , and implying any sort of space where people are seated to participate in tea ceremony , and chabana , tea flowers , the style of flower arrangement associated with the tea ceremony . Typical features of chashitsu are shōji windows and sliding doors made of wooden lattice covered in a translucent Japanese paper ; tatami mat floors ; a tokonoma alcove ; and simple , subdued colours and style . The ideal floor size of a chashitsu is 4.5 tatami mats .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sen_no_Rikyū', 'summary': 'Sen no Rikyū ( 千利休 , 1522 - April 21 , 1591 ) , also known simply as Rikyū , is considered the historical figure with the most profound influence on chanoyu , the Japanese Way of Tea , particularly the tradition of wabi-cha . He was also the first to emphasize several key aspects of the ceremony , including rustic simplicity , directness of approach and honesty of self . Originating from the Sengoku period and the Azuchi-Momoyama period , these aspects of the tea ceremony persist . Rikyū is known by many names ; for consistency , he will be referred to as Rikyū in this article . There are three iemoto ( sōke ) , or head houses , of the Japanese Way of Tea , that are directly descended from Rikyū : the Omotesenke , Urasenke , and Mushakōjisenke , all three of which are dedicated to passing forward the teachings of their mutual family founder , Rikyū .'}]}, {'value': 'Momoyama period , 1582', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Momoyama_period', 'summary': "The Azuchi-Momoyama period ( 安土桃山時代 , Azuchi-Momoyama jidai ) is the final phase of the Sengoku period ( 戦国時代 , Sengoku jidai ) in Japan . These years of political unification led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate . It spans the years from c. 1573 to 1600 , during which time Oda Nobunaga and his successor , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , imposed order upon the chaos that had pervaded since the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate . Although a start date of 1573 is often given , this period in broader terms begins with Nobunaga 's entry into Kyoto in 1568 , when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th - and ultimately final - shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate . The era lasts until the coming to power of Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . During this short period , Japanese society and culture underwent the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period . The name of this period is taken from two castles : Nobunaga 's Azuchi Castle ( in Azuchi , Shiga ) and Hideyoshi 's Momoyama Castle ( also known as Fushimi Castle , in Kyoto ) . Shokuhō period ( 織豊時代 , Shokuhō jidai ) , a term used in some Japanese-only texts , is abridged from the surnames of the period 's two leaders ( in the on-reading ) : Shoku ( 織 ) for Oda ( 織田 ) plus Hō ( 豊 ) for Toyotomi ( 豊臣 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Ōyamazaki Ōyamazaki , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōyamazaki,_Kyoto', 'summary': 'Ōyamazaki ( 大山崎町 , Ōyamazaki-chō ) is a town located in Otokuni District , Kyoto Prefecture , Japan . As of October 1 , 2017 , the town has an estimated population of 15,452 and a density of 2,600 persons per km² . The total area is 5.97 km² . The headquarters of Maxell and the Daihatsu Kyoto plant are located in Ōyamazaki .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Shoin ( 書院 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoin', 'summary': 'Shoin ( 書院 , drawing room or study ) is a type of audience hall in Japanese architecture that was developed during the Muromachi period . The term originally meant a study and a place for lectures on the sūtra within a temple , but later it came to mean just a drawing room or study . From this room takes its name the shoin-zukuri style . In a shoin-zukuri building , the shoin is the zashiki , a tatami-room dedicated to the reception of guests . The emerging architecture of the Muromachi period was subsequently influenced by the increasing use and appearance of shoin . One of the most noticeable changes in architecture to arise from the shoin came from the practice of lining their floors with tatami mats . Since tatami mats have a standardized size the floor plans for shoin rooms had to be developed around the proportions of the tatami mat ; this in turn affected the proportions of doors , the height of rooms , and other aspects of the structure . Before the shoin popularized the practice of lining floors with tatami mats it had been standard to only bring out a single tatami mat for the highest-ranking person in the room to sit on . The architecture surrounding and influenced by the shoin quickly developed many other distinguishing features . Since the guests sat on the floor instead of on furniture , they were positioned at a lower vantage point than their Chinese counterparts who were accustomed to using furniture . This lower vantage point generated such developments as the suspended ceilings which functioned to make the room feel less expansive , and also resulted in the ceilings rafters being no longer visible as they were in China . The new suspended ceilings also allowed for more elaborate decoration , resulting in many highly ornate suspended ceilings in addition to the much simpler ones .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryōkō-in ( 竜光院 ) ( Daitoku-ji )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daitoku-ji', 'summary': 'Daitoku-ji ( 大徳寺 , the temple of Great Virtue ) is a Buddhist temple , one of fourteen autonomous branches of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen . It is located in Kita-ku , Kyoto , Japan . The mountain name ( sangō ) by which it is known is Ryūhōzan ( 龍宝山 ) . The Daitoku-ji temple complex today covers more than 23 hectares ( 57 acres ) .'}]}, {'value': '6 × 4 , single-storied , yosemune style ; four rooms with ten ( with attached alcove ) , eight , six and 4.5 tatami mats , spacious veranda , with a 4.5 + 3/4 mat chashitsu called mittan-seki ( 密庵席 ) ; constructed by Kuroda Nagamasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yosemune-zukuri', 'summary': 'A hip roof , hip-roof or hipped roof , is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls , usually with a fairly gentle slope ( although a tented roof by definition is a hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak ) . Thus , a hipped roof house has no gables or other vertical sides to the roof . A square hip roof is shaped like a pyramid . Hip roofs on houses could have two triangular sides and two trapezoidal ones . A hip roof on a rectangular plan has four faces . They are almost always at the same pitch or slope , which makes them symmetrical about the centerlines . Hip roofs often have a consistent level fascia , meaning that a gutter can be fitted all around . Hip roofs often have dormer slanted sides .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokonoma', 'summary': 'A tokonoma ( 床の間 , toko-no-ma ) , or simply toko ( 床 ) , is a recessed space in a Japanese-style reception room , in which items for artistic appreciation are displayed . In English , a tokonoma could be called an alcove .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tatami', 'summary': 'A tatami ( 畳 ) is a type of mat used as a flooring material in traditional Japanese-style rooms . Tatami are made in standard sizes , twice as long as wide , about 0.9 m by 1.8 m depending on the region . In martial arts , tatami are the floor used for training in a dojo and for competition . [ citation needed ] Tatami are covered with woven soft rush ( 藺草 , igusa ) straw . The core is traditionally made from rice straw , but contemporary tatami sometimes have compressed wood chip boards or polystyrene foam cores . The long sides are usually edged ( 縁 ( heri ) ) with brocade or plain cloth , although some tatami have no edging .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chashitsu', 'summary': 'Chashitsu ( 茶室 , tea room ) in Japanese tradition is an architectural space designed to be used for tea ceremony ( chanoyu ) gatherings The architectural style that developed for chashitsu is referred to as the sukiya style ( sukiya-zukuri ) , and the term sukiya ( 数奇屋 ) may be used as a synonym for chashitsu . Related Japanese terms are chaseki ( 茶席 ) , broadly meaning place for tea , and implying any sort of space where people are seated to participate in tea ceremony , and chabana , tea flowers , the style of flower arrangement associated with the tea ceremony . Typical features of chashitsu are shōji windows and sliding doors made of wooden lattice covered in a translucent Japanese paper ; tatami mat floors ; a tokonoma alcove ; and simple , subdued colours and style . The ideal floor size of a chashitsu is 4.5 tatami mats .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kuroda_Nagamasa', 'summary': "Kuroda Nagamasa ( 黒田 長政 , December 3 , 1568 - August 29 , 1623 ) was a daimyō during the late Azuchi-Momoyama and early Edo periods . He was the son of Kuroda Kanbei , Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's chief strategist and adviser . His child-hood name was Shojumaru ( 松寿丸 ) . In 1577 , when Nagamasa was a small child , his father was tried and sentenced as a spy by Oda Nobunaga . Nagamasa was kidnapped and nearly killed as a hostage . With the help of Yamauchi Kazutoyo and his wife , Takenaka Hanbei ended up rescuing him . After Oda Nobunaga was killed in Honnō-ji incident of 1582 , Nagamasa served Toyotomi Hideyoshi with his father and participated in the invasion of the Chūgoku region . Nagamasa also participated in the first Korean campaign ( 1592-93 ) , commanding the Third Division of 5000 men during the first invasion 1592-1593 . In the second part of the campaign ( 1597 ) he held command in The Army of the Right . He took part in the Battle of Sekigahara in the year 1600 serving under Tokugawa Ieyasu . His men killed Shima Sakon , securing victory for the Eastern army . As a reward for his service at Sekigahara , Tokugawa granted Nagamasa Chikuzen - 520.000 koku - in exchange for his previous fief Nakatsu , Buzen ."}]}, {'value': "early Edo period , chashitsu from Kan'ei era", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edo_period', 'summary': "The Edo period ( 江戸時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川時代 , Tokugawa jidai ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , no more wars , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Kan'ei", 'summary': "Kan'ei ( 寛永 ) was a Japanese era name ( 年号 , nengō , year name ) after Genna and before Shōhō . This period spanned the years from February 1624 through December 1644 . The reigning emperors and empress were Go-Mizunoo-tennō ( 後水尾天皇 ) , Meishō-tennō ( 明正天皇 ) and Go-Kōmyō-tennō ( 後光明天皇 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': "Former Crown Prince 's Palace ( 旧東宮御所 , kyūtōgūgosho )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crown_Prince', 'summary': 'A crown prince is the male heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy . The female form of the title is crown princess , which may refer either to an heir apparent or , especially in earlier times , to the wife of the person styled crown prince . Crown prince as a descriptive term has been used throughout history for the prince who is first-in-line to a throne and is expected to succeed ( i.e . the heir apparent ) , barring any unforeseen future event preventing this . In certain monarchies , a more specific substantive title may be accorded and become associated with the position of heir apparent ( e.g . Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom ) . In these monarchies , the term crown prince may be used less often than the substantive title ( or never ) . Until the late twentieth century , no modern monarchy adopted a system whereby females would be guaranteed to succeed to the throne ( i.e . absolute primogeniture ) . A crown princess would therefore be more likely to refer to the spouse of a crown prince . She would be styled crown princess , not in her own right but by courtesy .'}]}, {'value': 'State Guesthouse Akasaka Palace ( 迎賓館赤坂離宮 , geihinkan akasaka rikyū )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akasaka_Palace', 'summary': 'Akasaka Palace ( 赤坂離宮 , Akasaka rikyu ) , or the State Guest House ( 迎賓館 , Geihinkan ) , is one of the two state guesthouses of the Government of Japan . The other state guesthouse is the Kyoto State Guest House . The palace was originally built as the Imperial Palace for the Crown Prince ( 東宮御所 , Togu gosho ) in 1909 . Today the palace is designated by the Government of Japan as an official accommodation for visiting state dignitaries . Located in the Moto-Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , the building took on its present function in 1974 , having previously been an imperial detached palace . In 2009 the palace was designated as a National Treasure of Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Neo-Baroque style , designed by Katayama Tokuma , former residence of Crown Prince Haru-no-miya Yoshihito ( 明宮嘉仁 ) , the later Emperor Taishō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'The Baroque Revival , also known as Neo-Baroque ( or Second Empire architecture in France and Wilhelminism in Germany ) , was an architectural style of the late 19th century . The term is used to describe architecture and architectural sculptures which display important aspects of Baroque style , but are not of the original Baroque period . Elements of the Baroque architectural tradition were an essential part of the curriculum of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , the pre-eminent school of architecture in the second half of the 19th century , and are integral to the Beaux-Arts architecture it engendered both in France and abroad . An ebullient sense of European imperialism encouraged an official architecture to reflect it in Britain and France , and in Germany and Italy the Baroque Revival expressed pride in the new power of the unified state .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katayama_Tokuma', 'summary': 'Katayama Tōkuma ( 片山 東熊 , 18 January 1854 - 24 October 1917 ) was a Japanese architect who designed the original buildings for the Imperial Nara Museum as well as the Kyoto Imperial Museum and was significant in introducing Western , particularly French architecture into Japan . Coming from Chōshū Tokuma was a protégé of Yamagata Aritomo . In 1879 he graduated from the Imperial College of Engineering . During his late twenties and early thirties he assisted Josiah Conder in designing and building a Western-style residence for Prince Arisugawa Taruhito and then on the new Imperial Palace in Tokyo . During the 1880 he was sent to Europe and America to study interior decoration , including furniture . In 1887 he was appointed as an officer in the construction office of the Imperial Household .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Taishō', 'summary': "Emperor Taishō ( 大正天皇 , Taishō-tennō , 31 August 1879 - 25 December 1926 ) was the 123rd Emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . He reigned as the Emperor of the Empire of Japan from 30 July 1912 until his death on 25 December 1926 . The Emperor 's personal name was Yoshihito ( 嘉仁 ) . According to Japanese custom , during the reign the Emperor is called the Emperor . After death , he is known by a posthumous name , which is the name of the era coinciding with his reign . Having ruled during the Taishō period , he is known as the Emperor Taishō ."}]}, {'value': 'late Meiji period , 1909', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meiji_period', 'summary': 'The Meiji era ( 明治 , Meiji , Japanese pronunciation : [ meꜜː ( d ) ʑi ] ) is an era of Japanese history which extended from October 23 , 1868 to July 30 , 1912 . This era represents the first half of the Empire of Japan , during which period the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonisation by European powers to the new paradigm of a modern , industrialised nation state and emergent great power , influenced by Western scientific , technological , philosophical , political , legal , and aesthetic ideas . As a result of such wholesale adoption of radically-different ideas , the changes to Japan were profound , and affected its social structure , internal politics , economy , military , and foreign relations . The period corresponded to the reign of Emperor Meiji and was succeeded upon the accession of Emperor Taishō by the Taishō era .'}]}, {'value': "Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo 35°40′48.93″N 139°43′43.29″E / 35.6802583°N 139.7286917°E / 35.6802583 ; 139.7286917 ( Former Crown Prince 's Palace , Akasaka Palace )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Treasures', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(residences)_1', 'intro': "The term National Treasure has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their especially high historical or artistic value. This list presents 14[nb 1] entries of residential structures from 15th-century feudal Muromachi period to the early modern 17th-century Edo period. The structures listed include teahouses, shoin, guest or reception halls and other rooms which are part of Japanese domestic architecture, while most of the structures are located in temples, one is a castle. In 2009, the early 20th century Akasaka Palace was designated as National Treasure in the category of modern residences (Meiji period and later). Because it is the only National Treasure in this category, it is listed together with the 14 pre-Meiji period structures. The foundations for the design of today's traditional Japanese residential houses with tatami floors were established in the late Muromachi period and refined during the ensuing Momoyama period. Shoin-zukuri, a new architectural style influenced by zen Buddhism, developed during that time from the shinden-zukuri of earlier Heian period palaces and the subsequent residential style favored by the warrior class during the Kamakura period. The term shoin (書院), meaning study or drawing room, has been used to denote reception rooms in residences of the military elite as well as study rooms at monasteries. A shoin has a core area surrounded by aisles, with smaller areas separated by fusuma sliding doors, or shōji partitions constructed of paper on a wooden frame or wooden equivalents, mairado (舞良戸) and sugido (杉戸). A main reception room is characterized by specific features: a recessed alcove (tokonoma); staggered shelves; built-in desks; and ornate sliding doors. Generally the reception room is covered with wall-to-wall tatami, has square beveled pillars, a coved and/or coffered ceiling, and wooden shutters protecting the area from rain (雨戸, amado)."}
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A Japanese compound constructed with an undulating curve at the top and a triangular section of a wall between the edges of crossing roof pitches , was what specific kind of Buddhist temple ? . ?
Shingon Buddhist temple
066e561cf1fcad4a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goya_Award_for_Best_Iberoamerican_Film', 'title': 'Goya Award for Best Iberoamerican Film', 'header': ['Country', 'Awards', 'Nominations'], 'data': [{'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uruguay', 'summary': 'Uruguay ( /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ uɾuˈɣwai ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( Spanish : República Oriental del Uruguay ; Portuguese : República Oriental do Uruguai ) , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.45 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers ( 68,000 sq mi ) , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America , after Suriname . Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4,000 years before the Portuguese established Colónia do Sacramento in 1680 ; Uruguay was colonized by Europeans relatively late compared with neighboring countries . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain , and later Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics . A series of economic crises put an end to a democratic period that had begun in the early 20th century , culminating in a 1973 coup , which established a civic-military dictatorship . The military government persecuted leftists , socialists , and political opponents , resulting in several deaths and numerous instances of torture by the military ; the military relinquished power to a civilian government in 1985 . Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government . Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , low perception of corruption , e-government , and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolivia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolivia', 'summary': "Bolivia ( /bəˈlɪviə/ ( listen ) Spanish pronunciation : [ bo.ˈli.βja ] ) , officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia ( Spanish : Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðo pluɾinasjoˈnal de βoˈliβja ] ( listen ) ) , is a landlocked country located in western-central South America . The capital is Sucre , while the seat of government and financial center is located in La Paz . The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra , located on the Llanos Orientales ( tropical lowlands ) , a mostly flat region in the east of the country . The sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state , divided into nine departments . Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West , to the Eastern Lowlands , situated within the Amazon Basin . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by Argentina , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range . With 1,098,581 km2 ( 424,164 sq mi ) of area , Bolivia is the fifth largest country in South America , after Brazil , Argentina , Peru and Colombia ( and alongside Paraguay , one of the only two landlocked countries in the Americas ) , the 27th largest in the world , the largest landlocked country in the Southern Hemisphere and the world 's seventh largest landlocked country , after Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Chad , Niger , Mali and Ethiopia . The country 's population , estimated at 11 million , is multiethnic , including Amerindians , Mestizos , Europeans , Asians and Africans . Spanish is the official and predominant language , although 36 indigenous languages also have official status , of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani , Aymara and Quechua languages . Before Spanish colonization , the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire , while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent tribes . Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecuador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecuador', 'summary': "Ecuador ( /ˈɛkwədɔːr/ ( listen ) EK-wə-dor ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ekwaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Ikwayur ; Shuar : Ecuador or Ekuatur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( Spanish : República del Ecuador , which literally translates as Republic of the Equator ; Quechua : Ikwadur Ripuwlika ; Shuar : Ekuatur Nunka ) , is a country in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the mainland . The capital city is Quito , which is also its largest city . The territories of modern-day Ecuador were once home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 17.1 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants . Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . It is governed as a democratic presidential republic . One of 18 megadiverse countries in the world , Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . In recognition of its unique ecological heritage , the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . It also has the fifth lowest homicide rate in the Americas ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paraguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraguay', 'summary': 'Paraguay ( /ˈpærəɡwaɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ paɾaˈɣwaj ] ( listen ) ; Guarani : Paraguái , [ paɾaˈɰwaj ] ) , officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish : República del Paraguay ; Guarani : Tetã Paraguái ) , is a country in South America . It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest , Brazil to the east and northeast , and Bolivia to the northwest . Although it is one of only two landlocked countries in South America ( the other is Bolivia ) , the country has coasts , beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway . Due to its central location in South America , it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de Sudamérica ( Heart of South America ) . Spanish conquistadores arrived in 1524 after navigating northwards from the Río de la Plata to the Paraná River , and finally up the Paraguay River . In 1537 , they established the city of Asunción , which was the first capital of the Governorate of Paraguay and Río de la Plata . Paraguay was the epicenter of the Jesuit Missions , where the Guaraní people were educated and introduced to Christianity and European culture under the direction of the Society of Jesus in Jesuit reductions , mainly during the 17th century . However , after the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories in 1767 , Paraguay increasingly became a peripheral colony , with few urban centers and settlers . Following independence from Spain at the beginning of the 19th century , Paraguay was ruled by a series of authoritarian governments who generally implemented nationalist , isolationist and protectionist policies . This period ended with the disastrous Paraguayan War , during which Paraguay lost at least 50% of its prewar population and around 25-33% of its territory to the Triple Alliance of Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay . In the 20th century , Paraguay faced another major international conflict - the Chaco War - against Bolivia , from which the Paraguayans emerged victorious . Afterwards , the country entered a period of military dictatorships , ending with the 35 year regime of Alfredo Stroessner that lasted until he was toppled in 1989 by an internal military coup .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Costa Rica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costa_Rica', 'summary': "Costa Rica ( /ˌkɒstə ˈriːkə/ , US : /ˌkoʊstə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ ˈkosta ˈrika ] ; literally Rich Coast ) , officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish : República de Costa Rica ) , is a country in Central America , bordered by Nicaragua to the north , the Caribbean Sea to the northeast , Panama to the southeast , the Pacific Ocean to the southwest , and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island . It has a population of around 5 million in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers ( 19,714 square miles ) . An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city , San José , with around 2 million people in the surrounding metropolitan area . The sovereign state is a unitary presidential constitutional republic . It is known for its long-standing and stable democracy , and for its highly educated workforce , most of whom speak English . The country spends roughly 6.9% of its budget ( 2016 ) on education , compared to a global average of 4.4% . Its economy , once heavily dependent on agriculture , has diversified to include sectors such as finance , corporate services for foreign companies , pharmaceuticals , and ecotourism . Many foreign manufacturing and services companies operate in Costa Rica 's Free Trade Zones ( FTZ ) where they benefit from investment and tax incentives . Costa Rica was sparsely inhabited by indigenous peoples before coming under Spanish rule in the 16th century . It remained a peripheral colony of the empire until independence as part of the First Mexican Empire , followed by membership in the United Provinces of Central America , from which it formally declared independence in 1847 . Following the brief Costa Rican Civil War in 1948 , it permanently abolished its army in 1949 , becoming one of only a few sovereign nations without a standing army . The country has consistently performed favorably in the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , placing 63rd in the world as of 2017 [ update ] , among the highest of any Latin American nation ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Awards by country', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Goya_Award_for_Best_Spanish_Language_Foreign_Film_0', 'intro': "The Goya Award for Best Iberoamerican Film (Spanish: Goya a la Mejor Película Iberoamericana), formerly the Goya Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film (Spanish: Goya a la Mejor Película Extranjera de Habla Hispana, 1987-2008) and the Goya Award for Best Hispanic American Film (Spanish: Goya a la Mejor Película Hispanoamericana, 2009-2010), is one of the Goya Awards, Spain's principal national film awards."}
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Who were the four millennia inhabitants of the nation that won two best Iberoamerican movie Goya Awards ?
Charrúa
066ea518fac6ca52
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2009_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe', 'title': 'Athletics at the 2009 Games of the Small States of Europe', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefanos Hadjinikolaou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '21.35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicolai Portelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolai_Portelli', 'summary': 'Nikolai Portelli ( born 17 December 1981 ) is a Maltese athlete . He competed in the 200 meters at the 2008 Olympic Games failing to qualify for the second round . He finished 8th in Heat 4 with a time of 22.31 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Malta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malta', 'summary': "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ."}]}, {'value': '21.63', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Pafitis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '21.64', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoann Bebon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '21.65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Bonello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Bonello', 'summary': 'Mario Bonello ( born 28 January 1974 ) is a retired Maltese athlete who specialised in the sprinting events . He represented his country at two Olympic Games , in 1996 and 2000 , as well as two outdoor and one indoor World Championships . In addition , he won multiple medals at the Games of the Small States of Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Malta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malta', 'summary': "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ."}]}, {'value': '21.78', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivano Bucci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivano_Bucci', 'summary': "Ivano Bucci ( born December 1 , 1986 ) is a Sammarinese sprinter , who specialized in the 400 metres . Bucci qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , by shattering both his personal best and a national record of 48.07 seconds at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Osaka , Japan . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Bucci ran in the second heat of the men 's 400 metres , against seven other athletes , including top favorite Chris Brown of the Bahamas , and Sweden 's Johan Wissman . He finished the race in seventh place by two seconds behind Dominican Republic 's Arismendy Peguero , with a seasonal best of 48.57 seconds . Bucci , however , failed to advance into the semi-finals , as he placed fifty-third overall , and was ranked farther below three mandatory slots for the next round . Bucci is a graduate of electrical engineering at the University of Modena , and also , a full-time member of La Fratellanza 1874 Track Club in his current residence Modena , Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': '22.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trausti Stefansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trausti_Stefansson', 'summary': 'Trausti Stefánsson ( born 20 January 1985 ) is an Icelandic sprinter and a current holder of the Icelandic record in the 400-meter sprint ( indoors ) . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Iceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}]}, {'value': '22.19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Hutmacher', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '22.37', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Men 's results -- 200 metres", 'section_text': 'June 6Wind : +0.1 m/s', 'uid': 'Athletics_at_the_2009_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe_1', 'intro': 'Athletics competition at the 2009 Games of the Small States of Europe was held from 2-6 June 2009 in Nicosia, Cyprus.'}
null
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The athlete , born 20 January , ran the race in what time ?
22.19
066ee5316f83284d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brigham_Young_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of Brigham Young University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year ( s )', 'Degree ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ziggy Ansah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ziggy_Ansah', 'summary': 'Ezekiel Nana Ziggy Ansah ( born May 29 , 1989 ) is a Ghanaian professional American football defensive end for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Detroit Lions fifth overall in the 2013 NFL Draft . He played college football at Brigham Young University .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': "Defensive end for the NFL 's Detroit Lions", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NFL', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Lions', 'summary': "The Detroit Lions are a professional American football team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit . Originally based in Portsmouth , Ohio and called the Portsmouth Spartans , the team formally joined the NFL on July 12 , 1930 and began play in the 1930 season . Despite success within the NFL , they could not survive in Portsmouth , then the NFL 's second smallest city . The team was purchased and relocated to Detroit and subsequently renamed the Lions for the 1934 season . The Lions have won four NFL championships . However , their last was in 1957 , which gives the club the second-longest NFL championship drought behind the Arizona Cardinals ( who last won in 1947 ) . They are one of four current teams and the only NFC team to have not yet played in the Super Bowl . They are also the only franchise to have been in operation for all 54 seasons of the Super Bowl era without having appeared in one ( the Cleveland Browns were not in operation for the 1996 to 1998 seasons ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John Beck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Beck_(American_football)', 'summary': "John Dalton Beck ( born August 21 , 1981 ) is a former American football quarterback . Beck played college football at Brigham Young University , and was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the second round of the 2007 NFL Draft . In addition to the Dolphins , he played professionally for the NFL 's Baltimore Ravens , Washington Redskins , and Houston Texans , as well as the British Columbia Lions of the Canadian Football League ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': "Former quarterback for the NFL 's Washington Redskins ; former quarterback for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NFL', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Redskins', 'summary': 'The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than one thousand games since their founding 88 years ago in 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over six hundred regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( the latter three in Super Bowls ) , and have captured fourteen divisional titles and six conference championships . The Redskins were the first NFL franchise with an official marching band , the Redskins Band , and the first with a fight song , Hail to the Redskins . The team began play in Boston as the Braves in 1932 , and became the Redskins the following year . In 1937 , the team relocated to Washington , D.C. , where they have been based since . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 NFL championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They have been league runner-up six times , losing the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 title games , and Super Bowls VII and XVIII . With 24 postseason appearances , the Redskins have an overall postseason record of 23-18 . Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots ( six each ) , San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/BC_Lions', 'summary': "The BC Lions are a professional Canadian football team competing in the West Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Based in Vancouver , British Columbia , the Lions play their home games at BC Place . The Lions played their first season in 1954 , and have played every season since . As such , they are the oldest professional sports franchise in the city of Vancouver and in the province of British Columbia . They have appeared in the league 's Grey Cup championship game 10 times , winning six of those games , with their most recent championship occurring in 2011 . The Lions were the first Western Canadian team to have won the Grey Cup at home , having done so in 1994 and 2011 , before Saskatchewan won in 2013 , while also becoming the only team to beat an American-based franchise in a championship game , a feat accomplished in 1994 . The Lions hold the second longest playoff streak in CFL history , making the playoffs every season from the 1997 CFL season to the 2016 CFL season , failing to make the playoffs for the first time in over 20 seasons in 2017 ( only the Edmonton Eskimos have had a longer playoff streak ; theirs lasted for 34 seasons from 1972 to 2005 ) . With the Winnipeg Blue Bombers Grey Cup win in 2019 after a 29-year wait , the Lions currently have the longest Grey Cup drought of the West Division teams , last winning in 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Canadian Football League ( CFL ; French : Ligue canadienne de football , LCF ) is a professional sports league in Canada . The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football . The league consists of nine teams , each located in a city in Canada . They are divided into two divisions : four teams in the East Division and five teams in the West Division . As of 2019 , it features a 21-week regular season where each team plays 18 games with three bye weeks . This season traditionally runs from mid-June to early November . Following the regular season , six teams compete in the league 's three-week divisional playoffs which culminate in the Grey Cup championship game in late November . The Grey Cup is one of Canada 's largest annual sports and television events . The CFL was officially founded on January 19 , 1958 . The league was formed through a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union ( founded in 1907 ) and the Western Interprovincial Football Union ( founded in 1936 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Billick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Billick', 'summary': "Brian Harold Billick ( born February 28 , 1954 ) is an American former football coach and commentator . Billick spent nine seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) as head coach of the Baltimore Ravens from January 19 , 1999 to December 31 , 2007 ; he led the Ravens to a 34-7 victory over the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV , the franchise 's first Super Bowl appearance . He was also the offensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings ( 1994-1998 ) when they broke the scoring record in the 1998 season ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': "Former head coach for the NFL 's Baltimore Ravens , leading team to Super Bowl XXXV win in 2001", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sport)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens', 'summary': "The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at M & T Bank Stadium and is headquartered in Owings Mills . The Ravens were established in 1996 , after Art Modell , who was then the owner of the Cleveland Browns , announced plans to relocate the franchise from Cleveland to Baltimore in 1995 . As part of a settlement between the league and the city of Cleveland , Modell was required to leave the Browns ' history and records in Cleveland for a replacement team and replacement personnel that would take control in 1999 . In return , he was allowed to take his own personnel and team to Baltimore , where such personnel would then form an expansion team . The Ravens have been one of the more successful franchises since their inception , having qualified for the NFL playoffs 12 times since 2000 , with two Super Bowl championship titles ( Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLVII ) , two AFC Championship titles ( 2000 and 2012 ) , 15 playoff victories , four AFC Championship game appearances ( 2000 , 2008 , 2011 and 2012 ) , six AFC North division titles ( 2003 , 2006 , 2011 , 2012 , 2018 , and 2019 ) , and are currently the only team in the NFL to hold a perfect record in multiple Super Bowl appearances . The Ravens organization was led by general manager Ozzie Newsome from 1996 until his retirement following the 2018 season , and has had three head coaches : Ted Marchibroda , Brian Billick , and since 2008 , John Harbaugh . Starting with a record-breaking defensive performance in their 2000 season , the Ravens have established a reputation for strong defensive play throughout team history , featuring Hall of Fame players like middle linebacker Ray Lewis and safety Ed Reed as well as Pro Bowl players like defensive end Terrell Suggs and defensive tackle Haloti Ngata . The team is owned by Steve Bisciotti and valued at $ 2.59 billion , making the Ravens the 29th-most valuable sports franchise in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXV', 'summary': "Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2000 season . The Ravens defeated the Giants by a score of 34-7 , tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII . The game was played on January 28 , 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida . The Ravens , who posted a 12-4 regular season record , became the third wild card team to win the Super Bowl and the second in four years . Also , the city of Baltimore had its first Super Bowl title since the Baltimore Colts ' triumph thirty years prior and became the first city to win major professional football championships with four franchises , the others being the Colts ( before their move to Indianapolis in 1984 ) , the 1985 Baltimore Stars of the United States Football League and the 1995 Baltimore Stallions of the Canadian Football League . The Giants entered the game seeking to go 3-0 in Super Bowls after also finishing the regular season with a 12-4 record . Baltimore allowed only 152 yards of offense by New York ( the third-lowest total ever in a Super Bowl ) , recorded 4 sacks , and forced 5 turnovers . All 16 of the Giants ' possessions ended with punts or interceptions , with the exception of the last one , which ended when time expired in the game . New York 's lone touchdown , a 97-yard kickoff return , was quickly answered by Baltimore on an 84-yard touchdown return on the ensuing kickoff . The Giants became the first team since the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XXIII not to score an offensive touchdown and the fifth overall ( joining the Bengals as well as the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IX , the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII , and the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI , and subsequently the Los Angeles Rams in Super Bowl LIII . ) Baltimore linebacker Ray Lewis , who made 3 solo tackles , 2 assists , and blocked 4 passes , was named Super Bowl MVP . Counting the 1958 and 1959 NFL Championship Games , this is the fourth title game that involved teams from Baltimore and New York , and the first such matchup since Super Bowl III , in which the Jets upset the heavily-favored Colts ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Buck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Buck', 'summary': 'Jason Ogden Buck ( born July 27 , 1963 ) is a former professional football player , a defensive lineman in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': "Former defensive lineman for the NFL 's Cincinnati Bengals and Washington Redskins , winner of Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 , winner of the Outland Trophy in 1986", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_lineman', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage . The linemen of the team currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line , while linemen on the opposing team are the defensive line . A number of NFL rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for the offensive line , whose job is to help protect the quarterback from getting sacked for a loss , or worse , fumbling . The defensive line is covered by the same rules that apply to all defensive players . Linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight , since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Bengals are a professional American football franchise based in Cincinnati , Ohio . The Bengals compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Their home stadium is Paul Brown Stadium , located in downtown Cincinnati . Their divisional opponents are the Baltimore Ravens , Cleveland Browns and Pittsburgh Steelers . The Bengals were founded in 1966 as a member of the American Football League ( AFL ) by former Cleveland Browns head coach Paul Brown , and began play in the 1968 season . Brown was the Bengals ' head coach from their inception to 1975 . After being dismissed as the Browns ' head coach by Art Modell ( who had purchased majority interest in the team in 1961 ) in January 1963 , Brown had shown interest in establishing another NFL franchise in Ohio and looked at both Cincinnati and Columbus . He ultimately chose the former when a deal between the city , Hamilton County , and Major League Baseball 's Cincinnati Reds ( who were seeking a replacement for the obsolete Crosley Field ) was struck that resulted in an agreement to build a multipurpose stadium which could host both baseball and football games . Due to the impending merger of the AFL and the NFL , which was scheduled to take full effect in the 1970 season , Brown agreed to join the AFL as its tenth and final franchise . The Bengals , like the other former AFL teams , were assigned to the AFC following the merger . Cincinnati was also selected because , like their neighbors the Reds , they could draw from several large neighboring cities ( Louisville and Lexington , Kentucky ; Columbus , Dayton , and Springfield , Ohio ) that are all no more than 110 miles ( 180 km ) away from downtown Cincinnati , along with Indianapolis , until the Baltimore Colts relocated there prior to the 1984 NFL season . The Bengals won the AFC championship in 1981 and 1988 , but lost Super Bowls XVI and XXIII to the San Francisco 49ers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Redskins', 'summary': 'The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than one thousand games since their founding 88 years ago in 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over six hundred regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( the latter three in Super Bowls ) , and have captured fourteen divisional titles and six conference championships . The Redskins were the first NFL franchise with an official marching band , the Redskins Band , and the first with a fight song , Hail to the Redskins . The team began play in Boston as the Braves in 1932 , and became the Redskins the following year . In 1937 , the team relocated to Washington , D.C. , where they have been based since . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 NFL championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They have been league runner-up six times , losing the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 title games , and Super Bowls VII and XVIII . With 24 postseason appearances , the Redskins have an overall postseason record of 23-18 . Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots ( six each ) , San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVI', 'summary': 'Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1991 season . The Redskins defeated the Bills by a score of 37-24 , becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers , the Oakland Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls . The Bills became the third team , after the Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) and the Denver Broncos ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) to lose back-to-back Super Bowls . The game was played on January 26 , 1992 , at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , Minnesota , the first time the city played host to a Super Bowl . Both teams finished the regular season with the best record in their respective conference . The Redskins posted a 14-2 regular season record , and led the league during the regular season with 485 points . Washington head coach Joe Gibbs entered the game seeking his third Super Bowl victory with the team , but with his third starting Super Bowl quarterback , Mark Rypien . The Bills finished the regular season with a 13-3 record and advanced to their second consecutive Super Bowl , largely through the play of quarterback Jim Kelly and their K-Gun no-huddle offense . However , their defense ranked second to last in the league in total yards allowed . Early in the second quarter , the Redskins jumped out to a 17-0 lead from which the Bills could not recover . Washington also sacked Kelly four times and intercepted him four times . Rypien , who completed 18 of 33 passes for 292 yards , two touchdowns and an interception , was named Super Bowl MVP .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Outland_Trophy', 'summary': "The Outland Trophy is awarded to the best college football interior lineman in the United States as adjudged by the Football Writers Association of America . It is named after John H. Outland . One of only a few players ever to be named an All-American at two positions , Outland garnered consensus All-America honors in 1898 as a tackle and consensus honors as a halfback in 1899 . Outland had always contended that football tackles and guards deserved greater recognition and conceived the Outland Trophy as a means of providing this recognition . In 1988 , Jim Ridlon was commissioned to design and sculpt the Outland Trophy . A member of the National College Football Awards Association , the award has become one of college football 's most prestigious ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Cahoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Cahoon', 'summary': 'Ben Cahoon ( born July 16 , 1972 ) is a former professional Canadian football slotback who spent his entire career with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League . He won the award for the Most Outstanding Canadian in the CFL two years in a row in 2002 and 2003 . At the time of his retirement after the 2010 season , Cahoon ranked sixth overall in career receiving yards with 13,301 yards and the all-time leader overall in pass receptions with 1,017 . He is also the all-time leading receiver in Grey Cup history with 46 receptions and 658 receiving yards .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': "Former slotback for the CFL 's Montreal Alouettes , 2002 and 2003 CFL Most Outstanding Canadian , winner of 91st Grey Cup ( 2003- MVP ) , CFL all-time receptions leader", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slotback', 'summary': 'Slotback , sometimes referred to as an A-back or , especially in the United States , slot receiver , is a position in gridiron football . The slot is the area between the last offensive lineman on either side of the center and the wide receiver on that side . A player who lines up between those two players and behind the line of scrimmage is a slotback . The position is a fixture of Canadian football and indoor football , but is also used in American football . The slotback is similar to the wide receiver but also has many of the same traits as a running back or tight end ; a slotback lines up closer to the offensive line and often farther back than a wide receiver . Slotbacks are often as many as five yards behind the line of scrimmage when the ball is snapped and , in the Canadian and indoor game , may also make a running start toward the line of scrimmage prior to the snap . In most forms of American football , this would be an illegal motion , although a few professional leagues such as the World Football League and XFL allowed forward motion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Canadian Football League ( CFL ; French : Ligue canadienne de football , LCF ) is a professional sports league in Canada . The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football . The league consists of nine teams , each located in a city in Canada . They are divided into two divisions : four teams in the East Division and five teams in the West Division . As of 2019 , it features a 21-week regular season where each team plays 18 games with three bye weeks . This season traditionally runs from mid-June to early November . Following the regular season , six teams compete in the league 's three-week divisional playoffs which culminate in the Grey Cup championship game in late November . The Grey Cup is one of Canada 's largest annual sports and television events . The CFL was officially founded on January 19 , 1958 . The league was formed through a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union ( founded in 1907 ) and the Western Interprovincial Football Union ( founded in 1936 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes', 'summary': "The Montreal Alouettes ( French : Les Alouettes de Montréal ) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal , Quebec . Founded in 1946 , the team has folded and been revived twice . The Alouettes compete in the East Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) and last won the Grey Cup championship in 2010 . Their home field is Percival Molson Memorial Stadium for the regular season and as of 2014 also home of their playoff games . The original Alouettes team ( 1946-1981 ) won four Grey Cups and were particularly dominant in the 1970s . After their collapse in 1982 , they were immediately reconstituted under new ownership as the Montreal Concordes . After playing for four years as the Concordes , they revived the Alouettes name for the 1986 season . A second folding in 1987 led to a nine-year hiatus of CFL football in the city . The current Alouettes franchise was established in 1996 by the owners of the Baltimore Stallions . The Stallions were disbanded at the same time as the Alouettes ' re-establishment after having been the most successful of the CFL 's American expansion franchises , culminating in a Grey Cup championship in 1995 . Many players from the Stallions ' 1995 roster signed with the Alouettes and formed the core of the team 's 1996 roster . For record-keeping purposes , the CFL considers all clubs that have played in Montreal as one franchise dating to 1946 , and considers the Alouettes to have suspended operations in 1987 before returning in 1996 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CFL_Most_Outstanding_Canadian', 'summary': 'The Most Outstanding Canadian Award is annually awarded to the best Canadian player in the Canadian Football League . The two nominees for the award are the Lew Hayman Trophy winner from the East Division , and the Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy winner from the West Division . The winner of the award is chosen by the Football Reporters of Canada since 1954 . Players born outside Canada may win the award if they have non-import status .'}, {'url': '/wiki/91st_Grey_Cup', 'summary': 'The 91st Grey Cup was the 2003 Canadian Football League championship game played between the Edmonton Eskimos and the Montreal Alouettes on November 16 at Taylor Field , in Regina , Saskatchewan before 50,909 fans . The two teams had played during the previous year with Montreal winning , but this time the Eskimos won the game by a score of 34-22 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dick_Suderman_Trophy', 'summary': "The Dick Suderman Trophy for the Grey Cup 's Most Valuable Canadian is awarded annually to the Canadian player deemed to have the best performance in the Grey Cup game , the championship of the Canadian Football League . No kicker has ever been named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player , but kickers have been Most Valuable Canadian twelve times . Dave Sapunjis is the only player to win the award in back-to-back years . The winner does not necessarily have to play for the Grey Cup winning team in order to qualify . The trophy is named in honour of Dick Suderman , a Canadian defensive lineman in the Canadian Football League . One year after winning the Grey Cup 's Most Valuable Canadian award in 1971 ( the first year it was awarded ) , Suderman collapsed and died from a brain hemorrhage after playing a game in Vancouver , British Columbia against the B.C . Lions . The trophy was subsequently renamed in his honour . Andrew Harris , after winning the Grey Cup with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 2019 , became the first and up-to-date only player to win both the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player and the Dick Suderman Trophy in the same edition of the championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd Christensen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Christensen', 'summary': 'Todd Jay Christensen ( August 3 , 1956 - November 13 , 2013 ) was an American football player who played in the National Football League from 1978 until 1988 , spending most of that time playing tight end for the Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders . Following his retirement Christensen became a commentator for both professional and collegiate games , working for NBC Sports , ESPN , and CBS Sports Network among others .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': "Former tight end for the NFL 's Oakland Raiders and New York Giants ; winner of Super Bowl XV in 1981 ; former ESPN commentator for 23 years", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Raiders', 'summary': 'The professional American football team now known as the Las Vegas Raiders played in Oakland , California as the Oakland Raiders from 1960 to 1981 and again from 1995 to 2019 before relocating to Las Vegas , Nevada . Between 1982 and 1994 , the team played in Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Raiders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants', 'summary': "The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and are the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre-Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 29 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y . A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the New York National League Football Company , Inc. in 1929 and changed to New York Football Giants , Inc. in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use New York Football Giants , Inc. as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the New York Football Giants . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including Big Blue , the G-Men , and the Jints , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XV', 'summary': 'Super Bowl XV was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1980 season . The Raiders defeated the Eagles by the score of 27-10 , becoming the first wild card playoff team to win a Super Bowl . The game was played at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana , on January 25 , 1981 , five days after the Iran hostage crisis ended . The game was thus held under patriotic fervor , as the pregame ceremonies honored the end of the crisis . The Raiders were making their third Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11-5 regular season record , but losing a tiebreaker to the AFC West division winner San Diego Chargers . Oakland then advanced to the Super Bowl with playoff victories over the Houston Oilers , Cleveland Browns , and San Diego . The Eagles were making their first Super Bowl appearance after posting a 12-4 regular season record and postseason victories over the Minnesota Vikings and the Dallas Cowboys . Aided by two touchdown passes from quarterback Jim Plunkett , the Raiders jumped out to a 14-0 lead in the first quarter of Super Bowl XV , from which the Eagles never recovered . Oakland linebacker Rod Martin also intercepted Philadelphia quarterback Ron Jaworski three times for a Super Bowl record . Plunkett was named the Super Bowl MVP after completing 13 of 21 passes for 261 yards and three touchdowns , while also rushing for 9 yards . Plunkett was also the second Heisman Trophy winner to be named Super Bowl MVP after Roger Staubach in Super Bowl VI .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ESPN', 'summary': 'ESPN ( originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ) is an American basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc. , owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company ( 80% ) and Hearst Communications ( 20% ) . The company was founded in 1979 by Bill Rasmussen along with his son Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan . ESPN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located in Bristol , Connecticut . The network also operates offices in Miami , New York City , Seattle , Charlotte , and Los Angeles . James Pitaro currently serves as chairman of ESPN , a position he has held since March 5 , 2018 , following the resignation of John Skipper on December 18 , 2017 . While ESPN is one of the most successful sports networks , there has been much criticism of ESPN , which includes accusations of biased coverage , conflict of interest , and controversies with individual broadcasters and analysts .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Collie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Collie', 'summary': 'Austin Kirk Collie ( born November 11 , 1985 ) is a Canadian former American football wide receiver . He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League ( NFL ) in the fourth round ( 127th overall ) in the 2009 NFL Draft . He played college football for the Brigham Young University Cougars . Collie also played in the NFL for the New England Patriots and in the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) for the BC Lions .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( never graduated )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former wide receiver for the NFL , 2009 AFC Champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_AFC_Champions', 'summary': 'The American Football Conference ( AFC ) is one of two conferences within the National Football League , the National Football Conference ( NFC ) being the other . The AFC has its roots in the American Football League ( AFL ) , which began to play in 1960 . In 1970 , the AFL merged with the NFL . As part of the merger , the former AFL teams , plus three former NFL teams ( the Baltimore Colts , the Cleveland Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ) , were placed into the AFC . The remaining former NFL teams were placed in the NFC .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary Crowton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Crowton', 'summary': "David Gary Crowton ( born June 14 , 1957 ) is an American football coach . He is the offensive coordinator at Pine View High School in St. George , Utah , a position he has held since 2018 . Crowton served as the head football coach at Louisiana Tech University from 1996 to 1998 and at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) from 2001 to 2004 , compiling a career college football coaching record of 47-36 . Crowton has also served as offensive coordinator at the University of Maryland , at the University of Oregon , for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) , and at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) . He was the offensive coordinator for the 2007 LSU Tigers football team , which won the 2008 BCS National Championship Game and a consensus national championship . While at Oregon , Crowton was a 2005 finalist for the Broyles Award , given annually to the nation 's top college football assistant coach . Crowton is most known for his aggressive offensive style , such as the razzle dazzle offensive scheme utilized in Chicago . He was nicknamed The Wizard by the LSU players , after completing 39 games with an accomplishment of at least 30 points within 25 games and a 25-10 overall mark ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Former head coach for BYU and Louisiana Tech University ; former offensive coordinator for the University of Oregon , Louisiana State University , and the Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sport)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}, {'url': '/wiki/BYU_Cougars_football', 'summary': 'The BYU Cougars team is the college football program representing Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , a private university owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . The Cougars began collegiate football competition in 1922 , and have won 23 conference championships and one national championship in 1984 . The team has competed in several different athletic conferences during its history , but since July 1 , 2011 , they have competed as an Independent . The team plays home games at the 63,470-seat LaVell Edwards Stadium , which is named after legendary head coach LaVell Edwards . LaVell Edwards won 19 conference championships , seven bowl games , and one national championship ( 1984 ) while coaching at BYU , and is regarded as the most successful coach in BYU program history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': 'The Louisiana Tech Bulldogs represent Louisiana Tech University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) level . After 12 seasons in the Western Athletic Conference , Louisiana Tech began competing as a member of Conference USA in 2013 . Since then , the Bulldogs have been coached by Skip Holtz and have won their last 6 consecutive bowl games . Since 1968 , the Bulldogs have played their home games at Joe Aillet Stadium . Since the Bulldogs first season in 1901 , Louisiana Tech has compiled an all-time record of 630 wins , 465 losses , and 39 ties . In 118 football seasons , the Bulldogs have won 3 Division II national championships , won 25 conference championships , and played in 27 postseason games including 12 major college bowl games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Offensive_coordinator', 'summary': "An offensive coordinator is a member of the coaching staff of an American football or Canadian football team who is in charge of the team 's offense . Generally , along with the defensive coordinator , he represents the second level of command structure after the head coach . The offensive coordinator is in charge of the team 's offensive game plan , and typically calls offensive plays during the game , although some offensive-minded head coaches also handle play-calling . Several position coaches work under the coordinator ( position groupings can include quarterbacks , wide receivers , offensive line , running backs , and tight ends ) . The coordinator may also coach a position ( typically quarterbacks ) . Unlike most position coaches in football , who are usually on the sidelines during games , offensive coordinators have the option of operating from the press box instead of being on the sideline . There are advantages and disadvantages to both locations . Since 2009 , nearly 40% of head coaches hired in the NFL had been serving as offensive coordinators ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oregon_Ducks_football', 'summary': 'The Oregon Ducks football program is a college football team for the University of Oregon , located in the U.S. state of Oregon . The team competes at the NCAA Division I level in the FBS and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) . Although now known as the Ducks , the team was commonly called the Webfoots until the mid-1960s . The program first fielded a football team in 1894 . Oregon plays its home games at the 54,000 seat Autzen Stadium in Eugene . Its main rivals are the Oregon State Beavers and the Washington Huskies . The Ducks and Beavers historically end each regular season with the Civil War rivalry game in late November .'}, {'url': '/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The LSU Tigers football program , also known as the Fighting Tigers , represents Louisiana State University in the sport of American football . The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . LSU ranks 16th most in victories in NCAA Division I FBS history and claims four National Championships ( 1958 , 2003 , 2007 , and 2019 ) , 16 conference championships , and 35 consensus All-Americans . As of the beginning of the 2018 NFL season , 40 former LSU players were on active rosters in the NFL , the second most of any college program . The team plays in Tiger Stadium , and Ed Orgeron is the head coach .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Bears', 'summary': "The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Bears compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The Bears have won nine NFL Championships , including one Super Bowl , and hold the NFL record for the most enshrinees in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the most retired jersey numbers . The Bears have also recorded more victories than any other NFL franchise . The franchise was founded in Decatur , Illinois , on September 17 , 1920 , and moved to Chicago in 1921 . It is one of only two remaining franchises from the NFL 's founding in 1920 , along with the Arizona Cardinals , which was originally also in Chicago . The team played home games at Wrigley Field on Chicago 's North Side through the 1970 season ; they now play at Soldier Field on the Near South Side , next to Lake Michigan . The Bears have a long-standing rivalry with the Green Bay Packers . The team headquarters , Halas Hall , is in the Chicago suburb of Lake Forest , Illinois . The Bears practice at adjoining facilities there during the season , and began hosting Training Camp at Halas Hall in 2020 after major renovations ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Denney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Denney', 'summary': 'Ryan Craig Denney ( born June 15 , 1977 ) is a former American football defensive end . He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round ( 61st overall ) of the 2002 NFL Draft . He played college football at BYU . Denney also played for the Houston Texans .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': "Former defensive end for the NFL 's Buffalo Bills", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Bills', 'summary': "The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team based in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area . The Bills compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays their home games at New Era Field in Orchard Park , New York . The Bills are the only NFL team that plays its home games in the state of New York . The Bills conduct summer training camp at St. John Fisher College in Pittsford , New York , an eastern suburb of Rochester . The Bills began play as an original franchise of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The club joined the NFL as a result of the AFL-NFL merger for the 1970 season . The 1964 and 1965 Bills were the only teams representing Buffalo that won major league professional sports championships ( back-to-back American Football League Championships ) . The Bills are the only team to win four consecutive conference championships and are the only NFL team to lose four consecutive Super Bowl games . The team was owned by Ralph Wilson from the team 's founding in 1960 , until his death in 2014 at the age of 95 . After his death , Wilson 's estate reached an agreement to sell the team to Terry and Kim Pegula , which was approved by the other NFL team owners on October 8 , 2014 . The Bills formerly possessed the longest active playoff drought in any of the four major professional sports in North America : they did not qualify to play in the NFL playoffs from 1999 until 2017 and were the last NFL team ( and last team in the major North American professional sports leagues overall ) to qualify for the playoffs for the first time in the 21st century ."}]}, {'value': 'Ty Detmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ty_Detmer', 'summary': 'Ty Hubert Detmer ( born October 30 , 1967 ) is an American football coach and former player . As a player , Detmer won the Heisman Trophy in 1990 while playing quarterback for Brigham Young University ( BYU ) . He went on to play professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) for fourteen seasons . He was the offensive coordinator at BYU from 2015 to 2017 . At BYU , Detmer broke several NCAA records and was twice recognized as a consensus All-American . A late-round pick in the 1992 NFL Draft , Detmer played for five NFL teams , mostly in a back-up role . He is the older brother of former NFL quarterback Koy Detmer .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': 'Former quarterback for six NFL teams , 1990 Heisman Trophy winner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heisman_Trophy', 'summary': "The Heisman Memorial Trophy ( usually known colloquially as the Heisman Trophy or The Heisman ) , is awarded annually to the outstanding player in NCAA football . Winners epitomize great ability combined with diligence , perseverance , and hard work . It is presented by the Heisman Trophy Trust in early December before the postseason bowl games . The award was created by the Downtown Athletic Club in 1935 to recognize the most valuable college football player east of the Mississippi , and was first awarded to University of Chicago halfback Jay Berwanger . After the death in October 1936 of the Club 's athletic director , John Heisman , the award was named in his honor and broadened to include players west of the Mississippi . Heisman had been active in college athletics as a football player ; a head football , basketball , and baseball coach ; and an athletic director . It is the oldest of several overall awards in college football , including the Maxwell Award , Walter Camp Award , and the AP Player of the Year . The Heisman and the AP Player of the Year honor the outstanding player , while the Maxwell and the Walter Camp award recognizes the best player , and the Archie Griffin Award recognizes the most valuable player . The most recent winner of the Heisman Trophy is Louisiana State University quarterback Joe Burrow ."}]}, {'value': 'LaVell Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LaVell_Edwards', 'summary': "Reuben LaVell Edwards ( October 11 , 1930 - December 29 , 2016 ) was an American football head coach for Brigham Young University ( BYU ) . With 257 career victories , he ranks as one of the most successful college football coaches of all time . Among his many notable accomplishments , Edwards guided BYU to a national championship in 1984 and coached Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer in 1990 . Edwards played football for Utah State University and earned a master 's degree at the University of Utah prior to coaching at BYU , where he also earned his doctorate ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed.D.', 'summary': 'The Doctor of Education ( Ed.D . or D.Ed . ; Latin Educationis Doctor or Doctor Educationis ) is a professional doctoral degree that focuses on the field of education . It prepares the holder for academic , research , administrative , clinical , or professional positions in educational , civil , private organizations , or public institutions .'}]}, {'value': 'Former head coach for BYU , leading university to 1984 NCAA Division I-A national football championship ; College Football Hall of Fame inductee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sport)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}, {'url': '/wiki/BYU_Cougars_football', 'summary': 'The BYU Cougars team is the college football program representing Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , a private university owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . The Cougars began collegiate football competition in 1922 , and have won 23 conference championships and one national championship in 1984 . The team has competed in several different athletic conferences during its history , but since July 1 , 2011 , they have competed as an Independent . The team plays home games at the 63,470-seat LaVell Edwards Stadium , which is named after legendary head coach LaVell Edwards . LaVell Edwards won 19 conference championships , seven bowl games , and one national championship ( 1984 ) while coaching at BYU , and is regarded as the most successful coach in BYU program history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS', 'summary': "A national championship in the highest level of college football in the United States , currently the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , is a designation awarded annually by various organizations to their selection of the best college football team . Division I FBS football is the only National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) sport for which the NCAA does not sanction a yearly championship event . As such , it is sometimes unofficially referred to as a mythical national championship . Due to the lack of an official NCAA title , determining the nation 's top college football team has often engendered controversy . A championship team is independently declared by multiple individuals and organizations , often referred to as selectors . :107-109 These choices are not always unanimous . In 1969 even the President of the United States Richard Nixon declared a national champion by announcing , ahead of the season-ending game between No . 1 Texas and No . 2 Arkansas , that the winner of that game would receive a plaque from the President himself , commemorating that team as the year 's national champion . Texas went on to win that game , 15-14 . While the NCAA has never officially endorsed a championship team , it has documented the choices of some selectors in its official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication . :107-119 In addition , various analysts have independently published their own choices for each season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "Original plans in 1967 called for the Hall of Fame to be located at Rutgers University in New Brunswick , New Jersey , the location of the first contest under rules now considered to be those of modern football , between teams from Rutgers and the College of New Jersey , now Princeton University ; Rutgers won 6-4 . Rutgers donated land near its football stadium , office space , and administrative support . After years of collecting donations for the construction of the building with ground not having been broken and no plans to do so , the New Jersey Attorney General began an investigation of the finances of the Hall of Fame 's foundation , the National Football Foundation . In response , the Foundation moved its operations to New York City , where it continued to collect donations for several years ."}]}, {'value': 'Alani Fua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alani_Fua', 'summary': 'Alani Fua ( born January 1 , 1992 ) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted rookie free agent following the 2015 NFL Draft . He played college football at Brigham Young from 2010 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': "Linebacker for the NFL 's Arizona Cardinals", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NFL', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals', 'summary': "The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football franchise based in Phoenix , Arizona . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The Cardinals were founded as the Morgan Athletic Club in 1898 , and are the oldest continuously run professional football team in the United States . The Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium , which opened in 2006 and is located in the northwestern suburb of Glendale . The team was established in Chicago in 1898 as an amateur football team and joined the NFL as a charter member on September 17 , 1920 . Along with the Chicago Bears , the club is one of two NFL charter member franchises still in operation since the league 's founding ( the Green Bay Packers were an independent team until they joined the NFL a year after its creation in 1921 ) . The club then moved to St. Louis in 1960 and played in that city through 1987 ( sometimes referred to as the Football Cardinals or the Big Red to avoid confusion with the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball ) . Before the 1988 season , the team moved west to Tempe , Arizona , a college suburb east of Phoenix , and played their home games for the next 18 seasons at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University . In 2006 , the club moved to their current home field in Glendale , although the team 's executive offices and training facility remain in Tempe . The franchise has won two NFL championships , both while it was based in Chicago . The first occurred in 1925 , but is the subject of controversy , with supporters of the Pottsville Maroons believing that Pottsville should have won the title . Their second title , and the first to be won in a championship game , came in 1947 , nearly two decades before the first Super Bowl ."}]}, {'value': 'Kurt Gouveia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Gouveia', 'summary': 'Kurt Keola Gouveia ( born September 14 , 1964 ) is an American football coach and former linebacker who played 13 seasons in the National Football League and one season in the XFL . During his career , he played for the Washington Redskins ( 1986-1994 ; 1999 ) , the Philadelphia Eagles ( 1995 ) , and the San Diego Chargers ( 1996-1998 ) . In 2001 , he also played for the Las Vegas Outlaws in the now-defunct XFL .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( never graduated )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Former linebacker for the NFL 's Washington Redskins , winner of Super Bowl XXII and Super Bowl XXVI , current linebacker coach for the Sacramento Mountain Lions", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Redskins', 'summary': 'The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than one thousand games since their founding 88 years ago in 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over six hundred regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( the latter three in Super Bowls ) , and have captured fourteen divisional titles and six conference championships . The Redskins were the first NFL franchise with an official marching band , the Redskins Band , and the first with a fight song , Hail to the Redskins . The team began play in Boston as the Braves in 1932 , and became the Redskins the following year . In 1937 , the team relocated to Washington , D.C. , where they have been based since . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 NFL championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They have been league runner-up six times , losing the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 title games , and Super Bowls VII and XVIII . With 24 postseason appearances , the Redskins have an overall postseason record of 23-18 . Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots ( six each ) , San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XXII was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Washington Redskins and American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1987 season . The Redskins defeated the Broncos by the score of 42-10 , winning their second Super Bowl . The game was played on January 31 , 1988 at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego , the first time that the Super Bowl was played in that city . This Super Bowl came at the end of a season that was shortened by a players ' strike . Each team only missed one regular season game due to the labor dispute , but three games were played mostly with replacement players until the dispute was settled . The Broncos were making their second consecutive ( and third overall ) Super Bowl appearance , after posting a 10-4-1 regular season record , largely through the strength of their quarterback , John Elway . The Redskins , who were making their fourth Super Bowl appearance , posted an 11-4 regular season record . Washington was led by quarterback Doug Williams , who entered the season as a backup , and was 0-2 as a starter during the regular season . He ended up leading Washington to their two playoff victories . In doing so , he became the first African American quarterback ever to start in an NFL league championship game , let alone a Super Bowl . After trailing 10-0 at the end of the first quarter of Super Bowl XXII , the Redskins scored 42 unanswered points , including a record-breaking 35 points in the second quarter , and setting several other Super Bowl records . Williams , who was named the Super Bowl MVP , completed 18 of 29 passes for a Super Bowl record 340 yards and four touchdowns , with one interception ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVI', 'summary': 'Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1991 season . The Redskins defeated the Bills by a score of 37-24 , becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers , the Oakland Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls . The Bills became the third team , after the Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) and the Denver Broncos ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) to lose back-to-back Super Bowls . The game was played on January 26 , 1992 , at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , Minnesota , the first time the city played host to a Super Bowl . Both teams finished the regular season with the best record in their respective conference . The Redskins posted a 14-2 regular season record , and led the league during the regular season with 485 points . Washington head coach Joe Gibbs entered the game seeking his third Super Bowl victory with the team , but with his third starting Super Bowl quarterback , Mark Rypien . The Bills finished the regular season with a 13-3 record and advanced to their second consecutive Super Bowl , largely through the play of quarterback Jim Kelly and their K-Gun no-huddle offense . However , their defense ranked second to last in the league in total yards allowed . Early in the second quarter , the Redskins jumped out to a 17-0 lead from which the Bills could not recover . Washington also sacked Kelly four times and intercepted him four times . Rypien , who completed 18 of 33 passes for 292 yards , two touchdowns and an interception , was named Super Bowl MVP .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sacramento_Mountain_Lions', 'summary': 'The Sacramento Mountain Lions were a professional American football team based in Sacramento , California that played in the United Football League . The franchise originated as the California Redwoods , and played its home games in San Francisco and San Jose before relocating to Hornet Stadium in Sacramento in 2010 , then to Raley Field in West Sacramento in 2012 . The team was coached by Dennis Green for three of its four years of existence . Amid financial problems , the UFL abruptly folded in the middle of the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Travis Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travis_Hall', 'summary': "Travis Todd Hall ( born August 3 , 1972 in Soldotna , Alaska ) is a retired NFL defensive end who last played for the San Francisco 49ers . He went to Brigham Young University . He was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the 6th round ( 181st overall ) in the 1995 NFL Draft . He played 10 years with the Falcons before signing a free agent contract with the 49ers in 2005 . Before his professional career , Hall , a multi-sport athlete , wrestled , played hockey , and football while in high school at West Jordan High School ( 1990 ) . [ citation needed ] Travis formed ProSpot Fitness in 1998 . ProSpot Fitness , Inc. develops , manufactures and markets home gyms featuring the company 's patented Grab & Go technology ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': "Defensive tackle for the NFL 's San Francisco 49ers , winner of Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999 , founder of ProSpot Fitness", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers', 'summary': "The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team based in the San Francisco Bay Area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The team currently plays its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , located 38 miles ( 61 km ) southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley . Since 1988 , the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara . The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged . The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco . The name 49ers comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush . The team is legally and corporately registered as San Francisco Forty Niners . The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 . The 49ers won five Super Bowl championships between 1981 and 1994 , led by Hall of Famers Joe Montana , Jerry Rice , Ronnie Lott , Steve Young , and coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert . They have been division champions 20 times between 1970 and 2019 , making them one of the most successful teams in NFL history . The 49ers have been in the league playoffs 27 times : 26 times in the NFL and one time in the AAFC ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XXXIII was an American football game played between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Denver Broncos ( who were also defending their Super Bowl XXXII championship ) and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Atlanta Falcons to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1998 season . The Broncos defeated the Falcons by the score of 34-19 , winning their second consecutive Super Bowl . The game was played on January 31 , 1999 , at Pro Player Stadium in Miami , Florida ( now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens , which became a separate city in 2003 ) . The defending Super Bowl champion Broncos entered the game with an AFC-best 14-2 regular season record . The Falcons , under former Denver head coach Dan Reeves , were making their first Super Bowl appearance after also posting a 14-2 regular season record . Aided by quarterback John Elway 's 80-yard touchdown pass to receiver Rod Smith , Denver scored 17 consecutive points to build a 17-3 lead in the second quarter from which Atlanta could not recover . In the final game of his career before his announced retirement on May 2 , 1999 , he completed 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards with one touchdown and one interception , and also scored a 3-yard rushing touchdown . At 38 years old , Elway became the oldest player , at the time , to be named Super Bowl MVP , a record that stood until Tom Brady surpassed it in 2017 at the age of 39 , coincidentally also against Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Hoke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Hoke', 'summary': 'Christopher L. Chris Hoke ( born April 6 , 1976 ) is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League . He spent his entire eleven-year professional career with the Pittsburgh Steelers .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Former defensive tackle and Super Bowl XL winner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XL', 'summary': "Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2005 season . The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21-10 . The game was played on February 5 , 2006 , at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . With the win , the Steelers tied the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with the then-record five Super Bowls . The Steelers ' victory was their first Super Bowl victory since Super Bowl XIV . Pittsburgh , who finished the regular season with an 11-5 record , also became the fourth wild card team , the third in nine years , and the first ever number 6 seed in the NFL playoffs , to win a Super Bowl . The Seahawks , on the other hand , in their 30th season , were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an NFC-best 13-3 regular season record . Pittsburgh capitalized on two big plays that were converted into touchdowns . The Steelers jumped to a 14-3 lead early in the third quarter with running back Willie Parker 's Super Bowl record 75-yard touchdown run . Seahawks defensive back Kelly Herndon 's Super Bowl record 76-yard interception return set up a Seattle touchdown to cut the lead 14-10 . But Pittsburgh responded with Antwaan Randle El 's 43-yard touchdown pass to Hines Ward , the first time a wide receiver threw a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , to clinch the game in the fourth quarter . Ward , who caught 5 passes for 123 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for 18 yards , was named Super Bowl MVP ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Holmoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Holmoe', 'summary': 'Thomas Allen Holmoe ( born March 7 , 1960 ) is an American college athletics administrator and former football player and coach . He has been the athletic director at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) since 2005 . Holmoe played college football at BYU and then professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) with the San Francisco 49ers from 1983 to 1989 . He served as the head football coach at the University of California , Berkeley ( Cal ) from 1997 to 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '1983 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S . M.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Science', 'summary': "A Master of Science ( Latin : Magister Scientiae ; abbreviated MS , M.S. , MSc , M.Sc. , SM , S.M. , ScM or Sc.M . ) is a master 's degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries or a person holding such a degree . In contrast to the Master of Arts degree , the Master of Science degree is typically granted for studies in sciences , engineering and medicine and is usually for programs that are more focused on scientific and mathematical subjects ; however , different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the humanities and social sciences . While it ultimately depends upon the specific program , earning a Master of Science degree typically includes writing a thesis ."}]}, {'value': "Former defensive end for the NFL 's San Francisco 49ers where he won Super Bowls XIX , XXIII , and XXIX ; former head coach for the University of California , Berkeley ; current athletic director at BYU", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers', 'summary': "The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team based in the San Francisco Bay Area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The team currently plays its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , located 38 miles ( 61 km ) southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley . Since 1988 , the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara . The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged . The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco . The name 49ers comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush . The team is legally and corporately registered as San Francisco Forty Niners . The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 . The 49ers won five Super Bowl championships between 1981 and 1994 , led by Hall of Famers Joe Montana , Jerry Rice , Ronnie Lott , Steve Young , and coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert . They have been division champions 20 times between 1970 and 2019 , making them one of the most successful teams in NFL history . The 49ers have been in the league playoffs 27 times : 26 times in the NFL and one time in the AAFC ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XIX', 'summary': "Super Bowl XIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1984 season . The 49ers defeated the Dolphins by the score of 38-16 , to win their second Super Bowl . The game was played on January 20 , 1985 , at Stanford Stadium , on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford , California , the first Super Bowl played in the San Francisco Bay Area . This also became the second Super Bowl after Super Bowl XIV where the game was coincidentally played in the home market of one of the participants . The game was hyped as the battle between two great quarterbacks : Miami 's Dan Marino and San Francisco 's Joe Montana . The Dolphins entered their fifth Super Bowl in team history after posting a 14-2 regular season record . The 49ers were making their second Super Bowl appearance after becoming the first team ever to win 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . With Marino and Montana , the game became the first Super Bowl in which the starting quarterbacks of each team both threw for over 300 yards . In addition , the two teams combined for 851 total offensive yards , which at that time was a Super Bowl record . But after trailing 10-7 in the first quarter , the 49ers would end up taking the game in dominating fashion , scoring three touchdowns in the second quarter , and 10 unanswered points in the second half . Montana , who was named the Super Bowl MVP , completed 24 of 35 passes for a Super Bowl-record 331 yards and three touchdowns . He also broke the Super Bowl record for most rushing yards gained by a quarterback with his 5 rushes for 59 yards and 1 rushing touchdown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XXIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1988 season . The 49ers defeated the Bengals 20-16 , winning their third Super Bowl . The game was played on January 22 , 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami ( now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens , which became a separate city in 2003 ) . This was the first Super Bowl hosted in the Miami area in 10 years , and the first in Miami not held at the Orange Bowl . This was the second meeting between these two teams in the Super Bowl ; their first meeting was seven years earlier . The game was also the third rematch between Super Bowl teams after Super Bowl XIII and Super Bowl XVII . This was the Bengals ' second Super Bowl appearance after finishing the regular season with a 12-4 record . The 49ers were making their third Super Bowl appearance after posting a 10-6 regular season record . The game is best remembered for the 49ers ' fourth-quarter game-winning drive . Down 16-13 , San Francisco got the ball on their own 8-yard line with 3:10 on the clock and marched 92 yards down the field in under three minutes . They then scored the winning touchdown on a Joe Montana pass to John Taylor with just 34 seconds left in the game . The game was tight throughout ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXIX', 'summary': "Super Bowl XXIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1994 season . The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49-26 , becoming the first team to win five Super Bowl championships . The game was played on January 29 , 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami , Florida ( now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens , which became a separate city in 2003 ) . This game is regarded as 49ers quarterback Steve Young 's final leap out of the shadow of his predecessor , Joe Montana , who had won four Super Bowls with the 49ers ( in 1982 , 1985 , 1989 , and 1990 ) , two with Young as the backup quarterback . With Young at the helm , and a defense consisting of several veteran free agents who joined the team during the previous offseason , San Francisco finished the regular season with a league-best 13-3 record , and led the league in total points scored ( 505 ) . The Chargers , on the other hand , were regarded as a Cinderella team , and advanced to their first Super Bowl after posting an 11-5 regular-season record and overcoming halftime deficits in both of their playoff wins . This was the first Super Bowl in which both teams scored in all four quarters . The combined aggregate score of 75 points and the ten total touchdowns both remain Super Bowl records . Still , the 49ers controlled most of the game , with Young completing touchdown passes in each of the 49ers ' first two drives . The Chargers were able to cut the deficit late in the first quarter , 14-7 , on a 13-play , 78-yard drive , but could not slow down San Francisco afterwards . Young was named the Super Bowl MVP , throwing a Super Bowl-record six touchdown passes , and completing 24 out of 36 passes for 325 yards . Despite the predicted blowout ( 18½ points is the largest margin a team has been favored by in a Super Bowl ) , the fact that San Diego did not have as much national appeal nor a relatively large core fan base , and two teams from California playing , which could have significantly diminished interest along the East Coast , the telecast of the game on ABC still had a Nielsen rating of 41.3 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sport)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}, {'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears football program represents the University of California , Berkeley , in college football as a member of the Pac-12 Conference at the NCAA Division I FBS level . The team plays its home games at California Memorial Stadium and is coached by Justin Wilcox . Since beginning of play in 1886 , the team has won five NCAA recognized national titles - 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , and 1937 and 14 conference championships , the last one in 2006 . It has also produced what are considered to be two of the oddest and most memorable plays in college football : Roy Wrong Way Riegels ' fumble recovery at the 1929 Rose Bowl and The Play kickoff return in the 1982 Big Game ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Athletic_director', 'summary': 'An athletic director ( commonly athletics director or AD ) is an administrator at many clubs or institutions , like colleges and universities , as well as in larger high schools and middle schools , who oversees the work of coaches and related staff involved in athletic programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Howard_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Paul Eugene Howard ( born September 12 , 1950 ) is a former guard in the National Football League for the Denver Broncos .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Former offensive guard for the NFL 's Denver Broncos", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offensive_guard', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denver_Broncos', 'summary': "The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete as a member club of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust and currently play home games at Empower Field at Mile High ( formerly known as Invesco Field at Mile High from 2001-2010 , Sports Authority Field at Mile High from 2011-2017 , and Broncos Stadium at Mile High from 2018-2019 ) . Prior to that , they played at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not have a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's most successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 ) , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) ) , and share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 - tied with the New England Patriots ) . Thirteen players who have played for Denver are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Shannon Sharpe , Gary Zimmerman , Willie Brown , Tony Dorsett , Jerry Rice , Andre Reed , Terrell Davis , Brian Dawkins , Ty Law , Champ Bailey and Steve Atwater , along with late club owner Pat Bowlen ."}]}, {'value': 'Lee Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Johnson_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Leland Eric Johnson ( born November 27 , 1961 ) is a retired United States professional American-football punter who played 18 seasons in the National Football League . Throughout the course of his career , he played for the Houston Oilers ( 1985-1987 ) , the Cleveland Browns ( 1987-1988 ) , the Cincinnati Bengals ( 1988-1998 ) , the New England Patriots ( 1999-2001 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 2001 ) , and the Philadelphia Eagles ( 2002 ) . Before his NFL career , Johnson played college football for Brigham Young University .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': 'Former punter for six NFL teams , winner of Super Bowl XXIII in 1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(American_football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XXIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1988 season . The 49ers defeated the Bengals 20-16 , winning their third Super Bowl . The game was played on January 22 , 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami ( now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens , which became a separate city in 2003 ) . This was the first Super Bowl hosted in the Miami area in 10 years , and the first in Miami not held at the Orange Bowl . This was the second meeting between these two teams in the Super Bowl ; their first meeting was seven years earlier . The game was also the third rematch between Super Bowl teams after Super Bowl XIII and Super Bowl XVII . This was the Bengals ' second Super Bowl appearance after finishing the regular season with a 12-4 record . The 49ers were making their third Super Bowl appearance after posting a 10-6 regular season record . The game is best remembered for the 49ers ' fourth-quarter game-winning drive . Down 16-13 , San Francisco got the ball on their own 8-yard line with 3:10 on the clock and marched 92 yards down the field in under three minutes . They then scored the winning touchdown on a Joe Montana pass to John Taylor with just 34 seconds left in the game . The game was tight throughout ."}]}, {'value': 'Doug Jolley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_Jolley', 'summary': 'Doug Jolley ( born January 2 , 1979 ) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': "Former tight end for the NFL 's Oakland Raiders , New York Jets and Tampa Bay Buccaneers", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Raiders', 'summary': 'The professional American football team now known as the Las Vegas Raiders played in Oakland , California as the Oakland Raiders from 1960 to 1981 and again from 1995 to 2019 before relocating to Las Vegas , Nevada . Between 1982 and 1994 , the team played in Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Raiders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Jets', 'summary': "The New York Jets are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Florham Park , New Jersey . In a unique arrangement for the league , the Jets share MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey with the New York Giants . The franchise is legally and corporately registered as New York Jets , LLC . The team was founded in 1959 as the Titans of New York , an original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ; later , the franchise joined the NFL in the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 . The team began play in 1960 at the Polo Grounds . Under new ownership , the current name was adopted in 1963 and the franchise moved to Shea Stadium in 1964 and then to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in 1984 . The Jets advanced to the playoffs for the first time in 1968 and went on to compete in Super Bowl III where they defeated the Baltimore Colts , becoming the first AFL team to defeat an NFL club in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game . Since 1968 , the Jets have appeared in the playoffs 13 times , and in the AFC Championship Game four times , most recently losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2010 . However , the Jets have never returned to the Super Bowl , making them one of three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance , along with the New Orleans Saints and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Apart from the Cleveland Browns and the Detroit Lions , who have never reached the Super Bowl ( although both won NFL championships prior to 1966 ) , the Jets ' drought is the longest among current NFL franchises ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers', 'summary': "The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are a professional American football team based in Tampa , Florida . The Buccaneers currently compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The club joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team , along with the Seattle Seahawks . Tampa Bay played its first season in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division as part of the 1976 expansion plan , whereby each new franchise would play every other franchise over the first two years . After the season , the team switched conferences with the Seahawks and became a member of the NFC Central division . During the 2002 league realignment , the Buccaneers joined three former NFC West teams to form the NFC South . The club is owned by the Glazer family , and plays its home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa . The Buccaneers are the first post-merger expansion team to win a division championship , a playoff game , and to host and play in a conference championship game ; all three accomplishments occurred during the 1979 season . They are also the first team since the merger to complete a winning season when starting 10 or more rookies , which happened in the 2010 season . In 1976 and 1977 , the Buccaneers lost their first 26 games . They would not win their first game in franchise history until Week 13 , of 14 , in 1977 . After a brief winning era in the late 1970s and early 1980s , the team suffered through 14 consecutive losing seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Brett Keisel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brett_Keisel', 'summary': 'Brett Keisel ( born September 19 , 1978 ) is a former American football defensive end who played 12 seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers . He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the seventh round of the 2002 NFL Draft . He played college football at Brigham Young University .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': "Defensive end for the NFL 's Pittsburgh Steelers ; Pro Bowl player in 2010 , winner of Super Bowls XL and XLIII", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NFL', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Founded in 1933 , the Steelers are the seventh-oldest franchise in the NFL , and they are the oldest franchise in the AFC . In contrast with their status as perennial also-rans in the pre-merger NFL , where they were the oldest team never to have won a league championship , the Steelers of the post-merger ( modern ) era are among the most successful NFL franchises . The team is tied with the New England Patriots for the most Super Bowl titles at six , and they have both played in ( 16 times ) and hosted ( 11 times ) more conference championship games than any other team in the NFL . The Steelers have also won eight AFC championships , tied with the Denver Broncos , but behind the Patriots ' record 11 AFC championships . The team is tied with the Broncos and Dallas Cowboys for the second-most Super Bowl appearances with eight . They lost their most recent championship appearance , Super Bowl XLV , on February 6 , 2011 . The Steelers , whose history may be traced to a regional pro team that was established in the early 1920s , joined the NFL as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8 , 1933 . The team was owned by Art Rooney and took its original name from the baseball team of the same name , as was common practice for NFL teams at the time . To distinguish them from the baseball team , local media took to calling the football team the Rooneymen , an unofficial nickname that persisted for decades after the team had adopted its current nickname . The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since the organization 's founding ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pro_Bowl', 'summary': "The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From the merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) in 1970 up through 2013 and since 2017 , it is officially called the AFC-NFC Pro Bowl , matching the top players in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) against those in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . From 2014 through 2016 , the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format , where the teams were selected by two honorary team captains ( who are each in the Hall of Fame ) , instead of selecting players from each conference . The players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game . Unlike most major sports leagues , which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their regular seasons , the Pro Bowl is played around the end of the NFL season . The first official Pro Bowl was played in January 1951 , three weeks after the 1950 NFL Championship Game ( between 1939 and 1942 , the NFL experimented with all-star games pitting the league 's champion against a team of all-stars ) . Between 1970 and 2009 , the Pro Bowl was usually held the weekend after the Super Bowl . Since 2010 , it has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl . Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate . For years , the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality , with observers and commentators expressing their disfavor with it in its current state . It draws lower TV ratings than regular season NFL games , although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games , such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . However , the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl', 'summary': "The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League ( NFL ) played between mid-January and early February . It is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous year . The game was created as part of the merger agreement between the NFL and its rival the American Football League ( AFL ) . It was agreed that the two champion teams would begin playing in an annual AFL-NFL World Championship Game until the merger officially began in 1970 . The first game was played on January 15 , 1967 after both leagues had completed their respective 1966 seasons . After the merger , each league was re-designated as a conference , and the game has since been played between the conference champions to determine the NFL 's league champion . The NFL restricts the use of its Super Bowl trademark , and it is frequently referred to as the big game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations . The New England Patriots and the Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles with six each . The Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances with 11 . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) are tied with 27 Super Bowl wins each . The Super Bowl is the second-largest day for U.S. food consumption , after Thanksgiving Day . In addition , the Super Bowl has frequently been the most-watched American television broadcast of the year ; the seven most-watched broadcasts in American television history are Super Bowls ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XL', 'summary': "Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2005 season . The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21-10 . The game was played on February 5 , 2006 , at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . With the win , the Steelers tied the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with the then-record five Super Bowls . The Steelers ' victory was their first Super Bowl victory since Super Bowl XIV . Pittsburgh , who finished the regular season with an 11-5 record , also became the fourth wild card team , the third in nine years , and the first ever number 6 seed in the NFL playoffs , to win a Super Bowl . The Seahawks , on the other hand , in their 30th season , were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an NFC-best 13-3 regular season record . Pittsburgh capitalized on two big plays that were converted into touchdowns . The Steelers jumped to a 14-3 lead early in the third quarter with running back Willie Parker 's Super Bowl record 75-yard touchdown run . Seahawks defensive back Kelly Herndon 's Super Bowl record 76-yard interception return set up a Seattle touchdown to cut the lead 14-10 . But Pittsburgh responded with Antwaan Randle El 's 43-yard touchdown pass to Hines Ward , the first time a wide receiver threw a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , to clinch the game in the fourth quarter . Ward , who caught 5 passes for 123 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for 18 yards , was named Super Bowl MVP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XLIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champions Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champions Arizona Cardinals to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2008 season . The Steelers defeated the Cardinals by the score of 27-23 . The game was played on February 1 , 2009 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida . With this victory , the Steelers became the first team to win six Super Bowl championships . The win was also Pittsburgh 's second Super Bowl victory in four years , after winning Super Bowl XL at the end of the 2005 season . The Cardinals entered the game seeking their first NFL title since 1947 , the longest championship drought in the league . The club became an unexpected winner during the regular season , compiling a 9-7 record , and the playoffs with the aid of head coach Ken Whisenhunt , who was the Steelers ' offensive coordinator in Super Bowl XL , and the re-emergence of quarterback Kurt Warner , who was the Super Bowl MVP in Super Bowl XXXIV with his former team , the St. Louis Rams . Pittsburgh jumped to a 17-7 halftime lead , aided by linebacker James Harrison 's Super Bowl-record 100-yard interception return for a touchdown . Trailing 20-7 at the start of the fourth quarter , Arizona scored 16 consecutive points , including a safety by Pittsburgh that led to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald 's 64-yard touchdown reception , to take the first lead of the game with 2:37 remaining . But the Steelers marched 78 yards to score on wide receiver Santonio Holmes ' 6-yard game-winning touchdown catch with 35 seconds left . Holmes , who caught nine passes for 131 yards and a touchdown , including four receptions for 73 yards on that final game-winning drive , was named Super Bowl MVP . He became the sixth wide receiver to win the award , half of whom are Steelers ( Lynn Swann and Hines Ward ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Sports -- Football', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Brigham_Young_University_alumni_22', 'intro': "This list of Brigham Young University alumni includes notable graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of Brigham Young University (BYU), a private, coeducational research university owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is the oldest existing institution within the LDS Church Educational System, is America's largest religious university, and has the second-largest private university enrollment in the United States. Approximately 98% of the 34,000 students at BYU are Mormon; two-thirds of its American students come from outside the state of Utah. In addition to its undergraduate program, BYU offers graduate degrees in 47 departments and includes two professional schools: the Marriott School of Management and the J. Reuben Clark Law School. BYU has approximately 370,000 living alumni. Over 26 BYU graduates have served in the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, such as former Dean of the U.S. Senate Reed Smoot (class of 1876). Cabinet members of American presidents include former United States Secretary of Agriculture to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ezra Taft Benson '26 and Rex E. Lee '60, who was U.S. Solicitor General under President Ronald Reagan. Mitt Romney, former Governor of Massachusetts and 2008 and 2012 Republican presidential nominee, was valedictorian of his class in 1971. [citation needed]\n BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, current Vice President of Yale, Scott Strobel '87, and Michael K. Young '73, President of Texas A&M University and former President of the University of Washington. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Seven of BYU's twelve presidents were alumni of the University."}
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Of the alum that graduated with a Bachelor of Science , which one played for a professional football team that has a stadium in Orchard Park , NY ?
Ryan Denney
067046d7b70e796e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship', 'title': 'EFL Championship', 'header': ['Club', 'Finishing position last season', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barnsley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnsley_F.C.', 'summary': "Barnsley Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Barnsley , South Yorkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Nicknamed the Tykes , they were founded in 1887 by Reverend Tiverton Preedy under the name Barnsley St. Peter 's . The club 's colours were originally blue , but were converted to red and white in 1904 and Barnsley have played in those colours ever since . Their home ground since 1888 has been Oakwell . Barnsley won the FA Cup in 1911-12 and were also runners-up in 1909-10 . The club won two trophies at Wembley Stadium in 2016 - the Football League Trophy , beating Oxford United 3-2 in the final , and the 2016 Football League play-offs , beating Millwall 3-1 in the final . Barnsley became only the second club to secure both the Football League Trophy and Football League promotion via playoff finals in the same season , after Grimsby Town F.C . On 19 December 2017 , it was announced that Patrick Cryne and family had agreed to sell a majority stake in Barnsley Football Club to a consortium involving Chien Lee of NewCity Capital , Grace Hung and Paul Conway of Pacific Media Group , Indian businessman Neerav Parekh and baseball legend Billy Beane . The new consortium holds 80% of the shares and the Cryne family holds 20% of the shares of Barnsley Football club . Barnsley fans often consider their biggest rivals to be Sheffield Wednesday , Sheffield United and Leeds United , although other significant rivalries exist with Huddersfield Town , Rotherham United , Doncaster Rovers , Bradford City and Chesterfield ."}]}, {'value': '2nd in League One ( promoted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_EFL_League_One', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 EFL League One ( referred to as the Sky Bet League One for sponsorship reasons ) was the 15th season of the Football League One under its current title and the 26th season under its current league division format . Fixtures were released on 21 June 2018 and the opening round of matches was played on 4 August 2018 . The league season ended on 4 May 2019 . The summer transfer window closed five days after the start of the season , on 9 August 2018 , following a vote by all 72 clubs in the Football League . However , clubs were able to make loan signings until 31 August .'}]}, {'value': 'Barnsley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnsley', 'summary': "Barnsley ( /ˈbɑːrnzli/ ) is a town in South Yorkshire , England , located between Leeds and Sheffield . Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire , the town centre lies on the west bank of the Dearne Valley . Barnsley is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley , of which Barnsley is the largest and its administrative centre . At the 2011 Census , Barnsley had a population of 91,297 . Barnsley is a former industrial town centred on linen in its former years and coal mining , glassmaking and textiles . The industries declined in the 20th century . Barnsley 's culture is rooted in its industrial heritage and it has a tradition of brass bands , originally created as social clubs by its mining communities . It is also home of the Barnsley chop . The town is accessed from junctions 36 , 37 and 38 of the M1 motorway and has a railway station on the Hallam and Penistone Lines . Barnsley F.C . is the local football club , which has competed in the second tier of British football for most of its history . Barnsley F.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Oakwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakwell', 'summary': "Oakwell is a multi-purpose sports development in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , England used primarily by Barnsley Football Club for playing their home fixtures , and those of their reserves . While the name 'Oakwell ' generally refers to the main stadium , it also includes several neighbouring venues which form the facilities of the Barnsley F.C . academy - an indoor training pitch , a smaller stadium with seating on the south and west sides for around 2,200 spectators , and several training pitches used by the different Barnsley FC squads . Oakwell was the first stadium in English football to have a designated stand for disabled supporters . Until 2003 the stadium and the vast amount of land that surrounds it were owned by Barnsley Football Club themselves ; however , after the club fell into administration in 2002 , the council purchased the main Oakwell Stadium to allow the club to pay its creditors and remain participants in the Football League ."}]}, {'value': '23,287', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Birmingham City Football Club is a professional football club in Birmingham , England . Formed in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance , it was renamed Small Heath in 1888 , Birmingham in 1905 , and Birmingham City in 1943 . Since 2011 , the first team have competed in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . As Small Heath , they played in the Football Alliance before becoming founder members and first champions of the Football League Second Division . The most successful period in their history was in the 1950s and early 1960s . They achieved their highest finishing position of sixth in the First Division in the 1955-56 season and reached the 1956 FA Cup Final . Birmingham played in two Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals , in 1960 , as the first English club side to reach a major European final , and again the following year . They won the League Cup in 1963 and again in 2011 . Birmingham have played in the top tier of English football for around half of their history : the longest period spent outside the top division , between 1986 and 2002 , included two brief spells in the third tier of English football , during which time they won the Football League Trophy twice . St Andrew 's has been their home ground since 1906 . They have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Aston Villa , their nearest neighbours , with whom they play the Second City derby . The club 's nickname is Blues , after the colour of their kit , and the fans are known as Bluenoses ."}]}, {'value': '17th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bordesley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bordesley,_West_Midlands', 'summary': "Bordesley is an area of Birmingham , England , 1.2 miles ( 2 km ) to the south east of the city centre , in the southern part of the City 's Nechells ward . It is the real life setting of the BBC series Peaky Blinders , and home to Birmingham City F.C . 's ground , St Andrew 's . It should not be confused with nearby Bordesley Green ."}]}, {'value': "St Andrew 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Andrew's_(stadium)", 'summary': "St Andrew 's , known since June 2018 for sponsorship reasons as St Andrew 's Trillion Trophy Stadium , is an association football stadium in the Bordesley district of Birmingham , England . It has been the home ground of Birmingham City Football Club for more than a century . It is also used as Coventry City 's home ground for the 2019-20 season . Constructed and opened in 1906 to replace the Muntz Street ground , which had become too small to meet the club 's needs , the original St Andrew 's could hold an estimated 75,000 spectators , housed in one grandstand and a large uncovered terrace . The attendance record , variously recorded as 66,844 or 67,341 , [ a ] was set at a 1939 FA Cup tie against Everton . During the Second World War , St Andrew 's suffered bomb damage and the grandstand , housing a temporary fire station , burned down in an accidental fire . In the 1950s , the club replaced the stand and installed floodlights , and later erected a second small stand and roofed over the open terraces , but there were few further changes . The ground became dilapidated : a boy was killed when a wall collapsed during rioting in the 1980s . When new owners took the club out of administration in 1993 , they began a six-year redevelopment programme during which the ground was converted to an all-seater stadium to comply with the Taylor Report into safety at sports grounds , and all areas apart from the Main Stand were completely rebuilt . The seating capacity of the modern stadium is 29,409 . It has function rooms suitable for business or social events and a club store selling Birmingham City merchandise . A 2004 proposal that the club should sell the ground and move into a multi-purpose City of Birmingham Stadium remains speculative ."}]}, {'value': '30,016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackburn Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Blackburn Rovers Football Club is a professional football club in Blackburn , Lancashire , England , which competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . The club was established in 1875 , becoming a founding member of The Football League in 1888 and the Premier League in 1992 . In 1890 , Rovers moved to Ewood Park . Blackburn Rovers have been English champions three times , and have won six FA Cups , one Football League Cup and one Full Members ' Cup . The club has spent most of its existence in the top flight of English football . In 1992 , Rovers gained promotion to the new Premier League a year after being taken over by local entrepreneur Jack Walker , who installed Kenny Dalglish as manager . In 1995 , Rovers became Premier League champions . In the 1998-99 season , the club was relegated . It was promoted back to the Premier League two years later , in the 2000-01 season . It has qualified for the UEFA Cup six times : once as League Cup winners , four times through league position and once via the Intertoto Cup . The club 's motto is Arte et Labore , By Skill and Hard Work in Latin ."}]}, {'value': '15th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn', 'summary': "Blackburn /ˈblækbərn/ ( listen ) is a minster and industrial town located in Lancashire , England , north of the West Pennine Moors on the southern edge of the Ribble Valley , 8 miles ( 13 km ) east of Preston and 20.9 miles ( 34 km ) NNW of Manchester . [ n 1 ] Blackburn is bounded to the south by Darwen , with which it forms the unitary authority of Blackburn with Darwen ; Blackburn is its administrative centre . At the 2001 census , Blackburn had a population of 105,085 , whilst the wider borough of Blackburn with Darwen had a population of 148,850 . Blackburn had a population of 117,963 in 2011 . A former mill town , textiles have been produced in Blackburn since the middle of the 13th century , when wool was woven in people 's houses in the domestic system . Flemish weavers who settled in the area in the 14th century helped to develop the woollen cottage industry . The most rapid period of growth and development in Blackburn 's history coincided with the industrialisation and expansion of textile manufacturing . Blackburn was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution and amongst the first industrialised towns in the world . [ citation needed ] Blackburn 's textile sector fell into decline from the mid-20th century and subsequently faced similar challenges to other post-industrial northern towns , including deindustrialisation , economic deprivation and housing issues . The town has experienced very high levels of immigration , with people of ethnic backgrounds other than white British making up 30.8% of the population . Blackburn has had significant investment and redevelopment since 1958 through government funding and the European Regional Development Fund ."}]}, {'value': 'Ewood Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ewood_Park', 'summary': 'Ewood Park is a football stadium in the English town of Blackburn , Lancashire , and is the home of Blackburn Rovers Football Club - one of the founder members of the Football League and Premier League . Rovers have played there since they moved from Leamington Road in the summer of 1890 . The stadium opened in 1882 and is an all seater multi-sports facility with a capacity of 31,367 . It comprises four sections : The Bryan Douglas Darwen End , Riverside Stand ( named as such because it stands practically on the banks of the River Darwen ) , Ronnie Clayton Blackburn End , and Jack Walker Stand , which is named after Blackburn industrialist and club supporter , Jack Walker . The football pitch within the stadium measures 115 by 76 yards ( 105 m × 69 m ) .'}]}, {'value': '31,367', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brentford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brentford_F.C.', 'summary': "Brentford Football Club is a professional association football club based in Brentford , Greater London , England . The club competes in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was founded on 10 October 1889 and has played its home matches at Griffin Park since 1904 , after a nomadic existence playing at five previous grounds . Brentford 's most successful period came during the 1930s , when it achieved three consecutive top-six finishes in the top flight . The club has been Football League Trophy finalists on three occasions . Its main rivals are fellow West London clubs Fulham and Queens Park Rangers ."}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London ( Brentford )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_London', 'summary': 'Greater London is a ceremonial county of England that makes up the majority of the London region . This region forms the administrative boundaries of London and is organised into 33 local government districts - the 32 London boroughs and the City of London , which is located within the region but is separate from the county . The Greater London Authority , based in Southwark , is responsible for strategic local government across the region and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . The City of London Corporation is the principal local authority for the City of London , with a similar role to that of the 32 London borough councils . Administratively , Greater London was first established as a sui generis council area under the Greater London Council between 1963 and 1986 . The county of Greater London was created on 1 April 1965 through the London Government Act 1963 . The area was re-established as a region in 1994 . The Greater London Authority was formed in 2000 . The region covers 1,572 km2 ( 607 sq mi ) and had a population of 8,174,000 at the 2011 census . The Greater London Built-up Area is used in some national statistics and is a measure of the continuous urban area and includes areas outside the administrative region . There is about 420 parks in this region and 69 of them are at the southern region as of 2020/02/02 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brentford', 'summary': 'Brentford ( /ˈbrɛntfərd/ ) is a town in west London , England and part of the London Borough of Hounslow . It lies at the confluence of the River Brent and the Thames , 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Charing Cross . Historically part of Middlesex , it has formed part of Greater London since 1965 . Its economy has diverse company headquarters buildings which mark the start of the M4 corridor ; in transport it also has two railway stations and Boston Manor Underground station on its north-west border with Hanwell . Brentford has a convenience shopping and dining venue grid of streets at its centre . Brentford at the start of the 21st century attracted regeneration of its little-used warehouse premises and docks including the re-modelling of the waterfront to provide more economically active shops , townhouses and apartments , some of which comprises Brentford Dock . A 19th and 20th centuries mixed social and private housing locality : New Brentford is contiguous with the Osterley neighbourhood of Isleworth and Syon Park and the Great West Road which has most of the largest business premises .'}]}, {'value': 'Griffin Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Griffin_Park', 'summary': "Griffin Park is a football ground in Brentford , situated in the London Borough of Hounslow , Greater London . It has been the home ground of Championship club Brentford F.C . since it was built in 1904 . The ground is situated in a predominantly residential area and is known for being the only English league football ground to have a pub on each corner . The ground gets its name from the griffin , featured in the logo of Fuller 's Brewery , which at one point owned the orchard on which the stadium was built ."}]}, {'value': '12,763', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Bristol City Football Club is a professional football club based in Bristol , England . They currently play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . Founded in 1894 , they have played their home games at Ashton Gate since 1904 . The club 's highest-ever league finish was second in the top flight in 1906-07 . They were FA Cup runners-up in 1909 , and won the Welsh Cup in 1934 despite being an English team . The club have also won the second tier title once , the third tier title four times , the Anglo-Scottish Cup once , and the Football League Trophy a record three times . The club 's home colours are red and white , and their nickname is The Robins - a robin featured on the club 's badge from 1976 to 1994 and from 2019 onwards . Their main rivals are Bristol Rovers , with whom they contest the Bristol derby , and Cardiff City , with whom they contest the Severnside derby ."}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol', 'summary': 'Bristol ( /ˈbrɪstəl/ ( listen ) ) is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400 . The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England . The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK . The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east , respectively . South Wales lies across the Severn estuary . Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century , the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English the place at the bridge ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county of itself . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities , after London , in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution . Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashton Gate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashton_Gate_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ashton Gate is a stadium in Ashton Gate , Bristol , England , and is the home of Bristol City F.C . and the Bristol Bears . Located in the south-west of the city , just south of the River Avon , it currently has an all-seated capacity of 27,000 .'}]}, {'value': '27,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Cardiff City Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Pêl-droed Dinas Caerdydd ) is a professional association football club based in Cardiff , Wales . It competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1899 as Riverside A.F.C. , the club changed its name to Cardiff City in 1908 and entered the Southern Football League in 1910 before joining the English Football League in 1920 . The team have spent 17 seasons in the top tier of English football since , the longest period being between 1921 and 1929 . Their most recent season in the top flight was the 2018-19 Premier League season . Cardiff is the only team from outside England to have won the FA Cup , doing so in 1927 . They have also reached three other cup finals in English competitions , the 1925 FA Cup Final against Sheffield United , the 2008 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth and the 2012 Football League Cup Final against Liverpool , suffering defeat on each occasion . They have won the Welsh Cup on 22 occasions , making them the second most successful team in the competition 's history behind Wrexham . With the exception of a short period this century , the team have played in home colours of blue and white since 1908 , which gives them the nickname The Bluebirds . Cardiff 's first permanent ground was Ninian Park opened in 1910 ; it remained in use for 99 years until the club moved into the Cardiff City Stadium in 2009 . Cardiff have long-standing rivalries with nearby clubs Swansea City , known as the South Wales derby and Bristol City , known as the Severnside derby . The club 's record appearance holder is Billy Hardy , who made 590 appearances in a 20-year playing spell with Cardiff , and their record goalscorer is Len Davies with 179 goals ."}]}, {'value': '18th in Premier League ( relegated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Premier League was the 27th season of the Premier League , the top English professional league for association football clubs , since its establishment in 1992 . The season started on 10 August 2018 and concluded on 12 May 2019 . Fixtures for the 2018-19 season were announced on 14 June 2018 . The league was contested by the top 17 teams from the 2017-18 season as well as Wolverhampton Wanderers , Cardiff City and Fulham , who joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017-18 EFL Championship . They replaced West Bromwich Albion , Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018-19 EFL Championship . Defending champions Manchester City won their fourth Premier League title , and sixth English top-flight title overall . They won their last 14 league games and retained the league title on the final day of the season , finishing on 98 points . Liverpool finished runners-up with 97 points - the highest total in English top-flight history for a second-placed team .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardiff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff', 'summary': "Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð , kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Wales and its largest city . The eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom , it is Wales ' chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural institutions and Welsh media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . At the 2011 census , the unitary authority area population was estimated to be 346,090 , and the wider urban area 479,000 . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic 's alternative tourist destinations . Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan , and in 1974 , South Glamorgan . Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities . A small town until the early 19th century , its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city . In 1905 , Cardiff was made a city and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955 . At the 2011 Census the population was 346,090 . The Cardiff Built-up Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth . Since the 1980s , Cardiff has seen significant development ."}]}, {'value': 'Cardiff City Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff_City_Stadium', 'summary': "The Cardiff City Stadium ( Welsh : Stadiwm Dinas Caerdydd ) is a stadium in the Leckwith area of Cardiff , Wales . It is the home of Cardiff City Football Club and the Wales national football team . Following expansion of the Ninian Stand in July 2014 , the stadium officially holds 33,280 supporters . The stadium replaced Ninian Park as Cardiff City 's home ground in 2009 , and is managed by Cardiff City Stadium Ltd. , which is owned by Cardiff City Football Club Holdings Ltd . It also hosted the home matches of the Cardiff Blues rugby union team until the 2011-12 season , although originally the Blues had a lease until 2029 . After the Millennium Stadium , it is the second largest stadium in Cardiff and in Wales . The stadium is part of the Leckwith development , which also includes the Cardiff International Sports Stadium . A branded sponsor name will be assigned as and when the naming rights are sold . The stadium was officially opened on 22 July 2009 , with Cardiff City playing a friendly match against Celtic ."}]}, {'value': '33,316', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlton Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C.', 'summary': "Charlton Athletic Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Charlton , south-east London . They currently compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was founded on 9 June 1905 when a number of youth clubs in south-east London , including East Street Mission and Blundell Mission , combined to form Charlton Athletic . Their home ground is the Valley , where the club have played since 1919 , apart from one year in Catford , during 1923-24 , and seven years at Crystal Palace and West Ham United between 1985 and 1992 , due to financial issues , and then safety concerns raised by the local council . The club 's fans formed the Valley Party , nominating candidates to stand in local elections , in a bid to return the club to The Valley . Charlton turned professional in 1920 and first entered the Football League in 1921 . Since then the club has had four separate periods in the top flight of English football : 1936-1957 , 1986-1990 , 1998-1999 , and 2000-2007 . Historically , Charlton 's most successful period was the 1930s , when the club 's highest league finishes were recorded , including runners-up of the First Division in 1937 . After World War II , Charlton reached two consecutive FA Cup finals , losing in 1946 , and winning in 1947 . The club 's traditional kit consists of red shirts , white shorts and red socks , and their most commonly used nickname is The Addicks . Charlton share local rivalries with fellow South East London clubs Crystal Palace and Millwall ."}]}, {'value': '3rd in League One ( promoted via play-offs )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_EFL_League_One', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 EFL League One ( referred to as the Sky Bet League One for sponsorship reasons ) was the 15th season of the Football League One under its current title and the 26th season under its current league division format . Fixtures were released on 21 June 2018 and the opening round of matches was played on 4 August 2018 . The league season ended on 4 May 2019 . The summer transfer window closed five days after the start of the season , on 9 August 2018 , following a vote by all 72 clubs in the Football League . However , clubs were able to make loan signings until 31 August .'}]}, {'value': 'London ( Charlton )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlton,_London', 'summary': "Charlton is a district of south east London , England , within the Royal Borough of Greenwich . It is located east of Greenwich and west of Woolwich . It is 7.2 miles ( 11.6 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross . 'Charlton next Woolwich ' was an ancient parish in the county of Kent , which became part of the metropolitan area of London in 1855 . It is home to Charlton Athletic and to Charlton House ."}]}, {'value': 'The Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Valley_(London)', 'summary': 'The Valley is a 27,111 capacity sports stadium located in Charlton , London , England and has been the home of Charlton Athletic Football Club since 1992 . It is served by Charlton railway station , which is less than a five-minute walk away from the stadium . Alternatively , you can use the Jubilee line , exiting at North Greenwich , where you can change for route 161 , 472 and 486 buses , which stop outside the stadium .'}]}, {'value': '27,111', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derby County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derby_County_F.C.', 'summary': "Derby County Football Club ( /ˈdɑːrbi/ ) is a professional association football club based in Derby , Derbyshire , England . The club competes in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football , and has played its home matches at Pride Park Stadium since 1997. Notable for being one of the 12 founder members of the Football League in 1888 , Derby County is one of only 10 clubs to have competed in every season of the English football league system and , in 2009 , was ranked 137th in the top 200 European football teams of the 20th century by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics . The club was founded in 1884 by William Morley , as an offshoot of Derbyshire County Cricket Club ; it has spent all but four seasons in the top two divisions of English football . Its competitive peak came in the 1970s when it twice won the First Division and competed in major European competitions on four separate occasions , reaching the European Cup semi-finals as well as winning several minor trophies . Additionally , the club was a strong force in the interwar years , winning the 1945-46 FA Cup . The club 's home colours have been black and white since the 1890s . The team gets its nickname , The Rams , to show tribute to its links with the First Regiment of Derby Militia , which took a ram as its mascot . Additionally , the club also adopted the song The Derby Ram as its regimental song ."}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derby', 'summary': "Derby ( /ˈdɑːrbi/ ( listen ) DAR-bee ) is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire , England . It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire , of which it was traditionally the county town . [ nb 1 ] Derby gained city status in 1977 , and by the 2011 census its population was 248,700 . Derby was settled by Romans - who established the town of Derventio - Saxons and Vikings , who made Derby one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw . Initially a market town , Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era . Home to Lombe 's Mill , an early British factory , Derby has a claim to be one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution . It contains the southern part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site . With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century , Derby became a centre of the British rail industry . Derby is a centre for advanced transport manufacturing , home to the world 's second largest aero-engine manufacturer , Rolls-Royce . Bombardier Transportation are based at the Derby Litchurch Lane Works and were for many years the UK 's only train manufacturer . Toyota Manufacturing UK 's automobile headquarters is south west of the city at Burnaston . To the east lies Nottingham , separated by the M1 motorway ."}]}, {'value': 'Pride Park Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pride_Park_Stadium', 'summary': "Pride Park Stadium , commonly known [ by whom ? ] as Pride Park , is an all-seater football stadium in Derby , England , that is the home ground of English Football League club Derby County . With a capacity of 33,597 , it is the 16th-largest football ground in England and the 20th-largest stadium in the United Kingdom . Located on Pride Park , a business park on the outskirts of Derby city centre , the stadium was built as part of the commercial redevelopment of the area in the 1990s . Derby County have played at the ground since it opened in 1997 as a replacement for their former home , the Baseball Ground . Due to sponsorship , the venue was officially known as the iPro Stadium between 2013 and 2016 . Pride Park has hosted two full international matches , England v. Mexico in 2001 and Brazil v. Ukraine in 2010 , and several England under-21 matches . It was also the venue of the 2009 FA Women 's Cup Final ."}]}, {'value': '33,597', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fulham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fulham_F.C.', 'summary': "Fulham Football Club is a professional association football club based in Fulham , London , England . They compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . Founded in 1879 , they are the oldest football club from London to play in the Football League . The club has spent 26 seasons in English football 's top division , the majority of these in two spells during the 1960s and 2000s . The latter spell was associated with former chairman Mohamed Al-Fayed , after the club had climbed up from the fourth tier in the 1990s . Fulham have reached two major finals : in 1975 , as a Second Division team , they contested the FA Cup Final for the only time in their history , losing 2-0 to West Ham United , and in 2010 they reached the final of the UEFA Europa League , which they contested with Atlético Madrid in Hamburg , losing 2-1 after extra time . Fulham 's main rivalries are with fellow West London clubs Chelsea , Queens Park Rangers and Brentford ."}]}, {'value': '19th in Premier League ( relegated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Premier League was the 27th season of the Premier League , the top English professional league for association football clubs , since its establishment in 1992 . The season started on 10 August 2018 and concluded on 12 May 2019 . Fixtures for the 2018-19 season were announced on 14 June 2018 . The league was contested by the top 17 teams from the 2017-18 season as well as Wolverhampton Wanderers , Cardiff City and Fulham , who joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017-18 EFL Championship . They replaced West Bromwich Albion , Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018-19 EFL Championship . Defending champions Manchester City won their fourth Premier League title , and sixth English top-flight title overall . They won their last 14 league games and retained the league title on the final day of the season , finishing on 98 points . Liverpool finished runners-up with 97 points - the highest total in English top-flight history for a second-placed team .'}]}, {'value': 'London ( Fulham )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fulham', 'summary': "Fulham ( /ˈfʊləm/ ) is an area of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in South West London , England , 3.7 miles ( 6.0 km ) south-west of Charing Cross . It lies on the north bank of the River Thames , between Hammersmith and Kensington and Chelsea , facing Wandsworth , Putney and Barn Elms , with the London Wetland Centre in Barnes . It has a traditional population of working people who have been partially displaced by recent migrants and affluent incomers . Fulham has a history of industry and enterprise dating back to the 15th century , with pottery , tapestry-weaving , paper-making and brewing in the 17th and 18th centuries in present-day Fulham High Street , and later involvement in the automotive industry , early aviation , food production , and laundries . In the 19th-century there was glass-blowing and this resurged in the 21st-century with the Aronson-Noon studio and Zest gallery in Rickett Street that fell victim to the so-called 'Earl 's Court Regeneration ' scheme in 2012 . Lillie Bridge Depot , a railway engineering depot opened in 1872 , is associated with the building and extension of the London Underground , the electrification of Tube lines from the nearby Lots Road Power Station , and for well over a century has been the maintenance hub for rolling stock and track . Two football clubs , Fulham and Chelsea , play in Fulham . There are two exclusive sporting clubs , the Hurlingham Club , known for polo , and the Queen 's tennis club , known for its annual pre-Wimbledon tennis tournament . In the 1800s , Lillie Bridge Grounds hosted the first meetings of the Amateur Athletic Association of England , the second FA Cup Final , and the first amateur boxing matches . The Lillie Bridge area was the home ground of the Middlesex County Cricket Club , before it moved to Marylebone . Since the late 20th-century Fulham has a reputation as one of the most sought-after locations in London and has the highest capital values per square foot of prime South West London . Fulham is considered a prime London area by estate agents ."}]}, {'value': 'Craven Cottage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craven_Cottage', 'summary': "Craven Cottage is a football stadium located in Fulham , London . It has been the home ground of Fulham F.C . since 1896 . The ground 's capacity was 25,700 , all-seated , until the closure of the Riverside Stand in the close season of 2019 , though the record attendance is 49,335 , for a game against Millwall , 8 October 1938 . Located next to Bishop 's Park on the banks of the River Thames , 'Craven Cottage ' was originally a royal hunting lodge and has history dating back over 300 years . As well as by Fulham , the stadium has been also been used by the United States men 's national soccer team , Australia national football team , the Republic of Ireland national football team ( for a friendly match in 2012 ) , and Canada men 's national football team , and was formerly the home ground for rugby league team Fulham RLFC ."}]}, {'value': '19,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huddersfield Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C.', 'summary': 'Huddersfield Town Association Football Club is a professional football club in Huddersfield , West Yorkshire , England , which competes in the Championship . Huddersfield became the first English club to win three successive English League titles in 1926 , a feat which only three other clubs have matched . The first two league titles were won under legendary manager and pioneer Herbert Chapman , who also led the club to an FA Cup win in 1922 . In the late 1950s the club was managed by Bill Shankly and featured Denis Law and Ray Wilson . Following relegation from the First Division in 1972 , Huddersfield spent 45 years in the second , third and fourth tiers of English football , before returning to the top flight in 2017 . They were relegated back to the Championship at the end of the 2018-19 season .'}]}, {'value': '20th in Premier League ( relegated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Premier League was the 27th season of the Premier League , the top English professional league for association football clubs , since its establishment in 1992 . The season started on 10 August 2018 and concluded on 12 May 2019 . Fixtures for the 2018-19 season were announced on 14 June 2018 . The league was contested by the top 17 teams from the 2017-18 season as well as Wolverhampton Wanderers , Cardiff City and Fulham , who joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017-18 EFL Championship . They replaced West Bromwich Albion , Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018-19 EFL Championship . Defending champions Manchester City won their fourth Premier League title , and sixth English top-flight title overall . They won their last 14 league games and retained the league title on the final day of the season , finishing on 98 points . Liverpool finished runners-up with 97 points - the highest total in English top-flight history for a second-placed team .'}]}, {'value': 'Huddersfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huddersfield', 'summary': 'Huddersfield is a large market town in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire , England . It has a population of 162,949 at the 2011 census . It lies 14 miles ( 23 km ) southwest of Leeds , west of Wakefield and north of Sheffield . As well as 24 miles ( 39 km ) northeast of Manchester . It is the administrative centre of the wider metropolitan borough of Kirklees . Along with neighbouring towns Dewsbury and Batley . Huddersfield is near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme . Within the historic county boundaries of the West Riding of Yorkshire , it is the largest urban area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees and the administrative centre of the borough . The town is known for its role in the Industrial Revolution , and for being the birthplaces of rugby league , Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson , and the film star James Mason . Huddersfield is home to rugby league team Huddersfield Giants , founded in 1895 , who play in the Super League , and Championship football team Huddersfield Town A.F.C. , founded in 1908 . The town is home to the University of Huddersfield and the sixth form colleges Greenhead College , Kirklees College and Huddersfield New College . Huddersfield is a town of Victorian architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirklees Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirklees_Stadium', 'summary': "Kirklees Stadium ( currently known due to sponsorship as the John Smith 's Stadium ) is a multi-use stadium in Huddersfield in West Yorkshire , England . Since 1994 , it has been the home ground of football club Huddersfield Town and rugby league side Huddersfield Giants , both of whom moved from Leeds Road . The stadium was a venue at the Rugby League World Cup in 1995 , 2000 and 2013 , in addition to the 1999 Rugby World Cup . It is owned by both clubs , as well as Kirklees Council . Its naming rights have passed from constructors Alfred McAlpine to pharmaceutical company Galpharm International in 2004 , then to John Smith 's Brewery eight years later ."}]}, {'value': '24,121', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hull City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C.', 'summary': 'Hull City Association Football Club is a professional football club in Hull , East Riding of Yorkshire , England . Founded in 1904 , the club plays in the Championship , the second tier of English football . In 2007-08 , they achieved promotion to the top flight of English football for the first time in their history by winning the Championship play-off Final at Wembley Stadium . Their highest league finish was in 2013-14 , when they finished 16th in the table , a season in which they also reached the final of the FA Cup . Hull City play home games at the KCOM Stadium , having moved there in 2002 after 56 seasons at Boothferry Park . Hull traditionally play in black and amber , often with a striped shirt design , hence their nickname , The Tigers .'}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingston upon Hull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull', 'summary': "Kingston upon Hull , usually abbreviated to Hull , is a port city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary , 25 miles ( 40 km ) inland from the North Sea , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Leeds , 34 miles ( 55 km ) south-east of York and 54 miles ( 87 km ) north-east of Sheffield . With a population of 260,645 ( mid-2018 est . ) , Hull is the fourth-largest city in Yorkshire and the Humber . The town of Wyke on Hull was founded late in the 12th century by the monks of Meaux Abbey as a port from which to export their wool . Renamed Kings-town upon Hull in 1299 , Hull has been a market town , military supply port , trading hub , fishing and whaling centre and industrial metropolis . Hull was an early theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars . Its 18th-century Member of Parliament , William Wilberforce , took a prominent part in the abolition of the slave trade in Britain . After suffering heavy damage in the Second World War ( the Hull Blitz ) , Hull weathered a period of post-industrial decline , gaining unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation , education and policing . In the early 21st century spending boom before the late 2000s recession the city saw large amounts of new retail , commercial , housing and public service construction spending . Tourist attractions include The Hull People 's Memorial , the historic Old Town and Museum Quarter , Hull Marina and The Deep aquarium . Sports teams include EFL Championship football club Hull City and rugby league clubs Hull F.C ."}]}, {'value': 'KCOM Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KCOM_Stadium', 'summary': "The KCOM Stadium ( also known as the Hull City Stadium due to UEFA sponsorship regulations ) is a multi-purpose facility in the city of Kingston upon Hull , England . The stadium was previously called the KC Stadium , but was renamed as part of a major rebrand by the stadium 's sponsors , telecommunications provider KCOM , on 4 April 2016 . Conceived in the late 1990s , it was completed in 2002 at a cost of approximately £44 million . The stadium is owned by Hull City Council and operated by the Stadium Management Company ( SMC ) , who are looking to expand the stadium up to 32,000 . The bowl-shaped stadium contains a continuous single tier of seats with a second tier on the west side . Its current capacity is 25,400 . The stadium hosts two tenants , association football club Hull City A.F.C. , which moved there from Boothferry Park , and rugby league football club Hull FC , relocated from the Boulevard . It is also the largest rugby league stadium in England . The ground also hosts international association football and rugby league football competitions and acts as a venue for concerts by musical artists , such as Elton John and The Who ."}]}, {'value': '25,404', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeds United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Leeds United Football Club is a professional football club in Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . The club was formed in 1919 following the disbanding of Leeds City F.C . by the Football League and took over their Elland Road stadium . They play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . Leeds United have won three English league titles , one FA Cup , one League Cup , two Charity/Community Shields and two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups . The club reached the 1975 European Cup Final , losing to Bayern Munich . Leeds also reached the semi-finals of the tournament 's successor , the Champions League in 2001 . The club were runners-up in the European Cup Winners Cup final in 1973 . The majority of the honours were won under the management of Don Revie in the 1960s and 1970s . Leeds play in all-white kits at home matches . The club 's badge features the White Rose of York together with the monogram LUFC . The club 's anthem is Marching on Together ."}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leeds', 'summary': "Leeds is the largest city in the county of West Yorkshire in Northern England , approximately 170 miles north of central London . Leeds has one of the most diverse economies of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77% of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third-largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is ranked as a High Sufficiency level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by five universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . Leeds was a small manorial borough in the 13th century , and in the 17th and 18th centuries it became a major centre for the production and trading of wool , and in the Industrial Revolution a major mill town ; wool was still the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were also important . From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . It now lies within the West Yorkshire Urban Area , the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.6 million . Today , Leeds has become the largest legal and financial centre outside London with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to the city 's economy . The finance and business service sector account for 38% of total output with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city , including an office of the Bank of England ."}]}, {'value': 'Elland Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elland_Road', 'summary': "Elland Road is a football stadium in Leeds , West Yorkshire , England , which has been the home of Leeds United since the club 's formation in 1919 . The stadium is the 14th largest football stadium in England , and the fourth largest outside the Premier League . The ground has hosted FA Cup semi-final matches as a neutral venue , and England international fixtures , and was selected as one of eight Euro 96 venues . Elland Road was used by rugby league club Hunslet in the mid-1980s and hosted two matches of the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Elland Road has four stands - the Don Revie ( North ) Stand , the East Stand , the South Stand and the John Charles ( West ) Stand - and an all-seated capacity of 37,890 . The record attendance of 57,892 was set on 15 March 1967 in an FA Cup 5th round replay against Sunderland . This was before the stadium became an all-seater venue as stipulated by the Taylor Report and the modern record is 40,287 for a Premiership match against Newcastle United on 22 December 2001 . The stadium has hosted concerts , including performances by musical bands Queen , U2 , Happy Mondays and the Kaiser Chiefs ."}]}, {'value': '37,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luton Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C.', 'summary': "Luton Town Football Club ( /ˈluːtən/ ) is a professional association football club based in the town of Luton , Bedfordshire , England , that competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1885 , it is nicknamed 'the Hatters ' and affiliated to the Bedfordshire County Football Association . The team plays its home matches at Kenilworth Road , where it has been based since 1905 . The club 's history includes major trophy wins , several financial crises , numerous promotions and relegations , and some spells of sustained success . It was perhaps most prominent between 1982 and 1992 , when it was a member of English football 's top division , at that time the First Division ; the team won its only major honour , the Football League Cup , in 1988 . The club was the first in southern England to turn professional , making payments to players as early as 1890 and turning fully professional a year later . It joined the Football League before the 1897-98 season , left in 1900 because of financial problems , and rejoined in 1920 . Luton reached the First Division in 1955-56 and contested a major final for the first time when playing Nottingham Forest in the 1959 FA Cup Final . The team was then relegated from the top division in 1959-60 , and demoted twice more in the following five years , playing in the Fourth Division from the 1965-66 season . However , it was promoted back to the top level by 1974-75 . Luton Town 's most recent successful period began in 1981-82 , when the club won the Second Division , and thereby gained promotion to the First . Luton defeated Arsenal 3-2 in the 1988 Football League Cup Final and remained in the First Division until relegation at the end of the 1991-92 season ."}]}, {'value': '1st in League One ( promoted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_EFL_League_One', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 EFL League One ( referred to as the Sky Bet League One for sponsorship reasons ) was the 15th season of the Football League One under its current title and the 26th season under its current league division format . Fixtures were released on 21 June 2018 and the opening round of matches was played on 4 August 2018 . The league season ended on 4 May 2019 . The summer transfer window closed five days after the start of the season , on 9 August 2018 , following a vote by all 72 clubs in the Football League . However , clubs were able to make loan signings until 31 August .'}]}, {'value': 'Luton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luton', 'summary': "Luton ( /ˈluːtən/ ( listen ) ) is a large town , borough and unitary authority area of Bedfordshire , situated in the south east of England , but in the East of England region for administrative purposes . It has a population of 214,109 ( mid-2018 est . ) and is one of the most populous towns without city status in the United Kingdom . The town is situated on the River Lea , about 30 miles ( 50 km ) northwest of London . The town 's foundation dates to the sixth century as a Saxon outpost on the River Lea , from which Luton derives its name . Luton is recorded in the Domesday Book as Loitone and Lintone and one of the largest churches in Bedfordshire , St Mary 's Church , was built in the 12th century . There are local museums which explore Luton 's history in Wardown Park and Stockwood Park . Luton was for many years famous for hatmaking , and also had a large Vauxhall Motors factory . Car production at the plant began in 1905 and continued until the plant 's closure in 2002 . Production of commercial vehicles continues , and the head office of Vauxhall Motors is still in the town . London Luton Airport opened in 1938 , and is now one of Britain 's major airports , with three railway stations also in the town . The University of Bedfordshire was created from a merger with the University of Luton , and two of its campuses are in Luton ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenilworth Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenilworth_Road', 'summary': "Kenilworth Road is a football stadium in Luton , Bedfordshire , England . It has been home to Luton Town Football Club since 1905 when they left Dunstable Road . The ground has also hosted women 's and youth international matches . The 10,356 all-seater stadium is situated in Bury Park , one mile ( 1.6 km ) west of the centre of Luton . It is named after the road which runs along one end of it , but the official address is 1 Maple Road . Kenilworth Road hosted football in the Southern League until 1920 , then in the Football League until 2009 , when Luton were relegated to the Conference Premier . It has hosted Football League matches once more since 2014 . The ground is known for the artificial playing surface which was present from 1985 to 1991 , the unusual entrance to the Oak Road End , and the five-season ban on away supporters that Luton Town imposed following a riot by visiting fans in 1985 . Floodlights were fitted in 1953 , and the ground became all-seated in 1991 . The record attendance of 30,069 was set in 1959 , in an FA Cup sixth round replay against Blackpool ."}]}, {'value': '10,356', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middlesbrough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C.', 'summary': "Middlesbrough Football Club ( /ˈmɪdəlzbrə/ ( listen ) MID-əlz-brə ) is a professional association football club based in Middlesbrough , North Yorkshire , England . They are currently competing in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . Formed in 1876 , they have played at the Riverside Stadium since 1995 , their third ground since turning professional in 1889 . The club played at the Linthorpe Road ground from 1882 to 1903 and at Ayresome Park for 92 years , from 1903 to 1995 . Middlesbrough were one of the founding members of the Premier League in 1992 and became one of the first clubs to be relegated from it following the 1992-93 season . The club came close to folding in 1986 after experiencing severe financial difficulties before it was saved by a consortium led by then board member and later chairman Steve Gibson . The club 's main rivals are Sunderland , Newcastle United and Leeds United . The club 's achievements include winning the League Cup in 2004 , their first and to date only major trophy , and they also reached the 2006 UEFA Cup Final , losing to Spanish club Sevilla . Their highest league finish to date was third place in the top flight in the 1913-14 season and the club have only spent two seasons outside the top two divisions of English football . The League Cup win and the UEFA Cup run was part of an 11-year consecutive stay in the Premier League , before a relegation in 2009 . Although the club returned in 2016 , instant relegation followed . The club 's traditional kit is red with white detailing ."}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middlesbrough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesbrough', 'summary': "Middlesbrough ( /ˈmɪdəlzbrə/ ( listen ) MID-əlz-brə ) is a large post-industrial town in North Yorkshire , England . The local council , a unitary authority , is Middlesbrough Borough Council . The 2011 Census recorded the borough 's total resident population as 138,400 and the wider urban settlement with a population of 174,700 making it the largest settlement within the ceremonial County of North Yorkshire . Middlesbrough is part of the larger built-up area of Teesside which had an overall population of 376,333 at the 2011 Census . Middlesbrough became a county borough within the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1889 . In 1968 the borough was merged with a number of others to form the County Borough of Teesside , which was absorbed in 1974 by the county of Cleveland . In 1996 Cleveland was abolished , and Middlesbrough Borough Council became a unitary authority within the county of North Yorkshire . Erimus ( We shall be in Latin ) was chosen as Middlesbrough 's motto in 1830 . It recalls Fuimus ( We have been ) the motto of the Norman/Scottish Bruce family , who were lords of Cleveland in the Middle Ages . The town 's coat of arms is an azure lion , from the arms of the Bruce family , a star , from the arms of Captain James Cook , and two ships , representing shipbuilding and maritime trade ."}]}, {'value': 'Riverside Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverside_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Riverside Stadium is a football stadium in Middlesbrough , England , which has been the home of Middlesbrough since it opened in 1995 . Its current capacity is 34,742 , all seated , although there is provisional planning permission in place to expand that to 42,000 if required .'}]}, {'value': '34,742', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millwall_F.C.', 'summary': "Millwall Football Club ( /ˈmɪlwɔːl/ ) is a professional football club in Bermondsey , South East London , England . They compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . Founded as Millwall Rovers in 1885 , the club has retained its name despite having last played in the Millwall area of the Isle of Dogs in 1910 . From then until 1993 , the club played at what is now called The Old Den in New Cross , before moving to its current home stadium nearby , called The Den . The traditional club crest is a lion rampant , referred to in the team 's nickname 'The Lions ' . Millwall 's traditional kit consists of blue shirts , white shorts , and blue socks . In Millwall 's 92 seasons in the Football League from 1920-21 to 2018-19 , the club have been promoted eleven times ( five times as champions ) and relegated nine times . They have spent the majority of their existence yo-yoing between the second and third tiers of English football . The club did have a brief spell in the top flight between 1988 and 1990 , in which they achieved their highest ever league finish of tenth place in the First Division in 1988-89 . Millwall reached the 2004 FA Cup final and qualified for Europe for the first time in their history , playing in the UEFA Cup . The club have also won two League One play-off finals in 2010 and 2017 , the Football League Group Cup in 1983 , and were Football League Trophy finalists in 1999 . In the media , Millwall 's supporters have often been associated with hooliganism , with numerous films having been made fictionalising their notoriety ."}]}, {'value': '21st', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London ( South Bermondsey )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Bermondsey', 'summary': 'South Bermondsey is a ward in the London Borough of Southwark created in 2010 out of Burgess Ward in southeast London , England . The area is served by South Bermondsey railway station , with a future station at Surrey Canal Road . Nearby neighborhoods include New Cross , Bermondsey , Deptford , Rotherhithe and Peckham .'}]}, {'value': 'The Den', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Den', 'summary': 'The Den ( previously The New Den ) is a football stadium in Bermondsey , south-east London , and the home of Millwall Football Club . It is adjacent to the South London railway originating at London Bridge , and a quarter of a mile from the Old Den , which it replaced in 1993 . Built on a previous site of housing , a church and the Senegal Fields playgrounds , it has an all-seated capacity of 20,146 . The highest match attendance in the 2018-19 season was 17,195 . The Den is the sixth stadia that Millwall has occupied since their formation in the Millwall area of the Isle of Dogs in 1885 . Previous grounds include Glengall Road ( 1885-1886 ) , Lord Nelson Ground ( 1886-1890 ) , The Athletic Grounds ( 1890-1901 ) , North Greenwich ( 1901-1910 ) and The Old Den ( 1910-1993 ) .'}]}, {'value': '20,146', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nottingham Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C.', 'summary': "Nottingham Forest Football Club , often referred to as Forest , is a professional football club based in West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire , England . Since 1898 Forest have played their home matches at the City Ground . They currently compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Forest have won 1 League title , 2 FA Cups , 4 League Cups , 1 FA Charity Shield , 2 European Cups , and 1 UEFA Super Cup . The club has competed in the top two tiers of English football since their admission to the Football League , except for five seasons spent in the third tier . Their most successful period was under the management of Brian Clough and Peter Taylor in the late 1970s and early 1980s . In Clough 's last decade at the club , Forest won the 1989 and 1990 League Cups and were losing finalists in the 1991 FA Cup Final , before relegation from the Premier League in 1993 . Upon an immediate return Forest finished third in the Premier League in 1995 , before the club suffered relegation again in 1997 and , after a brief return , once more in 1999 . Forest have not been back in the Premier League since . Forest contest the Nottingham derby with city rivals Notts County , however as Forest have predominantly played in higher leagues than their neighbours fixtures between the two clubs have been rare in recent history . As such their main rivalry is with Derby County , and matches between the two clubs are known as the East Midlands derby ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nottingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nottingham', 'summary': "Nottingham ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəm/ ( listen ) NOT-ing-əm ) is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire , England . Part of the East Midlands region , it is 128 miles ( 206 km ) north of London and 45 miles ( 72 km ) northeast of Birmingham . To the west lies Derby , separated by the M1 motorway . Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making , bicycle ( notably Raleigh bikes ) , and tobacco industries . It was granted its city charter in 1897 as part of Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee celebrations . Nottingham is a tourist destination ; in 2018 , the city received the second highest amount of overnight visitors in the Midlands and the highest amount in the East Midlands . In 2017 , Nottingham had an estimated population of 329,200 . The population of the city proper , compared to its regional counterparts , has been attributed to its historical and tightly-drawn city boundaries . The wider conurbation , which includes many of the city 's suburbs , has a population of 768,638 . It is the largest urban area in the East Midlands and the second-largest in the Midlands . Its Functional Urban Area , also the largest in the East Midlands , has a population of 919,484 . The population of the Nottingham/Derby metropolitan area is estimated to be 1,610,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'City Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Ground', 'summary': "The City Ground is a football stadium in West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire , England , on the banks of the River Trent . It has been home to Nottingham Forest Football Club since 1898 , and has 30,445 seats . The stadium was a venue when England hosted Euro 96 , and is only three hundred yards ( 270 m ) away from Meadow Lane , home of Forest 's neighbouring club Notts County ; the two grounds are the closest professional football stadiums in England and the second-closest in the United Kingdom after the grounds of Dundee and Dundee United . They are located on opposite sides of the River Trent ."}]}, {'value': '30,576', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preston North End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C.', 'summary': "Preston North End Football Club ( often shortened to The North End or PNE ) is a professional football club in Preston , Lancashire , whose team currently plays in the EFL Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Originally a cricket club , Preston have been based at Deepdale since 1875 . The club first took up football in 1878 as a winter fitness activity and decided to focus on it in May 1880 , when the football club was officially founded . Deepdale is now football 's oldest ground in terms of continuous use by a major league club . Preston North End was a founder member of the Football League in 1888 . In the 1888-89 season , the team won both the inaugural league championship and the FA Cup , the latter without conceding a goal . They were the first team to achieve the Double in English football and , as they were unbeaten in all matches , are remembered as The Invincibles . Preston won the league championship again in 1889-90 but their only major success since then has been their 1938 FA Cup Final victory over Huddersfield Town . The club 's most famous players have been Tom Finney and Bill Shankly , who are both commemorated at Deepdale by stands named after them . Other notable players include Tommy Docherty , Alan Kelly Sr. and Graham Alexander . Until 1961 , Preston were usually members of the First Division but , having been relegated after the 1960-61 season , they have not yet returned to the top flight . They were first relegated to the Third Division after the 1969-70 season and have spent 28 of the 49 seasons since 1970 in the bottom two divisions , including a span of 19 seasons from 1981-1982 to 1999-2000 ."}]}, {'value': '14th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire', 'summary': "Preston /ˈprɛstən/ ( listen ) is a city and the administrative centre of Lancashire , England , on the north bank of the River Ribble . The City of Preston local government district obtained city status in 2002 , becoming England 's 50th city in the 50th year of Queen Elizabeth II 's reign . Preston has a population of 114,300 , the City of Preston district 132,000 and the Preston Built-up Area 313,322 . The Preston Travel To Work Area , in 2011 , had a population of 420,661 compared to 354,000 in the previous census . Preston and its surrounding area have provided evidence of ancient Roman activity , largely in the form of a Roman road which led to a camp at Walton-le-Dale . The Angles established Preston ; its name is derived from the Old English meaning priest 's settlement and in the Domesday Book is recorded as Prestune . In the Middle Ages , Preston was a parish and township in the hundred of Amounderness and was granted a Guild Merchant charter in 1179 , giving it the status of a market town . Textiles have been produced since the mid-13th century when locally produced wool was woven in people 's houses . Flemish weavers who settled in the area in the 14th century helped develop the industry . In the early-18th century , Edmund Calamy described Preston as a pretty town with an abundance of gentry in it , commonly called Proud Preston . Sir Richard Arkwright , inventor of the spinning frame , was born in the town . The most rapid period of growth and development coincided with the industrialisation and expansion of textile manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'Deepdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deepdale', 'summary': "Deepdale is a football stadium in the Deepdale area of Preston , England , the home of Preston North End F.C . Deepdale is widely recognised as being the oldest 'continuously used ' football stadium in the world . But like most coveted historic accolades , it is fiercely contested . For example , Maidenhead United F.C . have played at their York Road ground since 1871 , but they are not a professional club , unlike Preston North End ."}]}, {'value': '23,408', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queens Park Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C.', 'summary': "Queens Park Rangers Football Club , commonly abbreviated to QPR , is an English professional football club based in White City , London . The club currently competes in the Championship , the second tier of English football . They were founded in 1886 after the merger of Christchurch Rangers and St Judes Institute , although their official founding date is 1882 which is when Christchurch Rangers were first formed . In the early years after the club 's formation in its original home of Queen 's Park , London , they played their home games at many different grounds , until finally the club settled into its current location at Loftus Road , renamed Kiyan Prince Foundation Stadium at the beginning of the 2019/20 season . The club 's achievements include winning the League Cup in 1967 , and they were FA Cup finalists in 1982 . Their highest ever league finish was achieved in 1975-76 when they were runners-up in the First Division , now known as the Premier League and qualified for Europe for the first time reaching the quarter-finals of the 1976-77 UEFA Cup . QPR have long-standing rivalries with several other clubs in the London area . The most notable of these are Chelsea , Fulham and Brentford ."}]}, {'value': '19th', 'urls': []}, {'value': "London ( Shepherd 's Bush )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shepherd's_Bush", 'summary': "Shepherd 's Bush is a district of west London , England , within the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham 4.9 miles ( 7.9 km ) west of Charing Cross , and identified as a major metropolitan centre in the London Plan . Although primarily residential in character , its focus is the shopping area of Shepherd 's Bush Green , with the Westfield London shopping centre a short distance to the north . The main thoroughfares are Uxbridge Road , Goldhawk Road and Askew Road , all with small and mostly independent shops , pubs and restaurants . The Loftus Road football stadium in Shepherd 's Bush is home to Queens Park Rangers . In 2011 , the population of the area was 39,724 . The district is bounded by Hammersmith to the south , Holland Park and Notting Hill to the east , Harlesden and Kensal Green to the north and by Acton and Chiswick to the west . White City forms the northern part of Shepherd 's Bush . Shepherd 's Bush comprises the Shepherd 's Bush Green , Askew , College Park & Old Oak , and Wormholt and White City wards of the borough ."}]}, {'value': 'Loftus Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loftus_Road', 'summary': 'Loftus Road is an all-seater football stadium in White City , London , which is home to Queens Park Rangers . On 7 June 2019 , the club gifted the naming rights to the stadium to The Kiyan Prince Foundation , a charity set up in honour of former QPR youth player Kiyan Prince , resulting in the stadium becoming known as the Kiyan Prince Foundation Stadium . In 1981 , it became the first stadium in British professional football to have an artificial pitch of Omniturf installed . This remained in use until 1988 , after which a natural grass pitch was reintroduced . Rugby union team London Wasps shared the ground with QPR between 1996 and 2002 and Premier League football club Fulham shared it from 2002 to 2004 while Craven Cottage was closed for reconstruction . Other users of the stadium have included the Jamaican and Australian national football teams . In 1985 , Barry McGuigan defeated Eusebio Pedroza for the World Boxing Association featherweight championship at the stadium .'}]}, {'value': '18,360', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading_F.C.', 'summary': "Reading Football Club ( /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ ( listen ) RED-ing ) is a professional association football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The current manager is Mark Bowen . Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Reading 's location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the town 's association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and first in the top tier of English football league system in the 2006-07 season . The club competed in the 2012-13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011-12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight . The club played at Elm Park for 102 years between 1896 and 1998 . In 1998 the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the club 's former co-chairman Sir John Madejski . The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985-86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005-06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006-07 Premier League , their first ever season as a top flight club . During the 2014-15 FA Cup , the club reached the semi finals , reaching the quarter finals the season after . They also reached the championship playoff final in the 2016-17 EFL Championship season ."}]}, {'value': '20th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire', 'summary': "Reading ( /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ ( listen ) RED-ing ) is a large , historic university and minster town in Berkshire , South East England . It is in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet , and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway . Reading is 70 miles ( 110 km ) east of Bristol , 24 miles ( 39 km ) south of Oxford , 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of London , 14 miles ( 23 km ) north of Basingstoke , 12 miles ( 19 km ) south-west of Maidenhead and 15 miles ( 24 km ) east of Newbury . The first evidence for Reading as a town dates from the 8th century . It was an important trading and ecclesiastical centre in the medieval period , as the site of Reading Abbey , one of the largest and richest monasteries of medieval England with strong royal connections , of which the 12th-century abbey gateway and significant ancient ruins remain . By 1525 , Reading was the largest town in Berkshire , and tax returns show that Reading was the 10th largest town in England when measured by taxable wealth . The medieval town was seriously affected by the English Civil War , with a major siege and loss of trade , and played a pivotal role in the Revolution of 1688 , with that revolution 's only significant military action fought on the streets of the town . The 18th century saw the beginning of a major iron works in the town and the growth of the brewing trade for which Reading was to become famous . The 19th century saw the coming of the Great Western Railway and the development of the town 's brewing , baking and seed growing businesses . During that period , the town grew rapidly as a manufacturing centre . Today , [ when ? ] Reading is a major commercial centre , with involvement in information technology and insurance , and despite its proximity to London , has a net inward commuter flow ."}]}, {'value': 'Madejski Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madejski_Stadium', 'summary': "The Madejski /məˈdeɪski/ is a football stadium located in Reading , Berkshire , England . It is the home of Reading Football Club playing in the Football League Championship and the rugby union club London Irish as tenants . It also provides the finish for the Reading Half Marathon . The stadium is named after Reading 's chairman Sir John Madejski . It is an all-seater bowl stadium with a capacity of 24,161 and is located close to the M4 motorway . It is built on the site of a former household waste dump and is surrounded by methane vents . The West Stand contains the Millennium Madejski Hotel . The stadium was opened on 22 August 1998 and replaced Elm Park as Reading 's home ground ."}]}, {'value': '24,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheffield Wednesday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C.', 'summary': "Sheffield Wednesday Football Club is a professional association football club based in Sheffield , England . The team competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Formed in 1867 as an offshoot of The Wednesday Cricket Club ( itself formed in 1820 ) , they went by the name of the Wednesday Football Club until changing to their current name in 1929 . Wednesday is one of the oldest football clubs in the world of any code , and the third-oldest professional association football club in England . [ a ] In 1868 its team won the Cromwell Cup , only the second tournament of its kind . They were founding members and inaugural champions of the Football Alliance in 1889 , before joining The Football League three years later . In 1992 , they became founder members of the Premier League . The team has spent most of its league history in English football 's top flight , but they have not played at that level since being relegated in 2000 . The Owls , as they are nicknamed , have won four league titles , three FA Cups , one League Cup and one FA Community Shield . Wednesday have also competed in UEFA cup competitions on four occasions , reaching the quarter-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1963 . In 1991 , they defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the Football League Cup Final as a tier 2 team . As of 2019 they remain the last team to win one of English football 's major trophies while outside the top flight In the 19th century , they played their matches at several stadiums around central Sheffield , including Olive Grove and Bramall Lane ."}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheffield', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hillsborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium', 'summary': "Hillsborough Stadium , is a 39,732-capacity association football stadium located in Owlerton , a north-western suburb of Sheffield , England . It has been the home of Sheffield Wednesday since its opening in 1899 . The ground has received major investment since it was first occupied in 1899 with new stands all round and the original South stand having been substantially re-built in time for the Euro 96 cup finals . However , it is still regarded as a beautiful ground oozing character . It has two large two-tiered stands and two large single-tiered stands , all of them covered . All four stands are of a similar capacity with the South Stand being the largest and the West Stand , usually housing the away supporters , the smallest . On 15 April 1989 , the ground was the scene of the Hillsborough disaster in which 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death at an FA Cup semi-final . The subsequent Taylor Report into the disaster led to a series of safety improvements at the ground and other stadiums around the country , including the requirement for clubs in the top two divisions in England to have all-seater stadiums , and the withdrawal of perimeter fencing around the pitch . Plans by the club to renovate the stadium and expand the capacity to 44,825 have been approved by Sheffield City Council with the aim of hosting World Cup matches . The playing surface was upgraded in 2015 to the Desso GrassMaster system , also including a complete replacement of the under-soil heating and drainage systems , while the scoreboard was replaced by a modern 'big screen ' prior to the 2015-16 season . The stadium previously played host to World Cup and European Championship football in 1966 and 1996 respectively . The stadium 's capacity has currently been temporarily reduced to 34,854 on safety grounds , although work is continuing to restore its maximum capacity ."}]}, {'value': '39,732', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current members', 'section_text': 'LondonBarnsleyBirmingham CityBlackburn RoversBristol CityCardiff CityDerby CountyHuddersfield TownHull CityLeeds UnitedLuton TownMiddlesbroughNottingham ForestPreston North EndReadingSheffield WednesdayStoke CitySwansea CityWest Bromwich AlbionWigan AthleticLondon teamsBrentfordCharlton AthleticFulhamMillwallQueens Park Rangers Locations of the 2018–19 Football League Championship teams BrentfordCharlton AthleticFulhamMillwallQueens Park Rangers Greater London Championship football clubs The following 24 clubs competed in the EFL Championship during the 2019–20 season .', 'uid': 'Football_League_Championship_0', 'intro': "The English Football League Championship (often referred to as the Championship for short or the Sky Bet Championship for sponsorship reasons) is the highest division of the English Football League (EFL) and second-highest overall in the English football league system after the Premier League. The league is contested by 24 clubs. Each season, the two top-finishing teams in the Championship are automatically promoted to the Premier League. The teams that finish the season in 3rd to 6th place enter a playoff tournament, with the winner also gaining promotion to the Premier League. The three lowest-finishing teams in the Championship are relegated to League One. The Football League Championship, which was introduced for the 2004-05 season, was previously known as the Football League First Division (1992-2004), and before that as the Football League Second Division (1892-1992). The winners of the Championship receive the Football League Championship trophy, the same trophy as the old First Division champions were handed prior to the Premier League's inception in 1992. Similar to other divisions of professional English football, Welsh clubs can be part of the division, making it a cross-border league. The Championship is the wealthiest non-top flight football division in the world and the eighth richest division in Europe. With an average match attendance for the 2018-19 season of 20,181, the Championship had the highest per-match attendance of any secondary league in the world, with only nine top-flight leagues known to have higher attendance figures. Barnsley have spent more seasons at the second level of English football than any other team and on 3 January 2011 became the first club to achieve 1,000 wins in the second level of English football with a 2-1 home victory over Coventry City. Barnsley are also the first club to play 3,000 games in second-level league football (W1028, D747, L1224)."}
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In 2011 , what was the population of the town which has the first stadium in English football to have a designated stand for disabled supporters ?
91,297
067122d79ae38c6e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_German_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1991 German Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Brundle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Brundle', 'summary': 'Martin John Brundle ( born 1 June 1959 ) is a British former racing driver , best known as a Formula One driver and as a commentator for ITV Sport from 1997 to 2008 , the BBC from 2009 to 2011 , and Sky Sports since 2012 . Brundle contested the 1983 British Formula Three Championship , finishing a close second to Ayrton Senna , and the two progressed to Formula One the next year . Brundle failed to win a race at the top level of single seater racing , though continued to find success in other series . He was the 1988 World Sportscar Champion with Silk Cut Jaguar , with a record points score ; and won the 1990 24 Hours of Le Mans race for Jaguar Cars in a Jaguar XJR-12 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brabham - Yamaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brabham', 'summary': "Brabham /ˈbræbəm/ is the common name for Motor Racing Developments Ltd. , a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team . Founded in 1960 by two Australians , driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac , the team won four Drivers ' and two Constructors ' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history . Jack Brabham 's 1966 FIA Drivers ' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver 's own name . In the 1960s , Brabham was the world 's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams ; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars . During this period , teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three . Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing . In the 1970s and 1980s , Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling , carbon brakes , and hydropneumatic suspension . Its unique Gordon Murray-designed fan car won its only race before being withdrawn . The team won two more Formula One Drivers ' Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet . He won his first championship in 1981 in the ground effect BT49-Ford , and became the first to win a Drivers ' Championship with a turbocharged car , in 1983 . In 1983 the Brabham BT52 , driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese , was powered by the BMW M12 straight-4 engine , and powered Brabham to four of the team 's 35 Grand Prix victories . British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s , and later became responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Yamaha Motor Company Limited ( ヤマハ発動機株式会社 , Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles , marine products such as boats and outboard motors , and other motorized products . The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation ( however Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92% , as of 2019 ) , and is headquartered in Iwata , Shizuoka , Japan . The company conducts development , production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012 . Led by Genichi Kawakami , the companys founder and first president , Yamaha Motor began production of its first product , the YA-1 , in 1955 . The 125cc motorcycle won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class . The company 's products includes motorcycles , scooters , motorized bicycles , boats , sail boats , personal water craft , swimming pools , utility boats , fishing boats , outboard motors , 4-wheel ATVs , recreational off-road vehicles , go-kart engines , golf carts , multi-purpose engines , electrical generators , water pumps , snowmobiles , small snow throwers , automobile engines , surface mounters , intelligent machinery , industrial-use unmanned helicopters , electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets . The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products , development of tourist businesses and management of leisure , recreational facilities and related services . Yamahas motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world outboard motor and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales ."}]}, {'value': '1:42.810', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriele Tarquini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriele_Tarquini', 'summary': "Gabriele Tarquini ( born 2 March 1962 ) is an Italian racing driver . He participated in 78 Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on May 3 , 1987 . He scored 1 championship point , and holds the record for the most failed attempts to qualify . He has subsequently raced successfully in Touring Cars , winning the BTCC in 1994 , the ETCC in 2003 the WTCC in 2009 and the WTCR in 2018 . On 22 November 2009 he won the 2009 FIA World Touring Car Championship title at the age of 47 years and 266 days . This made him the oldest ever world champion in an FIA series , breaking Juan Manuel Fangio 's record of being FIA Formula One World Drivers ' Champion at the age of 46 years and 41 days in 1957 . Tarquini backed up this record by winning the 2018 FIA World Touring Car Cup at the age of 56 years and 259 days ."}]}, {'value': 'AGS - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automobiles_Gonfaronnaises_Sportives', 'summary': 'Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives ( also known as AGS and Gonfaron Sports Cars ) was a small French racecar constructor that competed in various racing categories over a period of thirty years , including Formula One from 1986 to 1991 . AGS survived as a prosperous Formula One driving school , in Le Luc , near Gonfaron .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:43.939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.129', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michele Alboreto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michele_Alboreto', 'summary': 'Michele Alboreto ( 23 December 1956 - 25 April 2001 ) was an Italian racing driver . He was runner up to Alain Prost in the 1985 Formula One World Championship , as well as winning the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2001 12 Hours of Sebring sports car races . Alboreto competed in Formula One from 1981 until 1994 , racing for a number of teams , including five seasons ( 1984-88 ) for Ferrari . His career in motorsport began in 1976 , racing a car he and a number of his friends had built in the Formula Monza series . The car , however , achieved very little success and two years later Alboreto moved up to Formula Three . Wins in the Italian Formula Three championship and a European Formula Three Championship crown in 1980 paved the way for his entrance into Formula One with the Tyrrell team . Two wins , the first in the final round of the 1982 season in Las Vegas , and the second a year later in Detroit , earned him a place with the Ferrari team . Alboreto took three wins for the Italian team and challenged Alain Prost for the 1985 Championship , eventually losing out by 20 points . The following three seasons were less successful , however , and at the end of the 1988 campaign , the Italian left Ferrari and re-signed with his former employers Tyrrell , where he stayed until joining Larrousse midway through 1989 . Further seasons with Footwork , Scuderia Italia and Minardi followed during the tail end of his F1 career . In 1995 , Alboreto moved on to sportscars and a year later the American IndyCar series . He took his final major victories , the 1997 Le Mans 24 Hours and 2001 Sebring 12 Hours , with German manufacturers Porsche and Audi respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Footwork - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Footwork_Arrows', 'summary': 'Footwork Arrows was the name of a British Formula One motor racing team , competing during the mid-1990s . Japanese businessman Wataru Ohashi , who was the president of Footwork Express Co. , Ltd. , a Japanese logistics company , began investing heavily in the Arrows team in 1990 , the deal including requiring the cars to display the Footwork logo prominently . The team was officially renamed Footwork in 1991 , and secured a deal to race with Porsche engines . Results were poorer than expected , and after just six races , Footwork dropped the Porsche engines and continued with Hart-built Ford engines . For the 1992 season they switched engine supplier to Mugen . Arrows retained the Footwork name until Ohashi withdrew his financial backing before the 1996 season , whereupon the name of the team reverted to Arrows . Regardless , Jackie Oliver had retained operational control throughout the entire period .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:44.034', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.224', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Blundell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Blundell', 'summary': 'Mark Blundell ( born 8 April 1966 ) is a British racing driver who competed in Formula One for four seasons , sports cars , and CART . He won the 1992 24 Hours of Le Mans . He was a Formula One presenter for the British broadcaster ITV until the end of the 2008 season when the TV broadcasting rights switched to the BBC . Blundell returned to the track in 2019 , driving in the Kwik Fit British Touring Car Championship for the Trade Price Cars team .'}]}, {'value': 'Brabham - Yamaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brabham', 'summary': "Brabham /ˈbræbəm/ is the common name for Motor Racing Developments Ltd. , a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team . Founded in 1960 by two Australians , driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac , the team won four Drivers ' and two Constructors ' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history . Jack Brabham 's 1966 FIA Drivers ' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver 's own name . In the 1960s , Brabham was the world 's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams ; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars . During this period , teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three . Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing . In the 1970s and 1980s , Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling , carbon brakes , and hydropneumatic suspension . Its unique Gordon Murray-designed fan car won its only race before being withdrawn . The team won two more Formula One Drivers ' Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet . He won his first championship in 1981 in the ground effect BT49-Ford , and became the first to win a Drivers ' Championship with a turbocharged car , in 1983 . In 1983 the Brabham BT52 , driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese , was powered by the BMW M12 straight-4 engine , and powered Brabham to four of the team 's 35 Grand Prix victories . British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s , and later became responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Yamaha Motor Company Limited ( ヤマハ発動機株式会社 , Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles , marine products such as boats and outboard motors , and other motorized products . The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation ( however Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92% , as of 2019 ) , and is headquartered in Iwata , Shizuoka , Japan . The company conducts development , production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012 . Led by Genichi Kawakami , the companys founder and first president , Yamaha Motor began production of its first product , the YA-1 , in 1955 . The 125cc motorcycle won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class . The company 's products includes motorcycles , scooters , motorized bicycles , boats , sail boats , personal water craft , swimming pools , utility boats , fishing boats , outboard motors , 4-wheel ATVs , recreational off-road vehicles , go-kart engines , golf carts , multi-purpose engines , electrical generators , water pumps , snowmobiles , small snow throwers , automobile engines , surface mounters , intelligent machinery , industrial-use unmanned helicopters , electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets . The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products , development of tourist businesses and management of leisure , recreational facilities and related services . Yamahas motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world outboard motor and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales ."}]}, {'value': '1:44.257', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.447', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Grouillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Grouillard', 'summary': 'Olivier Grouillard ( born 2 September 1958 , in Fenouillet ) is a racing driver from France . He started racing go-karts from the age of fourteen competing in events such as the Volant Elf . He progressed to Formula Renault winning the title before Grouillard competed in F3000 from 1985 to 1988 taking two wins . He also participated in the Birmingham Superprix but did not start the race . In 1989 , Grouillard joined the Ligier Formula One team before joining the Osella team for 1990 and 1991 when the team was renamed Fondmetal . His last season came in 1992 , when Grouillard drove for Tyrrell . He left the sport following the year without receiving offers for a drive in 1993 . After leaving Formula One , Grouillard raced in the CART PPG World Series , competing in the Indianapolis 500 for which he did not qualify but showed consistency . Grouillard became well known for driving in Sports Cars between 1994 and 2001 having success . During his time in Sports Cars , he raced in the BPR Global GT Series , the FIA GT Championship , the Daytona 24 Hours , the Le Mans 24 Hours and the American Le Mans Series . He retired from motorsport at the end of 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fondmetal - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fondmetal', 'summary': 'Fondmetal S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of alloy wheels , founded in 1972 by Gabriele Rumi . A Formula One constructor of the same name , also owned by Rumi , competed in the 1991 and 1992 seasons , scoring no championship points . The company also sponsored , and supplied wheels to , numerous other constructors from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s . In 2014 the Fondmetal brand expanded to the United States and became known as Fondmetal USA . All wheels continue to be made in Italy and are TUV approved .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:44.645', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.835', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Caffi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Caffi', 'summary': 'Alessandro Alex Caffi ( born 18 March 1964 ) is an Italian racing driver , former Formula One driver , and team owner . He participated in 75 Grands Prix , debuting on 7 September 1986 . In 2006 he raced in the inaugural season of the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired Formula One drivers . He currently serves as the team owner of NASCAR Whelen Euro Series team Alex Caffi Motorsport , occasionally doing owner-driver duties as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Footwork - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Footwork_Arrows', 'summary': 'Footwork Arrows was the name of a British Formula One motor racing team , competing during the mid-1990s . Japanese businessman Wataru Ohashi , who was the president of Footwork Express Co. , Ltd. , a Japanese logistics company , began investing heavily in the Arrows team in 1990 , the deal including requiring the cars to display the Footwork logo prominently . The team was officially renamed Footwork in 1991 , and secured a deal to race with Porsche engines . Results were poorer than expected , and after just six races , Footwork dropped the Porsche engines and continued with Hart-built Ford engines . For the 1992 season they switched engine supplier to Mugen . Arrows retained the Footwork name until Ohashi withdrew his financial backing before the 1996 season , whereupon the name of the team reverted to Arrows . Regardless , Jackie Oliver had retained operational control throughout the entire period .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:45.282', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.472', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabrizio Barbazza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza', 'summary': 'Fabrizio Barbazza ( born 2 April 1963 ) is an Italian former Formula One driver who raced for the AGS and Minardi teams and was the 1987 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'AGS - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automobiles_Gonfaronnaises_Sportives', 'summary': 'Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives ( also known as AGS and Gonfaron Sports Cars ) was a small French racecar constructor that competed in various racing categories over a period of thirty years , including Formula One from 1986 to 1991 . AGS survived as a prosperous Formula One driving school , in Le Luc , near Gonfaron .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:46.604', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.794', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Chaves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Chaves', 'summary': 'Pedro António Matos Chaves ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾu ˈmatuʃ ˈʃavɨʃ ] ; born in Oporto , 27 February 1965 ) is a Portuguese racing driver . Chaves was the second Portuguese Formula Ford Champion , in 1986 , starting an international career in 1987 in the British Formula Ford Championship . In 1990 he won the British F3000 Championship with the Madgwick Motorsport outfit , also racing in a few rounds of the FIA F3000 series . In 1991 , he suffered a disastrous season in Formula One , failing to pre-qualify for 13 Grands Prix with an under-financed and uncompetitive Coloni . After failing to pre-qualify for the Portuguese Grand Prix , Chaves left the team , taking the remainder of his sponsorship money with him . At the end of that year Chaves had an agreement with Leyton House ( which would be renamed to March F1 ) to compete in 1992 , however the sponsorship money came too late , and Karl Wendlinger took the place . In 1992 , Chaves returned to F3000 , first with GJ Racing and later in the season moving to the more competitive Il Barone Rampante , with no results . Chaves then spent three years in the American Indy Lights series with Brian Stewart Racing , winning one race , in Vancouver in 1995 . Chaves and Robbie Buhl were the only drivers to win that season other than Greg Moore , who won the rest of the events . In 1996 , he moved to touring car racing and was second in the Spanish Touring Car Championship in a BMW , before racing a Porsche in the FIA GT Championship . Chaves moved to the Portuguese Rally Championship in 1998 , winning the title in 1999 and 2000 , with his co-driver Sérgio Paiva , in a works-supported Toyota Corolla WRC . In 2001 , he took the Spanish GT Championship title , in a Saleen S7-R co-driven by Miguel Ramos .'}]}, {'value': 'Coloni - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Coloni', 'summary': "Coloni Motorsport , also known as Scuderia Coloni , is an auto racing team from Italy . Formed by Enzo Coloni in 1982 , the team participated in Formula Three between 1983 and 1986 , before racing in Formula One as Enzo Coloni Racing Car Systems between 1987 and 1991 . They made 82 attempts to take part in a Formula One race but only qualified 14 times . Since then , under the management of Enzo Coloni 's son Paolo , the team has been successful in Formula Three , Formula 3000 and GP2 Series . Between 2006 and 2009 the team ran under the name of Fisichella Motor Sport , with support from Formula One driver Giancarlo Fisichella and his manager Enrico Zanarini ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:47.546', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.736', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Pre-Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1991_German_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': 'The 1991 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Hockenheimring on 28 July 1991. It was the ninth round of the 1991 Formula One season. The 45-lap race was won by Williams driver Nigel Mansell after he started from pole position. His teammate Riccardo Patrese finished second with Ferrari driver Jean Alesi third.'}
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Who retained operational control of the team whose driver securrently serves as the team owner of Alex Caffi Motorsport ?
Jackie Oliver
06722e51777ba116
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superettan', 'title': 'Superettan', 'header': ['Name', 'Club', 'Appointed'], 'data': [{'value': 'Stefan Jacobsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Jacobsson', 'summary': 'Stefan Jacobsson ( born 30 December 1982 in Donsö , Sweden ) was the leader of the now defunct Party of the Swedes . Jacobsson got involved in Neo-Nazism when he was sixteen in the late 1990s . He was also a member of the Swedish Resistance Movement . In 2005 , he was sentenced for rioting during a demonstration . Jacobsson has also been involved in armed attacks against people .'}]}, {'value': 'Degerfors IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Degerfors_IF', 'summary': 'Degerfors IF is a Swedish football club located in Degerfors . The club , formed 13 January 1907 , is currently playing in the second highest Swedish league , Superettan .'}]}, {'value': '28 July 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Askebrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Askebrand', 'summary': 'Thomas Askebrand , born Johansson 23 January 1969 in Åsa , is a Swedish football manager . He is the manager of Örgryte IS .'}]}, {'value': 'Örgryte IS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Örgryte_IS', 'summary': 'Örgryte Idrottssällskap , commonly referred to as Örgryte IS , Örgryte ( Swedish : [ ˈœ̂ːrˌɡryːtɛ ] ) or ( especially locally ) ÖIS or Öis , [ A ] is a Swedish sports club based in Gothenburg . It consists of four departments , namely bowling , football , athletics and wrestling . However , the club is best known for its football department . It is the oldest football club in Sweden . The club was founded in 1887 which makes it the oldest active sports club in the country .'}]}, {'value': '13 November 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klebér Saarenpää', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klebér_Saarenpää', 'summary': 'John Klebér Saarenpää ( 14 December 1975 ) is a Swedish football manager and a former footballer who won 11 caps for the Swedish national team . He is the head coach of IK Brage in Superettan .'}]}, {'value': 'IK Brage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IK_Brage', 'summary': 'Idrottsklubben Brage , also known as IK Brage or simply Brage , is a Swedish football club located in Borlänge . The club is affiliated with Dalarnas Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Domnarvsvallen . The club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , are green and white . The club can be seen as a continuation of IK Blixt which was founded in the early 1920s but merged into Domnarvets GoIF in 1923 . Two years later the merger was split and IK Blixt changed their name to IK Brage , after the Norse god Bragi . The club has played a total of 18 seasons in Allsvenskan , which is the highest level of the Swedish football league system . They currently play in the second highest level ( Superettan ) where the season lasts from April to November . IK Brage also recently spent time in the third division Division 1 ( 2014-2017 ) and fourth division Division 2 between 2005 and 2009 ) but has mainly played in the two highest Swedish divisions since its foundation .'}]}, {'value': '16 November 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joakim Persson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joakim_Persson', 'summary': 'Joakim Persson ( born 3 April 1975 ) is a Swedish football manager and former player . He is the head coach of Varbergs BoIS .'}]}, {'value': 'Varbergs BoIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varbergs_BoIS', 'summary': 'Varbergs BoIS FC is a Swedish football club located in Varberg , the main town of Varberg Municipality in Halland County .'}]}, {'value': '28 November 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammed Ali Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Khan', 'summary': 'Mak Adam Lind ( né Mohammed Ali Khan , Arabic : محمد علي خان ; born 1 November 1988 ) is a professional football manager and former footballer , who is the current manager of Norrby IF . Born in Sweden to Lebanese parents , Lind obtained Lebanese citizenship through naturalization and represented Lebanon internationally between 2013 and 2015 . Until 2013 he had believed that he was born in 1986 , but after locating his original Lebanon birth certificate it was discovered that he was really born in 1988 and had in reality had made his Superettan first team debut at the age of 15 . He played for the Chinese Super League team Tianjin Teda , then lastly for Halmstads BK .'}]}, {'value': 'Norrby IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norrby_IF', 'summary': 'Norrby IF is a Swedish football club from Borås . The club was founded 27 April 1927 .'}]}, {'value': '15 December 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milos Milojević', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mjällby AIF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mjällby_AIF', 'summary': "Mjällby Allmänna Idrottsförening , also known simply as Mjällby AIF , Mjällby or ( especially locally ) MAIF , is a Swedish professional football club based in Hällevik . The club is affiliated to Blekinge Fotbollförbund and play its home games at Strandvallen . The club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , are yellow and black . Formed on 1 April 1939 , the club have played eight seasons in Sweden 's highest football league Allsvenskan , the club 's first season in the league was in 1980 . The club are currently playing in Superettan ( 2nd level ) . With eight seasons in the top division Allsvenskan most recent in 2014 , Mjällby AIF is the most successful football team from the province of Blekinge . Former Sweden national football team players Christian Wilhelmsson and Mattias Asper began their careers at the club . Both players also ended their playing careers in Mjällby ."}]}, {'value': '18 June 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Brännström', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jönköpings Södra IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jönköpings_Södra_IF', 'summary': "Jönköpings Södra IF , also known as J-Södra IF , J-Södra or simply Jönköping , is a Swedish football club based in Jönköping . The club , founded in 1922 , returned to the Swedish second division Superettan in 2018 after relegation from the 2017 Allsvenskan . J-Södra has played a total of twelve Allsvenskan seasons previously , with the most successful finish being runner-up in 1950 and their last spell ending in 2017 . The club is affiliated to the Smålands Fotbollförbund . Their home games are played at Stadsparksvallen with a capacity of 5,200 but in the autumn of 2015 the municipality decided to build a new stadium where J-Södra will play in the future . The club 's training facility is located in Odensberg , Jönköping ."}]}, {'value': '20 August 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kjell Jonevret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjell_Jonevret', 'summary': 'Kjell Jonevret ( born 28 June 1962 ) is a Swedish football coach and a former player .'}]}, {'value': 'IF Brommapojkarna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna', 'summary': "Idrottsföreningen Brommapojkarna , more commonly known as Brommapojkarna ( meaning the Bromma boys ) or simply BP , is a Swedish football club located in the borough of Bromma , in the western parts of Stockholm municipality . Brommapojkarna is the largest football club in Europe in terms of the number of active teams of all ages - in 2007 there were 247 teams and 3,000 players . The women 's team plays in Elitettan , the Second tier . There is also a floorball department . The club is famous for its youth academy , which has produced numerous top-quality Swedish players throughout the years . The club is affiliated to the Stockholms Fotbollförbund ."}]}, {'value': '31 August 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Swärdh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Swärdh', 'summary': 'Peter Swärdh ( born 27 February 1965 ) is a Swedish football manager and former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Trelleborgs FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF', 'summary': 'Trelleborgs Fotbollsförening , more commonly known as Trelleborgs FF or simply Trelleborg , is a Swedish football club located in Trelleborg . Formed 6 December 1926 , the club plays in Superettan , the second tier in the Swedish Football system . Trelleborgs FF has participated 17 times in Allsvenskan and once in the UEFA Cup where the team eliminated Blackburn Rovers in the 1994-1995 season . Trelleborg have had a reputation of being a less fashionable provincial side , making the most of limited resources and a small fan base . The team has typically been recognised by performing goalkeepers , a strong defense and a good home record . In 2006 the team broke the Superettan record for longest period without conceding a goal . The club is affiliated to the Skånes Fotbollförbund .'}]}, {'value': '3 January 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Olausson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dalkurd FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalkurd_FF', 'summary': 'Dalkurd Fotbollsförening , commonly known as Dalkurd FF or simply Dalkurd ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈdɑ̂ːlkɵrd ] ) is a Swedish football club based in Uppsala . The club plays in the Superettan , which is the second top tier of football in the country . On 26 September 2004 , the club was originally founded by members of the Kurdish diaspora in Borlänge , Dalarna . On 24 November 2017 , Dalkurd chose to move their senior team operations to Uppsala , some 140 kilometers southeast of Borlänge , where they will play at the new ground Nya Studenternas IP following its opening in 2020 . In the 2018 season , however , Dalkurd played their home games at Gavlevallen in Gävle , some 110 kilometers north of Uppsala ( and roughly 110 kilometers east of Borlänge ) . Dalkurd FF holds the record for the lowest average attendances in the history of both Allsvenskan and Superettan , the two highest Swedish leagues . Dalkurd FF is affiliated with Upplands Fotbollförbund .'}]}, {'value': '25 January 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnus Haglund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnus_Haglund', 'summary': 'Magnus Haglund ( born 23 May 1973 ) is a Swedish football coach and former player . He is currently the manager of Halmstads BK . He has previously managed IF Elfsborg and Lillestrøm SK , having signed a two-year contract starting in January 2012 . In 2006 , he led IF Elfsborg to its first league title in 45 years with Peter Wettergren .'}]}, {'value': 'Halmstads BK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halmstads_BK', 'summary': "Halmstads Bollklubb , also known simply as Halmstad ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈhǎlmsta ( d ) ] ) or ( especially locally ) HBK or Bollkubben , is a Swedish football club located in Halmstad in the county of Halland . The club , formed 7 February 1914 and approved membership in Riksidrottsförundet on 6 March 1914 , competes in the second tier of Swedish football , Superettan , and has won 4 national championship titles and 1 national cup title . HBK is a member controlled club . The club gained some European recognition in 1995 , when they defeated the successful Italian club Parma A.C. 3-0 at Gamla Ullevi ( in Gothenburg ) in the first of two matches in the Cup Winners ' Cup . However , their second encounter , in Parma , ended with a crushing 0-4 defeat , eliminating them from the tournament ."}]}, {'value': '7 May 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mladen Milinković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mladen_Milinković', 'summary': 'Mladen Milinković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Mлaдeн Mилинкoвић ; born May 14 , 1968 in Loznica ) is a Serbian football coach and former player . He played as midfielder for FK Loznica , FK Mačva Šabac , Drina Zvornik , Omonia Aradippou from Cyprus , FF Jaro from Finland , Naoussa F.C . and Kastoria F.C . from Greece .'}]}, {'value': 'Syrianska FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syrianska_FC', 'summary': 'Syrianska Football Club , also known as Syrianska FC or simply Syrianska , is a Swedish professional football club based in Södertälje in Stockholm County . The club was founded by Syriac-Aramean immigrants in 1977 as Suryoyo Sportklubb , or Suryoyo SK . In 1986 , its name was changed to Syrianska SK . The club adopted its present name as it grew and advanced through the league system . In 2010 , after two years in Superettan , Syrianska was promoted to Allsvenskan ( the highest tier in Swedish football ) for the first time in club history . This made Syrianska FC the 61st team to play in Allsvenskan . Since the Syriac people do not have an official national team , Syrianska is often seen as a substitute . Syrianska FC has a worldwide fan base . Their promotion to Allsvenskan received extensive coverage on Swedish TV sports programs and in documentaries and domestic and foreign magazines .'}]}, {'value': '6 July 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrik Ingelsten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrik_Ingelsten', 'summary': 'Patrik Ingelsten ( born 25 January 1982 ) is a Swedish football coach and former player , who played as a winger and forward .'}]}, {'value': 'GAIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GAIS', 'summary': "Göteborgs Atlet- och Idrottssällskap ( meaning Gothenburg 's Athletics and Sports Association ) , commonly referred to as GAIS or Gais , [ A ] is a Swedish football club based in Gothenburg . The club is affiliated to the Göteborgs Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Gamla Ullevi . Fans also refers to the club as Grönsvart ( green-black ) or Makrillarna ( the Mackerels ) because of the traditional shirt colours . GAIS is one of the oldest football clubs in Sweden . The club was a founding member of Allsvenskan and also the first champions of the league . They have won a total of four national championship titles , five league championship titles and one national cup title . Even though GAIS have played 49 seasons in Allsvenskan they only spent six years in the top division during a 30-year period from 1976 to 2005 , with another six seasons of that time spent as low as the third division . The club thus gained the reputation of being a yo-yo club , constantly going up and down through the league system . After their promotion in 2005 the club played seven straight seasons in Allsvenskan which was a feat not achieved since the degradation in 1955 . After relegation in 2012 they finished seventh in Superettan in 2013 and has remained there since ."}]}, {'value': '16 July 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denis Velić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Velić', 'summary': 'Denis Velić ( born 7 October 1982 ) is a retired Swedish footballer . He is currently the assistant manager of Östers IF .'}]}, {'value': 'Östers IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Östers_IF', 'summary': "Östers Idrottsförening , commonly known as Östers IF or simply Öster , is a Swedish sports club located in Växjö , specializing in football , and playing in the second tier of Swedish football , Superettan . The club has previously also competed in ice hockey ( see separate article ) , bandy , and bowling . Öster was formed on 20 April 1930 as Östers Fotbollförening , before adopting the name Östers IF in 1932 . The club is affiliated to the Smålands Fotbollförbund . In 1968 , their first season in Allsvenskan , Öster became the first team ever to win the national title at their first attempt ( newly-promoted IF Elfsborg won the league in 1961 but had played in , and been winners of , the championship in the past ) . This win ignited the team 's 'golden age ' which lasted until the early 1980s and saw them win a total of four Swedish championships . On 31 March 2011 , Öster broke ground on their new arena , Myresjöhus Arena , which was inaugurated in August 2012 . The arena hosted four games of the UEFA Women 's Euro 2013 tournament ."}]}, {'value': '29 July 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pablo Piñones Arce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pablo_Piñones_Arce', 'summary': "Pablo Piñones Arce ( born 27 August 1981 in Tumba , Stockholm County ) is a retired Swedish footballer of Chilean descent . He played as a forward throughout his career and won 7 caps for the Swedish national under-21 team . He is the manager of Hammarby Fotboll 's women 's team , competing in the Swedish second tier Elitettan ."}]}, {'value': 'IK Frej', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IK_Frej', 'summary': 'IK Frej is a Swedish sports club located in Täby kyrkby .'}]}, {'value': '30 July 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Gabrielsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Västerås SK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Västerås_SK_Fotboll', 'summary': 'Västerås SK is a Swedish football club based in Västerås . The club was formed on 29 January 1904 .'}]}, {'value': '30 July 2019', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Managers', 'section_text': 'The current managers in Superettan are : Magnus Haglund has been the manager of Halmstads BK since May 2019 .', 'uid': 'Superettan_1', 'intro': "Superettan (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsʉ̂ːpɛrˌɛtːan]; meaning the super one) is an association football league and the second highest league in the league system of Swedish men's football. Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Allsvenskan and Division 1. Seasons run from April to October, with teams playing 30 matches each, totalling 240 matches in the season. The league was created in 2000. The second tier of Swedish football had previously consisted of a varying number of regionalized leagues operating under the Division 2 (1924-1986) and Division 1 (1987-1999) names."}
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When was the last person to have been appointed in 2018 born ?
28 June 1962
067262d86e2fc9b4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Fox', 'title': 'Laurence Fox', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ultimate Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultimate_Force', 'summary': "Ultimate Force is a British television action drama series that was shown on ITV , which deals with the activities of Red Troop of the SAS ( Special Air Service ) . The first episode was broadcast on 16 September 2002 , and a total of four series were produced . The series starred Ross Kemp as central character Staff Sergeant Henry 'Henno ' Garvie . The show was initially described as a star vehicle for Kemp , who had been lured away from the BBC to ITV with a multimillion-pound contract . Kemp appeared in every episode of the four series . The series was co-created by Chris Ryan , a former British SAS soldier who was a member of the famous Bravo Two Zero patrol during the 1991 Gulf War . The series was produced by Bentley Productions ."}]}, {'value': 'Cpl . Mick Sharp', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Foyle 's War", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Foyle's_War", 'summary': "Foyle 's War is a British detective drama television series set during ( and shortly after ) the Second World War , created by Midsomer Murders screenwriter and author Anthony Horowitz and commissioned by ITV after the long-running series Inspector Morse ended in 2000 . It began broadcasting on ITV in October 2002 . ITV director of programmes Simon Shaps cancelled Foyle 's War in 2007 , but complaints and public demand prompted Peter Fincham ( Shaps ' replacement ) to revive the programme after good ratings for 2008 's fifth series . The final episode was broadcast on 18 January 2015 , after eight series ."}]}, {'value': 'Simon Walker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island at War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_at_War', 'summary': 'Island at War is a British television series that tells the story of the German occupation of the Channel Islands . It primarily focuses on three local families : the upper class Dorrs , the middle class Mahys , and the working class Jonases , and four German officers . The fictional island of St. Gregory serves as a stand-in for the real-life islands Guernsey and Jersey , and the story is compiled from the events on both islands . Produced by Granada Television in Manchester , Island at War had an estimated budget of £9,000,000 and was filmed on location in the Isle of Man from August 2003 to October 2003 . When the series was shown in the UK , it appeared in six 70-minute episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'Airman Bernhardt Tellemann', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AD/BC : A Rock Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AD/BC:_A_Rock_Opera', 'summary': 'AD/BC is a parody rock opera with music by Matt Berry and lyrics by Matt Berry and Richard Ayoade . It aired on BBC Three in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Townsfolk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colditz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colditz_(2005_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Colditz is a two-part 2005 television drama miniseries , based on the book Colditz : The Definitive History by Henry Chancellor , and the Channel 4 television series Escape from Colditz . It is not claimed to be historically accurate . It features an ensemble cast headlined by Damian Lewis and Sophia Myles and was directed by Stuart Orme . The screenplay was written by Peter Morgan and Richard Cottan .'}]}, {'value': 'Capt . Tom Willis', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Last Drop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Drop', 'summary': 'The Last Drop is a 2006 British-Romanian war film by Colin Teague that went Direct-to-video release . Teague teamed up with Gary Young , with whom he had previously collaborated on the British crime drama films Shooters and Spivs . Andrew Howard and Louis Dempsey , who cowrote Shooters alongside Teague and Young , both appear briefly in the film .'}]}, {'value': 'SS Maj. Kessler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schutzstaffel', 'summary': "The Schutzstaffel ( SS ; also stylized as ᛋᛋ with Armanen runes ; German pronunciation : [ ˈʃʊtsˌʃtafl̩ ] ( listen ) ; literally 'Protection Squadron ' ) was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) in Nazi Germany , and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II . It began with a small guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz ( Hall Security ) made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich . In 1925 , Heinrich Himmler joined the unit , which had by then been reformed and given its final name . Under his direction ( 1929-1945 ) it grew from a small paramilitary formation during the Weimar Republic to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany . From 1929 until the regime 's collapse in 1945 , the SS was the foremost agency of security , surveillance , and terror within Germany and German-occupied Europe . The two main constituent groups were the Allgemeine SS ( General SS ) and Waffen-SS ( Armed SS ) . The Allgemeine SS was responsible for enforcing the racial policy of Nazi Germany and general policing , whereas the Waffen-SS consisted of combat units within Nazi Germany 's military . A third component of the SS , the SS-Totenkopfverbände ( SS-TV ) , ran the concentration camps and extermination camps . Additional subdivisions of the SS included the Gestapo and the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) organizations . They were tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi state , the neutralization of any opposition , policing the German people for their commitment to Nazi ideology , and providing domestic and foreign intelligence . The SS was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of an estimated 5.5 to 6 million Jews and millions of other victims during the Holocaust . Members of all of its branches committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War II ( 1939-45 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jericho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jericho_(UK_TV_series)', 'summary': "Jericho is a British period crime drama series , first broadcast as a series of four episodes on ITV from 16 October 2005 . The series was written and created by Stewart Harcourt , and starred Robert Lindsay as Detective Inspector Michael Jericho , a Scotland Yard detective who is loved by the public but embarrassed by his status as a hero . The series was set in London in 1958 . The series was seen as an attempt to exploit ITV 's success in period crime drama , best exemplified by Foyle 's War , and to rival the BBC 's staple dramas such as Waking the Dead . The first episode drew in 5.9 million viewers , but this quickly fell to 4.7 million for the second episode , significantly less than its BBC rival . Critical response to the series was cautious , and a second series was not commissioned . The series was later shown in the United States in 2006 and 2007 under the under the title Jericho of Scotland Yard as part of the PBS Mystery ! series , and was also broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Bridgewater', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Egypt is a BBC television docudrama serial portraying events in the history of Egyptology from the 18th through early 20th centuries . It originally aired on Sunday nights at 9 pm on BBC1 in 2005 . The first two episodes explored the work of Howard Carter and his archaeological quest in Egypt in the early part of the twentieth century . The next two episodes focused on the eccentric explorer The Great Belzoni played here by Matthew Kelly . The final two episodes dramatise the discovery and deciphering of the Rosetta Stone by Jean-François Champollion ( Elliot Cowan ) . The music was recorded by the Warsaw Radio Orchestra and is featured on the CD Timeless Histories by Chappell music , produced by Clare Isaacs .'}]}, {'value': 'Leonard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whatever Love Means', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whatever_Love_Means', 'summary': "Whatever Love Means is a TV movie about Camilla Parker Bowles and Prince Charles . Directed by David Blair and starring Olivia Poulet and Laurence Fox , it premiered in December 2005 on ITV1 . The story centres on Charles and Camilla 's relationship in the early 1970s until 1981 ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles , Prince of Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales', 'summary': 'Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) , is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest son of Elizabeth II . He has been Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952 , and he is the oldest and longest-serving heir apparent in British history . He is also the longest-serving Prince of Wales , having held that title since 1958 . Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child . Charles also spent a year at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 . In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer , and they had two sons : Prince William ( b . 1982 ) and Prince Harry ( b . 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced following well-publicised extramarital affairs by both parties . Diana died as the result of a car crash in Paris the following year .'}]}, {'value': '2006-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Lewis is a British television detective drama produced for ITV . It is a spin-off from Inspector Morse and , like that series , it is set in Oxford . Kevin Whately reprises his character Robert Robbie Lewis , who was Morse 's sergeant in the original series . Lewis has now been promoted to detective inspector and is assisted by DS James Hathaway , portrayed by Laurence Fox , who was promoted to inspector before the seventh series . The series also stars Clare Holman as forensic pathologist Dr. Laura Hobson , likewise reprising her role from Inspector Morse and from the seventh season , Angela Griffin as DS Lizzie Maddox . On 2 November 2015 , ITV announced that the show would end after its ninth series , following the decision made by Kevin Whately and Laurence Fox to retire from their roles in the series . Whately announced that the show had gone on long enough , with his character having done many stories between Morse and Lewis after he took on the role 30 years ago ."}]}, {'value': 'D.S . James Hathaway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detective_Sergeant_James_Hathaway', 'summary': 'James Hathaway is the CID Detective Inspector working with Inspector Lewis in the ITV detective series Lewis ( known as Inspector Lewis in the United States ) . He is played by Laurence Fox . Hathaway holds the rank of Detective Sergeant until the penultimate series of Lewis in 2014 , in which he is promoted to the rank of Inspector following a brief break from the police .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Agatha Christie 's Marple : The Sittaford Mystery", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sittaford_Mystery', 'summary': "The Sittaford Mystery is a work of detective fiction by British writer Agatha Christie , first published in the US by Dodd , Mead and Company in 1931 under the title of The Murder at Hazelmoor and in UK by the Collins Crime Club on 7 September of the same year under Christie 's original title . It is the first Christie novel to be given a different title for the US market . The US edition retailed at $ 2.00 and the UK edition at seven shillings and sixpence ( 7/6 ) . Mrs Willett and her daughter host an evening of table-turning ( a séance ) on a snowy winter 's evening in Dartmoor . The spirit tells them that Captain Trevelyan is dead . The roads being impassible to vehicles , Major Burnaby announces his intention to go to the village on foot to check on his friend , where he appears to find the prediction has come true . Emily Trefusis , engaged to Trevelyan 's nephew , uncovers the mystery along with the police . The novel was well-received , with praise for the character Miss Emily Trefusis . The references to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , no longer alive when the book was published , and the elements of the setting that hearken to The Hound of the Baskervilles ( published in 1902 ) were also noted and appreciated ."}]}, {'value': 'James Pearson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Room with a View', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View_(2007_film)', 'summary': "A Room with a View is televised adaptation of E. M. Forster 's novel , A Room with a View , written by Andrew Davies . It was announced in 2006 and filmed in the summer of 2007 . A Room with a View was broadcast on 4 November 2007 , on ITV . Laura Mackie , ITV director of drama , has said that this adaptation captures the spirit of Forsters most memorable novel , but delivers it in a fresh , engaging way for a modern audience . It was the first time real-life father and son Timothy and Rafe Spall had acted together ."}]}, {'value': 'Cecil Vyse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wired', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wired_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Wired is a 2008 three-part television miniseries starring Jodie Whittaker , Laurence Fox and Toby Stephens . It debuted on ITV at 9:00pm on Monday , 13 October 2008 , and was shown over three consecutive weeks . The complete series was released on DVD on 10 November 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Philip Manningham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fast Freddie , The Widow and Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fast_Freddie,_The_Widow_and_Me', 'summary': 'Fast Freddie , The Widow and Me is a 2011 one-off Christmas television special , made by STV Productions and broadcast by ITV on Tuesday 27 December 2011 . The story centres on a wealthy car dealer who befriends a terminally ill teenager and makes his Christmas wish come true .'}]}, {'value': 'Jonathan Donald', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bear Grylls : Mission Survive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bear_Grylls:_Mission_Survive', 'summary': 'Bear Grylls : Mission Survive is a reality television show presented by Bear Grylls featuring eight celebrities on a 12-day survival mission . The celebrities are tested on fundamental principles of survival , and have to navigate through difficult terrains . Grylls is assisted by survival expert Megan Hine and former commando Scott Heffield , who accompany the celebrities . Their assessment of how the celebrities performed helps Bear Grylls decide whom to eliminate in each episode . The show was filmed in Costa Rica for the first series and moved to South Africa for the second series in 2016 . The first series aired in 2015 and was won by DJ and model Vogue Williams . Shortly after the first series aired , it was announced that the show would return in 2016 and was won by Arsenal L.F.C . player Alex Scott . On 30 May 2016 , ITV announced that Bear Grylls : Mission Survive would not be returning for a third series due to the falling ratings of series two .'}]}, {'value': 'Himself , contestant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Frankenstein Chronicles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Chronicles', 'summary': "The Frankenstein Chronicles is a British television period crime drama series that first aired on ITV Encore on 11 November 2015 , designed as a re-imagining of Mary Shelley 's 1818 novel Frankenstein . Lead actor Sean Bean also acted as an associate producer on the first series . It follows Inspector John Marlott ( Bean ) , a river police officer who uncovers a corpse made up of body parts from eight missing children and sets about to determine who is responsible . The series co-stars Tom Ward as Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel , Vanessa Kirby as Lady Jemima , Lord Hervey 's sister and Anna Maxwell Martin as author Mary Shelley . Other historical characters portrayed include William Blake ( first series ) , Ada Lovelace ( second series ) and Charles Dickens under his pseudonym of Boz . The first series consists of six episodes which opened to critical acclaim and drew an average 250,000 viewers per episode . A & E subsequently acquired the series for broadcast in the United States , describing it as thrilling and terrifying . On 20 June 2016 , ITV announced that it had renewed it for a second six-part series , with production set for January 2017 . Filming commenced in March 2017 , with Laurence Fox and Maeve Dermody joining the cast . The writing team for the second series consisted of Michael Robert Johnson , Paul Tomalin , Noel Farragher , Colin Carberry , and Glenn Patterson , with all six episodes directed by Alex Gabassi . In December 2017 , it was announced that Netflix had struck a deal to carry the programme in the United States and other territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Dipple', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frankie Drake Mysteries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankie_Drake_Mysteries', 'summary': 'Frankie Drake Mysteries is a Canadian drama , which premiered on CBC , November 6 , 2017 . On April 5 , 2018 the show was renewed for a second season of ten episodes . On March 25 , 2019 , the show was renewed for a third season of ten episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Mills', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_(UK_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Victoria is a British historical television drama series created and principally written by Daisy Goodwin , starring Jenna Coleman as Queen Victoria . The series premiered in the United Kingdom on ITV on 28 August 2016 with eight episodes , and in the United States on PBS on 15 January 2017 ; PBS supported its production as part of the Masterpiece anthology . A second series was broadcast on ITV in 2017 , including a Christmas special that aired that December ; PBS broadcast followed starting in January 2018 , with the special belatedly airing in March . In December 2017 , Victoria was renewed for an eight-episode third series , which premiered on PBS on 13 January 2019 , and on ITV on 24 March 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lord Palmerston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston', 'summary': "Henry John Temple , 3rd Viscount Palmerston , KG , GCB , PC , FRS ( 20 October 1784 - 18 October 1865 ) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century . Palmerston dominated British foreign policy during the period 1830 to 1865 , when Britain was at the height of its imperial power . He held office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865 . He began his parliamentary career as a Tory , defected to the Whigs in 1830 , and became the first Prime Minister of the newly formed Liberal Party in 1859 . Palmerston succeeded to his father 's Irish peerage in 1802 . He became a Tory MP in 1807 ( his Irish peerage did not bar him from a seat in the House of Commons , because it did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords ) . From 1809 to 1828 he served as Secretary at War , in which post he was responsible for the organisation of the finances of the army . He first attained Cabinet rank in 1827 , when George Canning became Prime Minister , but , like other Canningites , he resigned from office one year later . He served as Foreign Secretary 1830-34 , 1835-41 , and 1846-51 . In this office , Palmerston responded effectively to a series of conflicts in Europe . His belligerent actions as Foreign Secretary , some of which were highly controversial , have been considered to be prototypes of the practice of liberal interventionism . Palmerston became Home Secretary in Aberdeen 's coalition government , in 1852 , subsequent to the Peelite advocacy of the appointment of Lord John Russell to the office of Foreign Secretary ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Laurence_Fox_1', 'intro': 'Laurence Paul Fox (born 26 May 1978) is an English actor, singer-songwriter and guitarist. He is best known for playing the lead role of DS James Hathaway, in the British TV drama series Lewis from 2006 to 2015. His debut album, Holding Patterns, was released in February 2016.'}
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null
On what network was the 2011 program aired on ?
ITV
0674e9ed4fde2ff4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Daly', 'title': 'Tim Daly', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diner_(film)', 'summary': "Diner is a 1982 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Barry Levinson . It is Levinson 's screen-directing debut , and the first of his tetralogy , Baltimore Films , set in his hometown during the 1940s , 1950s , and 1960s . Tin Men ( 1987 ) , Avalon ( 1990 ) , and Liberty Heights ( 1999 ) are the other three . It stars Steve Guttenberg , Daniel Stern , Mickey Rourke , Paul Reiser , Kevin Bacon , Timothy Daly and Ellen Barkin and was released on March 5 , 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'William Billy Howard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Just the Way You Are', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Just_the_Way_You_Are_(1984_film)', 'summary': 'Just the Way You Are is a 1984 American comedy-drama film starring Kristy McNichol and Michael Ontkean and directed by Édouard Molinaro .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Bantam', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Made in Heaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Made_in_Heaven_(1987_film)', 'summary': "Made in Heaven is a 1987 fantasy-comedy film directed by Alan Rudolph , script from Bruce A. Evans and Raynold Gideon , and produced by Lorimar Productions . The film stars Timothy Hutton and Kelly McGillis and has cameos by Tom Petty , Ric Ocasek , Ellen Barkin and Neil Young . An additional character known only as Emmett in the film was played by Debra Winger ( Hutton 's then wife ) , who acted as a chain-smoking male angel . The original music score was composed by Mark Isham . The film was marketed with the tagline How in Heaven did they meet ? How on Earth will they find each other ? Made in Heaven concerns two souls who cross paths in Heaven and then attempt to reconnect once they are reborn on Earth . In 1988 , the film was released on VHS format as well as digital stereo LaserDisc format . In 2009 , the film made its DVD debut as part of the Warner Archive Collection ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Donnelly', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spellbinder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spellbinder_(film)', 'summary': 'Spellbinder is a 1988 American witchcraft-themed thriller film directed by Janet Greek , starring Timothy Daly and Kelly Preston . The screenplay was written by Tracy Tormé . The original music score was written by Basil Poledouris . The film was marketed with the tagline A nightmare of illusion and betrayal .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Mills', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love or Money', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Murdoch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The More You Know', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_More_You_Know', 'summary': "The More You Know is a series of public service announcements ( PSAs ) broadcast on the NBC family of channels in the United States and other locations , featuring educational messages . These PSAs are broadcast occasionally during NBC 's network programming . The spots feature personalities from various NBC shows , as well as other notable figures such as U.S. presidents . Tom Brokaw was the first person to do The More You Know spot ; it aired on NBC in September 1989 , succeeding the One to Grow On PSAs that were used from 1983 to 1989 . El Poder de Saber ( The Power of Knowledge ) is The More You Know 's sister campaign on Telemundo . While the other U.S. broadcast networks have similar campaigns , namely CBS Cares and Disney-ABC 's Be Inspired , The More You Know is likely the most well known ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Year of the Comet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Year_of_the_Comet', 'summary': 'Year of the Comet is a 1992 romantic comedy adventure film directed by Peter Yates and starring Tim Daly , Penelope Ann Miller , and Louis Jourdan . The film was written by William Goldman and produced by Alan Brown and Phil Kellogg . The plot concerns the pursuit of the most valuable bottle of wine in history . The title refers to the year it was bottled , 1811 , which was known for the Great Comet of 1811 , and also as one of the best years in history for European wine .'}]}, {'value': 'Oliver Plexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caroline at Midnight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caroline_at_Midnight', 'summary': 'Caroline at Midnight is a 1994 romantic/thriller film , written by Travis Rink and directed by Scott McGinnis .'}]}, {'value': 'Detective Ray Dillon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denise Calls Up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denise_Calls_Up', 'summary': 'Denise Calls Up is an American comedy released by Sony Pictures Classics in 1996 . Written and directed by Hal Salwen , it has an ensemble cast which includes Liev Schreiber , Timothy Daly , and Alanna Ubach . The plot revolves around a group of friends in New York City who , while working at their PCs and laptops and keeping in touch by phone and fax , never seem to be able to get together .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Oliver', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Ms._Hyde', 'summary': "Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde is a 1995 British-Canadian-American comedy film starring Tim Daly , Sean Young and Lysette Anthony . The film is based on Robert Louis Stevenson 's classic horror novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . The story takes place in modern times and concerns a bumbling chemist who tampers with his great-grandfather 's formula , accidentally transforming himself into a beautiful businesswoman who is hellbent on taking over his life ."}]}, {'value': 'Doctor Richard Jacks', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Associate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Associate_(1996_film)', 'summary': 'The Associate is a 1996 American comedy film directed by Donald Petrie and written by Nick Thiel . It stars Whoopi Goldberg , Dianne Wiest , Eli Wallach , Tim Daly , and Bebe Neuwirth , alongside Austin Pendleton and Lainie Kazan .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Peterson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Object of My Affection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Object_of_My_Affection', 'summary': 'The Object of My Affection is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Nicholas Hytner and starring Jennifer Aniston and Paul Rudd . The film was adapted from the novel of the same name by Stephen McCauley and the screenplay was written by Wendy Wasserstein . The story concerns a pregnant New York social worker who develops romantic feelings for her gay best friend and decides to raise her child with him , and the complications that ensue . It was filmed in 1997 in various locations around New York City , New Jersey , and Connecticut . The film received mixed reviews and was a moderate box office success grossing $ 46.9 million on a $ 15 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Robert Joley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Batman/Superman Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Batman/Superman_Movie', 'summary': 'Superman : The Animated Series is an American television series based on the DC Comics superhero Superman , which was produced by Warner Bros . Animation and originally aired on The WB from 1996 to 2000 ; lasting 54 episodes . The series is part of what has become known as the DC animated universe and was the first after the acclaimed Batman : The Animated Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Clark Kent / Superman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_Kent', 'summary': "Superman is a fictional superhero . The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster , and first appeared in Action Comics # 1 , a comic book published on April 18 , 1938 . The character regularly appears in comic books published by DC Comics , and has been adapted to a number of radio serials , movies , and television shows . Superman was born on the planet Krypton and was given the name Kal-El at birth . As a baby , his parents sent him to Earth in a small spaceship moments before Krypton was destroyed in a natural cataclysm . His ship landed in the American countryside , near the fictional town of Smallville . He was found and adopted by farmers Jonathan and Martha Kent , who named him Clark Kent . Clark developed various superhuman abilities , such as incredible strength and impervious skin . His foster parents advised him to use his abilities for the benefit of humanity , and he decided to fight crime as a vigilante . To protect his privacy , he changes into a colorful costume and uses the alias Superman when fighting crime . Clark Kent resides in the fictional American city of Metropolis , where he works as a journalist for the Daily Planet . Superman 's supporting characters include his love interest and fellow journalist Lois Lane , Daily Planet photographer Jimmy Olsen and editor-in-chief Perry White ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Superman', 'summary': "Superman is a fictional superhero . The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster , and first appeared in Action Comics # 1 , a comic book published on April 18 , 1938 . The character regularly appears in comic books published by DC Comics , and has been adapted to a number of radio serials , movies , and television shows . Superman was born on the planet Krypton and was given the name Kal-El at birth . As a baby , his parents sent him to Earth in a small spaceship moments before Krypton was destroyed in a natural cataclysm . His ship landed in the American countryside , near the fictional town of Smallville . He was found and adopted by farmers Jonathan and Martha Kent , who named him Clark Kent . Clark developed various superhuman abilities , such as incredible strength and impervious skin . His foster parents advised him to use his abilities for the benefit of humanity , and he decided to fight crime as a vigilante . To protect his privacy , he changes into a colorful costume and uses the alias Superman when fighting crime . Clark Kent resides in the fictional American city of Metropolis , where he works as a journalist for the Daily Planet . Superman 's supporting characters include his love interest and fellow journalist Lois Lane , Daily Planet photographer Jimmy Olsen and editor-in-chief Perry White ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seven Girlfriends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Girlfriends', 'summary': 'Seven Girlfriends is a 1999 romantic comedy film directed by Paul Lazarus and starring Tim Daly .'}]}, {'value': 'Jesse Campbell', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basic_(film)', 'summary': "Basic is a 2003 mystery-action thriller film directed by John McTiernan and starring John Travolta , Connie Nielsen , and Samuel L. Jackson . It is the second collaboration of Travolta and Jackson , following 1994 's Pulp Fiction ."}]}, {'value': 'Colonel Bill Styles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Against the Ropes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Against_the_Ropes', 'summary': 'Against the Ropes is a 2004 American sports drama film directed by Charles S. Dutton ( in his directorial debut ) and starring Meg Ryan and Omar Epps . The story is a fictionalized account of boxing manager Jackie Kallen , who was the first woman to become a success in the sport . Kallen has a bit part in the film playing a reporter , and a few lines in the scene where the press interviews the principal characters . The film was shot primarily at the Wolstein Center in Cleveland , Ohio , United States and Hamilton , Ontario , Canada at the Copps Coliseum . Against the Ropes grossed less than $ 6 million in the US and was panned by critics for its resemblance to other boxing films .'}]}, {'value': 'Gavin Reese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bereft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bereft_(film)', 'summary': 'Bereft is a 2004 television film written by Peter Ferland and directed by Tim Daly and J. Clark Mathis . Bereft is the first film Daly directed . It stars Vinessa Shaw , Michael C. Hall , Tim Blake Nelson , Marsha Mason , and Edward Herrmann . Set in Vermont , Bereft tells the story of a young widow haunted by the memory of her dead husband , while trying to date again .'}]}, {'value': "Uncle 'Happy '", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Return to Sender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Return_to_Sender_(2004_film)', 'summary': 'Return to Sender is a 2004 film written by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade and directed by Bille August . It was also released on video under the title Convicted . The film stars Aidan Quinn , Connie Nielsen and Mark Holton . Aidan Quinn was nominated for a 2005 IFTA Best Actor in a Feature Film award for his performance . Quinn plays an unscrupulous attorney who is challenged by Nielsen , his latest client .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin North', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Neighbor Totoro ( Tonari no Totoro )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro', 'summary': 'My Neighbor Totoro ( Japanese : となりのトトロ , Hepburn : Tonari no Totoro , The Totoro Next-door ) is a 1988 Japanese animated fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten . The film - which stars the voice actors Noriko Hidaka , Chika Sakamoto , and Hitoshi Takagi - tells the story of the two young daughters ( Satsuki and Mei ) of a professor and their interactions with friendly wood spirits in postwar rural Japan . The film won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize and the Mainichi Film Award and Kinema Junpo Award for Best Film in 1988 . It also received the Special Award at the Blue Ribbon Awards in the same year . In 1989 , Streamline Pictures produced an exclusive dub for use on transpacific flights by Japan Airlines . Troma Films , under their 50th St . Films banner , distributed the dub of the film co-produced by Jerry Beck . This dub was released to United States theaters in 1993 , on VHS and laserdisc in the United States by Fox Video in 1994 , and on DVD in 2002 . The rights to this dub expired in 2004 , so it was re-released by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on 7 March 2006 with a new dub cast . This version was also released in Australia by Madman on 15 March 2006 and in the UK by Optimum Releasing on 27 March 2006 . This DVD release is the first version of the film in the United States to include both Japanese and English language tracks , as Fox did not have the rights to the Japanese audio track for their version . My Neighbor Totoro was critically acclaimed and has amassed a worldwide cult following in the years after its release .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonari_no_Totoro', 'summary': 'My Neighbor Totoro ( Japanese : となりのトトロ , Hepburn : Tonari no Totoro , The Totoro Next-door ) is a 1988 Japanese animated fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten . The film - which stars the voice actors Noriko Hidaka , Chika Sakamoto , and Hitoshi Takagi - tells the story of the two young daughters ( Satsuki and Mei ) of a professor and their interactions with friendly wood spirits in postwar rural Japan . The film won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize and the Mainichi Film Award and Kinema Junpo Award for Best Film in 1988 . It also received the Special Award at the Blue Ribbon Awards in the same year . In 1989 , Streamline Pictures produced an exclusive dub for use on transpacific flights by Japan Airlines . Troma Films , under their 50th St . Films banner , distributed the dub of the film co-produced by Jerry Beck . This dub was released to United States theaters in 1993 , on VHS and laserdisc in the United States by Fox Video in 1994 , and on DVD in 2002 . The rights to this dub expired in 2004 , so it was re-released by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on 7 March 2006 with a new dub cast . This version was also released in Australia by Madman on 15 March 2006 and in the UK by Optimum Releasing on 27 March 2006 . This DVD release is the first version of the film in the United States to include both Japanese and English language tracks , as Fox did not have the rights to the Japanese audio track for their version . My Neighbor Totoro was critically acclaimed and has amassed a worldwide cult following in the years after its release .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor Tatsuo Kusakabe ( father )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Superman : Brainiac Attacks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superman:_Brainiac_Attacks', 'summary': 'Superman : Brainiac Attacks is a 2006 direct-to-video animated film with production designs based on Superman : The Animated Series from Warner Bros . Animation . Released on June 20 , 2006 , the film features Superman battling the forces of Lex Luthor and Brainiac , and his relationship with Lois Lane .'}]}, {'value': 'Clark Kent / Superman', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Tim_Daly_0', 'intro': 'James Timothy Daly (born March 1, 1956) is an American actor and producer. He is known for his role as Joe Hackett on the NBC sitcom Wings and his voice role as Clark Kent/Superman in Superman: The Animated Series, as well as his recurring role as the drug-addicted screenwriter J.T. Dolan on The Sopranos (for which he was nominated for an Emmy Award). He starred as Pete Wilder on Private Practice from 2007 to 2012. From 2014 until 2019, he portrayed Henry McCord, husband of the titular character, on the CBS drama Madam Secretary.'}
null
null
What year was the valuable wine bottled in the 1992 film in which Tim Daly played Oliver Plexico ?
1811
0675356208e49285
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Walk_of_Stars', 'title': 'Birmingham Walk of Stars', 'header': ['Number', 'Recipient', 'Induction date', 'Profession', 'Comments', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ozzy Osbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne', 'summary': "John Michael Ozzy Osbourne ( born 3 December 1948 ) is an English singer , songwriter , actor , and television personality . He rose to prominence during the 1970s as the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath , during which he adopted the nickname The Prince of Darkness . Osbourne was fired from the band in 1979 due to alcohol and drug problems , but he went on to have a successful solo career , releasing eleven studio albums , the first seven of which were all awarded multi-platinum certifications in the United States . Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions . He rejoined the band in 1997 and helped record the group 's final studio album 13 ( 2013 ) , before they embarked on a farewell tour which culminated in a final performance in their home city , Birmingham , England , in February 2017 . His longevity and success have earned him the informal title of Godfather of Heavy Metal . Osbourne 's total album sales from his years in Black Sabbath , combined with his solo work , is over 100 million . As a member of Black Sabbath , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as a solo artist and as a member of the band . Possessing a distinctive singing voice , Osbourne , as a native of Birmingham , is known for his strong Brummie accent - he has a star on the Birmingham Walk of Stars in his hometown as well as the Hollywood Walk of Fame . At the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards , he received the Global Icon Award . In 2015 , Osbourne received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . In the early 2000s , Osbourne became a reality television star , appearing as himself in the MTV reality show The Osbournes , alongside wife and manager Sharon and two of their three children , Kelly and Jack ."}]}, {'value': '6 July 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member of Black Sabbath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Sabbath', 'summary': "Black Sabbath were an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi , drummer Bill Ward , bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne . They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music . The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath ( 1970 ) , Paranoid ( 1970 ) , and Master of Reality ( 1971 ) . The band had multiple line-up changes following Osbourne 's departure in 1979 , with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history . After previous iterations of the group called the Polka Tulk Blues Band and Earth , the band settled on the name Black Sabbath in 1969 . They distinguished themselves through occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars . Signing to Philips Records in November 1969 , they released their first single , Evil Woman in January 1970 . Their debut album , Black Sabbath , was released the following month . Though it received a negative critical response , the album was a commercial success , leading to a follow-up record , Paranoid , later in 1970 . The band 's popularity grew , and by 1973 's Sabbath Bloody Sabbath , critics were starting to respond favourably . Osbourne 's regular use of drugs and alcohol led to his firing in 1979 . He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′40″N 1°54′40″W / 52.47786°N 1.91099°W / 52.47786 ; -1.91099 ( Ozzy Osbourne )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jasper Carrott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jasper_Carrott', 'summary': 'Jasper Carrott , OBE ( born Robert Norman Davis ; 14 March 1945 ) is an English comedian , actor and television presenter .'}]}, {'value': '15 September 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedian , actor and television presenter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′31″N 1°54′51″W / 52.47539°N 1.91416°W / 52.47539 ; -1.91416 ( Jasper Carrott )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noddy Holder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noddy_Holder', 'summary': "Neville John Noddy Holder MBE ( born 15 June 1946 ) is an English musician and actor . He was the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the English band Slade , one of the UK 's most successful acts of the 1970s . Holder co-wrote most of Slade 's material with bass guitarist Jim Lea and is known for his unique and powerful voice ."}]}, {'value': '9 December 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member of Slade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slade', 'summary': "Slade were an English rock band from Wolverhampton . They rose to prominence during the glam rock era in the early 1970s , achieving 17 consecutive top 20 hits and six number ones on the UK Singles Chart . The British Hit Singles & Albums names them the most successful British group of the 1970s based on sales of singles . They were the first act to have three singles enter the charts at number one ; all six of the band 's chart-toppers were penned by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea . As of 2006 , total UK sales stand at 6,520,171 , and their best-selling single , Merry Xmas Everybody , has sold in excess of one million copies . According to the 1999 BBC documentary It 's Slade , the band have sold over 50 million records worldwide . Following an unsuccessful move to the United States in 1975 , Slade 's popularity waned but was unexpectedly revived in 1980 when they were last-minute replacements for Ozzy Osbourne at the Reading Rock Festival . The band later acknowledged this to have been one of the highlights of their career . The original line-up split in 1992 , but the band re-formed later in the year as Slade II . The band have continued , with a number of line-up changes , to the present day . They have shortened the group name back to Slade . A number of diverse artists have cited Slade as an influence , including alternative rock icons Nirvana and the Smashing Pumpkins , punk pioneers Ramones , Sex Pistols , The Undertones , The Runaways and The Clash , glam metal bands Kiss , Mötley Crüe , Poison , Def Leppard , heavy metal bands Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot and pop-rock stalwarts The Replacements , Cheap Trick and Oasis ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′37″N 1°54′43″W / 52.47706°N 1.91200°W / 52.47706 ; -1.91200 ( Noddy Holder ) Coordinates : 52°28′37″N 1°54′43″W / 52.47706°N 1.91200°W / 52.47706 ; -1.91200 ( Noddy Holder )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system', 'summary': 'A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers , letters or symbols . [ note 1 ] The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two or three of the numbers represent a horizontal position ; alternatively , a geographic position may be expressed in a combined three-dimensional Cartesian vector . A common choice of coordinates is latitude , longitude and elevation . To specify a location on a plane requires a map projection .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murray_Walker', 'summary': 'Graeme Murray Walker , OBE ( born 10 October 1923 ) is a semi-retired English motorsport commentator and journalist . He provided television commentary of live Formula 1 coverage for the BBC between 1976 and 1996 , after that of ITV between 1997 and 2001 . During his 23-year run as full-time commentator , Walker became known for his animated enthusiasm , authoritative voice and comical blunders - dubbed Murrayisms by fans - during live races . His commentary voice has been likened to a screech and resembles a 500cc engine being revved up . He is regarded by many as the greatest sports commentator of all time . He retired from full-time commentary after the 2001 United States Grand Prix , but has returned to broadcasting part-time in 2005 and has since made occasional appearances on the BBC , Channel 4 and Sky Sports F1 .'}]}, {'value': '28 June 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sports commentator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_commentator', 'summary': "In sports broadcasting , a sports commentator ( also known as sports announcer , sportscaster or play-by-play announcer ) gives a running commentary of a game or event in real time , usually during a live broadcast , traditionally delivered in the historical present tense . Radio was the first medium for sports broadcasts , and radio commentators must describe all aspects of the action to listeners who can not see it for themselves . In the case of televised sports coverage , commentators are usually presented as a voiceover , with images of the contest shown on viewers ' screens and sounds of the action and spectators heard in the background . Television commentators are rarely shown on screen during an event , though some networks choose to feature their announcers on camera either before or after the contest or briefly during breaks in the action ."}]}, {'value': 'BBC/ITV Formula One coverage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Formula_One', 'summary': "Formula One ( also known as Formula 1 or F1 ) is the highest class of single-seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) and owned by the Formula One Group . The World Drivers ' Championship , which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981 , has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950 . The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants ' cars must conform . A Formula One season consists of a series of races , known as Grands Prix ( French for 'grand prizes ' or 'great prizes ' ) , which take place worldwide on purpose-built circuits and on public roads . The results of each race are evaluated using a points system to determine two annual World Championships : one for drivers , the other for constructors . Drivers must hold valid Super Licences , the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA . The races must run on tracks graded 1 ( formerly A ) , the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA . Most events occur in rural locations on purpose-built tracks , but several events take place on city streets . Formula One cars are the fastest regulated road-course racing cars in the world , owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce . The cars underwent major changes in 2017 , allowing wider front and rear wings , and wider tyres , resulting in peak cornering forces near 6.5 lateral g and top speeds of up to approximately 350 km/h ( 215 mph ) . As of 2019 [ update ] the hybrid engines are limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 rpm , the cars are very dependent on electronics and aerodynamics , suspension and tyres . Traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47847°N 1.90880°W / 52.47847 ; -1.90880 ( Murray Walker )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Archers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Archers', 'summary': "The Archers is a British radio soap opera on BBC Radio 4 - the BBC 's main spoken-word channel - broadcast since 1951 . It was initially billed an everyday story of country folk and now , a contemporary drama in a rural setting . Having aired over 19,100 episodes , it is the world 's longest-running drama . Five pilot episodes were aired in 1950 and the first episode was broadcast nationally on 1 January 1951 . A significant show in British popular culture , and with over five million listeners , it is Radio 4 's most listened-to non-news programme , and with over one million listeners via the internet , the programme holds the record for BBC Radio online listening figures . In February 2019 , a panel of 46 broadcasting industry experts , of which 42 had a professional connection to the BBC , listed The Archers as the second-greatest radio programme of all time . Partly established with the aim towards educating farmers following World War II , The Archers soon became a popular source of entertainment for the population at large , attracting nine million listeners by 1953 ."}]}, {'value': '12 September 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soap opera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long-running BBC Radio 4 serial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Radio_4', 'summary': "BBC Radio 4 , part of BBC Radio , is owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation . It broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news , drama , comedy , science and history from the BBC 's headquarters at Broadcasting House , London . It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967 . The station controller is Mohit Bakaya . It is the second-most-popular domestic radio station in the UK , broadcast throughout the UK , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands on FM , LW and DAB , and can be received in eastern and south eastern counties of Ireland , the north of France and Northern Europe . It is also available through Freeview , Sky , Virgin Media and on the Internet . Its sister station , BBC Radio 4 Extra ( formerly BBC Radio 7 ) , complements the main channel by broadcasting repeats from the Radio 4 archive , extended versions of Radio 4 programmes and supplements to series such as The Archers and Desert Island Discs . It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One , heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal pips or the chimes of Big Ben . Radio 4 broadcasts the Shipping Forecast , which reached 150 years old in August 2017 . The pips are only accurate on FM , LW , and MW as there is a delay on DAB and digital radio of approximately 3 to 5 seconds , even longer online ( up to 23 seconds ) ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′35″W / 52.47825°N 1.90978°W / 52.47825 ; -1.90978 ( The Archers )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norman Painting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Painting', 'summary': 'Norman George Painting OBE ( 23 April 1924 - 29 October 2009 ) was an English actor , broadcaster and writer . He played Phil Archer in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers from the pilot episodes aired on the BBC Midlands Home Service in summer 1950 , after the series went national on the Light Programme on 1 January 1951 , until his death in 2009 , when he was the longest-serving member of the cast . His last episode , recorded two days before he died , was broadcast on 22 November 2009 . The character lived on until Phil was found dead in his armchair in February 2010 . According to Guinness World Records , Painting held the world record for an actor playing a continuous role , a total of 59 years , which has now been surpassed by co-actor Lesley Saweard and co-star Patricia Greene .'}]}, {'value': '12 September 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Voice of Phil Archer in The Archers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Archer', 'summary': "Philip Walter Archer is a fictional character from the British BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers , played by Norman Painting . He made his first appearance on 29 May 1950 , the show 's pilot episode . The character later became the longest serving male character in the series . His longevity gave him something of the status of a 'patriarch ' in Ambridge ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′35″W / 52.47822°N 1.90985°W / 52.47822 ; -1.90985 ( Norman Painting )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Iommi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Iommi', 'summary': "Anthony Frank Iommi ( /aɪˈoʊmi/ ; born 19 February 1948 ) is an English guitarist , songwriter and producer . He was lead guitarist and one of the four founding members of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath . He was the band 's primary composer and sole continual member for nearly five decades . While working in a factory as a teenager , Iommi lost the tips of the middle and ring fingers of his right hand in an accident , an event which crucially impacted his playing style . Iommi briefly left Black Sabbath ( then known as Earth ) in 1968 to join Jethro Tull , but did not record any material with the band , and he subsequently returned to Black Sabbath in 1969 . In 2000 , he released his first solo album Iommi , followed by 2005 's Fused , which featured his former bandmate Glenn Hughes . After releasing Fused , he formed Heaven & Hell , which disbanded after Ronnie James Dio 's death in 2010 . Iommi was ranked number 25 in Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time . In 2011 , he published his autobiography , entitled Iron Man : My Journey through Heaven and Hell with Black Sabbath ."}]}, {'value': '23 November 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member of Black Sabbath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Sabbath', 'summary': "Black Sabbath were an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi , drummer Bill Ward , bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne . They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music . The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath ( 1970 ) , Paranoid ( 1970 ) , and Master of Reality ( 1971 ) . The band had multiple line-up changes following Osbourne 's departure in 1979 , with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history . After previous iterations of the group called the Polka Tulk Blues Band and Earth , the band settled on the name Black Sabbath in 1969 . They distinguished themselves through occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars . Signing to Philips Records in November 1969 , they released their first single , Evil Woman in January 1970 . Their debut album , Black Sabbath , was released the following month . Though it received a negative critical response , the album was a commercial success , leading to a follow-up record , Paranoid , later in 1970 . The band 's popularity grew , and by 1973 's Sabbath Bloody Sabbath , critics were starting to respond favourably . Osbourne 's regular use of drugs and alcohol led to his firing in 1979 . He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′36″W / 52.47827°N 1.91012°W / 52.47827 ; -1.91012 ( Tony Iommi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aston Villa F.C . 1982 Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C.', 'summary': "Aston Villa Football Club ( nicknamed Villa ) is an English professional football club based in Aston , Birmingham . The club competes in the Premier League , the top tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1874 , they have played at their home ground , Villa Park , since 1897 . Aston Villa were one of the founder members of the Football League in 1888 and of the Premier League in 1992 . Villa are one of only five English clubs to have won the European Cup , in 1981-82 . They have also won the Football League First Division seven times , the FA Cup seven times , the League Cup five times , and the UEFA Super Cup once . Villa have a fierce local rivalry with Birmingham City and the Second City derby between the teams has been played since 1879 . The club 's traditional kit colours are claret shirts with sky blue sleeves , white shorts and sky blue socks . Their traditional club badge is of a rampant lion . The club is currently owned by the NSWE group , a company owned by the Egyptian billionaire Nassef Sawiris and the American billionaire Wes Edens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1982_European_Cup_Final', 'summary': 'The 1982 European Cup Final was played on 26 May 1982 . English champions Aston Villa defeated West German league winners Bayern Munich 1-0 at De Kuip in Rotterdam , Netherlands to win the European Cup for the first , and so far , only time , and continue the streak of English teams winning the competition , being the sixth consecutive victory by an English side .'}]}, {'value': '4 May 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_team', 'summary': 'A football team is a group of players selected to play together in the various team sports known as football . Such teams could be selected to play in a match against an opposing team , to represent a football club , group , state or nation , an all-star team or even selected as a hypothetical team ( such as a Dream Team or Team of the Century ) and never play an actual match .'}]}, {'value': '1982 European Cup-winning team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_European_Cup_Final', 'summary': 'The 1982 European Cup Final was played on 26 May 1982 . English champions Aston Villa defeated West German league winners Bayern Munich 1-0 at De Kuip in Rotterdam , Netherlands to win the European Cup for the first , and so far , only time , and continue the streak of English teams winning the competition , being the sixth consecutive victory by an English side .'}]}, {'value': '52°28′41″N 1°54′38″W / 52.47810°N 1.91054°W / 52.47810 ; -1.91054 ( Aston Villa F.C . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tony 'Bomber ' Brown", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Brown_(English_footballer)', 'summary': 'Anthony Brown ( born 3 October 1945 in Oldham , Lancashire ) is an English former footballer who played as a wing half and an inside forward . He was often referred to by his nickname Bomber or Bomber Brown and was known for his spectacular goals . He joined West Bromwich Albion as a youth in 1961 and turned professional in 1963 . In the late 1960s and early 1970s Brown was part of an Albion team that built a reputation as a successful cup side , winning the 1966 Football League Cup Final and the 1968 FA Cup Final and finishing as runners-up in the League Cup in 1967 and 1970 . He was the top scorer in Division One in 1970-71 and received his only England cap at the end of that season . After relegation in 1973 , he helped Albion to win promotion back to Division One in 1976 . He scored 279 goals in 720 competitive games for Albion , both club records . Brown finished his playing career playing for the New England Tea Men , Torquay United and non-league Stafford Rangers . Since retiring from playing he has worked as a coach and a commentator .'}]}, {'value': '17 May 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional footballer from West Bromwich Albion F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C.', 'summary': "West Bromwich Albion Football Club ( /ˈbrɒmɪdʒ , -ɪtʃ/ ) is an English professional football club based in West Bromwich , West Midlands , England . They currently play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was formed in 1878 and has played at its home ground , The Hawthorns , since 1900 . Albion were one of the founding members of the Football League in 1888 , the first professional football league in the world , and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of English football . They have been champions of England once , in 1919-20 , and have been runners-up twice . Albion have reached ten FA Cup finals , winning the Cup on five occasions . The first win came in 1888 , the year the league was founded , and the most recent in 1968 , their last major trophy . They also won the Football League Cup at the first attempt in 1966 . The club 's longest continuous period in the top division spanned 24 years between 1949 and 1973 , and from 1986 to 2002 they spent their longest ever spell out of the top division . The team has played in navy blue and white stripes for most of the club 's history ; and the club badge features a throstle perched on a hawthorn branch . Albion have a number of long-standing rivalries with other West Midlands clubs ; their traditional rivals being Aston Villa and Wolverhampton Wanderers . Albion contest the Black Country Derby with the latter ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′39″N 1°54′42″W / 52.47739°N 1.91158°W / 52.47739 ; -1.91158 ( Tony Brown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Skinner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Skinner', 'summary': "Frank Skinner ( born Christopher Graham Collins ; 28 January 1957 ) is an English writer , comedian , TV and radio presenter , and actor . At the 2001 British Comedy Awards , he was awarded the Best Comedy Entertainment Personality . He presented or co-presented Fantasy Football League from 1994 to 2004 , The Frank Skinner Show from 1995 to 2005 , Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned from 2000 to 2005 and Room 101 from 2012 to 2018 . Since 2009 he has hosted The Frank Skinner Show on Absolute Radio , broadcast live on Saturdays and later released as a podcast . Along with David Baddiel , he provided vocals and wrote the lyrics for Three Lions , the official song in collaboration with Liverpudlian indie band The Lightning Seeds , to mark the England football team 's participation in the 1996 European Championships ( which was hosted in England ) ; he also reprised his role to release two subsequent versions of the song for the England team 's involvement in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup . The 1996 version is the only song ever to have four separate stints at number one in the UK singles chart with the same artists , the most recent coming in July 2018 following England reaching the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '1 August 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-Host of Fantasy Football League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantasy_Football_League', 'summary': 'Fantasy Football League is a British television programme hosted by David Baddiel and Frank Skinner . The programme was inspired by the Fantasy Football phenomenon which started in the early 90s . It followed on from a BBC Radio 5 programme hosted by Dominik Diamond although the radio and TV versions overlapped by several months . Three series were broadcast from 14 January 1994 to 10 May 1996 ( followed by episodes during Euro 1996 ) . The show then moved to ITV for live specials on alternate nights throughout 1998 World Cup and then again through the 2004 European Championship . It is not known if the show is ever likely to return . In its absence , Baddiel and Skinner instead went on to produce a series of podcasts for The Times , documenting their experiences while travelling across Germany at the 2006 World Cup . The success of these led to the duo being signed by Absolute Radio , where they hosted a similar show from South Africa during the 2010 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '52°28′38″N 1°54′41″W / 52.47727°N 1.91132°W / 52.47727 ; -1.91132 ( Frank Skinner )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gil Merrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gil_Merrick', 'summary': "Gilbert Harold Gil Merrick ( 26 January 1922 - 3 February 2010 ) was an English footballer and football manager . Considered one of the best goalkeepers in the UK during the mid-1950s , Merrick was one in a long line of great Birmingham City keepers which included the likes of Johnny Schofield and Harry Hibbs . Merrick spent his entire career at Birmingham City , playing more than 700 times between 1939 and 1960 . He made 170 appearances during the Second World War and 485 in the Football League following the end of the war . He won 23 caps for the England national team , and played in the 1954 World Cup . After retirement as a player , he managed the club for four years . Birmingham City renamed the Railway Stand at their St Andrew 's stadium the Gil Merrick Stand for the start of the 2009-10 season ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional footballer from Birmingham City F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Birmingham City Football Club is a professional football club in Birmingham , England . Formed in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance , it was renamed Small Heath in 1888 , Birmingham in 1905 , and Birmingham City in 1943 . Since 2011 , the first team have competed in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . As Small Heath , they played in the Football Alliance before becoming founder members and first champions of the Football League Second Division . The most successful period in their history was in the 1950s and early 1960s . They achieved their highest finishing position of sixth in the First Division in the 1955-56 season and reached the 1956 FA Cup Final . Birmingham played in two Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals , in 1960 , as the first English club side to reach a major European final , and again the following year . They won the League Cup in 1963 and again in 2011 . Birmingham have played in the top tier of English football for around half of their history : the longest period spent outside the top division , between 1986 and 2002 , included two brief spells in the third tier of English football , during which time they won the Football League Trophy twice . St Andrew 's has been their home ground since 1906 . They have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Aston Villa , their nearest neighbours , with whom they play the Second City derby . The club 's nickname is Blues , after the colour of their kit , and the fans are known as Bluenoses ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′37″N 1°54′44″W / 52.47683°N 1.91230°W / 52.47683 ; -1.91230 ( Gil Merrick )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ray Graydon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Graydon', 'summary': "Raymond Jack Graydon ( born 21 July 1947 ) is an English former footballer and manager . In a 16-year professional career in the English Football League and North American Soccer League he scored 139 goals in 484 league and cup appearances . A winger , he began his career at hometown club Bristol Rovers in 1965 , and scored 38 goals from 155 league and cup competitions in a six season stay . He was sold on to Aston Villa for £50,000 in July 1971 , and went on to help Villa to win promotion out of the Third Division as champions in 1971-72 and then out of the Second Division in 1974-75 . He scored the only goal of the 1975 League Cup Final , and won the League Cup for a second time in 1977 . He was also nominated for the Second Division PFA Team of the Year in 1974-75 , and featured on the losing side in the 1972 FA Charity Shield . He was sold on to Coventry City for a fee of £35,000 in 1977 , and then moved to the United States to play for the Washington Diplomats in 1978 , where he picked up a runners-up medal for the 1978 President 's Cup Football Tournament . Later in the year he returned to England to play for Oxford United , and retired in 1981 . He coached at Southampton , Oxford United , Watford , Queens Park Rangers and Port Vale , before he was appointed manager of Walsall in May 1998 . He led the club to promotion out of the Second Division in 1998-99 , before repeating the feat via the play-offs in 2001 . He lost his job in January 2002 , and was appointed Bristol Rovers manager two months later . He was sacked in January 2004 , and later briefly served Leicester City as a first-team coach ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Former manager of Walsall F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walsall_F.C.', 'summary': "Walsall Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Walsall , West Midlands , England . The team competes in League Two , the fourth tier of the English football league system . The club 's nickname , The Saddlers , reflects Walsall 's status as a traditional centre for saddle manufacture . Walsall moved into their Bescot Stadium in 1990 , having previously played at nearby Fellows Park for almost a century . The team play in a red and white kit and their club crest features a swift . They hold rivalries with nearby Wolverhampton Wanderers and West Bromwich Albion , as well as farther away but more regularly contested rivalries with Shrewsbury Town and Port Vale . The club was founded in 1888 as Walsall Town Swifts , an amalgamation of Walsall Town and Walsall Swifts . :9 The club moved to the Football Alliance from the Midland Association the following year , before being invited to help found the Football League Second Division in 1892 . They failed re-election in 1895 , but were elected back into the Football League after one season in the Midland League . They failed re-election again in 1901 and this time spent two decades outside the Football League , primarily in the Birmingham & District League . Invited to help form the Football League Third Division North in 1921 , they would remain in the third tier for the next 37 years before becoming founder members of the Fourth Division . Walsall won the Fourth Division title in 1959-60 and then secured promotion out of the Third Division the following season , though were relegated in 1963 and again in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′43″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47848°N 1.90879°W / 52.47848 ; -1.90879 ( Ray Graydon )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julie Walters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Walters', 'summary': "Dame Julia Mary Walters DBE ( born 22 February 1950 ) [ citation needed ] is an English actress , writer and comedian . She is the recipient of four BAFTA TV Awards , two BAFTA Film Awards , a BAFTA Fellowship , and a Golden Globe . She has been nominated twice for an Academy Award , in the categories of Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress . Walters came to international prominence in 1983 , for playing the title role in Educating Rita . It was a role she had created on the West End stage and it earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . It also won her a BAFTA and a Golden Globe . She received a second Academy Award nomination , this time for Best Supporting Actress , for her role in the 2000 film Billy Elliot , which also won her a BAFTA . Her other film credits include Personal Services , Prick Up Your Ears ( both 1987 ) , Buster ( 1988 ) , Stepping Out ( 1991 ) , Sister My Sister ( 1994 ) , Girls ' Night , Titanic Town ( both 1998 ) , Calendar Girls ( 2003 ) , Wah-Wah ( 2005 ) , Driving Lessons ( 2006 ) , Becoming Jane ( 2007 ) , Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) and its sequel ( 2018 ) , Brave ( 2012 ) , Paddington ( 2014 ) and its sequel ( 2017 ) , Effie Gray ( 2014 ) , Brooklyn ( 2015 ) , Film Stars Do n't Die in Liverpool ( 2017 ) , and Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) . She played Molly Weasley in seven of the eight Harry Potter films ( 2001-2011 ) . On stage , she won an Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons . On television , she collaborated with Victoria Wood , and appeared with her in several television shows including Wood and Walters ( 1981 ) , Victoria Wood As Seen on TV ( 1985-1987 ) , Pat and Margaret ( 1994 ) , and dinnerladies ( 1998-2000 ) ."}]}, {'value': '27 October 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actress/Comedian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star of Educating Rita & Harry Potter Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Educating_Rita_(film)', 'summary': 'Educating Rita is a British 1983 drama/comedy film directed by Lewis Gilbert with a screenplay by Willy Russell based on his 1980 stage play . The film stars Michael Caine , Julie Walters , Michael Williams and Maureen Lipman . It won multiple major awards for best actor and best actress and was nominated for three Academy Awards . Caine and Walters both won BAFTA and Golden Globe awards for best actor and actress . The British Film Institute ranked Educating Rita the 84th greatest British film of the 20th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)', 'summary': "Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the eponymous novels by author J. K. Rowling . The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films , beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 ( 2011 ) . A spin-off prequel series will consist of five films started with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) , marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise . The series was mainly produced by David Heyman , and stars Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , and Emma Watson as the three leading characters : Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger . Four directors worked on the series : Chris Columbus , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , and David Yates . Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) , while the remaining films had their screenplays written by Steve Kloves . Production took place over ten years , with the main story arc following Harry Potter 's quest to overcome his arch-enemy Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the seventh and final novel in the series , was adapted into two feature-length parts . Part 1 was released in November 2010 , and Part 2 was released in July 2011 . Philosopher 's Stone and Deathly Hallows - Part 2 are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time , with the latter ranking as the twelfth highest-grossing film , having grossed over $ 1 billion . Without inflation adjustment , it is the third highest-grossing film series with $ 7.7 billion in worldwide receipts ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′28″N 1°54′57″W / 52.47434°N 1.91575°W / 52.47434 ; -1.91575 ( Julie Walters )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Newbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Newbon', 'summary': "Gary Newbon MBE ( born 15 March 1945 in Cambridge , Cambridgeshire ) is a television sports presenter and executive . He attended Culford School near Bury St Edmunds where he captained the rugby first XV and edited the school magazine . Upon leaving school he became a junior reporter in Cambridge and then a freelance Fleet Street journalist reporting on tennis and rugby union . He began his television career at Westward TV in the 1960s , and then as an ATV sports reporter for their ATV Today programme in the early 1970s . The continuing illness of his boss , Controller of Sports Billy Wright , the former England football captain meant that he and a small team - including Trevor East - had to carry out Wright 's functions whilst covering up the extent of his ill-health . He himself later became Controller of Sports ( West Midlands ) for ATV and , later , Central Television , Newbon reported on football and hosted boxing and darts programmes for the ITV network , whilst hosting sports coverage on ATV and Central , while also presenting sports reports on the regional news programmes and performing his executive role . Newbon conducted post-match interviews , including a memorable exchange with Brian Clough after Nottingham Forest had lost 4-0 to Everton , when Newbon 's question about Forest 's lack of commitment was replied to with Because they 're just like you and me , Gary - a bunch of pansies , after which Clough kissed Newbon on the cheek and walked off . Newbon sparked a controversy in 1983 when he appeared to show two fingers to the QPR manager . Now retired from ITV after 36 years , he is currently a Sky Sports presenter . He hosted the football phone-in show You 're On Sky Sports , which is usually scheduled immediately after the evening 's main game . He hosts live greyhound racing on Sky Sports as well as Time of Our Lives . In 2004 , he presented a phone-in show on UK national radio station talkSPORT , Final Whistle , which was broadcast on Saturdays between 5.00pm and 8.00pm after the day 's league fixtures ."}]}, {'value': '10 December 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television journalism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Journalism', 'summary': 'Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on events . The word journalism applies to the occupation , as well as citizen journalists who gather and publish information . Journalistic media include print , television , radio , Internet , and , in the past , newsreels . Concepts of the appropriate role for journalism vary between countries . In some nations , the news media are controlled by government intervention and are not fully independent . In others , the news media are independent of the government but instead operate as private industry motivated by profit . In addition to the varying nature of how media organizations are run and funded , countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech and libel cases . The proliferation of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century . This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels , as people increasingly consume news through e-readers , smartphones , and other personal electronic devices , as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers , magazines , or television news channels . News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing , as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print . Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues .'}]}, {'value': 'Sports Reporter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47845°N 1.90880°W / 52.47845 ; -1.90880 ( Gary Newbon )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lenny Henry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenny_Henry', 'summary': "Sir Lenworth George Henry CBE ( born 29 August 1958 ) is a British stand-up comedian , actor , singer , writer and television presenter , known for co-founding the charity Comic Relief , and appearing in TV programmes including children 's entertainment show Tiswas , sitcom Chef ! and The Magicians for BBC One . He is currently the Chancellor of Birmingham City University ."}]}, {'value': '19 December 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor/Comedian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presenter of Tiswas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiswas', 'summary': "Tiswas ( Today Is Saturday Watch And Smile ) is a British children 's television series that originally aired on Saturday mornings from 5 January 1974 to 3 April 1982 , and was produced for the ITV network by ATV . It was created by ATV continuity announcer Peter Tomlinson ( later to become a regular presenter on the show ) following a test period in 1973 when he tried out a few competitions and daft stuff between the programmes ."}]}, {'value': '52°28′43″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47849°N 1.90879°W / 52.47849 ; -1.90879 ( Lenny Henry )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beverley Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beverley_Knight', 'summary': "Beverley Knight , MBE ( born Beverley Anne Smith ; 22 March 1973 ) is an English recording artist and musical theatre actress who released her debut album , The B-Funk , in 1995 . Heavily influenced by American soul music icons such as Sam Cooke and Aretha Franklin , Knight has released eight studio albums to date . Widely labelled as one of Britain 's greatest soul singers , Knight is best known for her hit singles Greatest Day , Get Up ! , Shoulda Woulda Coulda and Come as You Are . In 2006 Knight solidified her transition into the mainstream by starring in the BBC music TV series Just the Two of Us , a role she reprised in 2007 . After releasing a platinum-selling compilation album in 2006 , Knight went on to tour the UK with a reformed Take That . She has also hosted four series of the BBC Radio 2 show Beverley 's Gospel Nights , which explores the origins and impact of gospel music . To date the show has run for four seasons and has featured interviews with stars such as Michelle Williams and Shirley Caesar . Knight is an ambassador for many charities such as Christian Aid and has travelled to areas affected by disease and poverty to help raise awareness . She is an active campaigner for anti-Aids organisations such as the Stop AIDS Campaign and The Terrence Higgins Trust and is also a vocal campaigner against homophobic lyrics in urban music . On Saturday , 15 August 2009 , she performed live at the fourth annual UK Black Pride event in Regent 's Park . On Friday 4 December 2009 , at the invitation of Sarah Brown , wife of the Prime Minister , Knight performed the two songs Shoulda Woulda Coulda and Gold to an invited audience at 10 Downing Street in support of the White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood Million Mums charity . After more than a decade in the music industry , Knight was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 2006 in recognition of her contribution to British music ."}]}, {'value': '20 March 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′32″W / 52.47846°N 1.90880°W / 52.47846 ; -1.90880 ( Beverley Knight )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Armatrading', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Armatrading', 'summary': 'Joan Anita Barbara Armatrading , MBE ( /ˈɑːrməˌtreɪdɪŋ/ , born 9 December 1950 ) is a British singer-songwriter and guitarist . A three-time Grammy Award nominee , Armatrading has also been nominated twice for BRIT Awards as Best Female Artist . She received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contemporary Song Collection in 1996 . In a recording career spanning 46 years , Armatrading has released 19 studio albums , as well as several live albums and compilations .'}]}, {'value': '4 May 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′35″W / 52.47828°N 1.90970°W / 52.47828 ; -1.90970 ( Joan Armatrading )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Tarrant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Tarrant', 'summary': "Christopher John Tarrant , OBE ( born 10 October 1946 ) is an English musician , radio and television broadcaster . He presented the ITV children 's television show Tiswas from 1974 to 1981 , and the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? from 1998 to 2014 . He was a Capital Radio host from 1984 to 2004 . Tarrant 's career began in 1964 , when he was hired by the since-dissolved television network ATV . He presented ATV Today , a current affairs programme serving the Midlands area of England , until 1982 . Tarrant rose to prominence after becoming a co-host on Tiswas , the children 's television show broadcast on a Saturday morning from 1974 to 1981 . In January 1982 , along with Bob Carolgees , John Gorman , Randolph Sutherland and Lenny Henry , Tarrant launched a late-night show , O.T.T. , thought of as an adult version of Tiswas , but it did not prove popular . Tarrant was a Capital Radio host from 1984 to 2004 , presenting the early-morning show Capital Breakfast . The show was highly popular , increasing Capital Radio 's audience share in London . Tarrant hosted the ITV game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? from 1998 to 2014 , while also providing some audio recordings for some console games , and a tabletop game made by Tiger Electronics based on the show ."}]}, {'value': 'August 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broadcaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Who_Wants_To_Be_A_Millionaire', 'summary': 'Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire ) is an international television game show franchise of British origin , created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight . In its format , currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television , contestants tackle a series of multiple-choice questions to win large cash prizes in a format that twists on many game show genre conventions - only one contestant plays at a time , similar to radio quizzes ; contestants are given the question before attempting an answer , and have no time limit to answer questions ; and the amount offered increases as they tackle questions that become increasingly difficult . The maximum cash prize offered in most versions of the format is one million of the local currency . The original British version debuted on 4 September 1998 on the ITV network and was aired until its final episode on 11 February 2014 . A revived series of seven episodes to commemorate its 20th anniversary aired from 5 to 11 May 2018 . The revival received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans , as well as high viewing figures , leading ITV to renew the show for another series . Since its debut , international variants of the game show have been aired in around 160 countries worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′33″W / 52.47841°N 1.90921°W / 52.47841 ; -1.90921 ( Chris Tarrant )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham Royal Ballet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_Royal_Ballet', 'summary': "Birmingham Royal Ballet ( BRB ) is one of the three major ballet companies of the United Kingdom , alongside The Royal Ballet and the English National Ballet . Founded as the Sadler 's Wells Theatre Ballet , the company was established in 1946 as a sister company to the earlier Sadler 's Wells company , which moved to the Royal Opera House that same year , subsequently becoming known as The Royal Ballet . The new company was formed under the direction of John Field and remained at Sadler 's Wells for many years , becoming known as the Sadler 's Wells Royal Ballet in 1977 . It also toured the UK and abroad , before relocating to Birmingham in 1990 , where it uses the Birmingham Hippodrome stage when performing in the city . Birmingham Royal Ballet has extensive custom-built facilities , including a suite of dance studios , the Jerwood Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Dance Injuries and a studio theatre known as the Patrick Centre . In 1997 , the Birmingham Royal Ballet became independent of The Royal Ballet in London ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′34″W / 52.47844°N 1.90947°W / 52.47844 ; -1.90947 ( Birmingham Royal Ballet )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Bintley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bintley', 'summary': 'Sir David Julian Bintley CBE ( born 17 September 1957 ) is an English former ballet dancer , the artistic director of the Birmingham Royal Ballet , and co-artistic director of the New National Theatre Tokyo ballet company .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52°28′42″N 1°54′34″W / 52.47842°N 1.90955°W / 52.47842 ; -1.90955 ( David Bintley )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stars honoured', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Birmingham_Walk_of_Stars_0', 'intro': 'The Broad Street Walk of Stars is a walk of fame-style installation on the pedestrian pavement of Broad Street, Birmingham, England, which honours notable people from the Birmingham area or with significant connections with it. The scheme is organised and funded by the Broad Street Business Improvement District.'}
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What is the Induction date with the comments that formed in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance ?
September 2009
06753e2c33ed5e14
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'title': 'UCI Mountain Bike World Cup', 'header': ['Season', 'Winner', 'Runner-up', 'Third'], 'data': [{'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regina Stiefl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanna Bonazzi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missy Giove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Giove', 'summary': "Melissa Giove ( born 1972 ) is an American professional downhill mountain biker . Her nickname is The Missile . Giove was one of mountain-bike racing 's first mainstream superstars , appearing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and in adverts for Reebok . Throughout her career she won 14 NORBA downhill titles and 11 world cups . Giove 's other accomplishments include three overall NORBA downhill crowns , two World Cup overalls , and the 1994 world championship title ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Sonier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne-Caroline Chausson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Caroline_Chausson', 'summary': "Anne-Caroline Chausson ( born 8 October 1977 in Dijon ) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro , bicycle motocross ( BMX ) , downhill time trial and cross-country mass start , dual , and four-cross mountain bicycle racing . She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys , fourteen European mountain bike championships , and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series ( 1998-2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women 's BMX event , winning the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Missy Giove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Giove', 'summary': "Melissa Giove ( born 1972 ) is an American professional downhill mountain biker . Her nickname is The Missile . Giove was one of mountain-bike racing 's first mainstream superstars , appearing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and in adverts for Reebok . Throughout her career she won 14 NORBA downhill titles and 11 world cups . Giove 's other accomplishments include three overall NORBA downhill crowns , two World Cup overalls , and the 1994 world championship title ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regina Stiefl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanna Bonazzi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Sonier', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missy Giove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Giove', 'summary': "Melissa Giove ( born 1972 ) is an American professional downhill mountain biker . Her nickname is The Missile . Giove was one of mountain-bike racing 's first mainstream superstars , appearing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and in adverts for Reebok . Throughout her career she won 14 NORBA downhill titles and 11 world cups . Giove 's other accomplishments include three overall NORBA downhill crowns , two World Cup overalls , and the 1994 world championship title ."}]}, {'value': 'Anne-Caroline Chausson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Caroline_Chausson', 'summary': "Anne-Caroline Chausson ( born 8 October 1977 in Dijon ) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro , bicycle motocross ( BMX ) , downhill time trial and cross-country mass start , dual , and four-cross mountain bicycle racing . She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys , fourteen European mountain bike championships , and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series ( 1998-2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women 's BMX event , winning the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Leigh Donovan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leigh_Donovan', 'summary': "Leigh Donovan ( born December 11 , 1971 in Orange , California ) is an American former professional downhill mountain bike racer and current cycling ambassador and women 's mountain bike clinic instructor ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missy Giove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Giove', 'summary': "Melissa Giove ( born 1972 ) is an American professional downhill mountain biker . Her nickname is The Missile . Giove was one of mountain-bike racing 's first mainstream superstars , appearing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and in adverts for Reebok . Throughout her career she won 14 NORBA downhill titles and 11 world cups . Giove 's other accomplishments include three overall NORBA downhill crowns , two World Cup overalls , and the 1994 world championship title ."}]}, {'value': 'Anne-Caroline Chausson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Caroline_Chausson', 'summary': "Anne-Caroline Chausson ( born 8 October 1977 in Dijon ) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro , bicycle motocross ( BMX ) , downhill time trial and cross-country mass start , dual , and four-cross mountain bicycle racing . She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys , fourteen European mountain bike championships , and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series ( 1998-2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women 's BMX event , winning the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Leigh Donovan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leigh_Donovan', 'summary': "Leigh Donovan ( born December 11 , 1971 in Orange , California ) is an American former professional downhill mountain bike racer and current cycling ambassador and women 's mountain bike clinic instructor ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne-Caroline Chausson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Caroline_Chausson', 'summary': "Anne-Caroline Chausson ( born 8 October 1977 in Dijon ) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro , bicycle motocross ( BMX ) , downhill time trial and cross-country mass start , dual , and four-cross mountain bicycle racing . She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys , fourteen European mountain bike championships , and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series ( 1998-2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women 's BMX event , winning the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Missy Giove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Giove', 'summary': "Melissa Giove ( born 1972 ) is an American professional downhill mountain biker . Her nickname is The Missile . Giove was one of mountain-bike racing 's first mainstream superstars , appearing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and in adverts for Reebok . Throughout her career she won 14 NORBA downhill titles and 11 world cups . Giove 's other accomplishments include three overall NORBA downhill crowns , two World Cup overalls , and the 1994 world championship title ."}]}, {'value': 'Nolvenn Le Caer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1999 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup were the 1999 mountain biking world cup races and were held in three disciplines : Cross-country , Downhill and Dual for both men and women .'}]}, {'value': 'Anne-Caroline Chausson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Caroline_Chausson', 'summary': "Anne-Caroline Chausson ( born 8 October 1977 in Dijon ) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro , bicycle motocross ( BMX ) , downhill time trial and cross-country mass start , dual , and four-cross mountain bicycle racing . She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys , fourteen European mountain bike championships , and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series ( 1998-2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women 's BMX event , winning the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Missy Giove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Giove', 'summary': "Melissa Giove ( born 1972 ) is an American professional downhill mountain biker . Her nickname is The Missile . Giove was one of mountain-bike racing 's first mainstream superstars , appearing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and in adverts for Reebok . Throughout her career she won 14 NORBA downhill titles and 11 world cups . Giove 's other accomplishments include three overall NORBA downhill crowns , two World Cup overalls , and the 1994 world championship title ."}]}, {'value': 'Katja Repo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne-Caroline Chausson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Caroline_Chausson', 'summary': "Anne-Caroline Chausson ( born 8 October 1977 in Dijon ) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro , bicycle motocross ( BMX ) , downhill time trial and cross-country mass start , dual , and four-cross mountain bicycle racing . She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys , fourteen European mountain bike championships , and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series ( 1998-2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women 's BMX event , winning the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Missy Giove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Giove', 'summary': "Melissa Giove ( born 1972 ) is an American professional downhill mountain biker . Her nickname is The Missile . Giove was one of mountain-bike racing 's first mainstream superstars , appearing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and in adverts for Reebok . Throughout her career she won 14 NORBA downhill titles and 11 world cups . Giove 's other accomplishments include three overall NORBA downhill crowns , two World Cup overalls , and the 1994 world championship title ."}]}, {'value': 'Leigh Donovan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leigh_Donovan', 'summary': "Leigh Donovan ( born December 11 , 1971 in Orange , California ) is an American former professional downhill mountain bike racer and current cycling ambassador and women 's mountain bike clinic instructor ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2001 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup included four disciplines : cross-country , cross-country time-trial , downhill , and dual-slalom . It was sponsored by Tissot . The cross-country , downhill and dual-slalom events on 7 and 8 July were originally scheduled to be held at Whistler , but were moved to Grouse Mountain .'}]}, {'value': 'Anne-Caroline Chausson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Caroline_Chausson', 'summary': "Anne-Caroline Chausson ( born 8 October 1977 in Dijon ) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro , bicycle motocross ( BMX ) , downhill time trial and cross-country mass start , dual , and four-cross mountain bicycle racing . She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys , fourteen European mountain bike championships , and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series ( 1998-2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women 's BMX event , winning the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Missy Giove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Giove', 'summary': "Melissa Giove ( born 1972 ) is an American professional downhill mountain biker . Her nickname is The Missile . Giove was one of mountain-bike racing 's first mainstream superstars , appearing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and in adverts for Reebok . Throughout her career she won 14 NORBA downhill titles and 11 world cups . Giove 's other accomplishments include three overall NORBA downhill crowns , two World Cup overalls , and the 1994 world championship title ."}]}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne-Caroline Chausson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Caroline_Chausson', 'summary': "Anne-Caroline Chausson ( born 8 October 1977 in Dijon ) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro , bicycle motocross ( BMX ) , downhill time trial and cross-country mass start , dual , and four-cross mountain bicycle racing . She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys , fourteen European mountain bike championships , and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series ( 1998-2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women 's BMX event , winning the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tracy Moseley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Moseley', 'summary': "Tracy Marie Moseley ( born 12 April 1979 ) is a British professional racing cyclist who was born in Worcester , specialising in downhill mountain bike racing . Moseley 's brother , Ed , was also a mountain biker , it was after he began riding cross country mountain bike races that a race was held on their farm in 1992 ; this was Tracy 's first competition . Her first foray into downhilling came in 1994 . Moseley 's first international race was the World Championships in 1995 where she finished 8th . The following year she was funded by the Jason McRoy fund , to ride a French National event at Les Menuires . Moseley continued to race with increasing success , and despite sitting her exams late due to her racing schedule , graduated with a 2:1 degree in Biological Sciences in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fionn Griffiths', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tracy Moseley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Moseley', 'summary': "Tracy Marie Moseley ( born 12 April 1979 ) is a British professional racing cyclist who was born in Worcester , specialising in downhill mountain bike racing . Moseley 's brother , Ed , was also a mountain biker , it was after he began riding cross country mountain bike races that a race was held on their farm in 1992 ; this was Tracy 's first competition . Her first foray into downhilling came in 1994 . Moseley 's first international race was the World Championships in 1995 where she finished 8th . The following year she was funded by the Jason McRoy fund , to ride a French National event at Les Menuires . Moseley continued to race with increasing success , and despite sitting her exams late due to her racing schedule , graduated with a 2:1 degree in Biological Sciences in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Céline Gros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marielle Saner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2005 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup included four disciplines : marathon , cross-country , downhill and 4-cross .'}]}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tracy Moseley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Moseley', 'summary': "Tracy Marie Moseley ( born 12 April 1979 ) is a British professional racing cyclist who was born in Worcester , specialising in downhill mountain bike racing . Moseley 's brother , Ed , was also a mountain biker , it was after he began riding cross country mountain bike races that a race was held on their farm in 1992 ; this was Tracy 's first competition . Her first foray into downhilling came in 1994 . Moseley 's first international race was the World Championships in 1995 where she finished 8th . The following year she was funded by the Jason McRoy fund , to ride a French National event at Les Menuires . Moseley continued to race with increasing success , and despite sitting her exams late due to her racing schedule , graduated with a 2:1 degree in Biological Sciences in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rachel Atherton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Atherton', 'summary': "Rachel Laura Atherton ( born 6 December 1987 ) is a British professional downhill mountain bike racer , and is a multiple time UCI World Champion . Atherton began riding BMX at the age of 8 and mountain biking at the age of 11 . She was both Sunday Times ' Sportswoman of the Year and BBC Midlands Junior Sportswoman of the Year in 2005 , and then BBC Midlands Sportswoman of the Year in 2008 . In October 2015 , a video of Atherton overtaking 91 competitors in five minutes during a race went viral ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2006 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup includes four disciplines : marathon , cross-country , downhill and 4-cross .'}]}, {'value': 'Tracy Moseley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Moseley', 'summary': "Tracy Marie Moseley ( born 12 April 1979 ) is a British professional racing cyclist who was born in Worcester , specialising in downhill mountain bike racing . Moseley 's brother , Ed , was also a mountain biker , it was after he began riding cross country mountain bike races that a race was held on their farm in 1992 ; this was Tracy 's first competition . Her first foray into downhilling came in 1994 . Moseley 's first international race was the World Championships in 1995 where she finished 8th . The following year she was funded by the Jason McRoy fund , to ride a French National event at Les Menuires . Moseley continued to race with increasing success , and despite sitting her exams late due to her racing schedule , graduated with a 2:1 degree in Biological Sciences in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachel Atherton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Atherton', 'summary': "Rachel Laura Atherton ( born 6 December 1987 ) is a British professional downhill mountain bike racer , and is a multiple time UCI World Champion . Atherton began riding BMX at the age of 8 and mountain biking at the age of 11 . She was both Sunday Times ' Sportswoman of the Year and BBC Midlands Junior Sportswoman of the Year in 2005 , and then BBC Midlands Sportswoman of the Year in 2008 . In October 2015 , a video of Atherton overtaking 91 competitors in five minutes during a race went viral ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tracy Moseley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Moseley', 'summary': "Tracy Marie Moseley ( born 12 April 1979 ) is a British professional racing cyclist who was born in Worcester , specialising in downhill mountain bike racing . Moseley 's brother , Ed , was also a mountain biker , it was after he began riding cross country mountain bike races that a race was held on their farm in 1992 ; this was Tracy 's first competition . Her first foray into downhilling came in 1994 . Moseley 's first international race was the World Championships in 1995 where she finished 8th . The following year she was funded by the Jason McRoy fund , to ride a French National event at Les Menuires . Moseley continued to race with increasing success , and despite sitting her exams late due to her racing schedule , graduated with a 2:1 degree in Biological Sciences in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tracey Hannah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracey_Hannah', 'summary': 'Tracey Hannah ( born 13 June 1988 in Cairns , Australia ) is a Professional Downhill bike rider . She raced her first national BMX title when she was 4 years old . Tracey chose to do MTB when she saw Mick Hannah ( her eldest brother of four ) was racing down a hill very fast on an MTB camp in 1997 . When she was 13 her parents let her try downhill riding . As soon as she was 14 , she raced for the national titles in elite , and she came in 2nd place . For 7 years , she was Australian National Champion . After that , she started racing overseas and her results were ; First in the NORBA Series overall , A Junior World Championship , Third in a World Cup overall , Third in Elite World Championships , and she has won a World Cup Round . In 2012 her best places were 1st and 2nd out of 7 rounds of the World Cup Series , and she finished 4th Overall . However , she missed out on racing the 6th , and 7th rounds . During practice for the 6th round , she crashed and was helicoptered out to the nearest hospital . She had broken her femur , collarbone , bruised a lung , and had a hematoma . Her first race , after recovering from her injury , was 7 months later in February 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2008 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup includes four disciplines : cross-country , downhill , marathon and four-cross . It is sponsored by Nissan .'}]}, {'value': 'Rachel Atherton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Atherton', 'summary': "Rachel Laura Atherton ( born 6 December 1987 ) is a British professional downhill mountain bike racer , and is a multiple time UCI World Champion . Atherton began riding BMX at the age of 8 and mountain biking at the age of 11 . She was both Sunday Times ' Sportswoman of the Year and BBC Midlands Junior Sportswoman of the Year in 2005 , and then BBC Midlands Sportswoman of the Year in 2008 . In October 2015 , a video of Atherton overtaking 91 competitors in five minutes during a race went viral ."}]}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tracy Moseley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Moseley', 'summary': "Tracy Marie Moseley ( born 12 April 1979 ) is a British professional racing cyclist who was born in Worcester , specialising in downhill mountain bike racing . Moseley 's brother , Ed , was also a mountain biker , it was after he began riding cross country mountain bike races that a race was held on their farm in 1992 ; this was Tracy 's first competition . Her first foray into downhilling came in 1994 . Moseley 's first international race was the World Championships in 1995 where she finished 8th . The following year she was funded by the Jason McRoy fund , to ride a French National event at Les Menuires . Moseley continued to race with increasing success , and despite sitting her exams late due to her racing schedule , graduated with a 2:1 degree in Biological Sciences in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2009 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup includes three disciplines : cross-country , downhill and four-cross . It is sponsored by Nissan .'}]}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tracy Moseley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Moseley', 'summary': "Tracy Marie Moseley ( born 12 April 1979 ) is a British professional racing cyclist who was born in Worcester , specialising in downhill mountain bike racing . Moseley 's brother , Ed , was also a mountain biker , it was after he began riding cross country mountain bike races that a race was held on their farm in 1992 ; this was Tracy 's first competition . Her first foray into downhilling came in 1994 . Moseley 's first international race was the World Championships in 1995 where she finished 8th . The following year she was funded by the Jason McRoy fund , to ride a French National event at Les Menuires . Moseley continued to race with increasing success , and despite sitting her exams late due to her racing schedule , graduated with a 2:1 degree in Biological Sciences in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Emmeline Ragot', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2010 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup includes three disciplines : cross-country , downhill and four-cross .'}]}, {'value': 'Sabrina Jonnier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Floriane Pugin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myriam Nicole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myriam_Nicole', 'summary': 'Myriam Nicole ( born 8 February 1990 ) is a French downhill mountain bike racer . She is currently the 2019 DH World Champion after winning in Mont-Sainte-Anne , Quebec , Canada . She participated at the 2018 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships , winning a medal .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2011 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup includes three disciplines : cross-country , downhill and four-cross .'}]}, {'value': 'Tracy Moseley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Moseley', 'summary': "Tracy Marie Moseley ( born 12 April 1979 ) is a British professional racing cyclist who was born in Worcester , specialising in downhill mountain bike racing . Moseley 's brother , Ed , was also a mountain biker , it was after he began riding cross country mountain bike races that a race was held on their farm in 1992 ; this was Tracy 's first competition . Her first foray into downhilling came in 1994 . Moseley 's first international race was the World Championships in 1995 where she finished 8th . The following year she was funded by the Jason McRoy fund , to ride a French National event at Les Menuires . Moseley continued to race with increasing success , and despite sitting her exams late due to her racing schedule , graduated with a 2:1 degree in Biological Sciences in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Floriane Pugin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachel Atherton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Atherton', 'summary': "Rachel Laura Atherton ( born 6 December 1987 ) is a British professional downhill mountain bike racer , and is a multiple time UCI World Champion . Atherton began riding BMX at the age of 8 and mountain biking at the age of 11 . She was both Sunday Times ' Sportswoman of the Year and BBC Midlands Junior Sportswoman of the Year in 2005 , and then BBC Midlands Sportswoman of the Year in 2008 . In October 2015 , a video of Atherton overtaking 91 competitors in five minutes during a race went viral ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2012 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup includes two disciplines : cross-country and downhill .'}]}, {'value': 'Rachel Atherton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Atherton', 'summary': "Rachel Laura Atherton ( born 6 December 1987 ) is a British professional downhill mountain bike racer , and is a multiple time UCI World Champion . Atherton began riding BMX at the age of 8 and mountain biking at the age of 11 . She was both Sunday Times ' Sportswoman of the Year and BBC Midlands Junior Sportswoman of the Year in 2005 , and then BBC Midlands Sportswoman of the Year in 2008 . In October 2015 , a video of Atherton overtaking 91 competitors in five minutes during a race went viral ."}]}, {'value': 'Emmeline Ragot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myriam Nicole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myriam_Nicole', 'summary': 'Myriam Nicole ( born 8 February 1990 ) is a French downhill mountain bike racer . She is currently the 2019 DH World Champion after winning in Mont-Sainte-Anne , Quebec , Canada . She participated at the 2018 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships , winning a medal .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Overall series winners -- Downhill ( DH )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup_7', 'intro': 'The UCI Mountain Bike World Cup is a multi-round mountain bike racing series that is sanctioned by the Union Cycliste Internationale. The first World Cup series - which was composed of cross-country events - was held in 1989. The Downhill World Cup was inaugurated two years later, and the Dual Slalom World Cup was launched in 1998. The dual-slalom format - which involved knock-out heats with two riders on the parallel courses in each heat - evolved into four-cross (with four riders on a single course per heat) in 2002 before being dropped after the 2011 season. Riders win points according to their placing in each event. The reigning series leaders in each class are identified by a special jersey. The UCI Mountain Bike World Cup is broadcast live and globally on Red Bull TV. The replacement world series for 4X World Cup is the 4X Pro Tour and for XCM World Cup is UCI MTB Marathon series.'}
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What was the first year that the biker with a nickname of Missile was the winner ?
1996
0675f1c5d9132374
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1995 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Svetlana Khorkina ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svetlana_Khorkina', 'summary': 'Svetlana Vasilyevna Khorkina ( Russian : Светлана Васильевна Хоркина ; born 19 January 1979 ) is a retired Russian artistic gymnast . She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics , the 2000 Summer Olympics , and the 2004 Summer Olympics . During her career , Khorkina won seven Olympic medals and twenty World Championship medals . Over time , she medaled in every event at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships . She was also the first gymnast to win three all-around titles at the World Championships and only the second female artistic gymnast ever , after Nadia Comăneci , to win three European All-Around titles . Svetlana Khorkina is often regarded as one of the most successful female gymnasts of all time . At the Opening Ceremony of the 2019 Winter Universiade she lit the fire , together with bandy player Sergey Lomanov .'}]}, {'value': '9.900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mo Huilan ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mo_Huilan', 'summary': "Mo Huilan ( simplified Chinese : 莫慧兰 ; traditional Chinese : 莫慧蘭 ; pinyin : Mò Huìlán ; born 1979 in Guilin , Guangxi ) is a retired Chinese gymnast who competed at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta . She was one of China 's most successful gymnasts in the 1990s . She was known for performing routines of exceptional difficulty and technique , but also for inconsistency . Her birth date has been reported in various events as July 19 and November 7 ; it is unclear which is correct . She is a fraternal twin ; her sister Mo Huifang was also a gymnast ."}]}, {'value': '9.837', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lilia Podkopayeva ( UKR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lilia_Podkopayeva', 'summary': 'Lilia Oleksandrivna Podkopayeva ( Ukrainian : Лілія Олександрівна Подкопаєва ; born August 15 , 1978 ) is a Ukrainian former artistic gymnast . She is the 1995 world all-around champion , and the 1996 Olympic all-around and floor exercise champion . Often thought of as a complete athlete , Podkopayeva was known for combining power , style , and balletic grace .'}]}, {'value': '9.837', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandra Marinescu ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Marinescu', 'summary': 'Alexandra Marinescu ( born 19 March 1982 ) is a retired Romanian Olympic artistic gymnast . She is an Olympic bronze medalist with the team and a two-time world champion with the team . Individually , she is a world silver medalist on beam and a seven-time Junior European medalist . She currently works as a minimal electro DJ based in Bucharest .'}]}, {'value': '9.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lavinia Miloșovici ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lavinia_Miloșovici', 'summary': "Lavinia Corina Miloșovici ( born 21 October 1976 ) is a retired Romanian artistic gymnast . An exceptionally successful athlete on the international competition circuit , Miloșovici , also known as Milo in the gymnastics community , is considered to be one of Romania 's top gymnasts ever and one of the most prolific female all-around medalists ever , earning a total 19 World Championships or Olympic medals in a span of six years . She medalled in every single World Championships meet , Olympic Games and European Championships between 1991 and 1996 , and is only the third female gymnast ever , after Larisa Latynina and Věra Čáslavská , to win at least one World Championships or Olympic title on all four events . Miloșovici was also the last gymnast along with Lu Li to ever receive the perfect mark of 10.0 in an Olympic competition and the last to receive the benchmark score of 9.95 at the World Championships . She was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2011 . Her trademarks included her four-event mastery , consistency , longevity , versatile skill set , and her leadership abilities ."}]}, {'value': '9.775', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dina Kochetkova ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dina_Kochetkova', 'summary': 'Dina Anatolyevna Kochetkova ( Russian : Дина Анатольевна Кочеткова , born 27 July 1977 in Moscow , Russian SFSR ) is a Russian gymnast who competed at the 1996 Olympics . Stylistically , she was considered by many [ who ? ] to be the last of the Soviets , performing difficult skills with elegant , clean technique . An element she pioneered , a full-twisting back handspring on beam , remains in the Code of Points as the Kochetkova .'}]}, {'value': '9.737', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shannon Miller ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shannon_Miller', 'summary': 'Shannon Lee Miller ( born March 10 , 1977 ) is an American former artistic gymnast . She was the 1993 and 1994 world all-around champion , the 1996 Olympic balance beam champion , the 1995 Pan American Games all-around champion , and a member of the gold medal-winning Magnificent Seven team at the 1996 Olympics . As far as Olympic Medalists , Miller is currently the most decorated U.S. gymnast , male or female , with a total of seven Olympic medals . With a combined total of 16 World Championships and Olympic medals between 1991 and 1996 , she is the second most decorated gymnast , male or female , in U.S. history , behind Simone Biles , and the thirteenth most decorated gymnast from any country by her individual Olympic medal count . She was also the most successful American athlete at the 1992 Olympics , winning five medals .'}]}, {'value': '9.712', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaycie Phelps ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaycie_Phelps', 'summary': "Jaycie Lynn Phelps ( born September 26 , 1979 in Greenfield , Indiana , United States ) is a retired American Olympic gymnast and member of the 1996 Olympic gold medal U.S. women 's gymnastics team , the Magnificent Seven . She is known for her consistency and clean lines in her gymnastics ."}]}, {'value': '9.687', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Women -- Uneven Bars', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1995_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_7', 'intro': 'The 30th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held at Sun Dome Fukui in Sabae, Japan in 1995.'}
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Which year did the gymnast who ranked 6th at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships uneven bars event compete in the Olympics ?
1996 Olympics
0676bba7c077875f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_Coasters_International', 'title': 'Custom Coasters International', 'header': ['Name', 'Model', 'Park', 'Country', 'Opened', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kingdom Coaster Formerly Sky Princess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_Coaster', 'summary': "Kingdom Coaster is the name of a wooden roller coaster located at Dutch Wonderland near Lancaster , Pennsylvania . The first coaster ever built by Custom Coasters International , it uses a single Philadelphia Toboggan Company train with buzz bars . The park 's monorail runs through the structure of the ride . It was known as the Sky Princess prior to the 2007 season . As of the 2017 season , the minimum height went from Amber ( 42-47 ) level to 46 . Anyone at that height or at the Sapphire ( 48-53 ) Level need to go with a responsible rider of the Ruby ( 54 and up ) level ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch Wonderland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutch_Wonderland', 'summary': "Dutch Wonderland is a 48-acre ( 19 ha ) amusement park just east of Lancaster , Pennsylvania in East Lampeter Township , appealing primarily to families with small children . The park 's theme is a Kingdom for Kids . The entrance to the park has a stone imitation castle façade , which was built by Earl Clark , a potato farmer , before he opened the park in 1963 . The Clark family sold Dutch Wonderland in 2001 to Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company . They also operate Wonderland Mini-Golf , and Old Mill Stream Campground at the same location and the Gift Shop at Kitchen Kettle Village , in nearby Intercourse , Pennsylvania . On November 12 , 2010 , Hershey Entertainment announced that they sold Dutch Wonderland to Palace Entertainment . [ not verified in body ] The park has 32 rides , plus a tropical-themed interactive water play area called Duke 's Lagoon . The park also has an extended season , open for Happy Hauntings and Dutch Winter Wonderland events for Halloween and Christmas . The park is part of a larger area in Lancaster zoned for entertainment , dining , lodging , and conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outlaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outlaw_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Not to be confused with the roller coaster at Silver Dollar City , Outlaw Run .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adventureland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventureland_(Iowa)', 'summary': 'Adventureland is a family-owned amusement park in Altoona , Iowa ( just northeast of Des Moines ) . It is marketed as featuring over 100 rides , shows and attractions .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoosier Hurricane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoosier_Hurricane', 'summary': "Hoosier Hurricane was a wooden roller coaster at Indiana Beach in Monticello , Indiana . The ride was designed by Dennis McNulty and Larry Bill of Custom Coasters International . It opened on May 27 , 1994 , as the park 's largest wooden roller coaster and the first wooden roller coaster built in Indiana in fifty years . The ride was Custom Coasters International 's third roller coaster designed and the first modern wooden coaster built with a steel support structure , which would eventually become a trend on many wooden coasters designed by them . Hoosier Hurricane , like other coasters in the park , was 'shoehorned ' into the park . The ride hugs the shores of Lake Shafer , parallels most of the boardwalk , and suddenly turns near the Giant Gondola Wheel . Hurricane 's structure is shared with nearby Cornball Express for a small portion of the ride ( the S-turn before the drop ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Steel Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Beach', 'summary': 'Indiana Beach was an amusement park located on Lake Shafer in Monticello , Indiana . The resort was developed by the Spackman family , who owned it from 1926 to 2008 . Originally named Ideal Beach , the amusement park began as a small lakeside beach with a bath house and refreshment stand . In 1927 , the first thrill attraction opened , and from that point , it began to expand . In the 1930s and 1940s , it was popular for the Ideal Beach Ballroom , featuring well-known bands . In February 2008 , it was announced that both the amusement park and Indiana Beach campgrounds had been sold to Morgan RV LLC . On September 1 , 2015 , it was announced that the park had been sold to Apex Parks Group . On Febuary 18 , 2020 , Indiana Beach announced that it would permanently close after 94 years of operation , with no plans to reopen . Apex Parks Group cited financial reasons for the closure and said they had worked diligently to find a new buyer for the park but were not successful . In addition to dozens of seasonal workers , Indiana Beach employed 27 people in administrative and maintenance positions . Those workers were offered six weeks compensation .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Zach 's Zoomer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Zach's_Zoomer_(Michigan's_Adventure)", 'summary': "Zach 's Zoomer is a wooden roller coaster at Michigan 's Adventure in Muskegon , Michigan . Zach 's Zoomer was manufactured by Custom Coasters International . It opened in 1994 and is targeted toward younger audiences . Zach 's Zoomer was named after Roger Jourden 's grandson and current General Manager Camille Jourden-Mark 's son , Zach Mark . The roller coaster is a family coaster and is designed to be the first step to the larger coasters . It does n't have sudden drops or high speeds . It is one of three wooden roller coasters in the park and is an ACE Coaster Classic . The layout is the same as the old John Allen-designed kiddie wooden coasters like Woodstock Express at sister park Kings Island ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Michigan 's Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Michigan's_Adventure", 'summary': "Michigan 's Adventure is a 250-acre ( 1.0 km2 ) amusement park in Muskegon County , Michigan , about halfway between Muskegon and Whitehall . It is the largest amusement park in the state and has been owned and operated by Cedar Fair since 2001 . As of 2019 , Michigan 's Adventure has 52 rides , more than any other park in the state . The park also includes an outdoor water park , WildWater Adventure . The park is headlined by seven roller coasters , including Shivering Timbers , a wooden coaster , and a suspended looping coaster , Thunderhawk . The typical operating season is from May through September ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclops', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclops_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Cyclops is the name of a wooden roller coaster located at Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The ride starts with a left hand 180 degree 76- foot dive off the lift , traverses three short hills , and a right-handed drop in front of the station and then climbs back up to the breaks is a short terrain roller coaster at only 1,750 feet . Cyclops first opened in 1995 and was built by Custom Coasters International and is intertwined with Zeus 's structure . Cyclops was designed by Dennis McNulty and Larry Bill of Custom Coasters . ride operates with a single five-car train , built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company . The last car of the train is notable among coaster enthusiasts for the intense ejector air-time experienced during the ride , especially on the second hill beside the station . Because of this , only riders 18 and older were allowed in the last two rows . However , in 2014 , the second hill was re-profiled , and now anyone over the height of 48 inches can ride in last two rows ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Olympus_Water_&_Theme_Park', 'summary': 'Mt . Olympus Water and Theme Park is a theme park and water park resort complex in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The resort is themed after Ancient Greece , particularly its mythology and gods , and is named after the mountain in Greece where those gods were said to live . Mt . Olympus features indoor and outdoor water park and amusement park rides , and the complex includes dozens of motel buildings which were acquired by the resort in addition to its purpose-built hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cannonball Run', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannonball_Run_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Cannonball Run was a wooden roller coaster located at Waterville USA in Gulf Shores , Alabama . It opened in 1995 and closed in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterville USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterville_USA', 'summary': 'The water park is the original section of the park . All of the original slides and attractions have been removed or replaced , except for the wave pool and lazy river attractions .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Removed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Raven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Raven_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "The Raven is a wooden roller coaster at Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari 's Halloween section in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . It was designed and built beginning in 1994 by the now-defunct roller coaster manufacturer Custom Coasters International , with the help of designers Dennis McNulty and Larry Bill ; it opened on May 6 , 1995 . The Raven takes its name from Edgar Allan Poe 's poem The Raven and features sudden drops and turns which mimic the flight of a raven . From 2000 to 2003 , The Raven was voted the world 's Best Wooden Roller Coaster at the Golden Ticket Awards , which are presented annually by Amusement Today magazine . It was named an ACE Roller Coaster Landmark by American Coaster Enthusiasts on June 23 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holiday World', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timber Terror Formerly Grizzly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timber_Terror', 'summary': "Timber Terror is a wooden roller coaster located at Silverwood Theme Park . Originally , the ride had been called Grizzly , but the park had to change the name to Timber Terror in 1997 to avoid litigation and confusion with the wooden roller coasters of the same name at California 's Great America and Kings Dominion . Rocky Mountain Construction founder , Fred Grubb , assisted with the initial construction of the ride . The ride was designed by park owner and founder , Gary Norton . Similar to the park 's larger wooden coaster Tremors , the design was finalized by Custom Coasters International and the ride was constructed in house . On September 26 , 2010 , Timber Terror soft opened to the public with a reversed train as part of the park 's annual Scarywood Haunted Nights event . The train received new headrests as part of the transformation . It has run in reverse for Scarywood and the last weekend in September since ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silverwood Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silverwood_Theme_Park', 'summary': "Silverwood Theme Park is an amusement park located in the city of Athol in northern Idaho , United States , near the town of Coeur d'Alene , approximately 47 miles ( 75 km ) from Spokane , Washington on US 95 . Owner Gary Norton opened the park in June 20 , 1988 . Originally , the park included a small assortment of carnival rides , a main street with shops and eateries , and an authentic steam train that traveled in a 30-minute loop around the owner 's property . From 1973 to 1988 , the land , along with a fully functioning airstrip , was operated as the Henley Aerodrome , named after the family whom Norton bought it from in 1981 . Over the years , Silverwood has grown in both size and popularity , transforming from a small local amusement park to a regional theme park destination . In 2003 , an adjacent waterpark named Boulder Beach Water Park was opened . Entrance to Boulder Beach is included with admission to Silverwood . In 2009 , Silverwood began an annual Halloween event called Scarywood , held during evenings in the month of October . Comic characters Garfield and Odie are the official mascots of the park . Today , Silverwood is the largest theme and water park in the American Northwest on 413-acre ( 1,670,000 m2 ) and boasting more than 70 rides , slides , shows and attractions . It is the northernmost theme Park in the United States . In 2019 , Silverwood co-hosted ( along with Rocky Mountain Construction ) the Golden Ticket Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Underground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Underground_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "The Underground is a wooden roller coaster manufactured by Custom Coasters International . This attraction is located next to the Frantic Freeway . This attraction features two small lift hills to suspend riders . This ride 's lifts are unique as no drops are present . This attraction is largely considered a dark ride instead of a roller coaster because it does not feature what a conventional roller coaster has to offer . The official description of this attraction is Tour the old mine and try to solve the mystery of Bad Bob . The attraction features 7 cars per train . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 28 riders per train ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adventureland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventureland_(Iowa)', 'summary': 'Adventureland is a family-owned amusement park in Altoona , Iowa ( just northeast of Des Moines ) . It is marketed as featuring over 100 rides , shows and attractions .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pegasus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pegasus_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Pegasus is the name of a wooden roller coaster located at Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The trains were built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Olympus_Water_&_Theme_Park', 'summary': 'Mt . Olympus Water and Theme Park is a theme park and water park resort complex in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The resort is themed after Ancient Greece , particularly its mythology and gods , and is named after the mountain in Greece where those gods were said to live . Mt . Olympus features indoor and outdoor water park and amusement park rides , and the complex includes dozens of motel buildings which were acquired by the resort in addition to its purpose-built hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Great White', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_Great_White_(Morey's_Piers)", 'summary': "The Great White is a sit-down wooden/steel roller coaster made and built by the now defunct Custom Coasters International . At Morey 's Piers & Beachfront Waterparks , it has been operating since 1996 and has 2 trains from the Philadelphia Toboggan Company with 6 cars per train . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 24 riders per train . The ride starts by dropping into a tunnel beneath the boardwalk . After exiting the tunnel , the ride climbs up the 110-foot lift hill before dropping 100 feet at a 50-degree-angle , reaching a maximum speed of 50 mph ( 80 km/h ) . The ride then goes off the boardwalk and towards the beach . This ride was built over the beach because Morey 's Piers ran out of room on the pier . The ride lacks drive tires , as the downward slope of the station run is enough to propel the train in the station . This ride is being constantly checked out by inspectors and has its track replaced frequently . This is one of the three 100+ feet coasters at Morey 's and the only one that is a hybrid coaster . The ride has been retracked by Martin & Vleminckx ."}]}, {'value': 'Steel Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Morey 's Piers", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Morey's_Piers", 'summary': "Moreys Piers & Beachfront Waterparks is a classic seaside amusement park located on The Wildwoods ' boardwalk in Wildwood and North Wildwood , New Jersey . The park has been family owned and operated since 1969 and is currently run by 2nd generation Morey Brothers , Will and Jack . Moreys Piers has over 100 rides and attractions . It includes three amusement piers and two beachfront waterparks ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Megafobia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megafobia_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Megafobia is a wooden roller coaster located at Oakwood Theme Park , Pembrokeshire , Wales , United Kingdom . It was built in 1996 by Custom Coasters International , who wanted a ride to showcase their company in Europe . Megafobia features a twister style layout . Megafobia was the first white-knuckle attraction to be installed at the Oakwood Theme Park ( then Oakwood Leisure Park ) in West Wales and transformed the park 's fortunes from a small family leisure park to a major UK theme park . Until the construction of Wicker Man commenced at Alton Towers in 2017 , it was also the most recent wooden roller coaster to be built in the UK . On 30 April 2016 it celebrated 20 Years at Oakwood ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakwood Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakwood_Theme_Park', 'summary': "Oakwood Theme Park ( formerly Oakwood Leisure Park , Oakwood Coaster Country & Oakwood Park ) is a theme park in Pembrokeshire , Wales . Oakwood opened in the late 1980s as a very small family park with BMXs , a wooden fort , a 3D-style cinema experience show , go-karts and a water chute ride . The park now incorporates four large thrill rides : Megafobia ( 1996 ) , Vertigo ( 1997 ) , Drenched ( 2002 , as Hydro ) and Speed ( 2006 ) . In 2006 Oakwood opened a new ride to the public : Speed , a Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter roller coaster with a 97-degree drop . This was the first Euro-Fighter in the UK and was at that time the steepest roller coaster in the United Kingdom , only being overtaken by the opening of Thorpe Park 's Euro-Fighter Saw : The Ride in 2009 and Mumbo Jumbo at Flamingo Land Resort in the summer of 2009 . The 85-foot-tall ( 26 m ) CCI-built wooden roller coaster Megafobia has been rated among the best in Europe by enthusiasts . In 2016 it celebrated 20 years at Oakwood ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonnerre de Zeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonnerre_de_Zeus', 'summary': "Tonnerre de Zeus is a roller coaster at Parc Astérix in Plailly , France . Opened in 1997 and built by Custom Coasters International , it is as of today the 2nd longest wooden coaster in Europe , after Colossos , with a track length of 1230m ( 4044 feet ) . This coaster is also the second wooden roller coaster built in France after Walygator Parc 's Anaconda , and the second massive roller coaster of the park after Goudurix , which was built since the park 's opening in 1989 . These two roller coasters were followed by la Trace du Hourra in 2001 , and OzIris in 2012 . No other wooden roller coaster was built in the hexagon until Walibi Rhône-Alpes ' Timber in 2016 . Located in the park 's rear Antique Greece section , not far from Goudurix , The 1232-metre-long coaster has a 30m ( 98-foot ) tall lift hill , a first drop diving straight into a mouth-shaped-tunnel , and two helices , the first one at 572° and the second at 256° . It 's recorded top-speed is 83,7 km/h , and two blue ( one of them was red between 2004 and 2014 ) trains of 7 cars each , hold 56 people at a time enjoying several air-times due to the use of lap-bars as only protection . A safety belt holds each lap-bar down to prevent them from opening at hilltops . A third train , located in the garage located straight between the station and the turn leading to the lift hill , is stored for extra capacity should the need arise . On-ride photos can be purchased . Tonnerre de Zeus is French for Thunder of Zeus . In Greek mythology , Zeus was regarded as the king of gods ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parc Astérix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parc_Astérix', 'summary': "Parc Astérix is a theme amusement park in France , based on the comic book series Asterix by Albert Uderzo and René Goscinny . With more than two million visitors yearly , Parc Astérix is the country 's second biggest theme park after Disneyland Paris and its 14 million annual visitors . It is especially well known in France for its large variety of roller coasters ( including a bobsled one ) ; it has begun incorporating rides and themes from historic cultures such as the Gauls , the Romans , Ancient Greece and recently Ancient Egypt , but always in the visual style of the stories . It is situated approximately 35 km ( 22 mi ) north of Paris , 32 km ( 20 mi ) from Disneyland Paris and 20 km ( 12 mi ) from the historic Château de Chantilly , in the commune of Plailly , in the department of Oise . Opened in 1989 , the park is operated by Compagnie des Alpes ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stampida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stampida', 'summary': 'Stampida is a racing , wooden roller coaster built by Custom Coasters International at PortAventura Park in the resort PortAventura World , Salou , Catalonia , Spain . It is a very rickety roller coaster with many drops and 2 tunnels . It features two parallel tracks with blue and red cars each one , but then they run separately for a while . Finally , they come parallel again to the end of the ride . It shares a part of its route with a kiddie wooden roller coaster named Tomahawk .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PortAventura Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PortAventura_Park', 'summary': 'PortAventura Park is a theme park located in the PortAventura World Resort , 85 km southwest of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain , in the municipalities of Salou and Vila-seca , on the Costa Daurada . The park opened on 1 May 1995 under the management of the Tussauds Group which had a 40.01% share in the park , La Caixa ( 33.19% ) , Anheuser-Busch ( 19.9% ) and FECSA ( 6.7% ) . It opened to the general public on 2 May 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomahawk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PortAventura Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PortAventura_Park', 'summary': 'PortAventura Park is a theme park located in the PortAventura World Resort , 85 km southwest of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain , in the municipalities of Salou and Vila-seca , on the Costa Daurada . The park opened on 1 May 1995 under the management of the Tussauds Group which had a 40.01% share in the park , La Caixa ( 33.19% ) , Anheuser-Busch ( 19.9% ) and FECSA ( 6.7% ) . It opened to the general public on 2 May 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeus_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Zeus is a wooden roller coaster located at Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The ride was built by Custom Coasters International and opened in 1997 . The ride operates with a single train built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company that has five cars each with four seats .'}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Olympus_Water_&_Theme_Park', 'summary': 'Mt . Olympus Water and Theme Park is a theme park and water park resort complex in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The resort is themed after Ancient Greece , particularly its mythology and gods , and is named after the mountain in Greece where those gods were said to live . Mt . Olympus features indoor and outdoor water park and amusement park rides , and the complex includes dozens of motel buildings which were acquired by the resort in addition to its purpose-built hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shivering Timbers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shivering_Timbers_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Shivering Timbers is a wooden roller coaster at Michigan 's Adventure in Muskegon County , Michigan . It was developed and built by Custom Coasters International . Opened in May 1998 , Shivering Timbers debuted for the park 's 32nd year in operation and was a success . Construction for the ride began in 1997 . The trains were made by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters . The ride 's out and back layout is 5,383 feet ( 1,641 m ) long , making it the fourth-longest wooden roller coaster in the world . [ citation needed ] The ride has been re-tracked by Martin & Vleminckx and Great Coasters International . Shivering Timbers is the tallest and fastest roller coaster in Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Michigan 's Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Michigan's_Adventure", 'summary': "Michigan 's Adventure is a 250-acre ( 1.0 km2 ) amusement park in Muskegon County , Michigan , about halfway between Muskegon and Whitehall . It is the largest amusement park in the state and has been owned and operated by Cedar Fair since 2001 . As of 2019 , Michigan 's Adventure has 52 rides , more than any other park in the state . The park also includes an outdoor water park , WildWater Adventure . The park is headlined by seven roller coasters , including Shivering Timbers , a wooden coaster , and a suspended looping coaster , Thunderhawk . The typical operating season is from May through September ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rampage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rampage_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Rampage is a wooden roller coaster located at Alabama Splash Adventure in Bessemer , Alabama . Manufactured by Custom Coasters International , the ride opened to the public on May 23 , 1998 . On March 15 , 2014 , shortly after an announcement that the park had been purchased by Koch Family Parks of Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari , new management announced that the roller coaster would be refurbished . It reopened for the 2015 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama Splash Adventure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Splash_Adventure', 'summary': "Alabama Splash Adventure ( previously known as VisionLand , Alabama Adventure and Splash Adventure ) is a water park and amusement park , located off Interstate 20/59 in Bessemer , Alabama , just west of Birmingham and east of Tuscaloosa . It is owned by Koch Family Parks , which consists of members of the family who formerly had minority ownership in Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Excalibur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Excalibur_(Funtown_Splashtown_USA)', 'summary': "Excalibur is a wooden roller coaster at Funtown Splashtown USA in Saco , Maine . It is the tallest and longest roller coaster in Northern New England . The ride runs with a single 2-bench Philadelphia Toboggan Company train . The ride 's name is based on King Arthur 's sword ( Excalibur ) . Excalibur is the only wooden roller coaster in the state of Maine , and the first wooden coaster in Maine in 50 years when it first opened . The ride has been retracked by Martin & Vleminckx ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Funtown Splashtown USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Funtown_Splashtown_USA', 'summary': 'Funtown Splashtown USA ( commonly referred to as just Funtown ) is a family-owned amusement park located in Saco , Maine , in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twisted Twins Formerly Twisted Sisters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storm_Chaser_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Storm Chaser is a steel roller coaster at Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville , Kentucky . Designed by Alan Schilke and built by Rocky Mountain Construction at an estimated cost of $ 10 million , the ride opened to the public on April 30 , 2016 . It features three inversions utilizing Rocky Mountain Construction 's patented I-Box track technology , a 78-degree drop , and a maximum speed of 52 mph ( 84 km/h ) . Storm Chaser replaced Twisted Twins , a dueling roller coaster that opened in 1998 originally as Twisted Sisters . As a budgetary measure , some of the track and supports from Twisted Twins were reused during construction . Storm Chaser was the second new coaster , following T3 , to open at Kentucky Kingdom since the park reopened to the public in 2014 . It was nominated for Best New Ride For 2016 - an Amusement Today Golden Ticket Award - and placed second behind Dollywood 's Lightning Rod ."}]}, {'value': 'Steel Support Structure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Kentucky Kingdom ( formerly called Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom ) is an amusement park in Louisville , Kentucky . The 63-acre ( 25 ha ) park includes a collection of amusement rides and a water park named Hurricane Bay . The park reopened to the public on May 24 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Converted Now known as Storm Chaser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storm_Chaser_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Storm Chaser is a steel roller coaster at Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville , Kentucky . Designed by Alan Schilke and built by Rocky Mountain Construction at an estimated cost of $ 10 million , the ride opened to the public on April 30 , 2016 . It features three inversions utilizing Rocky Mountain Construction 's patented I-Box track technology , a 78-degree drop , and a maximum speed of 52 mph ( 84 km/h ) . Storm Chaser replaced Twisted Twins , a dueling roller coaster that opened in 1998 originally as Twisted Sisters . As a budgetary measure , some of the track and supports from Twisted Twins were reused during construction . Storm Chaser was the second new coaster , following T3 , to open at Kentucky Kingdom since the park reopened to the public in 2014 . It was nominated for Best New Ride For 2016 - an Amusement Today Golden Ticket Award - and placed second behind Dollywood 's Lightning Rod ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of roller coasters', 'section_text': "CCI 's Boulder Dash at Lake Compounce CCI 's Boss at Six Flags St. Louis CCI 's Shivering Timbers at Michigan 's Adventure CCI 's Hurricane at the Myrtle Beach Pavilion CCI 's Tremors at Silverwood See also : Category : Roller coasters manufactured by Custom Coasters International Over the span of 11 years , Custom Coasters International had built 34 roller coasters around the world . [ 5 ] As of 2019 , 29 continue to operate , one is closed , two have been demolished , and two have been converted to steel roller coasters ( Medusa to Medusa Steel Coaster and Twisted Twins to Storm Chaser ) by Rocky Mountain Construction . The roller coasters in the following table are listed in order of installation . [ 6 ]", 'uid': 'Custom_Coasters_International_0', 'intro': 'Custom Coasters International (CCI) was one of the premier wooden roller coaster manufacturers in the world and produced 34 wooden coasters in the short span of eleven years - more than any other company in recent times.'}
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In what country is the theme park where Stampida is located ?
Spain
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hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Presbyterian churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'City , State'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bethesda Presbyterian Church ( Aberdeen , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethesda_Presbyterian_Church_(Aberdeen,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Bethesda Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located on NC 5 in Aberdeen , Moore County , North Carolina . It was built in 1860 , and is a two-story , vernacular frame meeting house . It rests on tall granite piers , is sheathed in weatherboard , and has a hipped roof . The front facade features a projecting two-stage bell tower . Also on the property is a contributing church cemetery . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': '1860 built 1979 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aberdeen , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Aberdeen is a town in Moore County , North Carolina , United States . It is part of the Raleigh-Durham-Cary-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area . The population was 6,350 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'East Avenue Tabernacle Associated Reformed Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Avenue_Tabernacle_Associated_Reformed_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'East Avenue Tabernacle Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church , also known as the Great Aunt Stella Center , is a historic Associate Reformed Presbyterian church located at 927 Elizabeth Street in Charlotte , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . It was designed by architect James M. McMichael in a Classical Revival style . It consists of a two-story sanctuary , built in 1914 , and a four-story educational wing added to the south side of the sanctuary in 1925 . The sanctuary has a Greek cross plan with a central octagon with shallow two-story wings that terminate in low parapeted walls . The sanctuary is topped by a copper dome and has a monumental porch with a brick pediment . In 1998 East Avenue Tabernacle merged with the Craig Avenue Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church . Ultimately the church became the Craig Avenue Tabernacle A.R.P . Church . Thus ironically through the years the name changed from East to Craig Avenue . The building now houses a community center and charter school . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '1914 built 2005 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Charlotte , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Charlotte,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at 200 W. Trade Street in Charlotte , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . It was built in 1857 , and is a one-story , Gothic Revival style stuccoed brick building . The original spire was rebuilt in 1883-1884 and the side and rear walls of the church were taken down and a new structure was erected in 1894-1895 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '1857 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Steele Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steele_Creek_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Steele Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church complex and national historic district located near Charlotte , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . The church was founded in 1760 and the current sanctuary was built in 1889 , and is a rectangular , Gothic Revival style brick building . It is five bays wide and six bays deep , and has pointed-arched sash windows , shallow buttresses , and steeply pitched roof parapet . The cemetery contains approximately 1,700 headstones , with the oldest dating to 1763 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1889 built 1991 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brown Marsh Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_Marsh_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Brown Marsh Presbyterian Church , also known as Clarkton Presbyterian Church , is a historic Presbyterian church in Clarkton , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built between 1805 and 1828 , and is a small frame pre-Greek Revival style building . It is the oldest church in Bladen County . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': '1828 built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarkton , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarkton,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Clarkton is a town in Bladen County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 837 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Third Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_Creek_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Third Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery located near Cleveland , Rowan County , North Carolina . The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': '1835 built 1983 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Cleveland is a town in the Cleveland Township of Rowan County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 871 at the 2010 census . It is named after Cleveland , England , but it is rumored [ by whom ? ] that the town is actually named after Grover Cleveland after he visited the town during his presidential campaign . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Crossnore Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossnore_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Crossnore Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church on US 221/NC 194 east side , opposite the junction with Dellinger Road in Crossnore , Avery County , North Carolina . It was built between 1924 and 1926 , and is a one-story , T-plan rock building with American Craftsman influences . Also on the property is a contributing stone arch ( c. 1926 ) and non-contributing church cemetery established about 1929 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1924 built 1996 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crossnore , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossnore,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Crossnore is a town in Avery County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 192 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Mt . Horeb Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mt._Horeb_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Mt . Horeb Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery located near Elizabethtown , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built in 1845 , and is a frame Greek Revival-style church with a pedimented front portico added in 1932 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabethtown , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabethtown,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Elizabethtown is a town in Bladen County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 3,583 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Bladen County .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Fayetteville , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Fayetteville,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Ann and Bow Streets in Fayetteville , Cumberland County , North Carolina . It was built in 1832 , incorporating parts of the brick walls of an earlier ( 1816 ) church that burned in 1831 . It is a two-story gabled brick building , five bays wide and five wider bays deep . The chancel , portico , steeple and most of the interior woodwork are later additions and replacements . The hexastyle portico and steeple were designed by Hobart Upjohn in 1922 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '1816 built 1976 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fayetteville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Fayetteville ( /ˈfeɪətˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . It is the county seat of Cumberland County , and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city . Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 , with an estimated population of 209,468 in 2018 . It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region , on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people , the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina , and the fifth-largest in the state . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . Fayetteville 's mayor is Mitch Colvin , who is serving his first term ."}]}, {'value': 'Griers Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Griers_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Griers Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery located near Frogsboro , Caswell County , North Carolina . It was built about 1856 , and is a simple , rectangular frame building . It is an example of Greek Revival temple-form church architecture . Also on the property is a contributing church cemetery . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frogsboro , North Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franklin Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Franklin Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 45 Church Street in Franklin , North Carolina , United States . It was built in 1856 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . Restoration , including construction of new interior walls and updated electrical wiring , was undertaken in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franklin , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Franklin is a town in Franklin Township , Macon County , North Carolina , United States , within the Nantahala National Forest . The population was 3,845 as of the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Macon County . Franklin is an official Appalachian Trail-friendly destination . The Franklin area is rich in gems and minerals and is known locally as the Gem Capital of The World .'}]}, {'value': 'South River Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_River_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'South River Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located near Garland , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built between 1855 and 1857 , and is a one-story , rectangular frame Greek Revival-style church . It has a pedimented roof and is sheathed in weatherboard . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garland , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garland,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Garland is a town in Sampson County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 625 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Goldsboro , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Goldsboro,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church , also known as the Church of Christ , Scientist , is a historic Presbyterian church located at 111 W. Ash Street in Goldsboro , Wayne County , North Carolina . It was built in 1856 , and is a one-story , stuccoed , temple form Greek Revival architecture style church . It features an in antis portico with Tuscan order columns and low pitched roof with a painted wooden cupola . In 1953 , the building was sold to the Christian Science Society . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goldsboro , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Goldsboro is a city in Wayne County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 36,437 at the 2010 Census . It is the principal city of and is included in the Goldsboro , North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area . The nearby town of Waynesboro was founded in 1787 , and Goldsboro was incorporated in 1847 . It is the county seat of Wayne County . The city is situated in North Carolina 's Coastal Plain and is bordered on the south by the Neuse River and the west by the Little River , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) southwest of Greenville , 50 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of Raleigh , the state capital , and 75 miles ( 121 km ) north of Wilmington in Southeastern North Carolina . Goldsboro is best known as home to Seymour Johnson Air Force Base ."}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Presbyterian Church and Cemetery in Greensboro , Guilford County , North Carolina , is a historic Presbyterian church complex and cemetery located at 800 and 803 Sixteenth Street in Greensboro . The Federal-style church sanctuary was built in 1827 , and updated and expanded in 1919-1920 in the Colonial Revival style by architect Harry Barton ( 1876-1937 ) . It was expanded again in 1956 . Flanking the sanctuary are two-story Colonial Revival-style educational buildings linked to it by one-story arcades . The rectangular two-story Colonial Revival-style manse and garage were added to the complex in 1924 . The church cemetery has burials dating back to 1775 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '1775 built 2002 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greensboro , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Hickory , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Hickory,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at 2nd Street and 3rd Avenue NW in Hickory , Catawba County , North Carolina . It was built in 1905-1906 , and is a Romanesque Revival-style church sheathed in granite . The front facade features square towers of unequal height . Attached to the church in 1928 , is a three-story granite block Education Building with a flat roof and crenelated cornice . Also on the property is the former manse ; a two-story , American Foursquare dwelling with a low hipped roof , overhanging eaves , and hipped dormer . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hickory , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Hickory is a city located primarily in Catawba County , with formal boundaries extending into Burke and Caldwell counties . The city lies in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Hickory 's population at the 2010 census was 40,010 ( primarily in Catawba County ) , with an estimated population in 2018 of 40,925 . Hickory is the principal city in the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton MSA , in which the population at the 2010 census was 365,497 and is located just northwest of the Charlotte-Concord Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Highlands , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Highlands,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'The First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 471 Main Street in Highlands , North Carolina . The single story wood frame church was built in 1883-85 , and occupies a prominent site in downtown Highlands , surrounded by a period picket fence . It is the oldest church in the city , and was built by Marion Wright , a local master builder . It is stylistically a vernacular interpretation of Italianate architecture , which is most prominent in its belfry tower , which features a flared roof with extended bracketed eaves . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highlands , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highlands,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Highlands is an incorporated town in Macon County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located on a plateau in the southern Appalachian Mountains , within the Nantahala National Forest , it lies mostly in southeastern Macon County and slightly in southwestern Jackson County , in the Highlands and Cashiers Townships , respectively . The permanent population was 924 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Rockfish Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Rockfish_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Big Rockfish Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Hope Mills , Cumberland County , North Carolina . It was built in 1855 , and is a two-story , three bay by four bay , gable-end frame building with double front entrances in the vernacular Greek Revival style . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . Worship still continues each Sunday at 11AM with education hour at 10AM . The church hosts many special events throughout the year for different ages and for the community . The church is alongside Highway 301 ( I-95 Business ) Northbound side , Marracco St is the service road . The church is at the corner with McNeil St. 0.7 miles north of the Highway 59 Overpass . It is part of The Presbyterian Church USA and the Presbytery of Coastal Carolina . The church has an historic cemetery . Some details about the cemetery are online .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hope Mills , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hope_Mills,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Hope Mills is a town in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 15,176 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorland Memorial Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorland_Memorial_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Dorland Memorial Presbyterian Church is historic Presbyterian church located on Bridge Street at Meadow Lane in Hot Springs , Madison County , North Carolina . It was designed by architect Richard Sharp Smith and built in 1900 . It is a cruciform plan church with a splayed , gable roof , pebbledash exterior , and Gothic windows . Atop the roof is a four sided belfry surmounted by an octagonal steeple . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hot Springs , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Springs,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Hot Springs is a town in Madison County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 560 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethesda Presbyterian Church , Session House and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethesda_Presbyterian_Church,_Session_House_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Bethesda Presbyterian Church , Session House and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church , session house , and cemetery located near Houstonville , Iredell County , North Carolina . It was built in 1853 , and is a one-story , three bay by five bay , rectangular vernacular Greek Revival style frame church . It has an pedimented , temple form , front gable roof and an unusual front recessed balcony . It is the oldest church building in Iredell County . Also on the property is the contributing session house , also built in 1853 , and church cemetery with about 200 gravestones . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houstonville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houstonville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Houstonville is an unincorporated community in the Eagle Mills Township of Iredell County , North Carolina , United States . Houstonville is located on U.S. Route 21 , 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) north of Harmony . Houstonville was founded in 1789 by Christopher Houston and is the second oldest town in Iredell County after the county seat , Statesville .'}]}, {'value': 'Ebenezer Academy , Bethany Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ebenezer_Academy,_Bethany_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Ebenezer Academy , Bethany Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic school building , Presbyterian church , and cemetery located six miles north of Statesville , Iredell County , North Carolina . The log building was constructed in 1823 and housed Ebenezer Academy . The church building was built about 1855 , and is a one-story , three bay by five bay , vernacular Greek Revival style frame building with a low gable roof . Also on the property is the contributing church cemetery with burials dating to about 1785 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houstonville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houstonville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Houstonville is an unincorporated community in the Eagle Mills Township of Iredell County , North Carolina , United States . Houstonville is located on U.S. Route 21 , 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) north of Harmony . Houstonville was founded in 1789 by Christopher Houston and is the second oldest town in Iredell County after the county seat , Statesville .'}]}], 'section_title': 'North Carolina', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States_31', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Presbyterian churches in the United States, where a church is notable either as a congregation or as a building. In the United States, numerous churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are noted on state or local historic registers. Also more than 300 Presbyterian historic sites have been listed by the Presbyterian Historical Society onto the American Presbyterian/Reformed Historic Sites Registry (APRHS); those sites which are churches are . in progress . being added here.'}
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What is the city , state of the church that is the oldest church in Bladen County ?
Clarkton , North Carolina
06779409e9b1b131
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(writings:_others)', 'title': 'List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: others)', 'header': ['Name', 'Authors', 'Remarks', 'Date', 'Format', 'Present location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Segment of the Sutra of the Wise and Foolish ( 賢愚経残巻 , Kengukyō zankan ) , Yamato edition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emperor Shomu attributed to Emperor Shōmu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Shōmu', 'summary': "Emperor Shōmu ( 聖武天皇 , Shōmu-tennō , 701 - June 4 , 756 ) was the 45th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Shōmu 's reign spanned the years 724 through 749 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chapters 8 ( Vajra , the Daughter of King Prasenajit ) , 9 ( Golden Wealth ) , 10 ( Heavenly Flowers ) , 11 ( Heavenly Jewels ) , and the final lines of Chapter 48 ( Upagupta ) of the Sutra of the Wise and Foolish , or Sutra of the Karma of the Wise and Foolish ; total of 262 lines with eleven to fourteen characters per line ; also known as Great Shōmu ( 大聖武 , ōshōmu ) after Emperor Shōmu ; originally kept at Tōdai-ji in Yamato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Shōmu', 'summary': "Emperor Shōmu ( 聖武天皇 , Shōmu-tennō , 701 - June 4 , 756 ) was the 45th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Shōmu 's reign spanned the years 724 through 749 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tōdai-ji', 'summary': "Tōdai-ji ( 東大寺 , Eastern Great Temple ) is a Buddhist temple complex that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , located in the city of Nara , Japan . Though it was originally founded in the year 738 CE , Todai-ji was not opened until the year 752 CE . Its Great Buddha Hall ( 大仏殿 Daibutsuden ) houses the world 's largest bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana , known in Japanese as Daibutsu ( 大仏 ) . The temple also serves as the Japanese headquarters of the Kegon school of Buddhism . The temple is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , together with seven other sites including temples , shrines and places in the city of Nara ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamato_Province', 'summary': 'Yamato Province ( 大和国 , Yamato no Kuni ) was a province of Japan , located in Kinai , corresponding to present-day Nara Prefecture in Honshū . It was also called Washū ( 和州 ) . Yamato consists of two characters , 大 great , and 和 Wa . At first , the name was written with one different character ( 大倭 ) , but due to its offensive connotation , for about ten years after 737 , this was revised to use more desirable characters ( 大養徳 ) ( see Names of Japan ) . The final revision was made in the second year of the Tenpyō-hōji era ( c. 758 ) . It is classified as a great province in the Engishiki . The Yamato Period in the history of Japan refers to the late Kofun Period ( c. 250-538 ) and Asuka Period ( 538-710 ) . Japanese archaeologists and historians emphasize the fact that during the early Kofun Period the Yamato chieftainship was in close contention with other regional powers , such as Kibi Province near present-day Okayama Prefecture . Around the 6th century , the local chieftainship gained national control and established the Imperial court in Yamato Province . The battleship Yamato , the flagship of the Japanese Combined Fleet during World War II , was named after this ancient province .'}]}, {'value': '0710 Nara period , 8th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': 'One handscroll , ink on paper , 25.7 cm × 696.9 cm ( 10.1 in × 274.4 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Tokyo National Museum ( 東京国立博物館 , Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo , Japan . It is considered the oldest national museum in Japan , is the largest art museum in Japan , and is one of the largest art museums in the world . The museum collects , preserves , and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia , with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road . There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art . The museum holds over 110,000 objects , including 87 National Treasures of Japan , 319 Horyuji Treasures , and 610 Important Cultural Properties ( as of July 2005 ) . The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection . The facilities consist of the Honkan , holding the Japanese Gallery ; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan , holding special exhibitions ; the Toyokan , holding the Asian Gallery ; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures , holding important relics originally preserved at Nara 's Horyu Temple ; the Kuroda Memorial Hall , holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki ; and the Research and Information Center . There are restaurants and shops within the museum 's premises , as well as outdoor exhibitions ( including the Kuromon ) and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Segment of the Sutra of the Wise and Foolish ( 賢愚経残巻 , Kengukyō zankan )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emperor Shomu attributed to Emperor Shōmu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Shōmu', 'summary': "Emperor Shōmu ( 聖武天皇 , Shōmu-tennō , 701 - June 4 , 756 ) was the 45th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Shōmu 's reign spanned the years 724 through 749 ."}]}, {'value': 'Volumes 1 ( 419 lines ) , 2 ( 149 lines ) , 3 ( 18 lines ) ; also known as Great Shōmu ( 大聖武 , ōshōmu ) after Emperor Shōmu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Shōmu', 'summary': "Emperor Shōmu ( 聖武天皇 , Shōmu-tennō , 701 - June 4 , 756 ) was the 45th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Shōmu 's reign spanned the years 724 through 749 ."}]}, {'value': '0710 Nara period , 8th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': 'Three handscrolls , ink on paper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Maeda Ikutokukai Maeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maeda_Ikutokukai', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Segment of the Sutra of the Wise and Foolish ( 賢愚経残巻 , Kengukyō zankan )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emperor Shomu attributed to Emperor Shōmu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Shōmu', 'summary': "Emperor Shōmu ( 聖武天皇 , Shōmu-tennō , 701 - June 4 , 756 ) was the 45th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Shōmu 's reign spanned the years 724 through 749 ."}]}, {'value': 'Volumes 1 ( 461 lines ) , 2 ( 503 lines ) ; also known as Great Shōmu ( 大聖武 , ōshōmu ) after Emperor Shōmu ; formerly in the possession of Kaidan-in , Tōdai-ji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Shōmu', 'summary': "Emperor Shōmu ( 聖武天皇 , Shōmu-tennō , 701 - June 4 , 756 ) was the 45th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Shōmu 's reign spanned the years 724 through 749 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tōdai-ji', 'summary': "Tōdai-ji ( 東大寺 , Eastern Great Temple ) is a Buddhist temple complex that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , located in the city of Nara , Japan . Though it was originally founded in the year 738 CE , Todai-ji was not opened until the year 752 CE . Its Great Buddha Hall ( 大仏殿 Daibutsuden ) houses the world 's largest bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana , known in Japanese as Daibutsu ( 大仏 ) . The temple also serves as the Japanese headquarters of the Kegon school of Buddhism . The temple is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , together with seven other sites including temples , shrines and places in the city of Nara ."}]}, {'value': '0710 Nara period , 8th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': 'Two handscrolls , ink on paper , 27.5 cm × 1,200 cm ( 10.8 in × 472.4 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Hyogo Kobe Hakutsuru Fine Art Museum Hakutsuru Fine Art Museum , Kobe , Hyōgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakutsuru_Fine_Art_Museum', 'summary': 'Hakutsuru Fine Art Museum ( 白鶴美術館 , Hakutsuru Bijutsukan ) opened in 1934 in Kobe , Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan to display the collection of Kanō Jihei , seventh head of the Hakutsu Sake Brewing Company ( 白鶴酒造 ) . As such it was one of the first private museums in Japan . The collection of some 1450 items includes two National Treasures and twenty-two Important Cultural Properties .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kobe', 'summary': "Kobe ( /ˈkoʊbi , -beɪ/ KOH-bee , -\u2060bay ; Japanese : [ koꜜːbe ] ; officially 神戸市 , Kōbe-shi ) is the sixth-largest city [ citation needed ] in Japan and the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture . It is located on the southern side of the main island of Honshū , on the north shore of Osaka Bay and about 30 km ( 19 mi ) west of Osaka . With a population around 1.5 million , the city is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kyoto . The earliest written records regarding the region come from the Nihon Shoki , which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD 201 . For most of its history , the area was never a single political entity , even during the Tokugawa period , when the port was controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate . Kobe did not exist in its current form until its founding in 1889 . Its name comes from Kanbe ( 神戸 , an archaic title for supporters of the city 's Ikuta Shrine ) . Kobe became one of Japan 's designated cities in 1956 . Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1853 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan and nuclear-free zone port city . While the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake diminished much of Kobe 's prominence as a port city , it remains Japan 's fourth-busiest container port . Companies headquartered in Kobe include ASICS , Kawasaki Heavy Industries , and Kobe Steel , as well as over 100 international corporations with Asian or Japanese headquarters in the city , such as Eli Lilly and Company , Procter & Gamble , Boehringer Ingelheim , and Nestlé . The city is the point of origin and namesake of Kobe beef , as well as the site of one of Japan 's most famous hot spring resorts , Arima Onsen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hyōgo_Prefecture', 'summary': "Hyōgo Prefecture ( 兵庫県 , Hyōgo-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Hyōgo Prefecture has a population of 5,469,762 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 8,400 km² ( 3,243 sq mi ) . Hyōgo Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the east , Osaka Prefecture to the southeast , and Okayama Prefecture and Tottori Prefecture to the west . Kōbe is the capital and largest city of Hyōgo Prefecture , and the sixth-largest city in Japan , with other major cities including Himeji , Nishinomiya , and Amagasaki . Hyōgo Prefecture 's mainland stretches from the Sea of Japan to the Seto Inland Sea , where Awaji Island and a small archipelago of islands belonging to the prefecture are located . Hyōgo Prefecture is a major economic center , transportation hub , and tourist destination in western Japan , with 20% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Hyōgo Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Lotus Sutra , Chapter on Expedient Means ( 法華経方便品 , Hokekyō hōbenbon )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotus_Sutra', 'summary': 'The Lotus Sūtra ( Sanskrit : Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra , literally Sūtra on the White Lotus of the Sublime Dharma ) is one of the most popular and influential Mahayana sutras , and the basis on which the Tiantai , Tendai , Cheontae , and Nichiren schools of Buddhism were established . According to British professor Paul Williams , For many East Asian Buddhists since early times , the Lotus Sutra contains the final teaching of the Buddha , complete and sufficient for salvation .'}]}, {'value': 'Minamoto Toshifusa attributed to Minamoto Toshifusa ( 源俊房 ) by Shōkadō Shōjō in a postscript from 1625', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shōkadō_Shōjō', 'summary': "Shōkadō Shōjō ( 松花堂昭乗 , 1584-1639 ) was an Edo period Buddhist monk , painter , calligrapher and master of the tea ceremony . He is one of the Three brushes of the Kan'ei period ( 寛永三筆 , Kan'ei Sanpitsu ) . Shōjō is the Buddhist name the youth was given when he entered the Hachiman shrine on Otoko-yama ( Yawata ) near Kyoto . He later served the Konoe family under Konoe Nobutada . At that time he also became acquainted with the Zen-monks of Daitoku-ji . In 1627 he became the head of the small Takimoto-bō temple nearby ; ten years later , he retired to a hut on the temple 's estate which he called Pine Flower Hall ( 松花堂 , Shōkadō ) . This became the name under which he is currently best known ."}]}, {'value': '28 lines per page ; also known as Chikubushima Sutra ( 竹生島経 ) as the scroll is in possession of Hōgon-ji on Chikubu Island ; paper decorated with gold and silver underdrawings of butterflies , birds , flowering plants , imaginary Buddhist flowers , and clouds ; the introductory chapter of the same work , located at Hōgon-ji , has been designated as a National Treasure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hōgon-ji', 'summary': "The Hogon-ji Temple is located on the sacred Chikubu Island in Shiga Prefecture , Japan . It is part of a temple complex on the revered island . It is a Buddhist temple dedicated to the goddess Benzaiten . Also , it is said to have first been built in 724 CE under the order of Emperor Shōmu . The temple has been rebuilt a few times over the years , with a major rebuilding around 1602 CE by the Japanese court officials Toyotomi Hideyori and Toyotomi Hideyoshi . The temple looks to be of Amida style architecture . The temple 's gate is originally from the Toyokuni Shrine in Kyoto , but was moved to Chikubu Island during the renovations in 1602 . The artwork on the temple 's gate has features reminiscent of the Momoyama Period ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chikubu_Island', 'summary': 'Chikubu ( 竹生島 , Chikubu-shima ) is a small island located in the northern part of Biwa Lake of Japan . It is a nationally designated Place of Scenic Beauty and Historic Site . The coastline of island measures 2 km . It is the second largest island in Lake Biwa , after Oki island ( Oki-shima , an inhabited island ) . The island is part of Hazayaki-cho , in Nagahama city of Shiga Prefecture .'}]}, {'value': '0900 Heian period , 10th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heian_period', 'summary': 'The Heian period ( 平安時代 , Heian jidai ) is the last division of classical Japanese history , running from 794 to 1185 . The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō , or modern Kyōto . It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism , Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height . The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art , especially poetry and literature . Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface , the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan , a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family . Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family . Heian ( 平安 ) means peace in Japanese .'}]}, {'value': 'One handscroll , ink on decorated paper , 29.6 cm × 528.5 cm ( 11.7 in × 208.1 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Tokyo National Museum ( 東京国立博物館 , Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo , Japan . It is considered the oldest national museum in Japan , is the largest art museum in Japan , and is one of the largest art museums in the world . The museum collects , preserves , and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia , with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road . There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art . The museum holds over 110,000 objects , including 87 National Treasures of Japan , 319 Horyuji Treasures , and 610 Important Cultural Properties ( as of July 2005 ) . The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection . The facilities consist of the Honkan , holding the Japanese Gallery ; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan , holding special exhibitions ; the Toyokan , holding the Asian Gallery ; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures , holding important relics originally preserved at Nara 's Horyu Temple ; the Kuroda Memorial Hall , holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki ; and the Research and Information Center . There are restaurants and shops within the museum 's premises , as well as outdoor exhibitions ( including the Kuromon ) and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lotus Sutra in minute characters ( 細字法華経 , saiji hokekyō )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotus_Sutra', 'summary': 'The Lotus Sūtra ( Sanskrit : Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra , literally Sūtra on the White Lotus of the Sublime Dharma ) is one of the most popular and influential Mahayana sutras , and the basis on which the Tiantai , Tendai , Cheontae , and Nichiren schools of Buddhism were established . According to British professor Paul Williams , For many East Asian Buddhists since early times , the Lotus Sutra contains the final teaching of the Buddha , complete and sufficient for salvation .'}]}, {'value': 'Li Yuanhui transcription by Li Yuanhui ( 李元恵 , rigenkei )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39 pages of 56 ruled lines with 32 characters per line ; also known as Honored Companion Sutra ( 御同朋経 , godōbōkyō ) ; handed down at Hōryū-ji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hōryū-ji', 'summary': "Hōryū-ji ( 法隆寺 , lit . Temple of the Flourishing Law ) is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , in Ikaruga , Nara Prefecture , Japan . Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji ( 法隆学問寺 ) , or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law , the complex serving as both a seminary and monastery . The temple was founded by Prince Shōtoku in 607 , but according to the Nihon Shoki , in 670 all buildings were burned down by lightning . However , reconstructed at least 1,300 years ago , the Kondō ( main holl ) is widely recognized as the world 's oldest wooden building . A fire that broke out during the dismantling and repair of Kondo in January 26 , 1949 destroyed a mural of the Asuka period , a national treasure , and shocked the Japanese . Based on this accident , the day when the fire broke out is now fire prevention day for cultural properties . In 1993 , Horyu-ji Temple , along with Hokki-ji , was registered as Japan 's first UNESCO World Heritage site under the name of Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area . A tree ring survey conducted in 2001 revealed that the shinbashira of the five-story Pagoda were cut down in 594 , before burned down in 670 ."}]}, {'value': '0694 Tang Dynasty , 694', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tang_Dynasty', 'summary': "The Tang dynasty ( /tɑːŋ/ ; Chinese : 唐朝 [ a ] ) or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 , with an interregnum between 690 and 705 . It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history . Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization , and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture . Tang territory , acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers , rivaled that of the Han dynasty . The Tang capital at Chang'an ( present-day Xi'an ) was the most populous city in the world in its day . The Lǐ family ( 李 ) founded the dynasty , seizing power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire . The dynasty was interrupted for 15 years when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne , proclaiming the Wu Zhou dynasty and becoming the only legitimate Chinese empress regnant . In two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries , the Tang records estimated the population by number of registered households at about 50 million people . Yet , even when the central government was breaking down and unable to compile an accurate census of the population in the 9th century , it is estimated that the population had grown by then to about 80 million people . [ b ] With its large population base , the dynasty was able to raise professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers in dominating Inner Asia and the lucrative trade-routes along the Silk Road . Various kingdoms and states paid tribute to the Tang court , while the Tang also conquered or subdued several regions which it indirectly controlled through a protectorate system . Besides political hegemony , the Tang also exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighboring East Asian states such as those in Japan and Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'One handscroll , ink on paper ; 25.7 cm × 2,150 cm ( 10.1 in × 846.5 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Tokyo National Museum ( 東京国立博物館 , Tōkyō Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taitō ward of Tokyo , Japan . It is considered the oldest national museum in Japan , is the largest art museum in Japan , and is one of the largest art museums in the world . The museum collects , preserves , and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia , with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road . There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art . The museum holds over 110,000 objects , including 87 National Treasures of Japan , 319 Horyuji Treasures , and 610 Important Cultural Properties ( as of July 2005 ) . The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection . The facilities consist of the Honkan , holding the Japanese Gallery ; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan , holding special exhibitions ; the Toyokan , holding the Asian Gallery ; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures , holding important relics originally preserved at Nara 's Horyu Temple ; the Kuroda Memorial Hall , holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki ; and the Research and Information Center . There are restaurants and shops within the museum 's premises , as well as outdoor exhibitions ( including the Kuromon ) and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Commentary on the Vimalakirti Sutra ( 浄名玄論 , jōmyō genron )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra', 'summary': 'The Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa ( Sanskrit : विमलकीर्तिनिर्देश ) , ( Standard Tibetan : དྲི་མ་མེད་པར་གྲགས་པས་བསྟན་པ ) ( sometimes referred to as the Vimalakīrti Sūtra or Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra , but this title is not supported by the newly rediscovered Sanskrit ; nor does the true Tibetan title include mdo = sūtra ) is a Mahayana Buddhist sutra . It was extremely influential in East Asia , but most likely of considerably less importance in the Indian and Tibetan sub-traditions of Mahāyāna Buddhism . The word nirdeśa in the title means instruction , advice , and Vimalakīrti is the name of the main protagonist of the text , and means Taintless Fame . The sutra teaches , among other subjects , the meaning of nondualism , the doctrine of the true body of the Buddha , the characteristically Mahāyāna claim that the appearances of the world are mere illusions , and the superiority of the Mahāyāna over other paths . It places in the mouth of the upāsaka ( lay practitioner ) Vimalakīrti a teaching addressed to both arhats and bodhisattvas , regarding the doctrine of śūnyatā . In most versions , the discourse of the text culminates with a wordless teaching of silence . Translator Burton Watson argues that the Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa was likely composed in approximately 100 CE . Although it had been thought lost for centuries , a version in Sanskrit was recovered in 1999 among the manuscripts of the Potala Palace in Lhasa . The Sanskrit was published in parallel with the Tibetan and three Chinese versions by the Study Group on Buddhist Sanskrit Literature at the Institute for Comprehensive Studies of Buddhism at Taisho University in 2004 , and in 2006 , the same group published a critical edition that has become the standard version of the Sanskrit for scholarly purposes . In 2007 the Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods published a romanized Sanskrit version under the title Āryavimalakīrtinirdeśo Nāma Mahāyānasūtram . For a recent and thorough summary of the present scholarly understanding of the text , readers should consult Felbur .'}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest extant text using the Japanese dating system ; 20 to 40 characters per line ; originally in the possession of Tōdai-ji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japanese_calendar', 'summary': 'Japanese calendar types have included a range of official and unofficial systems . At present , Japan uses the Gregorian calendar together with year designations stating the year of the reign of the current Emperor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tōdai-ji', 'summary': "Tōdai-ji ( 東大寺 , Eastern Great Temple ) is a Buddhist temple complex that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , located in the city of Nara , Japan . Though it was originally founded in the year 738 CE , Todai-ji was not opened until the year 752 CE . Its Great Buddha Hall ( 大仏殿 Daibutsuden ) houses the world 's largest bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana , known in Japanese as Daibutsu ( 大仏 ) . The temple also serves as the Japanese headquarters of the Kegon school of Buddhism . The temple is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , together with seven other sites including temples , shrines and places in the city of Nara ."}]}, {'value': '0706 Asuka period , 706', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asuka_period', 'summary': 'The Asuka period ( 飛鳥時代 , Asuka jidai ) was a period in the history of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 ( or 592 to 645 ) , although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period . The Yamato polity evolved greatly during the Asuka period , which is named after the Asuka region , about 25 km ( 16 mi ) south of the modern city of Nara . The Asuka period is characterized by its significant artistic , social , and political transformations , having their origins in the late Kofun period but largely affected by the arrival of Buddhism from China . The introduction of Buddhism marked a change in Japanese society . The Asuka period is also distinguished by the change in the name of the country from Wa ( 倭 ) to Nihon ( 日本 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Eight handscrolls , ink on paper , height : 27.8-28.0 cm ( 10.9-11.0 in ) , length : 296.0-1,092.0 cm ( 116.5-429.9 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto National Museum Kyoto National Museum , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Kyoto National Museum ( 京都国立博物館 , Kyōto Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) is one of the major art museums in Japan . Located in Kyoto 's Higashiyama ward , the museum focuses on pre-modern Japanese and Asian art ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra on deep blue paper ( 紺紙金字大宝積経 , konshikinji taihō shakukyō ) vol . 32 , Goryeo Tripiṭaka with gilt letters ( 高麗国金字大蔵経 , kōraikoku kinji daizōkyō )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahāratnakūṭa_Sūtra', 'summary': 'The Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra ( Sanskrit ; traditional Chinese : 大寶積經 ; simplified Chinese : 大宝积经 ; pinyin : dàbǎojī jīng , Tib . dam-chos dkon-mchog-brtsegs-pa ) is an ancient collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtras . It is also known simply as Ratnakūṭa Sūtra ( 寶積經 ) , literally the Sutra of the Heap of Jewels in Sanskrit ( kūṭa means accumulation or heap ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tripiṭaka', 'summary': 'Tripiṭaka ( Sanskrit : [ trɪˈpɪʈɐkɐ ] ) or Tipiṭaka ( Pali : [ tɪˈpɪʈɐkɐ ] ) is the traditional term for the Buddhist scriptures . The version canonical to Theravada Buddhism is generally referred to in English as the Pali Canon . Mahayana Buddhism also holds the Tripiṭaka to be authoritative but , unlike Theravadins , it also includes in its canon various derivative literature and commentaries that were composed much later . The Tripiṭaka was composed between about 550 BCE and about the start of the common era , likely written down for the first time in the 1st century BCE . The Dipavamsa states that during the reign of Valagamba of Anuradhapura ( 29-17 BCE ) the monks who had previously remembered the Tripiṭaka and its commentary orally now wrote them down in books , because of the threat posed by famine and war . The Mahavamsa also refers briefly to the writing down of the canon and the commentaries at this time . Each Buddhist sub-tradition had its own Tripiṭaka for its monasteries , written by its sangha , each set consisting of 32 books , in three parts or baskets of teachings : Vinaya Piṭaka ( Basket of Discipline ) , Sūtra Piṭaka ( Basket of Discourse ) , and Abhidharma Piṭaka ( Basket of Special [ or Further ] Doctrine ) . The structure , the code of conduct and moral virtues in the Vinaya basket particularly , have similarities to some of the surviving Dharmasutra texts of Hinduism . Much of the surviving Tripiṭaka literature is in Pali , with some in Sanskrit as well as other local Asian languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Choi Sung-sak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earliest copied sutra of the Goryeo dynasty and only surviving volume of a set of complete Buddhist scriptures , offered by Queen Heonae and Kim Chi-yang . The cover is decorated with a hōsōge flower pattern and the frontispiece with three bodhisattvas scattering flower offerings , both in silver paint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Heonae', 'summary': 'Queen Heonae ( Hangul : 헌애왕후 , Hanja : 獻哀王后 ) ( 964 - 20 January 1029 ) , also known as Queen Dowager Cheonchu ( 천추태후 , 千秋太后 ) , was the third Queen consort of King Gyeongjong of Goryeo . She served as regent of Goryeo from 997 to 1009 during the minority of her son , King Mokjong of Goryeo . Her life story was the basis for the drama Empress Cheonchu .'}]}, {'value': 'One handscroll , gilt letters on deep blue paper , 29.1 cm × 881.2 cm ( 11.5 in × 346.9 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': '1006 Goryeo , 1006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goryeo', 'summary': 'Goryeo ( 고려 ; 高麗 ; Koryŏ ; [ ko.ɾjʌ ] ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918 , during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period , that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392 . Goryeo achieved what has been called a true national unification by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae , who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea . The name Korea is derived from the name of Goryeo , also spelled Koryŏ , which was first used in the early 5th century by Goguryeo . The once prosperous kingdom of Later Silla , which had ruled much of the Korean Peninsula since the late 7th century , began crumbling by the late 9th century due to internal turmoil , leading to the revival of the ancient states of Baekje and Goguryeo , known in historiography as Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo . Later Goguryeo , also known as Taebong , was overthrown from within in 918 by Wang Geon , a prominent general of noble Goguryeo descent , who established Goryeo in its place . Goryeo peacefully annexed Later Silla in 935 and militarily conquered Later Baekje in 936 , successfully reunifying the Korean Peninsula . Beginning in 993 , Goryeo faced multiple invasions by the Khitan Liao dynasty , a powerful nomadic empire to the north , but a decisive military victory in 1019 brought about a century of peace and prosperity as Goryeo entered its golden age . During this period , a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between Goryeo , Liao , and Song . The Goryeo period was the golden age of Buddhism in Korea , and as the national religion , Buddhism achieved its highest level of influence in Korean history , with 70 temples in the capital alone in the 11th century . Commerce flourished in Goryeo , with merchants coming from as far as the Middle East , and the capital in modern-day Kaesong , North Korea was a center of trade and industry , with merchants employing a system of double-entry bookkeeping since the 11th or 12th century . In addition , Goryeo was a period of great achievements in Korean art and culture , such as Koryŏ celadon , which was highly praised in the Song dynasty , and the Tripitaka Koreana , which was described by UNESCO as one of the most important and most complete corpus of Buddhist doctrinal texts in the world , with the original 81,258 engraved printing blocks still preserved at Haeinsa Temple . In the early 13th century , Goryeo developed movable type made of metal to print books , 200 years before Johannes Gutenberg in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto National Museum custody of Kyoto National Museum , Kyoto , Kyoto ; owned by National Institutes for Cultural Heritage ( 独立行政法人国立文化財機構 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Kyoto National Museum ( 京都国立博物館 , Kyōto Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) is one of the major art museums in Japan . Located in Kyoto 's Higashiyama ward , the museum focuses on pre-modern Japanese and Asian art ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto,_Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Institutes_for_Cultural_Heritage', 'summary': "Independent Administrative Institution ( IAI ) National Museum ( National Museum ) was the official name of the corporate entity created by the Japanese government in 2001 by merging three formerly independent national museums - the Tokyo National Museum , the Kyoto National Museum , and the Nara National Museum . The assimilated organizational structure was brought about as a part of the national government 's administrative reform program ; and the clear goal was to provide higher quality and better educational services to the public . In 2005 , a fourth institution was added - the Kyushu National Museum . These reforms are designed to bring keiretsu-like synergy and enhanced administrative efficiencies in the work of achieving the range of inter-related preservation , conservation , and education goals of each unique institution . In 2007 , the perceived successes of the IAI National Museum experiment led to a further consolidation . The Independent Administrative Institution National Institutes for Cultural Heritage was established by merging two Independent Administrative Institutions - the National Museum , which comprised the Tokyo National Museum , the Kyoto National Museum , the Nara National Museum and the Kyushu National Museum - and the Independent Administrative Institution National Research Institute for Cultural Properties , which consisted of the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties , Tokyo and the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties , Nara . The rationale for merging these entities flow from a recognition that all share the same purpose of conservation and utilization of cultural properties ."}]}, {'value': 'Segment of the Sutra of the Incantation of the one thousand armed , one thousand eyed Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva ( 千手千眼陀羅尼経残巻 , senju sengen daranikyō zankan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avalokiteśvara', 'summary': 'Avalokiteśvara or Padmapani ( /ˌʌvəloʊkɪˈteɪʃvərə/ UV-əl-oh-kih-TAY-shvər-ə ; Sanskrit : अवलोकितेश्वर ) is a bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas . This bodhisattva is variably depicted , described and portrayed in different cultures as either male or female . In Tibet , he is known as Chenrezig , and in Cambodia as Avloketesvar . In Chinese Buddhism , Avalokiteśvara has evolved into the somewhat different female figure Guanyin , also known in Japan as Kanzeon or Kannon . In Nepal Mandal this figure is known as Jana Baha Dyah , Karunamaya , Seto Machindranath .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bodhisattva', 'summary': 'In Buddhism , a bodhisattva ( /ˌboʊdiːˈsʌtvə/ BOH-dee-SUT-və ) is any person who is on the path towards Buddhahood . In the Early Buddhist schools as well as modern Theravada Buddhism , a bodhisattva ( Pali : bodhisatta ) refers to anyone who has made a resolution to become a Buddha and has also received a confirmation or prediction from a living Buddha that this will be so . In Mahayana Buddhism , a bodhisattva refers to anyone who has generated bodhicitta , a spontaneous wish and compassionate mind to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings .'}]}, {'value': 'Genbō ( 玄昉 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Only extant portion of one thousand copies of the Senju sengen daranikyō made by Genbō ; mentioned in the Essential Records of Tōdai-ji ( 東大寺要録 , tōdaiji yōroku ) ; total of 109 lines ; beginning of scroll is lost', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0741 Nara period , 741', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': 'One handscroll , ink on paper , 25.5 cm × 246.0 cm ( 10.0 in × 96.9 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto National Museum Kyoto National Museum , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_National_Museum', 'summary': "The Kyoto National Museum ( 京都国立博物館 , Kyōto Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) is one of the major art museums in Japan . Located in Kyoto 's Higashiyama ward , the museum focuses on pre-modern Japanese and Asian art ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra ( 紫紙金字金光明最勝王経 , shishikinji konkōmyō saishōōkyō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown ( Sutra Copying Bureau )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One of the sutras enshrined in the state-sponsored Temples for the Protection of the State by the Golden Light ( of the ) Four Heavenly Kings ; said to have been enshrined in Bingo Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bingo_Province', 'summary': "Bingo Province ( 備後国 , Bingo no kuni ) was a province of Japan on the Inland Sea side of western Honshū , comprising what is today the eastern part of Hiroshima Prefecture . It was sometimes grouped together with Bizen and Bitchu Provinces as Bishū ( 備州 ) . The 備 bi in the names of these provinces is taken from the second character in the name of Kibi Province , whose ambit also included the area that would be divided off as Mimasaka Province in the early 8th century CE . Bingo bordered Bitchū , Hōki , Izumo , Iwami , and Aki Provinces . The ancient capital is believed to have been in the vicinity of the city of Fuchu . During the Sengoku Period , Bingo was part of the Mori clan 's domains , but after the Battle of Sekigahara , Tokugawa Ieyasu reassigned it to one of his allies . A notable landmark includes Fukuyama Castle , which was the main castle of the Bingo-Fukuyama han ( clan ) during the Edo period of Japanese history ."}]}, {'value': '0741 Nara period , 8th century , Tenpyō era after 741', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tenpyō', 'summary': 'Tenpyō ( 天平 ) was a Japanese era name ( 年号 , nengō , year name ) after Jinki and before Tenpyō-kanpō . This period spanned the years from August 729 through April 749 . The reigning emperor was Shōmu-tennō ( 聖武天皇 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ten handscrolls , gilt letters on violet paper , 26.4 cm × 841.1 cm ( 10.4 in × 331.1 in ) ( vol . 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Nara Nara Nara National Museum Nara National Museum , Nara , Nara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_National_Museum', 'summary': 'The Nara National Museum ( 奈良国立博物館 , Nara Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan ) is one of the pre-eminent national art museums in Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nara,_Nara', 'summary': 'Nara ( 奈良市 , Nara-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜɾa ] ) is the capital city of Nara Prefecture located in the Kansai region of Japan . The city occupies the northern part of Nara Prefecture , bordering Kyoto Prefecture . Eight temples , shrines , and ruins in Nara remain : specifically Tōdai-ji , Saidai-ji , Kōfuku-ji , Kasuga Shrine , Gangō-ji , Yakushi-ji , Tōshōdai-ji , and the Heijō Palace , together with Kasugayama Primeval Forest , collectively form Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . During the Nara period , Nara was the capital of Japan , and the Emperor lived there before moving the capital to Kyoto .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nara_Prefecture', 'summary': "Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,348,930 ( 1 September 2017 ) and has a geographic area of 3,691 km² ( 1,425 sq mi ) . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north , Osaka Prefecture to the northwest , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Mie Prefecture to the east . Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture , with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast , and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures . Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Dhāraṇī of the Adamantine Place ( 金剛場陀羅尼経 , Kongō Jōdaranikyō )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kongō_Jōdaranikyō', 'summary': 'Kongō Jōdaranikyō ( 金剛場陀羅尼経 , Dhāraṇī of the Adamantine Place ) is a Japanese sūtra of the Vajrayana school of Buddhism . Copied by the priest Hōrin in 686 , it is the oldest hand-copied sūtra in Japan and is designated as a National Treasure . Hōrin based his copy on the original by Jñānagupta ( 523-600 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Horin transcription by the priest Hōrin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest hand-copied sutra in Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0686 Asuka period , 686', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asuka_period', 'summary': 'The Asuka period ( 飛鳥時代 , Asuka jidai ) was a period in the history of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 ( or 592 to 645 ) , although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period . The Yamato polity evolved greatly during the Asuka period , which is named after the Asuka region , about 25 km ( 16 mi ) south of the modern city of Nara . The Asuka period is characterized by its significant artistic , social , and political transformations , having their origins in the late Kofun period but largely affected by the arrival of Buddhism from China . The introduction of Buddhism marked a change in Japanese society . The Asuka period is also distinguished by the change in the name of the country from Wa ( 倭 ) to Nihon ( 日本 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'One handscroll , ink on paper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Agency for Cultural Affairs Agency for Cultural Affairs , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs', 'summary': "The Agency for Cultural Affairs ( 文化庁 , bunkachō ) is a special body of the Japanese Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( MEXT ) . It was set up in 1968 to promote Japanese arts and culture . The agency 's budget for FY 2018 rose to ¥107.7 billion . The agency 's Cultural Affairs Division disseminated information about the arts within Japan and internationally , and the Cultural Properties Protection Division protected the nation 's cultural heritage . The Cultural Affairs Division is concerned with such areas as art and culture promotion , art copyrights , and improvements in the national language . It also supports both national and local arts and cultural festivals , and it funds traveling cultural events in music , theater , dance , art exhibitions , and film-making . Special prizes are offered to encourage young artists and established practitioners , and some grants are given each year to enable them to train abroad . The agency funds national museums of modern art in Kyoto and Tokyo and The National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo , which exhibit both Japanese and international shows . The agency also supports the Japan Art Academy , which honors eminent persons of arts and letters , appointing them to membership and offering ￥3.5 million in prize money . Awards are made in the presence of the Emperor , who personally bestows the highest accolade , the Order of Culture . In 1989 , for the first time two women - a writer and a costume designer - were nominated for the Order of Cultural Merit , another official honor carrying the same stipend . The Cultural Properties Protection Division originally was established to oversee restorations after World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Konkōmyō Saishōō Sutra with gilt letters ( 紫紙金字金光明最勝王経 , shishikinji konkōmyō saishōōkyō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown ( Sutra Copying Bureau )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One of the sutras enshrined in the state-sponsored Temples for the Protection of the State by the Golden Light ( of the ) Four Heavenly Kings founded by Emperor Shōmu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Shōmu', 'summary': "Emperor Shōmu ( 聖武天皇 , Shōmu-tennō , 701 - June 4 , 756 ) was the 45th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Shōmu 's reign spanned the years 724 through 749 ."}]}, {'value': '0710 Nara period , 8th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': 'Ten handscrolls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakayama Koya Reihokan Reihōkan ( owned by Ryūkō-in ( 龍光院 ) ) , Kōya , Wakayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reihōkan', 'summary': 'Kōyasan Reihōkan ( 高野山 霊宝館 , lit . Kōyasan Museum of Sacred Treasures ) is an art museum on Kōya-san , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan , preserving and displaying Buddhist art owned by temples on Kōya-san . The collection is centered around articles from the Heian and Kamakura periods and includes paintings , calligraphy , sutras , sculpture and Buddhist ritual objects . Among these are a set of the complete Buddhist canon ( issaikyō ) , writings of Kūkai and Minamoto no Yoritomo , founder of the Kamakura Shogunate , mandalas and portraits of priests . The most valuable objects have been designated as National Treasure or Important Cultural Property .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kōya,_Wakayama', 'summary': 'Kōya ( 高野町 , Kōya-chō ) is a town located on a plateau atop Mt . Koya in Ito District , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan . The town is known as the headquarters of the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism . As of October 1 , 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 3,279 and a density of 24 persons per km² . The total area is 137.08 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Wakayama Prefecture ( 和歌山県 , Wakayama-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan on the Kii Peninsula in the Kansai region , located on the southernmost point of Honshū island . The capital is the city of Wakayama .'}]}, {'value': 'Mahavairocana Sutra ( 大毘盧遮那成仏神変加持経 , Daibirushana jōbutsu jinpen kajikyō )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahavairocana_Sutra', 'summary': 'The Mahāvairocana Tantra ( traditional Chinese : 大毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經 ; ; pinyin : Dà Pílúzhēnà Chéngfó Shénbiàn Jiāchí Jīng ; also known as 大日经 Da ri Jing ) is an important Vajrayana Buddhist text . It is also known as the Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi Tantra , or more fully as the Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi Vikurvita Adhiṣṭhāna Tantra . In Tibet it is considered to be a member of the Carya class of tantras . In Japan where it is known as the Mahāvairocana Sūtra ( Daibirushana jōbutsu jinpen kajikyō ) , it is one of two central texts in the Shingon school , along with the Vajrasekhara Sutra . Both are also part of the Tendai school .'}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0794 Heian period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heian_period', 'summary': 'The Heian period ( 平安時代 , Heian jidai ) is the last division of classical Japanese history , running from 794 to 1185 . The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō , or modern Kyōto . It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism , Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height . The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art , especially poetry and literature . Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface , the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan , a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family . Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family . Heian ( 平安 ) means peace in Japanese .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven handscrolls , width : 27.6 cm ( 10.9 in ) , length : 56.0-1,386.1 cm ( 22.0-545.7 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Nara Nara Saidaiji Saidai-ji , Nara , Nara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saidai-ji', 'summary': "Saidai-ji ( 西大寺 ) or the Great Western Temple is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples in the city of Nara , Nara Prefecture , Japan . The temple was established in AD 765 as a counterpart to Tōdai-ji and it is the main temple of the Shingon Risshu ( 真言律宗 ) sect of Buddhism after the sect 's founder , Eison ( 叡尊 ) , took over administration in 1238 . One building , the Aizen-dō , houses a statue of Aizen Myō-ō , while the main image is of Shakyamuni Buddha , erected by Eison in 1249 . Saidai-ji stands close to Yamato-Saidaiji Station on the Kintetsu Nara Line ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nara,_Nara', 'summary': 'Nara ( 奈良市 , Nara-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜɾa ] ) is the capital city of Nara Prefecture located in the Kansai region of Japan . The city occupies the northern part of Nara Prefecture , bordering Kyoto Prefecture . Eight temples , shrines , and ruins in Nara remain : specifically Tōdai-ji , Saidai-ji , Kōfuku-ji , Kasuga Shrine , Gangō-ji , Yakushi-ji , Tōshōdai-ji , and the Heijō Palace , together with Kasugayama Primeval Forest , collectively form Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . During the Nara period , Nara was the capital of Japan , and the Emperor lived there before moving the capital to Kyoto .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nara_Prefecture', 'summary': "Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,348,930 ( 1 September 2017 ) and has a geographic area of 3,691 km² ( 1,425 sq mi ) . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north , Osaka Prefecture to the northwest , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Mie Prefecture to the east . Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture , with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast , and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures . Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra ( 大般若経 , Daihannya-kyō ) or Yakushi-ji Sutra ( 薬師寺経 , Yakushiji-kyō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'various ( ten-odd people )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formerly in the possession of Yakushi-ji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakushi-ji', 'summary': 'Yakushi-ji ( 薬師寺 ) is one of the most famous imperial and ancient Buddhist temples in Japan , that was once one of the Seven Great Temples of Nanto , located in Nara . The temple is the headquarters of the Hossō school of Japanese Buddhism . Yakushi-ji is one of the sites that are collectively inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , under the name of Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara . The main object of veneration , Yakushi Nyorai , also named The Medicine Buddha , was one of the first Buddhist Deities to arrive in Japan from China in 680 , and gives the temple its name .'}]}, {'value': '0710 Nara period , 8th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': '387 handscrolls , ink on paper , height : 27.3 cm ( 10.7 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Osaka Osaka Fujita Art Museum Fujita Art Museum , Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fujita_Art_Museum', 'summary': "The Fujita Art Museum ( 藤田美術館 , Fujita Bijutsukan ) is one of the largest private collections in the Kansai region . The collection was assembled by Fujita Denzaburō and his descendants . It was installed in a storehouse on the family property in Osaka . Opened to the public in 1954 , the collection houses Chinese and Japanese painting , calligraphy , sculpture , ceramics , lacquer , textiles , metalwork , and Japanese tea ceremony objects . The Japanese paintings include 13th and 14th century scrolls such as the Murasaki Shikibu Diary Emaki ( National Treasure ) and paintings of the 16 Rakan by Takuma Eiga . The section of Japanese ceramics , largely tea-ceremony objects , is varied and includes teabowls by Chōjirō and Nonomura Ninsei , as well as square dishes by Kōrin and Kenzan . In March 2017 , 31 objects in the collection were de-accessioned and put on auction through auction house Christie 's in New York as part of New York 's Asian Week 2017 event"}, {'url': '/wiki/Osaka', 'summary': "Osaka ( Japanese : 大阪市 , Hepburn : Ōsaka-shi , pronounced [ oːsakaɕi ] ; commonly just 大阪 , Ōsaka [ oːsaka ] ( listen ) ) is a designated city in the Kansai region of the Honshu Island in Japan . It is the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and the largest component of the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area , the second largest metropolitan area in Japan and among the largest in the world with more than 20 million inhabitants . Osaka was traditionally considered Japan 's economic hub . By the Kofun period ( 300-538 ) it had developed into an important regional port , and in the 7th and 8th centuries it served briefly as the imperial capital . Osaka continued to flourish during the Edo period ( 1603-1867 ) and became known as a center of Japanese culture . Following the Meiji Restoration , Osaka greatly expanded in size and underwent rapid industrialization . In 1889 , Osaka was officially established as a municipality . Today , Osaka is a major financial center of Japan . It is home to the Osaka Securities Exchange as well as the multinational electronics corporations Panasonic and Sharp . Famous landmarks in Osaka include Osaka Castle - which played a pivotal role in the Siege of Osaka and was featured in the 1980 American television mini-series Shogun - and Shitennō-ji - the oldest Buddhist temple in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra ( 大般若経 , Daihannya-kyō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Made on request of Prince Nagaya praying for the deceased Emperor Mommu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_Nagaya', 'summary': "Nagaya ( 長屋王 Nagaya-no-ōkimi ) ( 684 - 20 March 729 ) was a politician of the Nara period and an imperial prince of Japan , a son of Prince Takechi ( grandson of Emperor Tenmu ) . His father was Prince Takechi and his mother Princess Minabe ( a daughter of Emperor Tenji and Empress Genmei 's sister ) . He married Princess Kibi ( his cousin , a daughter of Empress Genmei and Empress Genshō 's sister ) . He was substantially influential in politics owing to his membership of the Imperial family of the most noble birth , and there were no other competitive Imperial members at that time . A large residence was allocated to him in a prestigious part of Heijō-kyō . The Fujiwara clan were the most powerful competitors of Nagaya . Fujiwara no Fuhito , the leader of the house , had been the most powerful courtier in the court in the days when Japan was under the reign of Empress Genshō , a cousin of Nagaya 's . After Fuhito 's death in 720 , Nagaya seized complete power within the court . This power shift was the source of later conflicts between him and Fuhito 's four sons ( Muchimaro , Fusasaki , Maro and Umakai ) in the reign of Emperor Shōmu . In 729 , the four sons charged him with a false crime and Nagaya received the death penalty . He was forced to commit suicide . His wife , Princess Kibi , and his children were killed at the same time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Mommu', 'summary': "Emperor Monmu ( 文武天皇 , Monmu-tennō , 683-707 ) was the 42nd emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Monmu 's reign spanned the years from 697 through 707 ."}]}, {'value': '0712 Nara period , 712', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': '27 bound books', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiga Koka Jomyoji Jōmyō-ji ( 常明寺 ) , Kōka , Shiga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kōka,_Shiga', 'summary': "Kōka ( 甲賀市 , Kōka-shi ) is a city located in southern Shiga Prefecture , Japan . ( The word 'Kōka ' is often rendered as 'Koga ' in English , especially when referring to the Koga Ninja . ) As of June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 89,202 and a population density of 185 persons per km2 . The total area is 481.62 km2 . The modern city of Kōka was established on October 1 , 2004 , from the merger of the former town of Kōka , absorbing the towns of Kōnan , Minakuchi , Shigaraki and Tsuchiyama ( all from Kōka District ) . Kōka is quite well known for its ninja history , fine quality ceramics ( Shigaraki ware ) and for containing two shukuba post stations ( Tsuchiyama-juku and Minakuchi-juku ) from the historic Tōkaidō . The city launched a new English version of their homepage in April 2007 , and they have begun to actively promote themselves as a little-known , yet highly authentic , sightseeing destination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture', 'summary': "Shiga Prefecture ( 滋賀県 , Shiga-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,017 km² ( 1,551 sq mi ) . Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north , Gifu Prefecture to the northeast , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , and Kyoto Prefecture to the west . Ōtsu is the capital and largest city of Shiga Prefecture , with other major cities including Kusatsu , Nagahama , and Higashiōmi . Shiga Prefecture encircles Lake Biwa , the largest freshwater lake in Japan , and 37% of the total land area is designated as Natural Parks , the highest of any prefecture . Shiga Prefecture 's southern half is located adjacent to the former capital city of Kyoto and forms part of Greater Kyoto , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Japan . Shiga Prefecture is home to Ōmi beef , the Eight Views of Ōmi , and Hikone Castle , one of four national treasure castles in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra ( 大般若経 , Daihannya-kyō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Made on request of Prince Nagaya praying for the deceased Emperor Mommu ; oldest extant manuscript of the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_Nagaya', 'summary': "Nagaya ( 長屋王 Nagaya-no-ōkimi ) ( 684 - 20 March 729 ) was a politician of the Nara period and an imperial prince of Japan , a son of Prince Takechi ( grandson of Emperor Tenmu ) . His father was Prince Takechi and his mother Princess Minabe ( a daughter of Emperor Tenji and Empress Genmei 's sister ) . He married Princess Kibi ( his cousin , a daughter of Empress Genmei and Empress Genshō 's sister ) . He was substantially influential in politics owing to his membership of the Imperial family of the most noble birth , and there were no other competitive Imperial members at that time . A large residence was allocated to him in a prestigious part of Heijō-kyō . The Fujiwara clan were the most powerful competitors of Nagaya . Fujiwara no Fuhito , the leader of the house , had been the most powerful courtier in the court in the days when Japan was under the reign of Empress Genshō , a cousin of Nagaya 's . After Fuhito 's death in 720 , Nagaya seized complete power within the court . This power shift was the source of later conflicts between him and Fuhito 's four sons ( Muchimaro , Fusasaki , Maro and Umakai ) in the reign of Emperor Shōmu . In 729 , the four sons charged him with a false crime and Nagaya received the death penalty . He was forced to commit suicide . His wife , Princess Kibi , and his children were killed at the same time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Emperor_Mommu', 'summary': "Emperor Monmu ( 文武天皇 , Monmu-tennō , 683-707 ) was the 42nd emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Monmu 's reign spanned the years from 697 through 707 ."}]}, {'value': '0712 Nara period , 712', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': '142 bound books', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiga Koka Taiheiji Taihei-ji ( 太平寺 ) , Kōka , Shiga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kōka,_Shiga', 'summary': "Kōka ( 甲賀市 , Kōka-shi ) is a city located in southern Shiga Prefecture , Japan . ( The word 'Kōka ' is often rendered as 'Koga ' in English , especially when referring to the Koga Ninja . ) As of June 2019 , the city has an estimated population of 89,202 and a population density of 185 persons per km2 . The total area is 481.62 km2 . The modern city of Kōka was established on October 1 , 2004 , from the merger of the former town of Kōka , absorbing the towns of Kōnan , Minakuchi , Shigaraki and Tsuchiyama ( all from Kōka District ) . Kōka is quite well known for its ninja history , fine quality ceramics ( Shigaraki ware ) and for containing two shukuba post stations ( Tsuchiyama-juku and Minakuchi-juku ) from the historic Tōkaidō . The city launched a new English version of their homepage in April 2007 , and they have begun to actively promote themselves as a little-known , yet highly authentic , sightseeing destination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture', 'summary': "Shiga Prefecture ( 滋賀県 , Shiga-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,017 km² ( 1,551 sq mi ) . Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north , Gifu Prefecture to the northeast , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , and Kyoto Prefecture to the west . Ōtsu is the capital and largest city of Shiga Prefecture , with other major cities including Kusatsu , Nagahama , and Higashiōmi . Shiga Prefecture encircles Lake Biwa , the largest freshwater lake in Japan , and 37% of the total land area is designated as Natural Parks , the highest of any prefecture . Shiga Prefecture 's southern half is located adjacent to the former capital city of Kyoto and forms part of Greater Kyoto , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Japan . Shiga Prefecture is home to Ōmi beef , the Eight Views of Ōmi , and Hikone Castle , one of four national treasure castles in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Konkōmyō Saishōō Sutra ( 金光明最勝王経 , Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0762 Nara period , 762', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': 'Ten handscrolls , 32.4 cm × 803.0 cm ( 12.8 in × 316.1 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Nara Nara Saidaiji Saidai-ji , Nara , Nara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saidai-ji', 'summary': "Saidai-ji ( 西大寺 ) or the Great Western Temple is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples in the city of Nara , Nara Prefecture , Japan . The temple was established in AD 765 as a counterpart to Tōdai-ji and it is the main temple of the Shingon Risshu ( 真言律宗 ) sect of Buddhism after the sect 's founder , Eison ( 叡尊 ) , took over administration in 1238 . One building , the Aizen-dō , houses a statue of Aizen Myō-ō , while the main image is of Shakyamuni Buddha , erected by Eison in 1249 . Saidai-ji stands close to Yamato-Saidaiji Station on the Kintetsu Nara Line ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nara,_Nara', 'summary': 'Nara ( 奈良市 , Nara-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜɾa ] ) is the capital city of Nara Prefecture located in the Kansai region of Japan . The city occupies the northern part of Nara Prefecture , bordering Kyoto Prefecture . Eight temples , shrines , and ruins in Nara remain : specifically Tōdai-ji , Saidai-ji , Kōfuku-ji , Kasuga Shrine , Gangō-ji , Yakushi-ji , Tōshōdai-ji , and the Heijō Palace , together with Kasugayama Primeval Forest , collectively form Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . During the Nara period , Nara was the capital of Japan , and the Emperor lived there before moving the capital to Kyoto .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nara_Prefecture', 'summary': "Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,348,930 ( 1 September 2017 ) and has a geographic area of 3,691 km² ( 1,425 sq mi ) . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north , Osaka Prefecture to the northwest , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Mie Prefecture to the east . Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture , with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast , and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures . Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Konpon hyakuichi konma ( 根本百一羯磨 ) vol . 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Transcription of a Chinese translation from 703 , 12-13 characters per line', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0710 Nara period , 8th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': 'One handscroll , ink on paper , 27.4 cm × 1,164.9 cm ( 10.8 in × 458.6 in )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Tokyo Nezu Art Museum Nezu Art Museum , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nezu_Art_Museum', 'summary': 'The Nezu Museum ( 根津美術館 , Nezu bijutsukan ) , formerly known as the Nezu Institute of Fine Arts , is an art museum in the Minato district of Tokyo , Japan . The museum houses the private collection of pre-modern Japanese and East Asian art of Nezu Kaichirō ( 1860-1940 ) . The museum foundation was established on the death of the founder Nezu in 1940 and exhibitions were first opened to the public in 1941 . The museum collection was stored away from central Tokyo during the second world war and escaped the destruction suffered by the estate property in the bombing of May 1945 . Exhibitions were restarted after the war in 1946 . Closed due to large-scale renovation and renewal from 2006 onwards , the museum re-opened in fall 2009 with a completely new museum building by the Japanese architect Kengo Kuma . Included in the collection are a pair of Edo period folding screens , Irises , by Ogata Kōrin . It also includes other paintings of renown , calligraphy , sculpture , ceramics , textiles and archaeological materials , as well as objects in lacquer , metal , and wood . The collection also consists of Chinese bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynasties . The Nezu Museum is also known for its extensive , Japanese-style garden .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sutra of the Wise and Foolish ( 賢愚経 , kengukyō ) vol . 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '467 lines', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0710 Nara period , 8th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': 'One handscroll , ink on paper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Nara Nara Todaiji Tōdai-ji , Nara , Nara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tōdai-ji', 'summary': "Tōdai-ji ( 東大寺 , Eastern Great Temple ) is a Buddhist temple complex that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , located in the city of Nara , Japan . Though it was originally founded in the year 738 CE , Todai-ji was not opened until the year 752 CE . Its Great Buddha Hall ( 大仏殿 Daibutsuden ) houses the world 's largest bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana , known in Japanese as Daibutsu ( 大仏 ) . The temple also serves as the Japanese headquarters of the Kegon school of Buddhism . The temple is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , together with seven other sites including temples , shrines and places in the city of Nara ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nara,_Nara', 'summary': 'Nara ( 奈良市 , Nara-shi , Japanese : [ naꜜɾa ] ) is the capital city of Nara Prefecture located in the Kansai region of Japan . The city occupies the northern part of Nara Prefecture , bordering Kyoto Prefecture . Eight temples , shrines , and ruins in Nara remain : specifically Tōdai-ji , Saidai-ji , Kōfuku-ji , Kasuga Shrine , Gangō-ji , Yakushi-ji , Tōshōdai-ji , and the Heijō Palace , together with Kasugayama Primeval Forest , collectively form Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . During the Nara period , Nara was the capital of Japan , and the Emperor lived there before moving the capital to Kyoto .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nara_Prefecture', 'summary': "Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,348,930 ( 1 September 2017 ) and has a geographic area of 3,691 km² ( 1,425 sq mi ) . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north , Osaka Prefecture to the northwest , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Mie Prefecture to the east . Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture , with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast , and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures . Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Lotus Sutra in large characters ( 大字法華経 , daiji hokekyō )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotus_Sutra', 'summary': 'The Lotus Sūtra ( Sanskrit : Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra , literally Sūtra on the White Lotus of the Sublime Dharma ) is one of the most popular and influential Mahayana sutras , and the basis on which the Tiantai , Tendai , Cheontae , and Nichiren schools of Buddhism were established . According to British professor Paul Williams , For many East Asian Buddhists since early times , the Lotus Sutra contains the final teaching of the Buddha , complete and sufficient for salvation .'}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volume three missing', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0710 Nara period , 8th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven handscrolls , ink on paper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakayama Koya Reihokan Reihōkan ( owned by Ryūkō-in ( 龍光院 ) ) , Kōya , Wakayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reihōkan', 'summary': 'Kōyasan Reihōkan ( 高野山 霊宝館 , lit . Kōyasan Museum of Sacred Treasures ) is an art museum on Kōya-san , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan , preserving and displaying Buddhist art owned by temples on Kōya-san . The collection is centered around articles from the Heian and Kamakura periods and includes paintings , calligraphy , sutras , sculpture and Buddhist ritual objects . Among these are a set of the complete Buddhist canon ( issaikyō ) , writings of Kūkai and Minamoto no Yoritomo , founder of the Kamakura Shogunate , mandalas and portraits of priests . The most valuable objects have been designated as National Treasure or Important Cultural Property .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kōya,_Wakayama', 'summary': 'Kōya ( 高野町 , Kōya-chō ) is a town located on a plateau atop Mt . Koya in Ito District , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan . The town is known as the headquarters of the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism . As of October 1 , 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 3,279 and a density of 24 persons per km² . The total area is 137.08 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Wakayama Prefecture ( 和歌山県 , Wakayama-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan on the Kii Peninsula in the Kansai region , located on the southernmost point of Honshū island . The capital is the city of Wakayama .'}]}, {'value': 'Fukū Kenjaku Shinpen Shingon Sutra ( 不空羂索神変真言経 , fukū kenjaku shinpen shingonkyō )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0710 Nara period , 8th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_period', 'summary': "The Nara period ( 奈良時代 , Nara jidai ) of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794 . Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō ( present-day Nara ) . Except for a five-year period ( 740-745 ) , when the capital was briefly moved again , it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital , Nagaoka-kyō , in 784 , before moving to Heian-kyō , modern Kyoto , a decade later in 794 . Japanese society during this period was predominately agricultural and centered around village life . Most of the villagers followed a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami which is Shintoism The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an , the capital city of the Tang dynasty . In many other ways , the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese , including adopting the Chinese writing system , Chinese fashion , and a Chinese version of Buddhism ."}]}, {'value': '18 handscrolls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scroll', 'summary': 'A scroll ( from the Old French escroe or escroue ) , also known as a roll , is a roll of papyrus , parchment , or paper containing writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakayama Koya Reihokan Reihōkan ( owned by Sanbō-in ( 三宝院 ) ) , Kōya , Wakayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reihōkan', 'summary': 'Kōyasan Reihōkan ( 高野山 霊宝館 , lit . Kōyasan Museum of Sacred Treasures ) is an art museum on Kōya-san , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan , preserving and displaying Buddhist art owned by temples on Kōya-san . The collection is centered around articles from the Heian and Kamakura periods and includes paintings , calligraphy , sutras , sculpture and Buddhist ritual objects . Among these are a set of the complete Buddhist canon ( issaikyō ) , writings of Kūkai and Minamoto no Yoritomo , founder of the Kamakura Shogunate , mandalas and portraits of priests . The most valuable objects have been designated as National Treasure or Important Cultural Property .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kōya,_Wakayama', 'summary': 'Kōya ( 高野町 , Kōya-chō ) is a town located on a plateau atop Mt . Koya in Ito District , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan . The town is known as the headquarters of the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism . As of October 1 , 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 3,279 and a density of 24 persons per km² . The total area is 137.08 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Wakayama Prefecture ( 和歌山県 , Wakayama-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan on the Kii Peninsula in the Kansai region , located on the southernmost point of Honshū island . The capital is the city of Wakayama .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Treasures -- Buddhist writings', 'section_text': "The concept of writing came to Japan from the Korean kingdom of Baekje in the form of classical Chinese books and sutras , likely written on paper and in the form of manuscript rolls ( kansubon ) . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] This probably happened at the beginning of the 5th century ( around 400 ) , and certainly in conjunction with the introduction of Buddhism in the 6th century . [ 7 ] [ 10 ] The increasing popularity of Buddhism , strongly promoted by Prince Shōtoku ( 574–622 ) , in the late-6th century and early-7th century was one of the factors [ nb 3 ] leading to a rise in the importance of writing . [ 11 ] Buddhism required the study of sutras in Chinese . To satisfy the growing demand for them , imported Sui and Tang manuscripts were copied , first by Korean and Chinese immigrants , and later in the mid-7th century by Japanese scribes . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The Sangyō Gisho ( `` Annotated Commentaries on the Three Sutras '' ) , traditionally attributed to Prince Shōtoku , is the oldest extant Japanese text of any length . [ 14 ] By 673 the entire Buddhist canon had been systematically copied . [ 8 ] [ 15 ] Not a single sutra survives from before the end of the 6th century . [ 16 ] The oldest extant complete sutra copied in Japan dates to 686 and has been designated a National Treasure . [ 15 ] [ 17 ] During the 7th and 8th centuries , the copying of Buddhist texts , including sutras , dominated writing . Few Chinese secular or local Japanese works ( which were rare ) were copied . [ 17 ] The state founded a Sutra Copying Bureau ( shakyōjo ) before 727 [ nb 4 ] with highly specialized calligraphers , proofreaders and metal polishers to satisfy the large demand for Buddhist texts . [ 8 ] [ 11 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 18 ] Sutra copying was not only for duplication but also to acquire religious merit ; [ 15 ] [ 19 ] thus nearly all Buddhist texts were hand-copied during the 8th century despite knowledge of printing . [ 14 ] The peak of sutra copying occurred in the Nara period at which time the Great Perfection of Wisdom ( Daihannya ) sutra and the Lotus Sutra were the sutras most often copied . [ 17 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Most of the sutras were written in black ink on paper dyed pale yellow . [ nb 5 ] [ 22 ] However , some were made with gold or silver ink on indigo , purple or other colored paper—particularly the ones that were produced in 741 when Emperor Shōmu decreed Konkōmyō Saishōō sutras written in gold letters be distributed among provincial temples . [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Many sutra copies contain a colophon with the name of the sponsor—often somebody from the ruling class—and the reason of copying , usually related to the health or salvation of people or the state . [ 13 ] [ 21 ] After the shakyōjo closed at the end of the 8th century , the imperial family and leading aristocrats continued to sponsor sutra copying . [ 18 ] Because of an enhanced belief in the powers of the Lotus Sutra , more Heian period copies of this sutra exist than of all other sutras combined . [ 25 ] Starting in the early Heian period , styles became flowery and ornate with lavish decorations as sutras were not used only in recitation but for dedication and sacrifice . [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Devotional sutra copying was more often undertaken by the initiator than in the Nara period . [ 8 ] [ 25 ] New forms of decoration came in fashion by the early-11th century including placing each character in the outline of a stupa , on lotus pedestals or next to depictions of Boddhisattvas . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Sutras were increasingly furnished with frontispieces starting in the 11th century . [ 28 ] Calligraphy shifted from Chinese to Japanese style . [ 30 ] Sutra copying continued into the Kamakura and subsequent periods , but only rarely to comparable artistic effect . [ 29 ] With the import of printed Song editions in the Kamakura period , hand-copying of the complete scriptures died out and sutra copying was only practiced for its devotional aspect . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Forty-seven sutras or sets of sutras from the 6th century Western Wei to 14th century Nanboku-chō period have been designated National Treasures . Some of the oldest items in this list originated in China . [ 4 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(writings:_others)_0', 'intro': 'The term National Treasure has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897,\nalthough the definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. The written materials in the list adhere to the current definition, and have been designated National Treasures according to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties that came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their especially high historical or artistic value. The list presents 104 entries from the Western Wei dynasty to the Meiji period with most dating to the period of Classical Japan and Mid-Imperial China from the 7th to 14th century. The total number of items is higher, however, since groups of related objects have been joined as single entries. The list contains various types of written materials such as sutra copies, Buddhist commentaries and teachings, poetry and letters. Some of the designated objects originated in China, and were imported at a time when writing was being introduced to Japan. The items in this list were predominantly made with a writing brush on manuscript scrolls, which was the preferred medium until the advent of commercial printing and publishing in the 17th century. In many cases the manuscripts are noted examples of calligraphy. They are housed in temples, museums, libraries or archives, shrines, universities and in private collections. The writings in this list represent about half of the 228 National Treasures in the category writings. They are complemented by 68 Japanese and 56 Chinese book National Treasures of the List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Japanese books) and the List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Chinese books).'}
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What is the treasure whose remarks person 's reign spanned the years 724 through 749 ?
Konkōmyō Saishōō Sutra with gilt letters ( 紫紙金字金光明最勝王経 , shishikinji konkōmyō saishōōkyō )
0678fd65ca0d5f9f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships', 'title': '1998 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Koech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Koech', 'summary': 'Paul Koech ( 25 June 1969 - 3 September 2018 ) was a Kenyan distance and marathon runner . He participated at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 1998 and finished in first place . He was also a regular competitor in the IAAF World Cross Country Championships with several top-5 positions . He won the Parelloop 10K race in the Netherlands in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hendrick Ramaala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hendrick_Ramaala', 'summary': 'Hendrik Ramaala ( born 2 February 1972 ) is a South African long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khalid Skah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khalid_Skah', 'summary': 'Khalid Skah ( Arabic : خالد سكاح ) ( born January 29 , 1967 ) is a Moroccan track and field athlete , winner of the 10,000 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics . Born in Midelt , Morocco , Skah established himself first as a good cross country runner by winning the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1990 and 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ibrahim Seid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gert Thys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gert_Thys', 'summary': 'Gert Thys ( born 12 November 1971 in Prieska , Northern Cape ) is a male long-distance runner from South Africa , who represented his native country in the marathon at the 1996 and 2004 Summer Olympics . Thys is a former African record holder in the marathon , and is the current holder of the South African record with his best of 2:06:33 from the 1999 Tokyo International Marathon , which was also the course record for that race .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Silio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Silio', 'summary': "Antonio Fabián Silio Alaguire ( born 9 May 1966 ) is a retired long-distance runner from Argentina . He competed in three editions of the World Championships in Athletics ( 1991 to 1995 ) , racing in the 10,000 metres . He won the bronze medal in the men 's 5000 metres at the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana , Cuba . He also won the 1995 edition of the Hamburg Marathon , clocking 2:09:57 . Prior to his career in track and road running , he competed in cross country and won medals at the South American Cross Country Championships . He won a silver in 1987 , the gold in 1988 and a bronze in 1989 ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '1:00:45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luís Jesús', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luís_Jesus', 'summary': 'Luís Filipe Jesus ( born 19 November 1968 ) is a Portuguese long-distance runner . He set his personal best ( 2:08:55 ) in the marathon in 2006 ( Paris ) . He finished fourteenth in the short race at the 1998 World Cross Country Championships and seventh at the 1998 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . In the marathon he finished eighteenth at the 2005 World Championships and tenth at the 2006 European Athletics Championships . Jesus competed in track distances at the World Championships in 1993 and 1995 , without reaching the finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tendai Chimusasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tendai_Chimusasa', 'summary': 'Tendai Chimusasa ( born January 28 , 1971 in Nyanga ) is a retired Zimbabwean long-distance runner . He carried the flag for his native country at the opening ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia . He won the Lisbon Half Marathon 1992 and Berlin Half Marathon in 1994 and 1997 . Chimusasa was also a cross country runner and won the Eurocross meeting in Luxembourg in 1994 and 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zimbabwe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zimbabwe', 'summary': 'Zimbabwe ( /zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ , -wi/ ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , formerly Rhodesia , is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers , bordered by South Africa , Botswana , Zambia and Mozambique . The capital and largest city is Harare . The second largest is Bulawayo . A country of roughly 14 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most common . Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations , from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then-government , and from which it withdrew in December 2003 . The sovereign state is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) . It was once known as the Jewel of Africa for its great prosperity . Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1:01:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abner Chipu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abner_Chipu', 'summary': 'Abner Chipu ( born 2 January 1972 ) is a retired South African long-distance runner . His specialties include Cross , Half Marathon , Marathon , Cross team event and the Half Marathon Team Event .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shem Kororia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shem_Kororia', 'summary': 'Shem Kororia ( born 25 September 1972 ) is a former Kenyan long-distance runner who specialized in the 5000 metres and half marathon . He represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , United States . Kororia was the third man ever to run the half marathon within an hour , when he won the world half marathon title on October 1997 in Košice , Slovakia , clocking 59:56 minutes . He won 5000 metres gold twice at the Military World Games : in 1995 and 1999 . He also won the Parelloop 10K in race in the Netherlands in 1997 and had back-to-back wins at the BOclassic in 1994-95 . He also competed in cross country running events . He was twice a team gold medallist with Kenya at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships ( 1994 and 1997 ) . On the major cross country meet circuit he had two wins at the Cross Internacional de la Constitución ( 1994 and 1995 ) and was the 1996 winner of both the Campaccio and the Cross Internacional de Venta de Baños races . He is from Kaptama in Mount Elgon District , the same village as Edith Masai .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Gwako', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gwako', 'summary': 'John Gwako ( born 4 September 1978 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner . He won the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale half-marathon in 1997 , setting a course record of 1:00:27 . After suffering from injuries for quite some time , he is now planning a comeback in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronaldo da Costa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronaldo_da_Costa', 'summary': 'Ronaldo da Costa ( born June 7 , 1970 in Descoberto , Brazil ) is a former long-distance runner and world-record holder for the marathon distance .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Kibor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Kibor', 'summary': 'Joseph Kibor ( born 22 December 1972 ) is a Kenyan runner . At the 1997 World Cross Country Championships he finished seventh in the long race , earning a place on the Kenyan team that won the team competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bartolomé Serrano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bartolomé_Serrano', 'summary': 'Bartolomé Serrano ( born 5 March 1969 ) is a retired Spanish long-distance runner who specialized in the half marathon . He finished fourteenth at the 1998 World Half Marathon Championships in a personal best time of 1:01:43 hours .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martín Fiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martín_Fiz', 'summary': 'Martín Fiz Martín ( born 3 March 1963 in Vitoria-Gasteiz , Álava ) is a long-distance runner from Spain , who won the marathon at the 1994 European Championships in Athletics in Helsinki and repeated his success at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics in Gothenburg . The same year he captured the title in the Rotterdam Marathon . At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta Fiz came fourth in the marathon . A year later he won a silver medal at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens , finishing behind his countryman Abel Anton . He competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country , starting in 1992 . Fiz has continued running into masters age divisions , setting the world M55 record in the road 10K at 31:36 on January 13 , 2019 in Valencia .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luís Novo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luís_Novo', 'summary': "Luís Azevedo da Silva Novo ( born May 29 , 1970 in Oliveira do Bairro ) is a male long-distance runner from Portugal , who won the 2001 edition of the Vienna Marathon , clocking 2:10.28 . He ended up in fourth place in the men 's marathon at the 1999 World Championships . He set het personal best time ( 2:09.41 ) in 2002 at the Berlin Marathon , when he finished in seventh place . Novo represented his native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia , finishing in 50th place ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carsten Jørgensen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carsten_Jørgensen', 'summary': "Carsten Jørgensen ( born 25 October 1970 ) is a Danish orienteering competitor and World champion . He won a gold medal in the 1997 World Orienteering Championships in Grimstad with the Danish Relay team . He received a bronze medal in the 1995 World Orienteering Championships in Detmold ( classic distance ) . He has been quite successful in cross country running competitions . He finished fourth at the 1996 European Cross Country Championships and went on to take the gold medal at the 1997 edition . He won the senior race at the Nordic Cross Country Championships consecutively in 1997 and 1998 . He competed in the European Championships for a third time in 1998 , finishing in fifth place . He was the 1999 winner of the men 's race at the Eurocross in Luxembourg ."}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '1:01:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Cortés', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1:02:02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alemayehu Girma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:02:07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janko Benša', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janko_Benša', 'summary': "Janko Benša ( born 28 June 1977 ) is a Serbian retired distance runner . He was the men 's winner of the 2000 Austin Marathon . He competed internationally for Yugoslavia during the 1990s ."}]}, {'value': 'FR Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "Serbia and Montenegro ( Serbian : Србија и Црна Гора , romanized : Srbija i Crna Gora ; abbr . Serbian : СЦГ , romanized : SCG ) , also known from 2003 to 2006 as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro ( Serbian : Државна Заједница Србија и Црна Гора , romanized : Državna Zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora ) , and known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 2003 , was a country in Southeast Europe , created from the two remaining federal republics of the Socialist Yugoslavia after its breakup in 1992 . The republics of Serbia and Montenegro together established a federation in 1992 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( abbr . FR Yugoslavia or FRY ; Serbian : Савезна Република Југославија , romanized : Savezna Republika Jugoslavija ) [ a ] or Yugoslavia ( Serbian : Југославија , romanized : Jugoslavija ) for short . For the first several years of its existence , the state aspired to be recognized as the sole legal successor to Yugoslavia , but those claims were opposed by other former constituent republics . The United Nations also denied its request to take up Yugoslavia 's membership . Eventually , after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević from power as president of the federation in 2000 , the country rescinded those aspirations and accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession . It re-applied for UN membership on 27 October 2000 and was admitted on 1 November . The FRY was initially dominated by Slobodan Milošević as President of Serbia ( 1989-1997 ) and then President of Yugoslavia ( 1997-2000 ) . Milošević installed and forced the removal of several federal presidents ( such as Dobrica Ćosić ) and prime ministers ( such as Milan Panić ) . However , the Montenegrin government , initially enthusiastic supporters of Milošević , started gradually distancing themselves from his policies . That culminated in regime change in 1996 , when his former ally Milo Đukanović reversed his policies , became leader of Montenegro 's ruling party and subsequently dismissed former Montenegrin leader Momir Bulatović , who remained loyal to the Milošević government ."}]}, {'value': '1:02:11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Race Results -- Men 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1998_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_0', 'intro': 'The 7th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on September 27, 1998, in the city of Uster, Switzerland. A total of 236 athletes, 139 men and 97 women, from 54 countries took part. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results was given. Complete results were published.'}
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What event was the person who covered a half marathon in 1:00:24 at the IAAF World Championships of 1998 Olympic champion of ?
10,000 metres
06794904626bb99b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Chasez', 'title': 'JC Chasez', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1991-1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The All-New Mickey Mouse Club ( TANMMC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_All-New_Mickey_Mouse_Club', 'summary': "The Mickey Mouse Club is an American variety television show which aired intermittently from 1955 to 1996 and returned to social media in 2017 . Created by Walt Disney and produced by Walt Disney Productions , the program was first televised for four seasons , from 1955 to 1959 , by ABC . This original run featured a regular but ever-changing cast of mostly teen performers . ABC broadcast reruns weekday afternoons during the 1958-1959 season , airing right after American Bandstand . The show was revived three times after its initial 1955-1959 run on ABC , first from 1977 to 1979 for first-run syndication as The New Mickey Mouse Club , then from 1989 to 1996 as The All-New Mickey Mouse Club ( also known to fans as MMC from 1993 to 1996 ) airing exclusively on cable television 's The Disney Channel , and again in 2017 with the moniker Club Mickey Mouse airing exclusively on internet social media . Mickey Mouse himself appeared in every show , not only in vintage cartoons originally made for theatrical release , but also in the opening , interstitial , and closing segments made especially for the show . In both the vintage cartoons and new animated segments , Mickey was voiced by his creator Walt Disney . ( Disney had previously voiced the character theatrically from 1928 to 1947 before being replaced by sound effects artist Jimmy MacDonald . )"}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seasons 4-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saturday Night Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live', 'summary': "Saturday Night Live ( known as SNL ) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol . The show premiered on NBC on October 11 , 1975 , under the original title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show 's comedy sketches , which often parody contemporary culture and politics , are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members . Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest , who usually delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast as with featured performances by a musical guest . An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming , Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! , properly beginning the show . In 1980 , Michaels left the series to explore other opportunities . He was replaced by Jean Doumanian , who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews . Ebersol ran the show until 1985 . Since Michaels ' return he has held the job of show-runner . Many SNL cast members have found national stardom while appearing on the show , and achieved success in film and television , both in front of and behind the camera . Others associated with the show , such as writers , have gone on to successful careers creating , writing , and starring in television and film . Broadcast from Studio 8H at NBC 's headquarters in the Comcast Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , SNL has aired 884 episodes since its debut , and began its forty-fifth season on September 28 , 2019 , making it one of the longest-running network television programs in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself/Musical Guest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( along with NSYNC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NSYNC', 'summary': "NSYNC ( /ɛnˈsɪŋk/ , /ɪn-/ ; also stylized as *NSYNC or ' N Sync ) was an American boy band formed in Orlando , Florida , in 1995 and launched in Germany by BMG Ariola Munich . NSYNC consisted of Justin Timberlake , JC Chasez , Chris Kirkpatrick , Joey Fatone , and Lance Bass . After heavily publicized legal battles with their former manager Lou Pearlman and former record label Bertelsmann Music Group , the group 's second album , No Strings Attached ( 2000 ) , sold over one million copies in one day and 2.42 million copies in one week , which was a record for over fifteen years . Among the group 's singles , I Want You Back , Bye Bye Bye , This I Promise You , Girlfriend , Pop and It 's Gon na Be Me reached the top 10 in several international charts , with the last being a US Billboard Hot 100 number one . In addition to a host of Grammy Award nominations , NSYNC has performed at the World Series , the Super Bowl and the Olympic Games , and sang or recorded with Elton John , Stevie Wonder , Michael Jackson , Janet Jackson , Britney Spears , Phil Collins , Celine Dion , Aerosmith , Nelly , Left Eye , Mary J. Blige , country music supergroup Alabama , and Gloria Estefan . NSYNC last recorded new material in 2002 . The band completed five nationwide concert tours and has sold between 50 and 70 million records , becoming the fifth-best-selling boy band in history . Rolling Stone recognized their instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time . Justin Timberlake went on to become one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with more than 56 million records sold throughout his solo career ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Simpsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'summary': "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After three seasons , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989-90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 674 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . It is the longest-running American sitcom , and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series , both in terms of seasons and number of episodes . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . Then on October 30 , 2007 , a video game was released . The Simpsons was renewed on February 6 , 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : New Kids on the Blecch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Blecch', 'summary': "New Kids on the Blecch is the fourteenth episode of the twelfth season of The Simpsons . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 25 , 2001 . In the episode , a music producer selects Bart , Nelson , Milhouse and Ralph to be members of the next hit boy band , who record songs containing subliminal messages about joining the Navy . The episode was written by Tim Long and directed by Steven Dean Moore . The episode 's title is a play on the boy band New Kids on the Block and Mad Magazine 's tendency to use the word blecch in their parodic titles . The episode has received positive reviews from critics and was watched by over 18 million viewers ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'What I Like About You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/What_I_Like_About_You_(TV_series)', 'summary': "What I Like About You is an American sitcom television series set mainly in New York City , following the lives of two sisters : responsible older sister Val ( Jennie Garth ) and her vivacious teenaged sister Holly ( Amanda Bynes ) . The series ran on The WB from September 20 , 2002 , to March 24 , 2006 , with a total of 86 episodes produced . With the exception of a brief period early in the second season , What I Like About You was a headline on The WB 's Friday Night Comedy Lineup . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spa Day ( Season 1 , episode 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greetings from Tucson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greetings_from_Tucson', 'summary': "Greetings from Tucson is an American sitcom television series created by Peter Murrieta , which aired on The WB from September 20 , 2002 to May 9 , 2003 , during the 2002-2003 season . The series was executive produced by Rob LaZebnik , Peter Murrieta , Howard Klein and David Miner . Though reviews were mixed , critics applauded the abilities of the mostly-Latino cast , calling the show a welcome addition to TV 's largely white landscape , and compared its premise to I Love Lucy , The Jeffersons and the thought-provoking 1970s comedies of Norman Lear ."}]}, {'value': 'Jay Dugray', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Home Sweet Home ( Season 1 , episode 18 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': "What 's New , Scooby-Doo ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/What's_New,_Scooby-Doo?", 'summary': "What 's New , Scooby-Doo ? is an American animated mystery comedy television series produced by Warner Bros . Animation for Kids ' WB ; it is the ninth incarnation of the Scooby-Doo franchise that began with Hanna-Barbera 's Scooby-Doo , Where Are You ! and the first of such since the previous incarnation , A Pup Named Scooby-Doo , ended in 1991 . The series revives the format of Scooby-Doo , Where Are You ! , in which the title character and his companions , Fred Jones ; Daphne Blake ; Velma Dinkley and Shaggy Rogers , travel to varying locations solving mysteries ; this format is modernized for What 's New , Scooby-Doo ? , in which the characters utilize technology that did not exist at the time Scooby-Doo , Where Are You ! first aired . It is the first television series in the franchise in which Frank Welker , Grey DeLisle and Mindy Cohn respectively portrayed the voices of Scooby-Doo , Daphne , and Velma , and where Casey Kasem made his comeback as Shaggy after seven years of not voicing the character and would also be the final Scooby-Doo series where he voices the character before his death in 2014 , though he would still do voice work in the two following incarnations , Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue ! and Scooby Doo ! Mystery Incorporated . The series premiered on September 14 , 2002 , and ran for three seasons before ending on July 21 , 2006 . The title song was performed by Canadian band Simple Plan . Reruns of the series have aired on both Cartoon Network and Boomerang in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Scooby-Doo Valentine', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/List_of_What's_New,_Scooby-Doo?_episodes", 'summary': "What 's New , Scooby-Doo ? is an American animated mystery-comedy series . The show was broadcast from September 14 , 2002 to July 21 , 2006 on Kids ' WB , a Saturday morning children 's programming block on The WB Television Network . This is the ninth incarnation of the Scooby-Doo franchise , and features the main characters - Fred Jones , Daphne Blake , Velma Dinkley , Shaggy Rogers and Scooby-Doo - investigating appearances of supernatural creatures ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghost Whisperer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer', 'summary': "Ghost Whisperer is an American supernatural television series , which ran on CBS from September 23 , 2005 , to May 21 , 2010 . The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts . While trying to live as normal a life as possible - she is married and owns an antique store - Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the light , or the spirit world . Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and do not believe in her gift . In addition , the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing at first , and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirits ' needs and help them . The show was created by John Gray and was produced by Sander/Moses Productions , executive producer , and Jennifer Love Hewitt in association with ABC Studios and CBS Television Studios . On May 18 , 2010 , CBS canceled the show after five seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Samson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Curse of the Ninth ( Season 2 , episode 9 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Las Vegas is an American comedy-drama television series created by Gary Scott Thompson to be broadcast by NBC from September 22 , 2003 , to February 15 , 2008 . The show focused on a team of people working at the fictional Montecito Resort and Casino dealing with issues that arise within the working environment , ranging from valet parking and restaurant management to casino security . The series originally aired on Monday nights , though NBC later moved the series to Friday nights , first to 9 pm Eastern/8 pm Central and then to 10 pm Eastern/9 pm Central . The show entered syndication in the United States in September 2007 . In July 2013 , after a long run of weekday back-to-back episodes on TNT , Las Vegas reruns were moved to a graveyard slot of 4 am , then removed totally from TNT 's lineup . The series originally centered on Ed Deline ( James Caan ) , a strict ex-CIA officer who went from being head of security to becoming president of operations of the Montecito , whose job is to run the day-to-day operations of the casino . Following his departure from the series in season five , former Marine Danny McCoy ( Josh Duhamel ) , Ed 's former protégé , became the Montecito 's new president of operations . The series abruptly ended with a cliffhanger because NBC cancelled Las Vegas in the offseason following season five ."}]}, {'value': 'William', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Could Eat a Horse ( Season 5 , episode 12 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': "America 's Best Dance Crew", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/America's_Best_Dance_Crew", 'summary': "America 's Best Dance Crew , often abbreviated as ABDC , is an American competitive dance reality television series that features both national and international dance crews . The show was produced by singer , record producer , and former American Idol judge Randy Jackson . The series premiered on February 7 , 2008 , on MTV . It was originally developed for NBC as World Moves . The show was hosted by actor Mario Lopez , and featured television personality Layla Kayleigh as the backstage correspondent . The judging panel consisted of hip hop recording artist Lil Mama , singer-songwriter JC Chasez , and dancer Dominic D-Trix Sandoval . Former judges included hip hop choreographer Shane Sparks and R & B singer Omarion . After an initial seven season run , America 's Best Dance Crew was cancelled in 2012 due to declining ratings . However , on January 10 , 2015 , MTV announced that the series would be revived for an eighth season . The new season , titled Americas Best Dance Crew All-Stars : Road to the VMAs , premiered on July 29 , 2015 . Hosted by Jason Dundas , the revival features a new judging panel : hip hop artist T-Pain , recording artist Teyana Taylor , and Broadway performer Frankie Grande ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judge', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'JC_Chasez_1', 'intro': "Joshua Scott JC Chasez (/ˈʃɑːzeɪ/; born August 8, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, record producer, and occasional actor. He started out his career as a cast member on The Mickey Mouse Club before rising to stardom with *NSYNC, and by writing and producing for music acts such as Girls Aloud, Basement Jaxx, David Archuleta, and Matthew Morrison. He also served as a judge for America's Best Dance Crew."}
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For the show that premiered on NBC , what was the original title of the show ?
NBC 's saturday night
067965c4c26613ff
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_faculty', 'title': 'List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty', 'header': ['Name', 'Department', 'Year', 'Award', 'Citation'], 'data': [{'value': 'David Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Baltimore', 'summary': 'David Baltimore ( born March 7 , 1938 ) is an American biologist , university administrator , and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine , he is a Professor of Biology at the California Institute of Technology , where he served as president from 1997 to 2006 . He also serves as the director of the Joint Center for Translational Medicine , which joins Caltech and UCLA in a program to translate basic science discoveries into clinical realities . He served as president of the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) from 1997 to 2006 , and is currently the President Emeritus and Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology at Caltech . He also served as president of Rockefeller University from 1990 to 1991 , and was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007 . Baltimore has profoundly influenced international science , including key contributions to immunology , virology , cancer research , biotechnology , and recombinant DNA research , through his accomplishments as a researcher , administrator , educator , and public advocate for science and engineering . He has trained many doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows , several of whom have gone on to notable and distinguished research careers . In addition to the Nobel Prize , he has received a number of awards , including the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1999 . Baltimore currently sits on the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and is a consultant to the Science Philanthropy Alliance .'}]}, {'value': 'Biology', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medicine/Physiology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Engle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Engle', 'summary': 'Robert Fry Engle III ( born November 10 , 1942 ) is an American statistician and the winner of the 2003 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , sharing the award with Clive Granger , for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility ( ARCH ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility ( ARCH )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel L. McFadden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_L._McFadden', 'summary': "Daniel Little McFadden ( born July 29 , 1937 ) is an American econometrician who shared the 2000 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with James Heckman . McFadden 's share of the prize was for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice . He is the Presidential Professor of Health Economics at the University of Southern California and Professor of the Graduate School at University of California , Berkeley ."}]}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Forbes Nash , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash,_Jr.', 'summary': "John Forbes Nash Jr. ( June 13 , 1928 - May 23 , 2015 ) was an American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to game theory , differential geometry , and the study of partial differential equations . Nash 's work has provided insight into the factors that govern chance and decision-making inside complex systems found in everyday life . His theories are widely used in economics . Serving as a senior research mathematician at Princeton University during the later part of his life , he shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi . In 2015 , he also shared the Abel Prize with Louis Nirenberg for his work on nonlinear partial differential equations . John Nash is the only person to be awarded both the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and the Abel Prize . In 1959 , Nash began showing clear signs of mental illness , and spent several years at psychiatric hospitals being treated for paranoid schizophrenia . After 1970 , his condition slowly improved , allowing him to return to academic work by the mid-1980s . His struggles with his illness and his recovery became the basis for Sylvia Nasar 's biography , A Beautiful Mind , as well as a film of the same name starring Russell Crowe as Nash . On May 23 , 2015 , Nash and his wife Alicia died in a car crash while riding in a taxi on the New Jersey Turnpike ."}]}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for [ his ] pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myron S. Scholes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myron_S._Scholes', 'summary': "Myron Samuel Scholes ( /ʃoʊlz/ SHOHLZ ; born July 1 , 1941 ) is a Canadian-American financial economist . Scholes is the Frank E. Buck Professor of Finance , Emeritus , at the Stanford Graduate School of Business , Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences , and co-originator of the Black-Scholes options pricing model . Scholes is currently the chairman of the Board of Economic Advisers of Stamos Capital Partners . Previously he served as the chairman of Platinum Grove Asset Management and on the Dimensional Fund Advisors board of directors , American Century Mutual Fund board of directors and the Cutwater Advisory Board . He was a principal and limited partner at Long-Term Capital Management and a managing director at Salomon Brothers . Other positions Scholes held include the Edward Eagle Brown Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago , senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution , director of the Center for Research in Security Prices , and professor of finance at MIT 's Sloan School of Management . Scholes earned his PhD at the University of Chicago . In 1997 he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for a method to determine the value of derivatives . The model provides a conceptual framework for valuing options , such as calls or puts , and is referred to as the Black-Scholes model ."}]}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for a new method to determine the value of derivatives', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K. Barry Sharpless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K._Barry_Sharpless', 'summary': 'Karl Barry Sharpless ( born April 28 , 1941 ) is an American chemist and Nobel Laureate known for his work on stereoselective reactions and Click Chemistry .'}]}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles H. Townes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_H._Townes', 'summary': 'Charles Hard Townes ( July 28 , 1915 - January 27 , 2015 ) was an American physicist . Townes worked on the theory and application of the maser , for which he obtained the fundamental patent , and other work in quantum electronics associated with both maser and laser devices . He shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov . Townes was an adviser to the United States Government , meeting every US President from Harry Truman ( 1945 ) to Bill Clinton ( 1999 ) . He directed the US government Science and Technology Advisory Committee for the Apollo lunar landing program . After becoming a professor of the University of California at Berkeley in 1967 , he began an astrophysical program that produced several important discoveries , for example , the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy . Townes was religious and believed that science and religion are converging to provide a greater understanding of the nature and purpose of the universe .'}]}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steven Weinberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Weinberg', 'summary': "Steven Weinberg ForMemRS ( /ˈwaɪnbɜːrɡ/ ; born May 3 , 1933 ) is an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles . He holds the Josey Regental Chair in Science at the University of Texas at Austin , where he is a member of the Physics and Astronomy Departments . His research on elementary particles and physical cosmology has been honored with numerous prizes and awards , including in 1979 the Nobel Prize in Physics and in 1991 the National Medal of Science . In 2004 he received the Benjamin Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society , with a citation that said he is considered by many to be the preeminent theoretical physicist alive in the world today . He has been elected to the US National Academy of Sciences and Britain 's Royal Society , as well as to the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Weinberg 's articles on various subjects occasionally appear in The New York Review of Books and other periodicals . He has served as consultant at the U. S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency , President of the Philosophical Society of Texas , and member of the Board of Editors of Daedalus magazine , the Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress , the JASON group of defense consultants , and many other boards and committees ."}]}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the weak neutral current', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Nobel Laureates -- Former faculty', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_faculty_3', 'intro': 'This list of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty includes current, emeritus, former, and deceased professors, lecturers, and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Faculty members who have become Institute Professors, Nobel Laureates, MacArthur Fellows, National Medal of Science recipients, or have earned other significant awards and made significant contributions are listed below.'}
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What illness did the MIT faculty member who received the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences suffer from ?
paranoid schizophrenia
067b2bd7f6a4c5f1
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Futsal', 'title': 'Liga Nacional de Futsal', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Assoeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assoeva', 'summary': 'Associação Esportiva de Venâncio Aires , known as Assoeva , is a Brazilian sports club based in Venâncio Aires , that is best known for its futsal team . It was the runner-up of the 2017 edition of Liga Futsal .'}]}, {'value': 'Venâncio Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venâncio_Aires', 'summary': 'Venâncio Aires is a city in southern Brazil . It is the capital of chimarrão , a kind of drink , with approximately 65,000 inhabitants . The main industry is tobacco .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Poliesportivo Parque do Chimarrão', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlântico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Esportivo_e_Recreativo_Atlântico', 'summary': 'Clube Esportivo e Recreativo Atlântico , is a Brazilian sports club based in Erechim , that is best known for its futsal team . It has won one Intercontinental Futsal Cup and one Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': 'Erechim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erechim', 'summary': 'Erechim or Erexim is a Brazilian municipality located in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul . A regional center in the northern portion of the state , it is the second most populous city in the region with 105,059 inhabitants , second only to the city of Passo Fundo . The municipality ranks 17th in total gross domestic product in the state of Rio Grande do Sul . Erechim was one of the first planned modern cities in Brazil . City planners were inspired by urban concepts used in the design of Washington , D.C. ( 1791 ) and Paris ( 1850 ) . These were characterized by very wide streets and bold outlines , with diagonal streets converging at important points . Key elements of its design include a perpendicular grid of streets cut by diagonal avenues , blocks of regular dimensions and a promenade around its perimeter . The municipality is located north of Rio Grande do Sul , in the Upper Uruguay , on the ridge of the Serra Geral . The origin of the name of Erechim refers to the ancient indigenous inhabitants of the region , and comes from Caingangue , which means small field ; it probably was given this name as the city was surrounded by forests at the time .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio do CER Atlântico', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blumenau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blumenau_Futsal', 'summary': 'Blumenau Futsal , is a Brazilian futsal club from Blumenau founded in 2017 which plays in Liga Futsal . The club was founded when Blumenau based AD Hering disbanded its futsal team after the 2015 Liga Futsal season , opening a franchise position which was bought by the new club .'}]}, {'value': 'Blumenau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blumenau', 'summary': 'Blumenau is a city in Vale do Itajaí , state of Santa Catarina , in the South Region of Brazil . It is 130 km ( 81 mi ) away from the state capital of Florianópolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio do SESI', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campo Mourão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Campo_Mourão_Futsal', 'summary': 'Associação Campo Mourão Futsal , is a Brazilian futsal club from Campo Mourão founded in 2012 which plays in Liga Futsal .'}]}, {'value': 'Campo Mourão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campo_Mourão', 'summary': 'Campo Mourão is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Paraná . Its population in 2019 was 99,125 . The people from Campo Mourão are called Mourãoenses .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio de Esportes Belin Carolo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Barbosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Carlos_Barbosa_de_Futsal', 'summary': 'The Associação Carlos Barbosa de Futsal , usually known as Carlos Barbosa or by the acronym ACBF , is a Brazilian futsal club from Carlos Barbosa , Rio Grande do Sul state . Founded on March 1 , 1973 , it is one of the most successful clubs of the sport in Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Barbosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Barbosa', 'summary': "Carlos Barbosa is a town in the wine country in Rio Grande do Sul state , Brazil . It is situated at 29º17'51 South and 51º30'13 West , at an altitude of 676 meters . Its population was estimated in 2004 to be 22 664 inhabitants . It has an area of 208,16 km sq . The city is linked by railroad line to Bento Gonçalves and the Maria Fumaça tourist train runs between both cities . The town is named after governor Carlos Barbosa Gonçalves . Metallurgy company Tramontina and dairy company Cooperativa Santa Clara are based in Carlos Barbosa . Also , the Associação Carlos Barbosa de Futsal is one of the major futsal clubs in Brazil ."}]}, {'value': 'Centro Municipal de Eventos Sérgio Luiz Guerra', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cascavel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cascavel_Futsal_Clube', 'summary': 'Cascavel Futsal Clube , is a Brazilian futsal club from Cascavel founded in 1991 which plays in Liga Futsal .'}]}, {'value': 'Cascavel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cascavel', 'summary': "Cascavel is a city of Paraná state , Brazil . Is the fifth most populous city in Paraná with , with 324 476 residents , according IBGE , a government agency . The distance to Curitiba , the state capital , is 491 kilometers by freeway . Relatively new and with a privileged topography , Cascavel 's development was planned , which gives it wide streets and well distributed neighborhoods . With an area of 2,100,831 km² , it is considered a strategic hub of Mercosul . The city is on a plateau 781 meters above sea level . It is 504 km west of the state capital of Curitiba and 605 km west of the sea port of Paranaguá , 140 km from the three borders ( Paraguay , Argentina and Brazil ) at 24° 58 ' South , 53° 26 ' West ."}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Francisco Odilon Reinhardt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Copagril', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copagril_Futsal', 'summary': "Associação Atlética Cultural Copagril , is a Brazilian sports club based in Marechal Cândido Rondon . It was founded in 1974 by the Cooperativa Agroindustrial Copagril , an industrial farming cooperative from western Paraná and southern Mato Grosso do Sul . It 's futsal team currently plays in Liga Futsal ."}]}, {'value': 'Marechal Cândido Rondon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marechal_Cândido_Rondon', 'summary': 'Marechal Cândido Rondon is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Ney Braga', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinthians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista_(futsal)', 'summary': 'Sport Club Corinthians Paulista , has a futsal team based in São Paulo . Active since the 1970s it has won one Liga Futsal and twelve Liga Paulista de Futsal .'}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Poliesportivo Wlamir Marques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ginásio_Poliesportivo_Wlamir_Marques', 'summary': 'The Ginásio Poliesportivo Wlamir Marques ( English : Wlamir Marques Multi-sport Gymnasium ) , previously known as the Ginásio Poliesportivo Parque São Jorge ( São Jorge Park Multi-sport Gymnasium ) , is a multipurpose indoor arena that is located in the Tatuapé district of São Paulo , Brazil . It is a part of the Parque São Jorge multi-sports complex . The arena is primarily used to host basketball games , for which it has a seating capacity of 7,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '6834', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foz Cataratas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foz_Cataratas_Futsal', 'summary': 'Foz Cataratas Futsal , is a Brazilian futsal club based in Foz do Iguaçu . It has won the 2018 edition of Chave Ouro .'}]}, {'value': 'Foz do Iguaçu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foz_do_Iguaçu', 'summary': "Foz do Iguaçu ( Iguazu River Mouth ) ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈfɔz dw iɡwɐˈsu ] ) is the Brazilian city on the border of Iguaçu Falls . The city is the 7th largest in the state of Paraná . The city 's population is approximately 265,000 . It is approximately 650 km ( 400 mi ) west of the capital of the state , Curitiba , being the westernmost city in that state . The inhabitants of the city are known as iguaçuenses . The Iguaçu Falls located on the border of Argentina and Brazil and consisting of approximately 257 individual waterfalls over 2.7 km ( 1.7 mi ) were chosen as one of the New Natural Seven Wonders of the World . The city is characterized by tourism and cultural diversity . There are about 80 nationalities , being the most representative from Italy , Portugal , Lebanon , China , Paraguay and Argentina . Foz do Iguaçu is integrated into a tri-national region , bordering the Argentine city of Puerto Iguazú and the Paraguayan city of Ciudad del Este . The city 's economy is based on tourism , with emphasis on trade and services . According to research conducted by the Brazilian Tourist Institute ( Embratur ) and the Foundation Institute of Economic Research ( FIFE ) in 2006 , 2007 and 2008 , Foz do Iguaçu was the 2nd most visited leisure destination by foreign tourists after Rio de Janeiro . In 2010 , it received from the Brazilian Ministry of Tourism 10 awards for Best Practices and Competitiveness Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Costa Cavalcanti', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Desportiva_Classista_Intelli', 'summary': 'The Associação Desportiva Classista Intelli are a professional Brazilian futsal club from Orlândia , São Paulo . They play in the Liga Futsal . The club play their home games at Ginásio Maurício Leite de Moraes .'}]}, {'value': 'São Carlos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Carlos', 'summary': 'São Carlos ( Saint Charles , in English , Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈkaʁlus ] ; named after Saint Charles Borromeo ) is a Brazilian municipality in the interior of the state of São Paulo , 254 kilometers from the city of São Paulo . With a population of 249,415 inhabitants , it is the 13th largest city in the state in terms of the number of residents , being almost in the center of the state of São Paulo . The municipality is formed by the headquarters and the districts of Água Vermelha , Bela Vista São-Carlense , Santa Eudóxia and Vila Nery . The city is an important regional industrial center , with the economy based on industrial activities and farming , such as the production of sugar cane , orange , milk and chicken . Served by road and rail systems , São Carlos houses several multinational companies . Given local and , in some ways , regional needs , there is a network of commerce and services distributed in street stores , convenience stores and a mall of the Iguatemi network . In the field of research , besides the universities , two centers of technical development of Embrapa are present in the municipality . São Carlos is the first city in South America in numbers of doctors per inhabitant , according to a survey done since 2006 by UFSCar . In all , there are 1,700 PhDs , which represents one for every 135 inhabitants . In Brazil , the ratio is one PhD per 5423 inhabitants . The city is home to several public higher education institutions , such as the Federal University of São Carlos ( UFSCar ) , two campi of the University of São Paulo ( USP ) , the Federal Institute of São Paulo ( IFSP ) and FATEC , as well as a private higher education institution . This makes intense the university activity in the city , which affects the population count .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Milton Olaio Filho', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaraguá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Desportiva_Jaraguá', 'summary': 'The CSM/Pré-Fabricar/FME/Jaraguá ( formerly known as Associação Desportiva Jaraguá and Malwee Futsal ) is a Brazilian futsal club from Jaraguá do Sul , Santa Catarina . Founded on February 15 , 1992 , it is one of the most successful clubs of the sport in Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaraguá do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaraguá_do_Sul', 'summary': 'WEG ( 26°29′10″S 49°04′00″W / 26.48611°S 49.06667°W / -26.48611 ; -49.06667 ) is a city located in the north of the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina .'}]}, {'value': 'Arena Jaraguá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Jaraguá', 'summary': 'Arena Jaraguá is an indoor sporting arena located in Jaraguá do Sul , Brazil . It is used mainly for futsal and volleyball . The capacity of the arena is 15,000 people and it was built in 2007 . Malwee/Jaraguá plays its home matches at the stadium . UFC on FX : Belfort vs. Rockhold took place at the arena on May 18 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '8500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joaçaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaçaba_Futsal', 'summary': 'Associação Joaçaba Esporte e Cultura , is a Brazilian futsal club from Joaçaba . The team currently plays in Liga Futsal .'}]}, {'value': 'Joaçaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaçaba', 'summary': "Joaçaba is a city situated in the state of Santa Catarina , Brazil , with approximately 27,500 inhabitants . Located in 27º10'22 S and 51º30'03 W and 516.74 m above sea level , the city was colonized in the early 20th century by German and Italian immigrants . Its industry is based on agriculture and agricultural products such as chicken and pork ."}]}, {'value': 'Centro de Eventos da UNOESC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joinville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joinville_Futsal', 'summary': 'JEC/Krona Futsal , also known as Joinville or Krona Futsal , is a Brazilian futsal club from Joinville , Santa Catarina . Founded in 2006 it has won one Liga Futsal and six Campeonato Catarinense de Futsal . The team is a partnership between the sports club Joinville Esporte Clube and Krona Tubos e Conexões .'}]}, {'value': 'Joinville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joinville', 'summary': 'Joinville ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʒõjˈvili ] , [ ʒo.ĩˈvili ] or [ ʒwĩˈvili ] ) is the largest city in Santa Catarina , in the Southern Region of Brazil . It is the third largest municipality in the southern region of Brazil , after the much larger state capitals of Curitiba and Porto Alegre . Joinville is also a major industrial , financial and commerce center . The city has a very high human development index ( 0.809 ) among Brazilian municipalities , occupying the 21st national position . One study pointed to Joinville as the second best city to live in Brazil . Joinville holds the titles of Brazilian Manchester , City of Flowers , City of Princess , City of Bicycles and City of Dance . It is also known for hosting the Joinville Dance Festival ( considered the largest dance festival in the world ) , the Bolshoi Ballet School in Brazil ( the only one in the world outside of Russia ) and Joinville Esporte Clube . In 2017 , the population of Joinville was estimated at 577,077 people , many of whom are of Portuguese , German , Swiss , Norwegian and Italian descent . The metropolitan area is home to 1,340,997 residents according to the 2010 census by IBGE , thus , the most populous metropolitan region of the state of Santa Catarina . Owing to urban development and relatively good infrastructure , Joinville has become a major center for events and business conferences . The city has one of the highest standards of living in Latin America .'}]}, {'value': 'Centreventos Cau Hansen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sorocaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sorocaba_Futsal', 'summary': 'Sorocaba Futsal , currently known as Magnus Futsal for sponsorship reasons , is a Brazilian futsal club from Sorocaba , São Paulo . Founded in January , 2014 it has won one Liga Futsal and two Liga Paulista de Futsal .'}]}, {'value': 'Sorocaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sorocaba', 'summary': 'Sorocaba ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ so̞ɾo̞ˈkabɐ ] ) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo , Brazil . Sorocaba is the eighth-largest city in the state of São Paulo . Outside the Greater São Paulo region , it ranks behind only Campinas , São José dos Campos and Ribeirão Preto . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba . The population is 644,919 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 450.38 km2 . Over the past twelve years the city has been undergoing extensive urbanization projects , [ citation needed ] improving streets and avenues , as well as infrastructure for the traffic which the city receives every day . It is the eighth and fourth municipality in the consumer market in the state outside the Greater São Paulo metropolitan area , with a potential annual per capita consumption estimated at $ 2,400 for the urban population and $ 917 for rural areas ( 7200 people ) and twenty-ninth-largest city in Brazil with potential for consumption . Still , it is the fourth-largest city of the state to receive new investments and one of the largest in the country , figuring in the list of 30 cities that create more jobs in Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Arena Sorocaba', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marreco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marreco_Futsal', 'summary': 'Associação Amigos do Marreco Futsal , is a Brazilian futsal club from Francisco Beltrão founded in 2007 which plays in Liga Futsal .'}]}, {'value': 'Francisco Beltrão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Beltrão', 'summary': 'Francisco Beltrão , established on December 14 , 1952 , is the largest town in the southwest region of Paraná state in Brazil . In 2010 , the population was 80,727 , of which 85% lived in the city proper and 15% on the surrounding land . Francisco Beltrão is very close to two other towns , Marmeleiro and Renascença . Its economy is based on agriculture , corn crops , turkey and chicken meat exports , textiles , aluminium pans , mobile industries , public services and small commerce . The mayor in 2008 was Vilmar Reichemback .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Arrudão', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minas_Tênis_Clube_(futsal)', 'summary': 'Minas Tênis Clube is the futsal team of the sports club with the same name . It is one of the most traditional team in Brazil , and has been playing in the Brazilian league since its inception . Currently it plays under the name Supermercados BH/Minas .'}]}, {'value': 'Belo Horizonte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belo_Horizonte', 'summary': "Belo Horizonte ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈbɛlu oɾiˈzõtʃi ] , locally [ ˌbɛloɾiˈzõtʃi ] ( listen ) ; [ a ] Beautiful Horizon ) is the sixth-largest city in Brazil , with a population of approximately 2.5 million . It is the thirteenth-largest city in South America and the eighteenth-largest in the Americas . The metropolis is anchor to the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area , ranked as the third most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and the seventeenth most populous in the Americas . Belo Horizonte is the capital of the state of Minas Gerais , Brazil 's second most populous state . It is the first planned modern city in Brazil . The region was first settled in the early 18th century , but the city as it is known today was planned and constructed in the 1890s , to replace Ouro Preto as the capital of Minas Gerais . The city features a mixture of contemporary and classical buildings , and is home to several modern Brazilian architectural icons , most notably the Pampulha Complex . In planning the city , Aarão Reis and Francisco Bicalho sought inspiration in the urban planning of Washington , D.C . The city has employed notable programs in urban revitalization and food security , for which it has been awarded international accolades . The city is built on several hills and is completely surrounded by mountains . There are several large parks in the immediate surroundings of Belo Horizonte . The Mangabeiras Park ( Parque das Mangabeiras ) , 6 km ( 4 mi ) southeast of the city centre in the hills of Curral Ridge ( Serra do Curral ) , has a broad view of the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Arena Juscelino Kubitschek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pato Futsal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pato_Futsal', 'summary': 'Pato Futsal , is a Brazilian futsal club from Pato Branco . Founded in 2010 it has won two Liga Futsal and one Taça Brasil de Futsal .'}]}, {'value': 'Pato Branco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pato_Branco', 'summary': 'Pato Branco ( White Duck in English ) is a city in the southwest part of the Brazilian state Paraná . The municipality covers 537,8 km² ( 206.7 mi² ) and has a population of 81,893 ( 2007 IBGE estimate ) . Pato Branco started off as a village in 1942 and was given status as a city December 14th 1952 . It has two private colleges , Faculdade Mater Dei and Faculdade de Pato Branco , and a campus of the Federal University of Technology - Paraná . The city has experienced a positive economic development throughout the last few years . Pato Branco is located 760 meters above sea level and has a sub-tropical climate with warm summers and mild winters , morning frost being usual during the winter season . Occasional snowfall . There is no defined period of drought . The coldest month of the year is July with an average temperature of 14.2°C ( 57.6°F ) . January is the warmest month with an average of 22.5°C ( 72.5°F ) . The current mayor ( elected for 2013-2016 ) is Augustinho Zucchi . The city has a small general aviation airport ( Juvenal Loureiro Cardoso Airport ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Dolivar Lavarda', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São José', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_José_Futsal', 'summary': 'São José Futsal , is a Brazilian futsal club from São José dos Campos founded in 2006 which plays in Liga Futsal .'}]}, {'value': 'São José dos Campos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_José_dos_Campos', 'summary': "São José dos Campos ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ʒuˈzɛ dus ˈkɐ̃pus ] , meaning Saint Joseph of the Fields ) is a major city and the seat of the municipality of the same name in the state of São Paulo , Brazil . One of the leading industrial and research centers with emphasis in aerospace sciences in Latin America , the city is located in the Paraíba Valley , between the two most active production and consumption regions in the country , São Paulo ( 80 km ( 50 mi ) from the city ) and Rio de Janeiro ( 320 km ( 200 mi ) ) . It is the main city of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte . A native of São José dos Campos is called a joseense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʒozɛˈẽsi ] ) . Being the second most populous non-capital city in Brazil - behind Campinas - São José dos Campos lies in the middle of the Expanded Metropolitan Complex ( Complexo Metropolitano Expandido ) , the very first megalopolis in the Southern Hemisphere , with over thirty million inhabitants . The city 's metro area mescles also Great Sao Paulo , Campinas , Santos and Sorocaba . The municipality concentrates many major companies and industries , such as Embraer , Panasonic , Johnson & Johnson , Ericsson , Philips , General Motors , Petrobras , Monsanto among others . São José dos Campos also holds relevant education and research institutions , as ITA , INPE , CEMADEN , IEAv , IEA [ pt ] , IFI [ pt ] , UNESP , UNIFESP , DCTA , FATEC , UNIVAP and IP% D , holding a position the puts the city as the main and largest Aerospacial Complex in Latin America . Thus , is also considered the warlike producer centre . The Technological Park ( Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos ) , the largest one in the country , is the only research institute in the world that converges all the three top global plane production companies , Embraer , Boeing and Airbus ."}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Tênis Clube', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tubarão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Desportiva_Futsal_Tubaronense', 'summary': 'Associação Desportiva Futsal Tubaronense , known as Tubarão , is a Brazilian futsal club from Tubarão . It has won one Campeonato Catarinense . The club is a partnership with Unisul Esporte Clube , which owns the Liga Futsal franchise spot .'}]}, {'value': 'Tubarão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tubarão', 'summary': 'Also see Port of Tubarao Tubarão ( lit . shark ) is a Brazilian municipality located in southern part of Santa Catarina state . Its coordinates are 28º28′00″ S and 49º00′25″ W. The population , according to the IBGE/2010 Brazilian Census was 97,281 . It is the main city of the Tubarão River basin region , which comprises 20 municipalities and a population of 350,000 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginásio Salgadão', 'urls': []}, {'value': '600', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Clubs', 'section_text': 'The following 19 clubs are competing in the Liga Futsal during the 2019 season .', 'uid': 'Liga_Futsal_0', 'intro': 'The Liga Nacional de Futsal is the premier futsal league in Brazil, and was created in 1996 with the purpose of setting up a championship with the best futsal teams of the country, corresponding to the Brazilian Football Championship Série A. It is organized by the Brazilian Futsal Confederation (CBFS).'}
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What stadium does the club that was founded on March 1 , 1973 play in ?
Centro Municipal de Eventos Sérgio Luiz Guerra
067bda6bc0b1d7f6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_autistic_fictional_characters', 'title': 'List of autistic fictional characters', 'header': ['Year', 'Character', 'Actor ( s )', 'Series'], 'data': [{'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Braeden Lemasters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braeden_Lemasters', 'summary': 'Braeden Lemasters ( born January 27 , 1996 ) is an American actor , musician , and voice actor . He is best known for his role as Albert in Men of a Certain Age . He is also a founding member of the band Wallows .'}]}, {'value': 'House M.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/House_(TV_series)', 'summary': "House , M.D . ( also called House ) is an American television medical drama that originally ran on the Fox network for eight seasons , from November 16 , 2004 , to May 21 , 2012 . The series 's main character is Dr. Gregory House ( Hugh Laurie ) , an unconventional , misanthropic medical genius who , despite his dependence on pain medication , leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital ( PPTH ) in New Jersey . The series 's premise originated with Paul Attanasio , while David Shore , who is credited as creator , was primarily responsible for the conception of the title character . The series 's executive producers included Shore , Attanasio , Attanasio 's business partner Katie Jacobs , and film director Bryan Singer . It was filmed largely in a neighborhood and business district in Los Angeles County 's Westside called Century City . The show received high critical acclaim , and was consistently one of the highest rated series in the United States . House often clashes with his fellow physicians , including his own diagnostic team , because many of his hypotheses about patients ' illnesses are based on subtle or controversial insights . His flouting of hospital rules and procedures frequently leads him into conflict with his boss , hospital administrator and Dean of Medicine Dr. Lisa Cuddy ( Lisa Edelstein ) . House 's only true friend is Dr. James Wilson ( Robert Sean Leonard ) , head of the Department of Oncology . During the first three seasons , House 's diagnostic team consists of Dr. Robert Chase ( Jesse Spencer ) , Dr. Allison Cameron ( Jennifer Morrison ) and Dr. Eric Foreman ( Omar Epps ) . At the end of the third season , this team disbands ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lana Moore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vered Blonstein', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Good Doctor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Good_Doctor_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Good Doctor is an American medical drama television series based on the 2013 award-winning South Korean series of the same name . The actor Daniel Dae Kim first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and in 2015 eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox medical drama House , to develop the series . The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young autistic savant surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , Will Yun Lee and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Alphas_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters from the television series Alphas , which premiered in 2011 on SyFy in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Cartwright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Cartwright', 'summary': 'Ryan Cartwright ( born 14 March 1981 ) is an English actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Alphas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alphas', 'summary': 'Alphas is an American science fiction dramatic television series created by Zak Penn and Michael Karnow . It follows a group of people with superhuman abilities , known as Alphas , as they work to prevent crimes committed by other Alphas . The series was broadcast in the United States on the cable channel Syfy and was a co-production between BermanBraun and Universal Cable Productions . It premiered on July 11 , 2011 . After initial reports that the show was canceled , on September 7 , 2011 , Alphas was renewed for a 13-episode second season , which premiered on Monday , July 23 , 2012 , at 10 p.m . ET . On January 16 , 2013 , Syfy announced that the program would not be returning for a third season , ending the series with an unresolved cliffhanger .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karla Bentham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Waterloo_Road_characters', 'summary': 'This article lists the characters and the actors who portray them from the award-winning BBC television series Waterloo Road .'}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Baglow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterloo Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterloo_Road_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Waterloo Road is a British television drama series set in a comprehensive school of the same name , broadcast on BBC One and later on BBC Three . The show was set in the English town of Rochdale from series one until the end of series seven , and the Scottish town of Greenock from the beginning of series eight until the end of the show in series ten . In 2014 , it was confirmed that the tenth series of Waterloo Road would be the last . The first episode was broadcast on BBC One on 9 March 2006 and the final episode on BBC Three on 9 March 2015 . Waterloo Road ran for 10 series , 200 episodes , and exactly nine years . Reruns previously aired on CBS Drama in the UK . In September 2019 , every episode was made available on BBC iPlayer .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Blake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meschach Peters and Trevor Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(performer)', 'summary': "Trevor Howard Lawrence Jackson ( born August 30 , 1996 ) is an American actor , singer , and songwriter . He is best known for portraying Aaron Jackson on Freeform original series Grown-ish , Kevin Blake on Syfy original series Eureka , Kris McDuffy on Disney Channel 's television movie Let It Shine , and Kevin LaCroix on American Crime . Other notable appearances include Broadway musical The Lion King , where he played the Young Simba , and television guest star roles on both Cold Case and Harry 's Law . In 2012 , he won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series . In 2018 , he starred as the lead of the crime drama film Superfly as Priest ."}]}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': 'Eureka is an American science fiction television series that premiered on Syfy on July 18 , 2006 . The fifth and final season ended on July 16 , 2012 . The show was set in the fictional town of Eureka , Oregon ( although , in the pilot episode , Eureka was located in Washington - and the origin of a diamond in the episode Best In Faux was shown as Eureka , California ) . Most residents of Eureka are scientific geniuses who work for Global Dynamics - an advanced research facility responsible for the development of nearly all major technological breakthroughs since its inception . Each episode featured a mysterious accidental or intentional misuse of technology , which the town sheriff , Jack Carter , solved with the help of town scientists . Each season also featured a larger story arc that concerned a particular major event or item . The series was created by Andrew Cosby and Jaime Paglia and was produced by Universal Media Studios . While initially lacking in critical acclaim , Eureka was a ratings success for the network , averaging 3.2 million viewers during the second half of season three . In 2007 , Eureka was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Visual Effects for a Series , and won the Leo Award for Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series . In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , the show airs on Syfy and is known as A Town Called Eureka , although it is also shown under its original title on the BT Vision platform .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rebecca Blithely', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melissa Farman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melissa_Farman', 'summary': "Melissa Farman ( born 1990 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing a young Danielle Rousseau in Lost ( played by Mira Furlan as an adult ) and for her role as Bristol Palin in HBO 's Game Change . She is a student in the honors program at the University of Southern California where she is double-majoring in English and political science ."}]}, {'value': 'Strange Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strange_Empire', 'summary': 'Strange Empire is a Canadian television drama series that aired on CBC Television in the 2014-15 television season . Created by Laurie Finstad-Knizhnik , the series is a serialized Western drama set in Janestown , near the Alberta-Montana border in the 1860s , in which three women band together for survival after their husbands are murdered . The cast includes Cara Gee , Melissa Farman and Tattiawna Jones . The first season began airing on 6 October 2014 and consists of 13 episodes . CBC cancelled the series in March 2015 after one season . Strange Empire was broadcast on LMN in the USA and was renamed Strange Empire : Rise of the Women , it premiered on May 29 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacob Jake Bohm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Mazouz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Mazouz', 'summary': "David Albert Mazouz ( /dəˈviːd məˈzuːz/ ; born February 19 , 2001 ) is an American actor . He had several guest roles before joining Fox 's TV series Touch ( 2012-13 ) , for which he was nominated for a Young Artist Award , and portrayed young Bruce Wayne in Fox 's Gotham , based on the DC Comics secret identity of the superhero Batman ."}]}, {'value': 'Touch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Touch_(2012_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Touch is an American drama television series that ran on Fox from January 25 , 2012 , to May 10 , 2013 . The series was created by Tim Kring and starred Kiefer Sutherland . During its first season the series aired regularly on Thursday nights beginning March 22 , 2012 . Thirteen episodes were ordered for the first season , with the two-episode season finale airing on Thursday , May 31 , 2012 . On May 9 , 2012 , Fox renewed the show for a second season . The second season was originally scheduled to begin Friday , October 26 , 2012 , but was pushed back to Friday , February 8 , 2013 . On May 9 , 2013 , Fox canceled Touch after two seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Max Braverman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Parenthood_characters', 'summary': "This is a list of fictional characters in the television series Parenthood . The article deals with the series ' main and recurring characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Burkholder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Burkholder', 'summary': "Maxwell Henry Wolf Burkholder ( born November 1 , 1997 ) is an American actor , most notable for his role of Max Braverman in the NBC comedic television drama Parenthood . Prior to that , he became known as a voice actor for his roles as Chomper in The Land Before Time , Roo on My Friends Tigger & Pooh , and World in the Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends television movie Destination : Imagination . In 2013 , he appeared in The Purge . He is currently a member of the Instagram comedy account Max ' n ' the Jakey Boys ."}]}, {'value': 'Parenthood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parenthood_(2010_TV_series)', 'summary': "Parenthood is an American family comedy-drama television series developed by Jason Katims and produced by Imagine Television and Universal Television for NBC . The show tells of the Braverman clan , consisting of an older couple , their four children , and their families . Loosely based on the 1989 film of the same name , the series is the second adaptation of the film to air on television , preceded by the 1990-91 TV series , which also aired on NBC . Following on the heels of the critically acclaimed TV series Friday Night Lights , Katims approached Ron Howard and Brian Grazer with the idea of creating an updated , modern adaptation of the 1989 film and bringing it to television . The series ran for six seasons from March 6 , 2010 to January 29 , 2015 . The series was well received by television critics and earned several nominations and awards , including one Vision Award , a Critics ' Choice Television Award , two Television Academy Honors awards , four Young Artist Awards , and three Entertainment Industries Council PRISM Awards . Despite strong reviews , the series never gained a strong audience ; the pilot received the highest audience figures , with ratings declining thereafter . On May 11 , 2014 , Parenthood was renewed for a sixth and final season , consisting of 13 episodes . The final season premiered on September 25 , 2014 . The series finale aired on January 29 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurence Burrell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Sturgess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Sturgess', 'summary': 'James Anthony Sturgess ( born 16 May 1978 ) is an English actor and singer-songwriter . His first major role was as Jude in the musical romance drama film Across the Universe ( 2007 ) . In 2008 , he played the male lead role of Ben Campbell in 21 . In 2009 , he played Gavin Kossef in the crime drama Crossing Over , appearing with Harrison Ford , Ray Liotta , and Ashley Judd . In 2010 , Sturgess starred in the film The Way Back , directed by Peter Weir . Sturgess co-starred in the epic science fiction film Cloud Atlas , which began filming in September 2011 and was released in October 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'A Touch of Frost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Touch_of_Frost_(TV_series)', 'summary': "A Touch of Frost is a television detective series produced by Yorkshire Television ( later ITV Studios ) for ITV from 6 December 1992 until 5 April 2010 , initially based on the Frost novels by R. D. Wingfield . Writing credit for the three episodes in the first 1992 series went to Richard Harris . The series stars David Jason as Detective Inspector William Edward Jack Frost , an experienced and dedicated detective who frequently clashes with his superiors . In his cases , Frost is usually assisted by a variety of different detective sergeants or constables , with each bringing a different slant to the particular case . Comic relief is provided by Frost 's interactions with the bureaucratically-minded Superintendent Norman Horn-rimmed Harry Mullett , played by Bruce Alexander . A number of young actors had their major debut as supporting cast in the show , including : Matt Bardock , Ben Daniels , Neil Stuke , Mark Letheren , Colin Buchanan , Jason Maza , Damian Lewis and Marc Warren ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Gould', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dwayne Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwayne_Hill', 'summary': 'Dwayne Hill ( born June 5 , 1966 ) is a Canadian voice actor . In 2009 , he was nominated for two Gemini awards , one in the solo category for Grossology , the other , which he won , was for best ensemble in Atomic Betty . Overall , he has voiced over 20 animated series , playing hundreds of voices as well as voicing over 100 commercials each year . One of his most recent roles is Cat in the PBS animated series Peg + Cat which was nominated for an Emmy Award among the best performances in animated series .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Arthur is a Canadian-American animated educational television series for children ages 4 to 8 , created by Cookie Jar Group ( formerly known as Cinar ) and WGBH for PBS . The show is set in the fictional American city of Elwood City , and revolves around the lives of eight-year-old Arthur Read , an anthropomorphic aardvark , his friends and family , and their daily interactions with each other . The television series is based on the Arthur Adventure book series , written and illustrated by Marc Brown . WGBH Boston along with Cinar ( now Cookie Jar Group ) began production of the animated series in 1994 , and aired its first episode on October 7 , 1996 . Since its debut , the show has broadcast 246 half hour episodes . A pilot for the spin-off series Postcards from Buster aired in December 2003 as a season 8 episode of Arthur . Postcards from Buster aired from October 11 , 2004 , to November 21 , 2008 ; the series faced several years of hiatus , until a brief revival in February 2012 , only to be cancelled after airing three unseen episodes that had been held over from the show 's third season . Arthur often deals with important issues families face such as asthma , dyslexia , cancer , diabetes , and autism spectrum disorder . It also encourages reading and relationships with family and friends by explaining that people have different personalities and interests . Arthur became one of the highest-rated shows on PBS Kids for several years since its debut , averaging almost 10 million viewers weekly in the U.S . It is aired in a total of 83 countries , including on : PBS in the United States ; Radio-Canada , Knowledge Network , TVOntario , and CBC in Canada ; several ABC channels in Australia ; and BBC One/CBBC in the UK . It is the longest-running children 's animated series in the U.S. , and the second longest-running animated series in the U.S. , behind The Simpsons ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timmy Carson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Hollander', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quincy , M.E', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quincy,_M.E.', 'summary': "Quincy , M.E . ( also called Quincy ) is an American mystery medical drama television series from Universal Studios that aired on NBC from October 3 , 1976 , to May 11 , 1983 . Jack Klugman stars in the title role as a Los Angeles County medical examiner who routinely engages in police investigations . Inspired by the book Where Death Delights by Marshall Houts , a former FBI agent , the show also resembled the earlier Canadian television series Wojeck , broadcast by CBC Television . John Vernon , who played the Wojeck title role , later guest starred in the third-season episode Requiem for the Living . Quincy 's character is loosely modeled on Los Angeles ' Coroner to the Stars Thomas Noguchi . Quincy was broadcast as 90-minute telefilms as part of the NBC Sunday Mystery Movie rotation in the fall of 1976 , alongside Columbo , McCloud and McMillan ( formerly McMillan & Wife ) . The series proved popular enough that after four episodes of Quincy , M.E . had aired during the 1976-1977 season in the extended format , Quincy was spun off into its own weekly one-hour series without a typical 60-minute pilot . Instead , a two-hour episode kicked off a thirteen-episode shortened run of the series , which concluded the 1976-1977 season , while the Mystery Movie format was discontinued in the spring of 1977 . The Quincy series often used the same actors for different roles in various episodes , a common occurrence on many Glen A. Larson TV programs . Writers Tony Lawrence and Lou Shaw received an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America in 1978 for the second-season episode .The Thigh Bone 's Connected to the Knee Bone ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roy Cropper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Cropper', 'summary': 'Royston Roy Cropper is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , played by David Neilson . He first appeared on-screen on 19 July 1995 . Originally a secondary character , he was given a more prominent role in 1997 , by the executive producer of Coronation Street , Brian Park . Roy has been featured in numerous high-profile storylines , most notably marrying the first transgender character in a British soap opera , Hayley Patterson ( Julie Hesmondhalgh ) .'}]}, {'value': 'David Neilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Neilson', 'summary': 'David Neilson ( born 13 March 1949 ) is an English actor best known for portraying Roy Cropper in the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street from 1995 onwards .'}]}, {'value': 'Coronation Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coronation_Street', 'summary': "Coronation Street ( often referred to as Corrie ) is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960 . The programme centres on Coronation Street in Weatherfield , a fictional town based on inner-city Salford . In the show 's fictional history , the street was built in 1902 and named in honour of the coronation of King Edward VII . The series typically airs six times a week : Monday , Wednesday and Friday 7:30-8 pm and 8:30-9 pm . Since 2017 , ten sequential classic episodes of the series dated from 1986 onwards have been broadcast weekly on ITV3 . The programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester . Warren 's initial proposal was rejected by the station 's founder Sidney Bernstein , but he was persuaded by producer Harry Elton to produce the programme for 13 pilot episodes . Within six months of the show 's first broadcast , it had become the most-watched programme on British television , and is now a significant part of British culture . Coronation Street is made by ITV Granada at MediaCityUK and shown in all ITV regions , as well as internationally . On 17 September 2010 , it became the world 's longest-running television soap opera and was listed in Guinness World Records . On 23 September 2015 , Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITV 's sixtieth anniversary . Influenced by the conventions of kitchen sink realism , Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down-to-earth , working-class community , combined with light-hearted humour and strong characters ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonya Cross', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diane Kruger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diane_Kruger', 'summary': "Diane Kruger ( née Heidkrüger ; German pronunciation : [ diˈa : nə ˈkru : ɡɐ ] ; born 15 July 1976 ) is a German-American actress and former fashion model . She has played Helen in the epic war film Troy ( 2004 ) , Dr. Abigail Chase in the heist film National Treasure ( 2004 ) and its sequel ( 2007 ) , Bridget von Hammersmark in Quentin Tarantino 's war film Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , and Gina in the psychological thriller film Unknown ( 2011 ) . She also starred as Detective Sonya Cross in the FX crime drama series The Bridge ( 2013-14 ) . In 2017 , she made her German-language debut in Fatih Akin 's In the Fade , for which she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress and Satellite Award for Best Actress ."}]}, {'value': 'The Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bridge_(2013_TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Bridge is an American crime drama television series , developed by Meredith Stiehm and Elwood Reid , that was broadcast on the FX network , and based on the Dano-Swedish series Broen/Bron . The series stars Diane Kruger and Demián Bichir in leading roles , and co-stars Ted Levine , Annabeth Gish , Thomas M. Wright , Matthew Lillard and Emily Rios in supporting roles . The complete series consists of two seasons of 13 episodes each . The series debuted on FX in the United States on July 10 , 2013 , and the series finale aired on October 1 , 2014 . The show was developed both in English and Spanish languages . The American version takes place on the U.S. and Mexican border where a murdered body on a bridge between El Paso and Juárez ( the Bridge of the Americas ) bring together El Paso detective Sonya Cross ( Kruger ) who is mentored by Hank Wade ( Levine ) and Chihuahua State police detective Marco Ruiz ( Bichir ) . The story parallels the investigation by El Paso Times reporters Daniel Frye ( Lillard ) and Adriana Mendez ( Rios ) . The series was a critical success and received positive review throughout its run . After the first season maintained a modest audience that dropped by 42 percent by the second , the series was not renewed for a third season .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Daly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Fair_City_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters from the RTÉ One soap opera Fair City . First are current characters in order of first appearance . If more than one actor has portrayed a character then the current actor portraying is listed . This is followed by earlier characters divided into those who were last seen alive and those who are known to be dead . Finally there is a list of cameo appearances by various well-known personality .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Peter Corry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fair City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fair_City', 'summary': "Fair City is an Irish television soap opera which has been broadcast on RTÉ One since 1989 . Produced by the public service broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) , it first aired on Monday 18 September 1989 . It has won several awards and is both the most popular and the longest running Irish drama serial . Plots centre on the domestic and professional lives of the residents of Carrigstown , a fictional suburb of the Northside part of the city of Dublin . The area encompasses a restaurant , pub , garage , corner shop , community centre , charity shop , surgery , boxing club ( Esker/Carrigstown Boxing Club ) and various businesses . Originally aired as one half-hour episode per week for a limited run , the show is now broadcast year round on RTÉ One in four episodes per week , all of which air at 20:00 . Fair City is the most watched drama in Ireland , with average viewing figures of 550,000 . Devised by executive producer Margaret Gleeson and series producer Paul Cusack , it has remained a significant programme in terms of RTÉ 's success and audience share , and also in the history of Irish television drama , tackling many controversial and taboo issues previously unseen on Irish television , such as rape ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connor DeLaurier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Degrassi:_The_Next_Generation_characters', 'summary': "Degrassi : The Next Generation is a Canadian teen drama television series created by Linda Schuyler and Yan Moore . The series is now considered the first incarnation and premiered on CTV on October 14 , 2001 and then ended on MTV Canada and TeenNick on August 2 , 2015 . It is the fourth series set in the fictional Degrassi universe created by Schuyler and Kit Hood in 1979 . Like its predecessors , Degrassi : The Next Generation follows a group of students from Degrassi Community School , a fictional school in Toronto , Ontario , and depicts some of the typical issues and challenges common to a teenager 's life . The following is a list of characters who have appeared in the television series ."}]}, {'value': 'A.J . Saudin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.J._Saudin', 'summary': 'Faisal A.J . Saudin ( born May 14 , 1992 ) , known professionally as A.J . Saudin or Saudin , is a Canadian actor , singer , songwriter , and record producer . He is best known for his role as Connor DeLaurier in the long-running teen drama television series Degrassi : The Next Generation .'}]}, {'value': 'Degrassi : The Next Generation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Degrassi:_The_Next_Generation', 'summary': "Degrassi : The Next Generation ( also known as Degrassi for seasons ten through fourteen ) is a Canadian teen drama television series set in the Degrassi universe , which was created by Linda Schuyler and Kit Hood in 1979 . It is the fourth series in the Degrassi franchise , following The Kids of Degrassi Street , Degrassi Junior High , and Degrassi High . Like its predecessors , the series follows an ensemble cast of students at the fictional Degrassi Community School who face various challenges often seen as taboo such as sex , teen pregnancy , bullying , date rape , drug abuse , body image , homosexuality , domestic violence , gang violence , self-injury , suicide , abortion , mental disorders , death , and many other issues . The series was initially created by Linda Schuyler and Yan Moore , and is produced by Epitome Pictures ( a subsidiary of DHX Media ) in association with Bell Media . The current executive producers are Schuyler , her husband Stephen Stohn and Brendon Yorke . The series is filmed at Epitome 's studios in Toronto , Ontario , rather than on the real De Grassi Street from which the franchise takes its name . Degrassi : The Next Generation has been a critical success and has often received favourable reviews from Entertainment Weekly , The New York Times and AfterElton.com . In its initial years , it was frequently the most watched domestic drama series in Canada , and one of the highest-rated shows on TeenNick in the United States . In 2004 , one episode received just under a million viewers in Canada , and over half a million viewers in the US . The series has won numerous awards , from the Geminis , Writers Guild of Canada and Directors Guild of Canada , and internationally from the Teen Choice Awards , Young Artist Awards , and Prix Jeunesse . The series premiered on CTV on October 14 , 2001 . During the ninth season in 2010 , the series moved to MuchMusic ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Dixon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary McDonnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_McDonnell', 'summary': 'Mary Eileen McDonnell ( born April 28 , 1952 ) is an American film , stage , and television actress . She received Academy Award nominations for her roles as Stands With A Fist in Dances with Wolves and May-Alice Culhane in Passion Fish . McDonnell is well known for her performances as President Laura Roslin in Battlestar Galactica ( for which she won a Saturn Award ) , First Lady Marilyn Whitmore in Independence Day , and Rose in Donnie Darko . She was featured as Captain Sharon Raydor during seasons 5-7 of the TNT series The Closer and in the spin-off series Major Crimes , on the same network .'}]}, {'value': "Grey 's Anatomy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Grey's_Anatomy", 'summary': "Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27 , 2005 , on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement . The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns , residents , and attending doctors , as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is an allusion to Gray 's Anatomy , a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray . Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series ; she is also one of the executive producers , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the series is set in Seattle ( at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , later renamed ) , it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles , California . The series is designed to be racially diverse and uses color-blind casting . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo , first featured as an intern . The original cast consisted of nine star-billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T. R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the series ' run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its fifteenth season , the show has a large ensemble of fourteen actors , including three characters from the original cast ( Meredith Grey , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber ) . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a sixteenth season which premiered on September 26 , 2019 . The series ' success catapulted such long-running cast members as Pompeo , Dempsey , Chambers , Capshaw and Oh to worldwide recognition ; they were among the top five highest-earning television actors in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerry Espenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Boston_Legal_characters', 'summary': 'Boston Legal is an American legal-comedy-drama created by David E. Kelley . The series , starring James Spader , with Candice Bergen , and William Shatner , was produced in association with 20th Century Fox Television for the ABC . Boston Legal aired from October 3 , 2004 to December 8 , 2008 . The series is a spin-off of the Kelley series The Practice , and features Practice actors including Spader , Rhona Mitra , Lake Bell , and Shatner . It is set at the legal firm of Crane , Poole & Schmidt .'}]}, {'value': 'Christian Clemenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Clemenson', 'summary': "Christian Dayton Clemenson ( born March 17 , 1958 ) is an American film and television actor . He is well known for his portrayal of Jerry Hands Espenson in the television series Boston Legal , for which he was nominated for three Emmy Awards and winning the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . He has appeared in a number of highly acclaimed films , including Hannah and Her Sisters , Broadcast News , Apollo 13 and The Big Lebowski , and portrayed Tom Burnett in Paul Greengrass ' United 93 . He starred in The People v. O. J. Simpson : American Crime Story as prosecutor William Hodgman ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston Legal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Legal', 'summary': "Boston Legal is an American legal comedy-drama television series created by David E. Kelley and produced in association with 20th Century Fox Television for ABC . The series aired from October 3 , 2004 , to December 8 , 2008 . The series starred James Spader , William Shatner , and Candice Bergen , and is a direct follow-on spin-off to the TV series The Practice , with several characters from that series ' Season 8 moving to Boston Legal ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The parallel universe version of Astrid Farnsworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrid_Farnsworth', 'summary': "Astrid Farnsworth is a fictional character from the science fiction television series Fringe , which aired on the Fox Broadcasting Company in the United States from 2008 to 2013 . The character was created by series ' co-creator J. J. Abrams , and is portrayed by actress Jasika Nicole . Astrid is one of the series ' protagonists , and was introduced as a Junior FBI Agent , doing research work for Olivia Dunham on her cases and became involved in a multi-agency task force of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security called the Fringe Division , dealing with supernatural events that are linked to experimental occurrences . She works alongside Walter Bishop for the entirety of the series . Astrid 's role gradually increases throughout the series . In the first three seasons , she acts as Walter 's lab assistant but also takes personal care of him . A common gag in the series is Walter erroneously calling Astrid a series of different names similar to her real name . In the fourth season , due to the alternate timeline , Astrid is now a field agent , and also takes on a larger role , particularly the episode Making Angels . Following a plot line in the second season , viewers are introduced to Astrid 's doppelgänger from the parallel universe who is an autistic computer and statistics specialist within the Fringe division . Nicole 's performance as both versions of the character were praised ."}]}, {'value': 'Jasika Nicole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jasika_Nicole', 'summary': 'Jasika Nicole Pruitt ( born April 10 , 1980 ) , known professionally as Jasika Nicole , is an American actress and illustrator from Birmingham , Alabama . She is known for her role as Agent Astrid Farnsworth on the Fox series Fringe and as Carly Lever in the ABC medical drama The Good Doctor . She has guest-starred in Scandal as Kim Munoz .'}]}, {'value': 'Fringe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fringe_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Fringe is an American science fiction television series created by J. J. Abrams , Alex Kurtzman , and Roberto Orci . It premiered on the Fox network on September 9 , 2008 , and concluded on January 18 , 2013 , after five seasons and 100 episodes . The series follows Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) , Peter Bishop ( Joshua Jackson ) , and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) , all members of the fictional Fringe Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , based in Boston , Massachusetts , under the supervision of Homeland Security . The team uses fringe science and FBI investigative techniques to investigate a series of unexplained , often ghastly occurrences , which are related to mysteries surrounding a parallel universe . The series has been described as a hybrid of fantasy , procedural dramas and serials , influenced by films like Altered States and television shows such as Lost , The X-Files and The Twilight Zone . The series began as a traditional mystery-of-the-week series and became more serialized in later seasons . Most episodes contain a standalone plot , with several others also exploring the series ' overarching mythology . Critical reception was at first lukewarm but became more favorable after the first season , when the series began to explore its mythology , including parallel universes and alternate timelines . The show , along with cast and crew , were nominated for many major awards . Despite its move to the Friday night death slot and low ratings , the series developed a cult following . It also spawned two six-part comic book series , an alternate reality game , and three novels ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Micaela Gómez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monica Spear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monica_Spear', 'summary': 'Mónica Spear Mootz ( 1 October 1984 - 6 January 2014 ) was a Venezuelan actress , model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Venezuela 2004 . She also represented Venezuela at Miss Universe 2005 in Bangkok , Thailand where she finished as 4th runner-up .'}]}, {'value': 'La mujer perfecta ( The Perfect Woman )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_mujer_perfecta', 'summary': 'La mujer perfecta ( English title : The Perfect Woman ) is a Venezuelan telenovela created by Leonardo Padrón and produced by Venevisión . Mónica Spear and Ricardo Álamo star as the main protagonists with Ana Karina Manco and Jean Carlo Simancas playing the main antagonists . Marlene De Andrade , Marisa Román , Flavia Gleske and Mariaca Semprúm star as co-protagonists .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shahir Hamza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huse Madhavji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Husein_Madhavji', 'summary': "Husein Huse Madhavji ( pronounced Ma-dav-gee ; born July 19 ) is a Canadian actor and television personality . He is best known for his role as Dr. Shahir Hamza on the medical drama Saving Hope and as the former face of Star ! Canadas Entertainment Channel . Madhavjis roles as an actor include playing Ruptal 1 on HBO Canada 's Call Me Fitz and Lt. Col. Max Prakash in Combat Hospital . Husein goes by the name Huse ."}]}, {'value': 'Saving Hope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saving_Hope_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Saving Hope is a Canadian supernatural medical drama television series set in Toronto in the fictional Hospital Hope Zion . The series stars Erica Durance and Michael Shanks . The show 's premise originated with Malcolm MacRury and Morwyn Brebner , who are both credited as creators and executive producers . Saving Hope aired on CTV for five seasons from June 7 , 2012 to August 3 , 2017 , with the first season airing on NBC ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_characters_on_the_autism_spectrum_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of fictional characters that have been explicitly described within the work in which they appear, or otherwise by the author, as having conditions on the autism spectrum. It is not intended to include speculation.'}
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Who did the actor to appear in the show staring Erica Durance play in Combat Hospital ?
Lt. Col. Max Prakash
067ca9fd408ade18
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Imperial_College_London', 'title': 'List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Imperial College London', 'header': ['Year', 'Laureate', 'Relation', 'Category', 'Rationale'], 'data': [{'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frederick Gowland Hopkins ( shared with Christiaan Eijkman )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins', 'summary': 'Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins OM , PRS ( 20 June 1861 - 16 May 1947 ) was an English biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929 , with Christiaan Eijkman , for the discovery of vitamins , even though Casimir Funk , a Polish biochemist , is widely credited with discovering vitamins . He also discovered the amino acid tryptophan , in 1901 . He was President of the Royal Society from 1930 to 1935 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman', 'summary': 'Christiaan Eijkman ( UK : /ˈeɪkmən , ˈaɪkmən/ AYK-mən , YKE-mən , US : /-mɑːn/ -\u2060mahn , Dutch : [ ˈkrɪstijaːn ˈɛikmɑn ] ; 11 August 1858 - 5 November 1930 ) was a Dutch physician and professor of physiology whose demonstration that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the discovery of antineuritic vitamins ( thiamine ) . Together with Sir Frederick Hopkins , he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1929 for the discovery of vitamins .'}]}, {'value': 'Student , Royal School of Mines , 1881-1883', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_School_of_Mines', 'summary': 'The Royal School of Mines comprises the departments of Earth Science and Engineering and Materials at Imperial College London . The Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics and parts of the London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Bioengineering are also housed within the building . The school as an organisation no longer exists , having been incorporated into the Faculty of Engineering since 2003 . Today the Royal School of Mines refers to both the departments associated with the former school , and the Edwardian building by Sir Aston Webb , which is viewed as a classic of academic architecture . The building and relevant student union still carry the name .'}]}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitamin', 'summary': 'A vitamin is an organic molecule ( or related set of molecules ) that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism . Essential nutrients can not be synthesized in the organism , either at all or not in sufficient quantities , and therefore must be obtained through the diet . Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others ; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second . The term vitamin does not include the three other groups of essential nutrients : minerals , essential fatty acids , and essential amino acids . Most vitamins are not single molecules , but groups of related molecules called vitamers . For example , vitamin E consists of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols . The thirteen vitamins required by human metabolism are vitamin A ( as all-trans-retinol , all-trans-retinyl-esters , as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids ) , vitamin B1 ( thiamine ) , vitamin B2 ( riboflavin ) , vitamin B3 ( niacin ) , vitamin B5 ( pantothenic acid ) , vitamin B6 ( pyridoxine ) , vitamin B7 ( biotin ) , vitamin B9 ( folic acid or folate ) , vitamin B12 ( cobalamins ) , vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) , vitamin D ( calciferols ) , vitamin E ( tocopherols and tocotrienols ) , and vitamin K ( quinones ) . Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions . Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation . Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function , regulating mineral metabolism for bones and other organs . The B complex vitamins function as enzyme cofactors ( coenzymes ) or the precursors for them . Vitamins C and E function as antioxidants .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Paget Thomson ( shared with Clinton Davisson )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson', 'summary': 'Sir George Paget Thomson , FRS ( /ˈtɒmsən/ ; 3 May 1892 - 10 September 1975 ) was an English physicist and Nobel laureate in physics recognised for his discovery of the wave properties of the electron by electron diffraction .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clinton_Davisson', 'summary': 'Clinton Joseph Davisson ( October 22 , 1881 - February 1 , 1958 ) was an American physicist who won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of electron diffraction in the famous Davisson-Germer experiment . Davisson shared the Nobel Prize with George Paget Thomson , who independently discovered electron diffraction at about the same time as Davisson .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Physics 1930-1952 ; Fellow of Imperial College , 1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electron_diffraction', 'summary': 'Electron diffraction refers to the wave nature of electrons . However , from a technical or practical point of view , it may be regarded as a technique used to study matter by firing electrons at a sample and observing the resulting interference pattern . This phenomenon is commonly known as wave-particle duality , which states that a particle of matter ( in this case the incident electron ) can be described as a wave . For this reason , an electron can be regarded as a wave much like sound or water waves . This technique is similar to X-ray and neutron diffraction . Electron diffraction is most frequently used in solid state physics and chemistry to study the crystal structure of solids . Experiments are usually performed in a transmission electron microscope ( TEM ) , or a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) as electron backscatter diffraction . In these instruments , electrons are accelerated by an electrostatic potential in order to gain the desired energy and determine their wavelength before they interact with the sample to be studied . The periodic structure of a crystalline solid acts as a diffraction grating , scattering the electrons in a predictable manner . Working back from the observed diffraction pattern , it may be possible to deduce the structure of the crystal producing the diffraction pattern . However , the technique is limited by phase problem . Apart from the study of periodically perfect crystals , i.e .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernst Boris Chain ( shared with Alexander Fleming and Howard Florey )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain', 'summary': 'Sir Ernst Boris Chain , FRS ( 19 June 1906 - 12 August 1979 ) was a German-born British biochemist , and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Fleming', 'summary': "Sir Alexander Fleming FRS FRSE FRCS ( 6 August 1881 - 11 March 1955 ) was a Scottish biologist , physician , microbiologist , and pharmacologist . His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world 's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin ( Penicillin G ) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928 , for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain . He wrote many articles on bacteriology , immunology , and chemotherapy . Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944 . In 1999 , he was named in Time magazine 's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century . In 2002 , he was chosen in the BBC 's television poll for determining the 100 Greatest Britons , and in 2009 , he was also voted third greatest Scot in an opinion poll conducted by STV , behind only Robert Burns and William Wallace ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Howard_Florey', 'summary': "Howard Walter Florey , Baron Florey , OM , FRS , FRCP ( 24 September 1898 - 21 February 1968 ) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin . Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin , it was Florey who carried out the first ever clinical trials of penicillin in 1941 at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford on the first patient , a police constable from Oxford . The patient started to recover , but subsequently died because Florey was unable , at that time , to make enough penicillin . It was Florey and Chain who actually made a useful and effective drug out of penicillin , after the task had been abandoned as too difficult . Florey 's discoveries , along with the discoveries of Fleming and Ernst Chain , are estimated to have saved over 200 million lives , and he is consequently regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest figures . Sir Robert Menzies , Australia 's longest-serving Prime Minister , said , In terms of world well-being , Florey was the most important man ever born in Australia ."}]}, {'value': "Professor of Bacteriology , 1928-1948 , St Mary 's Hospital Medical School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penicillin', 'summary': 'Penicillin ( PCN or pen ) is a group of antibiotics , derived originally from common moulds known as Penicillium moulds ; which includes penicillin G ( intravenous use ) , penicillin V ( use by mouth ) , procaine penicillin , and benzathine penicillin ( intramuscular use ) . Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci . They are still widely used today , though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use . About 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin ; however , up to 90% of this group may not actually be allergic . Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03% . Those who are allergic to penicillin are most often given cephalosporin C because of its functional groups . All penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics , which are some of the most powerful and successful achievements in modern science . Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming . People began using it to treat infections in 1942 . There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria ; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins , aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins . They are derived from Penicillium fungi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Infectious_disease', 'summary': "Infection is the invasion of an organism 's body tissues by disease-causing agents , their multiplication , and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce . Infectious disease , also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease , is illness resulting from an infection . Infections are caused by infectious agents ( pathogens ) including :"}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Fleming ( shared with Ernst Boris Chain and Howard Florey )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Fleming', 'summary': "Sir Alexander Fleming FRS FRSE FRCS ( 6 August 1881 - 11 March 1955 ) was a Scottish biologist , physician , microbiologist , and pharmacologist . His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world 's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin ( Penicillin G ) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928 , for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain . He wrote many articles on bacteriology , immunology , and chemotherapy . Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944 . In 1999 , he was named in Time magazine 's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century . In 2002 , he was chosen in the BBC 's television poll for determining the 100 Greatest Britons , and in 2009 , he was also voted third greatest Scot in an opinion poll conducted by STV , behind only Robert Burns and William Wallace ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain', 'summary': 'Sir Ernst Boris Chain , FRS ( 19 June 1906 - 12 August 1979 ) was a German-born British biochemist , and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Howard_Florey', 'summary': "Howard Walter Florey , Baron Florey , OM , FRS , FRCP ( 24 September 1898 - 21 February 1968 ) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin . Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin , it was Florey who carried out the first ever clinical trials of penicillin in 1941 at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford on the first patient , a police constable from Oxford . The patient started to recover , but subsequently died because Florey was unable , at that time , to make enough penicillin . It was Florey and Chain who actually made a useful and effective drug out of penicillin , after the task had been abandoned as too difficult . Florey 's discoveries , along with the discoveries of Fleming and Ernst Chain , are estimated to have saved over 200 million lives , and he is consequently regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest figures . Sir Robert Menzies , Australia 's longest-serving Prime Minister , said , In terms of world well-being , Florey was the most important man ever born in Australia ."}]}, {'value': "Professor of Bacteriology , 1928-1948 , St Mary 's Hospital Medical School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Blackett , Baron Blackett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett', 'summary': 'Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett , Baron Blackett OM CH FRS ( 18 November 1897 - 13 July 1974 ) was a British experimental physicist known for his work on cloud chambers , cosmic rays , and paleomagnetism , winning the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1948 . In 1925 he became the first person to prove that radioactivity could cause the nuclear transmutation of one chemical element to another . He also made a major contribution in World War II advising on military strategy and developing operational research . His left-wing views saw an outlet in third world development and in influencing policy in the Labour Government of the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Physics , 1953-65 ; Fellow of Imperial College , 1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cloud_chamber', 'summary': 'A cloud chamber , also known as a Wilson cloud chamber , is a particle detector used for visualizing the passage of ionizing radiation .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyril Norman Hinshelwood ( shared with Nikolay Semenov )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood', 'summary': 'Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood OM PRS ( 19 June 1897 - 9 October 1967 ) was a British physical chemist and a Nobel Prize laureate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nikolay_Semenov', 'summary': 'Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov ( or Semënov ) , ForMemRS ( Russian : Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов ; 15 April [ O.S . 3 April ] 1896 - 25 September 1986 ) was a Russian/Soviet physicist and chemist . Semyonov was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the mechanism of chemical transformation .'}]}, {'value': 'Senior Research Fellow Imperial College , 1964-1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chemical_reaction', 'summary': 'A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another . Classically , chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms , with no change to the nuclei ( no change to the elements present ) , and can often be described by a chemical equation . Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur . The substance ( or substances ) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents . Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change , and they yield one or more products , which usually have properties different from the reactants . Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps , the so-called elementary reactions , and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism . Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations , which symbolically present the starting materials , end products , and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions . Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration . Typically , reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms . Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go to completion or reach equilibrium . Reactions that proceed in the forward direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous , requiring no input of free energy to go forward . Non-spontaneous reactions require input of free energy to go forward ( examples include charging a battery by applying an external electrical power source , or photosynthesis driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of sunlight ) .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Huxley ( shared with John Carew Eccles and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Huxley', 'summary': 'Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley OM PRS ( 22 November 1917 - 30 May 2012 ) was an English physiologist and biophysicist . He was born into the prominent Huxley family . After graduating from Westminster School in Central London , from where he won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , he joined Alan Lloyd Hodgkin to study nerve impulses . Their eventual discovery of the basis for propagation of nerve impulses ( called an action potential ) earned them the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963 . They made their discovery from the giant axon of the Atlantic squid . Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War , Huxley was recruited by the British Anti-Aircraft Command and later transferred to the Admiralty . After the war he resumed research at The University of Cambridge , where he developed interference microscopy that would be suitable for studying muscle fibres . In 1952 , he was joined by a German physiologist Rolf Niedergerke . Together they discovered in 1954 the mechanism of muscle contraction , popularly called the sliding filament theory , which is the foundation of our modern understanding of muscle mechanics . In 1960 he became head of the Department of Physiology at University College London . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1955 , and President in 1980 . The Royal Society awarded him the Copley Medal in 1973 for his collective contributions to the understanding of nerve impulses and muscle contraction .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles', 'summary': 'Sir John Carew Eccles AC FRS FRACP FRSNZ FAA ( 27 January 1903 - 2 May 1997 ) was an Australian neurophysiologist and philosopher who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse . He shared the prize with Andrew Huxley and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin', 'summary': 'Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin OM KBE PRS ( 5 February 1914 - 20 December 1998 ) was an English physiologist and biophysicist , who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Huxley and John Eccles .'}]}, {'value': 'Fellow of Imperial College , 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nerve', 'summary': 'A nerve is an enclosed , cable-like bundle of nerve fibres called axons , in the peripheral nervous system . A nerve transmit electrical impulses and is the basic unit of the Nervous system . A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses called action potentials that are transmitted along each of the axons to peripheral organs or , in the case of sensory nerves , from the periphery back to the central nervous system . Each axon within the nerve is an extension of an individual neuron , along with other supportive cells such as Schwann cells that coat the axons in myelin . Within a nerve , each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the endoneurium . The axons are bundled together into groups called fascicles , and each fascicle is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the perineurium . Finally , the entire nerve is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the epineurium . In the central nervous system , the analogous structures are known as tracts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cell_membrane', 'summary': 'The cell membrane ( also known as the plasma membrane ( PM ) or cytoplasmic membrane , and historically referred to as the plasmalemma ) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment ( the extracellular space ) which protects the cell from its environment . Cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer , including cholesterols ( a lipid component ) that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity under various temperature , in combination with membrane proteins such as integral proteins , and peripheral proteins that go across inside and outside of the membrane serving as membrane transporter , and loosely attached to the outer ( peripheral ) side of the cell membrane acting as several kinds of enzymes shaping the cell , respectively . The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles . In this way , it is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules . In addition , cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion , ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures , including the cell wall , the carbohydrate layer called the glycocalyx , and the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton . In the field of synthetic biology , cell membranes can be artificially reassembled .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Porter ( shared with Manfred Eigen and Ronald George Wreyford Norrish )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Porter', 'summary': 'George Porter , Baron Porter of Luddenham , OM , Kt , PRS , FRSE ( 6 December 1920 - 31 August 2002 ) was a British chemist . He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manfred_Eigen', 'summary': "Manfred Eigen ( 9 May 1927 - 6 February 2019 ) was a German biophysical chemist who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on measuring fast chemical reactions . Eigen 's research helped solve major problems in physical chemistry and aided in the understanding of chemical processes that occur in living organisms . In later years , he explored the biochemical roots of life and evolution . He worked to install a multidisciplinary program at the Max Planck Institute to study the underpinnings of life at the molecular level . His work was hailed for creating a new scientific and technological discipline : evolutionary biotechnology ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish', 'summary': 'Ronald George Wreyford Norrish FRS ( 9 November 1897 - 7 June 1978 ) was a British chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'Visiting Professor , Department of Biology 1978-2002 ; Fellow of Imperial College , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions , effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flash_photolysis', 'summary': "Flash photolysis is a pump-probe laboratory technique , in which a sample is firstly excited by a strong pulse ( called pump pulse ) of light from a pulsed laser of nanosecond , picosecond , or femtosecond pulse width or by another short-pulse light source such as a flash lamp . This first strong pulse is called the pump pulse and starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population for energy levels other than the ground state within a sample of atoms or molecules . Typically the absorption of light by the sample is recorded within short time intervals ( by a so-called test or probe pulses ) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse . Flash photolysis was developed shortly after World War II as a result of the military 's attempts to build cameras fast enough to photograph missiles in flight . The technique was developed in 1949 by Manfred Eigen , Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter , who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this invention . Over the next 40 years the technique became more powerful and sophisticated due to developments in optics and lasers . Also , the interest in this method grew considerably as the practical applications expanded from chemistry to areas such as biology , materials science , and environmental sciences . Today , flash photolysis facilities are extensively used by researchers to study light-induced processes in organic molecules , polymers , nanoparticles , semiconductors , photosynthesis in plants , signaling , and light-induced conformational changes in biological systems ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derek Barton ( shared with Odd Hassel )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Barton', 'summary': 'Sir Derek Harold Richard Barton FRS FRSE ( 8 September 1918 - 16 March 1998 ) was an English organic chemist and Nobel Prize laureate for 1969 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Odd_Hassel', 'summary': 'Odd Hassel ( 17 May 1897 - 11 May 1981 ) was a Norwegian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Organic Chemistry , 1957-1978 ; Fellow of Imperial College , 1980 ; Emeritus Professor , 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conformational_isomerism', 'summary': 'In chemistry , conformational isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which the isomers can be interconverted just by rotations about formally single bonds ( refer to figure on single bond rotation ) . While any two arrangements of atoms in a molecule that differ by rotation about single bonds can be referred to as different conformations , conformations that correspond to local minima on the energy surface are specifically called conformational isomers or conformers . Conformations that correspond to local maxima on the energy surface are the transition states between the local-minimum conformational isomers . Rotations about single bonds involve overcoming a rotational energy barrier to interconvert one conformer to another . If the energy barrier is low , there is free rotation and a sample of the compound exists as a rapidly equilibrating mixture of multiple conformers ; if the energy barrier is high enough then there is restricted rotation , a molecule may exist for a relatively long time period as a stable rotational isomer or rotamer ( an isomer arising from hindered single-bond rotation ) . When the time scale for interconversion is long enough for isolation of individual rotamers ( usually arbitrarily defined as a half-life of interconversion of 1000 seconds or longer ) , the isomers are termed atropisomers ( see : atropisomerism ) . The ring-flip of substituted cyclohexanes constitutes another common form of conformational isomerism . Conformational isomers are thus distinct from the other classes of stereoisomers ( i. e. configurational isomers ) where interconversion necessarily involves breaking and reforming of chemical bonds . For example , L/D- and R/S- configurations of organic molecules have different handedness and optical activities , and can only be interconverted by breaking one or more bonds connected to the chiral atom and reforming a similar bond in a different direction or spatial orientation . They also differ from geometric ( cis/trans ) isomers , another class of stereoisomers , which require the π-component of double bonds to break for interconversion . ( Although the distinction is not always clear-cut , since certain bonds that are formally single bonds actually have double bond character that becomes apparent only when secondary resonance contributors are considered , like the C-N bonds of amides , for instance . ) Due to rapid interconversion , conformers are usually not isolable at room temperature .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Gabor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Gabor', 'summary': 'Dennis Gabor CBE FRS ( /ˈɡɑːbɔːr , ɡəˈbɔːr/ GAH-bor , gə-BOR ; Hungarian : Gábor Dénes [ ˈɡaːbor ˈdeːnɛʃ ] ; 5 June 1900 - 9 February 1979 ) was a Hungarian-British electrical engineer and physicist , most notable for inventing holography , for which he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics . Gábor Dénes College in Budapest , Hungary , is named after him in honour of his works .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Electron Physics , 1958-67 ; Fellow of Imperial College , 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for his invention and development of the holographic method', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holography', 'summary': 'A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to reproduce a three-dimensional light field , resulting in an image which retains the depth , parallax , and other properties of the original scene . Holography is the science and practice of making holograms . A hologram is a photographic recording of a light field , rather than an image formed by a lens . The holographic medium , i.e. , the object produced by a holographic process ( which itself may be referred to as a hologram ) is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light . It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of variations in the opacity , density , or surface profile of the photographic medium . When suitably lit , the interference pattern diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original light field , and the objects that were in it exhibit visual depth cues such as parallax and perspective that change realistically with the relative position of the observer . That is , the view of the image from different angles represents the subject viewed from similar angles.In this sense , holograms do not simply produce the illusion of depth but are truly three-dimensional images . In its pure form , holography requires the use of laser light for illuminating the subject and for viewing the finished hologram . A microscopic level of detail throughout the recorded scene can be reproduced . In common practice , however , major image quality compromises are made to eliminate the need for laser illumination to view the hologram , and in some cases , to make it . Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure , to avoid the hazardous high-powered pulsed lasers otherwise needed to optically freeze moving subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires . Holograms can now also be entirely computer-generated to show objects or scenes that never existed .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodney Robert Porter ( shared with Gerald Edelman )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter', 'summary': 'Prof Rodney Robert Porter , CH , FRS FRSE HFRCP ( 8 October 1917 - 6 September 1985 ) was a British biochemist and Nobel laureate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Edelman', 'summary': "Gerald Maurice Edelman ( /ˈɛdəlmən/ ; July 1 , 1929 - May 17 , 2014 ) was an American biologist who shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work with Rodney Robert Porter on the immune system . Edelman 's Nobel Prize-winning research concerned discovery of the structure of antibody molecules . In interviews , he has said that the way the components of the immune system evolve over the life of the individual is analogous to the way the components of the brain evolve in a lifetime . There is a continuity in this way between his work on the immune system , for which he won the Nobel Prize , and his later work in neuroscience and in philosophy of mind ."}]}, {'value': "Pfizer Professor of Immunology , ; St Mary 's Hospital Medical School 1960-1967", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antibodies', 'summary': 'An antibody ( Ab ) , also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ) , is a large , Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen , called an antigen , via the fragment antigen-binding ( Fab ) variable region . Each tip of the Y of an antibody contains a paratope ( analogous to a lock ) that is specific for one particular epitope ( analogous to a key ) on an antigen , allowing these two structures to bind together with precision . Using this binding mechanism , an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system , or can neutralize its target directly ( for example , by inhibiting a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival ) . Depending on the antigen , the binding may impede the biological process causing the disease or may activate macrophages to destroy the foreign substance . The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region ( located at the base of the Y ) , which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions . The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system . Antibodies are secreted by B cells of the adaptive immune system , mostly by differentiated B cells called plasma cells . Antibodies can occur in two physical forms , a soluble form that is secreted from the cell to be free in the blood plasma , and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B-cell receptor ( BCR ) . The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure . In most cases , interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and , therefore , antibody generation following antigen binding . Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids , as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geoffrey Wilkinson ( shared with Ernst Otto Fischer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson', 'summary': 'Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson FRS ( 14 July 1921 - 26 September 1996 ) was a Nobel laureate English chemist who pioneered inorganic chemistry and homogeneous transition metal catalysis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer', 'summary': 'Ernst Otto Fischer ( 10 November 1918 - 23 July 2007 ) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize for pioneering work in the area of organometallic chemistry .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Inorganic Chemistry , 1956-1996 ; Emeritus Professor 1988 ; Fellow of Imperial College , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for their pioneering work , performed independently , on the chemistry of the organometallic , so called sandwich compounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry', 'summary': "Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds , chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal , including alkaline , alkaline earth , and transition metals , and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron , silicon , and tin , as well . Aside from bonds to organyl fragments or molecules , bonds to 'inorganic ' carbon , like carbon monoxide ( metal carbonyls ) , cyanide , or carbide , are generally considered to be organometallic as well . Some related compounds such as transition metal hydrides and metal phosphine complexes are often included in discussions of organometallic compounds , though strictly speaking , they are not necessarily organometallic . The related but distinct term metalorganic compound refers to metal-containing compounds lacking direct metal-carbon bonds but which contain organic ligands . Metal β-diketonates , alkoxides , dialkylamides , and metal phosphine complexes are representative members of this class . The field of organometallic chemistry combines aspects of traditional inorganic and organic chemistry . Organometallic compounds are widely used both stoichiometrically in research and industrial chemical reactions , as well as in the role of catalysts to increase the rates of such reactions ( e.g. , as in uses of homogeneous catalysis ) , where target molecules include polymers , pharmaceuticals , and many other types of practical products ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdus Salam ( shared with Sheldon Lee Glashow and Steven Weinberg )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdus_Salam', 'summary': "Mohammad Abdus Salam NI , SPk , KBE ( /sæˈlæm/ ; Punjabi , Urdu : عبد السلام , pronounced [ əbd̪ʊs səlaːm ] ; 29 January 1926 - 21 November 1996 ) , was a Pakistani theoretical physicist . He shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg for his contribution to the electroweak unification theory . He was the first Pakistani to receive a Nobel Prize in science and the second from an Islamic country to receive any Nobel Prize ( after Anwar Sadat of Egypt ) . Salam was science advisor to the Ministry of Science and Technology in Pakistan from 1960 to 1974 , a position from which he was supposed to play a major and influential role in the development of the country 's science infrastructure . Salam contributed to developments in theoretical and particle physics . He was the founding director of the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission ( SUPARCO ) , and responsible for the establishment of the Theoretical Physics Group ( TPG ) in the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) . As Science Advisor , Salam played a role in Pakistan 's development of the peaceful use of nuclear energy , and may have contributed as well to development of atomic bomb project of Pakistan in 1972 ; for this , he is viewed as the scientific father of this programme . In 1974 , Abdus Salam departed from his country , in protest , after the Parliament of Pakistan passed unanimously a parliamentary bill declaring members of the Ahmadiyya movement to which Salam belonged non-Muslims . In 1998 , following the country 's nuclear tests , the Government of Pakistan issued a commemorative stamp , as a part of Scientists of Pakistan , to honour the services of Salam . Salam 's notable achievements include the Pati-Salam model , magnetic photon , vector meson , Grand Unified Theory , work on supersymmetry and , most importantly , electroweak theory , for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize . Salam made a major contribution in quantum field theory and in the advancement of Mathematics at Imperial College London . With his student , Riazuddin , Salam made important contributions to the modern theory on neutrinos , neutron stars and black holes , as well as the work on modernising the quantum mechanics and quantum field theory ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow', 'summary': 'Sheldon Lee Glashow ( US : /ˈɡlæʃoʊ/ , UK : /ˈɡlæʃaʊ/ ; born December 5 , 1932 ) is a Nobel Prize winning American theoretical physicist . He is the Metcalf Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Boston University and Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics , Emeritus , at Harvard University , and is a member of the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steven_Weinberg', 'summary': "Steven Weinberg ForMemRS ( /ˈwaɪnbɜːrɡ/ ; born May 3 , 1933 ) is an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles . He holds the Josey Regental Chair in Science at the University of Texas at Austin , where he is a member of the Physics and Astronomy Departments . His research on elementary particles and physical cosmology has been honored with numerous prizes and awards , including in 1979 the Nobel Prize in Physics and in 1991 the National Medal of Science . In 2004 he received the Benjamin Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society , with a citation that said he is considered by many to be the preeminent theoretical physicist alive in the world today . He has been elected to the US National Academy of Sciences and Britain 's Royal Society , as well as to the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Weinberg 's articles on various subjects occasionally appear in The New York Review of Books and other periodicals . He has served as consultant at the U. S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency , President of the Philosophical Society of Texas , and member of the Board of Editors of Daedalus magazine , the Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress , the JASON group of defense consultants , and many other boards and committees ."}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Theoretical Physics , 1957-1996 ; Emeritus Professor , 1993 ; Fellow of Imperial College , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the weak neutral current', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electroweak_force', 'summary': "In particle physics , the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature : electromagnetism and the weak interaction . Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low energies , the theory models them as two different aspects of the same force . Above the unification energy , on the order of 246 GeV , [ a ] they would merge into a single electroweak force . Thus , if the universe is hot enough ( approximately 1015 K , a temperature not exceeded since shortly after the Big Bang ) , then the electromagnetic force and weak force merge into a combined electroweak force . During the quark epoch , the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak force . Sheldon Glashow , Abdus Salam , and Steven Weinberg were awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions to the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , known as the Weinberg-Salam theory . The existence of the electroweak interactions was experimentally established in two stages , the first being the discovery of neutral currents in neutrino scattering by the Gargamelle collaboration in 1973 , and the second in 1983 by the UA1 and the UA2 collaborations that involved the discovery of the W and Z gauge bosons in proton-antiproton collisions at the converted Super Proton Synchrotron . In 1999 , Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus Veltman were awarded the Nobel prize for showing that the electroweak theory is renormalizable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Weak_neutral_current', 'summary': 'Weak neutral current interactions are one of the ways in which subatomic particles can interact by means of the weak force . These interactions are mediated by the Z boson . The discovery of weak neutral currents was a significant step toward the unification of electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force , and led to the discovery of the W and Z bosons .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Laureates', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Imperial_College_London_0', 'intro': "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. As of 2009, there have been 15 Nobel laureates affiliated with Imperial College London. Imperial College considers laureates who attended the university as undergraduate students, graduate students or were members of the faculty as affiliated laureates. Frederick Gowland Hopkins, who attended the Royal School of Mines from 1881 to 1883, was the first Imperial College-affiliated laureate, winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929. One Nobel Prize was shared by two Imperial College laureates; Ernst Boris Chain and Alexander Fleming won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}
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What is the birth date of this American scientist known for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons ?
October 22 , 1881
067df3fa7fadd28b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Timbers', 'title': 'Portland Timbers', 'header': ['No', 'Position', 'Player', 'Nation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Attinella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Attinella', 'summary': "Jeff Attinella ( born September 29 , 1988 ) is an American soccer player currently playing for Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer . He is also a children 's book author ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jorge Moreira ( on loan from River Plate )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorge_Moreira', 'summary': 'Jorge Luis Moreira Ferreira ( born 1 February 1990 ) is a Paraguayan footballer who plays as a right back for Major League Soccer club Portland Timbers on loan from Argentine River Plate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_River_Plate', 'summary': "Club Atlético River Plate , commonly known as River Plate , is an Argentine professional sports club based in the Núñez neighborhood of Buenos Aires , founded on 25 May 1901 , and named after the English name for the city 's estuary , Río de la Plata . Although many sports are practiced at the club , River Plate is best known for its professional football team , which has won Argentina 's Primera División championship a record of 36 times , its latest title the 2014 Final . Domestic achievements also include 12 national cups , with the 2018-19 Copa Argentina as the most recent . Those achievements place River Plate as the most winning team of domestic competitions with 48 titles won in the top division . In Second Division , the club has won two titles , in 1908 and 2011-12 . At international level , River Plate has won 18 titles , with 12 organised by CONMEBOL and other international bodies . River Plate 's achievements include four Copa Libertadores , one Intercontinental Cup , one Supercopa Sudamericana , one Copa Sudamericana , three Recopa Sudamericana , one Copa Interamericana and one Suruga Bank Championship . Furthermore , the club has also won six tournaments organized by AFA and AUF together : five Copa Dr. Ricardo Aldao , and one Tie Cup . In addition , River Plate 's reserve team won the U-20 Copa Libertadores in 2012 . River Plate is the first and only team to simultaneously hold CONMEBOL 's four current major international competitions , after winning the 2014 Copa Sudamericana , 2015 Recopa Sudamericana , the 2015 Copa Libertadores , and the 2015 Suruga Bank Championship . In a survey published by the Argentine Football Association in 2016 , 6 out of 11 players of the all-time Argentina national squad had played for River Plate . Previously , in 2000 , River Plate had been honored by FIFA as the 9th best club of the century in the world and the best Argentine football club in that ranking ."}]}, {'value': 'Paraguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraguay', 'summary': 'Paraguay ( /ˈpærəɡwaɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ paɾaˈɣwaj ] ( listen ) ; Guarani : Paraguái , [ paɾaˈɰwaj ] ) , officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish : República del Paraguay ; Guarani : Tetã Paraguái ) , is a country in South America . It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest , Brazil to the east and northeast , and Bolivia to the northwest . Although it is one of only two landlocked countries in South America ( the other is Bolivia ) , the country has coasts , beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway . Due to its central location in South America , it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de Sudamérica ( Heart of South America ) . Spanish conquistadores arrived in 1524 after navigating northwards from the Río de la Plata to the Paraná River , and finally up the Paraguay River . In 1537 , they established the city of Asunción , which was the first capital of the Governorate of Paraguay and Río de la Plata . Paraguay was the epicenter of the Jesuit Missions , where the Guaraní people were educated and introduced to Christianity and European culture under the direction of the Society of Jesus in Jesuit reductions , mainly during the 17th century . However , after the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories in 1767 , Paraguay increasingly became a peripheral colony , with few urban centers and settlers . Following independence from Spain at the beginning of the 19th century , Paraguay was ruled by a series of authoritarian governments who generally implemented nationalist , isolationist and protectionist policies . This period ended with the disastrous Paraguayan War , during which Paraguay lost at least 50% of its prewar population and around 25-33% of its territory to the Triple Alliance of Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay . In the 20th century , Paraguay faced another major international conflict - the Chaco War - against Bolivia , from which the Paraguayans emerged victorious . Afterwards , the country entered a period of military dictatorships , ending with the 35 year regime of Alfredo Stroessner that lasted until he was toppled in 1989 by an internal military coup .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jorge Villafaña', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorge_Villafaña', 'summary': 'Jorge Antonio Flores Villafaña ( born September 16 , 1989 ) is an American soccer player who plays for Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer and for the United States national team .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Polo', 'summary': "Andy Jorman Polo Andrade ( born 29 September 1994 ) , commonly known as La Joya ( The Jewel ) , is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Portland Timbers . Polo made his professional debut with Peruvian club Universitario in the 2011 season at the young age of 16 . Polo built a name for himself with his rapid acceleration and scoring skills . Being able to play in any of the four attacking positions , in his first season he quickly became an asset in the attacking force of his team . As the team 's top scorer , Polo helped the Universitario under-20 squad win the 2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores ."}]}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Diego Valeri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Valeri', 'summary': "Diego Hernán Valeri is an Argentine footballer who currently plays as an attacking midfielder for MLS club Portland Timbers . Valeri played on the Lanús team that won Argentina 's 2007 Apertura and the Porto team that won the 2009-10 Portuguese Cup . In his first season with Portland in 2013 , he won the MLS Newcomer of the Year Award . Valeri had led Portland to victory in both the 2015 Western Conference Final and the 2015 MLS Cup , also winning the MLS Cup Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award . Diego was the recipient of the 2017 MLS MVP Award . Valeri scored the opener of the 2015 MLS Cup Final in just 27 seconds , a record in the final of that competition . Diego is partially famous for his unique celebrations ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Felipe Mora ( on loan from UNAM )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Mora', 'summary': 'Felipe Andrés Mora Aliaga ( born 2 August 1993 ) is a Chilean footballer who plays for MLS club Portland Timbers on loan from UNAM as a striker .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Universidad Nacional A.C. , commonly known as Pumas de la UNAM , Pumas UNAM , UNAM , or Pumas , is a Mexican league football club based in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City . Club Universidad Nacional represent the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) and play their home matches at Estadio Olímpico Universitario , located on UNAM 's main campus . Universidad Nacional is one of the most popular clubs in Mexico . They have won seven Primera División championships and four international titles . The team is also known for their youth development system which has produced international players such as Hugo Sánchez , Manuel Negrete , Luis Flores , Claudio Suárez , Luis García , Alberto García Aspe , David Patiño , Jorge Campos , Gerardo Torrado , Efraín Juárez , Héctor Moreno , Pablo Barrera , Israel Castro , Eduardo Herrera and Jesús Gallardo ."}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Sebastián Blanco ( DP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sebastián_Blanco', 'summary': 'Sebastián Marcelo Blanco ( born 15 March 1988 ) is an Argentine footballer . He currently plays as a midfielder for Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Designated_Player_Rule', 'summary': "The Designated Player Rule , nicknamed the Beckham Rule , allows Major League Soccer franchises to sign up to three players that would be considered outside their salary cap ( either by offering the player higher wages or by paying a transfer fee for the player ) . The rule , which was adopted ahead of the 2007 MLS season , enables teams to compete for star players in the international soccer market . The rule is one of two mechanisms by which MLS teams may exceed their salary cap , the other being allocation money . As of December 2019 , there have been 209 Designated Players in league history . The rule is informally named after David Beckham , in anticipation of MLS teams signing lucrative deals with internationally recognized players of Beckham 's caliber . Beckham was the first player signed under this rule , signing a five-year contract with the Los Angeles Galaxy with a guaranteed annual salary of $ 6.5 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Jarosław Niezgoda ( DP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarosław_Niezgoda', 'summary': 'Jarosław Niezgoda ( born 15 March 1995 ) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Designated_Player_Rule', 'summary': "The Designated Player Rule , nicknamed the Beckham Rule , allows Major League Soccer franchises to sign up to three players that would be considered outside their salary cap ( either by offering the player higher wages or by paying a transfer fee for the player ) . The rule , which was adopted ahead of the 2007 MLS season , enables teams to compete for star players in the international soccer market . The rule is one of two mechanisms by which MLS teams may exceed their salary cap , the other being allocation money . As of December 2019 , there have been 209 Designated Players in league history . The rule is informally named after David Beckham , in anticipation of MLS teams signing lucrative deals with internationally recognized players of Beckham 's caliber . Beckham was the first player signed under this rule , signing a five-year contract with the Los Angeles Galaxy with a guaranteed annual salary of $ 6.5 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Clark_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Steven Thomas Steve Clark ( born April 14 , 1986 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Dario Župarić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Župarić', 'summary': 'Dario Župarić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ dâːrio ʒǔparitɕ ] ; born 3 May 1992 ) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrés Flores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrés_Flores', 'summary': 'Andrés Alexander Flores Mejía ( born 31 August 1990 ) is a Salvadoran professional footballer , who plays for the Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'El Salvador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Salvador', 'summary': "El Salvador ( /ɛl ˈsælvədɔːr/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ el salβaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of El Salvador ( Spanish : República de El Salvador , literally Republic of The Savior ) , is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America . It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras , on the northwest by Guatemala , and on the south by the Pacific Ocean . El Salvador 's capital and largest city is San Salvador . As of 2018 [ update ] , the country had a population of approximately 6.42 million . El Salvador was for centuries inhabited by several Mesoamerican nations , especially the Cuzcatlecs , as well as the Lenca and Maya . In the early 16th century , the Spanish Empire conquered the territory , incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City . However the Viceroyalty of Mexico had little or no influence in the daily affairs of the Central American isthmus , which would be colonized in 1524 . In 1609 the area became the Captaincy General of Guatemala , from which El Salvador was part of until its independence from Spain , which took place in 1821 , as part of the First Mexican Empire , then further seceded , as part of the Federal Republic of Central America , in 1823 . When the Republic dissolved in 1841 , El Salvador became a sovereign nation , then formed a short-lived union with Honduras and Nicaragua called the Greater Republic of Central America , which lasted from 1895 to 1898 . From the late 19th to the mid-20th century , El Salvador endured chronic political and economic instability characterized by coups , revolts , and a succession of authoritarian rulers . Persistent socioeconomic inequality and civil unrest culminated in the devastating Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979-1992 ) , which was fought between the military-led government and a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups . The conflict ended with the Chapultepec Peace Accords ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeremy Ebobisse ( GA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Ebobisse', 'summary': 'Jeremy Edward Nirina Ebobisse Ebolo ( born February 14 , 1997 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Generation_Adidas', 'summary': 'Generation Adidas is a joint venture between Major League Soccer and U.S. Soccer aimed at raising the level of young professional soccer talent in the United States . The program , sponsored by Adidas , offers professional-ready players in the U.S. developmental system not yet eligible for the MLS SuperDraft early entry , allowing MLS to compete with foreign professional clubs without comparable restrictions on player signing . From its establishment in 1997 to 2005 , the program was sponsored by Nike and was called Project-40 . Originally intended to improve the U.S. national team player pool , American national team eligibility is no longer required for program entry . Carlos Parra was the first Project-40 player when he signed with the league and was allocated to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars in 1997 . Since then , the program has included players such as Tim Howard , DaMarcus Beasley , Maurice Edu , Carlos Bocanegra , Clint Dempsey , Jozy Altidore , Ben Olsen , Sacha Kljestan , Freddy Adu , Brad Guzan , Michael Bradley , Nick Rimando and Kyle Beckerman . Generation Adidas players do not count against the MLS senior roster and usually earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . Entering into the program automatically classifies a player as professional , and thus disqualifies them from playing college soccer . As a result , Generation Adidas players are also guaranteed scholarships to continue their college education should their professional career not pan out . From 1998 to 2000 , MLS entered a team of Project-40 players , supplemented by other MLS players who did not get much playing time , into the A-League in the USL . In 2017 , MLS introduced Canadian Generation Adidas players , part of a new initiative with the Canadian Soccer Association . Canadian Generation Adidas players count as domestic players on US based MLS teams .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Julio Cascante', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julio_Cascante', 'summary': 'Julio César Cascante Solórzano ( born 3 October 1993 ) is a Costa Rican footballer , who plays for the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Costa Rica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costa_Rica', 'summary': "Costa Rica ( /ˌkɒstə ˈriːkə/ , US : /ˌkoʊstə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ ˈkosta ˈrika ] ; literally Rich Coast ) , officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish : República de Costa Rica ) , is a country in Central America , bordered by Nicaragua to the north , the Caribbean Sea to the northeast , Panama to the southeast , the Pacific Ocean to the southwest , and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island . It has a population of around 5 million in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers ( 19,714 square miles ) . An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city , San José , with around 2 million people in the surrounding metropolitan area . The sovereign state is a unitary presidential constitutional republic . It is known for its long-standing and stable democracy , and for its highly educated workforce , most of whom speak English . The country spends roughly 6.9% of its budget ( 2016 ) on education , compared to a global average of 4.4% . Its economy , once heavily dependent on agriculture , has diversified to include sectors such as finance , corporate services for foreign companies , pharmaceuticals , and ecotourism . Many foreign manufacturing and services companies operate in Costa Rica 's Free Trade Zones ( FTZ ) where they benefit from investment and tax incentives . Costa Rica was sparsely inhabited by indigenous peoples before coming under Spanish rule in the 16th century . It remained a peripheral colony of the empire until independence as part of the First Mexican Empire , followed by membership in the United Provinces of Central America , from which it formally declared independence in 1847 . Following the brief Costa Rican Civil War in 1948 , it permanently abolished its army in 1949 , becoming one of only a few sovereign nations without a standing army . The country has consistently performed favorably in the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , placing 63rd in the world as of 2017 [ update ] , among the highest of any Latin American nation ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Tomás Conechny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomás_Conechny', 'summary': 'Tomás Conechny ( born 30 March 1998 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Portland Timbers , and the Argentina U20 side .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Diego Chará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Chará', 'summary': 'Diego Ferney Chará Zamora ( born April 5 , 1986 ) is a Colombian-American footballer who currently plays for Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer . Chará plays as a defensive midfielder , and is known for his feisty play .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Cristhian Paredes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristhian_Paredes', 'summary': 'Cristhian Fabián Paredes Maciel ( born 18 May 1998 ) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who currently plays for Major League Soccer club Portland Timbers .'}]}, {'value': 'Paraguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraguay', 'summary': 'Paraguay ( /ˈpærəɡwaɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ paɾaˈɣwaj ] ( listen ) ; Guarani : Paraguái , [ paɾaˈɰwaj ] ) , officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish : República del Paraguay ; Guarani : Tetã Paraguái ) , is a country in South America . It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest , Brazil to the east and northeast , and Bolivia to the northwest . Although it is one of only two landlocked countries in South America ( the other is Bolivia ) , the country has coasts , beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway . Due to its central location in South America , it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de Sudamérica ( Heart of South America ) . Spanish conquistadores arrived in 1524 after navigating northwards from the Río de la Plata to the Paraná River , and finally up the Paraguay River . In 1537 , they established the city of Asunción , which was the first capital of the Governorate of Paraguay and Río de la Plata . Paraguay was the epicenter of the Jesuit Missions , where the Guaraní people were educated and introduced to Christianity and European culture under the direction of the Society of Jesus in Jesuit reductions , mainly during the 17th century . However , after the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories in 1767 , Paraguay increasingly became a peripheral colony , with few urban centers and settlers . Following independence from Spain at the beginning of the 19th century , Paraguay was ruled by a series of authoritarian governments who generally implemented nationalist , isolationist and protectionist policies . This period ended with the disastrous Paraguayan War , during which Paraguay lost at least 50% of its prewar population and around 25-33% of its territory to the Triple Alliance of Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay . In the 20th century , Paraguay faced another major international conflict - the Chaco War - against Bolivia , from which the Paraguayans emerged victorious . Afterwards , the country entered a period of military dictatorships , ending with the 35 year regime of Alfredo Stroessner that lasted until he was toppled in 1989 by an internal military coup .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Yimmi Chará ( DP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yimmi_Chará', 'summary': 'Yimmi Javier Chará Zamora ( born April 2 , 1991 ) is a Colombian footballer who plays as a right winger for MLS club Portland Timbers and the Colombia national team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Designated_Player_Rule', 'summary': "The Designated Player Rule , nicknamed the Beckham Rule , allows Major League Soccer franchises to sign up to three players that would be considered outside their salary cap ( either by offering the player higher wages or by paying a transfer fee for the player ) . The rule , which was adopted ahead of the 2007 MLS season , enables teams to compete for star players in the international soccer market . The rule is one of two mechanisms by which MLS teams may exceed their salary cap , the other being allocation money . As of December 2019 , there have been 209 Designated Players in league history . The rule is informally named after David Beckham , in anticipation of MLS teams signing lucrative deals with internationally recognized players of Beckham 's caliber . Beckham was the first player signed under this rule , signing a five-year contract with the Los Angeles Galaxy with a guaranteed annual salary of $ 6.5 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Tuiloma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Tuiloma', 'summary': 'Bill Poni Tuiloma is a New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a centre-back or defensive midfielder for the Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer . Tuiloma has represented New Zealand internationally since 2013 , and was the first New Zealander to play in Ligue 1 , the highest division of French football .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Dairon Asprilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dairon_Asprilla', 'summary': 'Dairon Estibens Asprilla Rivas ( born May 25 , 1992 ) is a Colombian footballer who currently plays as a forward for Portland Timbers .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Eryk Williamson ( HG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eryk_Williamson', 'summary': 'Eryk Tyrek Williamson ( born June 11 , 1997 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a Attacking midfielder for Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Homegrown_Player_Rule_(Major_League_Soccer)', 'summary': "The Homegrown Player Rule is a Major League Soccer program that allows MLS teams to sign local players from their own development academies directly to MLS first team rosters . Before the creation of the rule in 2008 , every player entering Major League Soccer would have to be assigned through one of the existing MLS player allocation processes , such as the MLS SuperDraft . MLS roster rules allow a team to sign players to contracts similar to Generation adidas contracts , which do not count against the MLS salary budget and may earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . MLS has since removed this wording from the roster rules . That means homegrown players will not count against the salary budget only if they are registered using supplemental roster slots , but will still count against the salary budget if they are registered using senior roster slots . There is , however , supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds . To place a player on its homegrown player list , making him eligible to sign as a homegrown player , players must have resided in that club 's home territory and participated in the club 's youth development system for at least one year , as well as meeting other unspecified league requirements . If a player on a team 's homegrown list goes to college or U17 , U20 , and U23 United States men 's national soccer teams , he remains eligible to sign as a homegrown player at any time as long as he is registered with the club as a homegrown player first . In 2014 , Seattle 's DeAndre Yedlin became the first MLS Homegrown player to compete in a World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Roster and staff -- Current roster', 'section_text': 'As of January 30 , 2020 [ 63 ]', 'uid': 'Portland_Timbers_0', 'intro': "The Portland Timbers is an American professional soccer club based in Portland, Oregon. The Timbers compete in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member club of the league's Western Conference. The Timbers have played their home games at Providence Park since 2011, when the team began play as an expansion team in the league. The club was founded in 2009, when the city of Portland was awarded an expansion berth to Major League Soccer. The team is owned by Peregrine Sports under the majority ownership of Merritt Paulson, whose companies had acquired the then-USL Pro team in 2007 and later established the Portland Thorns women's team in 2012. The club is a phoenix club, and the fourth soccer franchise based in Portland to carry the legacy of the Timbers name, which originated with the original team, in the North American Soccer League in 1975. In 2013, the Timbers finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference, clinching both their first-ever playoff appearance and a CONCACAF Champions League berth. In 2015, the franchise won the Western Conference Finals in the playoffs, and their first major trophy, the MLS Cup, becoming the first team in Cascadia to do so. In 2017, the club again finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference. In 2018, the Timbers again made the playoffs, advancing in three rounds, defeating archrival Seattle in the semifinals along the way, and made the MLS Cup where they lost 2-0 to Atlanta United FC."}
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What was the year of birth of the player wearing jersey number 2 on the Portland Timbers ?
1990
067e0fe94664fcfe
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds', 'title': 'List of Indian state birds', 'header': ['Union territory', 'Common name', 'Binomial name'], 'data': [{'value': 'Andaman and Nicobar Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands', 'summary': "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands , a Union territory of India comprising 572 islands of which 37 are inhabited , are a group of islands at the juncture of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea . The territory is about 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Aceh in Indonesia and separated from Thailand and Myanmar by the Andaman Sea . It comprises two island groups , the Andaman Islands ( partly ) and the Nicobar Islands , separated by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel ( on the 10°N parallel ) , with the Andamans to the north of this latitude , and the Nicobars to the south ( or by 179 km ) . The Andaman Sea lies to the east and the Bay of Bengal to the west . The territory 's capital is the city of Port Blair . The total land area of the islands is approximately 8,249 km2 ( 3,185 sq mi ) . The islands host the Andaman and Nicobar Command , the only tri-service geographical command of the Indian Armed Forces . The territory is divided into three districts : Nicobar District with Car Nicobar as capital , South Andaman district with Port Blair as capital and North and Middle Andaman district with Mayabunder as capital . The Andaman Islands are home to the Sentinelese people , an uncontacted people . The Sentinelese are the only people currently known to not have reached further than a Paleolithic level of technology ."}]}, {'value': 'Andaman wood pigeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andaman_wood_pigeon', 'summary': 'The Andaman wood pigeon ( Columba palumboides ) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae . It is endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'Columba palumboides', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandigarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chandigarh', 'summary': "Chandigarh ( local pronunciation : [ tʃə̃ˈɖiːɡəɽʱ ] ( listen ) ) is a city , district and union territory in India that serves as the capital of the two neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana . The city is unique as it is not a part of either of the two states but is governed directly by the Union Government , which administers all such territories in the country . Chandigarh is bordered by the state of Punjab to the north , the west and the south , and by the state of Haryana to the east . It is considered to be a part of the Chandigarh capital region or Greater Chandigarh , which includes Chandigarh , and the city of Panchkula ( in Haryana ) and cities of Kharar , Kurali , Mohali , Zirakpur ( in Punjab ) . It is located 260 km ( 162 miles ) north of New Delhi and 229 km ( 143 miles ) southeast of Amritsar . It was one of the early planned cities in post-independence India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design . The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier , which transformed from earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer . Most of the government buildings and housing in the city were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Le Corbusier , Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry . In 2015 , an article published by BBC named Chandigarh as one of the few master-planned cities in the world to have succeeded in terms of combining monumental architecture , cultural growth and modernisation . Chandigarh 's Capitol Complex was in July 2016 declared by UNESCO as World Heritage at the 40th session of World Heritage Conference held in Istanbul . UNESCO inscription was under The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier an outstanding contribution to the Modern Movement . The Capitol Complex buildings include the Punjab and Haryana High Court , Punjab and Haryana Secretariat and Punjab and Haryana Assembly along with monuments Open hand , Martyrs Memorial , Geometric Hill and Tower of Shadow and the Rock Garden ."}]}, {'value': 'Indian grey hornbill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_grey_hornbill', 'summary': 'The Indian grey hornbill ( Ocyceros birostris ) is a common hornbill found on the Indian subcontinent . It is mostly arboreal and is commonly sighted in pairs . It has grey feathers all over the body with a light grey or dull white belly . The horn is black or dark grey with a casque extending to the point of curvature of the horn . It is one of the few hornbill species found in urban areas in many cities where they are able to make use of large trees in avenues .'}]}, {'value': 'Ocyceros birostris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu', 'summary': 'Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu , ( DNHDD ) , is a union territory in western India . It was created through the merger of the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . Plans for the proposed merger were announced by the Government of India in July 2019 and the necessary legislation was passed in the Parliament of India in December 2019 and came into effect on 26 January 2020 . The territory is made up of four separate geographical entities Dadra , Nagar Haveli , Daman and the island of Diu . All four areas were part of Portuguese India and came under Indian administration in the mid 20th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Not yet designated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delhi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delhi', 'summary': "Delhi ( English : /ˈdɛli/ ; Hindi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Punjabi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Urdu : [ ˈdeɦli ] Dēhlī ) , officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi ( NCT ) , is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi , the capital of India . It is bordered by the state of Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east . The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the 2011 census , Delhi 's city proper population was over 11 million , the second-highest in India after Mumbai , while the whole NCT 's population was about 16.8 million . Delhi 's urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundaries , and include the neighbouring satellite cities of Ghaziabad , Faridabad , Gurgaon and Noida in an area now called National Capital Region ( NCR ) and had an estimated 2016 population of over 26 million people , making it the world 's second-largest urban area according to the United Nations . As of 2016 [ update ] , recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the most or second-most productive metro area of India . Delhi is the second-wealthiest city in India after Mumbai and is home to 18 billionaires and 23,000 millionaires . Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index . Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India . Furthermore , it is considered one of the world 's most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration . Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BCE . Through most of its history , Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires , most notably the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'House sparrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/House_sparrow', 'summary': 'The house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae , found in most parts of the world . It is a small bird that has a typical length of 16 cm ( 6.3 in ) and a mass of 24-39.5 g ( 0.85-1.39 oz ) . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey , and males have brighter black , white , and brown markings . One of about 25 species in the genus Passer , the house sparrow is native to most of Europe , the Mediterranean Basin , and a large part of Asia . Its intentional or accidental introductions to many regions , including parts of Australasia , Africa , and the Americas , make it the most widely distributed wild bird . The house sparrow is strongly associated with human habitation , and can live in urban or rural settings . Though found in widely varied habitats and climates , it typically avoids extensive woodlands , grasslands , and deserts away from human development . It feeds mostly on the seeds of grains and weeds , but it is an opportunistic eater and commonly eats insects and many other foods . Its predators include domestic cats , hawks , owls , and many other predatory birds and mammals . Because of its numbers , ubiquity , and association with human settlements , the house sparrow is culturally prominent . It is extensively , and usually unsuccessfully , persecuted as an agricultural pest . It has also often been kept as a pet , as well as being a food item and a symbol of lust , sexual potency , commonness , and vulgarity .'}]}, {'value': 'Passer domesticus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jammu and Kashmir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)', 'summary': 'Jammu and Kashmir [ b ] is a region administered by India as a union territory , and constituting the southern portion of the larger Kashmir region , which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 , and between India and China since 1962 . The region of Jammu and Kashmir is separated by the Line of Control from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and north respectively . It lies to the north of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to the west of Ladakh , which is also subject to the dispute as a part of Kashmir , and administered by India as a union territory . Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act , 2019 , which was passed by both houses of the Parliament of India in August 2019 . The act re-constituted the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories , Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh , with effect from 31 October 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not yet designated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ladakh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ladakh', 'summary': 'Ladakh ( /ləˈdɑːk/ ) is a region administered by India as a union territory , and constituting a part of the larger region of Kashmir , which has been the subject of dispute between India , Pakistan , and China since 1947 . It is bordered by Tibet to the east , the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south , Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan to the west , and the southwest corner of Xinjiang across the Karakoram Pass in the far north . It extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range to the north to the main Great Himalayas to the south . The eastern end of Ladakh , consisting of the uninhabited Aksai Chin plains , has been under Chinese control since 1962 . Until 2019 , Ladakh was a region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir . In August 2019 , the Parliament of India passed an act by which Ladakh became a union territory on 31 October 2019 . In the past Ladakh gained importance from its strategic location at the crossroads of important trade routes , but since the Chinese authorities closed the borders with Tibet and Central Asia in the 1960s , international trade has dwindled except for tourism . Since 1974 , the Government of India has successfully encouraged tourism in Ladakh . Since Ladakh is a part of the strategically important Kashmir region , the Indian military maintains a strong presence in the region . The largest town in Ladakh is Leh , followed by Kargil , each of which headquarters a district . The Leh district contains the Indus , Shyok and Nubra river valleys . The Kargil district contains the Suru , Dras and Zanskar river valleys .'}]}, {'value': 'Black-necked crane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black-necked_crane', 'summary': 'The black-necked crane ( Grus nigricollis ) is a medium-sized crane in Asia that breeds on the Tibetan Plateau and remote parts of India and Bhutan . It is 139 cm ( 55 in ) long with a 235 cm ( 7.8 ft ) wingspan , and it weighs 5.5 kg ( 12 lbs ) . It is whitish-gray , with a black head , red crown patch , black upper neck and legs , and white patch to the rear of the eye . It has black primaries and secondaries . Both sexes are similar . Some populations are known to make seasonal movements . It is revered in Buddhist traditions and culturally protected across much of its range . A festival in Bhutan celebrates the bird while the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir considers it as the state bird .'}]}, {'value': 'Grus nigricollis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakshadweep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakshadweep', 'summary': 'Lakshadweep ( /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ ; ISO : Lakṣadvīp ( help·info ) , formerly known as the Laccadive , Minicoy and Aminidivi Islands ( /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɪkɔɪ . ˌæmɪnˈdiːvi/ ) , is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea , 200 to 440 km ( 120 to 270 mi ) off the southwestern coast of India . The archipelago is administered as a union territory and district of India . They were also known as Laccadive Islands , although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group . Lakshadweep means one hundred thousand islands in Sanskrit and Malayalam . The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India and their total surface area is just 32 km2 ( 12 sq mi ) . The lagoon area covers about 4,200 km2 ( 1,600 sq mi ) , the territorial waters area 20,000 km2 ( 7,700 sq mi ) and the exclusive economic zone area 400,000 km2 ( 150,000 sq mi ) . The region forms a single Indian district with 10 subdivisions . Kavaratti serves as the capital of the Union Territory and the region comes under the jurisdiction of Kerala High Court . The islands are the northernmost of the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands , which are the tops of a vast undersea mountain range , the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge . As the islands have no aboriginal inhabitants , scholars have suggested different histories for the settlement of these islands . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of human settlement in the region around 1500 BC .'}]}, {'value': 'Sooty tern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sooty_tern', 'summary': 'The sooty tern ( Onychoprion fuscatus ) is a seabird in the family Laridae . It is a bird of the tropical oceans , breeding on islands throughout the equatorial zone .'}]}, {'value': 'Onychoprion fuscatus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puducherry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puducherry', 'summary': 'Puducherry ( /pʊdʊˈtʃɛri/ ) , formerly known as Pondicherry ( /pɒndɪˈtʃɛri/ ) , is one of the 8 union territories of India . It was formed out of four territories of former French India , namely Pondichéry ( Pondicherry ; now Puducherry ) , Karikal ( Karaikal ) , Mahé and Yanaon ( Yanam ) , excluding Chandernagore . It is named after the largest district , Puducherry . Historically known as Pondicherry ( Pāṇṭiccēri ) , the territory changed its official name to Puducherry on 20 September 2006 . The Union Territory of Puducherry lies in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula . The areas of Puducherry district and Karaikal district are bound by the state of Tamil Nadu , while Yanam district and Mahé district are enclosed by the states of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively . Puducherry is the 29th most populous and the third most densely populated of the states and union territories of India . It has a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of ₹210 billion ( US $ 2.9 billion ) and ranks 25th in India .'}]}, {'value': 'Asian koel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_koel', 'summary': 'The Asian koel ( Eudynamys scolopaceus ) is a member of the cuckoo order of birds , the Cuculiformes . It is found in the Indian Subcontinent , China , and Southeast Asia . It forms a superspecies with the closely related black-billed and Pacific koels which are sometimes treated as subspecies . The Asian koel is a brood parasite that lays its eggs in the nests of crows and other hosts , who raise its young . They are unusual among the cuckoos in being largely frugivorous as adults . The name koel is echoic in origin with several language variants . The bird is a widely used symbol in Indian poetry .'}]}, {'value': 'Eudynamys scolopaceus', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': " India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia . It is made up of 28 states and 8 union territories . All Indian states have their own government and union territories come under the jurisdiction of the central government . As with most of the other countries India , has a national emblem—the Lion Capital of Sarnath . Apart from India 's national emblem , each of its states and union territories have their own seals and symbols which include animals , birds , trees , flowers , etc . [ 1 ] A list of state birds of India is given below . See Symbols of Indian states and territories for a complete list of all state characters and seals . State Common name Binomial name Image Andhra Pradesh Rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri Arunachal Pradesh Great hornbill Buceros bicornis Assam White-winged wood duck Asarcornis scutulata Bihar House sparrow Passer domesticus Chhattisgarh Bastar hill myna Gracula religiosa peninsularis Goa Flame-throated bulbul ( also known specifically as Ruby-throated yellow bulbul ) Pycnonotus gularis Gujarat Greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus Haryana Black francolin Francolinus francolinus Himachal Pradesh Western tragopan ( Jujurana ) Tragopan melanocephalus Jharkhand Asian koel Eudynamys scolopaceus Karnataka Indian roller Coracias benghalensis Kerala Great Indian hornbill Buceros bicornis Madhya Pradesh Indian paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Maharashtra Yellow-footed green pigeon Treron phoenicoptera Manipur Mrs. Hume 's pheasant Syrmaticus humiae Meghalaya Hill myna Gracula religiosa peninsularis Mizoram Mrs. Hume 's pheasant Syrmaticus humiae Nagaland Blyth 's tragopan Tragopan blythii Odisha Indian roller Coracias benghalensis Punjab Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis Rajasthan Great Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps Sikkim Blood pheasant Ithaginis cruentus Tamil Nadu Emerald dove Chalcophaps indica Telangana Indian roller Coracias benghalensis Tripura Green imperial pigeon Ducula aenea Uttar Pradesh Sarus crane Grus antigone Uttarakhand Himalayan monal Lophophorus impejanus West Bengal White-breasted kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis", 'uid': 'List_of_Indian_state_birds_1', 'intro': "India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is made up of 28 states and 8 union territories. All Indian states have their own government and union territories come under the jurisdiction of the central government. As with most of the other countries India, has a national emblem - the Lion Capital of Sarnath. Apart from India's national emblem, each of its states and union territories have their own seals and symbols which include animals, birds, trees, flowers, etc. A list of state birds of India is given below. See Symbols of Indian states and territories for a complete list of all state characters and seals."}
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About how much does Ladakh 's state bird weigh ?
5.5 kg
067fc0e6ce1e1945
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Sports_Museum_and_Hall_of_Fame', 'title': 'Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame', 'header': ['Name', 'Organization', 'Location', 'Sport', 'Division', 'Inducted'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aiello , John Johnny J. , Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Defiance Athletic Club , St. Anthony 's , CYO , University of Delaware , Golden Gloves , National Boxing Association", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Anthony's_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Wilmington,_Delaware)", 'summary': "St. Anthony of Padua Roman Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church in Wilmington , Delaware . Named in honor of Anthony of Padua , it falls within the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington and is operated by the Oblates of St. Francis de Sales . It is situated in Wilmington 's Little Italy neighborhood , where the parish includes St. Anthony 's School ( adjacent to the church ) and Padua Academy . Every June , the church runs an Italian Festival , a week-long event which celebrates the Feast of Saint Anthony . This festival features four outdoor cafes , each with their own live entertainment , and unique food selections . The Festival is the second-largest of its kind in the United States . [ citation needed ] Admission fees were established for the first time in 2008 . The Romanesque revival architectural style owes its inspiration to the Basilica di San Zeno in Verona , Italy . Italian immigrants who settled in the area took seven years to construct the building . Construction was led by Ernesto DiSabatino who later founded EDiS Company and received the Papal Cross of Honor Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice for his efforts for the construction of the church . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CYO', 'summary': 'Catholic Youth Organization ( CYO ) is a Roman Catholic youth organization originating in Chicago .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Delaware', 'summary': "The University of Delaware ( colloquially UD or Delaware ) is a public research university located in Newark , Delaware . The University of Delaware is the largest university in Delaware . UD offers three associate 's programs , 148 bachelor 's programs , 121 master 's programs ( with 13 joint degrees ) and 55 doctoral programs across its eight colleges . The main campus is in Newark , with satellite campuses in Dover , Wilmington , Lewes , and Georgetown . It is considered a large institution with approximately 18,500 undergraduate and 4,500 graduate students . UD is a privately governed university which receives public funding for being a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant state-supported research institution . UD is classified as a Doctoral University-Very High Research Activity ( R1 ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . UD is one of the top 100 public institutions for federal obligations [ clarification needed ] in science and engineering and interdisciplinary initiatives in energy science and policy , the environment , and in human health . UD is recognized with the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . It is one of only four schools in North America with a major in art conservation . In 1923 , UD was the first American university to offer a study-abroad program . The school from which the university grew was founded in 1743 , making it one of the oldest in the nation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Golden_Gloves', 'summary': 'The Golden Gloves is the name given to annual competitions for amateur boxing in the United States , where a small pair of golden boxing gloves are awarded . The Golden Gloves is a term used to refer to the National Golden Gloves competition , but can also represent several other amateur tournaments , including regional golden gloves tournaments and other notable tournaments such as the Intercity Golden Gloves , the Chicago Golden Gloves , and the New York Golden Gloves . Arch Ward , sports editor of the Chicago Tribune came up with the idea of a citywide , Chicago amateur boxing tournament in 1923 , and gained sponsorship from the Tribune in 1927 where an annual tournament was held between Chicago and New York . In later years the idea was taken up by other cities , and a national tournament was held . Along with the New York Golden Gloves , the Chicago tournament was viewed as one of the two elite Golden Gloves Championships in the United States . Winners from selected states and regions headed to Chicago to meet in the Chicago Golden Gloves , while winners from other sections of the U.S. faced each other in the New York Golden Gloves tournaments . Champions from the Chicago tournament went on to face champions from the New York tournament in the Intercity Golden Gloves tournament , thus the Intercity Golden Gloves served as the National Tournament of Champions held in the Square Garden Chicago and Chicago Stadium . The Intercity Golden Gloves tournament ran from 1928 to 1961 , with the event being held at famed venues including the Chicago Coliseum . The National Golden Gloves contest began in 1962 and continues to be the most highly regarded amateur boxing tournament in the United States . It is sponsored and controlled by the Golden Gloves Association of America , Inc . Winners from 32 regional Golden Gloves competitions , coming up in regional teams of all weight classes , compete in the national competition , called the Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions . The Tournament of Champions is held once a year , and a new tournament site is selected annually .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Boxing_Association', 'summary': "The World Boxing Association ( WBA ) , formerly known as the National Boxing Association ( NBA ) , is the oldest and one of four major organizations which sanction professional boxing bouts , alongside the World Boxing Council ( WBC ) , International Boxing Federation ( IBF ) and World Boxing Organization ( WBO ) . The WBA awards its world championship title at the professional level . Founded in the United States in 1921 by 13 state representatives as the NBA , in 1962 it changed its name in recognition of boxing 's growing popularity worldwide and began to gain other nations as members . By 1975 , a majority of votes were held by Latin American nations and the organization headquarters had moved to Panama . After being located during the 1990s and early 2000s in Venezuela , the organization offices returned to Panama in 2007 . It is the oldest of the four major organizations recognized by the International Boxing Hall of Fame ( IBHOF ) , which sanction world championship boxing bouts , alongside the WBC , IBF and WBO ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}]}, {'value': 'Flyweight , Bantamweight , Featherweight Boxing , Coaching', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flyweight', 'summary': 'Flyweight is a weight class in combat sports .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bantamweight', 'summary': 'Bantamweight is a weight class in combat sports .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Featherweight', 'summary': 'Featherweight is a weight class in the combat sports of boxing , kickboxing , mixed martial arts , and Greco-Roman wrestling .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sport)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}]}, {'value': 'Amateur & Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Betts , Huck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huck_Betts', 'summary': "Walter McKinley Huck Betts ( February 18 , 1897 - June 13 , 1987 ) , born in Millsboro , Delaware , was a pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies ( 1920-25 ) and Boston Braves ( 1932-35 ) . During his six-year tenure with the Phillies , Betts was an ordinary pitcher at best , compiling 18 wins against 27 losses , and a 4.40 ERA . He spent 1926 in the low minors , and then was out of baseball for the next five years . Returning to the big leagues in 1932 with the Boston Braves , at the age of 35 Betts unexpectedly became one of the National League 's best pitchers . He finished the season 13-11 with a 2.80 ERA , which was the third best ERA in the NL . He also did well in 1933 , going 11-11 with a 2.79 ERA , which again put him in the top 10 of pitchers who qualified for the ERA crown . His ERA went up to 4.06 in 1934 , but his won-loss record was the best of his career at 17-10 . His career ended the following year , going 2-9 for the woeful 1935 Boston Braves , often identified as one of the worst major league baseball teams of all time . In 10 seasons Betts had a 61-68 win-loss record , 307 games , 125 games started , 53 complete games , 8 shutouts , 128 games finished , 16 saves , \u200b1,366 1⁄3 innings pitched , 1,581 hits allowed , 716 runs allowed , 596 earned runs allowed , 83 home runs allowed , 321 walks , 323 strikeouts , and a 3.93 ERA . He threw a fastball , a curveball , and a screwball . In 1980 , Betts was inducted into the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame . He died in his hometown at the age of 90 ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies , Boston Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The Atlanta Braves , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Boston , Massachusetts . This article details the history of the Boston Braves , from 1871 to 1952 , after which they moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin to become the Milwaukee Braves , and then eventually to Atlanta to become the Atlanta Braves . The Boston franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952 . Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University . The franchise , from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta , is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Millsboro , Philadelphia , Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millsboro,_Delaware', 'summary': "Millsboro is a town in Sussex County , Delaware , United States . The Town is ranked # 1 out of the 25 Sussex County ( the state 's fastest-growing county ) cities for number of residential building permits issued - a leading indicator of population growth . An emerging retail and employment center , Millsboro is home to a BJ 's club store , a Chick-fil-A , a Lowe 's , Merck facilities , an operations center for M & T Bank , Delmarva Health Pavilion , and GiggleBugs Early Learning Center . The Town is part of the Salisbury , Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Major League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birkenheuer , John , Rev', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware', 'summary': "Delaware ( /ˈdɛləwɛər/ ( listen ) ) is one of the 50 states of the United States , in the Mid Atlantic region . [ a ] It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , north by Pennsylvania , and east by New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor . Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River . It is the second smallest and sixth least populous state , but the sixth most densely populated . Delaware 's largest city is Wilmington . The state is divided into three counties , the lowest number of any state . From north to south , they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County is more urbanized . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blaney , H.B . Bernie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newark High , Duke University , Durham High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newark_High_School_(Delaware)', 'summary': 'Newark High School is a public high school in Newark , Delaware and is one of three high schools within the Christina School District . It is one of the oldest educational institutions in the state , graduating its first class of students in 1893 . In 2009 it saw its 20,000th student graduate . Newark is the only remaining downtown non-charter public High School in New Castle County . Newark has been named by Newsweek magazine as one of their Top Schools in America . In 2006 Newark was ranked # 521 , in 2007 it was # 271 , and in 2008 it was # 1041 . This list represents the top 5% of the schools in the nation based on the number of AP , IB , and Cambridge exams taken divided by students graduating . The school was also named a GRAMMY Signature School in 2010 by the GRAMMY Foundation for its outstanding commitment to music education . Newark won the DIAA Sportsmanship Award in 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , and 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duke_University', 'summary': "Duke University is a private research university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838 , the school moved to Durham in 1892 . In 1924 , tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father , Washington Duke . Duke is often ranked as one of the world 's top 20-25 universities . The Wall Street Journal has also named Duke as the best university for graduate outcomes for several years in a row ( tied with Harvard University and Yale University ) . Several faculty members , affiliates and alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years . Notable examples since 2012 include Robert Lefkowitz , Brian Kobilka , Gregg L. Semenza , Paul Modrich , William Kaelin , and George Smith . In 2019 , Clarivate Analytics named 54 members of Duke 's faculty to its list of Highly Cited Researchers . That number places Duke 8th among the world 's universities behind Harvard , Stanford , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Max Planck Society , Broad Institute , UC Berkeley and WUSTL . Duke 's campus spans over 8,600 acres ( 3,500 hectares ) on three contiguous sub-campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort . The West Campus - designed largely by architect Julian Abele - incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot ( 64-meter ) Duke Chapel at the campus ' center and highest point of elevation , is adjacent to the Medical Center . East Campus , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometers ) away , home to all first-years , contains Georgian-style architecture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Durham_High_School_(North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Durham High School is a former high school in Durham , North Carolina , United States . Their school colors are Maroon & White and their mascot is the Bulldogs .'}]}, {'value': 'Newark , Durham , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newark,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Durham County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Small portions of the city limits extend into Orange County and Wake County . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population to be 274,291 as of July 1 , 2018 , making it the 4th-most populous city in North Carolina , and the 79th-most populous city in the United States . The city is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region along the Eno River . Durham is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 542,710 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . The US Office of Management and Budget also includes Durham as a part of the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area , commonly known as the Research Triangle , which has a population of 2,037,430 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . A railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in 1849 , the namesake of the city . Following the American Civil War , the community of Durham Station expanded rapidly , in part due to the tobacco industry . The town was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General Assembly , on April 1869 . The establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later , in 1881 . It became known as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company . Textile and electric power industries also played an important role ."}]}, {'value': 'Football , Coaching', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sports)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}]}, {'value': 'High School , College', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brooks , Lou Larrupin ' Lou [ 3 ]", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T & C Athletic Association , Golden Gloves , National Boxing Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Gloves', 'summary': 'The Golden Gloves is the name given to annual competitions for amateur boxing in the United States , where a small pair of golden boxing gloves are awarded . The Golden Gloves is a term used to refer to the National Golden Gloves competition , but can also represent several other amateur tournaments , including regional golden gloves tournaments and other notable tournaments such as the Intercity Golden Gloves , the Chicago Golden Gloves , and the New York Golden Gloves . Arch Ward , sports editor of the Chicago Tribune came up with the idea of a citywide , Chicago amateur boxing tournament in 1923 , and gained sponsorship from the Tribune in 1927 where an annual tournament was held between Chicago and New York . In later years the idea was taken up by other cities , and a national tournament was held . Along with the New York Golden Gloves , the Chicago tournament was viewed as one of the two elite Golden Gloves Championships in the United States . Winners from selected states and regions headed to Chicago to meet in the Chicago Golden Gloves , while winners from other sections of the U.S. faced each other in the New York Golden Gloves tournaments . Champions from the Chicago tournament went on to face champions from the New York tournament in the Intercity Golden Gloves tournament , thus the Intercity Golden Gloves served as the National Tournament of Champions held in the Square Garden Chicago and Chicago Stadium . The Intercity Golden Gloves tournament ran from 1928 to 1961 , with the event being held at famed venues including the Chicago Coliseum . The National Golden Gloves contest began in 1962 and continues to be the most highly regarded amateur boxing tournament in the United States . It is sponsored and controlled by the Golden Gloves Association of America , Inc . Winners from 32 regional Golden Gloves competitions , coming up in regional teams of all weight classes , compete in the national competition , called the Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions . The Tournament of Champions is held once a year , and a new tournament site is selected annually .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Boxing_Association', 'summary': "The World Boxing Association ( WBA ) , formerly known as the National Boxing Association ( NBA ) , is the oldest and one of four major organizations which sanction professional boxing bouts , alongside the World Boxing Council ( WBC ) , International Boxing Federation ( IBF ) and World Boxing Organization ( WBO ) . The WBA awards its world championship title at the professional level . Founded in the United States in 1921 by 13 state representatives as the NBA , in 1962 it changed its name in recognition of boxing 's growing popularity worldwide and began to gain other nations as members . By 1975 , a majority of votes were held by Latin American nations and the organization headquarters had moved to Panama . After being located during the 1990s and early 2000s in Venezuela , the organization offices returned to Panama in 2007 . It is the oldest of the four major organizations recognized by the International Boxing Hall of Fame ( IBHOF ) , which sanction world championship boxing bouts , alongside the WBC , IBF and WBO ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}]}, {'value': 'Light heavyweight & Heavyweight Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Light_heavyweight', 'summary': 'Light heavyweight , or junior cruiserweight , is a weight class in combat sports .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Heavyweight', 'summary': 'Heavyweight is a weight class in combat sports .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Amateur & Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carpenter , Ruly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruly_Carpenter', 'summary': 'Robert Ruliph Morgan Ruly Carpenter III ( born 1940 ) was the principal owner and president of the Philadelphia Phillies from 1972 to 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tower Hill School , Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower_Hill_School', 'summary': 'Tower Hill School is a private college preparatory school in Wilmington , Delaware , offering instruction for pre-school through 12th grade .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball Owner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Major League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cartwright , Al', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The News Journal , Wilmington Sportswriters and Broadcasters Association , Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_News_Journal', 'summary': 'The News Journal is the main newspaper for Wilmington , Delaware , and the surrounding area . It is headquartered in unincorporated New Castle County , Delaware , near New Castle , and is owned by Gannett .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports Writer , Museum President', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_journalism', 'summary': 'Sports journalism is a form of writing that reports on matters pertaining to sporting topics and competitions . Sports Journalism started in the early 1800s when it was targeted to the social elite and has transitioned into an integral part of the news business with newspapers having dedicated sports sections . The increased popularity of sports amongst the middle and lower class led to the more coverage of sports content in publications . The appetite for sports resulted in sports only publications like ESPN and Sports Illustrated . There are many different forms of sports journalism , ranging from play by play and game recaps to analysis and investigative journalism on important developments in the sport . Technology and the internet age has massively changed the sports journalism space as it is struggling with the same problems that the broader category of print journalism is struggling with , mainly not being able to cover costs due to falling subscriptions . New forms of internet blogging and tweeting in the current millennium have pushed the boundaries of sports journalism .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Museum', 'summary': "A museum ( /mjuːˈziːəm/ mew-ZEE-əm ; plural museums or , rarely , musea ) is an institution that cares for ( conserves ) a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic , cultural , historical , or scientific importance . Many public museums make these items available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary . The largest museums are located in major cities throughout the world , while thousands of local museums exist in smaller cities , towns , and rural areas . Museums have varying aims , ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public . The goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public . There are many types of museums , including art museums , natural history museums , science museums , war museums , and children 's museums . Amongst the world 's largest and most visited museums are the Louvre in Paris , the National Museum of China in Beijing , the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. , the British Museum and National Gallery in London , the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and Vatican Museums in Vatican City . According to the International Council of Museums , there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Newspaper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newspaper', 'summary': 'A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background . Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics , business , sports and art , and often include materials such as opinion columns , weather forecasts , reviews of local services , obituaries , birth notices , crosswords , editorial cartoons , comic strips , and advice columns . Most newspapers are businesses , and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue , newsstand sales , and advertising revenue . The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers . Newspapers have traditionally been published in print ( usually on cheap , low-grade paper called newsprint ) . However , today most newspapers are also published on websites as online newspapers , and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely . Newspapers developed in the 17th century , as information sheets for merchants . By the early 19th century , many cities in Europe , as well as North and South America , published newspapers . Some newspapers with high editorial independence , high journalism quality , and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chadick , Paul', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware', 'summary': "Delaware ( /ˈdɛləwɛər/ ( listen ) ) is one of the 50 states of the United States , in the Mid Atlantic region . [ a ] It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , north by Pennsylvania , and east by New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor . Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River . It is the second smallest and sixth least populous state , but the sixth most densely populated . Delaware 's largest city is Wilmington . The state is divided into three counties , the lowest number of any state . From north to south , they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County is more urbanized . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chalmers , Shorty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_V._Chalmers', 'summary': 'George V. Shorty Chalmers ( November 19 , 1907 - March 1984 ) was an American college athlete . He served as the quarterback of the University of Maryland football team from 1929 to 1931 . Chalmers also played basketball and baseball at Maryland . He has been inducted into the Delaware Sports Hall of Fame and the University of Maryland Athletic Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Newark High', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newark_High_School_(Delaware)', 'summary': 'Newark High School is a public high school in Newark , Delaware and is one of three high schools within the Christina School District . It is one of the oldest educational institutions in the state , graduating its first class of students in 1893 . In 2009 it saw its 20,000th student graduate . Newark is the only remaining downtown non-charter public High School in New Castle County . Newark has been named by Newsweek magazine as one of their Top Schools in America . In 2006 Newark was ranked # 521 , in 2007 it was # 271 , and in 2008 it was # 1041 . This list represents the top 5% of the schools in the nation based on the number of AP , IB , and Cambridge exams taken divided by students graduating . The school was also named a GRAMMY Signature School in 2010 by the GRAMMY Foundation for its outstanding commitment to music education . Newark won the DIAA Sportsmanship Award in 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , and 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Newark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newark,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cihocki , Edward Eddie Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Cihocki', 'summary': 'Edward Joseph Cihocki ( May 9 , 1907 - November 9 , 1987 ) was a professional baseball player . Nicknamed Cy , he was a shortstop over parts of two seasons ( 1932-33 ) with the Philadelphia Athletics . For his career , he compiled a .143 batting average in 98 at-bats , with nine runs batted in . He was born in Wilmington , Delaware and died in Newark , Delaware at the age of 80 .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Major League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cloud , Nathan Nate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conrad High , University of Delaware Wilmington Blue Bombers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Delaware', 'summary': "The University of Delaware ( colloquially UD or Delaware ) is a public research university located in Newark , Delaware . The University of Delaware is the largest university in Delaware . UD offers three associate 's programs , 148 bachelor 's programs , 121 master 's programs ( with 13 joint degrees ) and 55 doctoral programs across its eight colleges . The main campus is in Newark , with satellite campuses in Dover , Wilmington , Lewes , and Georgetown . It is considered a large institution with approximately 18,500 undergraduate and 4,500 graduate students . UD is a privately governed university which receives public funding for being a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant state-supported research institution . UD is classified as a Doctoral University-Very High Research Activity ( R1 ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . UD is one of the top 100 public institutions for federal obligations [ clarification needed ] in science and engineering and interdisciplinary initiatives in energy science and policy , the environment , and in human health . UD is recognized with the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . It is one of only four schools in North America with a major in art conservation . In 1923 , UD was the first American university to offer a study-abroad program . The school from which the university grew was founded in 1743 , making it one of the oldest in the nation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilmington_Blue_Bombers', 'summary': 'The Wilmington Blue Bombers were an American basketball team based in Wilmington , Delaware . They were a member of the American Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Newark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newark,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'High School , College , Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cooper , Johnny', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware', 'summary': "Delaware ( /ˈdɛləwɛər/ ( listen ) ) is one of the 50 states of the United States , in the Mid Atlantic region . [ a ] It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , north by Pennsylvania , and east by New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor . Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River . It is the second smallest and sixth least populous state , but the sixth most densely populated . Delaware 's largest city is Wilmington . The state is divided into three counties , the lowest number of any state . From north to south , they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County is more urbanized . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coveleski , Frank', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rehoboth High , Rehoboth Beach Patrol', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rehoboth Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rehoboth_Beach,_Delaware', 'summary': "Rehoboth Beach is a city on the Atlantic Ocean along the Delaware Beaches in eastern Sussex County , Delaware , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 1,327 , reflecting a decline of 161 ( 11.2% ) from the 1,488 counted in the 2000 Census . Along with the neighboring coastal city of Lewes , Rehoboth Beach is one of the principal cities of Delaware 's rapidly growing Cape Region . Rehoboth Beach lies within the Salisbury , Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area . A popular regional vacation destination , Rehoboth Beach 's seasonal population expands to over 25,000 within the city limits and thousands more in the surrounding area in the summer . In 2011 , the NRDC awarded Rehoboth Beach with a 5-Star rating in water quality . This award was given only to 12 other locations , one being neighboring Dewey Beach . Out of the 30 states with coastline , the Delaware Beaches ranked number one for water quality in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming , Coaching', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_(sport)', 'summary': "Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one 's entire body to move through water . The sport takes place in pools or open water ( e.g. , in a sea or lake ) . Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports , with varied distance events in butterfly , backstroke , breaststroke , freestyle , and individual medley . In addition to these individual events , four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay . A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke , ordered as backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly and freestyle . Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques ; in competition , there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke . There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits , caps , jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions . Although it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport , such as tendinitis in the shoulders or knees , there are also multiple health benefits associated with the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sports)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}]}, {'value': 'High School , Municipal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crawford , Al', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware', 'summary': "Delaware ( /ˈdɛləwɛər/ ( listen ) ) is one of the 50 states of the United States , in the Mid Atlantic region . [ a ] It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , north by Pennsylvania , and east by New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor . Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River . It is the second smallest and sixth least populous state , but the sixth most densely populated . Delaware 's largest city is Wilmington . The state is divided into three counties , the lowest number of any state . From north to south , they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County is more urbanized . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crimian , John Jack Melvin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals , Kansas City Athletics , Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Athletics', 'summary': 'The history of the Athletics Major League Baseball franchise spans the period from 1901 to the present day , having begun as a charter member franchise in the new American League in Philadelphia before moving to Kansas City in 1955 for 13 seasons and then to its current home on the San Francisco Bay in Oakland , California , in 1968 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri , Kansas City , Missouri , Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball , Coaching', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sports)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}]}, {'value': 'Major League , High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davis , Brandon Brandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandy_Davis', 'summary': 'Robert Brandon Davis ( September 10 , 1927 - June 12 , 2005 ) was an American professional baseball player , manager , coach and longtime scout who spent 52 years in the game . In his playing days , the outfielder appeared in 67 games in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates during the 1952 and 1953 seasons . He threw and batted right-handed , stood 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall and weighed 170 pounds ( 77 kg ) , and was a native and lifelong resident of Newark , Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Duke University , Pittsburgh Pirates , Williamsport Crosscutters , Greensboro Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_University', 'summary': "Duke University is a private research university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838 , the school moved to Durham in 1892 . In 1924 , tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father , Washington Duke . Duke is often ranked as one of the world 's top 20-25 universities . The Wall Street Journal has also named Duke as the best university for graduate outcomes for several years in a row ( tied with Harvard University and Yale University ) . Several faculty members , affiliates and alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years . Notable examples since 2012 include Robert Lefkowitz , Brian Kobilka , Gregg L. Semenza , Paul Modrich , William Kaelin , and George Smith . In 2019 , Clarivate Analytics named 54 members of Duke 's faculty to its list of Highly Cited Researchers . That number places Duke 8th among the world 's universities behind Harvard , Stanford , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Max Planck Society , Broad Institute , UC Berkeley and WUSTL . Duke 's campus spans over 8,600 acres ( 3,500 hectares ) on three contiguous sub-campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort . The West Campus - designed largely by architect Julian Abele - incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot ( 64-meter ) Duke Chapel at the campus ' center and highest point of elevation , is adjacent to the Medical Center . East Campus , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometers ) away , home to all first-years , contains Georgian-style architecture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Williamsport_Crosscutters', 'summary': 'The Williamsport Crosscutters are a Class A-Short Season Minor League Baseball team based in Williamsport , Pennsylvania , in the United States . They are a Philadelphia Phillies affiliate in the short-season New York-Penn League , playing their home games at BB & T Ballpark at Historic Bowman Field , the second oldest minor league ballpark in the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greensboro_Patriots', 'summary': "The Greensboro Grasshoppers are a Minor League Baseball team based in Greensboro , North Carolina . They are members of the South Atlantic League and the Class A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates . They play their home games at First National Bank Field , which opened in 2005 and seats 7,499 fans . The team 's logo was changed to a cartoon Grasshopper prior to the inaugural season at the new ballpark . Fans selected the name Guilford ( Greensboro 's county 's name ) for the team 's mascot , a giant grasshopper . Prior to that , all home games for the Hornets and Bats were held at World War Memorial Stadium , just northeast of downtown Greensboro ."}]}, {'value': 'Durham , North Carolina , Pittsburgh , Williamsport , Pennsylvania , Greensboro , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Durham County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Small portions of the city limits extend into Orange County and Wake County . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population to be 274,291 as of July 1 , 2018 , making it the 4th-most populous city in North Carolina , and the 79th-most populous city in the United States . The city is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region along the Eno River . Durham is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 542,710 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . The US Office of Management and Budget also includes Durham as a part of the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area , commonly known as the Research Triangle , which has a population of 2,037,430 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . A railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in 1849 , the namesake of the city . Following the American Civil War , the community of Durham Station expanded rapidly , in part due to the tobacco industry . The town was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General Assembly , on April 1869 . The establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later , in 1881 . It became known as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company . Textile and electric power industries also played an important role ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Williamsport is a city in , and the county seat of , Lycoming County , Pennsylvania , United States . In 2017 , the population was estimated at 28,348 . It is the principal city of the Williamsport , Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a population of about 114,000 . The city is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Central Pennsylvania . It is 131 miles ( 211 km ) from Philadelphia , 166 miles ( 267 km ) from Pittsburgh and 85 miles ( 137 km ) from state capital Harrisburg . The city is renowned for its sports , arts scene and food . Williamsport was settled by Americans late in the 18th century , and the town began to prosper due to its lumber industry . By the early 20th century , the town reached the height of its prosperity and the population has since declined by about a third from its peak of around 45,000 in 1950 . As county seat , Williamsport has the county court house , county prison , sheriff 's office headquarters and federal courthouse all located in the downtown neighborhood . The city is also home to two institutions of higher learning : the Pennsylvania College of Technology and Lycoming College . Williamsport is the birthplace of Little League Baseball . South Williamsport , a town nearby , is the headquarters of Little League Baseball and annually hosts the Little League World Series in late summer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball , Manager , Scout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manager_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , the field manager ( commonly referred to as the manager ) is the equivalent of a head coach who is responsible for overseeing and making final decisions on all aspects of on-field team strategy , lineup selection , training and instruction . Managers are typically assisted by a staff of assistant coaches whose responsibilities are specialized . Field managers are typically not involved in off-field personnel decisions or long-term club planning , responsibilities that are instead held by a team 's general manager ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scout_(sport)', 'summary': "In professional sports , scouts are experienced talent evaluators who travel extensively for the purposes of watching athletes play their chosen sports and determining whether their set of skills and talents represent what is needed by the scout 's organization . Some scouts are interested primarily in the selection of prospects , younger players who may require further development by the acquiring team but who are judged to be worthy of that effort and expense for the potential future payoff that it could bring , while others concentrate on players who are already polished professionals whose rights may be available soon , either through free agency or trading , and who are seen as filling a team 's specific need at a certain position . Advance scouts watch the teams that their teams are going to play in order to help determine strategy . Many scouts are former coaches or retired players , while others have made a career just of being scouts . Skilled scouts who help to determine which players will fit in well with an organization can be the major difference between success and failure for the team with regard to wins and losses , which often relates directly to the organization 's financial success or lack thereof as well ."}]}, {'value': 'College , Major League , Minor League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Minor League Baseball ( MiLB ) is a hierarchy of professional baseball leagues in the Americas that compete at levels below Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and provide opportunities for player development and a way to prepare for the major leagues . All of the minor leagues are operated as independent businesses . Most are members of the umbrella organization formally known as National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues ( NAPBL ) , which operates under the Commissioner of Baseball within the scope of organized baseball . Several leagues , known as independent baseball leagues , do not have any official links to Major League Baseball . Except for the Mexican League , teams in the organized minor leagues are generally independently owned and operated but are directly affiliated with one major league team through a standardized Player Development Contract ( PDC ) . These leagues also go by the nicknames the farm system , farm club , or farm team ( s ) because of a joke passed around by major league players in the 1930s when St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey formalized the system , and teams in small towns were growing players down on the farm like corn . Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball teams may enter into a PDC for a two- or four-year term . At the expiration of a PDC term , teams may renew their affiliation , or sign new PDCs with different clubs , though many relationships are renewed and endure for extended time periods . For example , the Omaha Storm Chasers ( formerly the Omaha Royals and Omaha Golden Spikes ) have been the Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals since the Royals joined the American League in 1969 , but the Columbus Clippers changed affiliations , after being associated with the New York Yankees from 1979 , to the Washington Nationals in 2007 , and have been affiliated with the Cleveland Indians since 2009 . A few minor league teams are directly owned by their major league parent club , such as the Springfield Cardinals , owned by the St. Louis Cardinals , and all of the Atlanta Braves ' affiliates except the Florida Fire Frogs . Minor League teams that are owned directly by the major league club do not have PDCs with the parent club and are typically not part of the reaffiliation shuffles that occur after each even-numbered season . Today , there are 14 MLB-affiliated minor leagues with a total of 160 revenue-generating teams , located in large , medium , and small cities and suburbs across the United States and Canada , and there are three MLB-affiliated rookie leagues with a total of 80 teams , located in Arizona , Florida , and the Dominican Republic , though these teams do not generate revenue ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doherty , William Billy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CYO , Archmere Academy , Villanova University , Eastern Shore Baseball League , Canadian Football League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CYO', 'summary': 'Catholic Youth Organization ( CYO ) is a Roman Catholic youth organization originating in Chicago .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Archmere_Academy', 'summary': 'Archmere Academy is a private Roman Catholic college preparatory school located in Claymont , Delaware , United States . It enrolls approximately 500 students . The academy is co-educational and is run independently within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Villanova_University', 'summary': "Villanova University is a private Catholic research university in Radnor Township , Pennsylvania . Named after Saint Thomas of Villanova , the university is the oldest Catholic university in Pennsylvania and the only Augustinian university in the United States . Founded in 1842 by the Order of Saint Augustine , the university traces its roots to old Saint Augustine 's Church , Philadelphia , which the Augustinian friars founded in 1796 , and to its parish school , Saint Augustine 's Academy , which was established in 1811 . The school 's identity remains deeply rooted in its Augustinian Catholic foundation - the majority of students are Catholic , the administration is led by priests , there is a cross on every building , and all students are required to take the Augustine and Culture Seminar course their freshman year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Shore_Baseball_League', 'summary': "The Eastern Shore Baseball League was a class D minor league baseball league that operated on the Delmarva Peninsula for parts of three different decades . The league 's first season was in 1922 and the last was in 1949 , although the years were not consecutive , and featured teams from Maryland , Delaware , and Virginia . The first incarnation lasted from 1922 to mid-1928 ( disbanded in July ) , the second from 1937-41 , and the third from 1946-49 . Though the level of play was competitive and many future major leaguers gained experience in the ESBL , funding the league remained a constant problem for the rural franchises . Future major leaguers who played in the ESBL include notables such as : Frank Home Run Baker , Mickey Cochrane , Jimmie Foxx , Mickey Vernon , and Don Zimmer . The Eastern Shore Baseball Hall of Fame at Arthur W. Perdue Stadium in Salisbury , Maryland , pays homage to ESBL players and locals who made the major leagues . Perdue Stadium is the home of the class A Delmarva Shorebirds , an Orioles farm team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Canadian Football League ( CFL ; French : Ligue canadienne de football , LCF ) is a professional sports league in Canada . The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football . The league consists of nine teams , each located in a city in Canada . They are divided into two divisions : four teams in the East Division and five teams in the West Division . As of 2019 , it features a 21-week regular season where each team plays 18 games with three bye weeks . This season traditionally runs from mid-June to early November . Following the regular season , six teams compete in the league 's three-week divisional playoffs which culminate in the Grey Cup championship game in late November . The Grey Cup is one of Canada 's largest annual sports and television events . The CFL was officially founded on January 19 , 1958 . The league was formed through a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union ( founded in 1907 ) and the Western Interprovincial Football Union ( founded in 1936 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Claymont , Radnor , Pennsylvania , Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claymont,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Claymont is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . The population was 8,253 at the 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Radnor_Township,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Radnor Township is an upper-class township with home rule status in Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . It contains the unincorporated communities of Garrett Hill , Rosemont , St. Davids , Strafford , Villanova and Wayne as well as areas with Bryn Mawr postal addresses ( not within the Bryn Mawr census designated place ) and Newtown Square . As of the 2010 census , the township population was 31,531 . Radnor Township lies along the Main Line , a collection of upper-middle class and upper-class Philadelphia suburbs . Villanova University , Cabrini University , the Valley Forge Military Academy and College and Eastern University are all located within Radnor Township .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball , Canadian football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_football', 'summary': "Canadian football ( French : football canadien ) is a sport played in Canada in which two teams of 12 players each compete for territorial control of a field of play 110 yards ( 101 m ) long and 65 yards ( 59 m ) wide attempting to advance a pointed oval-shaped ball into the opposing team 's scoring area ( end zone ) . In Canada , the term football may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively , or to either sport specifically , depending on context ; outside of Canada , the term Canadian football is used exclusively to describe this sport , even in the United States ( the term gridiron football [ or , more rarely , North American football ] is also used worldwide as well to refer to both sports collectively ) . The two sports have shared origins and are closely related but have some key differences , and both sports had their modern rules developed independently from each other . Rugby football in Canada originated in the early 1860s , and over time , the game known as Canadian football developed . Both the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , the sport 's top professional league , and Football Canada , the governing body for amateur play , trace their roots to 1880 and the founding of the Canadian Rugby Football Union . The CFL is the most popular and only major professional Canadian football league . Its championship game , the Grey Cup , is one of Canada 's largest sporting events , attracting a broad television audience . In 2009 , about 40% of Canada 's population watched part of the game ; in 2014 , it was closer to 33% , peaking at 5.1 million viewers in the fourth quarter . Canadian football is also played at the bantam , high school , junior , collegiate , and semi-professional levels : the Canadian Junior Football League , formed May 8 , 1974 , and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18-22 , many post-secondary institutions compete in U Sports football for the Vanier Cup , and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years . Great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame located in Hamilton , Ontario . Other organizations across Canada perform senior league Canadian football during the summer ."}]}, {'value': 'Catholic , High School , College', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doherty , Gerald P. , II or Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Delaware', 'summary': "The University of Delaware ( colloquially UD or Delaware ) is a public research university located in Newark , Delaware . The University of Delaware is the largest university in Delaware . UD offers three associate 's programs , 148 bachelor 's programs , 121 master 's programs ( with 13 joint degrees ) and 55 doctoral programs across its eight colleges . The main campus is in Newark , with satellite campuses in Dover , Wilmington , Lewes , and Georgetown . It is considered a large institution with approximately 18,500 undergraduate and 4,500 graduate students . UD is a privately governed university which receives public funding for being a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant state-supported research institution . UD is classified as a Doctoral University-Very High Research Activity ( R1 ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . UD is one of the top 100 public institutions for federal obligations [ clarification needed ] in science and engineering and interdisciplinary initiatives in energy science and policy , the environment , and in human health . UD is recognized with the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . It is one of only four schools in North America with a major in art conservation . In 1923 , UD was the first American university to offer a study-abroad program . The school from which the university grew was founded in 1743 , making it one of the oldest in the nation ."}]}, {'value': 'Newark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newark,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Coaching', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coach_(sports)', 'summary': 'In sports , a coach is a person involved in the direction , instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople . A coach may also be a teacher .'}]}, {'value': 'College', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doherty , Gerald Doc P. , III', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archmere Academy , University of Delaware , Wilmington Clippers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archmere_Academy', 'summary': 'Archmere Academy is a private Roman Catholic college preparatory school located in Claymont , Delaware , United States . It enrolls approximately 500 students . The academy is co-educational and is run independently within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Delaware', 'summary': "The University of Delaware ( colloquially UD or Delaware ) is a public research university located in Newark , Delaware . The University of Delaware is the largest university in Delaware . UD offers three associate 's programs , 148 bachelor 's programs , 121 master 's programs ( with 13 joint degrees ) and 55 doctoral programs across its eight colleges . The main campus is in Newark , with satellite campuses in Dover , Wilmington , Lewes , and Georgetown . It is considered a large institution with approximately 18,500 undergraduate and 4,500 graduate students . UD is a privately governed university which receives public funding for being a land-grant , sea-grant and space-grant state-supported research institution . UD is classified as a Doctoral University-Very High Research Activity ( R1 ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . UD is one of the top 100 public institutions for federal obligations [ clarification needed ] in science and engineering and interdisciplinary initiatives in energy science and policy , the environment , and in human health . UD is recognized with the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . It is one of only four schools in North America with a major in art conservation . In 1923 , UD was the first American university to offer a study-abroad program . The school from which the university grew was founded in 1743 , making it one of the oldest in the nation ."}]}, {'value': 'Claymont , Newark , Wilmington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claymont,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Claymont is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . The population was 8,253 at the 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Newark,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'High School , College , Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donohue , Matt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware', 'summary': "Delaware ( /ˈdɛləwɛər/ ( listen ) ) is one of the 50 states of the United States , in the Mid Atlantic region . [ a ] It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , north by Pennsylvania , and east by New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor . Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River . It is the second smallest and sixth least populous state , but the sixth most densely populated . Delaware 's largest city is Wilmington . The state is divided into three counties , the lowest number of any state . From north to south , they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County is more urbanized . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Hall of Fame -- 1980s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Delaware_Sports_Museum_and_Hall_of_Fame_1', 'intro': 'The Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame is a membership-based organization founded in 1976. The organization runs a museum with exhibits at Daniel S. Frawley Stadium on the Riverfront in Wilmington, Delaware and promotes physical fitness in the community. The museum is a member of the International Sports Heritage Association.'}
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What is the name of the division related to a swimming museum hold in a city on the Atlantic Ocean along the Delaware Beaches ?
High School , Municipal
06820f2d9a3b75bf
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Calgary', 'title': 'List of bridges in Calgary', 'header': ['Bridge', 'Carries', 'Remarks'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cushing Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackfoot Trail SE / International Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Avenue,_Calgary', 'summary': "International Avenue is a Business Revitalization Zone ( BRZ ) in Calgary , Alberta . The district is centered on 17 Avenue SE in the neighbourhood of Forest Lawn in the east of the city . The district was created in 1993 to celebrate the rich cultural diversity that exists in east central Calgary . The area has since become a popular location for ethnic restaurants and shopping . The BRZ was also established to help revitalize the former town of Forest Lawn , which was annexed by the city in 1961 . The neighbourhood has long had a reputation for being a haven for crime and drugs . In recent years , however , the area has been recognized for its multi-culturalism and has been slowly developing into a major destination for both Calgary residents and tourists . The city and the BRZ are currently in the process of implementing new urban design and redevelopment initiatives . Since 2003 , International Avenue has played host to Calgary 's large multi-cultural event , GlobalFest . GlobalFest combines both a celebration of diversity known as OneWorld Festival and an International Fireworks Festival at Elliston Park . The event takes place annually in late August ."}]}, {'value': 'Connects Inglewood with Forest Lawn ; named after William Henry Cushing , Calgary mayor from 1900 to 1901', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inglewood,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Inglewood is a neighbourhood in central Calgary , Alberta , Canada , centred on 9th Avenue SE for several blocks east of the Elbow River and downtown . It also contains the Business Revitalization Zone of Inglewood . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 9 councillor , Gian-Carlo Carra . The postal code in this area is T2G .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Forest_Lawn,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Forest Lawn is a neighbourhood and former town in the southeast quadrant of the city of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . The neighbourhood is bound by 26 Avenue SE to the south , 36 Street SE to the west , 8 Avenue SE to the north and portions of 52 Street SE and 48 Street SE to the east . The former town comprises the entire current Forest Lawn neighbourhood as well as portions of Southview and Albert Park/Radisson Heights to the west , and portions of Penbrooke Meadows and Forest Lawn Industrial to the east . Both the neighbourhood and the former town are bisected by the multicultural 17 Avenue SE . Forest Lawn has an area redevelopment plan in place and is part of the International Avenue Business Revitalization Zone . The community is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 9 councillor . On a federal level , Forest Lawn falls in the electoral district of Calgary Forest Lawn and was represented in the House of Commons by MP Deepak Obhrai until his death in 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Cushing', 'summary': "William Henry Cushing ( August 21 , 1852 - January 25 , 1934 ) was a Canadian politician . Born in Ontario , he migrated west as a young adult where he started a successful lumber company and later became Alberta 's first Minister of Public Works and the 11th mayor of Calgary . As Minister of Public Works in the government of Alexander Cameron Rutherford , he oversaw the creation of Alberta Government Telephones . Cushing 's resignation in 1910 precipitated the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal , which forced Rutherford 's resignation . Though Cushing had hopes of being asked to replace Rutherford , that role fell instead to Arthur Sifton , the province 's chief judge . Left out of Sifton 's cabinet , Cushing did not seek re-election in the 1913 election , and did not re-enter politics thereafter . He was the chairman of Mount Royal College 's board of governors for sixteen years . He died in 1934 ."}]}, {'value': 'CPR Bonnybrook Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Pacific Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway', 'summary': "The Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) ( reporting marks CP , CPAA , MILW , SOO ) , also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996 , and known as simply Canadian Pacific is a historic Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881 . The railway is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited , which began operations as legal owner in a corporate restructuring in 2001 . Headquartered in Calgary , Alberta , it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres ( 12,500 mi ) of track all across Canada and into the United States , stretching from Montreal to Vancouver , and as far north as Edmonton . Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul , Milwaukee , Detroit , Chicago , and New York City in the United States . The railway was first built between eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885 ( connecting with Ottawa Valley and Georgian Bay area lines built earlier ) , fulfilling a trusty extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871 . It was Canada 's first transcontinental railway , but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast . Primarily a freight railway , the CPR was for decades the only practical means of long-distance passenger transport in most regions of Canada , and was instrumental in the settlement and development of Western Canada . The CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada , a position it held as late as 1975 . Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986 , after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978 . A beaver was chosen as the railway 's logo in honour of Sir Donald A Smith ( 1st . Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal ) who had risen from Factor to Governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade . Smith was a principal financier of the C.P.R ."}]}, {'value': 'Pony truss railroad bridge , connects three main tracks ( P-1 mainline , P-2 lead and Old Ogden lead ) with CPR Alyth Yard . The bridge is partially collapsed after flooding of Bow River in June 2013 . Steel bridge added in 1971. and Old Ogden lead ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CPR_Alyth_Yard', 'summary': "CPR Alyth ( Calgary ) Yard is a 168-acre ( 0.68 km2 ) Class 1 railway facility in the neighbourhood of Alyth , southeast of downtown Calgary , Alberta . One of Canadian Pacific Railway 's main marshalling yards in Canada , it primarily serves as a rail car repair shop and diesel locomotive servicing facilities on site . The yard is CPR 's busiest in Western Canada and is home terminal to crews operating north to Red Deer , Alberta , and west to Field , British Columbia , through the Spiral Tunnels . The hump classification yard facility has been removed and trains are now made up by switching within the yard . Alyth Yard is designed to handle approximately 2200 rail cars at 100% capacity , and is supported by satellite yards in Ogden Park , the Industrial Yard Office ( IYO ) and the Calgary Intermodal Facility at Sheppard . Coordinates : 51°01′27″N 114°01′08″W / 51.024094°N 114.01886°W / 51.024094 ; -114.01886"}]}, {'value': 'CNR Bow River Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian National Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway', 'summary': "The Canadian National Railway ( French : Canadien National ) ( reporting mark CN ) is a Canadian Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal , Quebec , that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States . CN is Canada 's largest railway , in terms of both revenue and the physical size of its rail network , and is Canada 's only transcontinental railway company , spanning Canada from the Atlantic coast in Nova Scotia to the Pacific coast in British Columbia across about 20,400 route miles ( 32,831 km ) of track . CN is a public company with 24,000 employees , and as of July 2019 it had a market cap of approximately CA $ 90 billion . CN was government-owned , having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995 . As of 2019 , Bill Gates is the largest single shareholder of CN stock . The railway was referred to as Canadian National Railways ( CNR ) between 1919 and 1960 , and as Canadian National/Canadien National ( CN ) from 1960 to the present ."}]}, {'value': 'Through truss bridge has a single track', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonnybrook Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ogden Road SE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vehicular bridge carries Ogden Road and connects Alyth with Foothills Industrial Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alyth/Bonnybrook/Manchester,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Alyth/Bonnybrook/Manchester is a predominantly industrial and subordinately residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . Alyth is located south of Inglewood , while Manchester lies east of Macleod Trail and south of 34 Avenue S ( this section also named Burnsland ) . The Alyth Yard of the Canadian Pacific Railway is located in Alyth .'}]}, {'value': 'Calf Robe Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deerfoot Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deerfoot_Trail', 'summary': "Deerfoot Trail is a 46.4-kilometre ( 28.8 mi ) freeway segment of Highway 2 in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . It stretches the entire length of the city from south to north and links suburbs to downtown via Memorial Drive and 17 Avenue SE . It also forms part of the CANAMEX Corridor which connects Calgary to Edmonton and Interstate 15 in the United States via Highways 3 and 4 . The freeway begins south of Calgary where it splits from Macleod Trail , crosses the Bow River into city limits , and reaches the Stoney Trail ring road . Crisscrossing twice more with the river , it intersects Glenmore Trail and Memorial Drive ; the former is a major east-west expressway while the latter is a freeway spur into downtown . In north Calgary , it crosses Highway 1 and passes Calgary International Airport before ending at a second interchange with Stoney Trail . Highway 2 becomes the Queen Elizabeth II Highway as it continues north into Rocky View County towards Edmonton . Originally called Blackfoot Trail Freeway upon the opening of the first section in 1971 , it was renamed in 1974 to honour Deerfoot , a late 19th century Siksika Nation ( Blackfoot ) long distance runner known for his exceptional speed . Subsequent sections opened in 1975 , 1980 , 1982 and 2003 . Deerfoot was not entirely a freeway until 2005 when the final of four at-grade intersections in southeast Calgary was converted to an interchange . Well known for its frequent rush hour congestion and collisions , traffic levels have steadily increased as Calgary 's population has tripled to over 1.2 million since 1971 . The mostly six-lane freeway is Alberta 's busiest road with volume nearing 169,000 vehicles per day between Highway 1 and Memorial Drive in 2018 , more than twice that for which it was designed ."}]}, {'value': 'Connects Deerfoot trail from Glenmore Trail to Peigan Road ; named after Ben Calf Robe , a Siksika chief', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenmore_Trail', 'summary': 'Alberta Provincial Highway No . 8 , commonly referred to as Highway 8 , is a highway in Southern Alberta that connects Highway 22 in Rocky View County just north of Redwood Meadows to Deerfoot Trail ( Highway 2 ) in Calgary . In Rocky View County , the highway initially parallels the Elbow River before entering Calgary where it becomes a heavily travelled expressway known as Glenmore Trail , named after the reservoir which it crosses . Glenmore Trail is a busy freeway between Richard Street in southwest Calgary to Ogden Road in the southeast , carrying nearly 160,000 vehicles per weekday at its busiest point placing it second only to Deerfoot Trail as the busiest road in Western Canada . East of Deerfoot Trail , Glenmore Trail continues east providing a key link to Stoney Trail , after which traffic levels decrease and it becomes Highway 560 en route to Langdon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Calf_Robe', 'summary': 'Ben Calf Robe was a Blackfoot ( Siksika ) elder , residential school survivor , and scout for the North West Mounted Police ( and later the RCMP ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Siksika_Nation', 'summary': 'The Siksika Nation is a First Nation in southern Alberta , Canada . The name Siksiká comes from the Blackfoot words sik ( black ) and iká ( foot ) , with a connector s between the two words . The plural form of Siksiká is Siksikáwa . The Siksikáwa are the northernmost of the Niitsítapi ( Original People ) , all of whom speak dialects of Blackfoot , an Algonquian language . When European explorers travelled west , they most likely met the Siksiká first and assumed all Niitsítapi of the Blackfoot Confederacy were Blackfoot , which is incorrect . The four Niitsítapi nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy are the Siksiká , Káínaa ( Kainai or Blood ) , Aapátohsipikáni ( Northern Peigan ) , and Aamsskáápipikani ( South Peigan or Montana Blackfoot ) . The approximate population of the Siksika Nation , as of 2009 , is 6,000 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Canadian National Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CN Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway', 'summary': "The Canadian National Railway ( French : Canadien National ) ( reporting mark CN ) is a Canadian Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal , Quebec , that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States . CN is Canada 's largest railway , in terms of both revenue and the physical size of its rail network , and is Canada 's only transcontinental railway company , spanning Canada from the Atlantic coast in Nova Scotia to the Pacific coast in British Columbia across about 20,400 route miles ( 32,831 km ) of track . CN is a public company with 24,000 employees , and as of July 2019 it had a market cap of approximately CA $ 90 billion . CN was government-owned , having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995 . As of 2019 , Bill Gates is the largest single shareholder of CN stock . The railway was referred to as Canadian National Railways ( CNR ) between 1919 and 1960 , and as Canadian National/Canadien National ( CN ) from 1960 to the present ."}]}, {'value': 'Connects Canadian Pacific Railway to Canadian National Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway', 'summary': "The Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) ( reporting marks CP , CPAA , MILW , SOO ) , also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996 , and known as simply Canadian Pacific is a historic Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881 . The railway is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited , which began operations as legal owner in a corporate restructuring in 2001 . Headquartered in Calgary , Alberta , it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres ( 12,500 mi ) of track all across Canada and into the United States , stretching from Montreal to Vancouver , and as far north as Edmonton . Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul , Milwaukee , Detroit , Chicago , and New York City in the United States . The railway was first built between eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885 ( connecting with Ottawa Valley and Georgian Bay area lines built earlier ) , fulfilling a trusty extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871 . It was Canada 's first transcontinental railway , but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast . Primarily a freight railway , the CPR was for decades the only practical means of long-distance passenger transport in most regions of Canada , and was instrumental in the settlement and development of Western Canada . The CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada , a position it held as late as 1975 . Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986 , after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978 . A beaver was chosen as the railway 's logo in honour of Sir Donald A Smith ( 1st . Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal ) who had risen from Factor to Governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade . Smith was a principal financier of the C.P.R ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway', 'summary': "The Canadian National Railway ( French : Canadien National ) ( reporting mark CN ) is a Canadian Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal , Quebec , that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States . CN is Canada 's largest railway , in terms of both revenue and the physical size of its rail network , and is Canada 's only transcontinental railway company , spanning Canada from the Atlantic coast in Nova Scotia to the Pacific coast in British Columbia across about 20,400 route miles ( 32,831 km ) of track . CN is a public company with 24,000 employees , and as of July 2019 it had a market cap of approximately CA $ 90 billion . CN was government-owned , having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995 . As of 2019 , Bill Gates is the largest single shareholder of CN stock . The railway was referred to as Canadian National Railways ( CNR ) between 1919 and 1960 , and as Canadian National/Canadien National ( CN ) from 1960 to the present ."}]}, {'value': 'Graves Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenmore Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenmore_Trail', 'summary': 'Alberta Provincial Highway No . 8 , commonly referred to as Highway 8 , is a highway in Southern Alberta that connects Highway 22 in Rocky View County just north of Redwood Meadows to Deerfoot Trail ( Highway 2 ) in Calgary . In Rocky View County , the highway initially parallels the Elbow River before entering Calgary where it becomes a heavily travelled expressway known as Glenmore Trail , named after the reservoir which it crosses . Glenmore Trail is a busy freeway between Richard Street in southwest Calgary to Ogden Road in the southeast , carrying nearly 160,000 vehicles per weekday at its busiest point placing it second only to Deerfoot Trail as the busiest road in Western Canada . East of Deerfoot Trail , Glenmore Trail continues east providing a key link to Stoney Trail , after which traffic levels decrease and it becomes Highway 560 en route to Langdon .'}]}, {'value': 'Connects Alyth to Riverbend and Ogden , leads to Highway 8 east ; twinned in 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverbend,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Riverbend is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . It is bounded to the north by Glenmore Trail , to the east by 24 Street E and to the west by Deerfoot Trail . It is developed in the Bow River floodplain , on its escarpment and the upland plain . Riverbend was established as a neighbourhood in 1982 . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 9 councillor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ogden,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Ogden is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . It includes the districts of Lynnwood and Millican Estates . It is bounded by Glenmore Trail to the south , Deerfoot Trail and the Bow River to the west , and the CPR tracks and the industrial areas of Ogden Shops to the north and east . Ogden was established in 1912 . It is named after I.G . Ogden , former VP of the Canadian Pacific Railway , while the district of Millican takes its name from the Millican family , homesteaders of the early 1900s . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 9 councillor . The postal code in this area is T2C .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alberta_Highway_8', 'summary': 'Alberta Provincial Highway No . 8 , commonly referred to as Highway 8 , is a highway in Southern Alberta that connects Highway 22 in Rocky View County just north of Redwood Meadows to Deerfoot Trail ( Highway 2 ) in Calgary . In Rocky View County , the highway initially parallels the Elbow River before entering Calgary where it becomes a heavily travelled expressway known as Glenmore Trail , named after the reservoir which it crosses . Glenmore Trail is a busy freeway between Richard Street in southwest Calgary to Ogden Road in the southeast , carrying nearly 160,000 vehicles per weekday at its busiest point placing it second only to Deerfoot Trail as the busiest road in Western Canada . East of Deerfoot Trail , Glenmore Trail continues east providing a key link to Stoney Trail , after which traffic levels decrease and it becomes Highway 560 en route to Langdon .'}]}, {'value': 'Sue Higgins Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedestrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connects Southland Drive and Acadia to Riverbend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acadia,_Calgary', 'summary': "Acadia is a neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . The area is bounded on the west by Macleod Trail , on the east by the Bow River , on the north by Heritage Drive and on the south by Southland Drive . The land was annexed to the City of Calgary in 1956 , and Acadia was established in 1960 . The neighbourhood 's main street is Fairmount Drive , and many of the area 's businesses cluster along the street . The area also contains Lord Beaverbrook High School , the city 's largest high school ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Riverbend,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Riverbend is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . It is bounded to the north by Glenmore Trail , to the east by 24 Street E and to the west by Deerfoot Trail . It is developed in the Bow River floodplain , on its escarpment and the upland plain . Riverbend was established as a neighbourhood in 1982 . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 9 councillor .'}]}, {'value': 'Lafarge Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connects Lafarge cement plant to Douglasglen . Damaged in 2005 flood , subsequently removed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lafarge_(company)', 'summary': 'Lafarge S.A. is a French industrial company specialising in three major products : cement , construction aggregates , and concrete . On 10 July 2015 Lafarge merged with Holcim , a Swiss cement company . On 15 July the new company was officially launched around the globe under the name of LafargeHolcim , creating a new leader in the Building Materials sector .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Douglasdale/Douglasglen,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Douglasdale is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . It is bounded by 114 Avenue S to the north , 130 Avenue S to the south , Deerfoot Trail to the east and the Bow River to the west . The Fish Creek Provincial Park borders the neighbourhood to the west . Douglasglen is located in the northern area , north of Deerfoot Trail . The community was established in 1986 . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 12 councillor .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivor Strong Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deerfoot Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deerfoot_Trail', 'summary': "Deerfoot Trail is a 46.4-kilometre ( 28.8 mi ) freeway segment of Highway 2 in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . It stretches the entire length of the city from south to north and links suburbs to downtown via Memorial Drive and 17 Avenue SE . It also forms part of the CANAMEX Corridor which connects Calgary to Edmonton and Interstate 15 in the United States via Highways 3 and 4 . The freeway begins south of Calgary where it splits from Macleod Trail , crosses the Bow River into city limits , and reaches the Stoney Trail ring road . Crisscrossing twice more with the river , it intersects Glenmore Trail and Memorial Drive ; the former is a major east-west expressway while the latter is a freeway spur into downtown . In north Calgary , it crosses Highway 1 and passes Calgary International Airport before ending at a second interchange with Stoney Trail . Highway 2 becomes the Queen Elizabeth II Highway as it continues north into Rocky View County towards Edmonton . Originally called Blackfoot Trail Freeway upon the opening of the first section in 1971 , it was renamed in 1974 to honour Deerfoot , a late 19th century Siksika Nation ( Blackfoot ) long distance runner known for his exceptional speed . Subsequent sections opened in 1975 , 1980 , 1982 and 2003 . Deerfoot was not entirely a freeway until 2005 when the final of four at-grade intersections in southeast Calgary was converted to an interchange . Well known for its frequent rush hour congestion and collisions , traffic levels have steadily increased as Calgary 's population has tripled to over 1.2 million since 1971 . The mostly six-lane freeway is Alberta 's busiest road with volume nearing 169,000 vehicles per day between Highway 1 and Memorial Drive in 2018 , more than twice that for which it was designed ."}]}, {'value': 'Connects Maple Ridge to Douglasdale at the Anderson Road alignment ; named after John Ivor Strong , Chief Commissioner for the City of Calgary from 1965 to 1971', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Maple Ridge is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . The community is bounded to the east by Deerfoot Trail , north by Southland Drive , west by Willow Park and south by Anderson Road . The Maple Ridge golf course , developed in the Bow River valley , lines the community to the south and east . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 14 councillor and , along with Willow Park , makes up the combined community of WillowRidge . Maple Ridge is home to the popular Maple Ridge Golf Course , located at 1240 Mapleglade Drive .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Douglasdale/Douglasglen,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Douglasdale is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . It is bounded by 114 Avenue S to the north , 130 Avenue S to the south , Deerfoot Trail to the east and the Bow River to the west . The Fish Creek Provincial Park borders the neighbourhood to the west . Douglasglen is located in the northern area , north of Deerfoot Trail . The community was established in 1986 . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 12 councillor .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglasdale Park Pedestrian Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedestrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connects Douglasdale Park to Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Queensland is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . It is bounded to the north by the community of Diamond Cove , to the east by the Bow River and Fish Creek Provincial Park , to the south by Canyon Meadows Drive , and to the west by Bow Bottom Trail . The land was annexed to the City of Calgary in 1961 and Queensland was established in 1973 . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 14 councillor .'}]}, {'value': 'McKenzie Pedestrian Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedestrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connects Deer Ridge with McKenzie Lake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marquis de Lorne Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stoney Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stoney_Trail', 'summary': "Stoney Trail is a 69-kilometre ( 43 mi ) freeway in Calgary , Alberta . Signed as Highway 201 , it is a ring road that is approximately 70% complete , serving as an important bypass around the city and an alternate route to the congested Highway 1 ( Trans-Canada Highway ) and Highway 2 ( Deerfoot Trail ) . Stoney Trail begins in the city 's northwest at Highway 1 near Canada Olympic Park , running north across the Bow River and Crowchild Trail . It winds through neighbourhoods of northwest Calgary to Deerfoot Trail and the Queen Elizabeth II Highway . Turning south , the freeway again intersects Highway 1 , crosses Glenmore Trail , and curves west at the neighbourhood of Mahogany . Beyond a second major interchange with Deerfoot Trail , it descends across the Bow River and ends at Macleod Trail in the city 's southeast . The Stoney name is derived from Alberta 's Nakoda First Nation ; the freeway is one of several major thoroughfares in Calgary that bear Aboriginal names . Plans for the route were developed at a similar time as those for Anthony Henday Drive , a completed ring road that encircles Edmonton . Construction first began on the northwest leg as an expressway in the 1990s , incrementally extending east before two public-private partnership ( P3 ) projects completed the northeast and southeast sections of the ring in 2009 and 2013 , respectively . After right of way was acquired from the Tsuu T'ina Nation in 2013 , work began in 2016 to complete an additional section of the ring effectively extending Sarcee Trail south across the Elbow River to Highway 22X . This section will be named Tsuutina Trail [ a ] and is slated to fully open by October 1 , 2021 . At its busiest point near Beddington Trail in north Calgary , the six-lane freeway carries nearly 80,000 vehicles per day ."}]}, {'value': 'Connects Marquis de Lorne Trail from Sundance and Chaparral across Fish Creek Provincial Park to McKenzie Lake and Cranston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sundance,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Sundance is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . It is located east of Macleod Trail , is bounded to the northeast by the Fish Creek Provincial Park and to the south of Stoney Trail . The 33-acre ( 130,000 m2 ) man-made Sundance Lake was constructed in the middle of the community , and residents have easy access to the public beach of Sikome Lake . Sundance was established in 1982 . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 14 councillor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chaparral,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Chaparral is a residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . It is located at the southern edge of the city , south of the Stoney Trail . To the east it is bordered by the Bow River Valley , to the south by 194 Avenue SE , and to the west by Macleod Trail . It has three sub sections that are not officially recognized , Lake Chaparral , Chaparral Valley , and Chaparral Ridge . Chaparral was established in 1995 , and named for the mediterranean climate biome . The centerpiece of the neighbourhood is a 32-acre ( 130,000 m2 ) artificial lake and a 21-acre ( 85,000 m2 ) park with two waterfalls . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 14 councillor , who is currently Peter Demong .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fish_Creek_Provincial_Park', 'summary': "Fish Creek Park is a provincial park located in the southern part of Calgary , Alberta , Canada . It is the second largest urban park in Canada after Rouge National Urban Park in the Greater Toronto Area , and followed by Pippy Park in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador . It is also one of the largest urban parks in North America , stretching 19 km ( 12 mi ) from east to west . At 13.48 km2 ( 5.20 sq mi ) , it is over three times the size of Vancouver 's Stanley Park . The growth of Calgary has left the park bordered on all sides by the city . It is also bordered on the west by the territory of the Tsuu Tina Nation ( Sarcee ) , a First Nation . Fish Creek flows along the length of the park and joins the Bow River at the east side of the park . Fish Creek park used to span the width of the city but Calgary has grown beyond the edges of the park ."}, {'url': '/wiki/McKenzie_Lake,_Calgary', 'summary': 'McKenzie Lake is a suburban neighbourhood in southeast Calgary , Alberta . The community was in development from the mid-1980s through to present . The area is bordered by Deerfoot Trail on the east , Stoney Trail on the south , Fish Creek Provincial Park on the west , and 130th Ave SE on the north . The community is most known for its private lake and island in the centre of the community . Multimillion-dollar homes can be seen along both the ridge and the lake .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cranston,_Calgary', 'summary': 'Cranston is a master planned residential community in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . Cranston contains a wide range of single family and multi family residential as well as commercial property . It has one public elementary school and one separate board K-9 school , as well as Century Hall - a private Cranston residents recreation facility . It is bounded by Stoney Trail to the north and Fish Creek Park and the Bow River to the west and south . Its eastern boundary is Deerfoot Trail and the community of Auburn Bay and the mixed use town centre development of Seton and South Health Campus hospital . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 12 councillor .'}]}, {'value': 'Dunbow Road Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highway 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta_Highway_2', 'summary': "Alberta Provincial Highway No . 2 , commonly referred to as Highway 2 or the Queen Elizabeth II Highway , [ b ] is a major highway in Alberta that stretches from the Canada-United States border through Calgary and Edmonton to Grande Prairie . Running primarily north to south for approximately 1,273 kilometres ( 791 mi ) , it is the longest and busiest highway in the province carrying nearly 170,000 vehicles per day in central Calgary . Between Edmonton and Fort Macleod , the highway forms a portion of Alberta 's Export Highway and the CANAMEX Corridor . More than half of Alberta 's 4 million residents live in the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor created by Highway 2 . U.S. Route 89 enters Alberta from Montana and becomes Highway 2 , a two-lane road that traverses the foothills of southern Alberta to Fort Macleod where it intersects Highway 3 and becomes divided . In Calgary , the route is a busy freeway named Deerfoot Trail that continues into central Alberta as the Queen Elizabeth II Highway , bypassing Red Deer . In Edmonton , it is briefly concurrent with freeway sections of Highways 216 and 16 before bisecting the city of St. Albert and reverting to two lanes en route to Athabasca . It bends northwest along the south shore of Lesser Slave Lake as the Northern Woods and Water Route into High Prairie , before turning north to Peace River , west to Fairview and finally south to Grande Prairie where it ends at Highway 43 . Originally numbered as Highway 1 , Highway 2 is the oldest major highway in Alberta and the first to stretch north into the Peace Country . It was historically known as the Calgary and Edmonton Trail , Sunshine Trail , and the Blue Trail . Major changes include the construction of a divided freeway between Calgary and Edmonton in the 1960s , realignment along Deerfoot Trail in the 1980s , and twinning south of Calgary in the 1990s ."}]}, {'value': 'Connects Deerfoot Trail to Macleod Trail south of Calgary , between Auburn Bay and Heritage Pointe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deerfoot_Trail', 'summary': "Deerfoot Trail is a 46.4-kilometre ( 28.8 mi ) freeway segment of Highway 2 in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . It stretches the entire length of the city from south to north and links suburbs to downtown via Memorial Drive and 17 Avenue SE . It also forms part of the CANAMEX Corridor which connects Calgary to Edmonton and Interstate 15 in the United States via Highways 3 and 4 . The freeway begins south of Calgary where it splits from Macleod Trail , crosses the Bow River into city limits , and reaches the Stoney Trail ring road . Crisscrossing twice more with the river , it intersects Glenmore Trail and Memorial Drive ; the former is a major east-west expressway while the latter is a freeway spur into downtown . In north Calgary , it crosses Highway 1 and passes Calgary International Airport before ending at a second interchange with Stoney Trail . Highway 2 becomes the Queen Elizabeth II Highway as it continues north into Rocky View County towards Edmonton . Originally called Blackfoot Trail Freeway upon the opening of the first section in 1971 , it was renamed in 1974 to honour Deerfoot , a late 19th century Siksika Nation ( Blackfoot ) long distance runner known for his exceptional speed . Subsequent sections opened in 1975 , 1980 , 1982 and 2003 . Deerfoot was not entirely a freeway until 2005 when the final of four at-grade intersections in southeast Calgary was converted to an interchange . Well known for its frequent rush hour congestion and collisions , traffic levels have steadily increased as Calgary 's population has tripled to over 1.2 million since 1971 . The mostly six-lane freeway is Alberta 's busiest road with volume nearing 169,000 vehicles per day between Highway 1 and Memorial Drive in 2018 , more than twice that for which it was designed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Macleod_Trail', 'summary': 'Macleod Trail is a major road in Calgary , Alberta . It is a six- to eight-lane principal arterial road extending from downtown Calgary to the south of the city , where it merges into Highway 2 . South of Anderson Road , Macleod Trail is an expressway and is slated to be upgraded to a freeway in the future . [ citation needed ] It is named for its destination to the south , Fort Macleod .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Auburn_Bay,_Calgary', 'summary': "Auburn Bay is a new suburban residential neighbourhood in the southeast quadrant of Calgary , Alberta . It is located at the southeastern edge of the city , and is bounded by Seton Boulevard to the south , Deerfoot Trail to the west , 52 Street E to the east and Stoney Trail to the north . The South Health Campus and southeast Calgary hospital is located immediately to the south of the community . A proposed southeastern extension of the city 's C-Train system is planned to run along the community 's eastern boundary , parallel to 52 Street . Auburn Bay has a Residents Association https : //auburnbayra.ca/ and a Community Association https : //www.auburnbayliving.ca/ . It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 12 councillor . A diverse community which is home to over 5400 houses . Auburn Bay Community is home to two schools Auburn Bay K-4 https : //school.cbe.ab.ca/school/auburnbay/ & Prince of Peace K-9 https : //cssd.ab.ca/schools/princeofpeace/ , Future Catholic Elementary & Public Junior Highschool . 15 playgrounds , an off leash dog park , Auburn Station commercial mall , future home to LRT transit , walking/cycling trails , 2 baseball fields , 2 large soccer fields , 2 ponds and a lake ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heritage_Pointe,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Heritage Pointe is a hamlet located in Alberta , Canada within the Municipal District of Foothills No . 31 . It is located north of Dunbow Road , between Highway 2 ( Deerfoot Trail ) and Highway 2A ( MacLeod Trail ) , adjacent to the southern boundary of Calgary .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Crossings -- Bow River ( south of downtown )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bridges_in_Calgary_2', 'intro': 'The City of Calgary has a number of bridges, spanning the two main rivers that cross the city, Bow River and Elbow River, as well as some other geographical and physical features. The first building in Calgary was erected in 1872 by Alexis Cardinal, at the request of Fr Constantine Scollen, an Oblate missionary priest, at the confluence of the two rivers.'}
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How many vehicles travel on the highway associated with the Graves Bridge on a weekday ?
160,000